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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bois_Brule_River
Bois Brule River
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 46°24′10″N 91°44′38″W / 46.4027187°N 91.7438003°W / 46.4027187; -91.7438003River in Wisconsin, United StatesBois Brule RiverBois Brule River near Winneboujou, WisconsinLocationCountryUnited StatesLocationDouglas County, WisconsinPhysical characteristicsSource  • elevation600 ft (180 m) Mouth  • locationLake Superior • coordinates46°24′10″N 91°44′38″W / 46.4027187°N 91.7438003°W / 46.4027187; -91.7438003Length43.9 mi (70.7 km)Basin featuresGNIS1562037 The Bois Brule River (most often referred to as the Brule River) is located in Douglas County, Wisconsin, United States, near the county's eastern border with Bayfield County. The river is 43.9 miles (70.7 km) long, with its source being in central Douglas County near Upper St. Croix Lake. It flows through the Brule River State Forest, and drains into Lake Superior. The river is called Wiisaakode-ziibi ("a river through a half-burnt woods") in the Anishinaabe language, which was translated into French and incorporated into English. It was the site of the 1842 Battle of the Brule between the La Pointe Band of Ojibwe and a group of Dakota Sioux. In 1928, United States President Calvin Coolidge maintained a summer residence, known as the "Summer White House", at the Cedar Island Lodge, located on the upper Bois Brule River. Since then, the property has been purchased by the founders of 3M, the Ordways. The river is known for its trout fishing and white-water canoeing, and is revered by fly fishermen for its prolific mayfly and stone fly hatches. The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources has a fish hatchery and a ranger station that operates the state forest and nearby campgrounds. References ^ U.S. Geological Survey. National Hydrography Dataset high-resolution flowline data. The National Map Archived 2012-03-29 at the Wayback Machine, accessed May 1, 2012 ^ The Bois Brule River: Kayaking in WI ^ Brule River State Forest Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States
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[]
null
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communal_section
Communal section
["1 Operation","2 List of communal sections of Haiti","2.1 Desdunes","2.2 Dessalines","2.3 Grande-Saline","2.4 Petite Rivière de l'Artibonite","2.5 Ennery","2.6 L'Estère","2.7 Gonaïves","2.8 Anse-Rouge","2.9 Gros-Morne","2.10 Terre-Neuve","2.11 Marmelade","2.12 Saint-Michel-de-l'Atalaye","2.13 La Chapelle","2.14 Saint-Marc","2.15 Verrettes","2.16 Cerca-la-Source","2.17 Thomassique","2.18 Cerca-Carvajal","2.19 Hinche","2.20 Maïssade","2.21 Thomonde","2.22 Belladère","2.23 Lascahobas","2.24 Savanette","2.25 Boucan-Carré","2.26 Mirebalais","2.27 Saut-d'Eau","2.28 Anse-d'Hainault","2.29 Dame-Marie","2.30 Les Irois","2.31 Beaumont","2.32 Corail","2.33 Pestel","2.34 Roseaux","2.35 Abricots","2.36 Bonbon","2.37 Chambellan","2.38 Jérémie","2.39 Moron","2.40 Anse-à-Veau","2.41 Petit-Trou-de-Nippes","2.42 L'Asile","2.43 Arnaud","2.44 Plaisance-du-Sud","2.45 Baradères","2.46 Grand-Boucan","2.47 Miragoâne","2.48 Petite-Rivière-de-Nippes","2.49 Fonds-des-Nègres","2.50 Paillant","2.51 Acul-du-Nord","2.52 Milot","2.53 Plaine-du-Nord","2.54 Borgne","2.55 Port-Margot","2.56 Cap-Haïtien","2.57 Limonade","2.58 Quartier-Morin","2.59 Bahon","2.60 Grande-Rivière-du-Nord","2.61 Bas-Limbé","2.62 Limbé","2.63 Pilate","2.64 Plaisance","2.65 Dondon","2.66 La Victoire","2.67 Pignon","2.68 Ranquitte","2.69 Saint-Raphaël","2.70 Fort-Liberté","2.71 Perches","2.72 Ferrier","2.73 Capotille","2.74 Mont-Organisé","2.75 Ouanaminthe","2.76 Caracol","2.77 Sainte-Suzanne","2.78 Terrier-Rouge","2.79 Trou-du-Nord","2.80 Carice","2.81 Mombin-Crochu","2.82 Vallières","2.83 Baie-de-Henne","2.84 Bombardopolis","2.85 Jean-Rabel","2.86 Môle-Saint-Nicolas","2.87 Bassin-Bleu","2.88 Chansolme","2.89 La Tortue","2.90 Port-de-Paix","2.91 Anse-à-Foleur","2.92 Saint-Louis-du-Nord","2.93 Arcahaie","2.94 Cabaret","2.95 Cornillon","2.96 Croix-des-Bouquets","2.97 Fonds-Verrettes","2.98 Ganthier","2.99 Thomazeau","2.100 Anse-à-Galets","2.101 Pointe-à-Raquette","2.102 Grand-Goâve","2.103 Léogâne","2.104 Petit-Goâve","2.105 Carrefour","2.106 Delmas","2.107 Gressier","2.108 Kenscoff","2.109 Pétion-Ville","2.110 Tabarre","2.111 Cité Soleil","2.112 Port-au-Prince","2.113 Bainet","2.114 Côtes-de-Fer","2.115 Anse-à-Pitres","2.116 Belle-Anse","2.117 Grand-Gosier","2.118 Thiotte","2.119 Cayes-Jacmel","2.120 Jacmel","2.121 La Vallée","2.122 Marigot","2.123 Aquin","2.124 Cavaellon","2.125 Saint-Louis-du-Sud","2.126 Camp-Perrin","2.127 Les Cayes","2.128 Chantal","2.129 Île-à-Vache","2.130 Maniche","2.131 Torbeck","2.132 Les Anglais","2.133 Chardonnières","2.134 Tiburon","2.135 Côteaux","2.136 Port-à-Piment","2.137 Roche-à-Bateaux","2.138 Arniquet","2.139 Port-Salut","2.140 Saint-Jean-du-Sud","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
Politics of Haiti Constitution Constitutional Court Law Legislature (not functioning) Haitian Parliament Chamber of Deputies Senate Executive President of Haiti (list) Transitional Presidential Council Prime Minister of Haiti (list) Garry Conille (interim) Cabinet Judiciary Supreme Court of Haiti Recent elections General: 20062010–11Next Presidential: 20152016 (Feb)2016 (Nov) Parliamentary: 2015–16 Senate: 2016–17 Electoral body: CEP Administrative divisions Departments Arrondissements Communes Communal sections Foreign relations Ministry of Foreign Affairs Minister Diplomatic missions of / in Haiti Passport Visa requirements Visa policy Haiti portal Other countries vte The communal section (French: section communale, formerly section rurale) is the smallest administrative division in Haiti. The 144 communes are further divided into 571 communal sections. Operation It is headed by an executive body, the CASEC (Board of Communal Section) and a deliberative body, ASEC (Assembly of the Communal Section). These two institutions are aided by CDSC (the Development Council of the Communal Section). Within each, there are cities or neighborhoods, communities, habitations, and lakou with sometimes difficult to grasp distinctions. List of communal sections of Haiti Desdunes Desdunes Dessalines Villard Fosse Naboth ou Duvallon Ogé Poste Pierrot Fiéfé ou Petit Cahos ll Croix ou Grand Cahos Grande-Saline Poteneau Petite Rivière de l'Artibonite Bas Coursin I Bas Coursin II Labady Savane à Roche Pérodin Médor Ennery Savane Carrée Passe-Reine ou Bas d'Ennery Chemin Neuf Puilboreau L'Estère La Croix-Perisse petite-Desdunes Gonaïves Pont Tamarin Bassin Rivière de Bayonnais Poteaux Labranle Anse-Rouge L'Arbre Sources Chaudes, Anse-Rouge Gros-Morne Boucan Richard Rivière Mancelle Rivière Blanche L'Acul Pendu Savane Carrée Moulin Ravine Gros Morne Terre-Neuve Doland Bois Neuf Lagon Marmelade Crête à Pins Bassin ou Billier Platon Saint-Michel-de-l'Atalaye Platana Camathe Bas de Sault Lalomas L'Ermite Lacedras Marmont L'Attalaye La Chapelle Martineau Bossous Saint-Marc Délugé Bois Neuf Goyavier Lalouère Bocozelle Charrette Verrettes Belanger Guillaume Désarmes Bastien Terre Natte Cerca-la-Source Acajou Brûlé Lamielle Thomassique Matelgate Lociane Cerca-Carvajal Rang Hinche Juanaria Marmont Aguahédionde (Rive Droite) Aguahédionde (Rive Gauche) Maïssade Savane Grande Narang Hatty Thomonde Cabral Tierra Muscady Baille Tourrible La Hoye Belladère Renthe Mathe Roye-Sec Riaribes Lascahobas Petit Fond Juampas Savanette Savanette (Colombier) La Haye Boucan-Carré Petite Montagne Boucan Carré Bayes Mirebalais Gascogne Sarazin Grand-Boucan Crête Brûlée Saut-d'Eau Canot ou Rivière Canot La Selle Coupe Mardi Gras Montagne Terrible Anse-d'Hainault Grandoit Boudon Ilet à Pierre Joseph Mandou Dame-Marie Bariadelle Dallier Desormeau Petite Rivière Baliverne Les Irois Matador (Jorgue) Beaumont Beaumont Chardonnette Mouline Corail Duquillon Fond d'Icaque Champy (Nan Campêche) Rimbeau Pestel Bernagousse Espère Jean Bellune Tozia Duchity Les Cayemites Roseaux Carrefour Charles ou Jacqui Fond Cochon ou Lopineau Grand Vincent Les Gommiers Abricots Anse du Clerc Balisiers Danglise La Seringue Bonbon Desormeau ou Bonbon Chambellan Dejean Boucan Jérémie Basse Voldrogue Haute Guinaudée Basse Guinaudée Ravine à Charles Iles Blanches Marfranc ou Grande Rivière Fond Rouge Dahere Fond Rouge Torbeck Moron Anote ou 1ère Tapion Sources Chaudes L'Assise ou Chameau Anse-à-Veau Baconnois-Grand-Fond Grande-Rivière-Joly Saut du Baril Petit-Trou-de-Nippes Raymond Tiby Liève ou Vigny L'Asile L'Asile ou Nan Paul Changeux (Quartier de Changeux) Tournade (Quartier de Changeux) Morrisseau Arnaud Baconnois-Barreau Baquet Morcou Plaisance-du-Sud Plaisance du Sud (ou Ti François) Anse-aux-Pins Vassal Labiche Baradères Gérin ou Mouton Tête d'Eau Fond Tortue La Plaine Rivière Salée Grand-Boucan Grand-Boucan Eaux Basses Miragoâne Chalon Belle-Rivière Dessources Saint-Michel-du-Sud Petite-Rivière-de-Nippes Fond des Lianes Cholette Silègue Bezin Fonds-des-Nègres Bouzi Fond-des-Nègres ou Morne Brice Pemerle Cocoyers-Ducheine Paillant Salagnac Bezin II Acul-du-Nord Camp Louise Bas de l'Acul (Basse Plaine) Mornet Grande Ravine Coupe à David Soufrière (Acul-du-Nord) Milot Perches de Bonnet Bonnet à l'Evèque Genipailler Plaine-du-Nord Morne Rouge Basse Plaine Grand Boucan Bassin Diamant Borgne Margot Boucan Michel Petit-Bourg-de-Borgne Trou d'Enfer Champagne Molas Côte-de-Fer et Fond Port-Margot Grande Plaine Bas Petit Borgne Corail Haut Petit Borgne Bras Gauche Cap-Haïtien Bande-du-Nord Haut-du-Cap Petit-Anse Limonade Basse Plaine Bois de Lance Roucou Quartier-Morin Basse Plaine Morne Pelé Bois-Gradis Bahon Bois Pin Bailly ou Bailla Montagne Noire Grande-Rivière-du-Nord Grand Gilles Solon Caracol Gambade Joli Trou Cormiers Bas-Limbé Garde Champètre (Bas Limbé) Petit Howars (la Fange) Petit Howars (la Fange) Limbé Haut Limbé ou Acul Jeanot Chabotte Camp-Coq Soufrière (Limbé) Ravine Desroches Ilot-à-Corne Pilate Ballon Baudin Ravine-Trompette Joly Dubourg Piment Rivière Laporte Margot Plaisance Gobert ou Colline Gobert Champagne Haut Martineau Mapou La Trouble La Ville Bassin Grande Rivière Dondon Brostage Bassin Caïman Matador Laguille Haut du Trou La Victoire La Victoire Pignon Savannette La Belle Mère Ranquitte Bac à Soude Bois de Lance Cracaraille Saint-Raphaël Bois Neuf Mathurin Bouyaha San-Yago Fort-Liberté Dumas Bayaha Loiseau Madeleine Perches Haut des Perches Bas des Perches Ferrier Bas Maribahoux Capotille Capotille Lamine Mont-Organisé Savanette Bois Poux Ouanaminthe Haut Maribahoux Acul des Pins Savane Longue Savane au Lait Gens de Nantes Caracol Champin Glaudine ou "Jacquesil" Sainte-Suzanne Foulon Bois Blanc Cotelette Sarazin Moka Neuf Fond Bleu Terrier-Rouge Fond Blanc Grand Bassin Trou-du-Nord Garcin Roucou Roche Plate Carice Bois Camelle Rose Bonite Mombin-Crochu Sans Souci Bois-Laurence Vallières Palmistes Ecrevisse ou Grosse Roche Corosse Baie-de-Henne Citerne Rémy Dos d'Ane Réserve ou Ti Paradis L'Estère Dere Bombardopolis Plate Forme Forges Plaine d'Orange Jean-Rabel Lacoma Guinaudée Vieille Hatte La Montagne Dessources Grande Source Diondion Môle-Saint-Nicolas Côtes-de-Fer Mare-Rouge Damé Bassin-Bleu La Plate Carreau Datty Haut des Moustiques Chansolme Chansolme Beauvoi La Tortue Pointe des Oiseaux Mare Rouge Port-de-Paix Baudin Lapointe Aubert Mahotière Bas des Moustiques La Corne Anse-à-Foleur Bas de Sainte Anne Mayance Côtes de Fer Saint-Louis-du-Nord Rivière des Nègres Derourvay Granges Rivière de Barre Bonneau Lafague (Chamoise) Arcahaie Boucassin Fonds Baptiste Vases Montrouis Délice Matheux Cabaret Boucassin Source Matelas Fonds des Blancs (Casale) Cornillon Plaine Céleste Bois Pin Génipailler Croix-des-Bouquets Varreux Petit Bois Belle Fontaine Crochus Orangers Fonds-Verrettes Fonds-Verrettes Ganthier Galette Chambon Balan Fond Parisien Mare Roseaux Pays Pourri Thomazeau Grande Plaine Trou d'Eau Crochus Anse-à-Galets Palma Petite Source Grande Source Grand Lagon Picmy Petite-Anse Pointe-à-Raquette La Source Grand Vide Trou Louis Pointe-à-Raquette Gros Mangle Grand-Goâve Tête-à-Boeuf Moussambé Grande Colline Gérard Léogâne Petite Rivière Grande Rivière Fond de Boudin Palmiste à Vin Orangers Parques Beauséjour Citronniers Fond d'Oie Gros Morne Cormiers Petit Harpon Petit-Goâve Bino Delatre Trou Chouchou Fond Arabie Trou Canari Platons Palmes Sèche Fourques Carrefour Morne Chandelle Platon Dufréné Taïfer Procy Coupeau Bouvier Lavalle Berly Bizoton Thor Rivière Froide Malanga Corail Thor Delmas St Martin Gressier Morne à Bateau Chandelle Petit Boucan Kenscoff Nouvelle Touraine Bongars Sourcailles Belle Fontaine Grand Fond Pétion-Ville Montagne Noire Aux Cadets Etang du Jonc Bellevue la Montagne Bellevue Chardonnière Tabarre Bellevue Cité Soleil Varreux Port-au-Prince Turgeau l'Hôpital Martissant Fontamara Bainet Brésilienne Trou Mahot La Vallée de Bainet Haut Grandou Bas de Grandou Bas de Lacroix Bras Gauche Oranger Bas des Gris Gris Côtes-de-Fer Gris Gris Labiche Bras Gauche Amazone Boucan Bélier Jamais Vu Anse-à-Pitres Boucan Guillaume Bois d'Orme Belle-Anse Bais d'Orange Mabriole Callumette Corail Lamothe Bel Air Pichon Mapou Grand-Gosier Colline des Chênes ou Bodarie Thiotte Thiotte Pot de Chambre Cayes-Jacmel Normande Gaillard Haut Cap Rouge Fond Melon Michineau Jacmel Bas Cap Rouge Fond Melon (Selles) Cochon Gras La Gosseline Marbial Montagne La Voute Grande Rivière de Jacmel Bas Coq Chante Haut Coq Chante La Vanneau La Montagne La Vallée La Vallée de Jacmel ou Muzac La Vallée de Bainet ou Ternier Morne à Brûler Marigot Corail Soult Grande Rivière Fesles Macary Fond Jean Noël Savane Dubois Aquin Macéan Bellevue Brodequin Flamands Mare à Coiffe La Colline Frangipane Colline à Mongons Fond-des-Blancs Section Guirand Cavaellon Boileau Martineau Gros Marin Mare Henri Laroque Saint-Louis-du-Sud Grand Fonds Baie Dumesle Grenodière Zanglais Sucrerie Henri Solon Cherette Corail-Henri Camp-Perrin Mersan Champlois Tibi Davezac Les Cayes Bourdet Fonfrède Laborde Laurent Mercy Boulmier Chantal Fonds Palmiste Melonière Carrefour Canon Île-à-Vache Île-à-Vache Maniche Maniche Dory Melon Torbeck Boury Bérault Solon Moreau Les Anglais Verone Edelin Cosse Chardonnières Randal Dejoie Bony Tiburon Blactote Nan Sevre Loby Dalmette Côteaux Condé Despas Quentin Port-à-Piment Paricot Balais Roche-à-Bateaux Beaulieu Renaudin Beauclos Arniquet Lazarre Anse à Drick Arniquet Port-Salut Barbois Dumont Saint-Jean-du-Sud Tapion Débouchette Trichet See also Haiti Departments of Haiti Arrondissements of Haiti List of communes of Haiti References ^ "Haïti : Impossible de parvenir à la décentralisation sans la participation des sections communales". Archived from the original on 2007-09-14. Retrieved 2015-08-21. ^ Olivier, Louis-Joseph, ed. (14 August 2015). "Création de cinq nouvelles communes par décret présidentiel". Le Nouvelliste. Retrieved 17 March 2016. (in French) ^ Press, ed. (16 August 2015). "Haïti - Politique : 5 nouvelles communes en Haïti". Haiti Libre. Retrieved 17 March 2016. ^ "7300.- Divisions territoriales". Haiti-Référence. 17 August 2015. Retrieved 17 March 2016. (in French) Schutt-Ainé, Patricia (1994). Haiti: A Basic Reference Book. Miami, Florida: Librairie Au Service de la Culture. p. 16,17,18, 19, 20. ISBN 978-0-9638599-0-7. External links Haitian Postal Code Decree on the organization and functioning of the Communal Sections. Population Totale, Population de 18 Ans et Plus Menages Et Densites Estimes en 2009 vteArticles on fourth-level administrative divisions of countries Belgium People's Republic of China Republic of China Dominican Republic France Haiti Indonesia Iran Ivory Coast Mali Myanmar Ward Village tract Nepal Peru Senegal Spain Thailand Ukraine United Kingdom England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales List of administrative divisions by country vte Departments, arrondissements and communes of HaitiArtiboniteDessalines Arrondissement Desdunes Dessalines Grande Saline Petite Rivière de l'Artibonite Gonaïves Arrondissement Ennery L'Estère Gonaïves Gros-Morne Arrondissement Anse-Rouge Gros-Morne Terre-Neuve Marmelade Arrondissement Marmelade Saint-Michel-de-l'Atalaye Saint-Marc Arrondissement La Chapelle Saint-Marc Verrettes CentreCerca-la-Source Arrondissement Cerca-la-Source Thomassique Hinche Arrondissement Cerca-Cavajal Hinche Maïssade Thomonde Lascahobas Arrondissement Belladère Lascahobas Savanette Mirebalais Arrondissement Boucan-Carré Mirebalais Saut-d'Eau Grand'AnseAnse d'Hainault Arrondissement Anse-d'Hainault Dame-Marie Les Irois Corail Arrondissement Beaumont Corail Pestel Roseaux Jérémie Arrondissement Abricots Bonbon Chambellan Jérémie Moron Other Navassa Island NippesAnse-à-Veau Arrondissement Anse-à-Veau L'Asile Baradères Petit-Trou-de-Nippes Miragoâne Arrondissement Miragoâne Petite-Rivière-de-Nippes NordAcul du Nord Arrondissement Acul-du-Nord Milot Plaine-du-Nord Borgne Arrondissement Borgne Port-Margot Cap-Haïtien Arrondissement Cap-Haïtien Limonade Quartier-Morin Grande-Rivière-du-Nord Arrondissement Bahon Grande-Rivière-du-Nord Limbé Arrondissement Bas-Limbé Limbé Plaisance Arrondissement Pilate Plaisance Saint-Raphaël Arrondissement Dondon La Victoire Pignon Ranquitte Saint-Raphaël Nord-EstFort-Liberté Arrondissement Fort-Liberté Perches Ferrier Ouanaminthe Arrondissement Capotille Mont-Organisé Ouanaminthe Trou-du-Nord Arrondissement Caracol Sainte-Suzanne Terrier-Rouge Trou-du-Nord Vallières Arrondissement Carice Mombin-Crochu Vallières Nord-OuestMôle-Saint-Nicolas Arrondissement Baie-de-Henne Bombardopolis Jean-Rabel Môle-Saint-Nicolas Port-de-Paix Arrondissement Bassin-Bleu Chansolme La Tortue Port-de-Paix Saint-Louis-du-Nord Arrondissement Anse-à-Foleur Saint-Louis-du-Nord OuestArcahaie Arrondissement Arcahaie Cabaret Croix-des-Bouquets Arrondissement Cornillon Croix-des-Bouquets Fonds-Verrettes Ganthier Thomazeau La Gonâve Arrondissement Anse-à-Galets Pointe-à-Raquette Léogâne Arrondissement Grand-Goâve Léogâne Petit-Goâve Port-au-Prince Arrondissement Carrefour Delmas Gressier Kenscoff Pétion-Ville Tabarre Cité Soleil Port-au-Prince Sud-EstBainet Arrondissement Bainet Côtes-de-Fer Belle-Anse Arrondissement Anse-à-Pitres Belle-Anse Grand-Gosier Thiotte Jacmel Arrondissement Cayes-Jacmel Jacmel La Vallée Marigot SudAquin Arrondissement Aquin Cavaellon Saint-Louis-du-Sud Les Cayes Arrondissement Camp-Perrin Les Cayes Chantal Île à Vache Maniche Torbeck Chardonnières Arrondissement Les Anglais Chardonnières Tiburon Côteaux Arrondissement Côteaux Port-à-Piment Roche-à-Bateaux Port-Salut Arrondissement Arniquet Port-Salut Saint-Jean-du-Sud Haiti portal
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alterpresse-1"},{"link_name":"Haiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti"},{"link_name":"communes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_communes_of_Haiti"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The communal section (French: section communale, formerly section rurale[1]) is the smallest administrative division in Haiti. The 144 communes are further divided into 571 communal sections.[2][3][4]","title":"Communal section"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"It is headed by an executive body, the CASEC (Board of Communal Section) and a deliberative body, ASEC (Assembly of the Communal Section).These two institutions are aided by CDSC (the Development Council of the Communal Section).Within each, there are cities or neighborhoods, communities, habitations, and lakou with sometimes difficult to grasp distinctions.","title":"Operation"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Desdunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desdunes"}],"sub_title":"Desdunes","text":"Desdunes","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Villard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Villard,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fosse Naboth ou Duvallon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fosse_Naboth_ou_Duvallon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ogé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Og%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Poste Pierrot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poste_Pierrot&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fiéfé ou Petit Cahos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fi%C3%A9f%C3%A9_ou_Petit_Cahos&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ll Croix ou Grand Cahos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ll_Croix_ou_Grand_Cahos&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Dessalines","text":"Villard\nFosse Naboth ou Duvallon\nOgé\nPoste Pierrot\nFiéfé ou Petit Cahos\nll Croix ou Grand Cahos","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Poteneau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poteneau&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Grande-Saline","text":"Poteneau","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bas Coursin I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bas_Coursin_I&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bas Coursin II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bas_Coursin_II&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Labady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Labady&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Savane à Roche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Savane_%C3%A0_Roche&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pérodin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P%C3%A9rodin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Médor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A9dor&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Petite Rivière de l'Artibonite","text":"Bas Coursin I\nBas Coursin II\nLabady\nSavane à Roche\nPérodin\nMédor","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Savane Carrée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Savane_Carr%C3%A9e&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Passe-Reine ou Bas d'Ennery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Passe-Reine_ou_Bas_d%27Ennery&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Chemin Neuf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chemin_Neuf,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Puilboreau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Puilboreau,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Ennery","text":"Savane Carrée\nPasse-Reine ou Bas d'Ennery\nChemin Neuf\nPuilboreau","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"La Croix-Perisse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La_Croix-Perisse&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"petite-Desdunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Petite-Desdunes&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"L'Estère","text":"La Croix-Perisse\npetite-Desdunes","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pont Tamarin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pont_Tamarin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bassin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bassin,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rivière de Bayonnais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rivi%C3%A8re_de_Bayonnais&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Poteaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poteaux&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Labranle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Labranle&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Gonaïves","text":"Pont Tamarin\nBassin\nRivière de Bayonnais\nPoteaux\nLabranle","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"L'Arbre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=L%27Arbre,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sources Chaudes, Anse-Rouge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sources_Chaudes,_Anse-Rouge&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Anse-Rouge","text":"L'Arbre\nSources Chaudes, Anse-Rouge","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boucan Richard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boucan_Richard&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rivière Mancelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rivi%C3%A8re_Mancelle&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rivière Blanche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rivi%C3%A8re_Blanche,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"L'Acul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=L%27Acul&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pendu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pendu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Savane Carrée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Savane_Carr%C3%A9e&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Moulin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moulin,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ravine Gros Morne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ravine_Gros_Morne&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Gros-Morne","text":"Boucan Richard\nRivière Mancelle\nRivière Blanche\nL'Acul\nPendu\nSavane Carrée\nMoulin\nRavine Gros Morne","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Doland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Doland,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bois Neuf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bois_Neuf&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lagon,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Terre-Neuve","text":"Doland\nBois Neuf\nLagon","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Crête à Pins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cr%C3%AAte_%C3%A0_Pins&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bassin ou Billier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bassin_ou_Billier&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Platon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Platon,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Marmelade","text":"Crête à Pins\nBassin ou Billier\nPlaton","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Platana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Platana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Camathe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camathe&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bas de Sault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bas_de_Sault&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lalomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lalomas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"L'Ermite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=L%27Ermite&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lacedras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lacedras&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Marmont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marmont"},{"link_name":"L'Attalaye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=L%27Attalaye&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Saint-Michel-de-l'Atalaye","text":"Platana\nCamathe\nBas de Sault\nLalomas\nL'Ermite\nLacedras\nMarmont\nL'Attalaye","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Martineau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martineau,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bossous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bossous&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"La Chapelle","text":"Martineau\nBossous","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Délugé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=D%C3%A9lug%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bois Neuf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bois_Neuf&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Goyavier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Goyavier&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lalouère","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lalou%C3%A8re&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bocozelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bocozelle&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Charrette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charrette,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Saint-Marc","text":"Délugé\nBois Neuf\nGoyavier\nLalouère\nBocozelle\nCharrette","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Belanger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belanger,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Guillaume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guillaume,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Désarmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=D%C3%A9sarmes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bastien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bastien,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Terre Natte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Terre_Natte&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Verrettes","text":"Belanger\nGuillaume\nDésarmes\nBastien\nTerre Natte","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Acajou Brûlé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acajou_Br%C3%BBl%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lamielle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lamielle&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Cerca-la-Source","text":"Acajou Brûlé\nLamielle","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Matelgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Matelgate&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lociane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lociane&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Thomassique","text":"Matelgate\nLociane","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rang,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Cerca-Carvajal","text":"Rang","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Juanaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juanaria,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Marmont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marmont,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Aguahédionde (Rive Droite)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aguah%C3%A9dionde_(Rive_Droite)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Aguahédionde (Rive Gauche)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aguah%C3%A9dionde_(Rive_Gauche)&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Hinche","text":"Juanaria\nMarmont\nAguahédionde (Rive Droite)\nAguahédionde (Rive Gauche)","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Savane Grande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Savane_Grande&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Narang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Narang,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hatty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatty"}],"sub_title":"Maïssade","text":"Savane Grande\nNarang\nHatty","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cabral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cabral,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tierra Muscady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tierra_Muscady&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Baille Tourrible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baille_Tourrible&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"La Hoye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La_Hoye&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Thomonde","text":"Cabral\nTierra Muscady\nBaille Tourrible\nLa Hoye","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Renthe Mathe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Renthe_Mathe&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Roye-Sec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roye-Sec&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Riaribes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Riaribes&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Belladère","text":"Renthe Mathe\nRoye-Sec\nRiaribes","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Petit Fond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Petit_Fond&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Juampas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juampas&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Lascahobas","text":"Petit Fond\nJuampas","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Savanette (Colombier)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Savanette_(Colombier)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"La Haye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La_Haye,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Savanette","text":"Savanette (Colombier)\nLa Haye","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Petite Montagne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Petite_Montagne&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Boucan Carré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boucan_Carr%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Bayes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bayes,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Boucan-Carré","text":"Petite Montagne\nBoucan Carré\nBayes","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gascogne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gascogne,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sarazin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sarazin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Grand-Boucan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand-Boucan"},{"link_name":"Crête Brûlée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cr%C3%AAte_Br%C3%BBl%C3%A9e&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Mirebalais","text":"Gascogne\nSarazin\nGrand-Boucan\nCrête Brûlée","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canot ou Rivière Canot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canot_ou_Rivi%C3%A8re_Canot&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"La Selle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La_Selle,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Coupe Mardi Gras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coupe_Mardi_Gras&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Montagne Terrible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Montagne_Terrible&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Saut-d'Eau","text":"Canot ou Rivière Canot\nLa Selle\nCoupe Mardi Gras\nMontagne Terrible","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grandoit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grandoit&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Boudon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boudon,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ilet à Pierre Joseph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ilet_%C3%A0_Pierre_Joseph&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mandou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mandou,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Anse-d'Hainault","text":"Grandoit\nBoudon\nIlet à Pierre Joseph\nMandou","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bariadelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bariadelle&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dallier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dallier,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Desormeau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Desormeau&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Petite Rivière","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Petite_Rivi%C3%A8re_(Haiti)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Baliverne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baliverne&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Dame-Marie","text":"Bariadelle\nDallier\nDesormeau\nPetite Rivière\nBaliverne","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Matador (Jorgue)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Matador_(Jorgue)&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Les Irois","text":"Matador (Jorgue)","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Beaumont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beaumont,_Beaumont&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Chardonnette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chardonnette&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mouline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mouline&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Beaumont","text":"Beaumont\nChardonnette\nMouline","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Duquillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Duquillon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fond d'Icaque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fond_d%27Icaque&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Champy (Nan Campêche)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Champy_(Nan_Camp%C3%AAche)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rimbeau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rimbeau&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Corail","text":"Duquillon\nFond d'Icaque\nChampy (Nan Campêche)\nRimbeau","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bernagousse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bernagousse&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Espère","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Esp%C3%A8re_(Haiti)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jean Bellune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean_Bellune&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tozia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tozia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Duchity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Duchity&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Les Cayemites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Cayemites"}],"sub_title":"Pestel","text":"Bernagousse\nEspère\nJean Bellune\nTozia\nDuchity\nLes Cayemites","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carrefour Charles ou Jacqui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carrefour_Charles_ou_Jacqui&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fond Cochon ou Lopineau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fond_Cochon_ou_Lopineau&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Grand Vincent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Vincent"},{"link_name":"Les Gommiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Les_Gommiers&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Roseaux","text":"Carrefour Charles ou Jacqui\nFond Cochon ou Lopineau\nGrand Vincent\nLes Gommiers","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anse du Clerc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anse_du_Clerc"},{"link_name":"Balisiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Balisiers&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Danglise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Danglise&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"La Seringue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La_Seringue&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Abricots","text":"Anse du Clerc\nBalisiers\nDanglise\nLa Seringue","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Desormeau ou Bonbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Desormeau_ou_Bonbon&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Bonbon","text":"Desormeau ou Bonbon","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dejean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dejean,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Boucan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boucan,_Chambellan&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Chambellan","text":"Dejean\nBoucan","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Basse Voldrogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Basse_Voldrogue&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Haute Guinaudée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haute_Guinaud%C3%A9e&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Basse Guinaudée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Basse_Guinaud%C3%A9e&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ravine à Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ravine_%C3%A0_Charles&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Iles Blanches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iles_Blanches&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Marfranc ou Grande Rivière","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marfranc_ou_Grande_Rivi%C3%A8re&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fond Rouge Dahere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fond_Rouge_Dahere&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fond Rouge Torbeck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fond_Rouge_Torbeck&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Jérémie","text":"Basse Voldrogue\nHaute Guinaudée\nBasse Guinaudée\nRavine à Charles\nIles Blanches\nMarfranc ou Grande Rivière\nFond Rouge Dahere\nFond Rouge Torbeck","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anote ou 1ère Tapion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anote_ou_1%C3%A8re_Tapion&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sources Chaudes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sources_Chaudes"},{"link_name":"L'Assise ou Chameau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=L%27Assise_ou_Chameau&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Moron","text":"Anote ou 1ère Tapion\nSources Chaudes\nL'Assise ou Chameau","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baconnois-Grand-Fond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baconnois-Grand-Fond&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Grande-Rivière-Joly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grande-Rivi%C3%A8re-Joly&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Saut du Baril","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saut_du_Baril&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Anse-à-Veau","text":"Baconnois-Grand-Fond\nGrande-Rivière-Joly\nSaut du Baril","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Raymond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond,_Haiti"},{"link_name":"Tiby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tiby&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Liève ou Vigny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Li%C3%A8ve_ou_Vigny&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Petit-Trou-de-Nippes","text":"Raymond\nTiby\nLiève ou Vigny","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"L'Asile ou Nan Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=L%27Asile_ou_Nan_Paul&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Changeux (Quartier de Changeux)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Changeux_(Quartier_de_Changeux)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tournade (Quartier de Changeux)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tournade_(Quartier_de_Changeux)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Morrisseau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morrisseau"}],"sub_title":"L'Asile","text":"L'Asile ou Nan Paul\nChangeux (Quartier de Changeux)\nTournade (Quartier de Changeux)\nMorrisseau","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baconnois-Barreau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baconnois-Barreau&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Baquet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baquet,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Morcou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Morcou&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Arnaud","text":"Baconnois-Barreau\nBaquet\nMorcou","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Plaisance du Sud (ou Ti François)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plaisance_du_Sud_(ou_Ti_Fran%C3%A7ois)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Anse-aux-Pins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anse-aux-Pins_(Haiti)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vassal Labiche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vassal_Labiche&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Plaisance-du-Sud","text":"Plaisance du Sud (ou Ti François)\nAnse-aux-Pins\nVassal Labiche","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gérin ou Mouton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%A9rin_ou_Mouton&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tête d'Eau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=T%C3%AAte_d%27Eau&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fond Tortue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fond_Tortue&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"La Plaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La_Plaine,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rivière Salée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rivi%C3%A8re_Sal%C3%A9e_(Haiti)&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Baradères","text":"Gérin ou Mouton\nTête d'Eau\nFond Tortue\nLa Plaine\nRivière Salée","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grand-Boucan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand-Boucan"},{"link_name":"Eaux Basses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eaux_Basses&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Grand-Boucan","text":"Grand-Boucan\nEaux Basses","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chalon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chalon,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dessources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dessources"},{"link_name":"Saint-Michel-du-Sud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint-Michel-du-Sud&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Miragoâne","text":"Chalon\nBelle-Rivière\nDessources\nSaint-Michel-du-Sud","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fond des Lianes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fond_des_Lianes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cholette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cholette&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Silègue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sil%C3%A8gue&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bezin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bezin,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Petite-Rivière-de-Nippes","text":"Fond des Lianes\nCholette\nSilègue\nBezin","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bouzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bouzi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fond-des-Nègres ou Morne Brice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fond-des-N%C3%A8gres_ou_Morne_Brice&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pemerle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pemerle&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cocoyers-Ducheine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cocoyers-Ducheine&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Fonds-des-Nègres","text":"Bouzi\nFond-des-Nègres ou Morne Brice\nPemerle\nCocoyers-Ducheine","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Salagnac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salagnac_(Haiti)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bezin II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bezin_II&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Paillant","text":"Salagnac\nBezin II","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Camp Louise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camp_Louise,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bas de l'Acul (Basse Plaine)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bas_de_l%27Acul_(Basse_Plaine)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mornet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mornet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Grande Ravine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_Ravine"},{"link_name":"Coupe à David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coupe_%C3%A0_David&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Soufrière (Acul-du-Nord)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soufri%C3%A8re,_Acul-du-Nord&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Acul-du-Nord","text":"Camp Louise\nBas de l'Acul (Basse Plaine)\nMornet\nGrande Ravine\nCoupe à David\nSoufrière (Acul-du-Nord)","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Perches de Bonnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perches_de_Bonnet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bonnet à l'Evèque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bonnet_%C3%A0_l%27Ev%C3%A8que&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Genipailler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Genipailler&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Milot","text":"Perches de Bonnet\nBonnet à l'Evèque\nGenipailler","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Morne Rouge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Morne_Rouge,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Basse Plaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Basse_Plaine&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Grand Boucan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Boucan"},{"link_name":"Bassin Diamant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bassin_Diamant&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Plaine-du-Nord","text":"Morne Rouge\nBasse Plaine\nGrand Boucan\nBassin Diamant","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Margot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Margot,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Boucan Michel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boucan_Michel&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Petit-Bourg-de-Borgne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Petit-Bourg-de-Borgne&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Trou d'Enfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trou_d%27Enfer&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Champagne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Champagne,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Molas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Molas,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Côte-de-Fer et Fond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C%C3%B4te-de-Fer_et_Fond&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Borgne","text":"Margot\nBoucan Michel\nPetit-Bourg-de-Borgne\nTrou d'Enfer\nChampagne\nMolas\nCôte-de-Fer et Fond","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grande Plaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_Plaine"},{"link_name":"Bas Petit Borgne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bas_Petit_Borgne&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Corail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Corail,_Port-Margot&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Haut Petit Borgne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haut_Petit_Borgne&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bras Gauche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bras_Gauche&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Port-Margot","text":"Grande Plaine\nBas Petit Borgne\nCorail\nHaut Petit Borgne\nBras Gauche","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bande-du-Nord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bande-du-Nord&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Haut-du-Cap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haut-du-Cap&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Petit-Anse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Petit-Anse&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Cap-Haïtien","text":"Bande-du-Nord\nHaut-du-Cap\nPetit-Anse","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Basse Plaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Basse_Plaine&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bois de Lance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bois_de_Lance&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Roucou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roucou,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Limonade","text":"Basse Plaine\nBois de Lance\nRoucou","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Basse Plaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Basse_Plaine&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Morne Pelé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Morne_Pel%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bois-Gradis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bois-Gradis&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Quartier-Morin","text":"Basse Plaine\nMorne Pelé\nBois-Gradis","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bois Pin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bois_Pin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bailly ou Bailla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bailly_ou_Bailla&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Montagne Noire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Montagne_Noire_(Haiti)&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Bahon","text":"Bois Pin\nBailly ou Bailla\nMontagne Noire","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grand Gilles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grand_Gilles&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Solon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solon,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caracol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracol,_Nord-Est"},{"link_name":"Gambade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gambade&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Joli Trou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joli_Trou&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cormiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cormiers&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Grande-Rivière-du-Nord","text":"Grand Gilles\nSolon\nCaracol\nGambade\nJoli Trou\nCormiers","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Garde Champètre (Bas Limbé)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Garde_Champ%C3%A8tre_(Bas_Limb%C3%A9)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Petit Howars (la Fange)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Petit_Howars_(la_Fange)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Petit Howars (la Fange)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Petit_Howars_(la_Fange)&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Bas-Limbé","text":"Garde Champètre (Bas Limbé)\nPetit Howars (la Fange)\nPetit Howars (la Fange)","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Haut Limbé ou Acul Jeanot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haut_Limb%C3%A9_ou_Acul_Jeanot&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Chabotte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chabotte&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Camp-Coq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camp-Coq&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Soufrière (Limbé)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soufri%C3%A8re,_Limb%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ravine Desroches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ravine_Desroches&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ilot-à-Corne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ilot-%C3%A0-Corne&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Limbé","text":"Haut Limbé ou Acul Jeanot\nChabotte\nCamp-Coq\nSoufrière (Limbé)\nRavine Desroches\nIlot-à-Corne","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ballon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ballon,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Baudin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baudin,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ravine-Trompette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ravine-Trompette&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Joly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joly,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dubourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dubourg,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Piment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Piment&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rivière Laporte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rivi%C3%A8re_Laporte&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Margot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Margot,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Pilate","text":"Ballon\nBaudin\nRavine-Trompette\nJoly\nDubourg\nPiment\nRivière Laporte\nMargot","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gobert ou Colline Gobert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gobert_ou_Colline_Gobert&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Champagne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Champagne,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Haut Martineau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haut_Martineau&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mapou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mapou_(Haiti)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"La Trouble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La_Trouble&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"La Ville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La_Ville&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bassin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bassin,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Grande Rivière","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grande_Rivi%C3%A8re_(Haiti)&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Plaisance","text":"Gobert ou Colline Gobert\nChampagne\nHaut Martineau\nMapou\nLa Trouble\nLa Ville\nBassin\nGrande Rivière","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brostage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brostage&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bassin Caïman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bassin_Ca%C3%AFman&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Matador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Matador,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Laguille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laguille&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Haut du Trou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haut_du_Trou&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Dondon","text":"Brostage\nBassin Caïman\nMatador\nLaguille\nHaut du Trou","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"La Victoire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La_Victoire,_La_Victoire&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"La Victoire","text":"La Victoire","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Savannette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savannette"},{"link_name":"La Belle Mère","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La_Belle_M%C3%A8re&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Pignon","text":"Savannette\nLa Belle Mère","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bac à Soude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bac_%C3%A0_Soude&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bois de Lance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bois_de_Lance&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cracaraille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cracaraille&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Ranquitte","text":"Bac à Soude\nBois de Lance\nCracaraille","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bois Neuf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bois_Neuf&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mathurin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mathurin,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bouyaha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bouyaha&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"San-Yago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=San-Yago&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Saint-Raphaël","text":"Bois Neuf\nMathurin\nBouyaha\nSan-Yago","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dumas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dumas,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bayaha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bayaha,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Loiseau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Loiseau,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Madeleine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Madeleine,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Fort-Liberté","text":"Dumas\nBayaha\nLoiseau\nMadeleine","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Haut des Perches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haut_des_Perches&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bas des Perches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bas_des_Perches&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Perches","text":"Haut des Perches\nBas des Perches","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bas Maribahoux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bas_Maribahoux&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Ferrier","text":"Bas Maribahoux","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Capotille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capotille"},{"link_name":"Lamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lamine,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Capotille","text":"Capotille\nLamine","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Savanette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savanette"},{"link_name":"Bois Poux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bois_Poux&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Mont-Organisé","text":"Savanette\nBois Poux","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Haut Maribahoux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haut_Maribahoux&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Acul des Pins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acul_des_Pins&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Savane Longue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Savane_Longue&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Savane au Lait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Savane_au_Lait&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gens de Nantes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gens_de_Nantes&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Ouanaminthe","text":"Haut Maribahoux\nAcul des Pins\nSavane Longue\nSavane au Lait\nGens de Nantes","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Champin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Champin_(Haiti)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Glaudine ou \"Jacquesil\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glaudine_ou_%22Jacquesil%22&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Caracol","text":"Champin\nGlaudine ou \"Jacquesil\"","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Foulon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Foulon,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bois Blanc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bois_Blanc,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cotelette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cotelette&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sarazin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sarazin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Moka Neuf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moka_Neuf&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fond Bleu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fond_Bleu&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Sainte-Suzanne","text":"Foulon\nBois Blanc\nCotelette\nSarazin\nMoka Neuf\nFond Bleu","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fond Blanc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fond_Blanc"},{"link_name":"Grand Bassin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grand_Bassin_(Haiti)&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Terrier-Rouge","text":"Fond Blanc\nGrand Bassin","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Garcin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Garcin,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Roucou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roucou,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Roche Plate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roche_Plate&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Trou-du-Nord","text":"Garcin\nRoucou\nRoche Plate","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bois Camelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bois_Camelle&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rose Bonite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rose_Bonite&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Carice","text":"Bois Camelle\nRose Bonite","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sans Souci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sans_Souci,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bois-Laurence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bois-Laurence&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Mombin-Crochu","text":"Sans Souci\nBois-Laurence","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Palmistes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palmistes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ecrevisse ou Grosse Roche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ecrevisse_ou_Grosse_Roche&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Corosse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Corosse&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Vallières","text":"Palmistes\nEcrevisse ou Grosse Roche\nCorosse","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Citerne Rémy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Citerne_R%C3%A9my&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dos d'Ane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dos_d%27Ane&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Réserve ou Ti Paradis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=R%C3%A9serve_ou_Ti_Paradis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"L'Estère Dere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=L%27Est%C3%A8re_Dere&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Baie-de-Henne","text":"Citerne Rémy\nDos d'Ane\nRéserve ou Ti Paradis\nL'Estère Dere","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Plate Forme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plate_Forme&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Forges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Forges,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Plaine d'Orange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plaine_d%27Orange&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Bombardopolis","text":"Plate Forme\nForges\nPlaine d'Orange","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lacoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lacoma,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Guinaudée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guinaud%C3%A9e&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vieille Hatte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vieille_Hatte&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"La Montagne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La_Montagne,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dessources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dessources"},{"link_name":"Grande 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Datty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carreau_Datty&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Haut des Moustiques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haut_des_Moustiques&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Bassin-Bleu","text":"La Plate\nCarreau Datty\nHaut des Moustiques","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chansolme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chansolme"},{"link_name":"Beauvoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beauvoi&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Chansolme","text":"Chansolme\nBeauvoi","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pointe des Oiseaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pointe_des_Oiseaux&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mare Rouge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mare_Rouge&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"La Tortue","text":"Pointe des Oiseaux\nMare Rouge","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baudin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baudin,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lapointe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapointe,_Nord-Ouest"},{"link_name":"Aubert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aubert,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mahotière","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mahoti%C3%A8re&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bas des Moustiques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bas_des_Moustiques&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"La Corne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La_Corne,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Port-de-Paix","text":"Baudin\nLapointe\nAubert\nMahotière\nBas des Moustiques\nLa Corne","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bas de Sainte Anne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bas_de_Sainte_Anne&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mayance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mayance&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Côtes de Fer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4tes_de_Fer"}],"sub_title":"Anse-à-Foleur","text":"Bas de Sainte Anne\nMayance\nCôtes de Fer","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rivière des Nègres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rivi%C3%A8re_des_N%C3%A8gres&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Derourvay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Derourvay&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Granges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Granges,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rivière de Barre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rivi%C3%A8re_de_Barre&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bonneau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bonneau_(Haiti)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lafague (Chamoise)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lafague_(Chamoise)&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Saint-Louis-du-Nord","text":"Rivière des Nègres\nDerourvay\nGranges\nRivière de Barre\nBonneau\nLafague (Chamoise)","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boucassin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boucassin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fonds Baptiste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fonds_Baptiste&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vases,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Montrouis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montrouis"},{"link_name":"Délice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9lice"},{"link_name":"Matheux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Matheux&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Arcahaie","text":"Boucassin\nFonds Baptiste\nVases\nMontrouis\nDélice\nMatheux","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boucassin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boucassin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Source Matelas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Source_Matelas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fonds des Blancs (Casale)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fonds_des_Blancs_(Casale)&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Cabaret","text":"Boucassin\nSource Matelas\nFonds des Blancs (Casale)","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Plaine Céleste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plaine_C%C3%A9leste&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bois Pin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bois_Pin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Génipailler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%A9nipailler&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Cornillon","text":"Plaine Céleste\nBois Pin\nGénipailler","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Varreux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Varreux&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Petit Bois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petit_Bois"},{"link_name":"Belle Fontaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belle_Fontaine,_Ouest"},{"link_name":"Crochus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crochus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Orangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orangers&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Croix-des-Bouquets","text":"Varreux\nPetit Bois\nBelle Fontaine\nCrochus\nOrangers","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fonds-Verrettes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonds-Verrettes"}],"sub_title":"Fonds-Verrettes","text":"Fonds-Verrettes","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Galette Chambon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Galette_Chambon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Balan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Balan,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fond Parisien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fond_Parisien&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mare Roseaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mare_Roseaux&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pays Pourri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pays_Pourri&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Ganthier","text":"Galette Chambon\nBalan\nFond Parisien\nMare Roseaux\nPays Pourri","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grande Plaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_Plaine"},{"link_name":"Trou d'Eau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trou_d%27Eau&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Crochus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crochus&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Thomazeau","text":"Grande Plaine\nTrou d'Eau\nCrochus","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Palma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palma,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Petite Source","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Petite_Source&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Grande Source","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grande_Source&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Grand Lagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grand_Lagon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Picmy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Picmy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Petite-Anse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Petite-Anse,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Anse-à-Galets","text":"Palma\nPetite Source\nGrande Source\nGrand Lagon\nPicmy\nPetite-Anse","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"La Source","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Source,_Haiti"},{"link_name":"Grand Vide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grand_Vide&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Trou Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trou_Louis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pointe-à-Raquette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pointe-%C3%A0-Raquette"},{"link_name":"Gros Mangle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gros_Mangle&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Pointe-à-Raquette","text":"La Source\nGrand Vide\nTrou Louis\nPointe-à-Raquette\nGros Mangle","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tête-à-Boeuf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=T%C3%AAte-%C3%A0-Boeuf&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Moussambé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moussamb%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Grande Colline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grande_Colline&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gérard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%A9rard,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Grand-Goâve","text":"Tête-à-Boeuf\nMoussambé\nGrande Colline\nGérard","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Petite Rivière","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Petite_Rivi%C3%A8re_(Haiti)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Grande Rivière","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grande_Rivi%C3%A8re_(Haiti)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fond de Boudin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fond_de_Boudin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Palmiste à Vin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palmiste_%C3%A0_Vin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Orangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orangers&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Parques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parques,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Beauséjour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beaus%C3%A9jour,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Citronniers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Citronniers&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fond d'Oie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fond_d%27Oie&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gros Morne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gros_Morne,_L%C3%A9og%C3%A2ne&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cormiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cormiers&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Petit Harpon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Petit_Harpon&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Léogâne","text":"Petite Rivière\nGrande Rivière\nFond de Boudin\nPalmiste à Vin\nOrangers\nParques\nBeauséjour\nCitronniers\nFond d'Oie\nGros Morne\nCormiers\nPetit Harpon","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bino,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Delatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Delatre&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Trou Chouchou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trou_Chouchou&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fond Arabie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fond_Arabie&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Trou Canari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trou_Canari&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Platons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Platons&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Palmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palmes,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sèche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=S%C3%A8che&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fourques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fourques,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Petit-Goâve","text":"Bino\nDelatre\nTrou Chouchou\nFond Arabie\nTrou Canari\nPlatons\nPalmes\nSèche\nFourques","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Morne Chandelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Morne_Chandelle&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Platon Dufréné","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Platon_Dufr%C3%A9n%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Taïfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ta%C3%AFfer&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Procy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Procy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Coupeau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coupeau&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bouvier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bouvier,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lavalle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lavalle,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Berly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berly&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bizoton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bizoton&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Thor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thor,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rivière Froide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rivi%C3%A8re_Froide&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Malanga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malanga,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Corail Thor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Corail_Thor&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Carrefour","text":"Morne Chandelle\nPlaton Dufréné\nTaïfer\nProcy\nCoupeau\nBouvier\nLavalle\nBerly\nBizoton\nThor\nRivière Froide\nMalanga\nCorail Thor","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St_Martin,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Delmas","text":"St Martin","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Morne à Bateau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Morne_%C3%A0_Bateau&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Chandelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chandelle,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Petit Boucan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Petit_Boucan&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Gressier","text":"Morne à Bateau\nChandelle\nPetit Boucan","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nouvelle Touraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nouvelle_Touraine&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bongars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bongars,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sourcailles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sourcailles&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Belle Fontaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belle_Fontaine,_Ouest"},{"link_name":"Grand Fond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grand_Fond_(Haiti)&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Kenscoff","text":"Nouvelle Touraine\nBongars\nSourcailles\nBelle Fontaine\nGrand Fond","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Montagne Noire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Montagne_Noire_(Haiti)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Aux Cadets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aux_Cadets&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Etang du Jonc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Etang_du_Jonc&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bellevue la Montagne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bellevue_la_Montagne&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bellevue Chardonnière","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bellevue_Chardonni%C3%A8re&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Pétion-Ville","text":"Montagne Noire\nAux Cadets\nEtang du Jonc\nBellevue la Montagne\nBellevue Chardonnière","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bellevue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bellevue,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Tabarre","text":"Bellevue","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Varreux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Varreux&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Cité Soleil","text":"Varreux","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Turgeau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turgeau&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"l'Hôpital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=L%27H%C3%B4pital,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Martissant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martissant&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fontamara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fontamara"}],"sub_title":"Port-au-Prince","text":"Turgeau\nl'Hôpital\nMartissant\nFontamara","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brésilienne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Br%C3%A9silienne&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Trou Mahot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trou_Mahot&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"La Vallée de Bainet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La_Vall%C3%A9e_de_Bainet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Haut Grandou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haut_Grandou&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bas de Grandou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bas_de_Grandou&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bas de Lacroix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bas_de_Lacroix&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bras Gauche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bras_Gauche&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Oranger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oranger,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bas des Gris Gris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bas_des_Gris_Gris&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Bainet","text":"Brésilienne\nTrou Mahot\nLa Vallée de Bainet\nHaut Grandou\nBas de Grandou\nBas de Lacroix\nBras Gauche\nOranger\nBas des Gris Gris","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gris Gris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gris_Gris,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Labiche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Labiche,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bras Gauche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bras_Gauche&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Amazone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amazone,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Boucan Bélier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boucan_B%C3%A9lier&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jamais Vu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jamais_Vu,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Côtes-de-Fer","text":"Gris Gris\nLabiche\nBras Gauche\nAmazone\nBoucan Bélier\nJamais Vu","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boucan Guillaume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boucan_Guillaume&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bois d'Orme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bois_d%27Orme&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Anse-à-Pitres","text":"Boucan Guillaume\nBois d'Orme","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bais d'Orange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bais_d%27Orange&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mabriole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mabriole&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Callumette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Callumette&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Corail Lamothe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Corail_Lamothe&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bel Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bel_Air,_Belle-Anse&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pichon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pichon,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mapou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mapou_(Haiti)&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Belle-Anse","text":"Bais d'Orange\nMabriole\nCallumette\nCorail Lamothe\nBel Air\nPichon\nMapou","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Colline des Chênes ou Bodarie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colline_des_Ch%C3%AAnes_ou_Bodarie&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Grand-Gosier","text":"Colline des Chênes ou Bodarie","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thiotte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiotte"},{"link_name":"Pot de Chambre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pot_de_Chambre&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Thiotte","text":"Thiotte\nPot de Chambre","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Normande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Normande,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gaillard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gaillard_(Haiti)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Haut Cap Rouge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haut_Cap_Rouge&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fond Melon Michineau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fond_Melon_Michineau&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Cayes-Jacmel","text":"Normande\nGaillard\nHaut Cap Rouge\nFond Melon Michineau","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bas Cap Rouge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bas_Cap_Rouge&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fond Melon (Selles)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fond_Melon_(Selles)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cochon Gras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cochon_Gras&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"La Gosseline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La_Gosseline&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Marbial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marbial&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Montagne La Voute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Montagne_La_Voute&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Grande Rivière de Jacmel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_Rivi%C3%A8re_de_Jacmel"},{"link_name":"Bas Coq Chante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bas_Coq_Chante&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Haut Coq Chante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haut_Coq_Chante&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"La Vanneau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La_Vanneau&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"La Montagne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La_Montagne,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Jacmel","text":"Bas Cap Rouge\nFond Melon (Selles)\nCochon Gras\nLa Gosseline\nMarbial\nMontagne La Voute\nGrande Rivière de Jacmel\nBas Coq Chante\nHaut Coq Chante\nLa Vanneau\nLa Montagne","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"La Vallée de Jacmel ou Muzac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La_Vall%C3%A9e_de_Jacmel_ou_Muzac&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"La Vallée de Bainet ou Ternier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La_Vall%C3%A9e_de_Bainet_ou_Ternier&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Morne à Brûler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Morne_%C3%A0_Br%C3%BBler&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"La Vallée","text":"La Vallée de Jacmel ou Muzac\nLa Vallée de Bainet ou Ternier\nMorne à Brûler","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Corail Soult","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Corail_Soult&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Grande Rivière Fesles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grande_Rivi%C3%A8re_Fesles&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Macary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Macary&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fond Jean Noël","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fond_Jean_No%C3%ABl&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Savane Dubois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Savane_Dubois&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Marigot","text":"Corail Soult\nGrande Rivière Fesles\nMacary\nFond Jean Noël\nSavane Dubois","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Macéan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mac%C3%A9an&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bellevue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bellevue,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Brodequin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brodequin,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Flamands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flamands_(Haiti)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mare à Coiffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mare_%C3%A0_Coiffe&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"La Colline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La_Colline&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Frangipane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frangipane,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Colline à Mongons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colline_%C3%A0_Mongons&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fond-des-Blancs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fond-des-Blancs"},{"link_name":"Section Guirand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Section_Guirand&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Aquin","text":"Macéan\nBellevue\nBrodequin\nFlamands\nMare à Coiffe\nLa Colline\nFrangipane\nColline à Mongons\nFond-des-Blancs\nSection Guirand","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boileau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boileau,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Martineau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martineau,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gros Marin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gros_Marin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mare Henri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mare_Henri&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Laroque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laroque,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Cavaellon","text":"Boileau\nMartineau\nGros Marin\nMare Henri\nLaroque","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grand Fonds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grand_Fonds&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Baie Dumesle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baie_Dumesle&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Grenodière","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grenodi%C3%A8re&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Zanglais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanglais"},{"link_name":"Sucrerie 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Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bourdet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bourdet,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fonfrède","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fonfr%C3%A8de&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Laborde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laborde,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Laurent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laurent,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mercy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercy,_Haiti"},{"link_name":"Boulmier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boulmier&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Les Cayes","text":"Bourdet\nFonfrède\nLaborde\nLaurent\nMercy\nBoulmier","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fonds Palmiste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fonds_Palmiste&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Melonière","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meloni%C3%A8re&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carrefour Canon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carrefour_Canon&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Chantal","text":"Fonds Palmiste\nMelonière\nCarrefour Canon","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Île-à-Vache","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ele-%C3%A0-Vache"}],"sub_title":"Île-à-Vache","text":"Île-à-Vache","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maniche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maniche,_Maniche,_Sud"},{"link_name":"Dory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dory,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Melon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melon,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Maniche","text":"Maniche\nDory\nMelon","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boury,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bérault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=B%C3%A9rault,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Solon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solon,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Moreau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moreau,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Torbeck","text":"Boury\nBérault\nSolon\nMoreau","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Verone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Verone&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Edelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edelin,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cosse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cosse,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Les Anglais","text":"Verone\nEdelin\nCosse","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Randal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Randel,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dejoie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dejoie&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bony,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Chardonnières","text":"Randal\nDejoie\nBony","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Blactote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blactote&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nan Sevre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nan_Sevre&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Loby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Loby&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dalmette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dalmette&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Tiburon","text":"Blactote\nNan Sevre\nLoby\nDalmette","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Condé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cond%C3%A9,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Despas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Despas"},{"link_name":"Quentin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quentin,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Côteaux","text":"Condé\nDespas\nQuentin","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paricot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paricot&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Balais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Balais&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Port-à-Piment","text":"Paricot\nBalais","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Beaulieu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beaulieu,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Renaudin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Renaudin,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Beauclos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beauclos&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Roche-à-Bateaux","text":"Beaulieu\nRenaudin\nBeauclos","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lazarre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lazarre&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Anse à Drick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anse_%C3%A0_Drick&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Arniquet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arniquet"}],"sub_title":"Arniquet","text":"Lazarre\nAnse à Drick\nArniquet","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Barbois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barbois&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dumont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dumont,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Port-Salut","text":"Barbois\nDumont","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tapion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tapion,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Débouchette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=D%C3%A9bouchette&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Trichet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trichet,_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Saint-Jean-du-Sud","text":"Tapion\nDébouchette\nTrichet","title":"List of communal sections of Haiti"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_Olympics
Volleyball at the Summer Olympics
["1 History","1.1 Origins","1.2 Events","1.3 Men's winners","1.4 Women's winners","2 Competition formula","3 Men's tournaments","3.1 Results summary","3.2 Medal table","3.3 Participating nations","4 Women's tournaments","4.1 Results summary","4.2 Medal table","4.3 Participating nations","5 Total medal table","6 Most valuable player by edition","6.1 Men","6.2 Women","7 Win–loss records","7.1 Men's tournament","7.2 Women's tournament","8 See also","9 Notes","10 References","11 External links"]
For the outdoor event, see Beach volleyball at the Summer Olympics. Volleyball at the Summer OlympicsIOC Discipline CodeVVOGoverning bodyFIVBEvents2 (men: 1; women: 1)Games 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 Medalists Volleyball has been part of the Summer Olympics program for both men and women consistently since 1964. Brazil, the United States and the former Soviet Union are the only teams to win multiple gold medals at the men's tournament since its introduction. The remaining six editions of the Men's Olympic Volleyball Tournament were won each by a different country including Japan, Poland, Netherlands, Russia, France, and the defunct Yugoslavia. Gold medals are less evenly distributed in women's volleyball than in men's; the fifteen editions of the Women's Olympic Volleyball Tournament were won by six countries: Brazil, Cuba, China, Japan, the United States and the former Soviet Union. History Origins The history of Olympic volleyball can be traced back to the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris, where it was an unofficial demonstration event. Its addition to the Olympic program, however, was given only after World War II, with the foundation of the FIVB and of some of the continental confederations. In 1957, a special tournament was held during the 53rd IOC session in Sofia, Bulgaria, to support such request. The competition was a success, and the sport was officially introduced in 1964. The International Olympic Committee attempted to drop volleyball for the 1968 Olympics, but this was met with protest. The volleyball Olympic tournament was originally a simple competition, whose format paralleled the one still employed in the World Cup: all teams played against each other team and then were ranked by number of wins, set average and point average. One disadvantage of this round-robin system is that medal winners could be determined before the end of the games, making the audience lose interest in the outcome of the remaining matches. To cope with this situation, the competition was split into two phases: a "final round" was introduced, consisting of quarterfinals, semifinals and finals. Since its creation in 1972, this new system has become the standard for the volleyball Olympic tournament, and is usually referred to as the "Olympic format". The number of teams involved in the games has grown steadily since 1964. Since 1996, both men's and women's indoor events count 12 participant nations. Each of the five continental volleyball confederations has at least one affiliated national federation involved in the Olympic Games. Events Event 64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 96 00 04 08 12 16 20 24 Years Men's tournament X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 16 Women's tournament X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 16 Total 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Men's winners The first two editions of the volleyball Olympic tournament were won by the Soviet Union team. Bronze in 1964 and silver in 1968, Japan won gold in 1972. In 1976, the introduction of a new offensive skill, the back row attack, helped Poland win the competition over the Soviets in a very tight five-setter. In 1980, many of the strongest teams in men's volleyball belonged to the Eastern Bloc, so the American-led boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics did not have as great an effect on these events as it had on the women's. The Soviet Union collected their third Olympic gold medal with a 3–1 victory over Bulgaria. With a Soviet-led boycott in 1984, the United States confirmed their new volleyball leadership in the Western World by sweeping smoothly over Brazil in the finals. In that edition a minor nation, Italy, won their first medal, but Italy would rise to prominence in volleyball in later decades. A long-awaited confrontation between the US and Soviet volleyball teams came in the 1988 final: powerplayers Karch Kiraly and Steve Timmons pushed the United States to a second gold medal setting the issue in favor of the Americans. In 1992, Brazil upset favorites Unified Team, Netherlands, and Italy for their first Olympic championship. Runners-up Netherlands, with Ron Zwerver and Olof van der Meulen, came back in the following edition for a five-set win over Italy. In spite of their success in other major volleyball competitions in the 1990s, Italy did not fare well at the Olympics. After winning bronze in Atlanta, Serbia and Montenegro, led by Vladimir and Nikola Grbić, beat Russia at the final in 2000 to secure the gold (in 1996 and 2000 they played under the name Federal Republic of Yugoslavia). In 2004, Brazil beat Italy in the final, adding a second gold medal to their record and confirming their role as the men's volleyball superpowers of the 2000s. In 2008, United States beat Brazil in the final, winning their third gold medal. Russia won the bronze for the second time by defeating Italy. In the 2012 final, Russia came back from a 0–2 set deficit, not letting the Brazilians take advantage of any of their 2 match points in the third set. Dmitriy Muserskiy scored 31 points, which is an Olympic Games record in a final. Italy defeated Bulgaria and took Bronze. After coming up short in the previous two editions of the Olympics as runners-up, the Brazilians captured their third gold medal in the history of the competition playing home in 2016 after their straight-set victory against Italy in the final. The United States pulled off a comeback from a 0–2 deficit to claim the bronze medal with a victory over Russia. The 2020 tournament, held in 2021 due to the global COVID-19 pandemic causing a delay, had the French team of Earvin N'Gapeth win its first gold by defeating the Russian Olympic Committee, who returned to the podium after missing out in 2016. In a repeat of the 1988 bronze medal match, Brazil were upset by neighbor Argentina. Gold medals appear to be more evenly distributed in men's volleyball than in women's: the former Soviet Union (three titles), United States (three) and Brazil (three) are the only teams to have won the tournament more than once. The remaining six editions were won each by a different country. Despite having been a major force in men's volleyball since the 1990s and never missing a tournament since 1976, Italy are the only volleyball powerhouse that lack a gold medal at the Olympic Games. Women's winners Women's volleyball semifinals match between the United States and South Korea at the 2012 Summer Olympics. The opening edition of the volleyball Olympic tournament, in 1964, was won by the host nation Japan. There followed two victories in a row by the Soviet Union, in 1968 and 1972. South Korea were expected to get their first gold after beating Japan in the 1975 Pre-Olympic Games, but Japan came back again in 1976 for one last Olympic gold before losing their status of women's volleyball superpowers. The American-led boycott of the 1980 Games left many strong volleyball nations like Japan and South Korea out of the games. As a result, the Soviet Union easily secured a third Olympic gold medal. In 1984, the Eastern bloc was, in its turn, boycotting the games, and the Soviet Union did not participate. As a result, host nation United States won its first medals in volleyball, losing the finals to China. With eastern and western nations again involved in the Olympics, the Soviet Union obtained a remarkable victory over Peru after trailing 0–2 in 1988's marking one of the most dramatic female matches of the 20th century. The 1988 games were, however, boycotted by Cuba, who would become the next dominating force. 1992 saw a new force go down in Olympic history: organized under the name Unified Team, the nations of the former Soviet Union that chose to form a combined team easily reached the gold medal game, but could not neutralize the power play of the young, rising Cuban squad. Led by superstars Mireya Luis and Regla Torres, Cuba would eventually set the record for consecutive wins in the Olympic Games by also taking the gold in 1996 and 2000 against China and Russia, respectively. In 2004, the winners were once again China. Second were Russia who beat Brazil in a very tough and dramatic semifinal match after being down 1–2, 19–24 in the fourth set. In 2008, Brazil finally won the gold, beating the United States in the final and losing only one set in the competition. China were awarded the bronze by beating Cuba. After a troubled start, Brazil secured the double gold in 2012 after beating the United States once again in the final. Japan won the bronze medal after defeating South Korea. In 2016, home team Brazil were favorites to once again win the title, thus equalling Cuba's three consecutive gold medals between 1992 and 2000. After winning all of their preliminary round matches without dropping a set, the team was, however, stunned by a young Chinese squad in a tiebreaker in the quarterfinals. China went on to win the title, their third in Olympic history, by beating Serbia in four sets in the gold medal match. In the process, Lang Ping became the first person to win a gold medal as a player in Los Angeles 1984 and repeat the feat now as a coach in Rio de Janeiro. China also became the first team to win the Olympics after losing three matches in the preliminary round. The United States defeated the Netherlands 3–1 to capture the bronze medal. In the fifteenth edition of the games in 2020, the United States faced Brazil for the third final in four editions, only this time they broke the long title drought. Thus the Americans became only the sixth country to win the women's tournament, after Brazil, China, Cuba, Japan, and the former Soviet Union. Serbia got the bronze, beating South Korea. Competition formula The volleyball Olympic tournament has a very stable competition formula. The following rules apply: Qualification Twelve teams participate in each event. Host nations are always pre-qualified. Two teams qualify through the Men's and Women's World Cup (this number was reduced from three prior to the 2016 Summer Olympics). Five teams qualify as winners of continental qualification tournaments. The four remaining berths are decided in world qualification tournaments. Competition format For the first phase, called qualification round, teams are ranked by the FIVB World Rankings and then divided in two pools of six teams using the serpentine system. The host nation is always ranked 1. At the qualification round, each team plays one match against all other teams in its pool. Top four teams in each pool advance, the remaining two leave the competition. At the second phase, usually called final round, teams play quarterfinals, semifinals and finals. For the final round, matches are organized according to the results obtained in the qualification round. Let the top four teams in each pool be A1, A2, A3, A4 (group A); and B1, B2, B3, B4 (group B). Quarterfinals would then be: A1xB4; A2xB3; A3xB2; A4xB1. Winners of quarterfinals play semifinals as follows: (A1/B4) x (A3/B2) ; (A2/B3) x (A4xB1). At the finals, winners of semifinals play for the gold, and losers for the bronze. The tournament implements very tight line-up restrictions: only twelve players are allowed, and no replacement is permitted, even in case of injuries. Men's tournaments Results summary Year Host Gold medal match Bronze medal match Teams Gold medalists Score Silver medalists Bronze medalists Score 4th place 1964Details Tokyo Soviet Union Round-robin Czechoslovakia Japan Round-robin Romania 10 1968Details Mexico City Soviet Union Round-robin Japan Czechoslovakia Round-robin East Germany 10 1972Details Munich Japan 3–1 East Germany Soviet Union 3–0 Bulgaria 12 1976Details Montreal Poland 3–2 Soviet Union Cuba 3–0 Japan 10 1980Details Moscow Soviet Union 3–1 Bulgaria Romania 3–1 Poland 10 1984Details Los Angeles United States 3–0 Brazil Italy 3–0 Canada 10 1988Details Seoul United States 3–1 Soviet Union Argentina 3–2 Brazil 12 1992Details Barcelona Brazil 3–0 Netherlands United States 3–1 Cuba 12 1996Details Atlanta Netherlands 3–2 Italy Yugoslavia 3–1 Russia 12 2000Details Sydney Yugoslavia 3–0 Russia Italy 3–0 Argentina 12 2004Details Athens Brazil 3–1 Italy Russia 3–0 United States 12 2008Details Beijing United States 3–1 Brazil Russia 3–0 Italy 12 2012Details London Russia 3–2 Brazil Italy 3–1 Bulgaria 12 2016Details Rio de Janeiro Brazil 3–0 Italy United States 3–2 Russia 12 2020Details Tokyo France 3–2 ROC Argentina 3–2 Brazil 12 2024Details Paris 12 Medal table RankNationGoldSilverBronzeTotal1 Brazil (BRA)33062 Soviet Union (URS)32163 United States (USA)30254 Russia (RUS)11245 Japan (JPN)11136 Netherlands (NED)11027 Serbia and Montenegro (SCG)10128 France (FRA)1001 Poland (POL)100110 Italy (ITA)033611 Czechoslovakia (TCH)011212 Bulgaria (BUL)0101 East Germany (GDR)0101 ROC010115 Argentina (ARG)002216 Cuba (CUB)0011 Romania (ROU)0011Totals (17 entries)15151545 Participating nations Legend 1st – Champions 2nd – Runners-up 3rd – Third place 4th – Fourth place  •  – Did not enter / Did not qualify    – Hosts = – More than one team tied for that rank Q – Qualified for forthcoming tournament Team 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 Total  Algeria • • • • • • • 12th • • • • • • • • 1  Argentina • • • • • 6th 3rd • 8th 4th =5th • =5th =5th 3rd 8  Australia • • • • • • • • • 8th =11th • =9th • • • 3  Belgium • 8th • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1  Brazil 7th 9th 8th 7th 5th 2nd 4th 1st 5th 6th 1st 2nd 2nd 1st 4th Q 16  Bulgaria 5th 6th 4th • 2nd • 6th • 7th • • 5th 4th • • 8  Canada • • • 9th • 4th • 10th • • • • • 5th 8th Q 6  China • • • • • 8th • • • • • 5th • • • • 2  Cuba • • 10th 3rd 7th • • 4th 6th 7th • • • =11th • 7  Egypt • • • WD • 10th • • • 11th • 11th • 9th • 5  France • • • • • • 8th 11th • • 9th • • 9th 1st Q 6  Germany See  East Germany and  West Germany • • • • =9th =5th • • Q 3  Great Britain • • • • • • • • • • • • =11th • • • 1  Greece • • • • • • • • • • =5th • • • • • 1  Hungary 6th • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1  Iran • • • • • • • • • • • • • =5th 9th 2  Italy • • • 8th 9th 3rd 9th 5th 2nd 3rd 2nd 4th 3rd 2nd 6th 12  Japan 3rd 2nd 1st 4th • 7th 10th 6th • • • =11th • • 7th Q 10  Libya • • • • 10th • • • • • • • • • • • 1  Mexico • 10th • • • • • • • • • • • =11th • • 2  Netherlands 8th • • • • • 5th 2nd 1st 5th 9th • • • • 6  Poland • 5th 9th 1st 4th • • • 11th • =5th =5th =5th =5th 5th Q 11  Romania 4th • 5th • 3rd • • • • • • • • • • • 3  Russia See  Soviet Union 4th 2nd 3rd 3rd 1st 4th 2nd • 7  Serbia See  Yugoslavia See  Serbia and Montenegro 5th 9th • • 2  Slovenia • • • • • • • • Q 1  South Korea 10th • 7th 6th • 5th 11th 9th =9th =9th • • • • • • 8  Spain • • • • • • • 8th • 9th • • • • • • 2  Sweden • • • • • • 7th • • • • • • • • • 1  Tunisia • • 12th • • 9th 12th • 11th • 11th • 11th • 11th 7  United States 9th 7th • • • 1st 1st 3rd =9th =11th 4th 1st =5th 3rd 10th Q 13  Venezuela • • • • • • • • • • • =9th • • 12th • 2 Discontinued nations  Czechoslovakia 2nd 3rd 6th 5th 8th • • • See  Czech Republic 5  East Germany • 4th 2nd • • • • See  Germany 2  Serbia and Montenegro See  Yugoslavia • 3rd 1st =5th See  Serbia 3  Soviet Union 1st 1st 3rd 2nd 1st • 2nd 7th See  Russia 7  West Germany • • 11th • • • • See  Germany 1  Yugoslavia • • • • 6th • • See  Serbia and Montenegro See  Serbia 1 Total 10 10 12 10 10 10 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 Women's tournaments Results summary Year Host Gold medal match Bronze medal match Teams Gold medalists Score Silver medalists Bronze medalists Score 4th place 1964Details Tokyo Japan Round-robin Soviet Union Poland Round-robin Romania 6 1968Details Mexico City Soviet Union Round-robin Japan Poland Round-robin Peru 8 1972Details Munich Soviet Union 3–2 Japan North Korea 3–0 South Korea 8 1976Details Montreal Japan 3–0 Soviet Union South Korea 3–1 Hungary 8 1980Details Moscow Soviet Union 3–1 East Germany Bulgaria 3–2 Hungary 8 1984Details Los Angeles China 3–0 United States Japan 3–1 Peru 8 1988Details Seoul Soviet Union 3–2 Peru China 3–0 Japan 8 1992Details Barcelona Cuba 3–1 Unified Team United States 3–0 Brazil 8 1996Details Atlanta Cuba 3–1 China Brazil 3–2 Russia 12 2000Details Sydney Cuba 3–2 Russia Brazil 3–0 United States 12 2004Details Athens China 3–2 Russia Cuba 3–1 Brazil 12 2008Details Beijing Brazil 3–1 United States China 3–1 Cuba 12 2012Details London Brazil 3–1 United States Japan 3–0 South Korea 12 2016Details Rio de Janeiro China 3–1 Serbia United States 3–1 Netherlands 12 2020Details Tokyo United States 3–0 Brazil Serbia 3–0 South Korea 12 2024Details Paris 12 Medal table RankNationGoldSilverBronzeTotal1 Soviet Union (URS)42062 China (CHN)31263 Cuba (CUB)30144 Japan (JPN)22265 Brazil (BRA)21256 United States (USA)13267 Russia (RUS)02028 Serbia (SRB)01129 East Germany (GDR)0101 Peru (PER)0101 Unified Team (EUN)010112 Poland (POL)002213 Bulgaria (BUL)0011 North Korea (PRK)0011 South Korea (KOR)0011Totals (15 entries)15151545 Participating nations Legend 1st – Champions 2nd – Runners-up 3rd – Third place 4th – Fourth place  •  – Did not enter / Did not qualify    – Hosts = – More than one team tied for that rank Q – Qualified for forthcoming tournament Team 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 Total  Algeria • • • • • • • • • • • =11th =11th • • • 2  Argentina • • • • • • • • • • • • • =9th 11th • 2  Australia • • • • • • • • • =9th • • • • • • 1  Brazil • • • • 7th 7th 6th 4th 3rd 3rd 4th 1st 1st =5th 2nd Q 12  Bulgaria • • • • 3rd • • • • • • • • • • • 1  Cameroon • • • • • • • • • • • • • =11th • • 1  Canada • • • 8th • 8th • • =9th • • • • • • • 3  China • • • • • 1st 3rd 7th 2nd 5th 1st 3rd =5th 1st 9th Q 11  Croatia Part of  Yugoslavia • • 7th • • • • • • 1  Cuba • • 6th 5th 5th • • 1st 1st 1st 3rd 4th • • • • 8  Dominican Republic • • • • • • • • • • =11th • =5th • 8th Q 4  France • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Q 1  Germany See  East Germany and  West Germany • 8th 6th =9th • • • • • 3  Great Britain • • • • • • • • • • • • =9th • • • 1  Greece • • • • • • • • • • =9th • • • • • 1  Hungary • • 5th 4th 4th • • • • • • • • • • • 3  Italy • • • • • • • • • =9th =5th =5th =5th =9th 6th Q 7  Japan 1st 2nd 2nd 1st • 3rd 4th 5th =9th • =5th =5th 3rd =5th 10th Q 14  Kazakhstan Part of  Soviet Union • • • =9th • • • • 1  Kenya • • • • • • • • • =11th =11th • • • 12th Q 4  Mexico • 7th • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1  Netherlands • • • • • • • 6th 5th • • • • 4th • Q 4  North Korea • • 3rd • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1  Peru • 4th • 7th 6th 4th 2nd • =11th =11th • • • • • • 7  Poland 3rd 3rd • • • • • • • • • =9th • • • Q 4  Puerto Rico • • • • • • • • • • • • • =11th • • 1  Romania 4th • • • 8th • • • • • • • • • • • 2  Russia See  Soviet Union 4th 2nd 2nd =5th =5th =5th 7th • 7  Serbia See  Yugoslavia See  Serbia and Montenegro =5th =11th 2nd 3rd Q 5  South Korea 6th 5th 4th 3rd • 5th 8th • 6th 8th =5th • 4th =5th 4th • 12  Spain • • • • • • • 8th • • • • • • • • 1  Turkey • • • • • • • • • • • • =9th • 5th Q 3  Ukraine Part of  Soviet Union =11th • • • • • • • 1  United States 5th 8th • • • 2nd 7th 3rd 7th 4th =5th 2nd 2nd 3rd 1st Q 13  Venezuela • • • • • • • • • • • =11th • • • • 1 Discontinued nations  Czechoslovakia • 6th 7th • • • • • See  Czech Republic 2  East Germany • • • 6th 2nd • 5th See  Germany 3  Soviet Union 2nd 1st 1st 2nd 1st • 1st 2nd See  Russia 7  West Germany • • 8th • • 6th • See  Germany 2 Total 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 Total medal table Defunct NOCs are shown in italic. Sources: RankNationGoldSilverBronzeTotal1 Soviet Union (URS)741122 Brazil (BRA)542113 United States (USA)434114 Japan (JPN)33395 China (CHN)31266 Cuba (CUB)30257 Russia (RUS)13268 Netherlands (NED)11029 Poland (POL)102310 FR Yugoslavia / Serbia and Montenegro101211 France (FRA)100112 Italy (ITA)033613 East Germany (GDR)020214 Bulgaria (BUL)0112 Czechoslovakia (TCH)0112 Serbia (SRB)011217 Peru (PER)0101 ROC0101 Unified Team (EUN)010120 Argentina (ARG)002221 North Korea (PRK)0011 Romania (ROU)0011 South Korea (KOR)0011Totals (23 entries)30303090 Most valuable player by edition Men 1984 –  Steve Timmons (USA) 1988 –  Karch Kiraly (USA) 1992 –  Marcelo Negrão (BRA) 1996 –  Bas van de Goor (NED) 2000 –  Bas van de Goor (NED) 2004 –  Gilberto Godoy Filho (BRA) 2008 –  Clayton Stanley (USA) 2012 –  Murilo Endres (BRA) 2016 –  Sérgio Santos (BRA) 2020 –  Earvin N'Gapeth (FRA) Women 1984 –  Lang Ping (CHN) 1988 –  Cecilia Tait (PER) 1992 –  Paula Weishoff (USA) 1996 –  Cintha Boersma (NED) 2000 –  Barbara Jelić (CRO) 2004 –  Feng Kun (CHN) 2008 –  Paula Pequeno (BRA) 2012 –  Kim Yeon-koung (KOR) 2016 –  Zhu Ting (CHN) 2020 –  Jordan Larson (USA) Win–loss records Men's tournament Team Matches played Wins Losses Winning percentage  Algeria 6 0 6 0.0%  Argentina 55 27 28 49.1%  Australia 18 4 14 22.2%  Belgium 9 2 7 22.2%  Brazil 113 69 44 61.1%  Bulgaria 60 32 28 53.3%  Canada 28 9 19 32.1%  China 12 3 9 25.0%  Cuba 47 22 25 46.8%  Czechoslovakia 37 24 13 64.9%  East Germany 16 11 5 68.8%  Egypt 20 1 19 5.0%  France 31 14 17 45.2%  Germany 11 3 8 27.3%  Great Britain 5 0 5 0.0%  Greece 6 3 3 50.0%  Hungary 9 4 5 44.4%  Iran 11 4 7 36.4%  Italy 85 55 30 64.7%  Japan 62 35 27 56.5%  Libya 5 0 5 0.0%  Mexico 14 0 14 0.0%  Netherlands 45 26 19 57.8%  Poland 62 35 27 56.5%  Romania 22 14 8 63.6%  Russia 56 38 18 67.9%  Serbia 11 3 8 27.3  Serbia and Montenegro 22 15 7 68.1%  South Korea 51 16 35 31.4%  Soviet Union 51 41 10 80.4%  Spain 13 4 9 30.8%  Sweden 7 3 4 42.9%  Tunisia 38 1 37 2.7%  United States 84 49 35 58.3%  Venezuela 10 1 9 10.0%  West Germany 6 1 5 16.7%  Yugoslavia 6 3 3 50.0% Women's tournament Team Matches played Wins Losses Winning percentage  Algeria 10 0 10 0.0%  Argentina 10 1 9 10.0%  Australia 5 1 4 20.0%  Brazil 75 52 23 69.3%  Bulgaria 5 3 2 60.0%  Cameroon 5 0 5 0.0%  Canada 15 1 14 6.7%  China 65 41 24 63.1%  Croatia 8 4 4 50.0%  Cuba 52 37 15 71.2%  Czechoslovakia 12 4 8 33.3%  Dominican Republic 17 5 12 29.4%  East Germany 15 7 8 46.7%  Germany 21 7 14 33.3%  Great Britain 5 1 4 20.0%  Greece 5 1 4 20.0%  Hungary 15 7 8 46.7%  Italy 34 17 17 50.0%  Japan 73 42 31 57.5%  Kazakhstan 5 1 4 20.0%  Kenya 15 0 15 0.0%  Mexico 7 1 6 14.3%  Netherlands 21 11 10 52.4%  North Korea 5 3 2 60.0%  Peru 37 12 25 46.2%  Poland 17 9 8 53.0%  Puerto Rico 5 0 5 0.0%  Romania 10 4 6 40.0%  Russia 48 32 16 66.6%  Serbia 27 13 14 48.1%  South Korea 76 31 45 40.8%  Soviet Union 37 32 5 86.5%  Spain 4 0 4 0.0%  Turkey 11 5 6 45.5%  Ukraine 5 0 5 0.0%  United States 82 50 32 61.0%  Venezuela 5 0 5 0.0%  West Germany 10 2 8 20.0% See also Volleyball portalOlympics portal Beach volleyball at the Summer Olympics List of Olympic venues in volleyball List of indoor volleyball world medalists Volleyball at the Summer Paralympics Notes ^ a b c d Russia's total includes one appearance as Russian Olympic Committee in 2020. ^ a b Serbia and Montenegro's total includes two appearances as Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in 1996 and 2000. ^ a b c d Soviet Union's total includes one appearance as Unified Team in 1992. References ^ Black Belt Vol. 2, No. 2. Active Interest Media, Inc. Mar 1964. p. 27. Sone Kaminaga black belt. ^ "The history of Olympic volleyball". Olympics.com. Retrieved 27 July 2021. ^ "FIVB – London 2012 Olympic Games". FIVB. Retrieved 30 April 2018. ^ "Brazil make triumphant return to the top of the podium". FIVB.org. 21 August 2016. Retrieved 21 August 2016. ^ "USA grab men's bronze with fantastic comeback". FIVB.org. 21 August 2016. Retrieved 21 August 2016. ^ Ngapeth guides France to Olympic glory ^ Conte powers Argentina’s five-set win to claim bronze ^ "Brazil wins women's volleyball gold". ESPN. 11 August 2012. Retrieved 31 October 2013. ^ "China crowned champions in Rio de Janeiro". FIVB.org. 21 August 2016. Retrieved 21 August 2016. ^ "Lang Ping became the first person in volleyball to win Olympic gold as player and coach". FIVB.org. 21 August 2016. Retrieved 21 August 2016. ^ "USA raise high wall to stop Netherlands for bronze medal". FIVB.org. 20 August 2016. Retrieved 21 August 2016. ^ Drews shines as USA strike gold in Tokyo ^ Boskovic’s 33 bags bronze for Serbia ^ "Medals by Countries". Olympic Analytics. Retrieved 2022-01-31. ^ "Ngapeth named MVP of men's Tokyo 2020 Dream Team". volleyballworld.com. 7 August 2021. Retrieved 7 August 2021. ^ "News detail – Olympic Countdown – Barcelona rocks to a Latin American rhythm – FIVB – Olympic Games – Rio 2016". rio2016.fivb.com. Retrieved 30 April 2018. ^ "FIVB:#Rio2016 women's #Volleyball Dream Team". fivb.com. 20 Aug 2016. Retrieved 20 Aug 2016. ^ "Larson leads women's Tokyo 2020 Dream Team". volleyballworld.com. 8 August 2021. Retrieved 8 August 2021. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Volleyball at the Olympics. Fédération Internationale de Volleyball – official website Olympic Volleyball History– Comprehensive results for all tournaments. International Olympic Committee – official website vteVolleyball at the Summer OlympicsTournaments 1896–1960 1964 men women 1968 men women 1972 men women 1976 men women 1980 men women 1984 men women 1988 men women 1992 men women 1996 men women 2000 men women 2004 men women 2008 men women 2012 men women 2016 men women 2020 men women 2024 men women QualificationsMen 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 Women 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 SquadsMen 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 Women 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 List of medalists List of Olympic venues vteSports at the Olympic GamesSummer sports Aquatics Artistic swimming Diving Swimming Water polo Archery Athletics Badminton Basketball 3x3 basketball Boxing Canoeing Cycling Equestrian Fencing Field hockey Football Golf Gymnastics Artistic gymnastics Handball Judo Modern pentathlon Rowing Rugby sevens Sailing Shooting Skateboarding Sport climbing Surfing Table tennis Taekwondo Tennis Triathlon Volleyball Beach volleyball Weightlifting Wrestling Winter sports Biathlon Bobsleigh Bobsleigh Skeleton Curling Ice hockey Luge Skating Figure skating Short track speed skating Speed skating Skiing Alpine skiing Cross-country skiing Freestyle skiing Nordic combined Ski jumping Snowboarding 2024 addition Breaking 2026 addition Ski mountaineering 2028 additions Baseball / Softball Cricket Flag football Lacrosse Squash Past sports Basque pelota Croquet Jeu de paume Karate Military patrol Polo Rackets Roque Rugby union (15-a-side) Tug of war Water motorsports Demonstration sports American football Australian football Bandy Budo Gliding Ice stock sport Korfball La canne Pesäpallo Roller hockey Savate Skijoring Sled dog racing Swedish gymnastics Speed skiing Water skiing Winter pentathlon Unofficial sports Aeronautics Alpinism Angling Art competitions Ballooning Boules Bowling Cannon shooting Chess Cycle polo Disabled skiing Fire fighting Gaelic football Glima Gotland sports Hurling Indian sports Kaatsen Kite flying Life saving Longue paume Military exercise Motor racing Motorcycle racing Pigeon racing Pistol dueling Wheelchair racing Wushu Paralympic sports Olympic Games portal vteInternational volleyball FIVB World Rankings Achievements by nation Records and statistics Worldwide Olympic Games World Championships men women Nations League men women Olympic Qualification Tournaments men women World Cup men women Challenger Cup men women Club World Championship men women World League (defunct) World Grand Prix (defunct) World Grand Champions Cup (defunct) Junior / Youth Youth Olympic Games World Championships men U23 (defunct) women U23 (defunct) men U21 women U21 boys U19 girls U19 Multi-sport events Arab Games Bolivarian Games Goodwill Games Lusophone Games Mediterranean Games Military World Games Universiade ContinentalAfrica(CAVB) African Championship men women men U23 women U23 men U21 women U20 boys U19 girls U18 African Club Championships men women African Club Cup men women African Beach men women African Games Asia andOceania(AVC) Asian Championship men women men U23 (defunct) women U23 (defunct) men U20 women U20 boys U18 girls U18 boys U16 girls U16 Asian Cup men (defunct) women (defunct) Asian Challenge Cup men women Asian Club Championship men women Asian Games Pacific Games Europe(CEV) European Championship men women men U22 women U22 men U20 women U20 men U18 women U18 men U17 women U17 European League men women Champions League men women CEV Cup men women Challenge Cup men women European Games MEVZA League NEVZA Clubs Championship AmericasTop events Pan American Games Pan-American Cup men women America's Cup (defunct) North America(NORCECA) NORCECA Championship men women men U21 women U20 boys U19 girls U18 Central American and Caribbean Games Central America(AFECAVOL) Central American Championship men women Central American Games South America(CSV) South American Championship men women men U23 women U22 men U21 women U20 boys U19 girls U18 boys U17 girls U16 South American Club Championship men women South American Games vteInternational men's volleyball FIVB World Ranking Summer Olympic Games FIVB World Championship FIVB World Cup FIVB Nations League FIVB Challenger Cup Universiade Africa CAVB African Championship African Games Asia & Oceania AVC Asian Championship Asian Cup Asian Challenger Cup Asian Games Europe CEV European Championship European League Small Countries Division GSSE Games North America NORCECA NORCECA Championship Pan American Cup Pan American Games Central America AFECAVOL Central American Championship Central American and Caribbean Games Central American Games South America CSV South American Championship Pan American Cup Pan American Games South American Games Multi-sport events Arab Games Bolivarian Games Lusophone Games Mediterranean Games Military World Games Discontinued FIVB World League FIVB World Grand Champions Cup Goodwill Games America's Cup Final Four Cup European Games vteInternational women's volleyball FIVB World Ranking Summer Olympic Games FIVB World Championship FIVB World Cup FIVB Nations League FIVB Challenger Cup Universiade Africa CAVB African Championship African Games Asia & Oceania AVC Asian Championship Asian Cup Asian Challenger Cup Asian Games Europe CEV European Championship European League Small Countries Division GSSE Games North America NORCECA NORCECA Championship Pan American Cup Pan American Games Central America AFECAVOL Central American Championship Central American and Caribbean Games Central American Games South America CSV South American Championship Pan American Cup Pan American Games South American Games Multi-sport events Arab Games Bolivarian Games Lusophone Games Mediterranean Games Military World Games Discontinued FIVB World Grand Prix FIVB World Grand Champions Cup Goodwill Games Final Four Cup European Games vteMedal tables of Olympics, Paralympics and World Championships by sportOlympic Games(HostsMedals) Alpine skiing Archery Athletics Badminton Bandy Basketball men women Biathlon Bobsleigh Boxing Canoeing & kayaking Cross-country skiing Curling Cycling Diving Equestrian Field hockey Fencing Figure skating Football men women Freestyle skiing Gymnastics Handball Ice hockey Judo Luge Modern pentathlon Nordic combined Rowing Sailing Shooting Skeleton Ski jumping Snowboarding Speed skating Short track Swimming Synchronized swimming Table tennis Taekwondo Tennis Triathlon Volleyball Water polo Weightlifting Wrestling Greco-Roman Freestyle Paralympic Games(HostsMedals) Alpine skiing Archery Athletics Biathlon Boccia Cross‑country skiing Cycling Equestrian Football 5-a-side Football 7-a-side Goalball Ice sledge hockey Judo Powerlifting Rowing Sailing Shooting Swimming Table tennis Volleyball Wheelchair basketball Wheelchair curling Wheelchair fencing Wheelchair rugby Wheelchair tennis WorldChampionshipsorWorld Cups Alpine skiing American football Aquatics Archery Athletics Badminton men women BWF Bandy men women Baseball Basketball men women Basque Pelota Beach soccer Biathlon Bobsleigh & skeleton Bowling Canoe Slalom Sprint Cricket men women Test ODI Curling men women mixed doubles Cycling BMX Cyclo-cross men women Mountain Bike Marathon Track Equestrian Equestrian games Show jumping Eventing Fencing F1 drivers constructors Field hockey men women Football clubs men women Figure skating Futsal Gymnastics artistic rhythmic trampoline Handball men women Ice hockey men women Inline hockey FIRS IIHF Judo Karate Luge natural Modern pentathlon Motorcycle racing drivers constructors Nordic skiing Padel tennis Polo Rallying drivers co-drivers manufacturers Roller hockey men women Rowing Rugby league men women Rugby union men women Shooting Softball Speed skating men men's sprint women women's sprint Taekwondo Squash individual team Tennis men women Volleyball men women Water polo Weightlifting Wrestling Wushu List of international rankings Lists by country vteSummer Olympics men's volleyball tournament winners 1964:  Soviet Union 1968:  Soviet Union 1972:  Japan 1976:  Poland 1980:  Soviet Union 1984:  United States 1988:  United States 1992:  Brazil 1996:  Netherlands 2000:  Yugoslavia 2004:  Brazil 2008:  United States 2012:  Russia 2016:  Brazil 2020:  France 2024: TBD vteSummer Olympics women's volleyball tournament winners 1964:  Japan 1968:  Soviet Union 1972:  Soviet Union 1976:  Japan 1980:  Soviet Union 1984:  China 1988:  Soviet Union 1992:  Cuba 1996:  Cuba 2000:  Cuba 2004:  China 2008:  Brazil 2012:  Brazil 2016:  China 2020:  United States 2024: TBD
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Beach volleyball at the Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beach_volleyball_at_the_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Volleyball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball"},{"link_name":"Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_Olympic_Games"},{"link_name":"1964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil_men%27s_national_volleyball_team"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_men%27s_national_volleyball_team"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union_men%27s_national_volleyball_team"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_men%27s_national_volleyball_team"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland_men%27s_national_volleyball_team"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands_men%27s_national_volleyball_team"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia_men%27s_national_volleyball_team"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_men%27s_national_volleyball_team"},{"link_name":"Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FR_Yugoslavia_men%27s_national_volleyball_team"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil_women%27s_national_volleyball_team"},{"link_name":"Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba_women%27s_national_volleyball_team"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_women%27s_national_volleyball_team"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_women%27s_national_volleyball_team"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_women%27s_national_volleyball_team"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union_women%27s_national_volleyball_team"}],"text":"For the outdoor event, see Beach volleyball at the Summer Olympics.Volleyball has been part of the Summer Olympics program for both men and women consistently since 1964.Brazil, the United States and the former Soviet Union are the only teams to win multiple gold medals at the men's tournament since its introduction. The remaining six editions of the Men's Olympic Volleyball Tournament were won each by a different country including Japan, Poland, Netherlands, Russia, France, and the defunct Yugoslavia.Gold medals are less evenly distributed in women's volleyball than in men's; the fifteen editions of the Women's Olympic Volleyball Tournament were won by six countries: Brazil, Cuba, China, Japan, the United States and the former Soviet Union.","title":"Volleyball at the Summer Olympics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1924 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"FIVB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIVB"},{"link_name":"53rd IOC session","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IOC_meetings"},{"link_name":"Sofia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofia"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"1964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1968 Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIVB_Volleyball_Men%27s_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics"}],"sub_title":"Origins","text":"The history of Olympic volleyball can be traced back to the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris, where it was an unofficial demonstration event. Its addition to the Olympic program, however, was given only after World War II, with the foundation of the FIVB and of some of the continental confederations. In 1957, a special tournament was held during the 53rd IOC session in Sofia, Bulgaria, to support such request. The competition was a success, and the sport was officially introduced in 1964. The International Olympic Committee attempted to drop volleyball for the 1968 Olympics, but this was met with protest.[1][2]The volleyball Olympic tournament was originally a simple competition, whose format paralleled the one still employed in the World Cup: all teams played against each other team and then were ranked by number of wins, set average and point average. One disadvantage of this round-robin system is that medal winners could be determined before the end of the games, making the audience lose interest in the outcome of the remaining matches.To cope with this situation, the competition was split into two phases: a \"final round\" was introduced, consisting of quarterfinals, semifinals and finals. Since its creation in 1972, this new system has become the standard for the volleyball Olympic tournament, and is usually referred to as the \"Olympic format\".The number of teams involved in the games has grown steadily since 1964. Since 1996, both men's and women's indoor events count 12 participant nations. Each of the five continental volleyball confederations has at least one affiliated national federation involved in the Olympic Games.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Events","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union_men%27s_national_volleyball_team"},{"link_name":"1964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_1964_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1968","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_1968_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_men%27s_national_volleyball_team"},{"link_name":"1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_1972_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1976","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_1976_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland_men%27s_national_volleyball_team"},{"link_name":"1980","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_1980_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Eastern Bloc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Bloc"},{"link_name":"American-led boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics_boycott"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria_men%27s_national_volleyball_team"},{"link_name":"1984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_men%27s_national_volleyball_team"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil_men%27s_national_volleyball_team"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_men%27s_national_volleyball_team"},{"link_name":"1988","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_1988_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Karch Kiraly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karch_Kiraly"},{"link_name":"Steve Timmons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Timmons"},{"link_name":"1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Unified Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Team_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands_men%27s_national_volleyball_team"},{"link_name":"Ron Zwerver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Zwerver"},{"link_name":"Olof van der Meulen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olof_van_der_Meulen"},{"link_name":"following edition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Serbia and Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro_men%27s_national_volleyball_team"},{"link_name":"Vladimir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Grbi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Nikola Grbić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Grbi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia_men%27s_national_volleyball_team"},{"link_name":"2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Federal Republic of Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Dmitriy Muserskiy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitriy_Muserskiy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"2020 tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"Earvin N'Gapeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earvin_N%27Gapeth"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Men's winners","text":"The first two editions of the volleyball Olympic tournament were won by the Soviet Union team. Bronze in 1964 and silver in 1968, Japan won gold in 1972. In 1976, the introduction of a new offensive skill, the back row attack, helped Poland win the competition over the Soviets in a very tight five-setter.In 1980, many of the strongest teams in men's volleyball belonged to the Eastern Bloc, so the American-led boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics did not have as great an effect on these events as it had on the women's. The Soviet Union collected their third Olympic gold medal with a 3–1 victory over Bulgaria. With a Soviet-led boycott in 1984, the United States confirmed their new volleyball leadership in the Western World by sweeping smoothly over Brazil in the finals. In that edition a minor nation, Italy, won their first medal, but Italy would rise to prominence in volleyball in later decades. A long-awaited confrontation between the US and Soviet volleyball teams came in the 1988 final: powerplayers Karch Kiraly and Steve Timmons pushed the United States to a second gold medal setting the issue in favor of the Americans.In 1992, Brazil upset favorites Unified Team, Netherlands, and Italy for their first Olympic championship. Runners-up Netherlands, with Ron Zwerver and Olof van der Meulen, came back in the following edition for a five-set win over Italy. In spite of their success in other major volleyball competitions in the 1990s, Italy did not fare well at the Olympics. After winning bronze in Atlanta, Serbia and Montenegro, led by Vladimir and Nikola Grbić, beat Russia at the final in 2000 to secure the gold (in 1996 and 2000 they played under the name Federal Republic of Yugoslavia).In 2004, Brazil beat Italy in the final, adding a second gold medal to their record and confirming their role as the men's volleyball superpowers of the 2000s. In 2008, United States beat Brazil in the final, winning their third gold medal. Russia won the bronze for the second time by defeating Italy. In the 2012 final, Russia came back from a 0–2 set deficit, not letting the Brazilians take advantage of any of their 2 match points in the third set. Dmitriy Muserskiy scored 31 points, which is an Olympic Games record in a final. Italy defeated Bulgaria and took Bronze.[3]After coming up short in the previous two editions of the Olympics as runners-up, the Brazilians captured their third gold medal in the history of the competition playing home in 2016 after their straight-set victory against Italy in the final.[4] The United States pulled off a comeback from a 0–2 deficit to claim the bronze medal with a victory over Russia.[5]The 2020 tournament, held in 2021 due to the global COVID-19 pandemic causing a delay, had the French team of Earvin N'Gapeth win its first gold by defeating the Russian Olympic Committee, who returned to the podium after missing out in 2016.[6] In a repeat of the 1988 bronze medal match, Brazil were upset by neighbor Argentina.[7]Gold medals appear to be more evenly distributed in men's volleyball than in women's: the former Soviet Union (three titles), United States (three) and Brazil (three) are the only teams to have won the tournament more than once. The remaining six editions were won each by a different country. Despite having been a major force in men's volleyball since the 1990s and never missing a tournament since 1976, Italy are the only volleyball powerhouse that lack a gold medal at the Olympic Games.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Women%27s_Volleyball_semifinals_-_6.jpg"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_women%27s_national_volleyball_team"},{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea_women%27s_national_volleyball_team"},{"link_name":"2012 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_1964_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_women%27s_national_volleyball_team"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union_women%27s_national_volleyball_team"},{"link_name":"1968","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_1968_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_1972_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea_women%27s_national_volleyball_team"},{"link_name":"1976","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_1976_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"American-led boycott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics_boycott"},{"link_name":"1980 Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_1980_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Eastern bloc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_bloc"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_women%27s_national_volleyball_team"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_women%27s_national_volleyball_team"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru_women%27s_national_volleyball_team"},{"link_name":"1988's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_1988_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba_women%27s_national_volleyball_team"},{"link_name":"1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Unified Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Team_at_the_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Mireya Luis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mireya_Luis"},{"link_name":"Regla Torres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regla_Torres"},{"link_name":"1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia_women%27s_national_volleyball_team"},{"link_name":"2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil_women%27s_national_volleyball_team"},{"link_name":"2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia_women%27s_national_volleyball_team"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Lang Ping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lang_Ping"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands_women%27s_national_volleyball_team"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"fifteenth edition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Women's winners","text":"Women's volleyball semifinals match between the United States and South Korea at the 2012 Summer Olympics.The opening edition of the volleyball Olympic tournament, in 1964, was won by the host nation Japan. There followed two victories in a row by the Soviet Union, in 1968 and 1972. South Korea were expected to get their first gold after beating Japan in the 1975 Pre-Olympic Games, but Japan came back again in 1976 for one last Olympic gold before losing their status of women's volleyball superpowers.The American-led boycott of the 1980 Games left many strong volleyball nations like Japan and South Korea out of the games. As a result, the Soviet Union easily secured a third Olympic gold medal. In 1984, the Eastern bloc was, in its turn, boycotting the games, and the Soviet Union did not participate. As a result, host nation United States won its first medals in volleyball, losing the finals to China. With eastern and western nations again involved in the Olympics, the Soviet Union obtained a remarkable victory over Peru after trailing 0–2 in 1988's marking one of the most dramatic female matches of the 20th century. The 1988 games were, however, boycotted by Cuba, who would become the next dominating force.1992 saw a new force go down in Olympic history: organized under the name Unified Team, the nations of the former Soviet Union that chose to form a combined team easily reached the gold medal game, but could not neutralize the power play of the young, rising Cuban squad. Led by superstars Mireya Luis and Regla Torres, Cuba would eventually set the record for consecutive wins in the Olympic Games by also taking the gold in 1996 and 2000 against China and Russia, respectively.In 2004, the winners were once again China. Second were Russia who beat Brazil in a very tough and dramatic semifinal match after being down 1–2, 19–24 in the fourth set.In 2008, Brazil finally won the gold, beating the United States in the final and losing only one set in the competition. China were awarded the bronze by beating Cuba. After a troubled start, Brazil secured the double gold in 2012 after beating the United States once again in the final.[8] Japan won the bronze medal after defeating South Korea.In 2016, home team Brazil were favorites to once again win the title, thus equalling Cuba's three consecutive gold medals between 1992 and 2000. After winning all of their preliminary round matches without dropping a set, the team was, however, stunned by a young Chinese squad in a tiebreaker in the quarterfinals. China went on to win the title, their third in Olympic history, by beating Serbia in four sets in the gold medal match.[9] In the process, Lang Ping became the first person to win a gold medal as a player in Los Angeles 1984 and repeat the feat now as a coach in Rio de Janeiro.[10] China also became the first team to win the Olympics after losing three matches in the preliminary round. The United States defeated the Netherlands 3–1 to capture the bronze medal.[11]In the fifteenth edition of the games in 2020, the United States faced Brazil for the third final in four editions, only this time they broke the long title drought. Thus the Americans became only the sixth country to win the women's tournament, after Brazil, China, Cuba, Japan, and the former Soviet Union.[12] Serbia got the bronze, beating South Korea.[13]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Men's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIVB_Volleyball_Men%27s_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Women's World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIVB_Volleyball_Women%27s_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"2016 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"FIVB World Rankings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIVB_World_Rankings"},{"link_name":"serpentine system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpentine_system"}],"text":"The volleyball Olympic tournament has a very stable competition formula. The following rules apply:QualificationTwelve teams participate in each event.\nHost nations are always pre-qualified.\nTwo teams qualify through the Men's and Women's World Cup (this number was reduced from three prior to the 2016 Summer Olympics).\nFive teams qualify as winners of continental qualification tournaments.\nThe four remaining berths are decided in world qualification tournaments.Competition formatFor the first phase, called qualification round, teams are ranked by the FIVB World Rankings and then divided in two pools of six teams using the serpentine system. The host nation is always ranked 1.\nAt the qualification round, each team plays one match against all other teams in its pool. Top four teams in each pool advance, the remaining two leave the competition.\nAt the second phase, usually called final round, teams play quarterfinals, semifinals and finals.\nFor the final round, matches are organized according to the results obtained in the qualification round. Let the top four teams in each pool be A1, A2, A3, A4 (group A); and B1, B2, B3, B4 (group B). Quarterfinals would then be: A1xB4; A2xB3; A3xB2; A4xB1.\nWinners of quarterfinals play semifinals as follows: (A1/B4) x (A3/B2) ; (A2/B3) x (A4xB1).\nAt the finals, winners of semifinals play for the gold, and losers for the bronze.\nThe tournament implements very tight line-up restrictions: only twelve players are allowed, and no replacement is permitted, even in case of injuries.","title":"Competition formula"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Men's tournaments"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Results summary","title":"Men's tournaments"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Medal table","title":"Men's tournaments"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Participating nations","text":"Legend1st – Champions\n2nd – Runners-up\n3rd – Third place\n4th – Fourth place\n •  – Did not enter / Did not qualify\n   – Hosts\n= – More than one team tied for that rank\nQ – Qualified for forthcoming tournament","title":"Men's tournaments"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Women's tournaments"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Results summary","title":"Women's tournaments"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Medal table","title":"Women's tournaments"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Participating nations","text":"Legend1st – Champions\n2nd – Runners-up\n3rd – Third place\n4th – Fourth place\n •  – Did not enter / Did not qualify\n   – Hosts\n= – More than one team tied for that rank\nQ – Qualified for forthcoming tournament","title":"Women's tournaments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NOCs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Olympic_Committee"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Defunct NOCs are shown in italic.Sources:[14]","title":"Total medal table"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Volleyball_at_the_Summer_Olympics&action=edit&section=17"},{"link_name":"1984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_tournament"},{"link_name":"Steve Timmons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Timmons"},{"link_name":"1988","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_1988_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_tournament"},{"link_name":"Karch Kiraly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karch_Kiraly"},{"link_name":"1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_tournament"},{"link_name":"Marcelo Negrão","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcelo_Negr%C3%A3o"},{"link_name":"1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_tournament"},{"link_name":"Bas van de Goor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bas_van_de_Goor"},{"link_name":"2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_tournament"},{"link_name":"Bas van de Goor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bas_van_de_Goor"},{"link_name":"2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_tournament"},{"link_name":"Gilberto Godoy Filho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giba"},{"link_name":"2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_tournament"},{"link_name":"Clayton Stanley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayton_Stanley"},{"link_name":"2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_tournament"},{"link_name":"Murilo Endres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murilo_Endres"},{"link_name":"2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_tournament"},{"link_name":"Sérgio Santos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9rgio_Santos_(volleyball)"},{"link_name":"2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_tournament"},{"link_name":"Earvin N'Gapeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earvin_N%27Gapeth"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Volleyball_at_the_Summer_Olympics&action=edit&section=18"},{"link_name":"1984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_tournament"},{"link_name":"Lang Ping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lang_Ping"},{"link_name":"1988","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_1988_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_tournament"},{"link_name":"Cecilia Tait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecilia_Tait"},{"link_name":"1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_tournament"},{"link_name":"Paula Weishoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paula_Weishoff"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_tournament"},{"link_name":"Cintha Boersma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cintha_Boersma"},{"link_name":"2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_tournament"},{"link_name":"Barbara Jelić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Jeli%C4%87-Ru%C5%BEi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_tournament"},{"link_name":"Feng Kun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feng_Kun"},{"link_name":"2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_tournament"},{"link_name":"Paula Pequeno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paula_Pequeno"},{"link_name":"2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_tournament"},{"link_name":"Kim Yeon-koung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Yeon-koung"},{"link_name":"2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_tournament"},{"link_name":"Zhu Ting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_Ting_(volleyball)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_tournament"},{"link_name":"Jordan Larson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_Larson"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Men[edit]\n1984 –  Steve Timmons (USA)\n1988 –  Karch Kiraly (USA)\n1992 –  Marcelo Negrão (BRA)\n1996 –  Bas van de Goor (NED)\n2000 –  Bas van de Goor (NED)\n2004 –  Gilberto Godoy Filho (BRA)\n2008 –  Clayton Stanley (USA)\n2012 –  Murilo Endres (BRA)\n2016 –  Sérgio Santos (BRA)\n2020 –  Earvin N'Gapeth (FRA)[15]\n\n\n\n\nWomen[edit]\n1984 –  Lang Ping (CHN)\n1988 –  Cecilia Tait (PER)\n1992 –  Paula Weishoff (USA)[16]\n1996 –  Cintha Boersma (NED)\n2000 –  Barbara Jelić (CRO)\n2004 –  Feng Kun (CHN)\n2008 –  Paula Pequeno (BRA)\n2012 –  Kim Yeon-koung (KOR)\n2016 –  Zhu Ting (CHN)[17]\n2020 –  Jordan Larson (USA)[18]","title":"Most valuable player by edition"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Win–loss records"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Men's tournament","title":"Win–loss records"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Women's tournament","title":"Win–loss records"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ROC_14-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ROC_14-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ROC_14-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ROC_14-3"},{"link_name":"Russian Olympic Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Olympic_Committee_athletes_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Serbia_and_Montenegro_15-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Serbia_and_Montenegro_15-1"},{"link_name":"Federal Republic of Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Soviet_Union_16-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Soviet_Union_16-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Soviet_Union_16-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Soviet_Union_16-3"},{"link_name":"Unified Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Team_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics"}],"text":"^ a b c d Russia's total includes one appearance as Russian Olympic Committee in 2020.\n\n^ a b Serbia and Montenegro's total includes two appearances as Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in 1996 and 2000.\n\n^ a b c d Soviet Union's total includes one appearance as Unified Team in 1992.","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Women's volleyball semifinals match between the United States and South Korea at the 2012 Summer Olympics.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Women%27s_Volleyball_semifinals_-_6.jpg/220px-Women%27s_Volleyball_semifinals_-_6.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Volleyball portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Volleyball"},{"title":"Olympics portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Olympics"},{"title":"Beach volleyball at the Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beach_volleyball_at_the_Summer_Olympics"},{"title":"List of Olympic venues in volleyball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Olympic_venues_in_volleyball"},{"title":"List of indoor volleyball world medalists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_indoor_volleyball_world_medalists"},{"title":"Volleyball at the Summer Paralympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_Summer_Paralympics"}]
[{"reference":"Black Belt Vol. 2, No. 2. Active Interest Media, Inc. Mar 1964. p. 27. Sone Kaminaga black belt.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_QdkDAAAAMBAJ","url_text":"Black Belt Vol. 2, No. 2"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_QdkDAAAAMBAJ/page/n26","url_text":"27"}]},{"reference":"\"The history of Olympic volleyball\". Olympics.com. Retrieved 27 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://olympics.com/en/news/the-history-of-olympic-volleyball","url_text":"\"The history of Olympic volleyball\""}]},{"reference":"\"FIVB – London 2012 Olympic Games\". FIVB. Retrieved 30 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fivb.org/EN/Olympics/London2012/viewPressRelease.asp?No=36516&Language=en","url_text":"\"FIVB – London 2012 Olympic Games\""}]},{"reference":"\"Brazil make triumphant return to the top of the podium\". FIVB.org. 21 August 2016. Retrieved 21 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://rio2016.fivb.com/en/volleyball/news/brazil-make-triumphant-return-to-the-top?id=64552","url_text":"\"Brazil make triumphant return to the top of the podium\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Internationale_de_Volleyball","url_text":"FIVB.org"}]},{"reference":"\"USA grab men's bronze with fantastic comeback\". FIVB.org. 21 August 2016. Retrieved 21 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://rio2016.fivb.com/en/volleyball/news/usa-grab-mens-bronze-with-fantastic-comeback?id=64545","url_text":"\"USA grab men's bronze with fantastic comeback\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Internationale_de_Volleyball","url_text":"FIVB.org"}]},{"reference":"\"Brazil wins women's volleyball gold\". ESPN. 11 August 2012. Retrieved 31 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://espn.go.com/olympics/summer/2012/volleyball/story/_/id/8259676/2012-london-olympics-brazil-shocks-us-women-volleyball-gold","url_text":"\"Brazil wins women's volleyball gold\""}]},{"reference":"\"China crowned champions in Rio de Janeiro\". FIVB.org. 21 August 2016. Retrieved 21 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://rio2016.fivb.com/en/volleyball/news/china-crowned-champions-in-rio-de-janeiro?id=64539","url_text":"\"China crowned champions in Rio de Janeiro\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Internationale_de_Volleyball","url_text":"FIVB.org"}]},{"reference":"\"Lang Ping became the first person in volleyball to win Olympic gold as player and coach\". FIVB.org. 21 August 2016. Retrieved 21 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://rio2016.fivb.com/en/volleyball/news/lang-ping-becomes-first-person-in-volleyball?id=64550","url_text":"\"Lang Ping became the first person in volleyball to win Olympic gold as player and coach\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Internationale_de_Volleyball","url_text":"FIVB.org"}]},{"reference":"\"USA raise high wall to stop Netherlands for bronze medal\". FIVB.org. 20 August 2016. Retrieved 21 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://rio2016.fivb.com/en/volleyball/news/usa-raise-high-wall-to-stop-netherlands?id=64527","url_text":"\"USA raise high wall to stop Netherlands for bronze medal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Internationale_de_Volleyball","url_text":"FIVB.org"}]},{"reference":"\"Medals by Countries\". Olympic Analytics. Retrieved 2022-01-31.","urls":[{"url":"http://olympanalyt.com/OlympAnalytics.php?param_pagetype=MedalsByCountries&param_dbversion=&param_country=&param_games=ALL&param_sport=Volleyball","url_text":"\"Medals by Countries\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ngapeth named MVP of men's Tokyo 2020 Dream Team\". volleyballworld.com. 7 August 2021. Retrieved 7 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.volleyballworld.com/volleyball/competitions/olympics-2020/news/ngapeth-named-mvp-of-men-s-tokyo-2020-dream-team","url_text":"\"Ngapeth named MVP of men's Tokyo 2020 Dream Team\""}]},{"reference":"\"News detail – Olympic Countdown – Barcelona rocks to a Latin American rhythm – FIVB – Olympic Games – Rio 2016\". rio2016.fivb.com. Retrieved 30 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://rio2016.fivb.com/en/news/olympic-countdown---barcelona-rocks-to-a?id=59080","url_text":"\"News detail – Olympic Countdown – Barcelona rocks to a Latin American rhythm – FIVB – Olympic Games – Rio 2016\""}]},{"reference":"\"FIVB:#Rio2016 women's #Volleyball Dream Team\". fivb.com. 20 Aug 2016. Retrieved 20 Aug 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/FIVBVolleyball/status/767215190484156416","url_text":"\"FIVB:#Rio2016 women's #Volleyball Dream Team\""}]},{"reference":"\"Larson leads women's Tokyo 2020 Dream Team\". volleyballworld.com. 8 August 2021. Retrieved 8 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.volleyballworld.com/volleyball/competitions/olympics-2020/news/larson-leads-women-s-tokyo-2020-dream-team","url_text":"\"Larson leads women's Tokyo 2020 Dream Team\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Dare
Danny Dare
["1 Career","2 References","3 External links"]
American film director Danny Dare (March 20, 1905, New York City – November 20, 1996, Tarzana, Los Angeles, California) was an American choreographer, actor, director, writer, and producer of the stage, screen, and film. Career Dare began his career in the 1920s as an actor on the New York stage, making his Broadway theatre debut in 1923 in the musical Dew Drop Inn. He then performed on the vaudeville circuit, where he also gained experience as a choreographer, comedy sketch writer, and eventually a producer. In 1927 he portrayed Ronnie Webb in the musical The Five O'Clock Girl, also serving as the show's assistant choreographer. He soon became highly busy as a choreographer on Broadway, serving in that capacity for such shows as The Little Show (1929), Sweet Adeline (1929) Sweet and Low (1930), You Said It (1931), and Tattle Tales (1933). In 1931 he produced the play Sentinels and later produced, directed, and wrote the book for the musical Meet the People (1940). Dare's talents as a choreographer drew the attention of executives at Paramount Pictures and he was offered a contract with the studio in 1929. He went on to choreograph several films with the company including Let's Go Places (1930), Such Men Are Dangerous (1930), Not Damaged (1930), Wild People (1932), Three Cheers for Love (1936), Start Cheering (1938), Hit Parade of 1941 (1940), Panama Hattie (1942), and most notably Holiday Inn (1942). The last film he choreographed was Road to Utopia in 1946. In 1938 Dare turned to directing for the first time with the film The Main Event. He never directed another film, but he was active as a television director during the 1950s with the shows Damon Runyon Theater and How to Marry a Millionaire. He also produced a total of eight films between 1945 and 1952. References ^ a b Obituaries in the Performing Arts, 1996: Film, Television, Radio, Theatre By Harris M. Lentz, Page 54 ^ "Max Reinhardt To Produce Here: European Director to Give "The Miracle," "The Dream Play," "Orpheus" Next Season". The New York Times. May 18, 1923. ^ "Local Talent". The New York Times. January 29, 1928. ^ Brooks Atkinson (May 1, 1929). "THE PLAY; Revue, Pocket Edition". The New York Times. ^ Broadway musicals, show by show By Stanley Green & Kay Green, page 68 ^ Showstoppers: Busby Berkeley and the tradition of spectacle By Martin Rubin, page 227 ^ Brooks Atkinson (January 20, 1931). "THE PLAY; Collegiate". The New York Times. ^ L.N. (June 2, 1933). "Expired Option on You". The New York Times. ^ "Meet Some People From 'Meet The People'". The New York Times. January 5, 1941. ^ The American Film Institute catalog of motion pictures ..., Issues 1931–1940 By Kenneth White Munden, page 431 ^ a b c d e f Film choreographers and dance directors By Larry Billman, page 289 ^ The American Film Institute catalog of motion pictures ..., Issues 1931–1940 By Kenneth White Munden, page 553 ^ Thomas M. Pryor (August 2, 1942). "By Way of Report". The New York Times. ^ The Great American movie book By Paul Michael, page 233 External links Danny Dare at IMDb Danny Dare at the Internet Broadway Database Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tarzana, Los Angeles, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarzana,_Los_Angeles,_California"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-1"}],"text":"Danny Dare (March 20, 1905, New York City – November 20, 1996, Tarzana, Los Angeles, California) was an American choreographer, actor, director, writer, and producer of the stage, screen, and film.[1]","title":"Danny Dare"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Broadway theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_theatre"},{"link_name":"Dew Drop Inn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dew_Drop_Inn_(musical)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"vaudeville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaudeville"},{"link_name":"The Five O'Clock Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Five_O%27Clock_Girl"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"The Little Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Little_Show"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Sweet Adeline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_Adeline_(musical)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Sweet and Low","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_and_Low_(musical)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"You Said It","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Said_It"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Tattle Tales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tattle_Tales"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Sentinels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sentinels_(play)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Meet the People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meet_the_People_(musical)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Paramount Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount_Pictures"},{"link_name":"Let's Go Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let%27s_Go_Places"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Such Men Are Dangerous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Such_Men_Are_Dangerous"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dare-11"},{"link_name":"Not Damaged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not_Damaged"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Wild People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wild_People&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dare-11"},{"link_name":"Three Cheers for Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Cheers_for_Love"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dare-11"},{"link_name":"Start Cheering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Start_Cheering"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dare-11"},{"link_name":"Hit Parade of 1941","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hit_Parade_of_1941"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dare-11"},{"link_name":"Panama Hattie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_Hattie_(film)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dare-11"},{"link_name":"Holiday Inn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holiday_Inn_(film)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Road to Utopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_to_Utopia"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"The Main Event","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Main_Event_(1938_film)"},{"link_name":"Damon Runyon Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damon_Runyon_Theater"},{"link_name":"How to Marry a Millionaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_to_Marry_a_Millionaire_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-1"}],"text":"Dare began his career in the 1920s as an actor on the New York stage, making his Broadway theatre debut in 1923 in the musical Dew Drop Inn.[2] He then performed on the vaudeville circuit, where he also gained experience as a choreographer, comedy sketch writer, and eventually a producer. In 1927 he portrayed Ronnie Webb in the musical The Five O'Clock Girl, also serving as the show's assistant choreographer.[3] He soon became highly busy as a choreographer on Broadway, serving in that capacity for such shows as The Little Show (1929),[4] Sweet Adeline (1929)[5] Sweet and Low (1930),[6] You Said It (1931),[7] and Tattle Tales (1933).[8] In 1931 he produced the play Sentinels and later produced, directed, and wrote the book for the musical Meet the People (1940).[9]Dare's talents as a choreographer drew the attention of executives at Paramount Pictures and he was offered a contract with the studio in 1929. He went on to choreograph several films with the company including Let's Go Places (1930),[10] Such Men Are Dangerous (1930),[11] Not Damaged (1930),[12] Wild People (1932),[11] Three Cheers for Love (1936),[11] Start Cheering (1938),[11] Hit Parade of 1941 (1940),[11] Panama Hattie (1942),[11] and most notably Holiday Inn (1942).[13] The last film he choreographed was Road to Utopia in 1946.[14]In 1938 Dare turned to directing for the first time with the film The Main Event. He never directed another film, but he was active as a television director during the 1950s with the shows Damon Runyon Theater and How to Marry a Millionaire. He also produced a total of eight films between 1945 and 1952.[1]","title":"Career"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Max Reinhardt To Produce Here: European Director to Give \"The Miracle,\" \"The Dream Play,\" \"Orpheus\" Next Season\". The New York Times. May 18, 1923.","urls":[{"url":"https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0A13FA385D11738DDDA10994DD405B838EF1D3&scp=9&sq=%22Dew+Drop+Inn%22&st=p","url_text":"\"Max Reinhardt To Produce Here: European Director to Give \"The Miracle,\" \"The Dream Play,\" \"Orpheus\" Next Season\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Local Talent\". The New York Times. January 29, 1928.","urls":[{"url":"https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F00E16F83F5C177A93CBAB178AD85F4C8285F9&scp=1&sq=%22Danny+Dare%22+%22The+Five+O%27Clock+Girl%22&st=p","url_text":"\"Local Talent\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Brooks Atkinson (May 1, 1929). \"THE PLAY; Revue, Pocket Edition\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooks_Atkinson","url_text":"Brooks Atkinson"},{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1929/05/01/archives/the-play-revue-pocket-edition.html?sq=%2522Danny+Dare%2522&scp=8&st=p","url_text":"\"THE PLAY; Revue, Pocket Edition\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Brooks Atkinson (January 20, 1931). \"THE PLAY; Collegiate\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooks_Atkinson","url_text":"Brooks Atkinson"},{"url":"https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0C12FF395E1A738DDDA90A94D9405B818FF1D3&scp=10&sq=%22Danny+Dare%22&st=p","url_text":"\"THE PLAY; Collegiate\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"L.N. (June 2, 1933). \"Expired Option on You\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1933/06/02/archives/expired-option-on-you.html?sq=%2522Danny+Dare%2522&scp=16&st=p","url_text":"\"Expired Option on You\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Meet Some People From 'Meet The People'\". The New York Times. January 5, 1941.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1941/01/05/archives/meet-some-people-from-meet-the-people.html?sq=%2522Danny+Dare%2522&scp=43&st=p","url_text":"\"Meet Some People From 'Meet The People'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Thomas M. Pryor (August 2, 1942). \"By Way of Report\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_M._Pryor&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Thomas M. Pryor"},{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1942/08/02/archives/by-way-of-report.html?sq=%2522Danny+Dare%2522+%2522++Holiday+Inn%2522&scp=1&st=p","url_text":"\"By Way of Report\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0A13FA385D11738DDDA10994DD405B838EF1D3&scp=9&sq=%22Dew+Drop+Inn%22&st=p","external_links_name":"\"Max Reinhardt To Produce Here: European Director to Give \"The Miracle,\" \"The Dream Play,\" \"Orpheus\" Next Season\""},{"Link":"https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F00E16F83F5C177A93CBAB178AD85F4C8285F9&scp=1&sq=%22Danny+Dare%22+%22The+Five+O%27Clock+Girl%22&st=p","external_links_name":"\"Local Talent\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1929/05/01/archives/the-play-revue-pocket-edition.html?sq=%2522Danny+Dare%2522&scp=8&st=p","external_links_name":"\"THE PLAY; Revue, Pocket Edition\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KDKFHniTy1YC&dq=%22Danny+Dare%22+%22Sweet+Adeline%22&pg=PA68","external_links_name":"Broadway musicals, show by show By Stanley Green & Kay Green, page 68"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wphbAy_y7IMC&dq=%22Danny+Dare%22+%22Sweet+and+Low%22&pg=PA227","external_links_name":"Showstoppers: Busby Berkeley and the tradition of spectacle By Martin Rubin, page 227"},{"Link":"https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0C12FF395E1A738DDDA90A94D9405B818FF1D3&scp=10&sq=%22Danny+Dare%22&st=p","external_links_name":"\"THE PLAY; Collegiate\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1933/06/02/archives/expired-option-on-you.html?sq=%2522Danny+Dare%2522&scp=16&st=p","external_links_name":"\"Expired Option on You\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1941/01/05/archives/meet-some-people-from-meet-the-people.html?sq=%2522Danny+Dare%2522&scp=43&st=p","external_links_name":"\"Meet Some People From 'Meet The People'\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rlLbRAPOgP0C&dq=%22Danny+Dare%22+%22+Let%27s+Go+Places%22&pg=PA431","external_links_name":"The American Film Institute catalog of motion pictures ..., Issues 1931–1940 By Kenneth White Munden, page 431"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rlLbRAPOgP0C&dq=%22Danny+Dare%22+%22+Not+Damaged%22&pg=PA553","external_links_name":"The American Film Institute catalog of motion pictures ..., Issues 1931–1940 By Kenneth White Munden, page 553"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1942/08/02/archives/by-way-of-report.html?sq=%2522Danny+Dare%2522+%2522++Holiday+Inn%2522&scp=1&st=p","external_links_name":"\"By Way of Report\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0201113/","external_links_name":"Danny Dare"},{"Link":"https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-cast-staff/4966","external_links_name":"Danny Dare"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1728307/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000059341644","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/9403698","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxMmCFk4YxDbbjPrhGbVC","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1289716","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no90002417","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niillas_Somby
Niillas Somby
["1 See also","2 References"]
Niillas SombyBorn (1948-12-04) 4 December 1948 (age 75)  NorwayOccupation(s)Sami political rights activist, cultural worker. Niillas Somby (formally known as Nils Somby) is a Sami political rights activist, journalist and photographer. He was one of seven hunger strikers during the Alta controversy, and lost an arm during a sabotage action. The documentary film Give Us Our Skeletons (directed by Paul-Anders Simma in 1999) follows Somby’s quest to retrieve the heads of his ancestors, Mons Somby and Aslak Hætta, from the University of Oslo in Norway. See also Mons Somby Give Us Our Skeletons References ^ Ande Somby – CV in English ^ a b c Interview from 1996. Retrieved July 15, 2008 ^ Dams as aid: a political anatomy of Nordic development thinking by Ann Danaiya Usher, retrieved on Google Books 2010-02-15 ^ "30 år etter Alta-aksjonen". Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation. ^ Gi oss våre skjeletter tilbake Tromsoby.no, retrieved 29 January 2013 Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway United States Netherlands This biographical article about a Norwegian activist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-snow-2"},{"link_name":"Sami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sami_people"},{"link_name":"Alta controversy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alta_controversy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-snow-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-snow-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NRK-4"},{"link_name":"Give Us Our Skeletons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Give_Us_Our_Skeletons"},{"link_name":"Paul-Anders Simma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul-Anders_Simma"},{"link_name":"Mons Somby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mons_Somby"},{"link_name":"Aslak Hætta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aslak_H%C3%A6tta"},{"link_name":"University of Oslo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oslo"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Niillas Somby (formally known as Nils Somby)[2] is a Sami political rights activist, journalist and photographer. He was one of seven hunger strikers during the Alta controversy,[2][3] and lost an arm during a sabotage action.[2][4]The documentary film Give Us Our Skeletons (directed by Paul-Anders Simma in 1999) follows Somby’s quest to retrieve the heads of his ancestors, Mons Somby and Aslak Hætta, from the University of Oslo in Norway.[5]","title":"Niillas Somby"}]
[]
[{"title":"Mons Somby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mons_Somby"},{"title":"Give Us Our Skeletons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Give_Us_Our_Skeletons"}]
[{"reference":"\"30 år etter Alta-aksjonen\". Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nrk.no/programmer/radio/radiodokumentaren/1.7828813","url_text":"\"30 år etter Alta-aksjonen\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Broadcasting_Corporation","url_text":"Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa_Lila_Villa
Rosa Lila Villa
["1 History","2 References","3 Further reading"]
The Türkis Rosa Lila Villa from outside. Rosa Lila Villa is an Austrian LGBT center situated in the Linke Wienzeile Buildings neighbourhood of Vienna. It is designed as a housing project, restaurant, event and counseling venue for LGBT people in Austria. History The initiative to found the Villa comes from the squatter scene of the late 1970s and 80s and from the early lesbian and gay movement. The house, which was scheduled for demolition, was squatted in 1982. After long negotiations with the owner and the deputy mayor of Vienna Gertrude Fröhlich-Sandner, who supported the project, a contract was signed in 1984 for a 30-year lease, even though homosexuality was still illegal in the country. The building was renovated with one part dedicated to a center for counseling homosexual and transgender people, and one part to communal apartments and catering. The organization behind the Rosa Lila Villa worked on LGBT rights in Austria, among other things by working on education about HIV/AIDS. In 2016, the organisation opened a spin-off in the house that focused on LGBTIQ refugees, named Queer Base. On the same year, the house was vandalized with a graffiti that said "Kill gays" (Tötet Schwule). In 2017, queer Base received the Bruno Kreisky Prize for Services to Human Rights and the Alexander Friedmann Prize. In 2019, the restaurant was renamed to Villa Vida. The Villa is divided between the Lila Tip for lesbian counseling and the Türkis Rosa Tippp for transgender, gay and queer counseling. References ^ a b Marty Huber: 25 Jahre andersrum. Die Rosa Lila Villa an der Linken Wienzeile 102, in: Kulturrisse, 02/2007 ^ "Rechtskomitee Lambda". Retrieved 2021-02-23. ^ a b "RosaLilaVilla | bagru thewi". 2011-11-02. Archived from the original on 2011-11-02. Retrieved 2022-08-04. ^ "25 Jahre andersrum. Die Rosa Lila Villa an der Linken Wienzeile 102". IG Kultur (in German). Retrieved 2022-08-04. ^ a b ""Rosa Lila Villa" startet Flüchtlingsprojekt" (in German). Kurier. 2014-09-29. Retrieved 2021-02-21. ^ "Bruno Kreisky Menschenrechtspreis". Retrieved 2021-02-21. ^ "Prize Winners | Alexander Friedmann Foundation Prize". Archived from the original on 2021-05-12. Retrieved 2021-02-21. Further reading Linda Jannach (2015), Entstehungsgeschichte(n) des lesbisch-schwulen Hausprojektes Rosa Lila Villa in Wien. Räumliche Aneignungspraktiken und Widerstand: Master's Thesis (in German), Vienna: University of Vienna Authority control databases VIAF
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"LGBT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT"},{"link_name":"Linke Wienzeile Buildings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linke_Wienzeile_Buildings"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"LGBT people in Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Austria"}],"text":"Rosa Lila Villa is an Austrian LGBT center situated in the Linke Wienzeile Buildings neighbourhood of Vienna. It is designed as a housing project, restaurant, event and counseling venue for LGBT people in Austria.","title":"Rosa Lila Villa"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"squatter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squatting"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kulturrisse-1"},{"link_name":"Gertrude Fröhlich-Sandner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gertrude_Fr%C3%B6hlich-Sandner"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kulturrisse-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rklambda2-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"HIV/AIDS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV/AIDS"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"refugees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugee"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kurier-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kurier-5"},{"link_name":"Bruno Kreisky Prize for Services to Human Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Kreisky_Prize_for_Services_to_Human_Rights"},{"link_name":"Alexander Friedmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Friedmann"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"}],"text":"The initiative to found the Villa comes from the squatter scene of the late 1970s and 80s and from the early lesbian and gay movement.[1] The house, which was scheduled for demolition, was squatted in 1982. After long negotiations with the owner and the deputy mayor of Vienna Gertrude Fröhlich-Sandner, who supported the project, a contract was signed in 1984 for a 30-year lease,[1] even though homosexuality was still illegal in the country.[2]The building was renovated with one part dedicated to a center for counseling homosexual and transgender people, and one part to communal apartments and catering.[3] The organization behind the Rosa Lila Villa worked on LGBT rights in Austria, among other things by working on education about HIV/AIDS.[4]In 2016, the organisation opened a spin-off in the house that focused on LGBTIQ refugees, named Queer Base.[5] On the same year, the house was vandalized with a graffiti that said \"Kill gays\" (Tötet Schwule).[5] In 2017, queer Base received the Bruno Kreisky Prize for Services to Human Rights and the Alexander Friedmann Prize.[6][7]In 2019, the restaurant was renamed to Villa Vida. The Villa is divided between the Lila Tip for lesbian counseling and the Türkis Rosa Tippp for transgender, gay and queer counseling.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2166453#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/131812013"}],"text":"Linda Jannach (2015), Entstehungsgeschichte(n) des lesbisch-schwulen Hausprojektes Rosa Lila Villa in Wien. Räumliche Aneignungspraktiken und Widerstand: Master's Thesis (in German), Vienna: University of ViennaAuthority control databases \nVIAF","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"The Türkis Rosa Lila Villa from outside.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Rosa_Lila_Villa.JPG/220px-Rosa_Lila_Villa.JPG"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Rechtskomitee Lambda\". Retrieved 2021-02-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rklambda.at/archiv/Alles/text.htm","url_text":"\"Rechtskomitee Lambda\""}]},{"reference":"\"RosaLilaVilla | bagru thewi\". 2011-11-02. Archived from the original on 2011-11-02. Retrieved 2022-08-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111102171618/http://thewi.at/content/rosalilavilla","url_text":"\"RosaLilaVilla | bagru thewi\""},{"url":"http://thewi.at/content/rosalilavilla","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"25 Jahre andersrum. Die Rosa Lila Villa an der Linken Wienzeile 102\". IG Kultur (in German). Retrieved 2022-08-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://igkultur.at/politik/25-jahre-andersrum-die-rosa-lila-villa-der-linken-wienzeile-102","url_text":"\"25 Jahre andersrum. Die Rosa Lila Villa an der Linken Wienzeile 102\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Rosa Lila Villa\" startet Flüchtlingsprojekt\" (in German). Kurier. 2014-09-29. Retrieved 2021-02-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://kurier.at/chronik/wien/rosa-lila-villa-startet-fluechtlingsprojekt/88.280.227","url_text":"\"\"Rosa Lila Villa\" startet Flüchtlingsprojekt\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bruno Kreisky Menschenrechtspreis\". Retrieved 2021-02-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kreisky.org/human.rights/deutsch/preisverleihungen17.htm","url_text":"\"Bruno Kreisky Menschenrechtspreis\""}]},{"reference":"\"Prize Winners | Alexander Friedmann Foundation Prize\". Archived from the original on 2021-05-12. Retrieved 2021-02-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210512141207/https://www.friedmann-preis.org/en/prize-winners/","url_text":"\"Prize Winners | Alexander Friedmann Foundation Prize\""},{"url":"https://www.friedmann-preis.org/en/prize-winners/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Linda Jannach (2015), Entstehungsgeschichte(n) des lesbisch-schwulen Hausprojektes Rosa Lila Villa in Wien. Räumliche Aneignungspraktiken und Widerstand: Master's Thesis (in German), Vienna: University of Vienna","urls":[]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Kemp_(model)
List of Playboy Playmates of the Month
["1 1954–1959","2 1960–1969","3 1970–1979","4 1980–1989","5 1990–1999","6 2000–2009","7 2010–2020","8 2021–","9 See also","10 References"]
For the composer Sharon Rogers, see Sharon Elery Rogers. The following women have appeared in the American or international edition of Playboy magazine as Playmate of the Month. Those who were also named Playmate of the Year are highlighted in green. A common misconception is that Marilyn Monroe was a Playmate of the Month. She appeared in the first issue of Playboy as the "Sweetheart of the Month". The term "Playmate" was introduced in the second issue, but that term was applied to Monroe in several later issues. 1954–1959   January February March April May June July August September October November December 1954 Margie Harrison Margaret Scott (a.k.a. Marilyn Waltz) Dolores Del Monte Marilyn Waltz Joanne Arnold Margie Harrison Neva Gilbert Arline Hunter Jackie Rainbow Madeline Castle Diane Hunter Terry Ryan 1955 Bettie Page Jayne Mansfield magazine was not published Marilyn Waltz Marguerite Empey Eve Meyer Janet Pilgrim Pat Lawler Anne Fleming Jean Moorehead Barbara Cameron Janet Pilgrim 1956 Lynn Turner Marguerite Empey Marian Stafford Rusty Fisher Marion Scott Gloria Walker Alice Denham Jonnie Nicely Elsa Sorensen Janet Pilgrim Betty Blue Lisa Winters 1957 June Blair Sally Todd Sandra Edwards Gloria Windsor Dawn Richard Carrie Radison Jean Jani Dolores Donlon Jacquelyn Prescott Colleen Farrington Marlene Callahan Linda Vargas 1958 Elizabeth Ann Roberts Cheryl Kubert Zahra Norbo Felicia Atkins Lari Laine Judy Lee Tomerlin Linné Ahlstrand Myrna Weber Teri Hope Mara Corday and Pat Sheehan Joan Staley Joyce Nizzari 1959 Virginia Gordon Eleanor Bradley Audrey Daston Nancy Crawford Cindy Fuller Marilyn Hanold Yvette Vickers Clayre Peters Marianne Gaba Elaine Reynolds Donna Lynn Ellen Stratton Note: Ellen Stratton was the first official Playmate of the Year. 1960–1969   January February March April May June July August September October November December 1960 Stella Stevens Susie Scott Sally Sarell Linda Gamble Ginger Young Delores Wells Teddi Smith Elaine Paul Ann Davis Kathy Douglas Joni Mattis Carol Eden 1961 Connie Cooper Barbara Ann Lawford Tonya Crews Nancy Nielsen Susan Kelly Heidi Becker Sheralee Conners Karen Thompson Christa Speck Jean Cannon Dianne Danford Lynn Karrol 1962 Merle Pertile Kari Knudsen Pamela Anne Gordon Roberta Lane Marya Carter Merissa Mathes Unne Terjesen Jan Roberts Mickey Winters Laura Young Avis Kimble June Cochran 1963 Judi Monterey Toni Ann Thomas Adrienne Moreau Sandra Settani Sharon Cintron Connie Mason Carrie Enwright Phyllis Sherwood Victoria Valentino Christine Williams Terre Tucker Donna Michelle 1964 Sharon Rogers Nancy Jo Hooper Nancy Scott Ashlyn Martin Terri Kimball Lori Winston Melba Ogle China Lee Astrid Schulz Rosemarie Hillcrest Kai Brendlinger Jo Collins 1965 Sally Duberson Jessica St. George Jennifer Jackson Sue Williams Maria McBane Hedy Scott Gay Collier Lannie Balcom Patti Reynolds Allison Parks Pat Russo Dinah Willis 1966 Judy Tyler Melinda Windsor Priscilla Wright Karla Conway Dolly Read Kelly Burke Tish Howard Susan Denberg Dianne Chandler Linda Moon Lisa Baker Susan Bernard 1967 Surrey Marshe Kim Farber Fran Gerard Gwen Wong Anne Randall Joey Gibson Heather Ryan DeDe Lind Angela Dorian (a.k.a. Victoria Vetri) Reagan Wilson Kaya Christian Lynn Winchell 1968 Connie Kreski Nancy Harwood Michelle Hamilton Gaye Rennie Elizabeth Jordan Britt Fredriksen Melodye Prentiss Gale Olson Dru Hart Majken Haugedal Paige Young Cynthia Myers 1969 Leslie Bianchini Lorrie Menconi Kathy MacDonald Lorna Hopper Sally Sheffield Helena Antonaccio Nancy McNeil Debbie Hooper Shay Knuth Jean Bell Claudia Jennings Gloria Root 1970–1979   January February March April May June July August September October November December 1970 Jill Taylor Linda Forsythe Chris Koren Barbara Hillary Jennifer Liano Elaine Morton Carol Willis Sharon Clark Debbie Ellison Madeleine Collinson & Mary Collinson Avis Miller Carol Imhof 1971 Liv Lindeland Willy Rey Cynthia Hall Chris Cranston Janice Pennington Lieko English Heather Van Every Cathy Rowland Crystal Smith Claire Rambeau Danielle de Vabre Karen Christy 1972 Marilyn Cole P. J. Lansing Ellen Michaels Vicki Peters Deanna Baker Debbie Davis Carol O'Neal Linda Summers Susan Miller Sharon Johansen Lenna Sjooblom Mercy Rooney 1973 Miki Garcia Cyndi Wood Bonnie Large Julie Woodson Anulka Dziubinska Ruthy Ross Martha Smith Phyllis Coleman Geri Glass Valerie Lane Monica Tidwell Christine Maddox 1974 Nancy Cameron Francine Parks Pamela Zinszer Marlene Morrow Marilyn Lange Sandy Johnson Carol Vitale Jeane Manson Kristine Hanson Ester Cordet Bebe Buell Janice Raymond 1975 Lynnda Kimball Laura Misch Ingeborg Sorensen Victoria Cunningham Bridgett Rollins Azizi Johari Lynn Schiller Lillian Müller Mesina Miller Jill De Vries Janet Lupo Nancie Li Brandi 1976 Daina House Laura Lyons Ann Pennington Denise Michele Patricia Margot McClain Debra Peterson Deborah Borkman Linda Beatty Whitney Kaine Hope Olson Patti McGuire Karen Hafter 1977 Susan Lynn Kiger Star Stowe Nicki Thomas Lisa Sohm Sheila Mullen Virve Reid Sondra Theodore Julia Lyndon Debra Jo Fondren Kristine Winder Rita Lee Ashley Cox 1978 Debra Jensen Janis Schmitt Christina Smith Pamela Jean Bryant Kathryn Morrison Gail Stanton Karen Morton Vicki Witt Rosanne Katon Marcy Hanson Monique St. Pierre Janet Quist 1979 Candy Loving Lee Ann Michelle Denise McConnell Missy Cleveland Michele Drake Louann Fernald Dorothy Mays Dorothy Stratten Vicki McCarty Ursula Buchfellner Sylvie Garant Candace Collins 1980–1989   January February March April May June July August September October November December 1980 Gig Gangel Sandy Cagle Henriette Allais Liz Glazowski Martha Thomsen Ola Ray Teri Peterson Victoria Cooke Lisa Welch Mardi Jacquet Jeana Tomasino Terri Welles 1981 Karen Price Vicki Lynn Lasseter Kymberly Herrin Lorraine Michaels Gina Goldberg Cathy Larmouth Heidi Sorenson Debbie Boostrom Susan Smith Kelly Tough Shannon Tweed Patricia Farinelli 1982 Kimberly McArthur Anne-Marie Fox Karen Witter Linda Rhys Vaughn Kym Malin Lourdes Estores Lynda Wiesmeier Cathy St. George Connie Brighton Marianne Gravatte Marlene Janssen Charlotte Kemp 1983 Lonny Chin Melinda Mays Alana Soares Christina Ferguson Susie Scott Krabacher Jolanda Egger Ruth Guerri Carina Persson Barbara Edwards Tracy Vaccaro Veronica Gamba Terry Nihen 1984 Penny Baker Justine Greiner Dona Speir Lesa Ann Pedriana Patty Duffek Tricia Lange Liz Stewart Suzi Schott Kimberly Evenson Debi Johnson Roberta Vasquez Karen Velez 1985 Joan Bennett Cherie Witter Donna Smith Cindy Brooks Kathy Shower Devin DeVasquez Hope Marie Carlton Cher Butler Venice Kong Cynthia Brimhall Pamela Saunders Carol Ficatier 1986 Sherry Arnett Julie McCullough Kim Morris Teri Weigel Christine Richters Rebecca Ferratti Lynne Austin Ava Fabian Rebekka Armstrong Katherine Hushaw Donna Edmondson Laurie Carr 1987 Luann Lee Julie Peterson Marina Baker Anna Clark Kymberly Paige Sandy Greenberg Carmen Berg Sharry Konopski Gwen Hajek Brandi Brandt Pamela Stein India Allen 1988 Kimberley Conrad Kari Kennell Susie Owens Eloise Broady Diana Lee Emily Arth Terri Lynn Doss Helle Michaelsen Laura Richmond Shannon Long Pia Reyes Kata Kärkkäinen 1989 Fawna MacLaren Simone Eden Laurie Wood Jennifer Jackson Monique Noel Tawnni Cable Erika Eleniak Gianna Amore Karin van Breeschooten & Mirjam van Breeschooten Karen Foster Renee Tenison Petra Verkaik 1990–1999   January February March April May June July August September October November December 1990 Peggy McIntaggart Pamela Anderson Deborah Driggs Lisa Matthews Tina Bockrath Bonnie Marino Jacqueline Sheen Melissa Evridge Kerri Kendall Brittany York Lorraine Olivia Morgan Fox 1991 Stacy Leigh Arthur Cristy Thom Julie Clarke Christina Leardini Carrie Jean Yazel Saskia Linssen Wendy Kaye Corinna Harney Samantha Dorman Cheryl Bachman Tonja Christensen Wendy Hamilton 1992 Suzi Simpson Tanya Beyer Tylyn John Cady Cantrell Anna Nicole Smith Angela Melini Amanda Hope Ashley Allen Morena Corwin Tiffany Sloan Stephanie Adams Barbara Moore 1993 Echo Johnson Jennifer LeRoy Kimberly Donley Nicole Wood Elke Jeinsen Alesha Oreskovich Leisa Sheridan Jennifer Lavoie Carrie Westcott Jenny McCarthy Julianna Young Arlene Baxter 1994 Anna-Marie Goddard Julie Lynn Cialini Neriah Davis Becky DelosSantos Shae Marks Elan Carter Traci Adell Maria Checa Kelly Gallagher Victoria Zdrok Donna Perry Elisa Bridges 1995 Melissa Holliday Lisa Marie Scott Stacy Sanches Danelle Folta Cynthia Brown Rhonda Adams Heidi Mark Rachel Jean Marteen Donna D'Errico Alicia Rickter Holly Witt Samantha Torres 1996 Victoria Fuller Kona Carmack Priscilla Taylor Gillian Bonner Shauna Sand Karin Taylor Angel Boris Jessica Lee Jennifer Allan Nadine Chanz Ulrika Ericsson Victoria Silvstedt 1997 Jami Ferrell Kimber West Jennifer Miriam Kelly Monaco Lynn Thomas Carrie Stevens Daphnée Lynn Duplaix Kalin Olson Nikki Schieler Layla Roberts Inga Drozdova Karen McDougal 1998 Heather Kozar Julia Schultz Marliece Andrada Holly Joan Hart Deanna Brooks Maria Luisa Gil Lisa Dergan Angela Little Vanessa Gleason Laura Cover Tiffany Taylor Nicole, Erica and Jaclyn Dahm 1999 Jaime Bergman Stacy Marie Fuson Alexandria Karlsen Natalia Sokolova Tishara Cousino Kimberly Spicer Jennifer Rovero Rebecca Scott Kristi Cline Jodi Ann Paterson Cara Wakelin Brooke Richards 2000–2009   January February March April May June July August September October November December 2000 Carol Bernaola & Darlene Bernaola Suzanne Stokes Nicole Marie Lenz Brande Roderick Brooke Berry Shannon Stewart Neferteri Shepherd Summer Altice Kerissa Fare Nichole Van Croft Buffy Tyler Cara Michelle 2001 Irina Voronina Lauren Michelle Hill Miriam Gonzalez Katie Lohmann Crista Nicole Heather Spytek Kimberley Stanfield Jennifer Walcott Dalene Kurtis Stephanie Heinrich Lindsey Vuolo Shanna Moakler 2002 Nicole Narain Anka Romensky Tina Jordan Heather Carolin Christi Shake Michele Rogers Lauren Anderson Christina Santiago Shallan Meiers Teri Harrison Serria Tawan Lani Todd 2003 Rebecca Ramos Charis Boyle Pennelope Jimenez Carmella DeCesare Laurie Fetter Tailor James Marketa Janska Colleen Marie Luci Victoria Audra Lynn Divini Rae Deisy Teles & Sarah Teles 2004 Colleen Shannon Aliya Wolf Sandra Hubby Krista Kelly Nicole Whitehead Hiromi Oshima Stephanie Glasson Pilar Lastra Scarlett Keegan Kimberly Holland Cara Zavaleta Tiffany Fallon 2005 Destiny Davis Amber Campisi Jillian Grace Courtney Rachel Culkin Jamie Westenhiser Kara Monaco Qiana Chase Tamara Witmer Vanessa Hoelsher Amanda Paige Raquel Gibson Christine Smith 2006 Athena Lundberg Cassandra Lynn Monica Leigh Holley Ann Dorrough Alison Waite Stephanie Larimore Sara Jean Underwood Nicole Voss Janine Habeck Jordan Monroe Sarah Elizabeth Kia Drayton 2007 Jayde Nicole Heather Rene Smith Tyran Richard Giuliana Marino Shannon James Brittany Binger Tiffany Selby Tamara Sky Patrice Hollis Spencer Scott Lindsay Wagner Sasckya Porto 2008 Sandra Nilsson Michelle McLaughlin Ida Ljungqvist Regina Deutinger AJ Alexander Juliette Fretté Laura Croft Kayla Collins Valerie Mason Kelly Carrington Grace Kim Jennifer and Natalie Jo Campbell 2009 Dasha Astafieva Jessica Burciaga Jennifer Pershing Hope Dworaczyk Crystal McCahill Candice Cassidy Karissa Shannon Kristina Shannon Kimberly Phillips Lindsey Evans Kelley Thompson Crystal Harris 2010–2020   January February March April May June July August September October November December 2010 Jaime Faith Edmondson Heather Rae Young Kyra Milan Amy Leigh Andrews Kassie Lyn Logsdon Katie Vernola Shanna McLaughlin Francesca Frigo Olivia Paige Claire Sinclair Shera Bechard Ashley Hobbs 2011 Anna Sophia Berglund Kylie Johnson Ashley Mattingly Jaclyn Swedberg Sasha Bonilova Mei-Ling Lam Jessa Lynn Hinton Iryna Ivanova Tiffany Toth Amanda Cerny Ciara Price Rainy Day Jordan 2012 Heather Knox Leola Bell Lisa Seiffert Raquel Pomplun Nikki Leigh Amelia Talon Shelby Chesnes Beth Williams Alana Campos Pamela Horton Britany Nola Amanda Streich 2013 Karina Marie Shawn Dillon Ashley Doris Jaslyn Ome Kristen Nicole Audrey Aleen Allen Alyssa Arcè Val Keil Bryiana Noelle Carly Lauren Gemma Lee Farrell Kennedy Summers 2014 Roos van Montfort Amanda Booth Britt Linn Shanice Jordyn Dani Mathers Jessica Ashley Emily Agnes Maggie May Stephanie Branton Roxanna June Gia Marie Elizabeth Ostrander 2015 Brittny Ward Kayslee Collins Chelsie Aryn Alexandra Tyler Brittany Brousseau Kaylia Cassandra Kayla Rae Reid Dominique Jane Monica Sims Ana Cheri Rachel Harris Eugena Washington 2016 Amberleigh West Kristy Garett Dree Hemingway Camille Rowe Brook Power Josie Canseco Ali Michael Valerie van der Graaf Kelly Gale Allie Silva Ashley Smith Enikő Mihalik 2017 Bridget Malcolm Joy Corrigan Elizabeth Elam Nina Daniele Lada Kravchenko Elsie Hewitt Dana Taylor Liza Kei Jessica Wall Milan Dixon Ines Rau Allie Leggett 2018 Kayla Garvin Megan Samperi Jenny Watwood Nereyda Bird Shauna Sexton Cassandra Dawn Valeria Lakhina Lorena Medina Kirby Griffin Olga de Mar Shelby Rose Jordan Emanuel 2019 Vendela Lindblom Megan Moore Miki Hamano Fo Porter Abigail O'Neill Yoli Lara Teela LaRoux Geena Rocero Sophie O’Neil Hilda Dias Pimentel Gillian Chan Jordy Murray 2020 Riley Ticotin Chasity Samone Anita Pathammavong Marsha Elle Savannah Smith Alicia Olivas Priscilla Huggins Ali Chanel Danielle Alcaraz Carolina Ballesteros Khrystyana Tanerélle 2021–   Winter Spring Summer Fall 2021 Izabela Guedes Hailee Lautenbach – – See also List of Playboy models, including all models who have appeared in Playboy List of Playboy Playmates of the Year References ^ "Playmates of the Year 2020". Playboy.com. Retrieved 15 September 2020. ^ "November Playmate 2020". Playboy.com. ^ "Izabela Guedes - Winter 2021 Playmate". playboy.com. ^ "Hailee Lautenbach - Spring 2021 Playmate". playboy.com.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sharon Elery Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharon_Elery_Rogers"},{"link_name":"international","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playboy#International_editions"},{"link_name":"Playboy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playboy"},{"link_name":"Playmate of the Month","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playmate_of_the_Month"},{"link_name":"Playmate of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Playboy_Playmates_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"Marilyn Monroe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marilyn_Monroe"}],"text":"For the composer Sharon Rogers, see Sharon Elery Rogers.The following women have appeared in the American or international edition of Playboy magazine as Playmate of the Month. Those who were also named Playmate of the Year are highlighted in green.A common misconception is that Marilyn Monroe was a Playmate of the Month. She appeared in the first issue of Playboy as the \"Sweetheart of the Month\". The term \"Playmate\" was introduced in the second issue, but that term was applied to Monroe in several later issues.","title":"List of Playboy Playmates of the Month"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Note: Ellen Stratton was the first official Playmate of the Year.","title":"1954–1959"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"1960–1969"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"1970–1979"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"1980–1989"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"1990–1999"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"2000–2009"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"2010–2020"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"2021–"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of Playboy models","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Playboy_models"},{"title":"List of Playboy Playmates of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Playboy_Playmates_of_the_Year"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokeo_Province
Bokeo province
["1 History","2 Geography","3 Protected areas","4 Administrative divisions","5 Demographics","6 Economy","7 Landmarks","8 Gallery","9 References","9.1 Sources"]
Coordinates: 20°18′00″N 100°25′01″E / 20.3°N 100.417°E / 20.3; 100.417Smallest and least populous province of Laos Province in LaosBokeo province ແຂວງ ບໍ່ແກ້ວProvinceMap of Bokeo provinceLocation of Bokeo province in LaosCoordinates: 20°18′00″N 100°25′01″E / 20.3°N 100.417°E / 20.3; 100.417CountryLaosCapitalBan HouayxayArea • Total6,196 km2 (2,392 sq mi)Population (2020 census) • Total203,468 • Density33/km2 (85/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+7 (ICT)ISO 3166 codeLA-BKHDI (2017)0.557medium · 13th This article contains Lao text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Lao script. Bokèo (Laotian: ບໍ່ແກ້ວ ; literally 'gem mine'; previously, Hua Khong, meaning 'head of the Mekong') is a northern province of Laos. It is the smallest and least populous province in the country. Bokeo province covers an area of 6,196 square kilometres (2,392 sq mi). Bokeo province borders Luang Namtha province to the northeast, Oudomxai province to the east, Xaignabouli province to the south, and Thailand to the southwest and Burma to the west and northwest. The province has five districts: (Houay Xay, Tonpheung, Meung, Phaodom, and Paktha) and The province has Golden Triangle Special Economic Zone in Ton Pheung district. It is rich in deposits of precious and semiprecious stones. Bokeo's provincial capital is Houayxay on the Mekong River. The province is in the Golden Triangle, at the border of Myanmar and Thailand. There are 34 ethnic groups in the province. Houay Xay is the border town with Thailand and regional economic centre. History Bokeo was named after the sapphires mined in Houayxay District. A stele that is dated 1458 is found in the Wat Jom Kao Manilat, a pagoda built in 1880 of teak in Shan architectural style. Fort Carnot, a historical artifact of the French colonial empire, now belongs to the Lao Army. The province was created in 1983, when it was split off from Luang Namtha province. In 1992, Paktha and Pha Oudom Districts were reassigned from Oudomxay province. In the past, Houayxay town was a marked crossroad trading centre between Yunnan province of China and Thailand, particularly for Chinese goods. Geography Bokeo province is the smallest of the country's provinces, covering an area of 6,196 square kilometres (2,392 sq mi). Bokeo province borders Luang Namtha province to the northeast, Oudomxay province to the east, Sainyabuli province to the south, Thailand to the southwest, and Burma to the west and northwest. Notable settlements include Houayxay, Mong Lin, Ban Thakate, Ban Meung Hong, Ban Ha Li Tai, Ban Khai San, Ban Nam Kueng, Ban Long and Ban Paung. The Nam Nga River flows through the province's Bokeo Nature Reserve, and is hemmed between the Mekong River bordering Thailand and Burma and is also on the trade route with China. Don Sao is an island in Tonpheung District, which is connected to the mainland except during the rainy season. Protected areas The Bokeo Nature Reserve was created as protection for the black crested gibbon (also known as "black-cheeked gibbon"), discovered in 1997, previously thought to be extinct. Elephants and wild water buffalo migrate through the reserve; bears and tigers are also present. The protected area, is characterized by a mixed deciduous forest and mountainous terrain (elevation ranging between 500 and 1500 m). The area covered by the reserve is 136,000 hectares (336,000 acres), including 66,000 hectares (163,000 acres) in Bokeo province and 70,000 hectares (173,000 acres) in Luang Namtha province where critically endangered species of western black crested gibbon (Nomascus concolor) is the primary protected species. According to a preliminary survey, the number of gibbons is substantial, particularly in and around the uninhabited Nam Kan River and its tributaries. The project is being supported by the French entrepreneur Jean Francois Reumaux as a Gibbon Experience Project. Gibbon Experience is a conservation project that came into existence after the indigenous black-cheeked gibbon was discovered. The conservation programme has two components: one is of gibbon viewing huts, known as canopy huts (there are four such very large huts) in the forest reserve meant to view the black cheeked gibbons and the second component is to experience the rain forest at canopy level. The Waterfall Gibbon Experience involves three hours of hiking to the location, deep in the reserve following the Nam Nga River. Other than gibbons, wildlife in the reserve reported are: great barbet (Megalaima virens); grey-headed parakeet (Psittacula finschii); grey leaf monkeys (Semnopithecus); crab-eating mongoose (Herpestes urva), tiger (Panthera tigris); smaller cats; dhole (Cuon alpinus), bears (two types); otters; sambar (Cervus unicolor); and wild cattle (gaur). The 10,980 hectare Upper Lao Mekong Important Bird Area (IBA) stretches across the provinces of Bokeo, Oudomxay, and Sainyabuli. It is at an elevation of 300–400 metres (980–1,310 ft). The topography features river channels, exposed beds, sandbars, sand and gravel bars, islands, rock outcrops, bushland, and braided streams. Confirmed avifauna include black-bellied tern (Sterna acuticauda), great cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo), grey-headed lapwing (Vanellus cinereus), Jerdon's bush chat (Saxicola jerdoni), brown-throated martin (Riparia paludicola), river lapwing (Vanellus duvaucelii), small pratincole (Glareola lactea), and swan goose (Anser cygnoides). Administrative divisions The province includes the following districts: Map Code Name Lao script Population (2015) 5-01 Houayxay ເມືອງຫ້ວຍຊາຍ 70,170 5–02 Ton Pheung ເມືອງຕົ້ນເຜິ້ງ 34,476 5–03 Meung ເມືອງເມິງ 14,506 5–04 Pha Oudom ເມືອງຜາອຸດົມ 40,909 5–05 Pak Tha ເມືອງປາກທາ 19,182 Demographics Its population was 179,243 in 2015, in 36 townships, and more than 400 villages. With 34 ethnic groups (including Akha, Hmong, Khamu, Kalom, Kui, Lamet, Lao Huay, Mien, Musoe, Ngo, Phai, Phu Thai, Phuan, Phuvan, Samtao, Shan, Tahoy, Thai Daeng, Thai Dam, Thai Khao, Thai Lu, Thai Nai, and Chinese), the province's ethnic diversity is ranked second in the country, after Luang Namtha province. Most numerous though are the Lanten, Hmong, Lahu, Yao, Akha, and Tai Lue peoples. The Lahu, a Tibeto-Burman speaking people who are part of ethnic group of northern Myanmar and Thailand also inhabit this province in large numbers. Economy The provincial economy is now dominated by the Golden Triangle Special Economic Zone (GT SEZ). In 2007, Kings Romans Group, owned by well-connected Chinese husband and wife Zhao Wei and Su Guiqin, entered into a 99-year lease for 10,000 hectares on the banks of the Mekong. The company was granted 3,000 of these hectares as a duty-free zone, now the SEZ. As gambling is illegal in China, and the SEZ is only a two-hour journey by road from China, casinos and hotels catering to a Chinese clientele were built. A robust industry involving trafficking in endangered animals has grown up around the Chinese tourist trade. In January 2018, the US Treasury Department announced sanctions against what it called Zhao's transnational criminal organisation, engaging in illicit activities, including human trafficking and child prostitution, drug trafficking and wildlife trafficking. See main page at Golden Triangle Special Economic Zone Houayxay, the capital city of the province, has most of the remainder of the province's economic activity. The province is one of the main maize producing areas of Laos. Commercial mining for precious stones and gold is a major economic activity. Ban Nam Khok and Ban Houi Sala, about 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) and 18 kilometres (11 mi) from Bokeo town respectively, are notable mining areas. Buhae Industrial Corp., which mines for sapphires, is a major company operating in Houayxay District. Many of the ethnic Lantaen villages are noted for their production of traditional saa paper and other crafts. Paa beuk, a catfish, the largest freshwater fish in the world, is found in the Mekong River. It grows to 3 metres (9.8 ft) in length and could weigh up to 300 kg. It is an economic resource as it commands a high market price. The flesh of this endangered fish is considered a delicacy.See also: Tiger bone wine Landmarks There are several temples in the capital city of Houayxay, including Wat Chamkao Manilat, Wat Jom Khao Manilat (constructed in 1880), Wat Thadsuvanna Pkakham (with eight gilded Buddhas), Wat Khonekeo Xaiyaram (with red, gold, and green doors and pillars), and Wat Keophone Savanthanaram (with a reclining Buddha behind chicken wire) The buildings and barracks of the old French Fort Carnot are now destroyed. Gallery Houayxay centre Wat Jom Khao Manilat Village on the Mekong River In a Khmu village References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bokeo Province. ^ "Sub-national HDI – Area Database – Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org. Retrieved 2018-09-13. ^ a b Burke & Vaisutis 2007, p. 214. ^ a b c "Introducing Bokeo Province". Lonely Planet/BBC Worldwide. Archived from the original on 2015-10-07. Retrieved 30 November 2012. ^ a b c d e f g h "Bokeo Province: Overview". Laos Tourism Organization. Archived from the original on 22 July 2015. Retrieved 6 December 2012. ^ a b c Bush, Elliot & Ray 2010, p. 172. ^ Levinson & Christensen 2002, p. 304. ^ "Home". Regions. Official website of Laos Tourism. Archived from the original on 11 January 2013. Retrieved 7 January 2013. ^ a b "Bokeo Province". Lao Tourism. Archived from the original on 9 January 2013. Retrieved 1 December 2012. ^ a b c White 2010, p. 290. ^ Burton 2005, p. 149. ^ DK Publishing 2011, p. 183. ^ Outlook Publishing 2008, p. 58. ^ a b "A scoping mission to Nam Kan National Protected Area, Lao PDR" (PDF). Arcus Foundation: Flora and Fauna International. Archived from the original (pdf) on 12 January 2011. Retrieved 7 December 2012. ^ "Important Bird Areas factsheet: Upper Lao Mekong". BirdLife International. 2012. Retrieved 7 December 2012. ^ "Results of Population and Housing Census 2015" (PDF). Lao Statistics Bureau. Retrieved 1 May 2020. ^ a b The Lao National Tourism Administration. "Bokeo province". Ecotourism Laos. GMS Sustainable Tourism Development Project in Lao PDR. Archived from the original on 29 August 2012. Retrieved 1 December 2012. ^ a b c Parry, Simon (14 April 2018). "A Mr Big of wildlife trafficking: could elusive Laos casino operator be behind rackets that run to drugs, child prostitution?". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 23 December 2020. ^ Hance, Jeremy (2015-03-19). "High-end Laos resort serves up illegal wildlife for Chinese tourists". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 Mar 2015. ^ Sin City Illegal Wildlife Trade in Laos' Golden Triangle Special Economic Zone (PDF). London: Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA). March 2015. ^ Lao People's Democratic Republic: Second Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (EPub). International Monetary Fund. 21 October 2008. p. 54. ISBN 978-1-4527-9182-1. Retrieved 6 December 2012. ^ Geological Survey (US) 2010, p. 14. Sources Burke, Andrew; Vaisutis, Justine (1 August 2007). Laos 6th Edition. Lonely Planet. pp. 214–. ISBN 978-1-74104-568-0. Bush, Austin; Elliot, Mark; Ray, Nick (1 December 2010). Laos 7. Lonely Planet. pp. 172–. ISBN 978-1-74179-153-2. Burton, John J. S. (2005). Lao close encounters. Orchid Press. p. 149. ISBN 978-974-524-075-9. Retrieved 4 December 2012. DK Publishing (1 July 2011). DK Eyewitness Travel Guide: Cambodia & Laos: Cambodia & Laos. Penguin. pp. 183–. ISBN 978-0-7566-8426-6. Geological Survey (US) (25 October 2010). Minerals Yearbook: Area Reports: International 2008: Asia and the Pacific. Government Printing Office. pp. 14–. ISBN 978-1-4113-2964-5. Levinson, David; Christensen, Karen (2002). Encyclopedia of modern Asia. Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 304. ISBN 978-0-684-31242-2. Outlook Publishing (March 2008). Outlook Traveller. Outlook Publishing. pp. 58–. White, Daniel (1 March 2010). Frommer's Cambodia and Laos. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 290–. ISBN 978-0-470-49778-4. Places adjacent to Bokeo province  Shan State,  Myanmar Luang Namtha province Bokeo province Chiang Rai province,  Thailand Sainyabuli province Oudomxay province vteSubdivisions of LaosPrefecture Vientiane Province Attapeu Bokeo Bolikhamsai Champasak Houaphanh Khammouane Luang Namtha Luang Prabang Oudomxay Phongsaly Sainyabuli Salavan Savannakhet Sekong Vientiane Xaisomboun Xiangkhouang vteDistricts of Northern LaosBokeo province Houayxay※ Meung Nam Nhou Pak Tha Pha Oudom Ton Pheung Houaphanh province Et Houameuang Samtay Sop Bao Viengthong Viengxay Xam Neua※ Xiengkho Luang Namtha province Long Na Le Namtha※ Sing Viengphoukha Luang Prabang province Chomphet Luang Prabang※ Nam Bak Nane Ngoy Pak Ou Pak Seng Phonxay Phoukhoune Viengkham Xiengngeun Oudomxay province Beng Houne La Na Mo Nga Pak Beng Xay※ Phongsaly province Boun Neua Boun Tay Khoua May Phongsali※ Samphanh Yot Ou Sainyabuli province Botene Hongsa Kenethao Khop Ngeun Parklai Phiang Sainyabuli※ Thongmyxay Xienghone Xiangkhouang province Kham Khoune Mok May Nong Het Pek※ Phaxay Phou Kout ※ denotes provincial seat.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lao text","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lao_language"},{"link_name":"rendering support","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support_(Indic)"},{"link_name":"question marks, boxes, or other symbols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character"},{"link_name":"Lao script","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lao_alphabet"},{"link_name":"Laotian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laotian_language"},{"link_name":"[bɔ̄ː kɛ̂ːw]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Lao"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkeVaisutis2007214-2"},{"link_name":"province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province"},{"link_name":"Laos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lonely-3"},{"link_name":"Luang Namtha province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luang_Namtha_province"},{"link_name":"Oudomxai province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oudomxai_province"},{"link_name":"Xaignabouli province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xaignabouli_province"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"Burma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burma"},{"link_name":"Houay Xay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houay_Xay_District"},{"link_name":"Tonpheung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonpheung_District"},{"link_name":"Meung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meung_District"},{"link_name":"Phaodom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pha_Oudom_District"},{"link_name":"Paktha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paktha_District"},{"link_name":"Golden Triangle Special Economic Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Triangle_Special_Economic_Zone"},{"link_name":"Ton Pheung district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonpheung_District"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Houayxay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ban_Houayxay"},{"link_name":"Mekong River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekong_River"},{"link_name":"Golden Triangle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Triangle_(Southeast_Asia)"},{"link_name":"Myanmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bokeo-4"},{"link_name":"Houay Xay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houay_Xay"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Smallest and least populous province of LaosProvince in LaosThis article contains Lao text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Lao script.Bokèo (Laotian: ບໍ່ແກ້ວ [bɔ̄ː kɛ̂ːw]; literally 'gem mine'; previously, Hua Khong, meaning 'head of the Mekong')[2] is a northern province of Laos. It is the smallest and least populous province in the country.[3] Bokeo province covers an area of 6,196 square kilometres (2,392 sq mi). Bokeo province borders Luang Namtha province to the northeast, Oudomxai province to the east, Xaignabouli province to the south, and Thailand to the southwest and Burma to the west and northwest. The province has five districts: (Houay Xay, Tonpheung, Meung, Phaodom, and Paktha) and The province has Golden Triangle Special Economic Zone in Ton Pheung district. It is rich in deposits of precious and semiprecious stones.[citation needed] Bokeo's provincial capital is Houayxay on the Mekong River. The province is in the Golden Triangle, at the border of Myanmar and Thailand.[4] There are 34 ethnic groups in the province. Houay Xay is the border town with Thailand and regional economic centre.[citation needed]","title":"Bokeo province"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sapphires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapphire"},{"link_name":"Houayxay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houayxay"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBushElliotRay2010172-5"},{"link_name":"stele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stele"},{"link_name":"Wat Jom Kao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wat_Jom_Kao&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"pagoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagoda"},{"link_name":"teak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teak"},{"link_name":"Shan architectural style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shan_architecture&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fort Carnot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fort_Carnot&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"French colonial empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_colonial_empire"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bokeo-4"},{"link_name":"Luang Namtha province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luang_Namtha_province"},{"link_name":"Paktha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paktha_District"},{"link_name":"Pha Oudom Districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pha_Oudom_District"},{"link_name":"Oudomxay province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oudomxay_province"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevinsonChristensen2002304-6"},{"link_name":"Yunnan province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunnan_province"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bokeo-4"}],"text":"Bokeo was named after the sapphires mined in Houayxay District.[5] A stele that is dated 1458 is found in the Wat Jom Kao Manilat, a pagoda built in 1880 of teak in Shan architectural style. Fort Carnot, a historical artifact of the French colonial empire, now belongs to the Lao Army.[4]The province was created in 1983, when it was split off from Luang Namtha province. In 1992, Paktha and Pha Oudom Districts were reassigned from Oudomxay province.[6] In the past, Houayxay town was a marked crossroad trading centre between Yunnan province of China and Thailand, particularly for Chinese goods.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LT-8"},{"link_name":"Luang Namtha province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luang_Namtha_province"},{"link_name":"Oudomxay province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oudomxay_province"},{"link_name":"Sainyabuli province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sainyabuli_province"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"Burma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burma"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Houayxay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houayxay"},{"link_name":"Mong Lin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mong_Lin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ban Thakate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ban_Thakate&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ban Meung Hong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ban_Meung_Hong&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ban Ha Li Tai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ban_Ha_Li_Tai&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ban Khai San","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ban_Khai_San&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ban Nam Kueng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ban_Nam_Kueng&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ban Long","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ban_Long&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ban Paung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ban_Paung&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nam Nga River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nam_Nga_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bokeo Nature Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokeo_Nature_Reserve"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2010290-9"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lonely-3"},{"link_name":"Don Sao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Don_Sao&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton2005149-10"}],"text":"Bokeo province is the smallest of the country's provinces,[7] covering an area of 6,196 square kilometres (2,392 sq mi).[8] Bokeo province borders Luang Namtha province to the northeast, Oudomxay province to the east, Sainyabuli province to the south, Thailand to the southwest, and Burma to the west and northwest.[citation needed] Notable settlements include Houayxay, Mong Lin, Ban Thakate, Ban Meung Hong, Ban Ha Li Tai, Ban Khai San, Ban Nam Kueng, Ban Long and Ban Paung. The Nam Nga River flows through the province's Bokeo Nature Reserve, [9] and is hemmed between the Mekong River bordering Thailand and Burma and is also on the trade route with China.[3] Don Sao is an island in Tonpheung District, which is connected to the mainland except during the rainy season.[10]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bokeo Nature Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokeo_Nature_Reserve"},{"link_name":"black crested gibbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_crested_gibbon"},{"link_name":"Elephants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephant"},{"link_name":"wild water buffalo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_water_buffalo"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDK_Publishing2011183-11"},{"link_name":"bears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bear"},{"link_name":"tigers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOutlook_Publishing200858-12"},{"link_name":"protected area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protected_area"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2010290-9"},{"link_name":"western black crested gibbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_crested_gibbon"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gibbon-13"},{"link_name":"gibbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibbon"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2010290-9"},{"link_name":"great barbet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_barbet"},{"link_name":"grey-headed parakeet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey-headed_parakeet"},{"link_name":"grey leaf monkeys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray_langur"},{"link_name":"Semnopithecus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semnopithecus"},{"link_name":"crab-eating mongoose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crab-eating_mongoose"},{"link_name":"tiger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger"},{"link_name":"dhole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhole"},{"link_name":"otters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otters"},{"link_name":"sambar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambar_deer"},{"link_name":"gaur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaur"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gibbon-13"},{"link_name":"Important Bird Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Important_Bird_Area"},{"link_name":"black-bellied tern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-bellied_tern"},{"link_name":"great cormorant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_cormorant"},{"link_name":"grey-headed lapwing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey-headed_lapwing"},{"link_name":"Jerdon's bush chat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerdon%27s_bush_chat"},{"link_name":"brown-throated martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown-throated_martin"},{"link_name":"river lapwing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_lapwing"},{"link_name":"small pratincole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_pratincole"},{"link_name":"swan goose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swan_goose"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-birdlife.orgLA027-14"}],"text":"The Bokeo Nature Reserve was created as protection for the black crested gibbon (also known as \"black-cheeked gibbon\"), discovered in 1997, previously thought to be extinct. Elephants and wild water buffalo migrate through the reserve;[11] bears and tigers are also present.[12] The protected area, is characterized by a mixed deciduous forest and mountainous terrain (elevation ranging between 500 and 1500 m).[9] The area covered by the reserve is 136,000 hectares (336,000 acres), including 66,000 hectares (163,000 acres) in Bokeo province and 70,000 hectares (173,000 acres) in Luang Namtha province where critically endangered species of western black crested gibbon (Nomascus concolor) is the primary protected species. According to a preliminary survey, the number of gibbons is substantial, particularly in and around the uninhabited Nam Kan River and its tributaries. The project is being supported by the French entrepreneur Jean Francois Reumaux as a Gibbon Experience Project.[13] Gibbon Experience is a conservation project that came into existence after the indigenous black-cheeked gibbon was discovered. The conservation programme has two components: one is of gibbon viewing huts, known as canopy huts (there are four such very large huts) in the forest reserve meant to view the black cheeked gibbons and the second component is to experience the rain forest at canopy level. The Waterfall Gibbon Experience involves three hours of hiking to the location, deep in the reserve following the Nam Nga River.[9]Other than gibbons, wildlife in the reserve reported are: great barbet (Megalaima virens); grey-headed parakeet (Psittacula finschii); grey leaf monkeys (Semnopithecus); crab-eating mongoose (Herpestes urva), tiger (Panthera tigris); smaller cats; dhole (Cuon alpinus), bears (two types); otters; sambar (Cervus unicolor); and wild cattle (gaur).[13]The 10,980 hectare Upper Lao Mekong Important Bird Area (IBA) stretches across the provinces of Bokeo, Oudomxay, and Sainyabuli. It is at an elevation of 300–400 metres (980–1,310 ft). The topography features river channels, exposed beds, sandbars, sand and gravel bars, islands, rock outcrops, bushland, and braided streams. Confirmed avifauna include black-bellied tern (Sterna acuticauda), great cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo), grey-headed lapwing (Vanellus cinereus), Jerdon's bush chat (Saxicola jerdoni), brown-throated martin (Riparia paludicola), river lapwing (Vanellus duvaucelii), small pratincole (Glareola lactea), and swan goose (Anser cygnoides).[14]","title":"Protected areas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bokeo-4"}],"text":"The province includes the following districts:[4]","title":"Administrative divisions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census2015-15"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bokeo-4"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Luang Namtha province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luang_Namtha_province"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkeVaisutis2007214-2"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ETL-16"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bokeo-4"}],"text":"Its population was 179,243 in 2015,[15] in 36 townships, and more than 400 villages.[4] With 34 ethnic groups (including Akha, Hmong, Khamu, Kalom, Kui, Lamet, Lao Huay, Mien, Musoe, Ngo, Phai, Phu Thai, Phuan, Phuvan, Samtao, Shan, Tahoy, Thai Daeng, Thai Dam, Thai Khao, Thai Lu, Thai Nai, and Chinese), the province's ethnic diversity is ranked second in the country,[citation needed] after Luang Namtha province.[2] Most numerous though are the Lanten, Hmong, Lahu, Yao, Akha, and Tai Lue peoples.[16] The Lahu, a Tibeto-Burman speaking people who are part of ethnic group of northern Myanmar and Thailand also inhabit this province in large numbers.[4]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Golden Triangle Special Economic Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Triangle_Special_Economic_Zone"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Parry-17"},{"link_name":"Zhao Wei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhao_Wei_(gangster)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Parry-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hance-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EIA-2015-19"},{"link_name":"US Treasury Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Parry-17"},{"link_name":"Golden Triangle Special Economic Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Triangle_Special_Economic_Zone"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lonely-3"},{"link_name":"maize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maize"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IMF-20"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bokeo-4"},{"link_name":"Ban Nam Khok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ban_Nam_Khok&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ban Houi Sala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ban_Houi_Sala&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LT-8"},{"link_name":"sapphires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapphire"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeological_Survey_(US)201014-21"},{"link_name":"saa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper_mulberry"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ETL-16"},{"link_name":"Paa beuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paa_beuk&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"catfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catfish"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bokeo-4"},{"link_name":"Tiger bone wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger_bone_wine"}],"text":"The provincial economy is now dominated by the Golden Triangle Special Economic Zone (GT SEZ).[17] In 2007, Kings Romans Group, owned by well-connected Chinese husband and wife Zhao Wei and Su Guiqin, entered into a 99-year lease for 10,000 hectares on the banks of the Mekong.[17] The company was granted 3,000 of these hectares as a duty-free zone, now the SEZ. As gambling is illegal in China, and the SEZ is only a two-hour journey by road from China, casinos and hotels catering to a Chinese clientele were built.[18] A robust industry involving trafficking in endangered animals has grown up around the Chinese tourist trade.[19] In January 2018, the US Treasury Department announced sanctions against what it called Zhao's transnational criminal organisation, engaging in illicit activities, including human trafficking and child prostitution, drug trafficking and wildlife trafficking.[17]See main page at Golden Triangle Special Economic ZoneHouayxay, the capital city of the province, has most of the remainder of the province's economic activity.[3] The province is one of the main maize producing areas of Laos.[20] Commercial mining for precious stones and gold is a major economic activity.[4] Ban Nam Khok and Ban Houi Sala, about 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) and 18 kilometres (11 mi) from Bokeo town respectively, are notable mining areas.[8] Buhae Industrial Corp., which mines for sapphires, is a major company operating in Houayxay District.[21] Many of the ethnic Lantaen villages are noted for their production of traditional saa paper and other crafts.[16]Paa beuk, a catfish, the largest freshwater fish in the world, is found in the Mekong River. It grows to 3 metres (9.8 ft) in length and could weigh up to 300 kg. It is an economic resource as it commands a high market price. The flesh of this endangered fish is considered a delicacy.[4]See also: Tiger bone wine","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBushElliotRay2010172-5"},{"link_name":"Fort Carnot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fort_Carnot&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBushElliotRay2010172-5"}],"text":"There are several temples in the capital city of Houayxay, including Wat Chamkao Manilat,[citation needed] Wat Jom Khao Manilat (constructed in 1880), Wat Thadsuvanna Pkakham (with eight gilded Buddhas), Wat Khonekeo Xaiyaram (with red, gold, and green doors and pillars), and Wat Keophone Savanthanaram (with a reclining Buddha behind chicken wire) [5] The buildings and barracks of the old French Fort Carnot are now destroyed.[5]","title":"Landmarks"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bokeo_HuayXai1_tango7174.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bokeo_HuayXai_VatChomKhaoManilat2_tango7174.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bokeo_Mekong1_tango7174.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bokeo_BanHuayHao5_tango7174.jpg"}],"text":"Houayxay centre\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWat Jom Khao Manilat\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tVillage on the Mekong River\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tIn a Khmu village","title":"Gallery"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Sub-national HDI – Area Database – Global Data Lab\". hdi.globaldatalab.org. Retrieved 2018-09-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/","url_text":"\"Sub-national HDI – Area Database – Global Data Lab\""}]},{"reference":"\"Introducing Bokeo Province\". Lonely Planet/BBC Worldwide. Archived from the original on 2015-10-07. Retrieved 30 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151007150938/http://www.lonelyplanet.com/laos/northern-laos/bokeo-province","url_text":"\"Introducing Bokeo Province\""},{"url":"http://www.lonelyplanet.com/laos/northern-laos/bokeo-province","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bokeo Province: Overview\". Laos Tourism Organization. Archived from the original on 22 July 2015. Retrieved 6 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150722040111/http://www.tourismlaos.org/show_province.php?Cont_ID=436","url_text":"\"Bokeo Province: Overview\""},{"url":"http://www.tourismlaos.org/show_province.php?Cont_ID=436","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Home\". Regions. Official website of Laos Tourism. Archived from the original on 11 January 2013. Retrieved 7 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130111175743/http://www.laotourism.org/laotourism.htm","url_text":"\"Home\""},{"url":"http://www.laotourism.org/laotourism.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bokeo Province\". Lao Tourism. Archived from the original on 9 January 2013. Retrieved 1 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130109124058/http://www.laotourism.org/bokeo.htm","url_text":"\"Bokeo Province\""},{"url":"http://www.laotourism.org/bokeo.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"A scoping mission to Nam Kan National Protected Area, Lao PDR\" (PDF). Arcus Foundation: Flora and Fauna International. Archived from the original (pdf) on 12 January 2011. Retrieved 7 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110112235440/http://www.fauna-flora.org/docs/Nam_Kan_scoping_mission-Feb2010.pdf","url_text":"\"A scoping mission to Nam Kan National Protected Area, Lao PDR\""},{"url":"http://www.fauna-flora.org/docs/Nam_Kan_scoping_mission-Feb2010.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Important Bird Areas factsheet: Upper Lao Mekong\". BirdLife International. 2012. Retrieved 7 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=16651","url_text":"\"Important Bird Areas factsheet: Upper Lao Mekong\""}]},{"reference":"\"Results of Population and Housing Census 2015\" (PDF). Lao Statistics Bureau. Retrieved 1 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://lao.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/PHC-ENG-FNAL-WEB_0.pdf","url_text":"\"Results of Population and Housing Census 2015\""}]},{"reference":"The Lao National Tourism Administration. \"Bokeo province\". Ecotourism Laos. GMS Sustainable Tourism Development Project in Lao PDR. Archived from the original on 29 August 2012. Retrieved 1 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120829063651/http://www.ecotourismlaos.com/bokeo.htm","url_text":"\"Bokeo province\""},{"url":"http://ecotourismlaos.com/bokeo.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Parry, Simon (14 April 2018). \"A Mr Big of wildlife trafficking: could elusive Laos casino operator be behind rackets that run to drugs, child prostitution?\". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 23 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/long-reads/article/2141464/mr-big-wildlife-trafficking-could-elusive-laos","url_text":"\"A Mr Big of wildlife trafficking: could elusive Laos casino operator be behind rackets that run to drugs, child prostitution?\""}]},{"reference":"Hance, Jeremy (2015-03-19). \"High-end Laos resort serves up illegal wildlife for Chinese tourists\". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 Mar 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/radical-conservation/2015/mar/19/high-end-laos-resort-serves-up-illegal-wildlife-for-chinese-tourists","url_text":"\"High-end Laos resort serves up illegal wildlife for Chinese tourists\""}]},{"reference":"Sin City Illegal Wildlife Trade in Laos' Golden Triangle Special Economic Zone (PDF). London: Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA). March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://eia-international.org/wp-content/uploads/EIA-Sin-City-FINAL-med-res.pdf","url_text":"Sin City Illegal Wildlife Trade in Laos' Golden Triangle Special Economic Zone"}]},{"reference":"Lao People's Democratic Republic: Second Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (EPub). International Monetary Fund. 21 October 2008. p. 54. ISBN 978-1-4527-9182-1. Retrieved 6 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3mkinpg545sC&pg=PT54","url_text":"Lao People's Democratic Republic: Second Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (EPub)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4527-9182-1","url_text":"978-1-4527-9182-1"}]},{"reference":"Burke, Andrew; Vaisutis, Justine (1 August 2007). Laos 6th Edition. Lonely Planet. pp. 214–. ISBN 978-1-74104-568-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jm4GBvwaF50C&pg=PA214","url_text":"Laos 6th Edition"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74104-568-0","url_text":"978-1-74104-568-0"}]},{"reference":"Bush, Austin; Elliot, Mark; Ray, Nick (1 December 2010). Laos 7. Lonely Planet. pp. 172–. ISBN 978-1-74179-153-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lvF-VGFU5CwC&pg=PA172","url_text":"Laos 7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74179-153-2","url_text":"978-1-74179-153-2"}]},{"reference":"Burton, John J. S. (2005). Lao close encounters. Orchid Press. p. 149. ISBN 978-974-524-075-9. Retrieved 4 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Z1tuAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Lao close encounters"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-974-524-075-9","url_text":"978-974-524-075-9"}]},{"reference":"DK Publishing (1 July 2011). DK Eyewitness Travel Guide: Cambodia & Laos: Cambodia & Laos. Penguin. pp. 183–. ISBN 978-0-7566-8426-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0dGRZ1sBL-4C&pg=PA183","url_text":"DK Eyewitness Travel Guide: Cambodia & Laos: Cambodia & Laos"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7566-8426-6","url_text":"978-0-7566-8426-6"}]},{"reference":"Geological Survey (US) (25 October 2010). Minerals Yearbook: Area Reports: International 2008: Asia and the Pacific. Government Printing Office. pp. 14–. ISBN 978-1-4113-2964-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DGuvgMVYS0wC&pg=SA14","url_text":"Minerals Yearbook: Area Reports: International 2008: Asia and the Pacific"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4113-2964-5","url_text":"978-1-4113-2964-5"}]},{"reference":"Levinson, David; Christensen, Karen (2002). Encyclopedia of modern Asia. Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 304. ISBN 978-0-684-31242-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FkwYAAAAIAAJ","url_text":"Encyclopedia of modern Asia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-31242-2","url_text":"978-0-684-31242-2"}]},{"reference":"Outlook Publishing (March 2008). Outlook Traveller. Outlook Publishing. pp. 58–.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=iDEEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT58","url_text":"Outlook Traveller"}]},{"reference":"White, Daniel (1 March 2010). Frommer's Cambodia and Laos. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 290–. ISBN 978-0-470-49778-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7RqcdCf6nMkC&pg=PA290","url_text":"Frommer's Cambodia and Laos"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-49778-4","url_text":"978-0-470-49778-4"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Butroid
Lewis Butroid
["1 Career","1.1 Scunthorpe United","1.2 Non-League","2 Career statistics","3 Honours","4 References","5 External links"]
English footballer Lewis ButroidPersonal informationFull name Lewis Malcolm ButroidDate of birth (1998-09-17) 17 September 1998 (age 25)Place of birth Gainsborough, EnglandHeight 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in)Position(s) Left backTeam informationCurrent team Farsley CelticYouth career2007–2016 Scunthorpe UnitedSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)2016–2021 Scunthorpe United 18 (0)2020 → Spennymoor Town (loan) 4 (0)2021 → Hereford (loan) 0 (0)2021–2022 Gainsborough Trinity 14 (1)2022 Worksop Town 5 (1)2022–2023 Farsley Celtic 15 (0)2023– Gainsborough Trinity 0 (0) *Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 00:11, 25 May 2023 (UTC) Lewis Malcolm Butroid (born 17 September 1998) is an English professional footballer who plays as a left back for Gainsborough Trinity. Career Scunthorpe United Born in Gainsborough, Butroid joined Scunthorpe United's academy in 2007 at the age of nine. After progressing through the youth setup, he made his first team debut on 30 August 2016 by starting in a 2–1 home win against Middlesbrough U23 for the EFL Trophy. On 26 January 2017, Butroid signed a professional 18-month deal with the Iron. He made his Football League debut on 23 September, playing the full 90 minutes in a 2–0 home success over Portsmouth. He joined National League North side Spennymoor Town on loan in January 2020, but was recalled in February 2020 after making four appearances. On 27 February 2021, Butroid joined National League North side Hereford on loan. He was released by Scunthorpe when his contract expired, at the end of the 2020-2021 season. Non-League On 20 August 2021, Butroid signed a contract for his hometown club Gainsborough Trinity, having previously been on trial with Grimsby Town. On 18 January 2022, Butroid signed for Worksop Town. On 22 February 2022, Butroid signed for National League North side Farsley Celtic. Career statistics As of match played 29 September 2020 Appearances and goals by club, season and competition Club Season League FA Cup EFL Cup Other Total Division Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Scunthorpe United 2016–17 League One 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 2017–18 League One 7 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 11 0 2018–19 League One 6 0 1 0 1 0 2 0 10 0 2019–20 League Two 4 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 5 0 2020–21 League Two 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 3 0 Total 18 0 1 0 2 0 9 0 30 0 Spennymoor Town (loan) 2019–20 National League North 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 Hereford (loan) 2020–21 National League North 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Career total 22 0 1 0 2 0 9 0 34 0 ^ a b c d e Appearance(s) in EFL Trophy Honours Individual League One Apprentice of the Year: 2016–17 References ^ "EFL: Club list of registered players" (PDF). English Football League. 20 May 2017. p. 62. Retrieved 13 August 2017. ^ a b c d Lewis Butroid at Soccerway. Retrieved 17 October 2020. ^ a b "Lewis Butroid - LFE League One Apprentice of the Year 2016-17". SUFC Academy. 13 September 2017. Retrieved 26 April 2018. ^ "Butroid and Kesley sign professional terms". Scunthorpe United FC. 26 January 2017. Retrieved 26 April 2018. ^ "Scunthorpe United 2–0 Portsmouth". BBC Sport. 23 September 2017. Retrieved 26 April 2018. ^ Wilson, Charlie (10 January 2020). "Scunthorpe United left-back Lewis Butroid sent out on loan". Grimsby Telegraph. Retrieved 17 October 2020. ^ "Butroid recalled by Scunthorpe". Spennymoor Town FC. 8 February 2020. Retrieved 17 October 2020. ^ Griffiths, Jamie (27 February 2021). "Bulls bring in Butroid on loan". Hereford FC. Retrieved 27 February 2021. ^ Green, Trevor (13 May 2021). "Scunthorpe United release 17 players including several key men". Grimsby Telegraph. Retrieved 6 July 2021. ^ "Lewis Butroid Boosts Buoyant Blues - Gainsborough Trinity Football Club". ^ "Gainsborough defender departs to Worksop - the Pitching in Northern Premier League". ^ "Lewis Butroid signs for Farsley". Farsley Celtic FC. 22 February 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022. External links Lewis Butroid profile at the official Scunthorpe United website Lewis Butroid at Soccerbase This biographical article related to association football in England, about a defender born in the 1990s, is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"left back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defender_(association_football)#Full-back"},{"link_name":"Gainsborough Trinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gainsborough_Trinity_F.C."}],"text":"Lewis Malcolm Butroid (born 17 September 1998) is an English professional footballer who plays as a left back for Gainsborough Trinity.","title":"Lewis Butroid"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gainsborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gainsborough,_Lincolnshire"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-soccerway-2"},{"link_name":"Scunthorpe United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scunthorpe_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-App-3"},{"link_name":"Middlesbrough U23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlesbrough_F.C._Reserves_and_Academy"},{"link_name":"EFL Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFL_Trophy"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Portsmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth_F.C."},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"National League North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_League_North"},{"link_name":"Spennymoor Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spennymoor_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-soccerway-2"},{"link_name":"National League North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_League_North"},{"link_name":"Hereford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereford_F.C."},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Scunthorpe United","text":"Born in Gainsborough,[2] Butroid joined Scunthorpe United's academy in 2007 at the age of nine.[3] After progressing through the youth setup, he made his first team debut on 30 August 2016 by starting in a 2–1 home win against Middlesbrough U23 for the EFL Trophy.On 26 January 2017, Butroid signed a professional 18-month deal with the Iron.[4] He made his Football League debut on 23 September, playing the full 90 minutes in a 2–0 home success over Portsmouth.[5]He joined National League North side Spennymoor Town on loan in January 2020,[6] but was recalled in February 2020[7] after making four appearances.[2]On 27 February 2021, Butroid joined National League North side Hereford on loan.[8] He was released by Scunthorpe when his contract expired, at the end of the 2020-2021 season.[9]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gainsborough Trinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gainsborough_Trinity_F.C."},{"link_name":"Grimsby Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimsby_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Worksop Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worksop_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"National League North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_League_North"},{"link_name":"Farsley Celtic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farsley_Celtic_F.C."},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Non-League","text":"On 20 August 2021, Butroid signed a contract for his hometown club Gainsborough Trinity, having previously been on trial with Grimsby Town.[10]On 18 January 2022, Butroid signed for Worksop Town.[11]On 22 February 2022, Butroid signed for National League North side Farsley Celtic.[12]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-soccerway-2"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EFLT_13-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EFLT_13-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EFLT_13-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EFLT_13-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EFLT_13-4"},{"link_name":"EFL Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFL_Trophy"}],"text":"As of match played 29 September 2020[2]^ a b c d e Appearance(s) in EFL Trophy","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"League One Apprentice of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Apprentice_of_the_Year#League_One"},{"link_name":"2016–17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_EFL_Championship"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-App-3"}],"text":"IndividualLeague One Apprentice of the Year: 2016–17[3]","title":"Honours"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Maria_Janssens
Anna Maria Janssens
["1 References"]
Anna Maria JanssensStill life of flowers in a glass vase, 100 x 67 cm, signedBornc. 1609Died1668 (aged 62–63)NationalityFlemishOccupationPainterSpouseJan Brueghel the Younger (m. 1626)Children11, including Abraham, Philips, and Jan PieterParentAbraham Janssens (father) Anna Maria Janssens (circa 1609 – 1668) may have been a Flemish painter. She was the daughter of the famous Flemish painter Abraham Janssens and on 5 July 1626 married the painter Jan Brueghel the Younger with whom she had eleven children. Her mother was Sara Goetkint, the daughter of Peter Goetkint the Elder, also a painter and the second teacher of Jan Brueghel the Elder, the father of her husband. Her exact date of birth is unknown but in a legal document of 1651, she is mentioned as having been 42 years old at the time, which would put her birth in c. 1609, rather than c. 1605, as suggested earlier. That would mean that she married young, around 17 years old. She is generally identified as the painter of a signed but undated painting, Still life of Flowers in a Glass Vase, which was published by Ralph Warner in 1928. As Marie-Louise Hairs noted in 1985, and more recently Fred G. Meijer in 2013, these flowers are reminiscent of the work of another Flemish still-life painter, Alexander Adriaenssen. No contemporary document refers to the daughter of Abraham Janssens/wife of Jan Brueghel the Younger as ‘painter’ and she was not registered as member of the Antwerp guild of Saint Luke. We hear of her in 1644, when she is one of the beneficiaries in the will of her mother at her death. Sara Goetkint leaves her living children a number of paintings by her late husband. Furthermore, Anna Janssens is mentioned in 1651, when she is asked to testify in a legal suit at the request of her sister-in-law Catharina Goetkint-Brueghel. In the papers of the Antwerp guild she is only referred to after her death in connection with the payment of death dues by her widower in (1667-)1668: “Ontfanck van de doodtschulden (Anna-Maria Janssens,) de huysvrouwe van mendeken. Breugel (Jan Brueghel II, schilder). 3. 4.” She was still alive but seriously ill on 11 March 1668, as is testified by another archival document. It is unclear whether she still worked as a painter after her marriage and the birth of her first children. Apart from the fact that she is not documented as a painter, in the early modern period, most female artists in Flanders with a serious career remained childless and the majority even remained unmarried, for instance Michaelina Wautier, Catharina Ykens, and the three daughters of Jan Philip van Thielen, Anna Maria, Francisca Catharina and Maria Theresia van Thielen. Biographical details on the most famous Flemish woman artist of the 17th century, Clara Peeters, are inconclusive. On the contrary, Rachel Ruysch continued to paint and produce commissions throughout het marriage and adult life. She had 10 children, comparable to Anna Maria Janssens who had 11 children. Recently, two more paintings in the art trade were associated with Anna Janssens. The first, Garland of flowers around a medaillon with the Holy Family and a music making angel, sold at auction with Dorotheum, Vienna in 2020, is oddly inscribed below the central image: ANNA JANS. Also, the style of the flowers does not correspond with the way the fully signed bouquet is rendered, as also observed by Dr. Fred G. Meijer. Moreover, the painting appears to follow a composition from the studio of Frans Francken the Younger of which an example is in the Musée de Louvre, Paris. The same can be said of a second work, Extensive bouquet of mixed spring and summer flowers in a wooden tub beside a squirrel, sold at auction with Bonham's London in 2020. At the time, the painting was offered with an attribution to someone in the Workshop of Jan Brueghel the Younger, at the authority of Dr. Fred G. Meijer, but it later resurfaced with art dealer Florence de Voldère in Paris under the name of Anna Janssens, with no clear explanation for this change of attribution. Studio of Jan Brueghel the Younger or Anna Maria Janssens(?),Extensive bouquet of mixed spring and summer flowers in a wooden tub beside a squirrel Frans Francken the Younger, Studio of Jan Brueghel the Younger and Anna Maria Janssens(?),Garland of flowers around a medaillon with the Holy Family and a music making angel Frans Francken the Younger and Studio of Jan Brueghel the Younger, The Holy Family in a garland of flowers References ^ notice of marriage in a footnote to the published list of artist, the Liggeren ^ Frans J. Van den Branden, Geschiedenis der Antwerpsche schilderschool, Antwerp 1883, pp. 457 and 481 (in Dutch) ^ Karel van Mander, Het Schilder-Boeck, Haarlem 1604, fol. 233 verso (in Dutch). Abraham Janssens and Sara Goetkint had 8 children between 1603 and 1616. See also Van den Branden, op. cit. (note 2), p. 481 ^ Archival document in FelixArchief, Antwerp: Not. J.S. Le Rousseau, N 2474 f 217. See Godelieve Van Hemeldonck, Kunst en Kunstenaars. Notities betreffende beeldhouwers, geelgieters, tafereelmakers, tapijtwevers, borduurders, schilders. Met bijlagen over opleidings- en arbeidscontracten, kunstinventarissen, kunsthandel, beeldekensafzetters en wandtapijten, Antwerp 2007 (typescript, in Dutch) ^ Ralph Warner, Dutch and Flemish flower and fruit painters of the 17th and 18th centuries, London 1928, p. 116, plate 53a ^ Marie-Louise Hairs, Les peintres Flamands de fleurs au XVIIe siècle, Brussels 1985, pp. 236-237 (in French), fig. 63 and Fred G. Meijer, "Janssens, Anna (Anna Maria)”, in: Sauer/De Gruyter, Allgemeines Künstler Lexikon. Band 77: Izaguirre-Jerace, Berlin-Munich 2013 (in German) ^ Sam Segal & Klara Alen, Dutch and Flemish Flower Pieces. Paintings, Drawings and Prints up to the Nineteenth Century, 2 vols., Leiden and Boston 2020, part I, p. 329, note 162: ‘’Hairs states erroneously Anna Maria Janssens became a master of the Antwerp Guild of Saint Luke in 1640.’’ See also Hairs, op. cit. (note 6), p. 237. ^ Archival document (Not. Tossijn Guyot, 1644, fol. 278), mentioned in: Van den Branden, op. cit. (note 2), p. 482 ^ Archival document, see note 4 ^ Philippe Rombouts & Théodore Van Lerius, De Liggeren en andere historische archieven der Antwerpsche Sint Lucasgilde, 2 vols., Antwerp and The Hague 1864-1876, part II, p. 381. ^ Archival document in FelixArchief, Antwerp: Not. B. van der Linden, N 3861 f-. See Van Hemeldonck, op. cit. (note 4). Also mentioned by Van den Branden, op. cit. (note 2), p. 458. ^ Adriaan van der Willigen & Fred G. Meijer, A Dictionary of Dutch and Flemish Still-life Painters Working in Oils, 1525-1725, Leiden 2003, pp. 194-195, 215 and 223 ^ Segal & Alen, op. cit. (note 7), part 1, pp. 243-246 ^ Dorotheum, Vienna (10 nov 2020, lot 221): https://www.dorotheum.com/en/l/6938242/ ^ Inv. no. 1412, see https://collections.louvre.fr/en/ark:/53355/cl010066364 ^ Bonhams, London (4 July 2018, lot 61): https://www.bonhams.com/auction/24650/lot/62/workshop-of-jan-brueghel-the-younger-antwerp-1601-1678-an-extensive-bouquet-of-mixed-spring-and-summer-flowers-in-a-wooden-tub-beside-a-squirrel/ ^ https://quintessenceblog.com/tefaf-new-york-fall-2018/ ^ https://www.florencedevoldere.com Marie-Louise Hairs, Les peintres Flamands de fleurs au XVIIe siècle, Brussels 1985, pages 236-7 Adriaan van der Willigen & Fred G. Meijer, A Dictionary of Dutch and Flemish Still-life Painters Working in Oils, 1525-1725, Leiden 2003, page 117 Fred G. Meijer, "Janssens, Anna (Anna Maria)”, in: Sauer/De Gruyter, Allgemeines Künstler Lexikon. Band 77: Izaguirre-Jerace, Berlin and Munich 2013 Sam Segal & Klara Alen, Dutch and Flemish Flower Pieces. Paintings, Drawings and Prints up to the Nineteenth Century, 2 vols., Leiden and Boston 2020, part I, page 329 Authority control databases Artists RKD Artists People Netherlands
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Flemish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habsburg_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Abraham Janssens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Janssens"},{"link_name":"Jan Brueghel the Younger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Brueghel_the_Younger"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liggeren-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Marie-Louise Hairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie-Louise_Hairs"},{"link_name":"Alexander Adriaenssen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Adriaenssen"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Antwerp guild of Saint Luke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guild_of_Saint_Luke"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Michaelina Wautier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michaelina_Wautier"},{"link_name":"Catharina Ykens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catarina_Ykens_(II)"},{"link_name":"Jan Philip van Thielen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Philip_van_Thielen"},{"link_name":"Maria Theresia van Thielen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Theresia_van_Thielen"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Clara Peeters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Peeters"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Rachel Ruysch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Ruysch"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Frans Francken the Younger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans_Francken_the_Younger"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Jan Brueghel the Younger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Brueghel_the_Younger"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anna_Maria_Janssens_or_Jan_Brueghel_the_Younger_(workshop)_-_Extensive_bouquet_of_mixed_spring_and_summer_flowers_in_a_wooden_tub_beside_a_squirrel.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anna_Janssens_-_A_garland_of_flowers_around_a_medaillon_with_the_Holy_Family_and_a_music_making_angel.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FransFranckenII_Louvre_1412.jpg"}],"text":"Anna Maria Janssens (circa 1609 – 1668) may have been a Flemish painter.She was the daughter of the famous Flemish painter Abraham Janssens and on 5 July 1626 married the painter Jan Brueghel the Younger with whom she had eleven children.[1][2] Her mother was Sara Goetkint, the daughter of Peter Goetkint the Elder, also a painter and the second teacher of Jan Brueghel the Elder, the father of her husband.[3] Her exact date of birth is unknown but in a legal document of 1651, she is mentioned as having been 42 years old at the time, which would put her birth in c. 1609, rather than c. 1605, as suggested earlier.[4] That would mean that she married young, around 17 years old.She is generally identified as the painter of a signed but undated painting, Still life of Flowers in a Glass Vase, which was published by Ralph Warner in 1928.[5] As Marie-Louise Hairs noted in 1985, and more recently Fred G. Meijer in 2013, these flowers are reminiscent of the work of another Flemish still-life painter, Alexander Adriaenssen.[6]No contemporary document refers to the daughter of Abraham Janssens/wife of Jan Brueghel the Younger as ‘painter’ and she was not registered as member of the Antwerp guild of Saint Luke.[7] We hear of her in 1644, when she is one of the beneficiaries in the will of her mother at her death. Sara Goetkint leaves her living children a number of paintings by her late husband.[8] Furthermore, Anna Janssens is mentioned in 1651, when she is asked to testify in a legal suit at the request of her sister-in-law Catharina Goetkint-Brueghel.[9] In the papers of the Antwerp guild she is only referred to after her death in connection with the payment of death dues by her widower in (1667-)1668: “Ontfanck van de doodtschulden (Anna-Maria Janssens,) de huysvrouwe van mendeken. Breugel (Jan Brueghel II, schilder). 3. 4.”[10] She was still alive but seriously ill on 11 March 1668, as is testified by another archival document.[11]It is unclear whether she still worked as a painter after her marriage and the birth of her first children. Apart from the fact that she is not documented as a painter, in the early modern period, most female artists in Flanders with a serious career remained childless and the majority even remained unmarried, for instance Michaelina Wautier, Catharina Ykens, and the three daughters of Jan Philip van Thielen, Anna Maria, Francisca Catharina and Maria Theresia van Thielen.[12] Biographical details on the most famous Flemish woman artist of the 17th century, Clara Peeters, are inconclusive.[13] On the contrary, Rachel Ruysch continued to paint and produce commissions throughout het marriage and adult life. She had 10 children, comparable to Anna Maria Janssens who had 11 children.Recently, two more paintings in the art trade were associated with Anna Janssens. The first, Garland of flowers around a medaillon with the Holy Family and a music making angel, sold at auction with Dorotheum, Vienna in 2020, is oddly inscribed below the central image: ANNA JANS. Also, the style of the flowers does not correspond with the way the fully signed bouquet is rendered, as also observed by Dr. Fred G. Meijer.[14] Moreover, the painting appears to follow a composition from the studio of Frans Francken the Younger of which an example is in the Musée de Louvre, Paris.[15] The same can be said of a second work, Extensive bouquet of mixed spring and summer flowers in a wooden tub beside a squirrel, sold at auction with Bonham's London in 2020.[16] At the time, the painting was offered with an attribution to someone in the Workshop of Jan Brueghel the Younger, at the authority of Dr. Fred G. Meijer, but it later resurfaced with art dealer Florence de Voldère in Paris under the name of Anna Janssens, with no clear explanation for this change of attribution.[17][18]Studio of Jan Brueghel the Younger or Anna Maria Janssens(?),Extensive bouquet of mixed spring and summer flowers in a wooden tub beside a squirrel\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFrans Francken the Younger, Studio of Jan Brueghel the Younger and Anna Maria Janssens(?),Garland of flowers around a medaillon with the Holy Family and a music making angel\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFrans Francken the Younger and Studio of Jan Brueghel the Younger, The Holy Family in a garland of flowers","title":"Anna Maria Janssens"}]
[]
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[]
[{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/deliggerenenand00lukagoog/page/631/mode/1up","external_links_name":"notice of marriage"},{"Link":"https://www.dorotheum.com/en/l/6938242/","external_links_name":"https://www.dorotheum.com/en/l/6938242/"},{"Link":"https://collections.louvre.fr/en/ark:/53355/cl010066364","external_links_name":"https://collections.louvre.fr/en/ark:/53355/cl010066364"},{"Link":"https://www.bonhams.com/auction/24650/lot/62/workshop-of-jan-brueghel-the-younger-antwerp-1601-1678-an-extensive-bouquet-of-mixed-spring-and-summer-flowers-in-a-wooden-tub-beside-a-squirrel/","external_links_name":"https://www.bonhams.com/auction/24650/lot/62/workshop-of-jan-brueghel-the-younger-antwerp-1601-1678-an-extensive-bouquet-of-mixed-spring-and-summer-flowers-in-a-wooden-tub-beside-a-squirrel/"},{"Link":"https://quintessenceblog.com/tefaf-new-york-fall-2018/","external_links_name":"https://quintessenceblog.com/tefaf-new-york-fall-2018/"},{"Link":"https://www.florencedevoldere.com/","external_links_name":"https://www.florencedevoldere.com"},{"Link":"https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/41924","external_links_name":"RKD Artists"},{"Link":"http://www.biografischportaal.nl/en/persoon/35804410","external_links_name":"Netherlands"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamkhambhaliya
Jamkhambhaliya
["1 History","2 Demographics","3 Geography","4 Culture","5 Economy","6 Connectivity","7 References"]
Coordinates: 22°12′N 69°39′E / 22.200°N 69.650°E / 22.200; 69.650 This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Jamkhambhaliya" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Town in Gujarat, IndiaJamkhambhaliya KhambhaliaTownClock Tower, JamkhambhaliyaNickname: KhambhaliaJamkhambhaliyaLocation in Gujarat, IndiaCoordinates: 22°12′N 69°39′E / 22.200°N 69.650°E / 22.200; 69.650Country IndiaStateGujaratDistrictDevbhoomi Dwarka districtGovernment • TypeCivic body • BodyNagar PalikaPopulation (2011) • Total100,000Languages • OfficialGujarati, Hindi,SindhiTime zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)PIN361305STD Code02833-XXXXXXVehicle registrationGJ 37 Jamkhambhaliya, also known as Khambhalia, is a town and a municipality in Devbhoomi Dwarka district of Gujarat, India. It is the headquarters and the largest town of the district. History Dwarka Gate Government Taluka Library located near Hajam Pada The ancient town of Khambhalia ruled by the Vaghela clan. The Jam Shahib of Nawanagar conquered it from them. It had served as the capital of Nawanagar State when Nawanagar was under Mughal rule. The old town is fortified and has bastions at the intervals. It is built about 350 years ago. There are five gates; Nagar gate, Por gate, Jodhpur gate, Salaya gate and Dwarka gate. The old temples in the town include Ramnath, Kamnath, Ashapuri Mata, Kalyanraiji and Jadeshwar Mahadev temples. Other important religious places are Mahaprabhu's Bethak and Ajmer Pir Dargah. Demographics Khambhalia has a population of approximately 100,000. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Khambhalia has an average literacy rate of 30%. In Khambhalia, 13% of the population is under 6 years of age. Geography Khambhalia is situated on the raising ground. The town is located on the banks of Ghee and Teli rivers. Culture Near Ramnath temple, on the bank of river, an annual fair is held on the last three days of Shravana month. The annual fair is also organised at Shiru lake. Economy Khambhalia was well known for its iron smiths. The Gujarat Essar Power owned powerhouse was established in 2011. There are several oil mills near the town. Ivory bangles and handlooms were major handicrafts. Ghee, cottonseed and groundnuts are major trade commodities. Essar oil refinery and Reliance Refinery are major petroleum refineries near the town. There is a general hospital and new district hospital is coming up. The town had several schools, veterinary hospital and a government library. Connectivity Khambhalia railway station is situated on Viramgam-Okha broad gauge line. There is a branch line from it to Salaya port. The town is connected to all major cities of Gujarat by state road transport GSRTC. References ^ "Jamkhambhaliya", Gujarat Updates ^ a b c d e f Gujarat (1970). Gazetteers: Jamnagar District. Directorate of Government Print., Stationery and Publications. p. 267.
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[{"image_text":"Dwarka Gate","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Dwarka_Gate_Khambhaliya.jpg/220px-Dwarka_Gate_Khambhaliya.jpg"},{"image_text":"Government Taluka Library located near Hajam Pada","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Government_Library_of_Jamkhambhaliya.jpg/220px-Government_Library_of_Jamkhambhaliya.jpg"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legend_of_Tank_Commander_Nishizumi
The Story of Tank Commander Nishizumi
["1 Cast","2 Historical background","3 Legacy","4 References","5 Further reading"]
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "The Story of Tank Commander Nishizumi" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (October 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 1940 Japanese filmThe Story of Tank Commander NishizumiDirected byKōzaburō YoshimuraStarringShin SaburiKen UeharaMichiko KuwanoRelease date 1940 (1940) CountryJapanLanguageJapanese The Story of Tank Commander Nishizumi (西住戦車長伝, Nishizumi senshachō den), a.k.a. The Legend of Tank Commander Nishizumi, is a 1940 Japanese war film directed by Kōzaburō Yoshimura. It is based on a true story of the Sino-Japanese war involving Japanese war hero Kojirō Nishizumi, commander in the First Tank Regiment. To make the film, Yoshimura toured the actual battlefields in China. Cast Shin Saburi Ken Uehara Michiko Kuwano Historical background This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Following his death during the Battle of Xuzhou in 1938, Nishizumi was declared Japan’s first "gunshin", or War God. His career became the subject of legend and widespread praise throughout Japan, spawning numerous biographies, songs, and novels in his honor. The Legend of Tank Commander Nishizumi was promoted by the Japanese Ministry of the Army and the Ministry of Education upon its release in 1940. Legacy Cinema theorist Kate Taylor-Jones suggests that along with films like Mud and Soldiers and Chocolate and Soldiers, The Legend of Tank Commander Nishizumi offered "a vision of the noble, obedient and honourable Japanese army fighting to defend the Emperor and Japan." References ^ "西住戦車長伝". www.kinenote.com (in Japanese). Retrieved 31 October 2022. ^ High, Peter B. (January 2003). The Imperial Screen: Japanese Film Culture in the Fifteen Years' War, 1931-1945. University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 211–217. ISBN 978-0-299-18134-5. ^ Taylor-Jones, Kate (16 July 2013). Rising Sun, Divided Land: Japanese and South Korean Filmmakers. Wallflower Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-231-16586-0. Further reading Desser, David (1995). "From the Opium War to the Pacific War: Japanese Propaganda Films of World War II". Film History. 7 (1): 32–48. ISSN 0892-2160. JSTOR 3815159. "World War II in Asia and the Pacific and the War's Aftermath, with General Themes: A Handbook of Literature and Research". The SHAFR Guide Online. doi:10.1163/2468-1733_shafr_sim130040009. Retrieved 18 April 2022. This article related to a Japanese film of the 1940s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_de_Medinaceli
Duke of Medinaceli
["1 History","2 Counts of Medinaceli","3 Dukes of Medinaceli","4 Biographies","4.1 1st Duke of Medinaceli","4.2 2nd Duke of Medinaceli","4.3 3rd Duke of Medinaceli","4.4 4th Duke of Medinaceli","4.5 5th Duke of Medinaceli","4.6 6th Duke of Medinaceli","4.7 7th Duke of Medinaceli","4.8 8th Duke of Medinaceli","4.9 9th Duke of Medinaceli","5 References"]
Spanish nobility title This article may be confusing or unclear to readers. Please help clarify the article. There might be a discussion about this on the talk page. (November 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Dukedom of MedinaceliCreation date1479Created byFerdinand II and Isabella IPeeragePeerage of SpainFirst holderLuis de la Cerda y de la Vega, 5th Count of MedinaceliPresent holderPrincess Victoria of Hohenlohe-Langenburg, 20th Duchess of Medinaceli Duke of Medinaceli (pronounced ) is an hereditary title in the peerage of Spain, accompanied by the dignity of Grandee. The Catholic Monarchs, Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile, created the title and awarded it on 31 October 1479 to Luis de la Cerda y de la Vega. He also held the title of 5th Count of Medinaceli, which was first awarded in 1368 to his ancestor, Bernal de Foix. History The Ducal Palace (Palacio Ducal) at Medinaceli In 1368, the King of the Crown of Castile bestowed the title of Count of Medinaceli on Bernal de Foix, the second husband of Isabel de la Cerda. Their grandson Luis, 3rd Count of Medinaceli, eventually inherited the title and changed his family name to "de la Cerda". Later on, Queen Isabella I of Castile raised the title from Count to Duke in 1479 for Luis de la Cerda y de la Vega, 5th Count of Medinaceli. Counts of Medinaceli Bernal de Foix, 1st Count of Medinaceli (d. 1381). He took the side of the royal bastard Henry of Trastámara in 1368 against Henry's legitimate half-brother, King Peter of Castile. A bastard of Gaston III, Count of Foix, Bernal de Foix chose to stay in Castile when Henry had King Peter executed in March 1369 at the Castle of Montiel. He was the second husband of the wealthy Isabel de la Cerda, who was of legitimate royal descent from King Alfonso X of Castile through her grandfather. Gastón de Béarn y de la Cerda, 2nd Count of Medinaceli (c. 1371–1404). He was a courtier under King John I of Castile and Henry III of Castile. Luis de la Cerda y Mendoza, 3rd Count of Medinaceli (bef. 1404 – after 1447). He was a courtier under King John II of Castile. Gastón I de la Cerda, 4th Count of Medinaceli (1414–1454). He was a courtier of King John II of Castile. Luis de la Cerda y de la Vega, 5th Count of Medinaceli (c. 1442–1501). On 31 October 1479, he became the 1st Duke of Medinaceli. Dukes of Medinaceli The heraldic achievement of the Ducal House of Medinaceli Standard of the Ducal House of Medinaceli Title holder Period Created by Ferdinand II and Isabella I 1st Duke Luis de la Cerda y de la Vega 1479–1501 2nd Duke Juan de la Cerda y Bique de Orejón 1501–1544 3rd Duke Gastón de la Cerda y Portugal 1544–1552 4th Duke Juan de la Cerda y Silva 1552–1575 5th Duke Juan de la Cerda y Portugal 1575–1594 6th Duke Juan de la Cerda y Aragón 1594–1607 7th Duke Antonio de la Cerda y Dávila 1607–1671 8th Duke Juan Francisco de la Cerda y Enríquez de Ribera 1671–1691 9th Duke Luis Francisco de la Cerda y Aragón 1691–1711 10th Duke Nicolás Fernández de Córdoba y de la Cerda 1711–1739 11th Duke Luis Fernández de Córdoba y Spínola 1739–1768 12th Duke Pedro de Alcántara Fernández de Córdoba y Montcada 1768–1789 13th Duke Luis Fernández de Córdoba y Gonzaga 1789–1806 14th Duke Luis Fernández de Córdoba y Benavides 1806–1840 15th Duke Luis Fernández de Córdoba y Ponce de León 1840–1873 16th Duke Luis Fernández de Córdoba y Pérez de Barradas 1873–1879 17th Duke Luis Fernández de Córdoba y Salabert 1880–1956 18th Duchess Victoria Eugenia Fernández de Córdoba 1956–2013 19th Duke Prince Marco of Hohenlohe-Langenburg 2013–2016 20th Duchess Princess Victoria of Hohenlohe-Langenburg 2017–present Biographies 1st Duke of Medinaceli Luis de la Cerda y de la Vega, 1st Duke of Medinaceli (c. 1442–1501), Count in 1454 and Duke in 1479, was the first person awarded the title of "Duke of Medinaceli". He fought in battles against Portugal and the Moorish Kingdom of Granada. 2nd Duke of Medinaceli Duke Juan I de la Cerda y Vique, the 2nd Duke of Medinaceli, was a bastard who was legitimated with Grandee by the Spanish Crown in 1520. He was a courtier under Queen Isabella I of Castile, her daughter Queen Joanna of Castile, and her son King Charles I of Spain. He took part in the battles for the "incorporation" of the Kingdom of Navarre on behalf of Ferdinand II of Aragon, the grandfather of King Charles I of Spain. 3rd Duke of Medinaceli Duke Gastón de la Cerda y Portugal, died without issue. He married María Gómez Sarmiento, daughter of the 3rd Count of Salinas and Count of Ribadeo. 4th Duke of Medinaceli Main article: Juan de la Cerda, 4th Duke of Medinaceli Juan de la Cerda, 4th Duke of Medinaceli, was Viceroy of Sicily (1556–1564), and Captain General of Sicily. He was later Viceroy of Navarra (1567–1572). He married Juana Manuel de Portugal (ca. 1520-1568), daughter of Sancho I de Noronha Portugal, 2nd Count of Faro on 7 April 1541, at Ocaña. 5th Duke of Medinaceli Duke Juan III Luis de la Cerda y Manuel de Portugal, 5th Duke of Medinaceli, was an Ambassador in Portugal and a Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece. He was married four times. His first wife, Isabella d'Aragona (bef. 1543 - August 1578) was the daughter of Antonio d'Aragona, (1506–1543). His second wife was Duca di Montalto and after 1578, he married Juana de la Lama. His 4th wife was Marquesa de la Adrada, daughter of Gonzalo Fernández de la Lama. 6th Duke of Medinaceli Duke Juan Luis de la Cerda y Aragón, 6th Duke of Medinaceli (20 May 1569 - 24 November 1607) was a Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece. He was an Ambassador to Germanic countries. He married twice, the first time in 1564, to Ana de la Cueva, daughter of the 5th Duque de Albuquerque, Gabriel de la Cueva, Governor of the Duchy of Milano (Italy). He got married for a second time in 1606, to Antonia Dávila y Colonna (d. 29 October 1625), daughter of Gómez Dávila y de Toledo, the 2nd Marqués de Velada (d. 30 January 1599), tutor of King Philip III of Spain. 7th Duke of Medinaceli Duke Antonio Juan de la Cerda y Toledo (25 October 1607 – 7 March 1671), 7th Duque de Medinaceli, Grandee of Spain, and Captain General of Valencia in 1641. He was married at the age of seventeen to Ana Francisca Luisa Enriquez de Ribera y Portocarrero, who was thirteen years of age. The marriage took place on November 28, 1625, in Dos Hermanas, province of Sevilla. Ana Francisca Luisa Enríquez de Ribera y Portocarrero (bef. 19 September 1613 - 21 May 1645) was later granted the title of hereditary 5th Duquesa de Alcalá de los Gazules, as daughter of Pedro Enríquez Girón de Ribera, a Knight of the Military Order of Santiago. 8th Duke of Medinaceli Juan Francisco de la Cerda y Portocarrero, 8th Duke of Medinaceli, (4 November 1637– 20 February 1691) was a Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece. He was the Prime Minister of King Charles II of Spain. Medinaceli's strategies "produced fierce antipathy" between Marie-Louise of Orleans, the new Queen of Spain. He firmly believed in the rivalry of France and Spain and considered France the enemy. Therefore, he tried to isolate the young Queen from any french influence. In 1681, Medinaceli managed to have the Marquis of Villars, the french ambassador, removed from the spanish court. In 1685 he fell from power and was replaced by Manual Joaquín Álvarez de Toledo, 8th Count of Oropesa. He was married at the age of sixteen to eighteen-year-old Catalina Antonia de Aragón y Folch de Cardona, 9th Duchess of Cardona, 5th Duchess of Lerma, 8th Duchess of Segorbe, on 1 May 1653 in Lucena, Province of Córdoba. 9th Duke of Medinaceli Duke Luis Francisco Tomás de la Cerda y de Aragón - Folch de Cardona, (1654 - in prison, in Pamplona fortress, 1711), was the 9th Duque de Medinaceli, 10th Duque de Cardona, 6th Duque de Lerma, 7th Duque de Alcalá de los Gazules, and 9th Duque de Segorbe. References ^ Boletín Oficial del Estado (BOE) - 22 May 2017 ^ a b Borgognoni, Ezequiel. "The Royal Household of Marie-Louise of Orleans, 1679 - 1689: The struggle over Executive Offices". The Court Historian. 23: 166–181.
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The Catholic Monarchs, Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile, created the title and awarded it on 31 October 1479 to Luis de la Cerda y de la Vega. He also held the title of 5th Count of Medinaceli, which was first awarded in 1368 to his ancestor, Bernal de Foix.","title":"Duke of Medinaceli"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:03180041_S.JPG"},{"link_name":"Medinaceli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medinaceli"},{"link_name":"Crown of Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Bernal de Foix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernal_de_Foix,_1st_Count_of_Medinaceli"},{"link_name":"Isabel de la Cerda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabel_de_la_Cerda"},{"link_name":"de la Cerda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_la_Cerda"},{"link_name":"Isabella I of Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_I_of_Castile"}],"text":"The Ducal Palace (Palacio Ducal) at MedinaceliIn 1368, the King of the Crown of Castile bestowed the title of Count of Medinaceli on Bernal de Foix, the second husband of Isabel de la Cerda. Their grandson Luis, 3rd Count of Medinaceli, eventually inherited the title and changed his family name to \"de la Cerda\". Later on, Queen Isabella I of Castile raised the title from Count to Duke in 1479 for Luis de la Cerda y de la Vega, 5th Count of Medinaceli.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bernal de Foix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernal_de_Foix,_1st_Count_of_Medinaceli"},{"link_name":"Henry of Trastámara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_II_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Peter of Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Gaston III, Count of Foix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_III,_Count_of_Foix"},{"link_name":"Isabel de la Cerda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabel_de_la_Cerda"},{"link_name":"Alfonso X of Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_X_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"John I of Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_I_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Henry III of Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_III_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"John II of Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_II_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"John II of Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_II_of_Castile"}],"text":"Bernal de Foix, 1st Count of Medinaceli (d. 1381). He took the side of the royal bastard Henry of Trastámara in 1368 against Henry's legitimate half-brother, King Peter of Castile. A bastard of Gaston III, Count of Foix, Bernal de Foix chose to stay in Castile when Henry had King Peter executed in March 1369 at the Castle of Montiel. He was the second husband of the wealthy Isabel de la Cerda, who was of legitimate royal descent from King Alfonso X of Castile through her grandfather.\nGastón de Béarn y de la Cerda, 2nd Count of Medinaceli (c. 1371–1404). He was a courtier under King John I of Castile and Henry III of Castile.\nLuis de la Cerda y Mendoza, 3rd Count of Medinaceli (bef. 1404 – after 1447). He was a courtier under King John II of Castile.\nGastón I de la Cerda, 4th Count of Medinaceli (1414–1454). He was a courtier of King John II of Castile.\nLuis de la Cerda y de la Vega, 5th Count of Medinaceli (c. 1442–1501). On 31 October 1479, he became the 1st Duke of Medinaceli.","title":"Counts of Medinaceli"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ducal_House_of_Medinaceli_Coat_of_Arms.jpg"},{"link_name":"heraldic achievement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraldic_achievement"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Standard_of_the_Dukedom_of_Medinaceli.svg"}],"text":"The heraldic achievement of the Ducal House of MedinaceliStandard of the Ducal House of Medinaceli","title":"Dukes of Medinaceli"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Biographies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kingdom of Granada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Granada"}],"sub_title":"1st Duke of Medinaceli","text":"Luis de la Cerda y de la Vega, 1st Duke of Medinaceli (c. 1442–1501), Count in 1454 and Duke in 1479, was the first person awarded the title of \"Duke of Medinaceli\". He fought in battles against Portugal and the Moorish Kingdom of Granada.","title":"Biographies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grandee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandee"},{"link_name":"Isabella I of Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_I_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Joanna of Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanna_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Charles I of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_I_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Navarre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre"}],"sub_title":"2nd Duke of Medinaceli","text":"Duke Juan I de la Cerda y Vique, the 2nd Duke of Medinaceli, was a bastard who was legitimated with Grandee by the Spanish Crown in 1520. He was a courtier under Queen Isabella I of Castile, her daughter Queen Joanna of Castile, and her son King Charles I of Spain. He took part in the battles for the \"incorporation\" of the Kingdom of Navarre on behalf of Ferdinand II of Aragon, the grandfather of King Charles I of Spain.","title":"Biographies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gastón de la Cerda y Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gast%C3%B3n_de_la_Cerda,_3rd_Duke_of_Medinaceli"}],"sub_title":"3rd Duke of Medinaceli","text":"Duke Gastón de la Cerda y Portugal, died without issue. He married María Gómez Sarmiento, daughter of the 3rd Count of Salinas and Count of Ribadeo.","title":"Biographies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Juan de la Cerda, 4th Duke of Medinaceli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_de_la_Cerda,_4th_Duke_of_Medinaceli"},{"link_name":"Viceroy of Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viceroy_of_Sicily"},{"link_name":"Viceroy of Navarra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viceroy_of_Navarra"},{"link_name":"Count of Faro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_of_Faro"},{"link_name":"Ocaña","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oca%C3%B1a,_Spain"}],"sub_title":"4th Duke of Medinaceli","text":"Juan de la Cerda, 4th Duke of Medinaceli, was Viceroy of Sicily (1556–1564), and Captain General of Sicily. He was later Viceroy of Navarra (1567–1572). He married Juana Manuel de Portugal (ca. 1520-1568), daughter of Sancho I de Noronha Portugal, 2nd Count of Faro on 7 April 1541, at Ocaña.","title":"Biographies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Juan III Luis de la Cerda y Manuel de Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_de_la_Cerda,_5th_Duke_of_Medinaceli"},{"link_name":"Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_of_the_Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece"},{"link_name":"Isabella d'Aragona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_d%27Aragona"}],"sub_title":"5th Duke of Medinaceli","text":"Duke Juan III Luis de la Cerda y Manuel de Portugal, 5th Duke of Medinaceli, was an Ambassador in Portugal and a Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece. He was married four times. His first wife, Isabella d'Aragona (bef. 1543 - August 1578) was the daughter of Antonio d'Aragona, (1506–1543). His second wife was Duca di Montalto and after 1578, he married Juana de la Lama. His 4th wife was Marquesa de la Adrada, daughter of Gonzalo Fernández de la Lama.","title":"Biographies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Juan Luis de la Cerda y Aragón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_de_la_Cerda,_6th_Duke_of_Medinaceli"},{"link_name":"Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_of_the_Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece"},{"link_name":"5th Duque de Albuquerque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_de_la_Cueva,_5th_Duke_of_Alburquerque"},{"link_name":"Gabriel de la Cueva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_de_la_Cueva"},{"link_name":"Philip III of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_III_of_Spain"}],"sub_title":"6th Duke of Medinaceli","text":"Duke Juan Luis de la Cerda y Aragón, 6th Duke of Medinaceli (20 May 1569 - 24 November 1607) was a Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece. He was an Ambassador to Germanic countries. He married twice, the first time in 1564, to Ana de la Cueva, daughter of the 5th Duque de Albuquerque, Gabriel de la Cueva, Governor of the Duchy of Milano (Italy). He got married for a second time in 1606, to Antonia Dávila y Colonna (d. 29 October 1625), daughter of Gómez Dávila y de Toledo, the 2nd Marqués de Velada (d. 30 January 1599), tutor of King Philip III of Spain.","title":"Biographies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Antonio Juan de la Cerda y Toledo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_de_la_Cerda,_7th_Duke_of_Medinaceli"},{"link_name":"Grandee of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandee_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Dos Hermanas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dos_Hermanas"},{"link_name":"province of Sevilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Sevilla"},{"link_name":"Duquesa de Alcalá de los Gazules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Alcal%C3%A1_de_los_Gazules"},{"link_name":"Knight of the Military Order of Santiago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_of_the_Military_Order_of_Santiago"}],"sub_title":"7th Duke of Medinaceli","text":"Duke Antonio Juan de la Cerda y Toledo (25 October 1607 – 7 March 1671), 7th Duque de Medinaceli, Grandee of Spain, and Captain General of Valencia in 1641. He was married at the age of seventeen to Ana Francisca Luisa Enriquez de Ribera y Portocarrero, who was thirteen years of age. The marriage took place on November 28, 1625, in Dos Hermanas, province of Sevilla. Ana Francisca Luisa Enríquez de Ribera y Portocarrero (bef. 19 September 1613 - 21 May 1645) was later granted the title of hereditary 5th Duquesa de Alcalá de los Gazules, as daughter of Pedro Enríquez Girón de Ribera, a Knight of the Military Order of Santiago.","title":"Biographies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Juan Francisco de la Cerda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Francisco_de_la_Cerda"},{"link_name":"Order of the Golden Fleece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece"},{"link_name":"Charles II of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Marie-Louise of Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Louise_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans"},{"link_name":"Marquis of Villars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_de_Villars"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Manual Joaquín Álvarez de Toledo, 8th Count of Oropesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Joaqu%C3%ADn_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Duchess of Cardona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Cardona"},{"link_name":"Duchess of Lerma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Lerma"},{"link_name":"Lucena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucena,_C%C3%B3rdoba"},{"link_name":"Province of Córdoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba_(Spanish_province)"}],"sub_title":"8th Duke of Medinaceli","text":"Juan Francisco de la Cerda y Portocarrero, 8th Duke of Medinaceli, (4 November 1637– 20 February 1691) was a Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece. He was the Prime Minister of King Charles II of Spain. Medinaceli's strategies \"produced fierce antipathy\" between Marie-Louise of Orleans, the new Queen of Spain. He firmly believed in the rivalry of France and Spain and considered France the enemy. Therefore, he tried to isolate the young Queen from any french influence. In 1681, Medinaceli managed to have the Marquis of Villars, the french ambassador, removed from the spanish court. [2]In 1685 he fell from power and was replaced by Manual Joaquín Álvarez de Toledo, 8th Count of Oropesa.[2]He was married at the age of sixteen to eighteen-year-old Catalina Antonia de Aragón y Folch de Cardona, 9th Duchess of Cardona, 5th Duchess of Lerma, 8th Duchess of Segorbe, on 1 May 1653 in Lucena, Province of Córdoba.","title":"Biographies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Luis Francisco Tomás de la Cerda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Francisco_Tom%C3%A1s_de_la_Cerda"},{"link_name":"Duque de Medinaceli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duque_de_Medinaceli"},{"link_name":"Duque de Cardona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duque_de_Cardona"}],"sub_title":"9th Duke of Medinaceli","text":"Duke Luis Francisco Tomás de la Cerda y de Aragón - Folch de Cardona, (1654 - in prison, in Pamplona fortress, 1711), was the 9th Duque de Medinaceli, 10th Duque de Cardona, 6th Duque de Lerma, 7th Duque de Alcalá de los Gazules, and 9th Duque de Segorbe.","title":"Biographies"}]
[{"image_text":"The Ducal Palace (Palacio Ducal) at Medinaceli","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/03180041_S.JPG/220px-03180041_S.JPG"},{"image_text":"The heraldic achievement of the Ducal House of Medinaceli","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Ducal_House_of_Medinaceli_Coat_of_Arms.jpg/220px-Ducal_House_of_Medinaceli_Coat_of_Arms.jpg"},{"image_text":"Standard of the Ducal House of Medinaceli","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Standard_of_the_Dukedom_of_Medinaceli.svg/220px-Standard_of_the_Dukedom_of_Medinaceli.svg.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"Borgognoni, Ezequiel. \"The Royal Household of Marie-Louise of Orleans, 1679 - 1689: The struggle over Executive Offices\". The Court Historian. 23: 166–181.","urls":[]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2017/05/22/pdfs/BOE-A-2017-5668.pdf","external_links_name":"Boletín Oficial del Estado (BOE) - 22 May 2017"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putin%27s_People:_How_the_KGB_Took_Back_Russia_and_Then_Took_On_the_West
Putin's People: How the KGB Took Back Russia and Then Took On the West
["1 Background","2 Reception","3 References"]
Book by Catherine Belton Putin's People: How the KGB Took Back Russia and Then Took On the West First editionAuthorCatherine BeltonLanguageEnglishSubjectGeopoliticsGenreNonfictionPublishedJune 2020PublisherHarperCollinsPublication placeUnited StatesMedia typeHardcoverPages640ISBN978-0374238711 Putin's People: How the KGB Took Back Russia and Then Took On the West is a book authored by Catherine Belton, former Moscow correspondent for the Financial Times. The book discusses the rise to power of Vladimir Putin and the people around him. The publication of the book sparked a series of lawsuits by the individuals and organizations mentioned in it. Background The book was written by British journalist Catherine Belton, who was a Moscow correspondent for the Financial Times and lived in Russia for 16 years, where she met oligarchs, government officials, intelligence officers and Kremlin insiders. Reception The book was reviewed by Matthew J. of Office of the Director of National Intelligence in Studies in Intelligence, who stated, "On balance, this is a useful and thought-provoking book on the trajectory of post-Soviet Russia and the continued influence of the KGB inside the Kremlin." Writing for The New York Times, Jennifer Szalai in her review questions that, "to read this book is to wonder whether a cynicism has embedded itself so deeply into the Anglo-American political classes that even the incriminating information it documents won’t make an actionable difference." In March-April 2021, HarperCollins, the publisher of the book faced several libel lawsuits by Russian oligarchs Roman Abramovich (billionaire and owner of the Chelsea football club), Mikhail Fridman (co-owner of Alfa Group), Pyotr Aven (chairman of the board of directors of Alfa Bank), and Shalva Chigirinsky (businessman). References ^ "Putin's People: How the KGB took back Russia". Atlantic Council. Retrieved 2022-04-05. ^ Amos, Howard. "How Putin and the KGB Took Control of Russia—and Duped the West". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 2022-04-05. ^ J., Mathew (December 2020). "Intelligence in Public Media, Putin's People: How the KGB Took Back Russia and Then Took on the West" (PDF). Studies in Intelligence. 64 (4): 43–44. ISSN 1527-0874 – via Central Intelligence Agency. ^ Szalai, Jennifer (2020-07-16). "'Putin's People' Documents the Ruthless and Relentless Reach of Kremlin Corruption". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-04-05. ^ "Два миллиардера и «Роснефть» подали в суд на издателя книги «Люди Путина»". РБК (in Russian). Retrieved 2022-04-05.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Catherine Belton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Belton"},{"link_name":"Financial Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Times"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Putin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Putin"}],"text":"Putin's People: How the KGB Took Back Russia and Then Took On the West is a book authored by Catherine Belton, former Moscow correspondent for the Financial Times.[1] The book discusses the rise to power of Vladimir Putin and the people around him. The publication of the book sparked a series of lawsuits by the individuals and organizations mentioned in it.","title":"Putin's People: How the KGB Took Back Russia and Then Took On the West"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The book was written by British journalist Catherine Belton, who was a Moscow correspondent for the Financial Times and lived in Russia for 16 years, where she met oligarchs, government officials, intelligence officers and Kremlin insiders.[2]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Office of the Director of National Intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_the_Director_of_National_Intelligence"},{"link_name":"Studies in Intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studies_in_Intelligence"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"Jennifer Szalai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Szalai"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"HarperCollins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HarperCollins"},{"link_name":"Roman Abramovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Abramovich"},{"link_name":"Mikhail Fridman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Fridman"},{"link_name":"Pyotr Aven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_Aven"},{"link_name":"Shalva Chigirinsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shalva_Chigirinsky"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The book was reviewed by Matthew J. of Office of the Director of National Intelligence in Studies in Intelligence, who stated, \"On balance, this is a useful and thought-provoking book on the trajectory of post-Soviet Russia and the continued influence of the KGB inside the Kremlin.\"[3]Writing for The New York Times, Jennifer Szalai in her review questions that, \"to read this book is to wonder whether a cynicism has embedded itself so deeply into the Anglo-American political classes that even the incriminating information it documents won’t make an actionable difference.\"[4]In March-April 2021, HarperCollins, the publisher of the book faced several libel lawsuits by Russian oligarchs Roman Abramovich (billionaire and owner of the Chelsea football club), Mikhail Fridman (co-owner of Alfa Group), Pyotr Aven (chairman of the board of directors of Alfa Bank), and Shalva Chigirinsky (businessman).[5]","title":"Reception"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Putin's People: How the KGB took back Russia\". Atlantic Council. Retrieved 2022-04-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/event/putins-people-how-the-kgb-took-back-russia/","url_text":"\"Putin's People: How the KGB took back Russia\""}]},{"reference":"Amos, Howard. \"How Putin and the KGB Took Control of Russia—and Duped the West\". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 2022-04-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/06/27/catherine-belton-putin-people-book-review-kgb-russia-west/","url_text":"\"How Putin and the KGB Took Control of Russia—and Duped the West\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Policy","url_text":"Foreign Policy"}]},{"reference":"J., Mathew (December 2020). \"Intelligence in Public Media, Putin's People: How the KGB Took Back Russia and Then Took on the West\" (PDF). Studies in Intelligence. 64 (4): 43–44. ISSN 1527-0874 – via Central Intelligence Agency.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cia.gov/static/65254e9a5f9246ce9c01d3d2ea226d26/Putins-People-KGB.pdf","url_text":"\"Intelligence in Public Media, Putin's People: How the KGB Took Back Russia and Then Took on the West\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1527-0874","url_text":"1527-0874"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency","url_text":"Central Intelligence Agency"}]},{"reference":"Szalai, Jennifer (2020-07-16). \"'Putin's People' Documents the Ruthless and Relentless Reach of Kremlin Corruption\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-04-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/16/books/review-putins-people-kgb-catherine-belton.html","url_text":"\"'Putin's People' Documents the Ruthless and Relentless Reach of Kremlin Corruption\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"\"Два миллиардера и «Роснефть» подали в суд на издателя книги «Люди Путина»\". РБК (in Russian). Retrieved 2022-04-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rbc.ru/politics/02/05/2021/608e7ec69a7947645d393f3d","url_text":"\"Два миллиардера и «Роснефть» подали в суд на издателя книги «Люди Путина»\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/event/putins-people-how-the-kgb-took-back-russia/","external_links_name":"\"Putin's People: How the KGB took back Russia\""},{"Link":"https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/06/27/catherine-belton-putin-people-book-review-kgb-russia-west/","external_links_name":"\"How Putin and the KGB Took Control of Russia—and Duped the West\""},{"Link":"https://www.cia.gov/static/65254e9a5f9246ce9c01d3d2ea226d26/Putins-People-KGB.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Intelligence in Public Media, Putin's People: How the KGB Took Back Russia and Then Took on the West\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1527-0874","external_links_name":"1527-0874"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/16/books/review-putins-people-kgb-catherine-belton.html","external_links_name":"\"'Putin's People' Documents the Ruthless and Relentless Reach of Kremlin Corruption\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://www.rbc.ru/politics/02/05/2021/608e7ec69a7947645d393f3d","external_links_name":"\"Два миллиардера и «Роснефть» подали в суд на издателя книги «Люди Путина»\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopalong_Cassidy_(radio_program)
Hopalong Cassidy (radio program)
["1 Background","2 Format","3 Characters and cast","4 Synergy of media","5 See also","6 References","7 External links","7.1 Episodic logs","7.2 Streaming audio"]
American radio program Radio show Hopalong CassidyGenreWesternRunning time30 minutesCountry of originUnited StatesLanguage(s)EnglishSyndicatesCommodore ProductionsMutualCBSTV adaptationsHopalong CassidyStarringWilliam BoydAndy ClydeWritten byHoward SwartDean OwenHarold SwantonDirected byTed BlissProduced byWalter and Shirley WhiteCharles HenryOriginal release1948 (1948) –December 27, 1952 (1952-12-27) Hopalong Cassidy is a radio western in the United States, featuring the character Hopalong Cassidy created by writer Clarence E. Mulford. It was syndicated via electrical transcription, beginning in 1948 and continuing into 1950. Its network broadcasts began on Mutual January 1, 1950, and ended on CBS December 27, 1952. Background CBS produced an audition episode of a Hopalong Cassidy program that was broadcast in the summer of 1941 as part of Forecast, a series of pilots for potential programs. After that, little, if anything, was heard about a Hopalong Cassidy radio production until five years later. An item in Radio Life in 1946 commented, "Radio's gone western with a vengeance, as if you didn't know!" and reported that a radio version of the Cassidy movies would be heard "in the near future." That "near future" turned out to be two years. Format The program has been classified as both a "juvenile adventure program" and a "western adventure drama." As was true of the movies and television programs featuring Hopalong Cassidy, "the character was much more civilized than the rough-cut character portrayed in the novels" by Clarence E. Mulford. In contrast, the revised Cassidy was described by radio historian John Dunning as "a knight of the range, a man of morals." A newspaper story about the program's debut on Mutual commented, "The radio broadcasts will be specially scripted to highlight the personality, mannerisms and unusual adventures of the steely-eyed, justice-dealing, gun-toting cowboy hero." Characters and cast William Boyd played Hopalong Cassidy, as he had in the movies featuring that character. Dunning wrote: "Boyd had one of radio's perfect voices. His voice could do anything – comfort a bereaved widow one moment, scare the boots off her husband's killer the next. It was strong, virile, and straight to the point. And that Hoppy belly-laugh became famous. It was one of his trademarks." Andy Clyde, "the resident old coot sidekick from the later movies" had his same role in the radio program. Each episode's opening referred to Clyde's character, California Carlson, as "'the same California you've laughed at a million times.'" Synergy of media After a slow start (when producers Walter and Shirley White "were paying production costs for new episodes as money came in from initial clients"), the popularity of Hopalong Cassidy on radio began to increase. In 1948, a Hopalong Cassidy television series began, first shown on KTLA in Los Angeles, California. That series included both edited versions of Cassidy's movies and new episodes made for TV. "One medium fed on the other," Dunning wrote, and "for two years was as big a media hero as the nation had seen." Both the radio and the television versions of Hopalong Cassidy benefited from the existing popularity the Cassidy character had developed through movies. The producers made good use of that popularity in promoting the syndicated program to stations and advertisers. An ad in the 1949 issue of Broadcasting Yearbook proclaimed: "THIRTEEN YEARS OF MOTION PICTURE POPULARITY BEHIND IT! (NO OTHER RADIO SERIES CAN MAKE THIS CLAIM!) An action-packed film trailer will be shown in over 10,000 theatres announcing the radio series! "HOPALONG CASSIDY" comes to radio with a fabulous following ... a ready made audience for sponsors! See also Radio portal Death Valley Days Gene Autry's Melody Ranch The Roy Rogers Show References ^ "'Hopalong Cassidy' Signs For Transcribed Program" (PDF). Broadcasting. April 12, 1948. p. 52. Retrieved 7 February 2015. ^ a b c d e f Dunning, John (1998). On the Air: The Encyclopedia of Old-Time Radio (Revised ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. pp. 328–330. ISBN 978-0-19-507678-3. Retrieved 2019-08-11. ^ "Hopalong Rides Again" (PDF). Radio Life. July 21, 1946. p. 10. Retrieved 15 November 2020. ^ a b Reinehr, Robert C. and Swartz, Jon D. (2008). The A to Z of Old-Time Radio. Scarecrow Press, Inc. ISBN 978-0-8108-7616-3. P. 129. ^ "New Chapter Is Added to Success Story Of the Creator of 'Hopalong Cassidy'". St. Petersburg Times. January 1, 1950. p. 39. Retrieved 9 February 2015. ^ a b Dunning, John. (1976). Tune in Yesterday: The Ultimate Encyclopedia of Old-Time Radio, 1925–1976. Prentice-Hall, Inc. ISBN 0-13-932616-2. pp. 289–290. ^ "Hopalong Cassidy". St. James Encyclopedia of Popular Culture. Gale. 2000. Archived from the original on 2015-03-29. Retrieved 7 February 2015 – via HighBeam. ^ "KTLA: A history of television firsts" (PDF). Broadcast Engineering. October 1978. p. 33. Retrieved 15 November 2020. ^ King, Art (1949). Broadcasting Yearbook (PDF). Washington, D.C.: Broadcasting. p. 422. Retrieved 15 November 2020. External links Episodic logs Log of episodes of Hopalong Cassidy from Audio Classics Archive Log of episodes of Hopalong Cassidy from Jerry Haendiges Vintage Radio Logs Streaming audio Streaming audio of Hopalong Cassidy episodes (including audition program from 1941) from Internet Archive
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_broadcasting"},{"link_name":"western","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_(genre)"},{"link_name":"Hopalong Cassidy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopalong_Cassidy"},{"link_name":"Clarence E. Mulford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_E._Mulford"},{"link_name":"electrical transcription","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_transcription"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Mutual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutual_Broadcasting_System"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dunningota-2"}],"text":"Radio showHopalong Cassidy is a radio western in the United States, featuring the character Hopalong Cassidy created by writer Clarence E. Mulford. It was syndicated via electrical transcription, beginning in 1948[1] and continuing into 1950. Its network broadcasts began on Mutual January 1, 1950, and ended on CBS December 27, 1952.[2]","title":"Hopalong Cassidy (radio program)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dunningota-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"CBS produced an audition episode of a Hopalong Cassidy program that was broadcast in the summer of 1941 as part of Forecast, a series of pilots for potential programs.[2] After that, little, if anything, was heard about a Hopalong Cassidy radio production until five years later. An item in Radio Life in 1946 commented, \"Radio's gone western with a vengeance, as if you didn't know!\" and reported that a radio version of the Cassidy movies would be heard \"in the near future.\"[3] That \"near future\" turned out to be two years.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reinehratoz-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dunningota-2"},{"link_name":"Hopalong Cassidy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopalong_Cassidy"},{"link_name":"Clarence E. Mulford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_E._Mulford"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reinehratoz-4"},{"link_name":"John Dunning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dunning_(radio_historian)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dunningota-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The program has been classified as both a \"juvenile adventure program\"[4] and a \"western adventure drama.\"[2] As was true of the movies and television programs featuring Hopalong Cassidy, \"the character was much more civilized than the rough-cut character portrayed in the novels\" by Clarence E. Mulford.[4] In contrast, the revised Cassidy was described by radio historian John Dunning as \"a knight of the range, a man of morals.\"[2] A newspaper story about the program's debut on Mutual commented, \"The radio broadcasts will be specially scripted to highlight the personality, mannerisms and unusual adventures of the steely-eyed, justice-dealing, gun-toting cowboy hero.\"[5]","title":"Format"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Boyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Boyd_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dunningtiy-6"},{"link_name":"Andy Clyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Clyde"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dunningtiy-6"}],"text":"William Boyd played Hopalong Cassidy, as he had in the movies featuring that character. Dunning wrote: \"Boyd had one of radio's perfect voices. His voice could do anything – comfort a bereaved widow one moment, scare the boots off her husband's killer the next. It was strong, virile, and straight to the point. And that Hoppy belly-laugh became famous. It was one of his trademarks.\"[6]Andy Clyde, \"the resident old coot sidekick from the later movies\" had his same role in the radio program.[7] Each episode's opening referred to Clyde's character, California Carlson, as \"'the same California you've laughed at a million times.'\"[6]","title":"Characters and cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dunningota-2"},{"link_name":"KTLA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KTLA"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dunningota-2"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"After a slow start (when producers Walter and Shirley White \"were paying production costs for new episodes as money came in from initial clients\"), the popularity of Hopalong Cassidy on radio began to increase.[2] In 1948, a Hopalong Cassidy television series began, first shown on KTLA in Los Angeles, California.[8] That series included both edited versions of Cassidy's movies and new episodes made for TV. \"One medium fed on the other,\" Dunning wrote, and \"for two years [Boyd] was as big a media hero as the nation had seen.\"[2]Both the radio and the television versions of Hopalong Cassidy benefited from the existing popularity the Cassidy character had developed through movies. The producers made good use of that popularity in promoting the syndicated program to stations and advertisers. An ad in the 1949 issue of Broadcasting Yearbook proclaimed:\"THIRTEEN YEARS OF MOTION PICTURE POPULARITY BEHIND IT! (NO OTHER RADIO SERIES CAN MAKE THIS CLAIM!) An action-packed film trailer will be shown in over 10,000 theatres announcing the radio series! \"HOPALONG CASSIDY\" comes to radio with a fabulous following ... a ready made audience for sponsors![9]","title":"Synergy of media"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clyde_Lucas
Clyde Lucas
["1 Early years","2 1940s","3 Later life","4 References","4.1 Bibliography for references","5 Further reading","6 External links"]
American big-band leader and musician For the Australian cricketer, see Clyde Lucas (cricketer). Clyde LucasClyde Lucas promotional pictureBackground informationBornc. 1901Minneapolis, KansasDiedJanuary 15, 1982 (aged 80)GenresBig BandInstrument(s)TromboneMusical artist Clyde H. Lucas (c. 1901 – January 15, 1982) was an American big-band leader who was popular in the United States in the 1930s and 1940s. He was the leader of Clyde Lucas and His California Dons. Early years Lucas grew up in Los Angeles, California and was of "Chicano" (American Mexican) background. He began his career as a singer and trombonist in the Herb Wiedoeft orchestra, and launched his own band in the early 1930s. The band was versatile, playing a range of styles including popular Mexican tunes, Swing, Hawaiian and Hillbilly. The typical line-up at that time included four saxophones, two trumpets and a four-piece rhythm section, often with violins. Musicians were expected to be able to play more than one instrument. In 1934, the Morrison Hotel and the Terrace Garden, both in Chicago, employed Lucas and his Dons. As the thirties progressed, "Clyde Lucas and his California Dons" grew in popularity, releasing records and playing on the radio. The band also recorded background music for some of the early talkies. In September 1938, Paramount Pictures released an 11-minute movie "short" called Lights, Action, Lucas, featuring the band. Other headliner shorts released around this time included Listen to Lucas (1938), Meet the Maestros (1938) and Clyde Lucas and His Orchestra (1939) 1940s Gloria Wood, a popular singer from the 1940s through to the 1970s made her first recordings with the Clyde Lucas band. Singles released for Elite Records in 1941 included Sometimes and Somebody nobody knows, with flip sides Rose O'Day and When roses bloom again. Other singles from Elite that year included Shrine of St. Cecelia, I said No and Deep in the Heart of Texas. In 1942 Lucas released a cover of Glenn Miller's A string of pearls, but reviews were not favorable. The band did not appeal to every musical taste. One radio announcer "accidentally" said "You are listening to the mucous of Clyde Lucas". However, in 1943 Billboard Magazine reported that Lucas had abandoned the schmaltzy California Dons, with its strong violin section, and was now heading a more modern swing ensemble. The band was still heavy on brass, with five saxophones and five other brass instruments besides rhythm and drums. A newcomer to the scene named Loren Helberg was featured as a tenor sax soloist, and the vocalist Teeny Riley had replaced Patty Ross. The band continued to play in hotels and at balls through the 1940s. Lucas's band played in the July 1941 Police Ball and Reception in Troy, New York. In September 1942 the band was playing at the Hotel Claridge in Memphis, Tennessee and getting good reviews. In September 1943 the band was at the Tune Town Ballroom in St. Louis, Missouri. In December 1945 the band was playing the Biltmore Hotel in Providence, Rhode Island. The band eventually disbanded towards the end of the forties. Later life Lucas married Gypsy Cooper, a saxophonist with who played for the Hour of Charm Orchestra, and they moved to Miami in 1946. He spent ten years as the programming director for WTVJ and became a pro golfer in 1960. References ^ a b "Clyde Lucas, big-band leader turned golf pro". The Miami Herald. 1982-01-17. Retrieved 2021-12-03. ^ a b "Clyde Lucas and his California Dons". Big Bands Database Plus. Archived from the original on 2010-06-04. Retrieved 2010-10-12. ^ "Herb Wiedoeft". Solid!. Archived from the original on 2011-01-01. Retrieved 2010-10-12. ^ a b c Walker 1989, pp. 260 ^ Sengstock 2004, pp. 91, 217 ^ "Clyde Lucas Booked for Longer Stay at Terrace Garden". Down Beat: 1. July 1934. ^ Lights, Action, Lucas! (1938) at IMDb ^ Clyde Lucas at IMDb ^ Hollis & Ehrbar 2006, pp. 45 ^ Ruppli & Novitsky 1993, pp. 676 ^ "Elite 5000 series numerical listing". THE ONLINE DISCOGRAPHICAL PROJECT. Retrieved 2010-10-12. ^ "On the Records". Billboard Magazine. 51 (12). Nielsen Business Media, Inc: 66. 21 Mar 1942. Retrieved 2010-10-12. ^ Goffman 1981, pp. 248 ^ a b Wells, C. V. (11 September 1943). "Clyde Lucas". Billboard Magazine. 55 (37). Nielsen Business Media, Inc: 13. Retrieved 2010-10-12. ^ Nielsen & Nielsen 2001, pp. 43 ^ Johnson (26 Sep 1942). "Clyde Lucas". Billboard Magazine. 54 (38). Nielsen Business Media, Inc: 21. Retrieved 2010-10-12. ^ "Music – As Written". Billboard Magazine. 57 (48). Nielsen Business Media, Inc: 16. 1 Dec 1945. Retrieved 2010-10-12. Bibliography for references Hollis, Tim; Ehrbar, Greg (2006). Mouse tracks: the story of Walt Disney Records. Univ. Press of Mississippi. ISBN 1-57806-849-5. Sengstock, Charles A. (2004). That toddlin' town: Chicago's white dance bands and orchestras, 1900–1950. Music in American life. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-02954-7. Walker, Leo (1989). The big band almanac. Da Capo Press. ISBN 0-306-80345-3. Nielsen, Brian; Nielsen, Becky (2001). Troy in vintage postcards. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 0-7385-0903-5. Ruppli, Michel; Novitsky, Ed (1993). The Mercury Labels: The 1945–1956 era. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 0-313-29031-8. Goffman, Erving (1981). Forms of talk. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-8122-1112-X. Further reading Colin Larkin (1998). "Lucas, Clyde". The encyclopedia of popular music: Louvin, Charlie – Paul, Clarence. Vol. 5 (3rd ed.). Macmillan. p. 3351. ISBN 978-0-333-74134-4. Roy Liebman (2003). "Lucas, Clyde". Vitaphone films: a catalogue of the features and shorts. McFarland. p. 370. ISBN 978-0-7864-1279-2. External links Clyde Lucas and his Orchestra (1944). "Dance With a Dolly". YouTube. Retrieved 2010-10-12. Clyde Lucas and his Orchestra (1944). "Ten Days with Baby". YouTube. Retrieved 2010-10-12. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany United States Artists MusicBrainz
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clyde Lucas (cricketer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clyde_Lucas_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"big-band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big-band"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"}],"text":"For the Australian cricketer, see Clyde Lucas (cricketer).Musical artistClyde H. Lucas (c. 1901 – January 15, 1982) was an American big-band leader who was popular in the United States in the 1930s and 1940s. He was the leader of Clyde Lucas and His California Dons.","title":"Clyde Lucas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"Chicano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicano"},{"link_name":"Herb Wiedoeft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herb_Wiedoeft"},{"link_name":"Mexican tunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_music"},{"link_name":"Swing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swing_music"},{"link_name":"Hawaiian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Hawaii"},{"link_name":"Hillbilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillbilly_music"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nfo-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-parabrisas-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Walker1989-4"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sengstock2004-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DownBeat1-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Walker1989-4"},{"link_name":"talkies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talkies"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nfo-2"},{"link_name":"Paramount Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount_Pictures"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IMDB1-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IMDB2-8"}],"text":"Lucas grew up in Los Angeles, California and was of \"Chicano\" (American Mexican) background. He began his career as a singer and trombonist in the Herb Wiedoeft orchestra, and launched his own band in the early 1930s.\nThe band was versatile, playing a range of styles including popular Mexican tunes, Swing, Hawaiian and Hillbilly.[2][3]\nThe typical line-up at that time included four saxophones, two trumpets and a four-piece rhythm section, often with violins.\nMusicians were expected to be able to play more than one instrument.[4]In 1934, the Morrison Hotel and the Terrace Garden, both in Chicago, employed Lucas and his Dons.[5][6]\nAs the thirties progressed, \"Clyde Lucas and his California Dons\" grew in popularity, releasing records and playing on the radio.[4]\nThe band also recorded background music for some of the early talkies.[2]\nIn September 1938, Paramount Pictures released an 11-minute movie \"short\" called Lights, Action, Lucas, featuring the band.[7]\nOther headliner shorts released around this time included Listen to Lucas (1938), Meet the Maestros (1938) and Clyde Lucas and His Orchestra (1939)[8]","title":"Early years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gloria Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Wood"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HollisEhrbar2006-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RuppliNovitsky1993-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Glenn Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Miller"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Billboard51.12-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goffman1981-13"},{"link_name":"Billboard Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Magazine"},{"link_name":"swing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swing_music"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Billboard55.37-14"},{"link_name":"Troy, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troy,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NeilsenNeilsen2001-15"},{"link_name":"Memphis, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Billboard54.38-16"},{"link_name":"St. Louis, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Billboard55.37-14"},{"link_name":"Providence, Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Billboard57.48-17"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Walker1989-4"}],"text":"Gloria Wood, a popular singer from the 1940s through to the 1970s made her first recordings with the Clyde Lucas band.[9]\nSingles released for Elite Records in 1941 included Sometimes and Somebody nobody knows, with flip sides Rose O'Day and When roses bloom again.[10]\nOther singles from Elite that year included Shrine of St. Cecelia, I said No and Deep in the Heart of Texas.[11]\nIn 1942 Lucas released a cover of Glenn Miller's A string of pearls, but reviews were not favorable.[12]The band did not appeal to every musical taste. One radio announcer \"accidentally\" said \"You are listening to the mucous of Clyde Lucas\".[13]\nHowever, in 1943 Billboard Magazine reported that Lucas had abandoned the schmaltzy California Dons, with its strong violin section, and was now heading a more modern swing ensemble. The band was still heavy on brass, with five saxophones and five other brass instruments besides rhythm and drums. A newcomer to the scene named Loren Helberg was featured as a tenor sax soloist, and the vocalist Teeny Riley had replaced Patty Ross.[14]The band continued to play in hotels and at balls through the 1940s.\nLucas's band played in the July 1941 Police Ball and Reception in Troy, New York.[15]\nIn September 1942 the band was playing at the Hotel Claridge in Memphis, Tennessee and getting good reviews.[16]\nIn September 1943 the band was at the Tune Town Ballroom in St. Louis, Missouri.[14]\nIn December 1945 the band was playing the Biltmore Hotel in Providence, Rhode Island.[17]\nThe band eventually disbanded towards the end of the forties.[4]","title":"1940s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hour of Charm Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hour_of_Charm_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"WTVJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTVJ"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-1"}],"text":"Lucas married Gypsy Cooper, a saxophonist with who played for the Hour of Charm Orchestra, and they moved to Miami in 1946. He spent ten years as the programming director for WTVJ and became a pro golfer in 1960.[1]","title":"Later life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-333-74134-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-74134-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7864-1279-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-1279-2"}],"text":"Colin Larkin (1998). \"Lucas, Clyde\". The encyclopedia of popular music: Louvin, Charlie – Paul, Clarence. Vol. 5 (3rd ed.). Macmillan. p. 3351. ISBN 978-0-333-74134-4.\nRoy Liebman (2003). \"Lucas, Clyde\". Vitaphone films: a catalogue of the features and shorts. McFarland. p. 370. ISBN 978-0-7864-1279-2.","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Clyde Lucas, big-band leader turned golf pro\". The Miami Herald. 1982-01-17. Retrieved 2021-12-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/78530269/17-jan-1982-clyde-lucas-obit/","url_text":"\"Clyde Lucas, big-band leader turned golf pro\""}]},{"reference":"\"Clyde Lucas and his California Dons\". Big Bands Database Plus. Archived from the original on 2010-06-04. Retrieved 2010-10-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100604005417/http://nfo.net/usa/l2.html","url_text":"\"Clyde Lucas and his California Dons\""},{"url":"http://nfo.net/usa/l2.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Herb Wiedoeft\". Solid!. Archived from the original on 2011-01-01. Retrieved 2010-10-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110101205048/http://parabrisas.com/d_wiedoefth.php","url_text":"\"Herb Wiedoeft\""},{"url":"http://www.parabrisas.com/d_wiedoefth.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Clyde Lucas Booked for Longer Stay at Terrace Garden\". Down Beat: 1. July 1934.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Down_Beat","url_text":"Down Beat"}]},{"reference":"\"Elite 5000 series numerical listing\". THE ONLINE DISCOGRAPHICAL PROJECT. Retrieved 2010-10-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.78discography.com/Elite5000.htm","url_text":"\"Elite 5000 series numerical listing\""}]},{"reference":"\"On the Records\". Billboard Magazine. 51 (12). Nielsen Business Media, Inc: 66. 21 Mar 1942. Retrieved 2010-10-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MwwEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT66","url_text":"\"On the Records\""}]},{"reference":"Wells, C. V. (11 September 1943). \"Clyde Lucas\". Billboard Magazine. 55 (37). Nielsen Business Media, Inc: 13. Retrieved 2010-10-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SAwEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT13","url_text":"\"Clyde Lucas\""}]},{"reference":"Johnson (26 Sep 1942). \"Clyde Lucas\". Billboard Magazine. 54 (38). Nielsen Business Media, Inc: 21. Retrieved 2010-10-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MQwEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT21","url_text":"\"Clyde Lucas\""}]},{"reference":"\"Music – As Written\". Billboard Magazine. 57 (48). Nielsen Business Media, Inc: 16. 1 Dec 1945. Retrieved 2010-10-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nxgEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT16","url_text":"\"Music – As Written\""}]},{"reference":"Hollis, Tim; Ehrbar, Greg (2006). Mouse tracks: the story of Walt Disney Records. Univ. Press of Mississippi. ISBN 1-57806-849-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57806-849-5","url_text":"1-57806-849-5"}]},{"reference":"Sengstock, Charles A. (2004). That toddlin' town: Chicago's white dance bands and orchestras, 1900–1950. Music in American life. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-02954-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-02954-7","url_text":"978-0-252-02954-7"}]},{"reference":"Walker, Leo (1989). The big band almanac. Da Capo Press. ISBN 0-306-80345-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bigbandalmanac00walke","url_text":"The big band almanac"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-80345-3","url_text":"0-306-80345-3"}]},{"reference":"Nielsen, Brian; Nielsen, Becky (2001). Troy in vintage postcards. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 0-7385-0903-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7385-0903-5","url_text":"0-7385-0903-5"}]},{"reference":"Ruppli, Michel; Novitsky, Ed (1993). The Mercury Labels: The 1945–1956 era. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 0-313-29031-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-29031-8","url_text":"0-313-29031-8"}]},{"reference":"Goffman, Erving (1981). Forms of talk. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-8122-1112-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/formsoftalk00goff","url_text":"Forms of talk"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8122-1112-X","url_text":"0-8122-1112-X"}]},{"reference":"Colin Larkin (1998). \"Lucas, Clyde\". The encyclopedia of popular music: Louvin, Charlie – Paul, Clarence. Vol. 5 (3rd ed.). Macmillan. p. 3351. ISBN 978-0-333-74134-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-74134-4","url_text":"978-0-333-74134-4"}]},{"reference":"Roy Liebman (2003). \"Lucas, Clyde\". Vitaphone films: a catalogue of the features and shorts. McFarland. p. 370. ISBN 978-0-7864-1279-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-1279-2","url_text":"978-0-7864-1279-2"}]},{"reference":"Clyde Lucas and his Orchestra (1944). \"Dance With a Dolly\". YouTube. Retrieved 2010-10-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KvxZLJIu5OY","url_text":"\"Dance With a Dolly\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"}]},{"reference":"Clyde Lucas and his Orchestra (1944). \"Ten Days with Baby\". YouTube. Retrieved 2010-10-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0kJ8f6KEcKA","url_text":"\"Ten Days with Baby\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flour_sifter
Sieve
["1 Industrial strainer","2 Sieving","3 Wooden sieves","4 US standard test sieve series","5 Other types","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
Tool for separation of solid materials by particle size This article is about the tool. For other uses, see Sieve (disambiguation). "Sift" redirects here. For other uses, see Sift (disambiguation)."Drainer" redirects here. For the music culture, see Drain Gang. Metal laboratory sieves An ami shakushi, a Japanese ladle or scoop that may be used to remove small drops of batter during the frying of tempura ancient sieve A sieve, fine mesh strainer, or sift, is a tool used for separating wanted elements from unwanted material or for controlling the particle size distribution of a sample, using a screen such as a woven mesh or net or perforated sheet material. The word sift derives from sieve. In cooking, a sifter is used to separate and break up clumps in dry ingredients such as flour, as well as to aerate and combine them. A strainer (see Colander), meanwhile, is a form of sieve used to separate suspended solids from a liquid by filtration. Industrial strainer Some industrial strainers available are simplex basket strainers, duplex basket strainers, T-strainers and Y-strainers. Simple basket strainers are used to protect valuable or sensitive equipment in systems that are meant to be shut down temporarily. Some commonly used strainers are bell mouth strainers, foot valve strainers, basket strainers. Most processing industries (mainly pharmaceutical, coatings and liquid food industries) will opt for a self-cleaning strainer instead of a basket strainer or a simplex strainer due to limitations of simple filtration systems. The self-cleaning strainers or filters are more efficient and provide an automatic filtration solution. Sieving Sieving is a simple technique for separating particles of different sizes. A sieve such as used for sifting flour has very small holes. Coarse particles are separated or broken up by grinding against one another and the screen openings. Depending upon the types of particles to be separated, sieves with different types of holes are used. Sieves are also used to separate stones from sand. Sieving plays an important role in food industries where sieves (often vibrating) are used to prevent the contamination of the product by foreign bodies. The design of the industrial sieve is of primary importance here. Triage sieving refers to grouping people according to their severity of injury. Wooden sieves A wooden mesh in which the withes were one eighth of an inch wide and set the same distance apart. This would be used on an English farm of the Victorian era to sift grain, removing dust and soil. The mesh in a wooden sieve might be made from wood or wicker. Use of wood to avoid contamination is important when the sieve is used for sampling. Henry Stephens, in his Book of the Farm, advised that the withes of a wooden riddle or sieve be made from fir or willow with American elm being best. The rims would be made of fir, oak or, especially, beech. US standard test sieve series A sieve analysis (or gradation test) is a practice or procedure used (commonly used in civil engineering or sedimentology) to assess the particle size distribution (also called gradation) of a granular material. Sieve sizes used in combinations of four to eight sieves. Designations and Nominal Sieve Openings Tyler Sieve Sieve opening (in) (mm) — 5 inch 5.0 125 — 4.24 inch 4.24 106 — 4 inch 4.0 100 — 3+1⁄2 inch 3.5 90 2.97 inch 3.0 inch 3.0 75 — 2+1⁄2 inch 2.5 63 — 2.12 inch 2.12 53 2.10 inch 2 inch 2.00 50 — 1+3⁄4 inch 1.75 45 1.48 inch 1+1⁄2 inch 1.50 37.5 — 1+1⁄4 inch 1.25 31.5 1.05 inch 1.06 inch 1.06 26.5 — 1 inch 1.00 25.0 0.883 inch 7⁄8 inch 0.875 22.4 0.742 inch 3⁄4 inch 0.750 19.0 0.624 inch 5⁄8 inch 0.625 16.0 0.525 inch 0.530 inch 0.530 13.2 — 1/2 inch 0.500 12.5 0.441 inch 7⁄16 inch 0.438 11.2 0.371 inch 3⁄8 inch 0.375 9.5 Other types Chinois, or conical sieve used as a strainer, also sometimes used like a food mill Cocktail strainer, a bar accessory Colander, a (typically) bowl-shaped sieve used as a strainer in cooking Flour sifter or bolter, used in flour production and baking Graduated sieves, used to separate varying small sizes of material, often soil, rock or minerals Mesh strainer, or just "strainer", usually consisting of a fine metal mesh screen on a metal frame Laundry strainer, to drain boiling water from laundry removed from a Wash copper, usually with a wooden frame to facilitate manual handling with hot contents Pickle lifter – Device for lifting pickled goods from a container Riddle, used for soil Spider, used in Chinese cooking Tamis, also known as a drum sieve Tea strainer, specifically intended for use when making tea Zaru, or bamboo sieve, used in Japanese cooking Other uses "Sieve" is a common term used in trash-talk referring to a goaltender in ice hockey who lets in too many goals "Leaks like a sieve" is an English language idiom to describe a container that has multiple leaks, or, by allegory, an organization whose confidential information is routinely disclosed to the public. See also Food portal Cheesecloth Cloth filter Filtration Gold panning Gyratory equipment Mechanical screening Mesh (scale) Molecular sieve Separation process Soil gradation Water filter References ^ Ruhlman, Michael; Bourdain, Anthony (2007). The Elements of Cooking: Translating the Chef's Craft for Every Kitchen. Simon and Schuster. p. 216. ISBN 978-1-4391-7252-0. ^ "Industrial Strainers - Liquid Basket Strainer - Eaton Strainers". industrialstrainer.com. ^ Finex, Russell. "Replacing Bag Filters with Self Cleaning Filters - Russell Finex". www.russellfinex.com. ^ "Powder Checking - Vibrating sieve - Vibrating sifters - PowderProcess.net". www.powderprocess.net. ^ B. De Vivo; Harvey Belkin; Annamaria Lima (2008). Environmental Geochemistry: Site Characterization, Data Analysis and Case Histories: Site Characterization, Data Analysis and Case Histories. Elsevier. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-08-055895-0. ^ Henry Stephens (1852). The Book of the Farm. Vol. 1. W. Blackwood. pp. 414–416. ^ Glover, Thomas J. (1992). Pocket Ref (Second ed.). Littleton, Col.: Sequoia Publishing. ISBN 9780962235900. OCLC 34710295. ^ "Sieve Chant". uwbadgers.com. Retrieved 9 September 2020. External links Media related to Sieves at Wikimedia Commons The dictionary definition of sieve at Wiktionary Quotations related to Sieve at Wikiquote vteKitchen tools Kitchenware Cooking vessel Cookware and bakeware Cutlery Dishwashing Eating utensils Food preparation utensils Food storage container Tableware Teaware Apple corer (Apple cutter) Baster Beanpot Blowtorch Bottle opener Bowl Bread knife Browning tray Butter curler Cake and pie server Candy thermometer Can opener Cheese cutter Cheese knife Cheese slicer Cheesecloth Chef's knife Cherry pitter Chinois Chopsticks Citrus reamer Clay pot Cleaver Colander Mated colander pot Cookie cutter Cookie press Corkscrew Crab cracker Cutting board Edible tableware Egg piercer Egg poacher Egg separator Egg slicer Egg timer Fat separator Fillet knife Fish scaler Fish slice Flour sifter Food mill Funnel Garlic press Grapefruit knife Grater Gravy strainer Honey dipper Honing steel Ladle Lame Lemon squeezer Lobster pick Mandoline Measuring cup Measuring spoon Meat grinder Meat tenderizer Meat thermometer Melon baller Mezzaluna Herb chopper Microplane Milk frother Milk watcher Mortar and pestle Nutcracker Nutmeg grater Oven glove Pastry bag Pastry blender Pastry brush Pastry wheel Peel Peeler Pepper mill Pie bird Pizza cutter Potato masher Potato ricer Pot-holder Poultry shears Roller docker Rolling pin Salt and pepper shakers Scissors Scoop Sieve Slotted spoon Spatula Spider Strawberry huller Tamis Tomato knife Tongs Trussing needle Twine Weighing scale Whisk Wooden spoon Scraper Dough Zester Categories Kitchenware Commons Kitchen utensils Types of tools Cleaning Cutting and abrasive Forestry Garden Hand Kitchen Machine and metalworking Masonry Measuring and alignment Mining Power Woodworking Authority control databases: National Japan
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sieve (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sieve_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Sift (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sift_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Drain Gang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drain_Gang"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Laboratory_sieves_BMK.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ami_shakushi.Scoop.jpg"},{"link_name":"ami shakushi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ami_shakushi"},{"link_name":"tempura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempura"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gezer_(6).png"},{"link_name":"separating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_process"},{"link_name":"particle size","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_size"},{"link_name":"woven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warp_and_weft"},{"link_name":"mesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesh"},{"link_name":"net","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net_(device)"},{"link_name":"perforated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perforation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"flour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flour"},{"link_name":"Colander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colander"},{"link_name":"suspended","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspension_(chemistry)"},{"link_name":"solids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solids"},{"link_name":"filtration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filtration"}],"text":"This article is about the tool. For other uses, see Sieve (disambiguation).\"Sift\" redirects here. For other uses, see Sift (disambiguation).\"Drainer\" redirects here. For the music culture, see Drain Gang.Metal laboratory sievesAn ami shakushi, a Japanese ladle or scoop that may be used to remove small drops of batter during the frying of tempuraancient sieveA sieve, fine mesh strainer, or sift, is a tool used for separating wanted elements from unwanted material or for controlling the particle size distribution of a sample, using a screen such as a woven mesh or net or perforated sheet material.[1] The word sift derives from sieve.In cooking, a sifter is used to separate and break up clumps in dry ingredients such as flour, as well as to aerate and combine them. A strainer (see Colander), meanwhile, is a form of sieve used to separate suspended solids from a liquid by filtration.","title":"Sieve"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"simplex basket strainers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simplex_basket_strainer&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"duplex basket strainers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duplex_strainers"},{"link_name":"T-strainers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=T-strainer&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Y-strainers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Y-strainer&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"bell mouth strainers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bell_mouth_strainer&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"foot valve strainers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Foot_valve_strainer&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Some industrial strainers available are simplex basket strainers, duplex basket strainers, T-strainers and Y-strainers. Simple basket strainers are used to protect valuable or sensitive equipment in systems that are meant to be shut down temporarily. Some commonly used strainers are bell mouth strainers, foot valve strainers,[2] basket strainers. Most processing industries (mainly pharmaceutical, coatings and liquid food industries) will opt for a self-cleaning strainer instead of a basket strainer or a simplex strainer due to limitations of simple filtration systems. The self-cleaning strainers or filters are more efficient and provide an automatic filtration solution.[3]","title":"Industrial strainer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Triage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triage"}],"text":"Sieving is a simple technique for separating particles of different sizes. A sieve such as used for sifting flour has very small holes. Coarse particles are separated or broken up by grinding against one another and the screen openings. Depending upon the types of particles to be separated, sieves with different types of holes are used. Sieves are also used to separate stones from sand. Sieving plays an important role in food industries where sieves (often vibrating) are used to prevent the contamination of the product by foreign bodies. The design of the industrial sieve is of primary importance here.[4]Triage sieving refers to grouping people according to their severity of injury.","title":"Sieving"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wooden_sieve_one_eighth_mesh.PNG"},{"link_name":"wicker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicker"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"withes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Withe"},{"link_name":"riddle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riddle_(tool)"},{"link_name":"fir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fir"},{"link_name":"willow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willow"},{"link_name":"American elm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_elm"},{"link_name":"oak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak"},{"link_name":"beech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beech"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"A wooden mesh in which the withes were one eighth of an inch wide and set the same distance apart. This would be used on an English farm of the Victorian era to sift grain, removing dust and soil.The mesh in a wooden sieve might be made from wood or wicker. Use of wood to avoid contamination is important when the sieve is used for sampling.[5] Henry Stephens, in his Book of the Farm, advised that the withes of a wooden riddle or sieve be made from fir or willow with American elm being best. The rims would be made of fir, oak or, especially, beech.[6]","title":"Wooden sieves"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sieve analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sieve_analysis"},{"link_name":"civil engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_engineering"},{"link_name":"sedimentology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentology"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"(a)Why are two columns with the same numbers needed? (b)Figures in mm don't agree with figures in inches.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup"}],"text":"A sieve analysis (or gradation test) is a practice or procedure used (commonly used in civil engineering or sedimentology) to assess the particle size distribution (also called gradation) of a granular material. Sieve sizes used in combinations of four to eight sieves.[clarification needed][(a)Why are two columns with the same numbers needed? (b)Figures in mm don't agree with figures in inches.]","title":"US standard test sieve series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinois"},{"link_name":"food mill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_mill"},{"link_name":"Cocktail strainer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocktail_strainer"},{"link_name":"Colander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colander"},{"link_name":"Mesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesh"},{"link_name":"Wash copper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wash_copper"},{"link_name":"Pickle lifter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pickle_lifter"},{"link_name":"Riddle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riddle_(tool)"},{"link_name":"Spider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider_(utensil)"},{"link_name":"Tamis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamis"},{"link_name":"Tea strainer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tea_strainer"},{"link_name":"Zaru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaru"},{"link_name":"trash-talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trash-talk"},{"link_name":"goaltender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goaltender"},{"link_name":"ice hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Chinois, or conical sieve used as a strainer, also sometimes used like a food mill\nCocktail strainer, a bar accessory\nColander, a (typically) bowl-shaped sieve used as a strainer in cooking\nFlour sifter or bolter, used in flour production and baking\nGraduated sieves, used to separate varying small sizes of material, often soil, rock or minerals\nMesh strainer, or just \"strainer\", usually consisting of a fine metal mesh screen on a metal frame\nLaundry strainer, to drain boiling water from laundry removed from a Wash copper, usually with a wooden frame to facilitate manual handling with hot contents\nPickle lifter – Device for lifting pickled goods from a container\nRiddle, used for soil\nSpider, used in Chinese cooking\nTamis, also known as a drum sieve\nTea strainer, specifically intended for use when making tea\nZaru, or bamboo sieve, used in Japanese cookingOther uses\"Sieve\" is a common term used in trash-talk referring to a goaltender in ice hockey who lets in too many goals[8]\n\"Leaks like a sieve\" is an English language idiom to describe a container that has multiple leaks, or, by allegory, an organization whose confidential information is routinely disclosed to the public.","title":"Other types"}]
[{"image_text":"Metal laboratory sieves","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Laboratory_sieves_BMK.jpg/220px-Laboratory_sieves_BMK.jpg"},{"image_text":"An ami shakushi, a Japanese ladle or scoop that may be used to remove small drops of batter during the frying of tempura","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Ami_shakushi.Scoop.jpg/220px-Ami_shakushi.Scoop.jpg"},{"image_text":"ancient sieve","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Gezer_%286%29.png/220px-Gezer_%286%29.png"},{"image_text":"A wooden mesh in which the withes were one eighth of an inch wide and set the same distance apart. This would be used on an English farm of the Victorian era to sift grain, removing dust and soil.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/ea/Wooden_sieve_one_eighth_mesh.PNG"}]
[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg"},{"title":"Food portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Food"},{"title":"Cheesecloth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheesecloth"},{"title":"Cloth filter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloth_filter"},{"title":"Filtration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filtration"},{"title":"Gold panning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_panning"},{"title":"Gyratory equipment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyratory_equipment"},{"title":"Mechanical screening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_screening"},{"title":"Mesh (scale)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesh_(scale)"},{"title":"Molecular sieve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_sieve"},{"title":"Separation process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_process"},{"title":"Soil gradation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_gradation"},{"title":"Water filter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_filter"}]
[{"reference":"Ruhlman, Michael; Bourdain, Anthony (2007). The Elements of Cooking: Translating the Chef's Craft for Every Kitchen. Simon and Schuster. p. 216. ISBN 978-1-4391-7252-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9WXclAEACAAJ&pg=PA278","url_text":"The Elements of Cooking: Translating the Chef's Craft for Every Kitchen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-7252-0","url_text":"978-1-4391-7252-0"}]},{"reference":"\"Industrial Strainers - Liquid Basket Strainer - Eaton Strainers\". industrialstrainer.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://industrialstrainer.com/eaton-hayward-strainers/","url_text":"\"Industrial Strainers - Liquid Basket Strainer - Eaton Strainers\""}]},{"reference":"Finex, Russell. \"Replacing Bag Filters with Self Cleaning Filters - Russell Finex\". www.russellfinex.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.russellfinex.com/en/news-and-events/replacing-bag-filters-with-russell-filters/","url_text":"\"Replacing Bag Filters with Self Cleaning Filters - Russell Finex\""}]},{"reference":"\"Powder Checking - Vibrating sieve - Vibrating sifters - PowderProcess.net\". www.powderprocess.net.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.powderprocess.net/Checking_Powder_sieve.html","url_text":"\"Powder Checking - Vibrating sieve - Vibrating sifters - PowderProcess.net\""}]},{"reference":"B. De Vivo; Harvey Belkin; Annamaria Lima (2008). Environmental Geochemistry: Site Characterization, Data Analysis and Case Histories: Site Characterization, Data Analysis and Case Histories. Elsevier. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-08-055895-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FBn0iv8ILHIC&pg=PA84","url_text":"Environmental Geochemistry: Site Characterization, Data Analysis and Case Histories: Site Characterization, Data Analysis and Case Histories"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-055895-0","url_text":"978-0-08-055895-0"}]},{"reference":"Henry Stephens (1852). The Book of the Farm. Vol. 1. W. Blackwood. pp. 414–416.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Glover, Thomas J. (1992). Pocket Ref (Second ed.). Littleton, Col.: Sequoia Publishing. ISBN 9780962235900. OCLC 34710295.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/pocketref00glov","url_text":"Pocket Ref"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780962235900","url_text":"9780962235900"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/34710295","url_text":"34710295"}]},{"reference":"\"Sieve Chant\". uwbadgers.com. Retrieved 9 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://uwbadgers.com/sports/2016/8/12/sieve-chant.aspx?id=1191","url_text":"\"Sieve Chant\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9WXclAEACAAJ&pg=PA278","external_links_name":"The Elements of Cooking: Translating the Chef's Craft for Every Kitchen"},{"Link":"http://industrialstrainer.com/eaton-hayward-strainers/","external_links_name":"\"Industrial Strainers - Liquid Basket Strainer - Eaton Strainers\""},{"Link":"http://www.russellfinex.com/en/news-and-events/replacing-bag-filters-with-russell-filters/","external_links_name":"\"Replacing Bag Filters with Self Cleaning Filters - Russell Finex\""},{"Link":"http://www.powderprocess.net/Checking_Powder_sieve.html","external_links_name":"\"Powder Checking - Vibrating sieve - Vibrating sifters - PowderProcess.net\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FBn0iv8ILHIC&pg=PA84","external_links_name":"Environmental Geochemistry: Site Characterization, Data Analysis and Case Histories: Site Characterization, Data Analysis and Case Histories"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/pocketref00glov","external_links_name":"Pocket Ref"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/34710295","external_links_name":"34710295"},{"Link":"https://uwbadgers.com/sports/2016/8/12/sieve-chant.aspx?id=1191","external_links_name":"\"Sieve Chant\""},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00563771","external_links_name":"Japan"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rassemblement_pour_l%27alternative_progressiste
Rassemblement pour l'alternative progressiste
["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]
The Rassemblement pour l'alternative progressiste or RAP (English: Rally for a Progressive Alternative) began as the Rassemblement pour l'alternative politique, a social movement founded in 1997 as an attempt to unite the progressive and leftist forces in Quebec, Canada. It presented seven independent candidates (including former trade union leader Michel Chartrand) in the 1998 Quebec provincial election, and became a political party in 2000. In 2002, it joined with the Parti de la démocratie socialiste and the Parti communiste du Québec to form the Union des forces progressistes (UFP). In 2006, the UFP joined with the Option citoyenne social movement to form the Québec solidaire party. See also Politics of Quebec List of Quebec general elections List of Quebec premiers List of Quebec leaders of the Opposition National Assembly of Quebec Timeline of Quebec history Political parties in Quebec References ^ Pierre Dostie, "Quebec solidaire: enters the National Assembly", Canadian Dimension, 1 March 2009, p. 13. External links National Assembly historical information La Politique québécoise sur le Web This Quebec-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a Canadian political party is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Parti de la démocratie socialiste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parti_de_la_d%C3%A9mocratie_socialiste"},{"link_name":"Parti communiste du Québec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parti_communiste_du_Qu%C3%A9bec"},{"link_name":"Union des forces progressistes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_des_forces_progressistes"},{"link_name":"Option citoyenne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Option_citoyenne"},{"link_name":"Québec solidaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%A9bec_solidaire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"In 2002, it joined with the Parti de la démocratie socialiste and the Parti communiste du Québec to form the Union des forces progressistes (UFP). In 2006, the UFP joined with the Option citoyenne social movement to form the Québec solidaire party.[1]","title":"Rassemblement pour l'alternative progressiste"}]
[]
[{"title":"Politics of Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Quebec"},{"title":"List of Quebec general elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Quebec_general_elections"},{"title":"List of Quebec premiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Quebec_premiers"},{"title":"List of Quebec leaders of the Opposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Quebec_leaders_of_the_Opposition"},{"title":"National Assembly of Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Quebec"},{"title":"Timeline of Quebec history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Quebec_history"},{"title":"Political parties in Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Canada#Quebec"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refeeding_syndrome
Refeeding syndrome
["1 Cause","1.1 Anorectics","2 Clinical situations","3 Diagnosis","4 Treatment","5 History","6 See also","7 References","8 Bibliography","9 External links"]
Illness caused by the sudden feeding of a malnourished individual Medical conditionRefeeding syndromeSpecialtyGastroenterologyRisk factorsStarvationVery low weightUnintentional weight lossLow levels of potassium, phosphate, or magnesium before eatingAlcohol use disorderSome types of medications: 37–38  Refeeding syndrome (RFS) is a metabolic disturbance which occurs as a result of reinstitution of nutrition in people and animals who are starved, severely malnourished, or metabolically stressed because of severe illness. When too much food or liquid nutrition supplement is eaten during the initial four to seven days following a malnutrition event, the production of glycogen, fat and protein in cells may cause low serum concentrations of potassium, magnesium and phosphate. The electrolyte imbalance may cause neurologic, pulmonary, cardiac, neuromuscular, and hematologic symptoms—many of which, if severe enough, may result in death. Cause Any individual who has had a negligible nutrient intake for many consecutive days and/or is metabolically stressed from a critical illness or major surgery is at risk of refeeding syndrome. Refeeding syndrome usually occurs within four days of starting to re-feed. Patients can develop fluid and electrolyte imbalance, especially hypophosphatemia, along with neurologic, pulmonary, cardiac, neuromuscular, and hematologic complications. During fasting, the body switches its main fuel source from carbohydrates to fat tissue fatty acids and amino acids from protein as the main energy sources. The spleen decreases its rate of red blood cell breakdown thus conserving red blood cells. Many intracellular minerals become severely depleted during this period, although serum levels remain normal. Importantly, insulin secretion is suppressed in this fasting state, and glucagon secretion is increased. During refeeding, insulin secretion resumes in response to increased blood sugar, resulting in increased glycogen, fat, and protein synthesis. Refeeding increases the basal metabolic rate. The process requires phosphates, magnesium and potassium which are already depleted, and the stores rapidly become used up. Formation of phosphorylated carbohydrate compounds in the liver and skeletal muscle depletes intracellular ATP and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate in red blood cells, leading to cellular dysfunction and inadequate oxygen delivery to the body's organs. Intracellular movement of electrolytes occurs along with a fall in the serum electrolytes, including phosphate and magnesium. Levels of serum glucose may rise, and B1 vitamin (thiamine) may fall. Abnormal heart rhythms are the most common cause of death from refeeding syndrome, with other significant risks including confusion, coma and convulsions and cardiac failure. Anorectics An anorectic or anorexic is a drug which reduces appetite, resulting in lower food consumption, leading to weight loss. Examples of anorectics includes stimulants like amphetamines, methylphenidate, and cocaine, along with opiates. Abusing them can lead to prolonged periods of inadequate calorie intake, mimicking anorexia nervosa. If someone misuses these substances and then starts eating normally again, they may be at increased risk of refeeding syndrome. Clinical situations The syndrome can occur at the beginning of treatment for eating disorders when patients have an increase in calorie intake and can be fatal. It can also occur when someone does not eat for several days at a time usually beginning after 4–5 days with no food. It can also occur after the onset of a severe illness or major surgery. The shifting of electrolytes and fluid balance increases cardiac workload and heart rate. This can lead to acute heart failure. Oxygen consumption is increased which strains the respiratory system and can make weaning from ventilation more difficult. Diagnosis Refeeding syndrome can be fatal if not recognized and treated properly. The electrolyte disturbances of the refeeding syndrome can occur within the first few days of refeeding. Close monitoring of blood biochemistry is therefore necessary in the early refeeding period. Treatment In critically ill patients admitted to an intensive care unit, if phosphate drops to below 0.65 mmol/L (2.0 mg/dL) from a previously normal level within three days of starting enteral or parenteral nutrition, caloric intake should be reduced to 480 kcals per day for at least two days while electrolytes are replaced. Daily doses of thiamine, vitamin B complex (strong) and a multivitamin and mineral preparation are strongly recommended. Blood biochemistry should be monitored regularly until it is stable. Although clinical trials are lacking in patients other than those admitted to intensive care, it is commonly recommended that energy intake should remain lower than that normally required for the first 3–5 days of treatment of refeeding syndrome for all patients.: 1.4.8  History In his 5th century BC work "On Fleshes" (De Carnibus), Hippocrates writes, "if a person goes seven days without eating or drinking anything, in this period most die; but there are some who survive that time but still die, and others are persuaded not to starve themselves to death but to eat and drink: however, the cavity no longer admits anything because the jejunum (nêstis) has grown together in that many days, and these people too die." Although Hippocrates misidentifies the cause of death, this passage likely represents an early description of refeeding syndrome. The Roman historian Flavius Josephus writing in the 1st century AD described classic symptoms of the syndrome among survivors of the siege of Jerusalem. He described the death of those who overindulged in food after the famine, whereas those who ate at a more restrained pace survived. Shincho koki chronicle describes similar outcome when starved soldiers were fed after surrender at the siege of Tottori castle on October 25, 1581. There were numerous cases of refeeding syndrome in the Siege of Leningrad during World War II, with Soviet civilians trapped in the city having become malnourished due to the German blockade. A common error, repeated in multiple papers, is that "The syndrome was first described after World War II in Americans who, held by the Japanese as prisoners of war, had become malnourished during captivity and who were then released to the care of United States personnel in the Philippines." However, closer inspection of the 1951 paper by Schnitker reveals the prisoners under study were not American POWs but Japanese soldiers who, already malnourished, surrendered in the Philippines during 1945, after the war was over. Refeeding syndrome has also been documented among survivors of the Ebensee concentration camp upon their liberation by the United States Army in May 1945. After liberation, the inmates were fed rich soup; the stomachs of a few presumably could not handle the sudden caloric intake and digestion, and they died. It is difficult to ascertain when the syndrome was first discovered and named, but it is likely the associated electrolyte disturbances were identified perhaps in Holland, the Netherlands during the so-called Hunger Winter, spanning the closing months of World War II. See also Minnesota Starvation Experiment F-100 and F-75 References ^ a b "Evidence — Nutrition support for adults: oral nutrition support, enteral tube feeding and parenteral nutrition — Guidance". National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). 22 February 2006 . Web page with link to full guideline CG32. ^ a b Mehanna HM, Moledina J, Travis J (June 2008). "Refeeding syndrome: what it is, and how to prevent and treat it". BMJ. 336 (7659): 1495–8. doi:10.1136/bmj.a301. PMC 2440847. PMID 18583681. ^ a b Doig, GS; Simpson, F; Heighes; Bellomo, R; Chesher, D; Caterson, ID; Reade, MC; Harrigan, PWJ (2015-12-01). "Restricted versus continued standard caloric intake during the management of refeeding syndrome in critically ill adults: a randomised, parallel-group, multicentre, single-blind controlled trial". The Lancet Respiratory Medicine. 3 (12): 943–952. doi:10.1016/S2213-2600(15)00418-X. ISSN 2213-2619. PMID 26597128. ^ Lemke, Thomas L.; Williams, David A., eds. (2012). "Anorexiants as Pharmacologic Agents in the Management of Obesity". Foye's Medicinal Chemistry. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 1451–6. ISBN 978-1-60913-345-0. ^ Webb GJ, Smith K, Thursby-Pelham F, Smith T, Stroud MA, Da Silva AN (2011). "Complications of emergency refeeding in anorexia nervosa: case series and review". Acute Medicine. 10 (2): 69–76. doi:10.52964/AMJA.0470. PMID 22041604. ^ Hippocrates of Kos. De Carnibus. 5th century BCE. ^ The Wars of the Jews by Flavius Josephus. October 2001. p. book V, chapter XIII, paragraph 4. Retrieved 2018-05-22 – via www.gutenberg.org. ^ "Researchers play detective to track earliest case of medical malady | The Asahi Shimbun: Breaking News, Japan News and Analysis". The Asahi Shimbun. Retrieved 2024-01-31. ^ Juliana Machado; et al. (March 5, 2009). "Refeeding syndrome, an undiagnosed and forgotten potentially fatal condition". BMJ Case Reports. 2009: bcr07.2008.0521. doi:10.1136/bcr.07.2008.0521. PMC 3028379. PMID 21686764. ^ Schnitker MA, Mattman PE, Bliss TL (1951). "A clinical study of malnutrition in Japanese prisoners of war". Annals of Internal Medicine. 35 (1): 69–96. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-35-1-69. PMID 14847450. ^ Persinger, Robert B. "Remembering Ebensee 1945 Robert B. Persinger, May 6th 2005". Memorial Ebensee. Archived from the original on 7 October 2011. ^ Nawyn, Kathleen J. "The Liberation of the Ebensee Concentration Camp, May 1945". history.army.mil. U.S. Army Center of Military History. Retrieved 1 October 2018. ^ Burger, GCE; BSandstead, HR; Drummond, J (1945). "Starvation in Western Holland: 1945". The Lancet. 246 (6366): 282–83. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(45)90738-0. Bibliography Shils, M.E., Shike, M., Ross, A.C., Caballero, B. & Cousins, R.J. (2006). Modern nutrition in health and disease, 10th ed. Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins. Baltimore, MD. Mahan, L.K. & Escott-Stump, S.E. (2004) Krause's Food, Nutrition, & Diet Therapy, 11th ed. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA. Hearing S (2004). "Refeeding syndrome: Is underdiagnosed and undertreated, but treatable". BMJ. 328 (7445): 908–9. doi:10.1136/bmj.328.7445.908. PMC 390152. PMID 15087326. Crook M, Hally V, Panteli J (2001). "The importance of the refeeding syndrome". Nutrition. 17 (7–8): 632–7. doi:10.1016/S0899-9007(01)00542-1. PMID 11448586. Lauts N (2005). "Management of the patient with refeeding syndrome". J Infus Nurs. 28 (5): 337–42. doi:10.1097/00129804-200509000-00007. PMID 16205500. S2CID 39877542. Kraft M, Btaiche I, Sacks G (2005). "Review of the refeeding syndrome" (PDF). Nutr Clin Pract. 20 (6): 625–33. doi:10.1177/0115426505020006625. hdl:2027.42/142310. PMID 16306300. "Evidence — Nutrition support for adults: oral nutrition support, enteral tube feeding and parenteral nutrition — Guidance". National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). 22 February 2006 . Web page with link to full guideline CG32. External links ClassificationDMeSH: D055677DiseasesDB: 11205SNOMED CT: 427698009 vteIntensive care medicine Health science Medicine Medical specialities Respiratory therapy General terms Intensive care unit (ICU) Neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) Pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) Coronary care unit (CCU) Critical illness insurance Geriatric intensive-care unit ConditionsOrgan system failure Shock sequence SIRS Sepsis Severe sepsis Septic shock Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome Other shock Cardiogenic shock Distributive shock Anaphylaxis Obstructive shock Neurogenic shock Spinal shock Vasodilatory shock Organ failure Acute renal failure Acute respiratory distress syndrome Acute liver failure Respiratory failure Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome Neonatal infection Polytrauma Coma Complications Critical illness polyneuropathy / myopathy Critical illness–related corticosteroid insufficiency Decubitus ulcers Fungemia Stress hyperglycemia Stress ulcer Iatrogenesis Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Oxygen toxicity Refeeding syndrome Ventilator-associated lung injury Ventilator-associated pneumonia Dialytrauma Diagnosis Arterial blood gas Catheter Arterial line Central venous catheter Pulmonary artery catheter Blood cultures Screening cultures Life-supporting treatments Airway management and mechanical ventilation Tracheal intubation Cardiac devices Intra-aortic balloon pump Ventricular assist device Chest tube Kidney dialysis Early goal-directed therapy Induced coma Nutritional supplementation Enteral feeding Total parenteral nutrition Therapeutic hypothermia Drugs Analgesics Antibiotics Antithrombotics Inotropes Intravenous fluids Neuromuscular-blocking drugs Recombinant activated protein C Sedatives Stress ulcer prevention drugs Vasopressors ICU scoring systems APACHE II Glasgow Coma Scale PIM2 SAPS II SAPS III SOFA Physiology Hemodynamics Hypotension Level of consciousness Acid–base imbalance Water-electrolyte imbalance Organisations Society of Critical Care Medicine Surviving Sepsis Campaign European Society of Paediatric and Neonatal Intensive Care Related specialties Anesthesiology Internal medicine Cardiology Neurology Pulmonology Pediatrics Surgery Traumatology
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"metabolic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolic"},{"link_name":"starved","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starvation"},{"link_name":"malnourished","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malnourishment"},{"link_name":"malnutrition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malnutrition"},{"link_name":"glycogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycogen"},{"link_name":"fat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat"},{"link_name":"protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein"},{"link_name":"serum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serum_(blood)"},{"link_name":"potassium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypokalemia"},{"link_name":"magnesium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium_deficiency"},{"link_name":"phosphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypophosphatemia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid18583681-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"electrolyte imbalance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolyte_imbalance"}],"text":"Medical conditionRefeeding syndrome (RFS) is a metabolic disturbance which occurs as a result of reinstitution of nutrition in people and animals who are starved, severely malnourished, or metabolically stressed because of severe illness. When too much food or liquid nutrition supplement is eaten during the initial four to seven days following a malnutrition event, the production of glycogen, fat and protein in cells may cause low serum concentrations of potassium, magnesium and phosphate.[2][3] The electrolyte imbalance may cause neurologic, pulmonary, cardiac, neuromuscular, and hematologic symptoms—many of which, if severe enough, may result in death.","title":"Refeeding syndrome"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hypophosphatemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypophosphatemia"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"fasting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasting"},{"link_name":"fatty acids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_acids"},{"link_name":"amino acids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acids"},{"link_name":"red blood cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_blood_cell"},{"link_name":"insulin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulin"},{"link_name":"glucagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucagon"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid18583681-2"},{"link_name":"blood sugar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_sugar"},{"link_name":"basal metabolic rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basal_metabolic_rate"},{"link_name":"phosphates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphate"},{"link_name":"magnesium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium"},{"link_name":"potassium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium"},{"link_name":"ATP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate"},{"link_name":"2,3-diphosphoglycerate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2,3-diphosphoglycerate"},{"link_name":"red blood cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_blood_cells"},{"link_name":"serum glucose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_sugar_level"},{"link_name":"thiamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiamine"},{"link_name":"Abnormal heart rhythms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrhythmias"},{"link_name":"coma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coma"},{"link_name":"cardiac failure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_failure"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Any individual who has had a negligible nutrient intake for many consecutive days and/or is metabolically stressed from a critical illness or major surgery is at risk of refeeding syndrome. Refeeding syndrome usually occurs within four days of starting to re-feed. Patients can develop fluid and electrolyte imbalance, especially hypophosphatemia, along with neurologic, pulmonary, cardiac, neuromuscular, and hematologic complications.[citation needed]During fasting, the body switches its main fuel source from carbohydrates to fat tissue fatty acids and amino acids from protein as the main energy sources. The spleen decreases its rate of red blood cell breakdown thus conserving red blood cells. Many intracellular minerals become severely depleted during this period, although serum levels remain normal. Importantly, insulin secretion is suppressed in this fasting state, and glucagon secretion is increased.[2]During refeeding, insulin secretion resumes in response to increased blood sugar, resulting in increased glycogen, fat, and protein synthesis. Refeeding increases the basal metabolic rate. The process requires phosphates, magnesium and potassium which are already depleted, and the stores rapidly become used up. Formation of phosphorylated carbohydrate compounds in the liver and skeletal muscle depletes intracellular ATP and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate in red blood cells, leading to cellular dysfunction and inadequate oxygen delivery to the body's organs. Intracellular movement of electrolytes occurs along with a fall in the serum electrolytes, including phosphate and magnesium. Levels of serum glucose may rise, and B1 vitamin (thiamine) may fall. Abnormal heart rhythms are the most common cause of death from refeeding syndrome, with other significant risks including confusion, coma and convulsions and cardiac failure.[citation needed]","title":"Cause"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"anorectic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anorectic"},{"link_name":"appetite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appetite"},{"link_name":"weight loss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weight_loss"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lemke-4"},{"link_name":"amphetamines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphetamines"},{"link_name":"methylphenidate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylphenidate"},{"link_name":"cocaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocaine"},{"link_name":"opiates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opiates"}],"sub_title":"Anorectics","text":"An anorectic or anorexic is a drug which reduces appetite, resulting in lower food consumption, leading to weight loss.[4]Examples of anorectics includes stimulants like amphetamines, methylphenidate, and cocaine, along with opiates. Abusing them can lead to prolonged periods of inadequate calorie intake, mimicking anorexia nervosa. If someone misuses these substances and then starts eating normally again, they may be at increased risk of refeeding syndrome.","title":"Cause"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The syndrome can occur at the beginning of treatment for eating disorders when patients have an increase in calorie intake and can be fatal. It can also occur when someone does not eat for several days at a time usually beginning after 4–5 days with no food. [5] It can also occur after the onset of a severe illness or major surgery. The shifting of electrolytes and fluid balance increases cardiac workload and heart rate. This can lead to acute heart failure. Oxygen consumption is increased which strains the respiratory system and can make weaning from ventilation more difficult.[citation needed]","title":"Clinical situations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Refeeding syndrome can be fatal if not recognized and treated properly. The electrolyte disturbances of the refeeding syndrome can occur within the first few days of refeeding. Close monitoring of blood biochemistry is therefore necessary in the early refeeding period.[citation needed]","title":"Diagnosis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"intensive care unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensive_care_unit"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"thiamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiamine"},{"link_name":"vitamin B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_B"},{"link_name":"multivitamin and mineral preparation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multivitamin"},{"link_name":"energy intake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_homeostasis#Intake"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NICE-1"}],"text":"In critically ill patients admitted to an intensive care unit, if phosphate drops to below 0.65 mmol/L (2.0 mg/dL) from a previously normal level within three days of starting enteral or parenteral nutrition, caloric intake should be reduced to 480 kcals per day for at least two days while electrolytes are replaced.[3] Daily doses of thiamine, vitamin B complex (strong) and a multivitamin and mineral preparation are strongly recommended. Blood biochemistry should be monitored regularly until it is stable. Although clinical trials are lacking in patients other than those admitted to intensive care, it is commonly recommended that energy intake should remain lower than that normally required for the first 3–5 days of treatment of refeeding syndrome for all patients.[1]: 1.4.8","title":"Treatment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Before_the_common_era"},{"link_name":"Hippocrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippocrates"},{"link_name":"jejunum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jejunum"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Flavius Josephus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus"},{"link_name":"AD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_era"},{"link_name":"siege of Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(70_CE)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"siege of Tottori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Tottori"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Siege of Leningrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"prisoners of war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoners_of_war#World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid14847450-10"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Ebensee concentration camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebensee_concentration_camp"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Persinger-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Holland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holland"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Hunger Winter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"In his 5th century BC work \"On Fleshes\" (De Carnibus), Hippocrates writes, \"if a person goes seven days without eating or drinking anything, in this period most die; but there are some who survive that time but still die, and others are persuaded not to starve themselves to death but to eat and drink: however, the cavity no longer admits anything because the jejunum (nêstis) has grown together in that many days, and these people too die.\" Although Hippocrates misidentifies the cause of death, this passage likely represents an early description of refeeding syndrome.[6] The Roman historian Flavius Josephus writing in the 1st century AD described classic symptoms of the syndrome among survivors of the siege of Jerusalem. He described the death of those who overindulged in food after the famine, whereas those who ate at a more restrained pace survived.[7] Shincho koki chronicle describes similar outcome when starved soldiers were fed after surrender at the siege of Tottori castle on October 25, 1581.[8]There were numerous cases of refeeding syndrome in the Siege of Leningrad during World War II, with Soviet civilians trapped in the city having become malnourished due to the German blockade.[9]A common error, repeated in multiple papers, is that \"The syndrome was first described after World War II in Americans who, held by the Japanese as prisoners of war, had become malnourished during captivity and who were then released to the care of United States personnel in the Philippines.\"[10]\nHowever, closer inspection of the 1951 paper by Schnitker reveals the prisoners under study were not American POWs but Japanese soldiers who, already malnourished, surrendered in the Philippines during 1945, after the war was over.[citation needed]Refeeding syndrome has also been documented among survivors of the Ebensee concentration camp upon their liberation by the United States Army in May 1945. After liberation, the inmates were fed rich soup; the stomachs of a few presumably could not handle the sudden caloric intake and digestion, and they died.[11][12]It is difficult to ascertain when the syndrome was first discovered and named, but it is likely the associated electrolyte disturbances were identified perhaps in Holland, the Netherlands during the so-called Hunger Winter, spanning the closing months of World War II.[13]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Refeeding syndrome: Is underdiagnosed and undertreated, but treatable\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC390152"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1136/bmj.328.7445.908","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.328.7445.908"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"390152","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC390152"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"15087326","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15087326"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/S0899-9007(01)00542-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2FS0899-9007%2801%2900542-1"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"11448586","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11448586"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1097/00129804-200509000-00007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1097%2F00129804-200509000-00007"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"16205500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16205500"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"39877542","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:39877542"},{"link_name":"\"Review of the refeeding syndrome\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/142310/1/ncp0625.pdf"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1177/0115426505020006625","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1177%2F0115426505020006625"},{"link_name":"hdl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2027.42/142310","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hdl.handle.net/2027.42%2F142310"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"16306300","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16306300"},{"link_name":"\"Evidence — Nutrition support for adults: oral nutrition support, enteral tube feeding and parenteral nutrition — Guidance\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg32/evidence"},{"link_name":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_for_Health_and_Care_Excellence"}],"text":"Shils, M.E., Shike, M., Ross, A.C., Caballero, B. & Cousins, R.J. (2006). Modern nutrition in health and disease, 10th ed. Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins. Baltimore, MD.\nMahan, L.K. & Escott-Stump, S.E. (2004) Krause's Food, Nutrition, & Diet Therapy, 11th ed. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA.\nHearing S (2004). \"Refeeding syndrome: Is underdiagnosed and undertreated, but treatable\". BMJ. 328 (7445): 908–9. doi:10.1136/bmj.328.7445.908. PMC 390152. PMID 15087326.\nCrook M, Hally V, Panteli J (2001). \"The importance of the refeeding syndrome\". Nutrition. 17 (7–8): 632–7. doi:10.1016/S0899-9007(01)00542-1. PMID 11448586.\nLauts N (2005). \"Management of the patient with refeeding syndrome\". J Infus Nurs. 28 (5): 337–42. doi:10.1097/00129804-200509000-00007. PMID 16205500. S2CID 39877542.\nKraft M, Btaiche I, Sacks G (2005). \"Review of the refeeding syndrome\" (PDF). Nutr Clin Pract. 20 (6): 625–33. doi:10.1177/0115426505020006625. hdl:2027.42/142310. PMID 16306300.\n\"Evidence — Nutrition support for adults: oral nutrition support, enteral tube feeding and parenteral nutrition — Guidance\". National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). 22 February 2006 [Updated 4 August 2017]. Web page with link to full guideline CG32.","title":"Bibliography"}]
[]
[{"title":"Minnesota Starvation Experiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Starvation_Experiment"},{"title":"F-100 and F-75","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-100_and_F-75_(foods)"}]
[{"reference":"\"Evidence — Nutrition support for adults: oral nutrition support, enteral tube feeding and parenteral nutrition — Guidance\". National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). 22 February 2006 [Updated 4 August 2017].","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg32/evidence","url_text":"\"Evidence — Nutrition support for adults: oral nutrition support, enteral tube feeding and parenteral nutrition — Guidance\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_for_Health_and_Care_Excellence","url_text":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence"}]},{"reference":"Mehanna HM, Moledina J, Travis J (June 2008). \"Refeeding syndrome: what it is, and how to prevent and treat it\". BMJ. 336 (7659): 1495–8. doi:10.1136/bmj.a301. PMC 2440847. PMID 18583681.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2440847","url_text":"\"Refeeding syndrome: what it is, and how to prevent and treat it\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.a301","url_text":"10.1136/bmj.a301"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2440847","url_text":"2440847"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18583681","url_text":"18583681"}]},{"reference":"Doig, GS; Simpson, F; Heighes; Bellomo, R; Chesher, D; Caterson, ID; Reade, MC; Harrigan, PWJ (2015-12-01). \"Restricted versus continued standard caloric intake during the management of refeeding syndrome in critically ill adults: a randomised, parallel-group, multicentre, single-blind controlled trial\". The Lancet Respiratory Medicine. 3 (12): 943–952. doi:10.1016/S2213-2600(15)00418-X. ISSN 2213-2619. PMID 26597128.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS2213-2600%2815%2900418-X","url_text":"10.1016/S2213-2600(15)00418-X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2213-2619","url_text":"2213-2619"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26597128","url_text":"26597128"}]},{"reference":"Lemke, Thomas L.; Williams, David A., eds. (2012). \"Anorexiants as Pharmacologic Agents in the Management of Obesity\". Foye's Medicinal Chemistry. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 1451–6. ISBN 978-1-60913-345-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60913-345-0","url_text":"978-1-60913-345-0"}]},{"reference":"Webb GJ, Smith K, Thursby-Pelham F, Smith T, Stroud MA, Da Silva AN (2011). \"Complications of emergency refeeding in anorexia nervosa: case series and review\". Acute Medicine. 10 (2): 69–76. doi:10.52964/AMJA.0470. PMID 22041604.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.52964%2FAMJA.0470","url_text":"\"Complications of emergency refeeding in anorexia nervosa: case series and review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.52964%2FAMJA.0470","url_text":"10.52964/AMJA.0470"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22041604","url_text":"22041604"}]},{"reference":"The Wars of the Jews by Flavius Josephus. October 2001. p. book V, chapter XIII, paragraph 4. Retrieved 2018-05-22 – via www.gutenberg.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/files/2850/2850-h/2850-h.htm#link52HCH0013","url_text":"The Wars of the Jews by Flavius Josephus"}]},{"reference":"\"Researchers play detective to track earliest case of medical malady | The Asahi Shimbun: Breaking News, Japan News and Analysis\". The Asahi Shimbun. Retrieved 2024-01-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/15091001","url_text":"\"Researchers play detective to track earliest case of medical malady | The Asahi Shimbun: Breaking News, Japan News and Analysis\""}]},{"reference":"Juliana Machado; et al. (March 5, 2009). \"Refeeding syndrome, an undiagnosed and forgotten potentially fatal condition\". BMJ Case Reports. 2009: bcr07.2008.0521. doi:10.1136/bcr.07.2008.0521. PMC 3028379. PMID 21686764.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3028379","url_text":"\"Refeeding syndrome, an undiagnosed and forgotten potentially fatal condition\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbcr.07.2008.0521","url_text":"10.1136/bcr.07.2008.0521"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3028379","url_text":"3028379"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21686764","url_text":"21686764"}]},{"reference":"Schnitker MA, Mattman PE, Bliss TL (1951). \"A clinical study of malnutrition in Japanese prisoners of war\". Annals of Internal Medicine. 35 (1): 69–96. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-35-1-69. PMID 14847450.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.7326%2F0003-4819-35-1-69","url_text":"10.7326/0003-4819-35-1-69"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14847450","url_text":"14847450"}]},{"reference":"Persinger, Robert B. \"Remembering Ebensee 1945 Robert B. Persinger, May 6th 2005\". Memorial Ebensee. Archived from the original on 7 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111007232207/http://www.memorial-ebensee.at/english/persinger.html","url_text":"\"Remembering Ebensee 1945 Robert B. Persinger, May 6th 2005\""},{"url":"http://www.memorial-ebensee.at/english/persinger.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Nawyn, Kathleen J. \"The Liberation of the Ebensee Concentration Camp, May 1945\". history.army.mil. U.S. Army Center of Military History. Retrieved 1 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://history.army.mil/news/2015/150500a_ebensee.html","url_text":"\"The Liberation of the Ebensee Concentration Camp, May 1945\""}]},{"reference":"Burger, GCE; BSandstead, HR; Drummond, J (1945). \"Starvation in Western Holland: 1945\". The Lancet. 246 (6366): 282–83. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(45)90738-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0140-6736%2845%2990738-0","url_text":"10.1016/s0140-6736(45)90738-0"}]},{"reference":"Hearing S (2004). \"Refeeding syndrome: Is underdiagnosed and undertreated, but treatable\". BMJ. 328 (7445): 908–9. doi:10.1136/bmj.328.7445.908. PMC 390152. 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PMID 11448586.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0899-9007%2801%2900542-1","url_text":"10.1016/S0899-9007(01)00542-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11448586","url_text":"11448586"}]},{"reference":"Lauts N (2005). \"Management of the patient with refeeding syndrome\". J Infus Nurs. 28 (5): 337–42. doi:10.1097/00129804-200509000-00007. PMID 16205500. S2CID 39877542.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00129804-200509000-00007","url_text":"10.1097/00129804-200509000-00007"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16205500","url_text":"16205500"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:39877542","url_text":"39877542"}]},{"reference":"Kraft M, Btaiche I, Sacks G (2005). \"Review of the refeeding syndrome\" (PDF). Nutr Clin Pract. 20 (6): 625–33. doi:10.1177/0115426505020006625. hdl:2027.42/142310. PMID 16306300.","urls":[{"url":"https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/142310/1/ncp0625.pdf","url_text":"\"Review of the refeeding syndrome\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0115426505020006625","url_text":"10.1177/0115426505020006625"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42%2F142310","url_text":"2027.42/142310"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16306300","url_text":"16306300"}]},{"reference":"\"Evidence — Nutrition support for adults: oral nutrition support, enteral tube feeding and parenteral nutrition — Guidance\". National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). 22 February 2006 [Updated 4 August 2017].","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg32/evidence","url_text":"\"Evidence — Nutrition support for adults: oral nutrition support, enteral tube feeding and parenteral nutrition — Guidance\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_for_Health_and_Care_Excellence","url_text":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lowe_(cricketer)
William Lowe (cricketer)
["1 Life and career","2 Cricket","3 Association football","4 Notes","5 References"]
English cricketer William Walter Lowe (17 November 1873 – 26 May 1945) was an English first-class cricketer. He was a Cambridge University and Worcestershire all-rounder who bowled right-arm fast and batted right-handed, generally in the lower middle order. Life and career Born in Stamford, Lincolnshire, the sixth son of John Rooe Lowe and his wife Mary Ann Laws, Lowe was educated at Malvern College and Pembroke College, Cambridge. He then returned to Malvern as an assistant master, becoming later a house master. He taught at Malvern from 1896 to 1932. Lowe died in Hartley Wintney, Hampshire, at the age of 71. Cricket Lowe made his first-class debut for Cambridge against Somerset in 1895. He finished the English season with 309 runs at 30.90 and 31 wickets at 25.32, including 5-48 in the University Match against Oxford University, and was invited to join F Mitchell's XI on a tour of North America that autumn. It was while there that Lowe recorded his best bowling figures, taking 6-15 against the Philadelphians. On his return to England, Lowe played three times for Cambridge in 1896, but was then out of the game until August 1899 when he joined Worcestershire in the county's maiden first-class season. The highlight of his summer was undoubtedly the unbeaten 102 he hit against Derbyshire, when he added 87 in barely half an hour with Robert Burrows for the ninth wicket to set up a crushing innings win, one of only two County Championship wins by the county all season. The following year Lowe made ten appearances for Worcestershire, passing 500 first-class runs for the only time in his career, and in 1901 he averaged nearly 42 with the bat and made his highest score of 154 against Leicestershire; the innings took only 150 minutes and remains (as of 2009) the highest score for Worcestershire in first-class cricket for a man batting at seven. However, his form trailed off and after 1902 he dropped out of the first-class game, though he did have a brief and unsuccessful comeback in 1910 and 1911; his only wicket in his last year being that of Test all-rounder Len Braund. Association football Lowe played soccer for the Corinthian Football Club, from 1895 to 1900. In other sports, he was noted also for golf and skating. Notes ^ a b "Lowe, William Walter (LW893WW)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge. ^ "John Rooe Lowe Family Tree - The Cobbold Family History Trust". Retrieved 6 December 2017. ^ "Worcestershire v Derbyshire in 1899". CricketArchive. Retrieved 22 September 2009. ^ "Leicestershire v Worcestershire in 1901". CricketArchive. Retrieved 22 September 2009. ^ "Highest Score in Each Batting Position for Worcestershire". CricketArchive. Retrieved 22 September 2009. References William Lowe at CricketArchive (subscription required) William Lowe at ESPNcricinfo
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He was a Cambridge University and Worcestershire all-rounder who bowled right-arm fast and batted right-handed, generally in the lower middle order.","title":"William Lowe (cricketer)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stamford, Lincolnshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamford,_Lincolnshire"},{"link_name":"Malvern College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malvern_College"},{"link_name":"Pembroke College, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembroke_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-acad-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Hartley Wintney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartley_Wintney"},{"link_name":"Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampshire"}],"text":"Born in Stamford, Lincolnshire, the sixth son of John Rooe Lowe and his wife Mary Ann Laws, Lowe was educated at Malvern College and Pembroke College, Cambridge. He then returned to Malvern as an assistant master, becoming later a house master. He taught at Malvern from 1896 to 1932.[1][2]Lowe died in Hartley Wintney, Hampshire, at the age of 71.","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Somerset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerset_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"1895","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1895_English_cricket_season"},{"link_name":"at 30.90","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batting_average_(cricket)"},{"link_name":"at 25.32","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowling_average"},{"link_name":"Oxford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"F Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Mitchell_(sportsman_born_1872)"},{"link_name":"North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"link_name":"Philadelphians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"1896","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1896_English_cricket_season"},{"link_name":"1899","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1899_English_cricket_season"},{"link_name":"Derbyshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derbyshire_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"Robert Burrows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Burrows_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"innings win","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_result_in_cricket"},{"link_name":"County Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Championship"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"The following year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900_English_cricket_season"},{"link_name":"1901","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1901_English_cricket_season"},{"link_name":"Leicestershire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicestershire_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"1902","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1902_English_cricket_season"},{"link_name":"1910","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1910_English_cricket_season"},{"link_name":"1911","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1911_English_cricket_season"},{"link_name":"Test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_cricket"},{"link_name":"Len Braund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Len_Braund"}],"text":"Lowe made his first-class debut for Cambridge against Somerset in 1895. He finished the English season with 309 runs at 30.90 and 31 wickets at 25.32, including 5-48 in the University Match against Oxford University, and was invited to join F Mitchell's XI on a tour of North America that autumn. It was while there that Lowe recorded his best bowling figures, taking 6-15 against the Philadelphians.On his return to England, Lowe played three times for Cambridge in 1896, but was then out of the game until August 1899 when he joined Worcestershire in the county's maiden first-class season. The highlight of his summer was undoubtedly the unbeaten 102 he hit against Derbyshire, when he added 87 in barely half an hour with Robert Burrows for the ninth wicket to set up a crushing innings win, one of only two County Championship wins by the county all season.[3]The following year Lowe made ten appearances for Worcestershire, passing 500 first-class runs for the only time in his career, and in 1901 he averaged nearly 42 with the bat and made his highest score of 154 against Leicestershire; the innings took only 150 minutes and remains (as of 2009) the highest score for Worcestershire in first-class cricket for a man batting at seven.[4][5]\nHowever, his form trailed off and after 1902 he dropped out of the first-class game, though he did have a brief and unsuccessful comeback in 1910 and 1911; his only wicket in his last year being that of Test all-rounder Len Braund.","title":"Cricket"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Corinthian Football Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corinthian_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-acad-1"}],"text":"Lowe played soccer for the Corinthian Football Club, from 1895 to 1900. In other sports, he was noted also for golf and skating.[1]","title":"Association football"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-acad_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-acad_1-1"},{"link_name":"\"Lowe, William Walter (LW893WW)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//venn.lib.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search-2018.pl?sur=&suro=w&fir=&firo=c&cit=&cito=c&c=all&z=all&tex=LW893WW&sye=&eye=&col=all&maxcount=50"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"John Rooe Lowe Family Tree - The Cobbold Family History Trust\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//family-tree.cobboldfht.com/people/view/1099"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Worcestershire v Derbyshire in 1899\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/5/5327.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"Leicestershire v Worcestershire in 1901\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/5/5807.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Highest Score in Each Batting Position for Worcestershire\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cricketarchive.com/Archive/Records/England/Firstclass/Worcestershire/Batting_Records/Highest_Score_Each_Position_For.html"}],"text":"^ a b \"Lowe, William Walter (LW893WW)\". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.\n\n^ \"John Rooe Lowe Family Tree - The Cobbold Family History Trust\". Retrieved 6 December 2017.\n\n^ \n\"Worcestershire v Derbyshire in 1899\". CricketArchive. Retrieved 22 September 2009.\n\n^ \n\"Leicestershire v Worcestershire in 1901\". CricketArchive. Retrieved 22 September 2009.\n\n^ \n\"Highest Score in Each Batting Position for Worcestershire\". CricketArchive. Retrieved 22 September 2009.","title":"Notes"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Morris_(businessman)
Edward Morris (businessman)
["1 Biography","2 Personal life","3 References"]
American businessman For other people with the same name, see Edward Morris. Edward MorrisBorn(1866-10-01)October 1, 1866Chicago, IllinoisDiedNovember 3, 1913(1913-11-03) (aged 47)Chicago, IllinoisResting placeRosehill CemeteryNationalityAmericanOccupationMeatpackerKnown forPresident of Morris & CompanySpouseHelen Swift MorrisChildren4 including Muriel Gardiner and Ruth Morris BakwinParent(s)Nelson MorrisSarah Vogel MorrisRelativesIra Nelson Morris (brother)Abram M. Rothschild (brother-in-law) Edward Morris (October 1, 1866 – November 3, 1913) was President of Morris & Company, one of the three main meat-packing companies in Chicago. Biography He was born to a Jewish family in Chicago on October 1, 1866, to Sarah (née Vogel) and Nelson Morris. His brother was diplomat Ira Nelson Morris. As president of Morris and Company, Edward Morris was involved in the decision, in 1902, to form the National Packing Co. This holding company was targeted by Arba Seymour Van Valkenburgh under the Elkins Act and eventually broken up in 1912. Personal life In 1890, he married Helen Swift, daughter of Gustavus Swift. They had 4 children: Edward Morris, Jr., Nelson Swift Morris (married to French singer Jeanne Aubert), pediatrician Ruth Morris Bakwin (married to pediatrician Harry Bakwin), and psychiatrist, Muriel Morris Gardiner Buttinger (married to Austrian politician Joseph Buttinger). He died on November 3, 1913, in Chicago, Illinois of kidney disease. He was buried at Rosehill Cemetery. In 1917 his widow married Francis Neilson. References ^ a b c "Guide to the Edward Morris House Collection 1913-1919". University of Chicago. Retrieved March 21, 2015. Morris was born in Chicago on October 1, 1866. His father, Nelson Morris, founded Morris & Co. Edward was educated in Chicago public schools, and his natural aptitude and interest in his father's business led him to begin spending time there at age 14. In 1890, Morris married Helen Swift, a daughter of one of his two main competitors. The couple had four children, Nelson II, Edward, Jr., Ruth, and Muriel. Muriel Morris Gardner later became a renowned psychiatrist. ... ^ a b "Ed. Morris Dead. Left $40,000,000. Chicago Packer, Son of the Late Nelson Morris, Was 47 Years Old. Began His Career at 14. Bought Interest of His Brother and Sisters After Father's Death. His Wife Was Helen Swift" (PDF). The New York Times. Chicago. November 4, 1913. p. 9. Retrieved February 18, 2023. ^ a b Roth, Nelson (Spring 2008). "Nelson Morris and 'The Yards'" (PDF). Chicago Jewish Historical Society. ^ a b "Edward Morris, Packer, is Dead". Chicago Tribune. November 4, 1913. p. 5. Retrieved February 18, 2023 – via Newspapers.com. ^ a b "Morris Millions In Trust. Packer's Widow Controls. Will Be One of World's Wealthiest Women". The New York Times. Chicago. November 12, 1913. p. 11. Retrieved February 18, 2023 – via Newspapers.com. Mrs. Helen Swift Morris was placed in control of the $20,000,000 estate of her husband, Edward Morris, the packer, by his will filed here to-day. This makes Mrs. Morris, who inherited a large fortune from her father, Gustavus Swift, the packer, one of the wealthiest women in the world. ... ^ Chicago Historical Society: Charter, Constitution, By-laws, Membership List, Annual Report. Leopold Classic Library. June 30, 2015. pp. 60–61. This Chicago-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about an American businessperson born in the 1860s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This biographical article about a foodie, restaurateur or gourmand is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swainson%27s_warbler
Swainson's warbler
["1 Description","2 Distribution and habitat","3 Behavior","3.1 Breeding","4 Taxonomy","5 References","6 External links"]
Species of bird Swainson's warbler Conservation status Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Passeriformes Family: Parulidae Genus: LimnothlypisStone, 1914 Species: L. swainsonii Binomial name Limnothlypis swainsonii(Audubon, 1834) Range of L. swainsonii   Breeding range  Winter range Synonyms Helinaia swainsoni Helinaia swainsonii Helmitheros swainsonii Swainson's warbler (Limnothlypis swainsonii) is a small species of New World warbler. It is monotypic, the only member of the genus Limnothlypis. Swainson's warbler was named after William Swainson, an English ornithologist. Description South Padre Island - Texas Swainson's warblers are a small and rather nondescript songbird, though are fairly large for a New World warbler. Adults grow to 12.5–16 cm (4.9–6.3 in) in length and 11–20.5 g (0.39–0.72 oz) in weight. The wingspan averages 23 cm (9.1 in). They are a plain olive-brown above and pale yellow-white below. They have a whitish eyebrow stripe that runs above their eye, and the top of their head is a rusty brown. Unlike most other New World warblers that are mostly dimorphic, there is no difference in appearance between a male or female Swainson's warbler. Distribution and habitat Swainson's warblers are uncommon, mostly found in flooded swamplands and canebrakes of the south-eastern United States. More rarely, they will also occur in rhododendron thickets in the southern Appalachian Mountains. They are a migratory species, with part of the population migrating southeastwards to the Greater Antilles (where it overwinters in the Blue Mountains of Jamaica for example) and the other southwestwards to the Yucatán Peninsula region in winter. Behavior Breeding This species begins breeding at about 10 months of age. Pairs form, and stake out and defend a territory for nesting. Nests are fairly large and bulky, constructed from moss, grass, and small leaves situated above ground in a tangle of tall reeds or vines. The female will lay between three and five eggs. The eggs are white and sometimes, but rarely, speckled with brown. Incubation is done by the female only and lasts for about 14 days, after which the eggs will hatch. The young leave the nest about 12 days later. It is not known how long pairs stay together, although once a pair-bond has been established they do not usually mate with other birds at least in the current nesting season. These birds live to as old as eight years. Taxonomy No subspecies are recognized. There appears to be some divergence between populations from Arkansas and others of the coastal plains. This does fit a pattern one would expect from genetic drift, but there seem to be no geographical or ecological barriers restricting gene flow. Even during the last ice age, when average temperatures, precipitation and sea levels were lower, there seems to have been ample contiguous habitat. Clearly, some factor restricting gene flow is at work, but it is not presently known what it is. It is possible that the subpopulations conform to the different wintering areas. In some migrant birds it is known that the initial direction of the migration is set by fairly simple hereditary mechanisms. Offspring of pairs comprising birds of different subpopulations will, in such species, attempt to migrate into an intermediate direction. Such a course would lead a Swainson's warbler deep into the Caribbean where there are no wintering or even stopover points, and the bird would almost certainly perish. More research such as analyzing bird banding data is needed to determine whether this mechanism applies in Swainson's warbler. References ^ BirdLife International (2018). "Limnothlypis swainsonii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22721776A132148361. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22721776A132148361.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021. ^ "Limnothlypis swainsonii". Avibase. ^ "Swainson's Warbler". Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Retrieved 13 March 2013. ^ CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses by John B. Dunning Jr. (Editor). CRC Press (1992), ISBN 978-0849342585. ^ Graves, G (1996). "CENSUSING WINTERING POPULATIONS OF SWAINSONS' WARBLERS: SURVEYS IN THE BLUE MOUNTAINS OF JAMAICA" (PDF). Wilson Bulletin. 108: 94–103. ^ a b Graves in Winker et al.' 2000 ^ a b Winker et al. 2000 Winker, K., Graves, G. R. & Braun, M. J. (2000) Genetic differentiation among populations of a migratory songbird: Limnothlypis swainsonii. J. Avian Biol. 31(3): 319–328. doi:10.1034/j.1600-048X.2000.310307.x PDF fulltext External links Photos - VIREO Sounds - Florida Museum of Natural History vteGenera of finches, sparrows and tanagers Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Suborder: Passeri Infraorder: Passerida Superfamily: Passeroidea PasseroideaEstrildidaeAmandavinae Amadina Amandava Ortygospiza Erythrurinae Chloebia Erythrura Estrildinae Brunhilda Coccopygia Cryptospiza Delacourella Estrilda Glaucestrilda Mandingoa Nesocharis Nigrita Parmoptila Lagonostictinae Clytospiza Euschistospiza Granatina Hypargos Lagonosticta Pyrenestes Pytilia Spermophaga Uraeginthus Lonchurinae Euodice Lepidopygia Lonchura Mayrimunia Padda Spermestes Poephilinae Aidemosyne Bathilda Emblema Heteromunia Neochmia Oreostruthus Poephila Stagonopleura Stizoptera Taeniopygia Passeridae Carpospiza Gymnoris Hypocryptadius Montifringilla Onychostruthus Passer Petronia Pyrgilauda Ploceidae Amblyospiza Anaplectes Brachycope Bubalornis Dinemellia Euplectes Foudia Histurgops Malimbus Philetairus Plocepasser Ploceus Pseudonigrita Quelea Sporopipes Prunellidae Prunella Urocynchramidae Urocynchramus Viduidae Anomalospiza Vidua Nine-primaried oscines See below ↓ Nine-primaried oscinesFringillidaeCarduelinae Acanthis Agraphospiza †Aidemedia †Akialoa Bucanetes Callacanthis Carduelis Carpodacus †Chloridops Chloris Chlorodrepanis Chrysocorythus †Ciridops Coccothraustes Crithagra Drepanis †Dysmorodrepanis Eophona Haemorhous Hemignathus Hesperiphona Himatione Leucosticte Linaria Linurgus Loxia Loxioides Loxops Magumma †Melamprosops Mycerobas Oreomystis †Orthiospiza Palmeria Paroreomyza Pinicola Procarduelis Pseudonestor †Psittirostra Pyrrhula Pyrrhoplectes †Rhodacanthis Rhodopechys Rhodospiza Rhynchostruthus Serinus Spinus Telespiza †Vangulifer †Viridonia †Xestospiza Euphoniinae Chlorophonia Euphonia Fringillinae Fringilla Motacillidae Anthus Dendronanthus Macronyx Motacilla Tmetothylacus Peucedramidae Peucedramus Emberizoidea See below ↓ EmberizoideaCalcariidae Calcarius Plectrophenax Rhynchophanes Calyptophilidae Calyptophilus Cardinalidae Amaurospiza Cardinalis Caryothraustes Chlorothraupis Cyanocompsa Cyanoloxia Granatellus Habia Passerina Periporphyrus Pheucticus Piranga Spiza Emberizidae Emberiza Icteridae See below ↓ Icteriidae Icteria Mitrospingidae Lamprospiza Mitrospingus Orthogonys Nesospingidae Nesospingus Parulidae Basileuterus Cardellina Catharopeza Geothlypis Helmitheros Leucopeza Leiothlypis Limnothlypis Mniotilta Myioborus Myiothlypis Oporornis Oreothlypis Parkesia Protonotaria Seiurus Setophaga Vermivora Passerellidae Aimophila Ammodramus Ammospiza Amphispiza Amphispizopsis Arremon Arremonops Artemisiospiza Atlapetes Calamospiza Centronyx Chlorospingus Chondestes Junco Melospiza Melozone Oreothraupis Oriturus Passerculus Passerella †Pedinorhis Peucaea Pezopetes Pipilo Pooecetes Rhynchospiza Spizella Spizelloides Torreornis Xenospiza Zonotrichia Phaenicophilidae Microligea Phaenicophilus Xenoligea Rhodinocichlidae Rhodinocichla Spindalidae Spindalis Teretistridae Teretistris Thraupidae See below ↓ Icteridaeincertae sedis †Cremaster †Pandanaris †Pyelorhamphus Agelaiinae Agelaioides Agelaius Agelasticus Amblyramphus Anumara Chrysomus Curaeus Dives Euphagus Gnorimopsar Gymnomystax Hypopyrrhus Lampropsar Macroagelaius Molothrus Nesopsar Oreopsar Pseudoleistes Ptiloxena Quiscalus Xanthopsar Amblycercinae Amblycercus Cassicinae Cacicus Cassiculus Psarocolius Dolichonychinae Dolichonyx Icterinae Icterus Sturnellinae Leistes Sturnella Xanthocephalinae Xanthocephalus ThraupidaeCatamblyrhynchinae Catamblyrhynchus Charitospizinae Charitospiza Parkerthraustes Coerebinae Asemospiza Camarhynchus Certhidea Coereba Euneornis Geospiza Loxigilla Loxipasser Melanospiza Melopyrrha Phonipara Pinaroloxias Platyspiza Tiaris Dacninae Cyanerpes Dacnis Tersina Diglossinae Acanthidops Catamenia Conirostrum Diglossa Geospizopsis Haplospiza Idiopsar Melanodera Nesospiza Phrygilus Rowettia Sicalis Xenodacnis Emberizoidinae Coryphaspiza Emberizoides Embernagra Hemithraupinae Chrysothlypis Chlorophanes Hemithraupis Heterospingus Iridophanes Nemosiinae Compsothraupis Cyanicterus Nemosia Sericossypha Orchesticinae Orchesticus Poospizinae Castanozoster Cnemoscopus Cypsnagra Donacospiza Kleinothraupis Microspingus Nephelornis Piezorina Poospiza Poospizopsis Pseudospingus Sphenopsis Thlypopsis Urothraupis Xenospingus Porphyrospizinae Incaspiza Rhopospina Saltatorinae Saltator Saltatricula Sporophilinae Sporophila Tachyphoninae Conothraupis Coryphospingus Creurgops Eucometis Heliothraupis Lanio Loriotus Ramphocelus Rhodospingus Tachyphonus Trichothraupis Volatinia Thraupinae Anisognathus Bangsia Buthraupis Calochaetes Chalcothraupis Chlorochrysa Chlorornis Cissopis Cnemathraupis Diuca Dubusia Iridosornis Ixothraupis Lophospingus Neothraupis Paroaria Pipraeidea Poecilostreptus Pseudosaltator Rauenia Schistochlamys Sporathraupis Stephanophorus Stilpnia Tangara Tephrophilus Thraupis Wetmorethraupis Taxon identifiersLimnothlypis swainsonii Wikidata: Q783095 Wikispecies: Limnothlypis swainsonii ABA: swawar ADW: Limnothlypis ARKive: limnothlypis-swainsonii- Avibase: D3624203E6C65D28 BirdLife: 22721776 BOLD: 9778 BOW: swawar CoL: 6QCN5 eBird: swawar EoL: 45511072 FEIS: lisw GBIF: 2489636 GNAB: swainsons-warbler iNaturalist: 10442 IRMNG: 10913694 ITIS: 178848 IUCN: 22721776 NatureServe: 2.103514 NCBI: 103048 Neotropical: swawar Open Tree of Life: 1024615 WoRMS: 422652 Xeno-canto: Limnothlypis-swainsonii
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species"},{"link_name":"New World warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_World_warbler"},{"link_name":"monotypic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotypic"},{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"William Swainson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_John_Swainson"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"ornithologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornithologist"}],"text":"Swainson's warbler (Limnothlypis swainsonii) is a small species of New World warbler. It is monotypic, the only member of the genus Limnothlypis. Swainson's warbler was named after William Swainson, an English ornithologist.","title":"Swainson's warbler"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Swainson%E2%80%99s_Warbler_Tex.jpg"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"dimorphic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism"}],"text":"South Padre Island - TexasSwainson's warblers are a small and rather nondescript songbird, though are fairly large for a New World warbler. Adults grow to 12.5–16 cm (4.9–6.3 in) in length and 11–20.5 g (0.39–0.72 oz) in weight. The wingspan averages 23 cm (9.1 in).[3][4] They are a plain olive-brown above and pale yellow-white below. They have a whitish eyebrow stripe that runs above their eye, and the top of their head is a rusty brown. Unlike most other New World warblers that are mostly dimorphic, there is no difference in appearance between a male or female Swainson's warbler.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"swamplands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swamp"},{"link_name":"canebrakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canebrake"},{"link_name":"south-eastern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeastern_United_States"},{"link_name":"rhododendron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhododendron"},{"link_name":"Appalachian Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains"},{"link_name":"migratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_migration"},{"link_name":"Greater Antilles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Antilles"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Yucatán Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yucat%C3%A1n_Peninsula"}],"text":"Swainson's warblers are uncommon, mostly found in flooded swamplands and canebrakes of the south-eastern United States. More rarely, they will also occur in rhododendron thickets in the southern Appalachian Mountains. They are a migratory species, with part of the population migrating southeastwards to the Greater Antilles (where it overwinters in the Blue Mountains of Jamaica for example[5]) and the other southwestwards to the Yucatán Peninsula region in winter.","title":"Distribution and habitat"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Behavior"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-graveswinker-6"},{"link_name":"nesting season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nesting_season"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-graveswinker-6"}],"sub_title":"Breeding","text":"This species begins breeding at about 10 months of age.[6] Pairs form, and stake out and defend a territory for nesting. Nests are fairly large and bulky, constructed from moss, grass, and small leaves situated above ground in a tangle of tall reeds or vines. The female will lay between three and five eggs. The eggs are white and sometimes, but rarely, speckled with brown. Incubation is done by the female only and lasts for about 14 days, after which the eggs will hatch. The young leave the nest about 12 days later. It is not known how long pairs stay together, although once a pair-bond has been established they do not usually mate with other birds at least in the current nesting season. These birds live to as old as eight years.[6]","title":"Behavior"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"subspecies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subspecies"},{"link_name":"Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas"},{"link_name":"genetic drift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_drift"},{"link_name":"geographical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographical"},{"link_name":"ecological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological"},{"link_name":"gene flow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_flow"},{"link_name":"last ice age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_glacial_period"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)"},{"link_name":"sea levels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_level"},{"link_name":"habitat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat"},{"link_name":"subpopulations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subpopulation"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-winker-7"},{"link_name":"hereditary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereditary"},{"link_name":"Caribbean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean"},{"link_name":"bird banding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_banding"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-winker-7"}],"text":"No subspecies are recognized. There appears to be some divergence between populations from Arkansas and others of the coastal plains. This does fit a pattern one would expect from genetic drift, but there seem to be no geographical or ecological barriers restricting gene flow. Even during the last ice age, when average temperatures, precipitation and sea levels were lower, there seems to have been ample contiguous habitat. Clearly, some factor restricting gene flow is at work, but it is not presently known what it is. It is possible that the subpopulations conform to the different wintering areas.[7]In some migrant birds it is known that the initial direction of the migration is set by fairly simple hereditary mechanisms. Offspring of pairs comprising birds of different subpopulations will, in such species, attempt to migrate into an intermediate direction. Such a course would lead a Swainson's warbler deep into the Caribbean where there are no wintering or even stopover points, and the bird would almost certainly perish. More research such as analyzing bird banding data is needed to determine whether this mechanism applies in Swainson's warbler.[7]","title":"Taxonomy"}]
[{"image_text":"South Padre Island - Texas","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Swainson%E2%80%99s_Warbler_Tex.jpg/220px-Swainson%E2%80%99s_Warbler_Tex.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"BirdLife International (2018). \"Limnothlypis swainsonii\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22721776A132148361. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22721776A132148361.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22721776/132148361","url_text":"\"Limnothlypis swainsonii\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22721776A132148361.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22721776A132148361.en"}]},{"reference":"\"Limnothlypis swainsonii\". Avibase.","urls":[{"url":"https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?lang=EN&avibaseid=D3624203E6C65D28","url_text":"\"Limnothlypis swainsonii\""}]},{"reference":"\"Swainson's Warbler\". Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Retrieved 13 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/swainsons_warbler/lifehistory","url_text":"\"Swainson's Warbler\""}]},{"reference":"Graves, G (1996). \"CENSUSING WINTERING POPULATIONS OF SWAINSONS' WARBLERS: SURVEYS IN THE BLUE MOUNTAINS OF JAMAICA\" (PDF). Wilson Bulletin. 108: 94–103.","urls":[{"url":"https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/wilson/v108n01/p0094-p0103.pdf","url_text":"\"CENSUSING WINTERING POPULATIONS OF SWAINSONS' WARBLERS: SURVEYS IN THE BLUE MOUNTAINS OF JAMAICA\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flesh
Flesh
["1 Gallery","2 References"]
Soft tissue of an organism For other uses, see Flesh (disambiguation). "Human flesh" redirects here. For the Bob's Burgers episode, see Human Flesh. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Flesh" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Flesh is any aggregation of soft tissues of an organism. Various multicellular organisms have soft tissues that may be called "flesh". In mammals, including humans, flesh encompasses muscles, fats and other loose connective tissues, but sometimes excluding non-muscular organs (liver, lung, spleen, kidney) and typically discarded parts (hard tendon, brain tissue, intestines, etc.). More generally, it may be considered the portions of the body that are soft and delicate. In a culinary context, consumable animal flesh is called meat, while processed visceral tissues are known as offal. In particular animal groups such as vertebrates, molluscs and arthropods, the flesh is distinguished from tougher body structures such as bone, shell and scute, respectively. In plants, the "flesh" is the juicy, edible structures such as the mesocarp of fruits and melons as well as soft tubers, rhizomes and taproots, as opposed to tougher structures like nuts and stems. In fungi, flesh refers to trama, the soft, inner portion of a mushroom, or fruit body. A more restrictive usage may be found in some contexts, such as the visual arts, where flesh may refer only to visibly exposed human skin, as opposed to parts of the body covered by clothing and hair. Flesh as a descriptor for colour usually refers to the non-melanated pale or pinkish skin colour of white humans, however, it can also be used to refer to the colour of any human skin. In Christian religious circles, the flesh is a metaphor associated with carnality. Gallery Cow flesh (beef) Flesh of a papaya fruit Cut mushroom (Neoboletus luridiformis) revealing blue flesh References Look up flesh in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Wikiquote has quotations related to Flesh. ^ "Definition of FLESH". www.merriam-webster.com. 2024-01-20. Retrieved 2024-01-31. ^ "Flesh". dictionary.reference.com. Retrieved 14 February 2013. ^ "Flesh Definition & Meaning | Britannica Dictionary". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2024-01-31. ^ Jaeger, Edmund Carroll (1959). A source-book of biological names and terms. Springfield, IL: Thomas. ISBN 978-0-398-06179-1. ^ Ryrie, Charles (1997). So Great Salvation. Moody Publishers. p. 54. ISBN 978-0802478184. lesh also has a metaphorical sense when it refers to our disposition to sin and to oppose or omit God in our lives. This anatomy article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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For the Bob's Burgers episode, see Human Flesh.Flesh is any aggregation of soft tissues of an organism. Various multicellular organisms have soft tissues that may be called \"flesh\". In mammals, including humans, flesh encompasses muscles, fats and other loose connective tissues, but sometimes excluding non-muscular organs (liver, lung, spleen, kidney) and typically discarded parts (hard tendon, brain tissue, intestines, etc.). More generally, it may be considered the portions of the body that are soft and delicate.[1] In a culinary context, consumable animal flesh is called meat, while processed visceral tissues are known as offal.In particular animal groups such as vertebrates, molluscs and arthropods, the flesh is distinguished from tougher body structures such as bone, shell and scute, respectively.[2] In plants, the \"flesh\" is the juicy, edible structures such as the mesocarp of fruits and melons as well as soft tubers, rhizomes and taproots, as opposed to tougher structures like nuts and stems.[3] In fungi, flesh refers to trama, the soft, inner portion of a mushroom, or fruit body.[4]A more restrictive usage may be found in some contexts, such as the visual arts, where flesh may refer only to visibly exposed human skin, as opposed to parts of the body covered by clothing and hair. Flesh as a descriptor for colour usually refers to the non-melanated pale or pinkish skin colour of white humans, however, it can also be used to refer to the colour of any human skin.In Christian religious circles, the flesh is a metaphor associated with carnality.[5]","title":"Flesh"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Standing-rib-roast.jpg"},{"link_name":"beef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beef"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Papaya_-_longitudinal_section.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boletus_erythropus_2010_G1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Neoboletus luridiformis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoboletus_luridiformis"}],"text":"Cow flesh (beef)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFlesh of a papaya fruit\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCut mushroom (Neoboletus luridiformis) revealing blue flesh","title":"Gallery"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ghana
Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ghana
[]
Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ghana may refer to: Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ghana (March–July 2020) Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ghana (August–December 2020) Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ghana (2021) Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ghana (2022) Index of articles associated with the same name This article includes a list of related items that share the same name (or similar names). If an internal link incorrectly led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
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[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauren_Records
Lauren Records
["1 History","2 Notable artists","3 References","4 External links"]
American independent record label Lauren RecordsFounded2011; 13 years ago (2011)FounderAaron KovacsDistributor(s)Traffic Entertainment, AudioSaladGenrePunkCountry of originUnited StatesLocationSouthern CaliforniaOfficial websitewww.lauren-records.com Lauren Records is an American independent record label founded in Southern California in 2011 by Aaron Kovacs. The label mostly specializes in indie rock, emo, and other melodic punk rock adjacent genres. History Kovacs had experience booking shows and tours for local bands before he founded Lauren Records in 2011. The first release was a compilation LP called I Think We Should Stay Away From Each Other featuring groups like AJJ, Japanther, Fishboy, and Joyce Manor. Initially supposed to be a home duplicated cassette with just local friends’ bands, as more bands expressed interest in putting a song on, it went from almost being a CD to just being an LP. As of 2017 the label was still a one person endeavour. Notable artists Some notable artists who have had music released by Lauren Records are: Adult Mom Antonioni AJJ Algernon Cadwallader The Bananas Benny The Jet Rodriguez Blowout Closer Colour Me Wednesday Dogbreth Diners Fishboy Glocca Morra Guppy Hard Girls Hot Tang Japanther Joyce Manor Joyride! Katie Ellen Leer Peach Kelli Pop Pens+ Real Life Buildings Saoirse Dream Shinobu Signals Midwest Spoonboy Summer Vacation together PANGEA The Total Bettys Upset Walter Etc. Walter Mitty and His Makeshift Orchestra Winter Break References ^ a b c d Sherman, Maria (2 May 2017). "Labels Don't Get Any More DIY Than Aaron Kovacs' Lauren Records". laweekly.com. LA Weekly. Archived from the original on 7 February 2023. Retrieved 22 April 2024. ^ Clarkson, James G. "A Chat With Aaron Kovacs Of The New Independent Punk Label Lauren Records". Punk Globe. Retrieved 27 September 2018. ^ "Collections - Lauren Records", lauren-records.com, Lauren Records, retrieved 22 April 2024 ^ "Artists - Lauren Records". lauren-records.com. Lauren Records. Archived from the original on 23 October 2023. External links Lauren Records on Bandcamp Lauren Records on Discogs
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_music"},{"link_name":"record label","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_label"},{"link_name":"Southern California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_California"},{"link_name":"indie rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indie_rock"},{"link_name":"emo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emo"},{"link_name":"punk rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_rock"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LA_Weekly_Profile-1"}],"text":"Lauren Records is an American independent record label founded in Southern California in 2011 by Aaron Kovacs. The label mostly specializes in indie rock, emo, and other melodic punk rock adjacent genres.[1]","title":"Lauren Records"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LA_Weekly_Profile-1"},{"link_name":"AJJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AJJ_(band)"},{"link_name":"Japanther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanther"},{"link_name":"Fishboy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishboy_(band)"},{"link_name":"Joyce Manor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joyce_Manor"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LA_Weekly_Profile-1"},{"link_name":"cassette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_Cassette"},{"link_name":"CD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD"},{"link_name":"LP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LP_record"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Punk_Globe-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LA_Weekly_Profile-1"}],"text":"Kovacs had experience booking shows and tours for local bands before he founded Lauren Records in 2011.[1]The first release was a compilation LP called I Think We Should Stay Away From Each Other featuring groups like AJJ, Japanther, Fishboy, and Joyce Manor.[1] Initially supposed to be a home duplicated cassette with just local friends’ bands, as more bands expressed interest in putting a song on, it went from almost being a CD to just being an LP.[2]As of 2017 the label was still a one person endeavour.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-collections-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Artists-4"},{"link_name":"Adult Mom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_Mom"},{"link_name":"AJJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AJJ_(band)"},{"link_name":"Algernon Cadwallader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algernon_Cadwallader"},{"link_name":"Blowout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blowout_(band)"},{"link_name":"Colour Me Wednesday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colour_Me_Wednesday"},{"link_name":"Dogbreth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogbreth"},{"link_name":"Diners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diners_(music)"},{"link_name":"Fishboy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishboy_(band)"},{"link_name":"Glocca Morra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glocca_Morra_(band)"},{"link_name":"Guppy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guppy_(band)"},{"link_name":"Japanther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanther"},{"link_name":"Joyce Manor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joyce_Manor"},{"link_name":"Katie Ellen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katie_Ellen"},{"link_name":"Peach Kelli Pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peach_Kelli_Pop"},{"link_name":"Shinobu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinobu_(band)"},{"link_name":"Signals Midwest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signals_Midwest"},{"link_name":"together PANGEA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Together_PANGEA"},{"link_name":"Upset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upset_(band)"}],"text":"Some notable artists who have had music released by Lauren Records are:[3][4]Adult Mom\nAntonioni\nAJJ\nAlgernon Cadwallader\nThe Bananas\nBenny The Jet Rodriguez\nBlowout\nCloser\nColour Me Wednesday\nDogbreth\nDiners\nFishboy\nGlocca Morra\nGuppy\nHard Girls\nHot Tang\nJapanther\nJoyce Manor\nJoyride!\nKatie Ellen\nLeer\nPeach Kelli Pop\nPens+\nReal Life Buildings\nSaoirse Dream\nShinobu\nSignals Midwest\nSpoonboy\nSummer Vacation\ntogether PANGEA\nThe Total Bettys\nUpset\nWalter Etc.\nWalter Mitty and His Makeshift Orchestra\nWinter Break","title":"Notable artists"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Sherman, Maria (2 May 2017). \"Labels Don't Get Any More DIY Than Aaron Kovacs' Lauren Records\". laweekly.com. LA Weekly. Archived from the original on 7 February 2023. Retrieved 22 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.laweekly.com/labels-dont-get-any-more-diy-than-aaron-kovacs-lauren-records/","url_text":"\"Labels Don't Get Any More DIY Than Aaron Kovacs' Lauren Records\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LA_Weekly","url_text":"LA Weekly"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230207210027/https://www.laweekly.com/labels-dont-get-any-more-diy-than-aaron-kovacs-lauren-records/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Clarkson, James G. \"A Chat With Aaron Kovacs Of The New Independent Punk Label Lauren Records\". Punk Globe. Retrieved 27 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.punkglobe.com/aaronkovacsinterview1011.php","url_text":"\"A Chat With Aaron Kovacs Of The New Independent Punk Label Lauren Records\""}]},{"reference":"\"Collections - Lauren Records\", lauren-records.com, Lauren Records, retrieved 22 April 2024","urls":[{"url":"https://lauren-records.com/collections","url_text":"\"Collections - Lauren Records\""}]},{"reference":"\"Artists - Lauren Records\". lauren-records.com. Lauren Records. Archived from the original on 23 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231023183725/https://lauren-records.com/artists","url_text":"\"Artists - Lauren Records\""},{"url":"http://www.lauren-records.com/artists","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_Day_of_Remembrance
Intersex Day of Remembrance
["1 History","2 Observance","3 Notable observances","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
Intersex Day of RemembranceAlso calledIntersex Solidarity DayObserved byIntersex communityTypeInternationalDateNovember 8Next timeNovember 8, 2024 (2024-11-08)FrequencyannualFirst timeNovember 8, 2005Related toIntersex Awareness Day Intersex topics Human rights and legal issues Compulsory sterilization Discrimination Human rights reports Legal recognition Malta declaration Medical interventions Sex assignment Sex characteristics (legal term) Yogyakarta Principles Medicine and biology Disorders of sex development Genetic diagnosis Definitions Medical interventions history Orchidometer Phall-O-Meter Prader scale Quigley scale Sexual differentiation more... Society and culture Endosex (antonym) Civil society organizations Fictional characters‎ Films Flag Intersex and LGBT Literature People Religion Military US Researchers Sex verification in sports Television History and events History of surgery timeline Intersex Awareness Day Intersex Day of Remembrance International Intersex Forum Rights by country Argentina Australia Canada Chile China Colombia France Germany Kenya Malta Mexico Nepal New Zealand South Africa Spain Switzerland Taiwan Uganda United Kingdom United States See also Hermaphrodite Children's rights Genital modification and mutilation Disability rights Gender LGBT Androgyny Anti-gender movement Non-binary Non-binary recognition Queer theory Third gender Transgender Medical ethics Rights Sex Sex differences vte Intersex Day of Remembrance, also known as Intersex Solidarity Day, is an internationally observed civil awareness day designed to highlight issues faced by intersex people. It marks the birthday of Herculine Barbin, a French intersex person whose memoirs were later published by Michel Foucault in Herculine Barbin: Being the Recently Discovered Memoirs of a Nineteenth-century French Hermaphrodite. History The event appears to have begun on November 8, 2005, as Intersex Solidarity Day, following an invitation issued by Joëlle-Circé Laramée, then Canadian spokeswoman for Organisation Intersex International. The Organisation invited organisations and groups and individuals to show solidarity by marking: the life of Herculine Barbin, or discussing intersex genital mutilation, "the violence of the binary sex and gender system" and/or "the sexism implicit within the binary construct of sex and gender". Observance While Intersex Awareness Day on October 26 appears to be celebrated more in English-speaking countries, particularly in North America, Intersex Day of Remembrance has been marked mostly in Europe. Some countries, such as Australia and South Africa, mark both events and the days between as "14 days of intersex". Notable observances In 2012, the New South Wales Parliament acknowledged the day. Linda Burney, a Member of the Legislative Assembly, also commended Organisation Intersex International Australia as part of a motion noting the day. In 2014, Literaturhaus Salzburg, Austria, is the venue for an Intersex Solidarity Day event. A similar event was held at University of Salzburg in 2013. On Intersex Solidarity Day 2016, OII Europe launched a new visibility website, InterVisibility.eu, with material on intersex in 23 European languages. See also Intersex Awareness Day Intersex human rights References ^ a b "Solidarity-Events". Organisation Intersex International. Archived from the original on 2006-02-06. Retrieved 2017-01-10.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) ^ Intersex Awareness Day calls for equality and end to bigotry Archived 2013-12-31 at the Wayback Machine, Gay Star News, 26 October 2012. Retrieved 4 October 2014. ^ The 14 days of intersex Archived 2017-06-11 at the Wayback Machine, Star Observer, 25 October 2011. ^ Intersex Day of Remembrance Archived 2014-10-06 at the Wayback Machine, New South Wales Parliament, 29 May 2012. Retrieved 4 October 2014. ^ (in German) 1. Inter*Tagung Salzburg 7. und 8.11.2014 Archived 2014-10-06 at the Wayback Machine, HOSI. Retrieved 4 October 2014. ^ Intersex Solidarity Day 2014 Archived 2014-10-06 at the Wayback Machine, Official Salzburg Travel Guide. Retrieved 4 October 2014. ^ (in German) 8. November: Intersex Solidarity Day Archived 2014-10-06 at the Wayback Machine, HOSI, 4 November 2013. Retrieved 4 October 2014. ^ "Intervisibility European project launched". Intersex Day. November 8, 2016. Archived from the original on January 11, 2017. ^ "InterVisibility European Intersex Visibility Works!". OII Europe. 2016. Archived from the original on 2016-11-14. External links Intersex Day site vteIntersexHuman rights and legal issues Compulsory sterilization Discrimination Human rights reports Legal recognition Malta declaration Medical interventions Sex assignment Sex characteristics (legal term) Yogyakarta Principles Medicine and biology Disorders of sex development Genetic diagnosis Hermaphrodite Medical interventions history Orchidometer Phall-O-Meter Prader scale Quigley scale Sexual differentiation Society and culture Endosex (antonym) Civil society organizations Fictional characters‎ Films Gender system Guevedoce Flag Intersex and LGBT Literature Military service People Religion Judaism Androgynos Tumtum Researchers Sex verification in sports Television History and events History of surgery timeline Intersex Awareness Day Intersex Day of Remembrance International Intersex Forum Rights by country Argentina Australia Canada Chile China Colombia France Germany Kenya Malta Mexico Nepal New Zealand South Africa Spain Switzerland Taiwan Uganda United Kingdom United States military See also Children's rights Disability rights Gender LGBT Androgyny Non-binary gender Non-binary recognition Queer theory Third gender Transgender Sex differences in humans Category
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[{"title":"Intersex Awareness Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_Awareness_Day"},{"title":"Intersex human rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_human_rights"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santogold_(album)
Santogold (album)
["1 Recording, music and development","2 Critical reception","2.1 Accolades","3 Commercial performance","4 Track listing","5 Personnel","6 Charts","6.1 Weekly charts","6.2 Year-end charts","7 Certifications","8 Release history","9 References"]
Album by Santigold SantogoldStudio album by SantigoldReleasedApril 29, 2008 (2008-04-29)Recorded2007StudioSchoolhouse (New York)Pitch Black (Brooklyn)GenreNew waveelectroindie rockpopreggaedubgrimeLength41:19LabelDowntownLizard KingAtlanticProducerSantigoldJohn HillSwitchDisco DDiploFreq NastyJonnie "Most" DavisSantigold chronology Santogold(2008) Top Ranking: A Diplo Dub(2008) Singles from Santogold "Creator"Released: February 24, 2008 "L.E.S. Artistes"Released: May 5, 2008 "Lights Out"Released: August 11, 2008 "Say Aha"Released: November 24, 2008 Santogold is the debut studio album by musician and singer Santigold (who performed as Santogold at the time of the album's release). It was released on April 29, 2008 in the United States through Downtown Records and on May 12 in the United Kingdom through Lizard King and Atlantic Records. The album was recorded within eight weeks in New York City at Schoolhouse and Pitch Black Studios. It was written and produced primarily by Santigold and former Stiffed bandmate John Hill, alongside contributions from other producers, including Diplo, Switch and Disco D, and vocal appearances from Spank Rock and Trouble Andrew. This album incorporates a variety of musical styles, such as new wave, punk, electro, reggae and dub, with the aim of defying boundaries and genre classification. This genre-defying approach awarded the album with praise from music critics. It earned multiple spots on music publications' year-end lists of the best albums of the year, as well as on several decade-end lists. The record charted in the United States, United Kingdom, Ireland, Netherlands, France and Belgium, and spawned the singles "Creator", "L.E.S. Artistes", "Lights Out", and "Say Aha". Recording, music and development Santogold was written and recorded in the span of eight weeks. When working on the album, Santigold aimed to defy boundaries and genre classifications, and the expectations from a black woman to sing R&B. She says she was "able to work with all these genres that are typically sub-cultural, like dub or punk or something, and then, by writing in a way that had hooks, made it accessible to everyone." Despite the album also being released on Lizard King Records, Santigold had left the label prior to the release of the album, saying that they "didn't allow me any freedoms. The label was a joke and I'll say that on the record. They weren't involved at all and pretty much got in the way." By the time the album was finished, she signed to Atlantic Records, whom she says loved the album and asked her to not change anything on it. The track "My Superman" was inspired by the 1980 song "Red Light" by Siouxsie and the Banshees, and contains an interpolation of it: the song credits of the song were subsequently attributed half to Siouxsie Sioux and Steven Severin on the American Ascap website. Jon Pareles of the NY Times noted that there was also a "reggae-ska side" in songs like "Say Aha" and "Shove It". Critical reception Professional ratingsAggregate scoresSourceRatingMetacritic77/100Review scoresSourceRatingAllMusicThe A.V. ClubA−Entertainment WeeklyA−The GuardianThe IndependentMSN Music (Consumer Guide)A−NME8/10Pitchfork7.1/10Rolling StoneSpin Santogold received acclaim from music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, the album received an average score of 77, based on 27 reviews. The album was noted for its eclectic sound and blend of various musical genres, including new wave, electro, indie rock, dub, post-punk, reggae, grime, ska, and hip hop, and was positively compared to various acts, such as M.I.A., Pixies, Blondie, Siouxsie and the Banshees, Grace Jones, Debbie Harry, Goldfrapp, The Go-Go's, Joe Strummer, and the Slits. Will Hermes of Rolling Stone called it "a visionary album" and "one of the year's most unique debuts", and stated that despite being influenced by other acts, Santigold "ultimately sounds like her own damn movement." Writing for NME, Priya Elan felt the album "reveals a glittery crazy-paved path towards a brave new musical future", and commended it for stylistically veering from one track to another while still remaining a cohesive body of work. AllMusic critic Marisa Brown called Santogold an album "that looks outward at the pan-continental landscape while staying firmly adherent to and respectful of its deeply American roots; this is the emerging—and hopeful—face of the new millennium, and an altogether shining accomplishment." The Village Voice wrote, "With her eponymous debut's deft mix of dap, punk, rock, pop, house, reggae, and hip-hop, she won't completely live down associations with the famous Sri Lankan (whom she also counts as a friend), but the result emerges as much more than a mere imitation." Accolades Santogold was ranked among the best albums of 2008 by numerous publications. Billboard named it the second best album of 2008,> while Rolling Stone, Spin, and New York all listed the album at number 6 on their year-end lists. Pazz & Jop ranked it at number 7 on their annual list. NME also ranked it at number 7, while Slant Magazine placed it at number 9. Other publications who featured Santogold on their year-end lists include Q, The Guardian, Pitchfork, Consequence of Sound, Paste, PopMatters, Drowned in Sound, Gigwise, Mixmag, musicOMH and Blender. The album was also included in lists ranking the best albums of the 2000s (decade). Complex ranked it at number 26 on their list, as well as at number 24 on their "100 Best Albums of the Complex Decade" list, which includes albums released from 2002–2012. Slant Magazine placed the album at number 35 on their "Top 250 Albums of the 2000s" list, while Kitsap Sun and Les Inrockuptibles ranked it at number 66 and 76, respectively. In their "50 Greatest Albums of Our Lifetime" list, which includes albums from 2004–2014, Clash ranked Santogold at number 41. Commercial performance As of 2012, Santogold had sold 225,000 copies and 932,000 individual downloads in the United States according to Nielsen SoundScan. In 2009 the album was certified silver by the BPI. In 2010 it was awarded a gold certification from the Independent Music Companies Association, which indicates 100,000 sales across Europe. Track listing Santogold – Standard editionNo.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1."L.E.S. Artistes"Santi WhiteJohn HillJonnie "Most" DavisWhiteHill3:242."You'll Find a Way"WhiteHillChris FeinsteinJonnie "Most" DavisWhiteHillSwitch3:003."Shove It" (featuring Spank Rock)WhiteHillNaeem JuwanDavid ShaymanDisco DWhiteHillSwitch3:464."Say Aha"WhiteHillWhiteHillSwitch3:355."Creator" (vs. Switch and Freq Nasty)WhiteHillDavid TaylorDarin McFaydenFreq NastySwitch3:336."My Superman"Susan Janet Ballion a.k.a. Siouxsie SiouxHillWesley PentzSteven SeverinWhiteHillDiplo3:007."Lights Out"WhiteHillFeinsteinWhiteHill3:128."Starstruck"WhiteHillHillSwitchDiplo3:549."Unstoppable"WhitePentzDiploHill3:3210."I'm a Lady" (featuring Trouble Andrew)WhiteHillAndrewFeinsteinWhiteHill3:4311."Anne"WhiteHillTaylorWhiteHillSwitch3:2812."You'll Find a Way" (Switch and Sinden remix)WhiteHillFeinsteinSwitchSinden3:12Total length:41:19 Santogold – Japanese edition (bonus tracks)No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length13."Your Voice"WhiteChuck TreeceClifford PuseyMatt SchleckWhiteHill3:5814."L.E.S. Artistes" (Switch remix)WhiteHillSwitch5:14Total length:50:31 Notes ^ signifies an additional producer Personnel Credits adapted from the liner notes of Santogold. Musicians Santi White – vocals (all tracks), guitar (track 1), keyboards (tracks 1, 4) John Hill – bass, guitar (track 1–4, 7, 10), keyboards (track 1, 3, 4, 10), John Morrical – organ (track 2), keyboards (track 10) Chuck Treece – drums Chris Feinstein – guitar (tracks 2, 4, 7, 10) Joao Salomao – guitar (tracks 4, 10) Alex Lipsen – keyboards (tracks 7, 10) Alfonzo Hunter – horns (tracks 3, 4) K. Louis – horns (tracks 3, 4) L. Benjamin – horns (tracks 3, 4) Mike Dillon – percussion (track 4) Spank Rock – additional vocals (track 3) Trouble Andrew – additional vocals (track 10) Artwork Isabelle Lumpkin – artwork, design Amanda Chiu – design, layout Production Santi White – production (tracks 1–4, 7, 10, 11) John Hill – production (tracks 1–4, 6–8, 10, 11, 13, 14), additional production (track 9) Switch – production (track 5, 11, 12), additional production (track 2–4, 8) Diplo – production (tracks 6, 9), additional production (track 8) Jonnie "Most" Davis – production (tracks 1, 2) Disco D – production (track 3) Freq Nasty – production (track 5) Jayson Jackson – executive production Technical Santi White – recording (tracks 1, 2), mixing (tracks 1, 2, 7) John Hill – recording (tracks 1–4, 7, 10), mixing (tracks 1, 2, 6–8, 10, 11), engineering (tracks 1–4, 7, 10), programming (tracks 3, 4) John Morrical – mixing (tracks 1, 2, 7, 10) Vaughan Merrick – mixing (tracks 1, 3, 6, 9, 10) Dan Carey – mixing (track 4) Switch – mixing (track 5) Disco D – programming (track 3) Dr. Israel – programming (track 4) Ted Jensen – mastering Danielle Clare - 2nd engineer, ProTools operator (tracks 1, 4, 7, 8, 10) Charts Weekly charts Weekly chart performance for Santogold Chart (2008) Peakposition Australian Albums (ARIA) 64 Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders) 25 Dutch Albums (Album Top 100) 34 French Albums (SNEP) 110 Irish Albums (IRMA) 45 UK Albums (OCC) 26 US Billboard 200 74 US Independent Albums (Billboard) 6 US Top Dance/Electronic Albums (Billboard) 2 Year-end charts 2008 year-end chart performance for Santogold Chart (2008) Position US Top Dance/Electronic Albums (Billboard) 10 US Independent Albums (Billboard) 41 2009 year-end chart performance for Santogold Chart (2009) Position US Top Dance/Electronic Albums (Billboard) 12 Certifications Certifications for Santogold Region Certification Certified units/sales United Kingdom (BPI) Gold 100,000‡ ‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. Release history Release history for Santogold Region Date Label Ref. United States April 29, 2008 Downtown United Kingdom May 12, 2008 Lizard KingAtlantic Various Lizard King Canada September 16, 2008 Downtown References ^ a b Robinson, Peter (May 12, 2008). "Santogold Interview". PopJustice. Retrieved May 12, 2008. ^ Tom Thorogood (April 23, 2008). "Santogold Interview". MTV News. Viacom. Retrieved May 13, 2008. ^ Nicholson, Rebecca (May 19, 2008). "Santogold and the genre problem". The Lipster. Retrieved May 22, 2008. ^ "Santo Claws: talking S1W, M.I.A., and Mark Ronson with Santogold". Drowned in Sound. April 17, 2018. Retrieved August 3, 2018. ^ Hresko, Lisa (April 28, 2008). "All That Glitters Is Santogold". CMJ. Archived from the original on February 10, 2009. Retrieved August 8, 2018. ^ a b c "My Superman - songcredits on Ascap". ASCAP. Retrieved August 2, 2022. ^ Pareles, Jon (April 28, 2008). "New CDs Santogold[work=Nytimes". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 7, 2012. Retrieved May 12, 2008. ^ a b c "Reviews for Santogold by Santogold". Metacritic. Retrieved May 12, 2008. ^ a b c Brown, Marisa. "Santogold – Santogold". AllMusic. Retrieved March 13, 2020. ^ Koski, Genevieve (April 28, 2008). "Santogold: Santogold". The A.V. Club. Retrieved May 1, 2016. ^ Greenblatt, Leah (April 18, 2008). "Santogold". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved May 12, 2008. ^ Sullivan, Caroline (May 9, 2008). "Santogold, Santogold". The Guardian. Retrieved May 12, 2008. ^ Gill, Andy (May 16, 2008). "Album: Santogold, Santogold (Lizard King/Atlantic)". The Independent. Archived from the original on November 10, 2012. Retrieved May 1, 2016. ^ Christgau, Robert (June 2008). "Consumer Guide". MSN Music. Retrieved May 1, 2016. ^ a b Elan, Priya (May 8, 2008). "Santogold: Santogold". NME. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved May 12, 2008. ^ a b Ewing, Tom (May 7, 2008). "Santogold: Santogold". Pitchfork. Retrieved May 1, 2016. ^ a b Hermes, Will (May 1, 2008). "Santogold : Santogold". Rolling Stone. No. 1053. p. 83. Archived from the original on May 8, 2008. Retrieved May 12, 2008. ^ a b Walters, Barry (June 2008). "Hip Priestess". Spin. 24 (6): 112. Retrieved May 1, 2016. ^ "Santogold: 'I didn't expect this'". The Independent. January 9, 2009. Retrieved August 3, 2018. ^ "Santogold changes name to Santigold". BrooklynVegan. February 11, 2009. Retrieved August 3, 2018. ^ a b Pauline Gumbs, Alexis (April 29, 2008). "Santogold: Santogold". PopMatters. Retrieved August 3, 2018. ^ Lea, Ryan (April 30, 2018). "Santogold Turns 10". Stereogum. Retrieved August 3, 2018. ^ "Santogold: Kaleidoscopic Pop". NPR. May 15, 2008. Retrieved August 3, 2018. ^ a b "The 25 Best Albums & Singles of 2008". Slant Magazine. December 15, 2008. Retrieved August 3, 2018. ^ "Rolling Stone's Top 50 Albums Of 2008". Stereogum. December 10, 2008. Retrieved August 3, 2018. ^ "Santogold, Santogold (Downtown)". Spin. December 31, 2008. Retrieved August 3, 2018. ^ "Village Voice - Pazz & Jop Lists". rocklistmusic.co.uk. 2008. Retrieved August 3, 2018. ^ "NME Albums of 2008". rocklistmusic.co.uk. December 18, 2008. Retrieved August 3, 2018. ^ "The 100 Best Albums of the 2000s". Complex. September 9, 2009. Retrieved August 3, 2018. ^ "The 100 Best Albums of The Complex Decade". Complex. April 3, 2012. Retrieved August 3, 2018. ^ "The 100 Best Albums of the Aughts". Slant Magazine. February 1, 2010. Retrieved August 3, 2018. ^ "100 Greatest Albums of Our Lifetime". Clash. December 10, 2014. Retrieved August 3, 2018. ^ Ryzik, Melena (April 27, 2012). "Ahead of the Curve, Yet Again". New York Times. Retrieved April 19, 2020. ^ "British album certifications – Santogold". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved April 19, 2020. Select albums in the Format field. Type Santogold in the "Search BPI Awards" field and then press Enter. ^ "New Impala Awards…". Impala. October 5, 2010. Archived from the original on August 27, 2017. Retrieved April 19, 2020. ^ "Santogold - Santogold". Amazon. Retrieved August 3, 2018. ^ "Santogold - Santogold CD Album". CDJapan. Retrieved August 3, 2018. ^ Santogold (CD liner notes). Santogold. Downtown Records. 2008. DWT70034.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ Ryan, Gavin (2011). Australia's Music Charts 1988–2010 (PDF ed.). Mt Martha, Victoria, Australia: Moonlight Publishing. p. 243. ^ "Ultratop.be – Santogold – Santogold" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved August 3, 2018. ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Santogold – Santogold" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved August 3, 2018. ^ "Lescharts.com – Santogold – Santogold". Hung Medien. Retrieved August 3, 2018. ^ "Irish-charts.com – Discography Santigold". Hung Medien. Retrieved June 19, 2022. ^ "Official Albums Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved August 3, 2018. ^ "Santigold Chart History (Billboard 200)". Billboard. Retrieved August 3, 2018. ^ "Santigold Chart History (Independent Albums)". Billboard. Retrieved August 3, 2018. ^ "Santigold Chart History (Top Dance/Electronic Albums)". Billboard. Retrieved August 3, 2018. ^ "Dance/Electronic Albums – Year-End 2008". Billboard. Retrieved August 3, 2018. ^ "Independent Albums – Year-End 2008". Billboard. Retrieved August 3, 2018. ^ "Dance/Electronic Albums – Year-End 2009". Billboard. Retrieved August 3, 2018. ^ "British album certifications – Santigold – Santogold". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved October 26, 2020. ^ "Santigold by Santigold on Apple Music (US)". Apple Music. April 29, 2008. Retrieved August 3, 2018. ^ Singh, Amrit (April 17, 2008). "Santi White For Bud Light, Santogold Album Art". Stereogum. Retrieved August 3, 2018. Santogold is out in the US on 4/29 via Downtown, and 5/12 in the UK via Atlantic ^ "Santigold by Santigold on Apple Music (GB)". Apple Music. May 12, 2008. Retrieved August 3, 2018. "Santogold by Santigold on Apple Music (BE)". Apple Music. May 12, 2008. Retrieved August 3, 2018. "Santogold by Santigold on Apple Music (BE)". Apple Music. May 12, 2008. Retrieved August 3, 2018. "Santogold by Santigold on Apple Music (ZA)". Apple Music. May 12, 2008. Retrieved August 3, 2018. "Santogold by Santigold on Apple Music (IL)". Apple Music. May 12, 2008. Retrieved August 3, 2018. ^ "Santigold by Santigold on Apple Music (CA)". Apple Music. September 16, 2008. Retrieved August 3, 2018. vteSantigoldStudio albums Santogold Master of My Make-Believe 99¢ Spirituals Mixtapes Top Ranking: A Diplo Dub I Don't Want: The Gold Fire Sessions Singles "Creator" "L.E.S. Artistes" "My Drive Thru" "Lights Out" "Say Aha" "Disparate Youth" Featured singles "Brooklyn Go Hard" "Don't Play No Game That I Can't Win" Tours Goldrush Tour Related articles Discography Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Santigold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santigold"},{"link_name":"Downtown Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Records"},{"link_name":"Lizard King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizard_King_Records"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Records"},{"link_name":"Stiffed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stiffed_(band)"},{"link_name":"John Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hill_(record_producer)"},{"link_name":"Diplo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplo"},{"link_name":"Switch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switch_(house_DJ)"},{"link_name":"Disco D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disco_D"},{"link_name":"Spank Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spank_Rock"},{"link_name":"new wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_wave_music"},{"link_name":"punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_rock"},{"link_name":"electro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_music"},{"link_name":"reggae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae_fusion"},{"link_name":"dub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dub_music"},{"link_name":"Creator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creator_(song)"},{"link_name":"L.E.S. Artistes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L.E.S._Artistes"},{"link_name":"Lights Out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lights_Out_(Santigold_song)"},{"link_name":"Say Aha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Say_Aha"}],"text":"Santogold is the debut studio album by musician and singer Santigold (who performed as Santogold at the time of the album's release). It was released on April 29, 2008 in the United States through Downtown Records and on May 12 in the United Kingdom through Lizard King and Atlantic Records. The album was recorded within eight weeks in New York City at Schoolhouse and Pitch Black Studios. It was written and produced primarily by Santigold and former Stiffed bandmate John Hill, alongside contributions from other producers, including Diplo, Switch and Disco D, and vocal appearances from Spank Rock and Trouble Andrew.This album incorporates a variety of musical styles, such as new wave, punk, electro, reggae and dub, with the aim of defying boundaries and genre classification. This genre-defying approach awarded the album with praise from music critics. It earned multiple spots on music publications' year-end lists of the best albums of the year, as well as on several decade-end lists. The record charted in the United States, United Kingdom, Ireland, Netherlands, France and Belgium, and spawned the singles \"Creator\", \"L.E.S. Artistes\", \"Lights Out\", and \"Say Aha\".","title":"Santogold (album)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PopJustice-1"},{"link_name":"R&B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_R%26B"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"dub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dub_music"},{"link_name":"punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_rock_music"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Lizard King Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizard_King_Records"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Records"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PopJustice-1"},{"link_name":"Red Light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaleidoscope_(Siouxsie_and_the_Banshees_album)"},{"link_name":"Siouxsie and the Banshees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siouxsie_and_the_Banshees"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Siouxsie Sioux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siouxsie_Sioux"},{"link_name":"Steven Severin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Severin"},{"link_name":"Ascap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCAP"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-credits-6"},{"link_name":"NY Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NY_Times"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Santogold was written and recorded in the span of eight weeks.[1] When working on the album, Santigold aimed to defy boundaries and genre classifications, and the expectations from a black woman to sing R&B.[2] She says she was \"able to work with all these genres that are typically sub-cultural, like dub or punk or something, and then, by writing in a way that had hooks, made it accessible to everyone.\"[3] Despite the album also being released on Lizard King Records, Santigold had left the label prior to the release of the album, saying that they \"didn't allow me any freedoms. The label was a joke and I'll say that on the record. They weren't involved at all and pretty much got in the way.\"[4] By the time the album was finished, she signed to Atlantic Records, whom she says loved the album and asked her to not change anything on it.[1] The track \"My Superman\" was inspired by the 1980 song \"Red Light\" by Siouxsie and the Banshees, and contains an interpolation of it:[5] the song credits of the song were subsequently attributed half to Siouxsie Sioux and Steven Severin on the American Ascap website.[6]Jon Pareles of the NY Times noted that there was also a \"reggae-ska side\" in songs like \"Say Aha\" and \"Shove It\".[7]","title":"Recording, music and development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"normalized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_score"},{"link_name":"average","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weighted_arithmetic_mean"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MC-8"},{"link_name":"new wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_wave_music"},{"link_name":"electro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_music"},{"link_name":"indie rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indie_rock"},{"link_name":"dub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dub_music"},{"link_name":"post-punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-punk"},{"link_name":"reggae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae"},{"link_name":"grime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grime_(genre)"},{"link_name":"ska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ska"},{"link_name":"hip hop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop_music"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spin-18"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PopMatters-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AllMusic-9"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"M.I.A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M.I.A._(rapper)"},{"link_name":"Pixies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixies_(band)"},{"link_name":"Blondie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blondie_(band)"},{"link_name":"Siouxsie and the Banshees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siouxsie_and_the_Banshees"},{"link_name":"Grace Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Jones"},{"link_name":"Debbie Harry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debbie_Harry"},{"link_name":"Goldfrapp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldfrapp"},{"link_name":"The Go-Go's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Go-Go%27s"},{"link_name":"Joe Strummer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Strummer"},{"link_name":"the Slits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Slits"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Slant1-24"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-P4K-16"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RS-17"},{"link_name":"NME","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NME-15"},{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AllMusic-9"},{"link_name":"The Village Voice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Village_Voice"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MC-8"}],"text":"Santogold received acclaim from music critics.[19][20] At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, the album received an average score of 77, based on 27 reviews.[8] The album was noted for its eclectic sound and blend of various musical genres, including new wave, electro, indie rock, dub, post-punk, reggae, grime, ska, and hip hop,[18][21][22][9][23] and was positively compared to various acts, such as M.I.A., Pixies, Blondie, Siouxsie and the Banshees, Grace Jones, Debbie Harry, Goldfrapp, The Go-Go's, Joe Strummer, and the Slits.[24][16] Will Hermes of Rolling Stone called it \"a visionary album\" and \"one of the year's most unique debuts\", and stated that despite being influenced by other acts, Santigold \"ultimately sounds like her own damn movement.\"[17] Writing for NME, Priya Elan felt the album \"reveals a glittery crazy-paved path towards a brave new musical future\", and commended it for stylistically veering from one track to another while still remaining a cohesive body of work.[15]AllMusic critic Marisa Brown called Santogold an album \"that looks outward at the pan-continental landscape while staying firmly adherent to and respectful of its deeply American roots; this is the emerging—and hopeful—face of the new millennium, and an altogether shining accomplishment.\"[9] The Village Voice wrote, \"With her eponymous debut's deft mix of dap, punk, rock, pop, house, reggae, and hip-hop, she won't completely live down associations with the famous Sri Lankan (whom she also counts as a friend), but the result emerges as much more than a mere imitation.\"[8]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Spin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Pazz & Jop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pazz_%26_Jop"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"NME","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Slant Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slant_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Slant1-24"},{"link_name":"Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Pitchfork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_(website)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Consequence of Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consequence_of_Sound"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Paste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paste_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"PopMatters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PopMatters"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Drowned in Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drowned_in_Sound"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Gigwise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigwise"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Mixmag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixmag"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"musicOMH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MusicOMH"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Blender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blender_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Slant Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slant_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Kitsap Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitsap_Sun"},{"link_name":"Les Inrockuptibles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Inrockuptibles"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Clash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clash_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"Accolades","text":"Santogold was ranked among the best albums of 2008 by numerous publications. Billboard named it the second best album of 2008,[citation needed]> while Rolling Stone,[25] Spin,[26] and New York all listed the album at number 6 on their year-end lists.[citation needed] Pazz & Jop ranked it at number 7 on their annual list.[27] NME also ranked it at number 7,[28] while Slant Magazine placed it at number 9.[24] Other publications who featured Santogold on their year-end lists include Q,[citation needed] The Guardian,[citation needed] Pitchfork,[citation needed] Consequence of Sound,[citation needed] Paste,[citation needed] PopMatters,[citation needed] Drowned in Sound,[citation needed] Gigwise,[citation needed] Mixmag,[citation needed] musicOMH[citation needed] and Blender.[citation needed]The album was also included in lists ranking the best albums of the 2000s (decade). Complex ranked it at number 26 on their list,[29] as well as at number 24 on their \"100 Best Albums of the Complex Decade\" list, which includes albums released from 2002–2012.[30] Slant Magazine placed the album at number 35 on their \"Top 250 Albums of the 2000s\" list,[31] while Kitsap Sun and Les Inrockuptibles ranked it at number 66 and 76, respectively.[citation needed] In their \"50 Greatest Albums of Our Lifetime\" list, which includes albums from 2004–2014, Clash ranked Santogold at number 41.[32]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nielsen SoundScan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nielsen_SoundScan"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"BPI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Phonographic_Industry"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Independent Music Companies Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Music_Companies_Association"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"text":"As of 2012, Santogold had sold 225,000 copies and 932,000 individual downloads in the United States according to Nielsen SoundScan.[33] In 2009 the album was certified silver by the BPI.[34] In 2010 it was awarded a gold certification from the Independent Music Companies Association, which indicates 100,000 sales across Europe.[35]","title":"Commercial performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"L.E.S. Artistes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L.E.S._Artistes"},{"link_name":"Santi White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santigold"},{"link_name":"John Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hill_(record_producer)"},{"link_name":"Chris Feinstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Feinstein"},{"link_name":"Switch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switch_(house_DJ)"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_a"},{"link_name":"Spank Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spank_Rock"},{"link_name":"Naeem Juwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spank_Rock"},{"link_name":"David Shayman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disco_D"},{"link_name":"Disco D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disco_D"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_a"},{"link_name":"Say Aha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Say_Aha"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_a"},{"link_name":"Creator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creator_(song)"},{"link_name":"Switch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switch_(house_DJ)"},{"link_name":"Freq Nasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freq_Nasty"},{"link_name":"David Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switch_(house_DJ)"},{"link_name":"Darin McFayden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freq_Nasty"},{"link_name":"Freq Nasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freq_Nasty"},{"link_name":"Susan Janet Ballion a.k.a. Siouxsie Sioux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siouxsie_Sioux"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-credits-6"},{"link_name":"Wesley Pentz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplo"},{"link_name":"Steven Severin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Severin"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-credits-6"},{"link_name":"Diplo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplo"},{"link_name":"Lights Out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lights_Out_(Santigold_song)"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_a"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_a"},{"link_name":"Diplo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplo"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_a"},{"link_name":"Sinden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Count_%26_Sinden"},{"link_name":"Sinden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Count_%26_Sinden"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Chuck Treece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Treece"},{"link_name":"^[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_a"},{"link_name":"producer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_producer"}],"text":"Santogold – Standard edition[36]No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1.\"L.E.S. Artistes\"Santi WhiteJohn HillJonnie \"Most\" DavisWhiteHill3:242.\"You'll Find a Way\"WhiteHillChris FeinsteinJonnie \"Most\" DavisWhiteHillSwitch[a]3:003.\"Shove It\" (featuring Spank Rock)WhiteHillNaeem JuwanDavid ShaymanDisco DWhiteHillSwitch[a]3:464.\"Say Aha\"WhiteHillWhiteHillSwitch[a]3:355.\"Creator\" (vs. Switch and Freq Nasty)WhiteHillDavid TaylorDarin McFaydenFreq NastySwitch3:336.\"My Superman\"Susan Janet Ballion a.k.a. Siouxsie Sioux[6]HillWesley PentzSteven Severin[6]WhiteHillDiplo3:007.\"Lights Out\"WhiteHillFeinsteinWhiteHill3:128.\"Starstruck\"WhiteHillHillSwitch[a]Diplo[a]3:549.\"Unstoppable\"WhitePentzDiploHill[a]3:3210.\"I'm a Lady\" (featuring Trouble Andrew)WhiteHillAndrewFeinsteinWhiteHill3:4311.\"Anne\"WhiteHillTaylorWhiteHillSwitch3:2812.\"You'll Find a Way\" (Switch and Sinden remix)WhiteHillFeinsteinSwitchSinden3:12Total length:41:19Santogold – Japanese edition (bonus tracks)[37]No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length13.\"Your Voice\"WhiteChuck TreeceClifford PuseyMatt SchleckWhiteHill3:5814.\"L.E.S. Artistes\" (Switch remix)WhiteHillSwitch5:14Total length:50:31Notes^[a] signifies an additional producer","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-booklet-38"},{"link_name":"Santi White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santigold"},{"link_name":"John Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hill_(record_producer)"},{"link_name":"Chuck Treece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Treece"},{"link_name":"Chris Feinstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Feinstein"},{"link_name":"Mike Dillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Dillon_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Spank Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spank_Rock"},{"link_name":"Switch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switch_(house_DJ)"},{"link_name":"Diplo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplo"},{"link_name":"Disco D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disco_D"},{"link_name":"Freq Nasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freq_Nasty"},{"link_name":"John Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hill_(record_producer)"},{"link_name":"Dan Carey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Carey_(record_producer)"},{"link_name":"Ted Jensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Jensen"}],"text":"Credits adapted from the liner notes of Santogold.[38]Musicians\n\nSanti White – vocals (all tracks), guitar (track 1), keyboards (tracks 1, 4)\nJohn Hill – bass, guitar (track 1–4, 7, 10), keyboards (track 1, 3, 4, 10),\nJohn Morrical – organ (track 2), keyboards (track 10)\nChuck Treece – drums\nChris Feinstein – guitar (tracks 2, 4, 7, 10)\nJoao Salomao – guitar (tracks 4, 10)\nAlex Lipsen – keyboards (tracks 7, 10)\nAlfonzo Hunter – horns (tracks 3, 4)\nK. Louis – horns (tracks 3, 4)\nL. Benjamin – horns (tracks 3, 4)\nMike Dillon – percussion (track 4)\nSpank Rock – additional vocals (track 3)\nTrouble Andrew – additional vocals (track 10)\nArtwork\n\nIsabelle Lumpkin – artwork, design\nAmanda Chiu – design, layout\n\n\nProduction\n\nSanti White – production (tracks 1–4, 7, 10, 11)\nJohn Hill – production (tracks 1–4, 6–8, 10, 11, 13, 14), additional production (track 9)\nSwitch – production (track 5, 11, 12), additional production (track 2–4, 8)\nDiplo – production (tracks 6, 9), additional production (track 8)\nJonnie \"Most\" Davis – production (tracks 1, 2)\nDisco D – production (track 3)\nFreq Nasty – production (track 5)\nJayson Jackson – executive production\nTechnical\n\nSanti White – recording (tracks 1, 2), mixing (tracks 1, 2, 7)\nJohn Hill – recording (tracks 1–4, 7, 10), mixing (tracks 1, 2, 6–8, 10, 11), engineering (tracks 1–4, 7, 10), programming (tracks 3, 4)\nJohn Morrical – mixing (tracks 1, 2, 7, 10)\nVaughan Merrick – mixing (tracks 1, 3, 6, 9, 10)\nDan Carey – mixing (track 4)\nSwitch – mixing (track 5)\nDisco D – programming (track 3)\nDr. Israel – programming (track 4)\nTed Jensen – mastering\nDanielle Clare - 2nd engineer, ProTools operator (tracks 1, 4, 7, 8, 10)","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Santogold_(album)&action=edit&section=8"},{"link_name":"ARIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Charts"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Ultratop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultratop"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Flanders_Santogold-40"},{"link_name":"Album Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Album_Top_100"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Netherlands_Santogold-41"},{"link_name":"SNEP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndicat_National_de_l%27%C3%89dition_Phonographique"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_France_Santogold-42"},{"link_name":"IRMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Recorded_Music_Association"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Ireland2_Santigold-43"},{"link_name":"UK Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Albums_Chart"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_UK2_-44"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Billboard200_Santigold-45"},{"link_name":"Independent Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Albums"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_BillboardIndependent_Santigold-46"},{"link_name":"Top Dance/Electronic Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance/Electronic_Albums"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_BillboardDanceElectronic_Santigold-47"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Santogold_(album)&action=edit&section=9"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"}],"text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\nWeekly chart performance for Santogold\n\n\nChart (2008)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nAustralian Albums (ARIA)[39]\n\n64\n\n\nBelgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders)[40]\n\n25\n\n\nDutch Albums (Album Top 100)[41]\n\n34\n\n\nFrench Albums (SNEP)[42]\n\n110\n\n\nIrish Albums (IRMA)[43]\n\n45\n\n\nUK Albums (OCC)[44]\n\n26\n\n\nUS Billboard 200[45]\n\n74\n\n\nUS Independent Albums (Billboard)[46]\n\n6\n\n\nUS Top Dance/Electronic Albums (Billboard)[47]\n\n2\n\n\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\n2008 year-end chart performance for Santogold\n\n\nChart (2008)\n\nPosition\n\n\nUS Top Dance/Electronic Albums (Billboard)[48]\n\n10\n\n\nUS Independent Albums (Billboard)[49]\n\n41\n\n\n2009 year-end chart performance for Santogold\n\n\nChart (2009)\n\nPosition\n\n\nUS Top Dance/Electronic Albums (Billboard)[50]\n\n12","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certifications"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release history"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Robinson, Peter (May 12, 2008). \"Santogold Interview\". PopJustice. Retrieved May 12, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Robinson_(journalist)","url_text":"Robinson, Peter"},{"url":"https://www.popjustice.com/articles/santogold-interview","url_text":"\"Santogold Interview\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PopJustice","url_text":"PopJustice"}]},{"reference":"Tom Thorogood (April 23, 2008). \"Santogold Interview\". MTV News. Viacom. Retrieved May 13, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mtv.co.uk/channel/mtvuk/news/23042008/416276/santogold_interview","url_text":"\"Santogold Interview\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_News","url_text":"MTV News"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viacom_(2005%E2%80%93present)","url_text":"Viacom"}]},{"reference":"Nicholson, Rebecca (May 19, 2008). \"Santogold and the genre problem\". The Lipster. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Gleig
George Gleig
["1 Life","2 Works","3 Family","4 References","5 External links"]
Primus of the Scottish Episcopal Church (1753–1840) This article is about the bishop and Primus. For his son the soldier, priest and chaplain-general, see George Gleig (priest). The Most ReverendGeorge GleigBishop of BrechinPrimus of the Scottish Episcopal ChurchChurchScottish Episcopal ChurchDioceseBrechinIn office1810-1840PredecessorJohn StrachanSuccessorDavid MoirOther post(s)Primus of the Scottish Episcopal Church (1816–1837)OrdersOrdination1774Consecration30 October 1808by John SkinnerPersonal detailsBorn(1753-05-12)12 May 1753Arbuthnott, Aberdeenshire, ScotlandDied9 March 1840(1840-03-09) (aged 86)Stirling, Stirlingshire, ScotlandNationalityScottishDenominationAnglicanAlma materUniversity of Aberdeen George Gleig FRSE FSA LLD (12 May 1753 – 9 March 1840) was a Scottish minister who transferred to the Episcopalian faith and became Primus of the Scottish Episcopal Church. Life He was born at Boghall Farm, near Arbuthnott in Aberdeenshire, Scotland, the son of a farmer. He was educated at Arbuthnott Parish School. At the age of thirteen he entered King's College, University of Aberdeen, where the first prize in mathematics and physical and moral sciences fell to him. In his twenty-first year he took orders in the Scottish Episcopal Church, and was ordained to the pastoral charge of a congregation at Pittenweem, Fife, whence he removed in 1790 to Stirling. He became a frequent contributor to the Monthly Review, the Gentleman's Magazine, the Anti-Jacobin Review and the British Critic. In 1786 he declined the office of bishop of Brechin. He also wrote several articles for the third edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica, and on the death of the editor, Colin Macfarquhar, in 1793, was engaged to edit the remaining volumes. Among his principal contributions to this work were articles on Instinct, Theology and Metaphysics. The two supplementary volumes were mainly his own work. In 1797 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were James Gregory, Sir James Hall, and Dugald Stewart. He was twice chosen bishop of Dunkeld, but the opposition of Bishop Skinner, afterwards Primus of Scotland, rendered the election on both occasions ineffectual. In 1808 he was consecrated assistant and successor to the bishop of Brechin, in 1810 was preferred to the sole charge, and in 1816 was elected Primus of the Scottish Episcopal Church, in which capacity he greatly aided in the introduction of many useful reforms, in fostering a more catholic and tolerant spirit, and in cementing a firm alliance with the sister Church of England. He died at Stirling. He is buried in the chapel of Greyfriars Church in Stirling. Works Letters containing an Apology for the Episcopal Church of Scotland (1787) Some Account of the Life and Writings of the late William Robertson (1812) Directions on the Study of Theology (1827) Besides various sermons, Gleig was the author of Directions for the Study of Theology, in a series of letters from a bishop to his son on his admission to holy orders (1827); an edition of Thomas Stackhouse's History of the Bible (1817); and a life of Robertson the historian, prefixed to an edition of his works. See Life of Bishop Gleig, by the Rev. W. Walker (1879). Letters to Alexander Henderson of Edinburgh and John Douglas, bishop of Salisbury, are in the British Museum. Family In 1789 he married Janet Hamilton (a widow née Fullton). She died in 1824. His third and only surviving son, George Robert, was a noted soldier and chaplain. References ^ a b c d Chisholm 1911. ^ "BrMS 3/DC 82/21 Miscellaneous transcriptions". Archive Services Online Catalogue. University of Dundee. Archived from the original on 16 August 2016. Retrieved 31 August 2015. ^ Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002 (PDF). The Royal Society of Edinburgh. July 2006. ISBN 0-902-198-84-X. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 January 2013. Retrieved 11 July 2016. ^ Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002 (PDF). The Royal Society of Edinburgh. July 2006. ISBN 0-902-198-84-X. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 January 2013. Retrieved 11 July 2016. Attribution:  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Gleig, George". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 118. External links Bibliographic directory from Project Canterbury Scottish Episcopal Church titles Preceded byJohn Skinner Primus of the Scottish Episcopal Church 1816–1837 Succeeded byJames Walker (bishop) Preceded byJohn Strachan Bishop of Brechin 1810-1840 Succeeded byDavid Moir vteBishops of Brechin (Episcopal) Robert Norrie Thomas Rattray John Ochterlony James Rait George Innes Abernethy Drummond John Strachan George Gleig David Moir Alexander Forbes Hugh Jermyn Walter Robberds Kenneth Mackenzie Eric Graham John Sprott Ted Luscombe Robert Halliday Neville Chamberlain John Mantle Nigel Peyton Andrew Swift vtePrimuses of the Scottish Episcopal Church John Fullarton Arthur Millar Andrew Lumsden David Freebairn Thomas Rattray Robert Keith Robert White William Falconer Robert Kilgour John Skinner George Gleig James Walker William Skinner Charles Terrot Robert Eden Hugh Jermyn James Kelly George Wilkinson Walter Robberds Arthur Maclean Logie Danson John How Thomas Hannay Francis Moncreiff Richard Wimbush Alastair Haggart Ted Luscombe George Henderson Richard Holloway Bruce Cameron Idris Jones David Chillingworth Mark Strange Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Israel United States Netherlands Other SNAC
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His proposers were James Gregory, Sir James Hall, and Dugald Stewart.[3]He was twice chosen bishop of Dunkeld, but the opposition of Bishop Skinner, afterwards Primus of Scotland, rendered the election on both occasions ineffectual. 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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fated_to_Love_You_(2008_TV_series)
Fated to Love You (2008 TV series)
["1 Synopsis","2 Cast","3 Production","4 Soundtrack","4.1 Track listing","5 Books","6 International broadcast","7 Remakes","8 Awards and nominations","9 References","10 External links"]
Taiwanese TV series or program Fated to Love YouPromotional posterAlso known as命中注定我愛你GenreRomanceComedyWritten byPan YiqunChen Xin YiDu XinyiDirected byChen MingzhangStarringJoe ChenEthan JuanBaron ChenBianca BaiOpening theme"99次我愛他" (99 Times I Love Him) by Shorty YuenEnding theme"心願便利貼" (Sticky Note With Wishes) by Quack Wu and Shorty YuenCountry of originTaiwanOriginal languagesMandarinTaiwaneseNo. of series1No. of episodes24ProductionProduction locationsTaiwan, Hong Kong and ShanghaiRunning time90 minutesProduction companySanlih E-Television (SET)Original releaseNetworkTaiwan Television (TTV)Release16 March (2008-03-16) –24 August 2008 (2008-08-24)Related Bull Fighting Invincible Shan Bao Mei Love You You Are My Destiny Fated to Love You (Chinese: 命中注定我愛你; pinyin: Mìng zhòng zhù dìng wǒ ài nǐ) is a 2008 Taiwanese television series, starring Joe Chen, Ethan Juan, Baron Chen and Bianca Bai. The series was first broadcast in Taiwan on free-to-air Taiwan Television (TTV) (台視) from 16 March 2008 to 24 August 2008, every Sunday at 22:00 and cable TV Sanlih E-Television from 22 March 2008 to 30 August 2008, every Saturday at 21:00. It was produced by Sanlih E-Television and directed by Chen Ming Zhang with location filming in Taiwan, Hong Kong and Shanghai. The series was adapted into Korean and Thai language versions with the Thai series dubbed in Filipino for release in the Philippines. The drama holds the record for the highest average single-episode rating at 10.91 with a peak at 13.64 for episode 20 broadcast on 27 July 2008, and broke the previous record held by The Prince Who Turns into a Frog. It was nominated in 2008 for six awards at the 43rd Golden Bell Awards, Taiwan. It was awarded the 2008 Best Television Series and Best Marketing Programme. Fated to Love You was also reviewed by The Wall Street Journal. Synopsis Chen Xin Yi (Joe Chen) is a dowdy legal assistant at a large law firm, where she is known as 'The sticky note girl' — someone helpful, but easily dispensed with once a task is completed. Her co-workers frequently take advantage of her eager-to-please nature by dumping mindless tasks on her. She plans and pays for a romantic love cruise, hoping to lose her virginity to her boyfriend/coworker Gu Chi. Once on board, Xin Yi is devastated when she catches Gu Chi cheating on her and when he tells her that he planned to break up with her anyway. Fellow passenger Ji Cun Xi (Ethan Juan), the wealthy sole heir of a toiletries company, plans to propose to his long-time ballerina girlfriend Anna (Bianca Bai) and sets about finalizing the preparations, unaware that she didn't board the ship. Anna has opted to accept the principal role of Odette in The Black Swan, a coup for an Asian ballerina. As she flies to New York City, she marvels at the thought that it's a dream come true for her to be on the world stage and surely Cun Xi would understand how important this was to her, even if it was the 11th time she had stood him up. Aware that Cun Xi planned to propose, she abandons him by choosing the ballet over the boyfriend, confident he would wait for her just once more. In a huge mix-up involving drugs, a blackmail plot, and other mishaps, Xin Yi and Cun Xi wind up spending the afternoon in bed, both mistaking the other for their actual partners. Suddenly, Xin Yi's brother-in-law and his father burst in their suite to snap photos of Cun Xi and the prostitute they hired to lure him into an indelicate situation. They hope to blackmail him into stopping from closing their hair products factory on Ginger Island. Although each vows to forget about the indelicate incident and to continue on with their lives, Xin Yi soon discovers that she's pregnant. Not wishing to tell Cun Xi, he finds out anyway, courtesy of the national news, no less! Initially, she decides to have an abortion, but Cun Xi changes his mind at the last minute and offers to financially support Xin Yi until the birth. Her family rejects this idea, and tries to persuade Xin Yi that aborting is the best solution. When Cun Xi's grandmother, Granny Ji, learns she is about to have a first great-grandchild, she is ecstatic and insists that they marry. Cun Xi, angry and feeling trapped, forces Xin Yi to agree to a post-birth divorce and the relinquishment of the baby. In exchange for her silence, she will receive a handsome financial settlement. But she refuses his offer of compensation, leading him to question why she agreed to marry in the first place. Xin Yi tells him that giving the baby a happy family was her only priority, but now knows that it's not feasible, as they are not in love. She starts up a friendship with Dylan, a kind young man from Shanghai, who sympathizes with her plight to be financially supported by Cun Xi while he berates her. Genuinely interested in Zin Yi, Dylan becomes her confidante and source of support in the face of Cun Xi's mistreatment. Dylan reveals to her that his lifetime goal is to find his long-lost biological sister, Dai Xin Yi, from whom he has been separated from since childhood. Still besotted with Anna and still believing Xin Yi became pregnant to get money out of him, Cun Xi struggles between his selfishness and taking responsibility. Xin Yi feels deeply burdened by guilt for her mistake as she struggles to stand up for herself. Despite no longer wanting to be a dispensable sticky note in other people's lives, she resolves to not fall for Cun Xi. Xin Yi's simple and selfless nature soon endears her to Cun Xi's family and, eventually, to Cun Xi. Slowly, Cun Xi begins to realize his love for Xin Yi and the child she is carrying, leaving him to wonder what life would be like if they lived together as a family. He desires to protect Xin Yi from those who would mistreat her and decides that he doesn't want her to leave him after the baby is born. Unfortunately, his epiphanies are interrupted by the unexpected return of the injured Anna. In order to conceal his marriage and impending fatherhood, Cun Xi requests that Xin Yi return to her mother's home, until such time that he can explain the situation to Anna and his grandmother. Unfortunate events lead the devastated Anna to discover the truth while engaged in an ugly confrontation with Cun Xi's incensed grandmother. Enraged, Cun Xi blames Xin Yi for ruining his life and accuses her of telling his grandmother, in an effort to force him to stay with her. He moves out of the house to live with Anna. Cun Xi later regrets his angry outburst and worries constantly about Xin Yi and the baby. He decides to return to his original plan to care for Xin Yi until she gives birth, requesting that Anna be considerate of the situation and to wait for him during the remaining months. He has new divorce terms written up that ensure Xin Yi will be generously taken care of for the rest of her life. Anna, worried that Cun Xi will leave her, delivers a fake abortion agreement to Xin Yi, indicating it's from Cun Xi. Horrified, a distraught Xin Yi decides to leave and raise the child alone. During an ugly confrontation at Grandma Ji's birthday party, Cun Xi finally realizes his true feelings for Xin Yi and departs the celebration to look for her. Upon locating her, she pleads with him to leave her alone. As she tries to escape, she distractedly crosses the street into traffic and is hit by a car, leaving Cun Xi in shock. At the hospital, Cun Xi is advised by the doctor that an emergency abortion is required to save Xin Yi's life and that time is of the essence. Cun Xi has no choice but to sign the consent form, while Xin Yi emphatically begs him not to. When Xin Yi recovers, she refuses to see Cun Xi. To escape both her grief and Cun Xi, she changes her name and plans a move to Shanghai with Dylan. Before she leaves, she signs the divorce papers, leaving Cun Xi vowing to find her one day. Two years later, Xin Yi, no longer the sticky note girl, is now a successful pottery teacher, and her relationship with Dylan is deepening. Despite being engaged to Anna, Cun Xi continues his search for Xin Yi. He eventually finds her, only to realize that he never filed their divorce papers, and that they are still married! Jealous of Dylan, Cun Xi tries many tricks to coax Xin Yi to interact with him. At the same time, he hopes that she can forgive him for how he treated her and to prove to her that his love for her is indeed genuine. But Xin Yi is incapable of forgiving him, and accuses him of being relieved that she lost the baby. In the face of this rejection, Cun Xi decides to go along with marrying Anna. But when Xin Yi visits the island some two years later, Cun Xi learns that Anna was the one who created the faux abortion papers and that was why Xin Yi hated him. Furious, Cun Xi cancels the wedding with the heartbroken Anna. Then he attempts to make amends to Xin Yi by telling her that he didn't want her to get rid of the baby. Xin Yi is still reluctant to forgive him, but allows him to explain. Afterwards, with her reawakened feelings of love, Xin Yi forgives him and they reconcile. Meanwhile, Dylan finds his long-lost sister and the two siblings reunite. As payback for the tricks Cun Xi played on her, Xin Yi convinces him to get into a barrel which she hits causing him to roll off a hill. He becomes temporarily blinded, causing Xin Yi to stay with him until his sight returns. It returned the next day, but he did not tell Xin Yi, in order to keep her by his side a bit longer. Of course she exposes his charade. She realizes that he has tricked her again, but acknowledges to herself that she still has feelings for him. She visits her doctor to see if she can conceive again, but is told that the chances of her carrying to term are quite low due to her miscarriage. Later in the day, Cun Xi asks Xin Yi to marry him but she declines, knowing how much Cun Xi's grandmother wants an heir for the Ji family's tenth generation. Sadly she chooses to tell Cun Xi that she wants a relationship with Dylan because she finds him more suitable. With the persuasion of Cun Xi and the support of both their families, she finally relents and a formal wedding is held. Shortly thereafter, she becomes ill and while hospitalized she learns that she was misled about her ability to carry to term. Subsequently Xin Yi learns she is pregnant, gives birth to a baby they name Ji Nian Ri, as a testament to all the wonderful memories she and Cun Xi have shared together. Cast Actor Character Relationships Joe Chen Chen Xin Yi / Elaine Cun Xi's wife Ethan Juan Ji Cun Xi Xin Yi's husband Baron Chen Dylan / Dai Jian Ren Cun Xi's rival, Anna's brother Bianca Bai Anna / Shi An Na / Dai Xin Yi Xin Yi's rival, Dylan's sister Tan Ai-chen Ji Wang Zhen Zhu / Grandma Cun Xi's grandma Na Wei Xun Anson Cun Xi's trusted assistant Lin Mei-hsiu Chen Lin Xi Shi Xin Yi's mother Jessica Song Chen Qing Xia Xin Yi's first sister Zhong Xin Ling Chen Feng Jiao Xin Yi's second sister Wei Min Ge Wu Qi Qi Xin Yi's brother-in-law Luo Bei An Wu Liu Liu Qi Qi's father Wang Juan Ji Liu Xiu Lin Cun Xi's stepmother Tian Jia Da Ji Zheng Ren Xiu Lin's son Patrick Li Gu Chi Xin Yi's ex-boyfriend Miu Miu Ji Bao Bei (Baby Ji) - Dog Cun Xi's dog Production The production cost for the first episode was more than NT $5,000,000. Ethan Juan and Joe Chen reprised their role as Ji Cun Xi and Chen Xin Yi in a cameo appearance in the first episode of Invincible Shan Bao Mei. Anna's name was named after the beautiful and talented ballerina, Anna Pavlova. Soundtrack Fated to Love YouSoundtrack album by Various ArtistsReleasedApril 18, 2008GenreMandopopLanguageMandarinLabelRock Records Fated to Love You Original Soundtrack (命中注定我愛你 電視原聲帶) was released on April 18, 2008 by Various Artists under Rock Records. It contains fifteen songs, in which three songs are various instrumental versions of the five original songs, and another three songs that are kala versions. The album was released in two versions: the regular edition (CD) with shiny Post-It Card, and the deluxe edition (2CD+DVD) with an additional eleven track CD and a music video DVD. The opening theme song is "99次我愛他" or "99 Times I Love Him" by Shorty Yuen, while the ending theme song is by Quack Wu (吳忠明) and Shorty Yuen entitled "心願便利貼" or "Sticky Note With Wishes". The track, "心願便利貼" (Sticky Note With Wishes) was listed at number 50 on Hit Fm Taiwan's Hit Fm Annual Top 100 Singles Chart (Hit-Fm年度百首單曲) for 2008. Track listing No.TitleSinger(s)Length1."99 Times I Love Him" (99次我愛他)Shorty Yuen 2."Sticky Note With Wishes" (心願便利貼)Quack Wu (吳忠明), Shorty Yuen/Yuan Ruo Lan 3."Half Love Song" (半情歌)Shorty Yuen 4."Get Up and Go" (起步走)Quack Wu (吳忠明) 5."My Happiness" (我的快樂)Walkie Talkie 6."I'm OK" (我好了)Shorty Yuen/Yuan Ruo Lan 7."Blowing Wind" (吹吹風)Gary Chaw 8."Fold" (對摺)Shorty Yuen 9."Sticky Note With Wishes Kala ver." (心願便利貼)  10."Half Love Song Kala ver." (半情歌)  11."99 Times I Love Him Kala ver." (99次我愛他)  12."Get Up and Go Kala ver." (起步走)  13."Half Love Song-guitar version" (半情歌_療傷情弦 inst.)  14."Sticky Note With Wishes-gentle version" (心願便利貼_浪漫溫馨 inst.)  15."99 Times I Love Him-music box version" (99次我愛他_夢幻音樂盒 inst.)  Bonus CD 2No.TitleLength1."你就是吃定我" (楊乃文) 2."可惜不是你" (梁靜茹) 3."我們都是好人" (蘇慧倫) 4."愛上你只是我的錯" (dMDM) 5."女人何苦為難女人" (辛曉琪) 6."睡吧！我的愛" (許景淳) 7."只要你快樂" (汪佩蓉) 8."成全" (劉若英) 9."讓我想一想" (陳綺貞) 10."孩子氣" (萬芳) 11."飄洋過海來看你" (娃娃) Bonus DVDNo.TitleLength1."Half Love Song music video" (半情歌 MV) 2."Sticky Note With Wishes music video" (心願便利貼 MV) 3."99 Times I Love Him music video" (99次我愛 MV)  Books 13 June 2008: Fated to Love You Top Secret Behind-the-Scenes (命中注定我愛你 極機密幕後花絮) - ISBN 978-957-565-819-9 26 June 2008: Fated to Love You TV Drama Novel (命中注定我愛你 電視小說) - ISBN 978-957-565-813-7 International broadcast Philippines: GMA Network Japan: BS NTV & DATV Thailand: Channel 3 Remakes Main articles: You Are My Destiny (2014 TV series) and You're My Destiny (2017 TV series) A 2014 South Korean remake titled You Are My Destiny that starred Jang Hyuk and Jang Na-ra in the lead roles. A 2017 Thailand remake starred Esther Supreeleela and Sukrit Wisetkaew on ONE HD 31 titled You're My Destiny. The remake was broadcast in the Philippines by GMA Network (company) with high rating in audience share from its competing network. A 2019 Cambodian remake of this drama by hangmeas production, Cast by (Nico,main actor and pich solika, main actress) Title fated to love you or ah pea pi pea jai dorn A 2020 Japanese Remake titled Unmei Kara Hajimaru Koi: You Are My Destiny (運命から始まる恋 - You are my Destiny, lit. "Love starting from fate - You are my Destiny") that starred Miori Takimoto and Takumi Kizu. It airs on Fuji TV starting February 12, 2020. A 2020 Chinese Remake titled You are My Destiny starring Xing Zhaolin and Liang Jie. Awards and nominations Year Ceremony Category Recipients Result 2008 43rd Golden Bell Awards Best Television Series Fated to Love You Won Best Actress Joe Chen Nominated Best Supporting Actress Lin Mei-hsiu Nominated Best Director in a Television Series Chen Ming-chang Nominated Best Writing for a Television Series Chen Yu-shan, Pan Yi-qun , Chen Xin-yi and Du Xin-yi Nominated Best Marketing Fated to Love You Won References ^ (in Chinese) 三立都會台自製偶像劇《命中注定我愛你》，在台灣單集最高收視率10.91，最高分段收視率13.64，創偶像劇節目最高記錄 Retrieved 2011-01-27 ^ "Global Buzz: Why TV Show 'Fated to Love You' Is an Obsession in Taiwan". The Wall Street Journal. 10 July 2008. Retrieved 26 February 2017. ^ (in Chinese) Fated to Love You OST album info 18 April 2008. Retrieved 2011-02-07 ^ (in Chinese) Fated to Love You OST (Deluxe Edition) album info 18 April 2008. Retrieved 2011-02-07 ^ (in Chinese) HITO Radio 2008 Hit Fm Annual Top 100 Singles Chart (#1 to 50) Retrieved 2011-05-20 ^ Yesasia.com Fated to Love You Top Secret Behind-the-Scenes 13 June 2008. Retrieved 2011-02-07 ^ Yesasia.com Fated to Love You TV Drama Novel 13 June 2008. Retrieved 2011-02-07 ^ ""Kamandag" cast members". ^ "Ｂｓ日テレ - 台湾ドラマ「ハートに命中100％」番組サイト". Archived from the original on 8 September 2014. Retrieved 14 May 2014. ^ "DATV". Archived from the original on 30 November 2014. Retrieved 26 November 2014. ^ ซีรีส์ช่อง3 ชะตารักกำหนดเลิฟ. Channel 3 (in Thai). Retrieved 29 August 2016. ^ Choi, Shin-ae (3 April 2014). "Jang Hyuk and Jang Nara to Reunite in Drama Fated to Love You". enewsWorld. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 3 April 2014. ^ Kim, Hee-eun (4 April 2014). "Fictional couple reunites after 12 years". Korea JoongAng Daily. Retrieved 4 April 2014. ^ "瀧本美織と岐洲匠共演のドラマが日中同時配信、一夜から始まる運命の恋描く（コメントあり）". Natasha Music (in Japanese). Retrieved 5 March 2020. ^ "Kyuranger's Takumi Kizu to Star in Fated To Love You Japanese Drama Remake". Orends: Range (Temp). Retrieved 5 March 2020. ^ (in Chinese) TTV 43rd Golden Bell Awards homepage 2011-02-06 External links TTV official homepage vteGolden Bell Award for Best Television Series1980s Star Knows My Heart (1984) Porters (1985) Cloud's Hometown (1986) Another Sound (1987) Father Forgive Me (1988) Moment in Peking (1989) 1990s Spring Passes and Returns (1990) Mute Wife (1991) The Four Brothers of Peking (1992) The Book and the Sword (1993) Brothers by Destiny (1995) The Daughter-in-Law to Persuade the World (1997) Spring Is Like Stepmother's Heart (1999) 2000s Ever (2000) Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (2001) Bi Ya Su Na (2002) Crystal Boys (2003) Banquet (2004) A Cinematic Journey (2005) Holy Ridge (2006) Dangerous Mind (2007) Fated to Love You (2008) Black & White (2009) 2010s Moonlight of Brotherhood (2010) Somewhere over the Sky (2011) In Time with You (2012) Falling (2013) Boys Can Fly (2014) The Way We Were (2015) A Touch of Green (2016) Close Your Eyes Before It's Dark (2017) A Boy Named Flora A (2018) The World Between Us (2019) 2020s Someday or One Day (2020) The Magician on the Skywalk (2021) Seqalu: Formosa 1867 (2022) Mad Doctor (2023)
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The series was first broadcast in Taiwan on free-to-air Taiwan Television (TTV) (台視) from 16 March 2008 to 24 August 2008, every Sunday at 22:00 and cable TV Sanlih E-Television from 22 March 2008 to 30 August 2008, every Saturday at 21:00. It was produced by Sanlih E-Television and directed by Chen Ming Zhang with location filming in Taiwan, Hong Kong and Shanghai. The series was adapted into Korean and Thai language versions with the Thai series dubbed in Filipino for release in the Philippines.The drama holds the record for the highest average single-episode rating at 10.91 with a peak at 13.64 for episode 20 broadcast on 27 July 2008,[1] and broke the previous record held by The Prince Who Turns into a Frog. It was nominated in 2008 for six awards at the 43rd Golden Bell Awards, Taiwan. It was awarded the 2008 Best Television Series and Best Marketing Programme.Fated to Love You was also reviewed by The Wall Street Journal.[2]","title":"Fated to Love You (2008 TV series)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joe Chen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Chen"},{"link_name":"Ethan Juan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethan_Juan"},{"link_name":"Bianca Bai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bianca_Bai"}],"text":"Chen Xin Yi (Joe Chen) is a dowdy legal assistant at a large law firm, where she is known as 'The sticky note girl' — someone helpful, but easily dispensed with once a task is completed. Her co-workers frequently take advantage of her eager-to-please nature by dumping mindless tasks on her. She plans and pays for a romantic love cruise, hoping to lose her virginity to her boyfriend/coworker Gu Chi. Once on board, Xin Yi is devastated when she catches Gu Chi cheating on her and when he tells her that he planned to break up with her anyway.Fellow passenger Ji Cun Xi (Ethan Juan), the wealthy sole heir of a toiletries company, plans to propose to his long-time ballerina girlfriend Anna (Bianca Bai) and sets about finalizing the preparations, unaware that she didn't board the ship. Anna has opted to accept the principal role of Odette in The Black Swan, a coup for an Asian ballerina. As she flies to New York City, she marvels at the thought that it's a dream come true for her to be on the world stage and surely Cun Xi would understand how important this was to her, even if it was the 11th time she had stood him up. Aware that Cun Xi planned to propose, she abandons him by choosing the ballet over the boyfriend, confident he would wait for her just once more.In a huge mix-up involving drugs, a blackmail plot, and other mishaps, Xin Yi and Cun Xi wind up spending the afternoon in bed, both mistaking the other for their actual partners. Suddenly, Xin Yi's brother-in-law and his father burst in their suite to snap photos of Cun Xi and the prostitute they hired to lure him into an indelicate situation. They hope to blackmail him into stopping from closing their hair products factory on Ginger Island.Although each vows to forget about the indelicate incident and to continue on with their lives, Xin Yi soon discovers that she's pregnant. Not wishing to tell Cun Xi, \nhe finds out anyway, courtesy of the national news, no less!Initially, she decides to have an abortion, but Cun Xi changes his mind at the last minute and offers to financially support Xin Yi until the birth. Her family rejects this idea, and tries to persuade Xin Yi that aborting is the best solution.\nWhen Cun Xi's grandmother, Granny Ji, learns she is about to have a first great-grandchild, she is ecstatic and insists that they marry.Cun Xi, angry and feeling trapped, forces Xin Yi to agree to a post-birth divorce and the relinquishment of the baby. In exchange for her silence, she will receive a handsome financial settlement. But she refuses his offer of compensation, leading him to question why she agreed to marry in the first place. Xin Yi tells him that giving the baby a happy family was her only priority, but now knows that it's not feasible, as they are not in love.She starts up a friendship with Dylan, a kind young man from Shanghai, who sympathizes with her plight to be financially supported by Cun Xi while he berates her. Genuinely interested in Zin Yi, Dylan becomes her confidante and source of support in the face of Cun Xi's mistreatment. Dylan reveals to her that his lifetime goal is to find his long-lost biological sister, Dai Xin Yi, from whom he has been separated from since childhood.Still besotted with Anna and still believing Xin Yi became pregnant to get money out of him, Cun Xi struggles between his selfishness and taking responsibility. Xin Yi feels deeply burdened by guilt for her mistake as she struggles to stand up for herself. Despite no longer wanting to be a dispensable sticky note in other people's lives, she resolves to not fall for Cun Xi. Xin Yi's simple and selfless nature soon endears her to Cun Xi's family and, eventually, to Cun Xi. Slowly, Cun Xi begins to realize his love for Xin Yi and the child she is carrying, leaving him to wonder what life would be like if they lived together as a family. He desires to protect Xin Yi from those who would mistreat her and decides that he doesn't want her to leave him after the baby is born.Unfortunately, his epiphanies are interrupted by the unexpected return of the injured Anna. In order to conceal his marriage and impending fatherhood, Cun Xi requests that Xin Yi return to her mother's home, until such time that he can explain the situation to Anna and his grandmother. Unfortunate events lead the devastated Anna to discover the truth while engaged in an ugly confrontation with Cun Xi's incensed grandmother. Enraged, Cun Xi blames Xin Yi for ruining his life and accuses her of telling his grandmother, in an effort to force him to stay with her. He moves out of the house to live with Anna.Cun Xi later regrets his angry outburst and worries constantly about Xin Yi and the baby. He decides to return to his original plan to care for Xin Yi until she gives birth, requesting that Anna be considerate of the situation and to wait for him during the remaining months. He has new divorce terms written up that ensure Xin Yi will be generously taken care of for the rest of her life. Anna, worried that Cun Xi will leave her, delivers a fake abortion agreement to Xin Yi, indicating it's from Cun Xi. Horrified, a distraught Xin Yi decides to leave and raise the child alone.During an ugly confrontation at Grandma Ji's birthday party, Cun Xi finally realizes his true feelings for Xin Yi and departs the celebration to look for her. Upon locating her, she pleads with him to leave her alone. As she tries to escape, she distractedly crosses the street into traffic and is hit by a car, leaving Cun Xi in shock. At the hospital, Cun Xi is advised by the doctor that an emergency abortion is required to save Xin Yi's life and that time is of the essence. Cun Xi has no choice but to sign the consent form, while Xin Yi emphatically begs him not to.When Xin Yi recovers, she refuses to see Cun Xi. To escape both her grief and Cun Xi, she changes her name and plans a move to Shanghai with Dylan. Before she leaves, she signs the divorce papers, leaving Cun Xi vowing to find her one day.Two years later, Xin Yi, no longer the sticky note girl, is now a successful pottery teacher, and her relationship with Dylan is deepening. Despite being engaged to Anna, Cun Xi continues his search for Xin Yi. He eventually finds her, only to realize that he never filed their divorce papers, and that they are still married! Jealous of Dylan, Cun Xi tries many tricks to coax Xin Yi to interact with him. At the same time, he hopes that she can forgive him for how he treated her and to prove to her that his love for her is indeed genuine. But Xin Yi is incapable of forgiving him, and accuses him of being relieved that she lost the baby. In the face of this rejection, Cun Xi decides to go along with marrying Anna. But when Xin Yi visits the island some two years later, Cun Xi learns that Anna was the one who created the faux abortion papers and that was why Xin Yi hated him. Furious, Cun Xi cancels the wedding with the heartbroken Anna. Then he attempts to make amends to Xin Yi by telling her that he didn't want her to get rid of the baby. Xin Yi is still reluctant to forgive him, but allows him to explain. Afterwards, with her reawakened feelings of love, Xin Yi forgives him and they reconcile. Meanwhile, Dylan finds his long-lost sister and the two siblings reunite.As payback for the tricks Cun Xi played on her, Xin Yi convinces him to get into a barrel which she hits causing him to roll off a hill. He becomes temporarily blinded, causing Xin Yi to stay with him until his sight returns. It returned the next day, but he did not tell Xin Yi, in order to keep her by his side a bit longer. Of course she exposes his charade. She realizes that he has tricked her again, but acknowledges to herself that she still has feelings for him. She visits her doctor to see if she can conceive again, but is told that the chances of her carrying to term are quite low due to her miscarriage. Later in the day, Cun Xi asks Xin Yi to marry him but she declines, knowing how much Cun Xi's grandmother wants an heir for the Ji family's tenth generation. Sadly she chooses to tell Cun Xi that she wants a relationship with Dylan because she finds him more suitable. With the persuasion of Cun Xi and the support of both their families, she finally relents and a formal wedding is held. Shortly thereafter, she becomes ill and while hospitalized she learns that she was misled about her ability to carry to term. Subsequently Xin Yi learns she is pregnant, gives birth to a baby they name Ji Nian Ri, as a testament to all the wonderful memories she and Cun Xi have shared together.","title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Ethan Juan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethan_Juan"},{"link_name":"Joe Chen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Chen"},{"link_name":"Invincible Shan Bao Mei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invincible_Shan_Bao_Mei"}],"text":"The production cost for the first episode was more than NT $5,000,000.[citation needed]\nEthan Juan and Joe Chen reprised their role as Ji Cun Xi and Chen Xin Yi in a cameo appearance in the first episode of Invincible Shan Bao Mei.\nAnna's name was named after the beautiful and talented ballerina, Anna Pavlova.","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rock Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Records"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"吳忠明","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%B3%E5%BF%A0%E6%98%8E"},{"link_name":"Shorty Yuen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shorty_Yuen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hit Fm Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hit_Fm_Taiwan"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Fated to Love You Original Soundtrack (命中注定我愛你 電視原聲帶) was released on April 18, 2008 by Various Artists under Rock Records. It contains fifteen songs, in which three songs are various instrumental versions of the five original songs, and another three songs that are kala versions. The album was released in two versions: the regular edition (CD) with shiny Post-It Card,[3] and the deluxe edition (2CD+DVD) with an additional eleven track CD and a music video DVD.[4] The opening theme song is \"99次我愛他\" or \"99 Times I Love Him\" by Shorty Yuen, while the ending theme song is by Quack Wu (吳忠明) and Shorty Yuen entitled \"心願便利貼\" or \"Sticky Note With Wishes\". The track, \"心願便利貼\" (Sticky Note With Wishes) was listed at number 50 on Hit Fm Taiwan's Hit Fm Annual Top 100 Singles Chart (Hit-Fm年度百首單曲) for 2008.[5]","title":"Soundtrack"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"吳忠明","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%B3%E5%BF%A0%E6%98%8E"},{"link_name":"吳忠明","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%B3%E5%BF%A0%E6%98%8E"},{"link_name":"Walkie Talkie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walkie_Talkie_(band)"},{"link_name":"Gary Chaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Chaw"}],"sub_title":"Track listing","text":"No.TitleSinger(s)Length1.\"99 Times I Love Him\" (99次我愛他)Shorty Yuen 2.\"Sticky Note With Wishes\" (心願便利貼)Quack Wu (吳忠明), Shorty Yuen/Yuan Ruo Lan 3.\"Half Love Song\" (半情歌)Shorty Yuen 4.\"Get Up and Go\" (起步走)Quack Wu (吳忠明) 5.\"My Happiness\" (我的快樂)Walkie Talkie 6.\"I'm OK\" (我好了)Shorty Yuen/Yuan Ruo Lan 7.\"Blowing Wind\" (吹吹風)Gary Chaw 8.\"Fold\" (對摺)Shorty Yuen 9.\"Sticky Note With Wishes Kala ver.\" (心願便利貼)  10.\"Half Love Song Kala ver.\" (半情歌)  11.\"99 Times I Love Him Kala ver.\" (99次我愛他)  12.\"Get Up and Go Kala ver.\" (起步走)  13.\"Half Love Song-guitar version\" (半情歌_療傷情弦 inst.)  14.\"Sticky Note With Wishes-gentle version\" (心願便利貼_浪漫溫馨 inst.)  15.\"99 Times I Love Him-music box version\" (99次我愛他_夢幻音樂盒 inst.)Bonus CD 2No.TitleLength1.\"你就是吃定我\" (楊乃文) 2.\"可惜不是你\" (梁靜茹) 3.\"我們都是好人\" (蘇慧倫) 4.\"愛上你只是我的錯\" (dMDM) 5.\"女人何苦為難女人\" (辛曉琪) 6.\"睡吧！我的愛\" (許景淳) 7.\"只要你快樂\" (汪佩蓉) 8.\"成全\" (劉若英) 9.\"讓我想一想\" (陳綺貞) 10.\"孩子氣\" (萬芳) 11.\"飄洋過海來看你\" (娃娃)Bonus DVDNo.TitleLength1.\"Half Love Song music video\" (半情歌 MV) 2.\"Sticky Note With Wishes music video\" (心願便利貼 MV) 3.\"99 Times I Love Him music video\" (99次我愛 MV)","title":"Soundtrack"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-957-565-819-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-957-565-819-9"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-957-565-813-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-957-565-813-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"13 June 2008: Fated to Love You Top Secret Behind-the-Scenes (命中注定我愛你 極機密幕後花絮) - ISBN 978-957-565-819-9[6]\n26 June 2008: Fated to Love You TV Drama Novel (命中注定我愛你 電視小說) - ISBN 978-957-565-813-7[7]","title":"Books"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"GMA Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GMA_Network"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"BS NTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nippon_TV"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Channel 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_3_(Thailand)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Philippines: GMA Network[8]\nJapan: BS NTV[9] & DATV[10]\nThailand: Channel 3[11]","title":"International broadcast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"remake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remake"},{"link_name":"You Are My Destiny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Are_My_Destiny_(2014_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Jang Hyuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jang_Hyuk"},{"link_name":"Jang Na-ra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jang_Na-ra"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"Sukrit Wisetkaew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukrit_Wisetkaew"},{"link_name":"You're My Destiny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You%27re_My_Destiny_(2017_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"GMA Network (company)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GMA_Network_(company)"},{"link_name":"Miori Takimoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miori_Takimoto"},{"link_name":"Takumi Kizu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takumi_Kizu"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Xing Zhaolin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xing_Zhaolin"},{"link_name":"Liang Jie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liang_Jie_(actress)"}],"text":"A 2014 South Korean remake titled You Are My Destiny that starred Jang Hyuk and Jang Na-ra in the lead roles.[12][13]A 2017 Thailand remake starred Esther Supreeleela and Sukrit Wisetkaew on ONE HD 31 titled You're My Destiny.The remake was broadcast in the Philippines by GMA Network (company) with high rating in audience share from its competing network.A 2019 Cambodian remake of this drama by hangmeas production, Cast by (Nico,main actor and pich solika, main actress) Title fated to love you or ah pea pi pea jai dornA 2020 Japanese Remake titled Unmei Kara Hajimaru Koi: You Are My Destiny (運命から始まる恋 - You are my Destiny, lit. \"Love starting from fate - You are my Destiny\") that starred Miori Takimoto and Takumi Kizu. It airs on Fuji TV starting February 12, 2020.[14][15]A 2020 Chinese Remake titled You are My Destiny starring Xing Zhaolin and Liang Jie.","title":"Remakes"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and nominations"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Global Buzz: Why TV Show 'Fated to Love You' Is an Obsession in Taiwan\". The Wall Street Journal. 10 July 2008. Retrieved 26 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://blogs.wsj.com/buzzwatch/2008/07/10/global-buzz-why-tv-show-fated-to-love-you-is-an-obsession-in-taiwan/","url_text":"\"Global Buzz: Why TV Show 'Fated to Love You' Is an Obsession in Taiwan\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Kamandag\" cast members\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pep.ph/news/21732/TNS-National-TV-Ratings-%28May-8-11%29:-%3Cem%3EBoys-Over-Flowers-%3C-em%3Esmells-sweet-on-its-debut","url_text":"\"\"Kamandag\" cast members\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ｂｓ日テレ - 台湾ドラマ「ハートに命中100％」番組サイト\". Archived from the original on 8 September 2014. Retrieved 14 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140908001443/http://www.bs4.jp/drama/heart100/","url_text":"\"Ｂｓ日テレ - 台湾ドラマ「ハートに命中100％」番組サイト\""},{"url":"http://www.bs4.jp/drama/heart100/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"DATV\". Archived from the original on 30 November 2014. Retrieved 26 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141130041004/http://datv.jp/p000004/","url_text":"\"DATV\""},{"url":"http://datv.jp/p000004/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"ซีรีส์ช่อง3 ชะตารักกำหนดเลิฟ. Channel 3 (in Thai). Retrieved 29 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thaitv3.com/%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C/157/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9F.html#ad-image-0","url_text":"ซีรีส์ช่อง3 ชะตารักกำหนดเลิฟ"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_3_(Thailand)","url_text":"Channel 3"}]},{"reference":"Choi, Shin-ae (3 April 2014). \"Jang Hyuk and Jang Nara to Reunite in Drama Fated to Love You\". enewsWorld. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 3 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140407071603/http://mwave.interest.me/enewsworld/en/article/62729/janghyuk-and-jangnara-to-star-in-the-same-drama-again","url_text":"\"Jang Hyuk and Jang Nara to Reunite in Drama Fated to Love You\""},{"url":"http://mwave.interest.me/enewsworld/en/article/62729/janghyuk-and-jangnara-to-star-in-the-same-drama-again","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kim, Hee-eun (4 April 2014). \"Fictional couple reunites after 12 years\". Korea JoongAng Daily. Retrieved 4 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2987360","url_text":"\"Fictional couple reunites after 12 years\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_JoongAng_Daily","url_text":"Korea JoongAng Daily"}]},{"reference":"\"瀧本美織と岐洲匠共演のドラマが日中同時配信、一夜から始まる運命の恋描く（コメントあり）\". Natasha Music (in Japanese). Retrieved 5 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/366835","url_text":"\"瀧本美織と岐洲匠共演のドラマが日中同時配信、一夜から始まる運命の恋描く（コメントあり）\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kyuranger's Takumi Kizu to Star in Fated To Love You Japanese Drama Remake\". Orends: Range (Temp). Retrieved 5 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://ukiyaseed.weebly.com/1/post/2020/02/kyurangers-takumi-kizu-to-star-in-fated-to-love-you-japanese-drama-remake.html","url_text":"\"Kyuranger's Takumi Kizu to Star in Fated To Love You Japanese Drama Remake\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.iset.com.tw/portal/about.php","external_links_name":"三立都會台自製偶像劇《命中注定我愛你》，在台灣單集最高收視率10.91，最高分段收視率13.64，創偶像劇節目最高記錄"},{"Link":"https://blogs.wsj.com/buzzwatch/2008/07/10/global-buzz-why-tv-show-fated-to-love-you-is-an-obsession-in-taiwan/","external_links_name":"\"Global Buzz: Why TV Show 'Fated to Love You' Is an Obsession in Taiwan\""},{"Link":"http://www.gogo-shopping.com.tw/mod/product/index.php?REQUEST_ID=cGFnZT1kZXRhaWwmUElEPTI5MTY=","external_links_name":"Fated to Love You OST album info"},{"Link":"http://www.gogo-shopping.com.tw/mod/product/index.php?REQUEST_ID=cGFnZT1kZXRhaWwmUElEPTM1NTg=","external_links_name":"Fated to Love You OST (Deluxe Edition) album info"},{"Link":"http://www.hitoradio.com/charts/3c.php?ch_year=2008","external_links_name":"2008 Hit Fm Annual Top 100 Singles Chart (#1 to 50)"},{"Link":"https://www.yesasia.com/global/destiny-love-top-secret-behind-the-scenes/1011051154-0-0-0-en/info.html","external_links_name":"Fated to Love You Top Secret Behind-the-Scenes"},{"Link":"https://www.yesasia.com/global/destiny-love-tv-drama-novel/1010827017-0-0-0-en/info.html#zh_TW","external_links_name":"Fated to Love You TV Drama Novel"},{"Link":"http://www.pep.ph/news/21732/TNS-National-TV-Ratings-%28May-8-11%29:-%3Cem%3EBoys-Over-Flowers-%3C-em%3Esmells-sweet-on-its-debut","external_links_name":"\"\"Kamandag\" cast members\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140908001443/http://www.bs4.jp/drama/heart100/","external_links_name":"\"Ｂｓ日テレ - 台湾ドラマ「ハートに命中100％」番組サイト\""},{"Link":"http://www.bs4.jp/drama/heart100/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141130041004/http://datv.jp/p000004/","external_links_name":"\"DATV\""},{"Link":"http://datv.jp/p000004/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.thaitv3.com/%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C/157/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9F.html#ad-image-0","external_links_name":"ซีรีส์ช่อง3 ชะตารักกำหนดเลิฟ"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140407071603/http://mwave.interest.me/enewsworld/en/article/62729/janghyuk-and-jangnara-to-star-in-the-same-drama-again","external_links_name":"\"Jang Hyuk and Jang Nara to Reunite in Drama Fated to Love You\""},{"Link":"http://mwave.interest.me/enewsworld/en/article/62729/janghyuk-and-jangnara-to-star-in-the-same-drama-again","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2987360","external_links_name":"\"Fictional couple reunites after 12 years\""},{"Link":"https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/366835","external_links_name":"\"瀧本美織と岐洲匠共演のドラマが日中同時配信、一夜から始まる運命の恋描く（コメントあり）\""},{"Link":"http://ukiyaseed.weebly.com/1/post/2020/02/kyurangers-takumi-kizu-to-star-in-fated-to-love-you-japanese-drama-remake.html","external_links_name":"\"Kyuranger's Takumi Kizu to Star in Fated To Love You Japanese Drama Remake\""},{"Link":"http://www.ttv.com.tw/drama10/GoldenBell/TV.asp?PID=97","external_links_name":"TTV 43rd Golden Bell Awards homepage"},{"Link":"http://www.ttv.com.tw/drama08/destinylove/index.htm","external_links_name":"TTV official homepage"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keila-Joa
Keila-Joa
["1 Keila-Joa Manor","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
Coordinates: 59°23′55″N 24°17′55″E / 59.39861°N 24.29861°E / 59.39861; 24.29861Borough in Estonia Small borough in Harju County, EstoniaKeila-JoaSmall boroughKeila-Joa ManorKeila-JoaLocation in EstoniaCoordinates: 59°23′55″N 24°17′55″E / 59.39861°N 24.29861°E / 59.39861; 24.29861Country EstoniaCounty Harju CountyMunicipality Lääne-Harju ParishPopulation (01.01.2019) • Total373 Drone video of Keila Falls, Keila-Joa manor and hydroelectric power station (June 2022) Keila-Joa is a small borough (Estonian: alevik) in Lääne-Harju Parish, Harju County, northern Estonia. It has a population of 373 (as of 1 January 2019). The Estonian name Keila-Joa literally means "Keila Falls", named after the river, distinguishing it from the town of Keila. The borough is home to the third most powerful waterfall in Estonia, Keila Falls. In Keila-Joa there is also a small hydroelectric power plant with a capacity of 365 kW. Keila-Joa Manor There has been a manor house on the site of Keila-Joa manor (German: Schloss Fall) since the 17th century. The present manor house was built in 1831–1833 and designed by St. Petersburg architect Andrei Stackenschneider. The manor represents one of the earliest examples of neo-Gothic architecture in Estonia. It was built for the family of count Alexander von Benckendorff (whose graves can be found in the park on the opposite bank of Keila River, in Meremõisa) and the building saw many prominent guests during the Imperial years, among others the Russian royal family, famous soprano Henriette Sontag and composer Alexei Lvov. From 1927 to 1940 it was used by the Estonian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. During the Soviet occupation it was used by the Red Army. See also Keila Falls Keila River References ^ "Statistikaameti kaardirakendus" (in Estonian and English). Statistikaamet. Retrieved 15 December 2019. ^ "Keila-Joa hüdroelektrijaam" (in Estonian). Eesti Veskivaramu. Retrieved 15 December 2019. ^ Sakk, Ivar (2004). Estonian Manors - A Travelogue. Tallinn: Sakk & Sakk OÜ. p. 29. ISBN 9949-10-117-4. ^ Hein, Ants (2009). Eesti Mõisad - Herrenhäuser in Estland - Estonian Manor Houses. Tallinn: Tänapäev. p. 13. ISBN 978-9985-62-765-5. External links Keila-Joa at Estonian Manors Portal Keila-Joa.info virtual tour vteSettlements in Lääne-Harju ParishTown Paldiski Small boroughs Karjaküla Keila-Joa Klooga Rummu Vasalemma Ämari Villages Alliklepa Altküla Audevälja Harju-Risti Hatu Illurma Karilepa Kasepere Keelva Keibu Kersalu Kloogaranna Kobru Kulna Kurkse Kõmmaste Käesalu Laane Langa Laoküla Laulasmaa Lehola Lemmaru Lohusalu Madise Maeru Meremõisa Merenuka Metslõugu Määra Nahkjala Niitvälja Ohtu Padise Pae Pedase Põllküla Suurküla Tuulna Tõmmiku Valkse Veskiküla Vihterpalu Vilivalla Vintse Änglema vteBoroughs (alevid ja alevikud) of EstoniaBoroughs(Alevid) Aegviidu Järva-Jaani Järvakandi Kiili Kohila Kohtla-Nõmme Lavassaare Märjamaa Paikuse Pärnu-Jaagupi Raadi Tootsi Vändra Small boroughs(Alevikud) Adavere Ahja Äksi Alatskivi Alu Ämari Ambla Aravete Are Aruküla Aseri Assaku Aste Audru Avinurme Eidapere Erra Haabneeme Häädemeeste Hageri Hagudi Haljala Halliste Harku Helme Hulja Hummuli Iisaku Ilmatsalu Jõgeva Jüri Juuru Käärdi Kadrina Kaerepere Käina Kaiu Kamari Kambja Kanepi Kangru Käravete Karjaküla Kärla Käru Kasepää Keava Kehtna Keila-Joa Kihelkonna Kiisa Kiiu Kiltsi Klooga Kobela Koeru Kolga Kolga-Jaani Kolkja Kõpu Kõrgessaare Kõrveküla Kose (Harju) Kose (Võru) Kose-Uuemõisa Kostivere Kudjape Külitse Kureküla Kuremaa Kuusalu Kuusiku Laagri Laatre Laekvere Lagedi Lähte Laiuse Lehtse Leisi Lelle Lepna Lohusuu Loo Lüganuse Luige Luunja Mäetaguse Märja Mehikoorma Misso Mooste Mustla Näpi Nasva Nõo Oisu Õisu Olgina Olustvere Orissaare Õru Pajusti Palamuse Palivere Paralepa Parksepa Peetri (Harju) Peetri (Järva) Prillimäe Puhja Puka Puurmani Raasiku Rakke Ramsi Räni Rannu Ravila Riisipere Risti Roela Roiu Rõngu Roosna-Alliku Rõuge Rummu Sadala Saku Salme Sangaste Särevere Sauga Siimusti Simuna Sinimäe Sõmerpalu Sõmeru Sonda Tabasalu Tabivere Taebla Tammiku Tihemetsa Toila Tõravere Tori Torma Tõrvandi Tõstamaa Tsirguliina Tudu Turba Uhtna Ülenurme Ulila Uuemõisa Väätsa Vahi Vaida Väike-Maarja Väimela Valjala Vana-Antsla Varnja Värska Varstu Vasalemma Vastse-Kuuste Vastseliina Vasula Veriora Viimsi Viiratsi Vinni Virtsu Viru-Jaagupi Viru-Nigula Võiste Voka Võnnu Võõpsu Võsu vteManor houses in Estonia (List)Harju County Ääsmäe Anija Aruküla Glehn Harku Hatu Jälgimäe Keila-Joa Kernu Kiviloo Kodasoo Kolga Kose-Uuemõisa Kostivere Kõue Kumna Laitse Maardu Maarjamäe Ohtu Padise Ravila Riisipere Ruila Saku Saue Sausti Vääna Vasalemma Vihterpalu Viimsi Hiiu County Kõrgessaare Putkaste Suuremõisa Ida-Viru County Aa Illuka Kalvi Kiikla Kukruse Kurtna Maidla Mäetaguse Ontika Saka Järva County Albu Aruküla Eivere Ervita Kabala Käravete Kirna Kolu Koordi Laupa Mäo Norra Purdi Roosna-Alliku Särevere Sargvere Seidla Udeva Väätsa Väinjärve Jõgeva County Adavere Kudina Kuremaa Lustivere Luua Puurmani Uue-Põltsamaa Vana-Põltsamaa Võisiku Lääne County Lihula Penijõe Pürksi Putkaste Saare Suure-Lähtru Ungru Tuudi Uuemõisa Vatla Lääne-Viru County Aaspere Aavere Arkna Avanduse Imastu Inju Jäneda Kiltsi Kohala Lasila Lehtse Malla Muuga Mõdriku Neeruti Palmse Porkuni Rägavere Sagadi Udriku Vanamõisa Varangu Vasta Veltsi Vihula Vohnja Pärnu County Kaelase Kõima Illuste Pööravere Pootsi Taali Tõstamaa Voltveti Põlva County Ahja Joosu Mooste Pikajärve Põlgaste Sillapää Tilsi Rapla County Alu Härgla Ingliste Järlepa Kehtna Kohila Käru Kuusiku Lohu Maidla Pirgu Purila Rabivere Raikküla Seli Vaimõisa Vana-Vigala Saare County Kõljala Loona Oti Pädaste Tartu County Alatskivi Kammeri Kodijärve Luke Meeri Raadi Saadjärve Tähtvere Tammistu Uderna Valga County Hellenurme Holdre Hummuli Paju Palupera Pühajärve Sangaste Taagepera Viljandi County Heimtali Kärstna Lahmuse Olustvere Õisu Suure-Kõpu Uue-Suislepa Vana-Võidu Viljandi Vooru Võru County Rogosi Sänna Sõmerpalu Väimela Viitina Commons Authority control databases International VIAF National United States
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[{"image_text":"Drone video of Keila Falls, Keila-Joa manor and hydroelectric power station (June 2022)"}]
[{"title":"Keila Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keila_Falls"},{"title":"Keila River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keila_River"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikki_Garrett
Nikki Garrett
["1 Professional wins (2)","1.1 Ladies European Tour wins (2)","2 Ladies European Tour career summary","3 Team appearances","4 External links"]
Australian professional golfer Nikki GarrettGarrett before 2009 Women's British OpenPersonal informationBorn (1984-01-08) 8 January 1984 (age 40)Gosford, New South Wales, AustraliaHeight1.69 m (5 ft 7 in)Sporting nationality AustraliaResidenceShelly Beach, New South Wales, AustraliaCareerTurned professional2005Current tour(s)Ladies European TourALPG TourProfessional wins2Number of wins by tourLadies European Tour2Best results in LPGA major championshipsChevron ChampionshipDNPWomen's PGA C'shipDNPU.S. Women's OpenDNPWomen's British OpenT42: 2006Achievements and awardsLadies European TourRookie of the Year2006 Nicole Maree "Nikki" Garrett (born 8 January 1984) is an Australian professional golfer. Garrett turned professional in late 2005, and qualified for the 2006 Ladies European Tour (LET). She did not win a tournament in her rookie season, but she had four top-ten finishes, ended up 12th on the Order of Merit standings with €99,445 in earnings, and won the 2006 Ryder Cup Wales Rookie of the Year award. In 2007, she collected back to back LET titles at the Tenerife Ladies Open and the Open de Espana Femenino. Professional wins (2) Ladies European Tour wins (2) 2007 (2) Tenerife Ladies Open, Open De España Femenino Ladies European Tour career summary Year Wins Earnings (€) Money list rank Average 2006 0 99,445.05 12 72.35 2007 2 135,612.98 16 73.23 Team appearances Amateur Queen Sirikit Cup (representing Australia): 2005 Professional World Cup (representing Australia): 2007, 2008 The Queens (representing Australia): 2015 External links Nikki Garrett at the Ladies European Tour official site Nikki Garrett at the WPGA Tour Australasia official site Nikki Barrett at the ALPG Tour official site (archived)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"golfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golf"},{"link_name":"Ladies European Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladies_European_Tour"},{"link_name":"Tenerife Ladies Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenerife_Ladies_Open_(golf)"},{"link_name":"Open de Espana Femenino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_de_Espana_Femenino"}],"text":"Nicole Maree \"Nikki\" Garrett (born 8 January 1984) is an Australian professional golfer.Garrett turned professional in late 2005, and qualified for the 2006 Ladies European Tour (LET). She did not win a tournament in her rookie season, but she had four top-ten finishes, ended up 12th on the Order of Merit standings with €99,445 in earnings, and won the 2006 Ryder Cup Wales Rookie of the Year award. In 2007, she collected back to back LET titles at the Tenerife Ladies Open and the Open de Espana Femenino.","title":"Nikki Garrett"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Professional wins (2)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Ladies_European_Tour"},{"link_name":"Tenerife Ladies Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenerife_Ladies_Open_(golf)"},{"link_name":"Open De España Femenino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_De_Espa%C3%B1a_Femenino"}],"sub_title":"Ladies European Tour wins (2)","text":"2007 (2) Tenerife Ladies Open, Open De España Femenino","title":"Professional wins (2)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Ladies European Tour career summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Queen Sirikit Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Sirikit_Cup"},{"link_name":"World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_World_Cup_of_Golf"},{"link_name":"The Queens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Queens_(golf)"}],"text":"AmateurQueen Sirikit Cup (representing Australia): 2005ProfessionalWorld Cup (representing Australia): 2007, 2008\nThe Queens (representing Australia): 2015","title":"Team appearances"}]
[]
null
[]
[{"Link":"https://ladieseuropeantour.com/player-profiles/120153","external_links_name":"Nikki Garrett"},{"Link":"https://wpga.org.au/players/garrett-nikki/","external_links_name":"Nikki Garrett"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200303190909/http://alpg.com.au/player.php?id=2184","external_links_name":"Nikki Barrett [sic]"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_Learned
Maya Learned
["1 Rugby career","1.1 2019–22","1.2 2023","2 References","3 External links"]
Rugby playerMaya LearnedDate of birth (1996-01-01) 1 January 1996 (age 28)Height5 ft 11 in (180 cm)Weight195 lb (88 kg)Rugby union careerPosition(s) PropSenior careerYears Team Apps (Points)2021–Present Gloucester-Hartpury 11 (0)International careerYears Team Apps (Points)2019–Present  United States 10 (0) Maya Learned (born 1 January 1996) is an American rugby union player. She plays at Prop for the United States internationally and for Gloucester-Hartpury in the Premier 15s. Rugby career Learned was a High School and Junior All-American, she later played for Harvard University. She is proficient on both sides of the scrum and has also played Lock for the Glendale Merlins. 2019–22 Learned made her international debut for the United States against Canada in November 2019. She signed with Gloucester-Hartpury in 2021. She later extended her contract to the 2022–2023 Premier 15s season. In June 2022, Learned was named in the Eagles squad for the Pacific Four Series in New Zealand. She came off the bench and featured in all three matches against Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. She was selected in the Eagles squad for the delayed 2021 Rugby World Cup in New Zealand. 2023 Learned was named in the Eagles traveling squad for their test against Spain, and for the 2023 Pacific Four Series. She was named on the bench in the Eagles 20–14 win against Spain. References ^ a b c d "Eagles prop Maya Learned signs for Gloucester-Hartpury". Americas Rugby News. 2021-09-21. Retrieved 2022-10-20. ^ a b "Three Harvard Women's Rugby Alum & Current Assistant Coach are 15's World Cup Bound". Harvard University. 2022-09-19. Retrieved 2022-10-20. ^ "Can-Am Preview – USA vs Canada". Americas Rugby News. 2019-11-19. Retrieved 2022-10-20. ^ "Canada shut out USA in San Diego rain". Americas Rugby News. 2019-11-20. Retrieved 2022-10-20. ^ "Eagles prop Maya Learned re-signs with Gloucester-Hartpury". Americas Rugby News. 2022-09-02. Retrieved 2022-10-20. ^ "Eagles name Pacific Four traveling squad". Americas Rugby News. 2022-05-10. Retrieved 2022-06-20. ^ Cahill, Calder (2022-05-09). "USA Women's Eagles traveling roster named for Pacific Four Series 2022". USA Rugby. Retrieved 2022-06-20. ^ "Canada overpower USA in statement win to open Pacific Four". Americas Rugby News. 2022-06-06. Retrieved 2022-10-20. ^ "Eagles hold on to beat Australia and end losing streak". Americas Rugby News. 2022-06-12. Retrieved 2022-10-20. ^ "Black Ferns blast Eagles to claim Pacific Four title". Americas Rugby News. 2022-06-18. Retrieved 2022-10-20. ^ Cahill, Calder (2022-09-14). "USA Women's Eagles Rugby World Cup roster named as the official countdown to New Zealand begins". eagles.rugby. Retrieved 2022-10-12. ^ "Kate Zackary leads Eagles squad to Rugby World Cup". Americas Rugby News. 2022-09-16. Retrieved 2022-10-12. ^ Mockford, Sarah (2022-10-09). "USA Women's Rugby World Cup Squad 2022 – USA 10-22 Italy". Rugby World. Retrieved 2022-10-12. ^ "Eagles name traveling squad for Spain series". Americas Rugby News. 2023-03-01. Retrieved 2023-03-26. ^ Dean, Taylor (2023-02-28). "World Rugby Pacific Four Series returns for 2023 with USA Women's Eagles Traveling Roster and Schedule Confirmed". eagles.rugby. Retrieved 2023-03-26. ^ "Eagles earn victory over Leonas in Madrid". Americas Rugby News. 2023-03-25. Retrieved 2023-03-28. ^ Dean, Taylor (2023-03-25). "USA Women's Eagles Defeat Spain in first match of 2023". eagles.rugby. Retrieved 2023-03-28. External links Eagles Profile vteUnited States squad – 2021 Rugby World CupForwards Ashenbrucker Benson Cairns Hayward Jacoby James Jarrell K. Johnson R. Johnson Kitlinksi Kronish Learned Matyas Perris-Redding Rogers Sommer Taufo'ou Treder Zackary Backs Bizer Cantorna Clapp Detiveaux Feury Foster Haungatau Hawkins Howard Kahele Kelter Ortiz Waters Coach: Cain
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rugby union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_women%27s_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"Gloucester-Hartpury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucester-Hartpury_Women"},{"link_name":"Premier 15s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_15s"}],"text":"Maya Learned (born 1 January 1996) is an American rugby union player. She plays at Prop for the United States internationally and for Gloucester-Hartpury in the Premier 15s.","title":"Maya Learned"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harvard University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"Lock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lock_(Rugby_Union)"},{"link_name":"Glendale Merlins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glendale_Merlins"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"Learned was a High School and Junior All-American, she later played for Harvard University.[1][2] She is proficient on both sides of the scrum and has also played Lock for the Glendale Merlins.[1]","title":"Rugby career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_women%27s_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_women%27s_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"2022–2023 Premier 15s season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_Premier_15s"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Pacific Four Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Pacific_Four_Series"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_women%27s_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_women%27s_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Eagles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_women%27s_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"2021 Rugby World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Rugby_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"2019–22","text":"Learned made her international debut for the United States against Canada in November 2019.[3][1][4] She signed with Gloucester-Hartpury in 2021.[1][2] She later extended her contract to the 2022–2023 Premier 15s season.[5]In June 2022, Learned was named in the Eagles squad for the Pacific Four Series in New Zealand.[6][7] She came off the bench and featured in all three matches against Canada, Australia, and New Zealand.[8][9][10] She was selected in the Eagles squad for the delayed 2021 Rugby World Cup in New Zealand.[11][12][13]","title":"Rugby career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eagles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_women%27s_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_match_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain_women%27s_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"2023 Pacific Four Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Pacific_Four_Series"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"2023","text":"Learned was named in the Eagles traveling squad for their test against Spain, and for the 2023 Pacific Four Series.[14][15] She was named on the bench in the Eagles 20–14 win against Spain.[16][17]","title":"Rugby career"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Eagles prop Maya Learned signs for Gloucester-Hartpury\". Americas Rugby News. 2021-09-21. Retrieved 2022-10-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.americasrugbynews.com/2021/09/21/eagles-prop-maya-learned-signs-for-gloucester-hartpury/","url_text":"\"Eagles prop Maya Learned signs for Gloucester-Hartpury\""}]},{"reference":"\"Three Harvard Women's Rugby Alum & Current Assistant Coach are 15's World Cup Bound\". Harvard University. 2022-09-19. Retrieved 2022-10-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://gocrimson.com/news/2022/9/19/three-harvard-womens-rugby-alumae-ast-coach-are-15s-world-cup-bound.aspx","url_text":"\"Three Harvard Women's Rugby Alum & Current Assistant Coach are 15's World Cup Bound\""}]},{"reference":"\"Can-Am Preview – USA vs Canada\". Americas Rugby News. 2019-11-19. Retrieved 2022-10-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.americasrugbynews.com/2019/11/19/can-am-preview-usa-vs-canada/","url_text":"\"Can-Am Preview – USA vs Canada\""}]},{"reference":"\"Canada shut out USA in San Diego rain\". Americas Rugby News. 2019-11-20. Retrieved 2022-10-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.americasrugbynews.com/2019/11/20/canada-shut-out-usa-in-san-diego-rain/","url_text":"\"Canada shut out USA in San Diego rain\""}]},{"reference":"\"Eagles prop Maya Learned re-signs with Gloucester-Hartpury\". Americas Rugby News. 2022-09-02. Retrieved 2022-10-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.americasrugbynews.com/2022/09/01/eagles-prop-maya-learned-re-signs-with-gloucester-hartpury/","url_text":"\"Eagles prop Maya Learned re-signs with Gloucester-Hartpury\""}]},{"reference":"\"Eagles name Pacific Four traveling squad\". Americas Rugby News. 2022-05-10. Retrieved 2022-06-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.americasrugbynews.com/2022/05/09/eagles-name-pacific-four-traveling-squad/","url_text":"\"Eagles name Pacific Four traveling squad\""}]},{"reference":"Cahill, Calder (2022-05-09). \"USA Women's Eagles traveling roster named for Pacific Four Series 2022\". USA Rugby. Retrieved 2022-06-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usa.rugby/2022/05/usa-womens-eagles-traveling-roster-named-for-pacific-four-series-2022/","url_text":"\"USA Women's Eagles traveling roster named for Pacific Four Series 2022\""}]},{"reference":"\"Canada overpower USA in statement win to open Pacific Four\". Americas Rugby News. 2022-06-06. Retrieved 2022-10-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.americasrugbynews.com/2022/06/05/canada-overpower-usa-in-statement-win-to-open-pacific-four/","url_text":"\"Canada overpower USA in statement win to open Pacific Four\""}]},{"reference":"\"Eagles hold on to beat Australia and end losing streak\". Americas Rugby News. 2022-06-12. Retrieved 2022-10-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.americasrugbynews.com/2022/06/11/eagles-hold-on-to-beat-australia-and-end-losing-streak/","url_text":"\"Eagles hold on to beat Australia and end losing streak\""}]},{"reference":"\"Black Ferns blast Eagles to claim Pacific Four title\". Americas Rugby News. 2022-06-18. Retrieved 2022-10-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.americasrugbynews.com/2022/06/18/black-ferns-blast-eagles-to-claim-pacific-four-title/","url_text":"\"Black Ferns blast Eagles to claim Pacific Four title\""}]},{"reference":"Cahill, Calder (2022-09-14). \"USA Women's Eagles Rugby World Cup roster named as the official countdown to New Zealand begins\". eagles.rugby. Retrieved 2022-10-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://eagles.rugby/news/usa-womens-eagles-rugby-world-cup-roster-named-as-the-official-countdown-to-new-zealand-begins-2022914","url_text":"\"USA Women's Eagles Rugby World Cup roster named as the official countdown to New Zealand begins\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kate Zackary leads Eagles squad to Rugby World Cup\". Americas Rugby News. 2022-09-16. Retrieved 2022-10-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.americasrugbynews.com/2022/09/15/kate-zackary-leads-eagles-squad-for-rugby-world-cup/","url_text":"\"Kate Zackary leads Eagles squad to Rugby World Cup\""}]},{"reference":"Mockford, Sarah (2022-10-09). \"USA Women's Rugby World Cup Squad 2022 – USA 10-22 Italy\". Rugby World. Retrieved 2022-10-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rugbyworld.com/tournaments/rugby-world-cup/usa-womens-rugby-world-cup-squad-2022-145640","url_text":"\"USA Women's Rugby World Cup Squad 2022 – USA 10-22 Italy\""}]},{"reference":"\"Eagles name traveling squad for Spain series\". Americas Rugby News. 2023-03-01. Retrieved 2023-03-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.americasrugbynews.com/2023/03/01/eagles-name-traveling-squad-for-spain-series/","url_text":"\"Eagles name traveling squad for Spain series\""}]},{"reference":"Dean, Taylor (2023-02-28). \"World Rugby Pacific Four Series returns for 2023 with USA Women's Eagles Traveling Roster and Schedule Confirmed\". eagles.rugby. Retrieved 2023-03-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://eagles.rugby/news/world-rugby-pacific-four-series-returns-for-2023-with-usa-womens-eagles-traveling-roster-and-schedule-confirmed-2023228","url_text":"\"World Rugby Pacific Four Series returns for 2023 with USA Women's Eagles Traveling Roster and Schedule Confirmed\""}]},{"reference":"\"Eagles earn victory over Leonas in Madrid\". Americas Rugby News. 2023-03-25. Retrieved 2023-03-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.americasrugbynews.com/2023/03/25/eagles-earn-victory-over-leonas-in-madrid/","url_text":"\"Eagles earn victory over Leonas in Madrid\""}]},{"reference":"Dean, Taylor (2023-03-25). \"USA Women's Eagles Defeat Spain in first match of 2023\". eagles.rugby. Retrieved 2023-03-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://eagles.rugby/news/usa-womens-eagles-defeat-spain-in-first-match-of-2023-2023325","url_text":"\"USA Women's Eagles Defeat Spain in first match of 2023\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaneko_Kentaro
Kaneko Kentarō
["1 Early life","2 Government career","3 Russo-Japanese War","4 Later career","5 Honors","6 See also","7 Notes","8 References","9 External links"]
Japanese politician, diplomat, and legal scholar CountKaneko Kentarō 金子 堅太郎Kaneko Kentarō, photographed circa 1905 by Maruki RiyōBorn(1853-02-04)February 4, 1853Fukuoka, JapanDiedMay 16, 1942(1942-05-16) (aged 89)Tokyo, JapanNationalityJapaneseOther namesNaotsugu (childhood name)EducationFukuoka Domain ShuyukanAlma materHarvard University (LLB)Occupation(s)Diplomat, Cabinet Minister In this Japanese name, the surname is Kaneko. Count Kaneko Kentarō (金子 堅太郎, February 4, 1853 – May 16, 1942) was a statesman, diplomat, and legal scholar in Meiji period Japan. A graduate of Harvard Law School, he drew on his connections in the American legal community over the course of his long career in Japanese government, particularly in his role helping to draft the new Meiji Constitution (Imperial Japanese Constitution). During the Russo-Japanese War, he engaged in promotion activities in the United States and contributed to Japan's victory. Kaneko was one of the most influential proponents of a Japanese-American alliance in Imperial Japan. In his later years, he opposed and worked to avoid the Pacific War, but his attempts failed. He was the first person to translate Edmund Burke into Japanese and is considered the first Burkean conservative in Japan. Early life Kaneko as a teenager Kaneko was born into a samurai family of Fukuoka Domain (Chikuzen Province's Sawara district, present-day Chūō-ku, Fukuoka), being the son of Kaneko Naomichi (1821-1876), leader of the Ansei Expedition to the Philippines in 1855. At the age of 9, he began his studies at the Shuyukan Han school. At 19, he was selected as a student member of the Iwakura Mission, and journeyed to the United States. He remained there while the rest of the mission continued on to Europe, with the instruction to obtain an education in any subject. At first, seeking a naval career, he planned to attend the United States Naval Academy in Maryland, but a doctor assessed his physical fortitude as insufficient and discouraged any military pursuit. Instead, Kaneko decided to seek a legal education, enrolling at Harvard University in 1876. He prepared for the challenging curriculum by seeking out the personal tutelage of future Supreme Court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. At Harvard, Kaneko shared lodgings with fellow Japanese student and future fellow-diplomat Komura Jutarō. He also developed a wide circle of contacts in America, including lawyers, scientists, journalists, and industrialists. While at Harvard, Kaneko and Komura visited the home of Alexander Graham Bell and spoke on an experimental telephone with a fellow Japanese student, Izawa Shunji. According to Bell, this was the first instance of any language besides English being spoken into the new invention. After graduating from Harvard in 1878, Kaneko returned to Japan as a lecturer at the University of Tokyo. Government career Kaneko in his Harvard doctoral cap and gown In 1880, Kaneko was appointed as a secretary in the Genrōin, and in 1884 had joined the Office for Investigation of Institutions, the body organized by the Genrōin to study the constitutions of various western nations with the aim of creating a western-style constitution for Japan. The Meiji Constitution that was the product of this was promulgated by the Emperor in 1889. Kaneko worked closely with Itō Hirobumi, Inoue Kowashi and Itō Miyoji, and became personal secretary to Itō Hirobumi when the latter became first Prime Minister of Japan. Kaneko was appointed to the House of Peers of the Diet of Japan in 1890, becoming its first secretary. He was subsequently appointed as Vice Minister, then briefly Minister of Agriculture and Commerce in 1898 in the third Itō administration. He was awarded an honorary doctorate (LL.D.) by Harvard in 1899 for his work on the Meiji Constitution. Perhaps influenced by his own experiences, Kaneko actively promoted the value and necessity of education. His childhood primary school, Shuyukan, having closed in 1871, Kaneko campaigned the Fukuoka regional government to reopen the school and raised funds in support. In 1885, it was reopened as an English vocational school, with all classes held in English. In 1889, Kaneko became the first president of Nihon Law School (now Nihon University), a post he held until 1893. In 1891, Kaneko was elected to the prestigious Institute of International Law, traveling to its general meeting in Geneva the next year as part of his campaigning to revise the unequal treaties Japan had signed during its forced "opening" in the late 1850s. In 1900, Kaneko was appointed as Minister of Justice under the fourth Itō administration and was made baron (danshaku) in the kazoku peerage system in 1907. Russo-Japanese War In 1904, during the Russo-Japanese War, at the personal request of Itō Hirobumi, Kaneko returned to the United States as a special envoy from the Japanese government to enlist American diplomatic support in bringing the war to a speedy conclusion. Kaneko embarked on a public-relations blitz, publishing editorials in various periodicals and delivering speeches. In April 1904, Kaneko addressed the Japan Club of Harvard University, delivering the tailored message that Japan was fighting to maintain the peace of Asia and to conserve the influence of Anglo-American civilization in the East. While in the United States, Kaneko revived contacts with Theodore Roosevelt, with whom he had been contemporaneously at Harvard (though they did not meet until later, introduced by William Sturgis Bigelow in 1889), and requested that Roosevelt help Japan mediate a peace treaty. When Kaneko met Roosevelt, the president asked for a book that would help explain the character of the Japanese people—what motivates them, their culture and spiritual education in Japan. Kaneko gave Roosevelt a copy of 'Bushido', and several months later, Roosevelt thanked Kaneko, remarking that it enlightened within him a deeper understanding of the Japanese culture and character. Thereafter, Roosevelt eagerly took on the task and presided over the subsequent Treaty of Portsmouth negotiations. Later career Kaneko Kentarō, before 1942 From 1906, Kaneko served as a member of the Privy Council, and was elevated in title to viscount (shishaku) in 1907. In his later years he was engaged in the compilation of a history of the Imperial family and served as secretary general of the association for compiling historical materials about the Meiji Restoration. He completed an official biography of Emperor Meiji in 1915. He was awarded the Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun in 1928, and elevated to hakushaku (count) in 1930. Kaneko was a strong proponent of good diplomatic relations with the United States all of his life. In 1900, he established the first American Friendship Society (米友協会, Beiyu Kyōkai). According to the records of the America-Japan Society, Kaneko Kentaro founded that organization in Tokyo, in March 1917, and became its first president. In 1938, during a time of increasingly strident anti-American rhetoric from the Japanese government and press, he established the Japan-America Alliance Association (日米同志会, Nichibei Dōshikai), a political association calling for a "Japanese-American Alliance", together with future Prime Minister Takeo Miki. He was one of the few senior statesmen in Japan to speak out strongly against war with the United States as late as 1941. On his death in 1942, Kaneko was posthumously awarded the Grand Cordon of the Supreme Order of the Chrysanthemum. Honors Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun (April 1, 1906) Grand Cordon of the Order of the Paulownia Flowers (November 10, 1928) Grand Cordon of the Order of the Chrysanthemum (May 16, 1942; posthumous) Junior First Rank (May 16, 1942; posthumous) See also Suematsu Kenchō – sent on the same mission as Kaneko in 1904 but to Europe Notes ^ a b c Kaneko, Kentaro (1982). Kanda, James (ed.). "The Kaneko Correspondence". Monumenta Nipponica. 37 (1): 44–76. doi:10.2307/2384295. JSTOR 2384295. ^ a b Shuyukan Senior High School history ^ Osatake, Tonau. Preface, in IEEE Transactions on Communications, Volume 20, Issue 4, pp. 687-688, August 1972. doi:10.1109/TCOM.1972.1091216 ^ Bell, Alexander Graham (1911-11-02). "Speech by Alexander Graham Bell, November 2". Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA. Retrieved 2024-03-26. ^ Examples: "The Far East After the War" (The World's Work, Nov 1904), "The Yellow Peril Is the Golden Opportunity for Japan" (North American Review) ^ Isabel Anderson, "The Spell of Japan", Boston, 1914, p.14. References Duus, Peter. The Abacus and the Sword: The Japanese Penetration of Korea, 1895-1910 (Twentieth-Century Japan - the Emergence of a World Power, 4). University of California Press (1998). ISBN 0-520-21361-0. Hane, Mikiso. Modern Japan: A Historical Survey. Westview Press (2001). ISBN 0-8133-3756-9 Kaneko, Kentarō. A sketch of the history of the constitution of Japan. Unwin Brothers (1889) ASIN: B00086SR4M Katz, Stan S. The Art of Peace, an illustrated biography about Prince Iesato Tokugawa and his allies, Horizon Productions (2019) ISBN 978-0-9903349-6-5 Jansen, Marius B. (2000). The Making of Modern Japan. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674003347; OCLC 44090600 Matsumura, Masayoshi. Nichi-Ro senso to Kaneko Kentaro: Koho gaiko no kenkyu. Shinyudo. ISBN 4-88033-010-8, translated by Ian Ruxton as Baron Kaneko and the Russo-Japanese War: A Study in the Public Diplomacy of Japan (2009) ISBN 978-0-557-11751-2 Preview Morris, Edmund. Theodore Rex. Modern Library; Reprint edition (2002). ISBN 0-8129-6600-7 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kaneko Kentarō. National Diet Library Photo & Bio History of Japanese at Harvard 1878 Portrait Photo, from the papers of Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr Political offices Preceded byItō Miyoji Minister of Agriculture & Commerce Apr 1898 – Jun 1898 Succeeded byŌishi Masami Preceded byKiyoura Keigo Minister of Justice Oct 1900 – Jun 1901 Succeeded byKiyoura Keigo Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Israel United States Japan Academics CiNii People Deutsche Biographie Trove Other SNAC IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Japanese name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_name"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"Count","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count"},{"link_name":"Meiji period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiji_period"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Harvard Law School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Law_School"},{"link_name":"Meiji Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiji_Constitution"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-corr-1"},{"link_name":"Russo-Japanese War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War"},{"link_name":"Imperial Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japan"},{"link_name":"Pacific War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_War"},{"link_name":"Edmund Burke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Burke"}],"text":"In this Japanese name, the surname is Kaneko.Count Kaneko Kentarō (金子 堅太郎, February 4, 1853 – May 16, 1942) was a statesman, diplomat, and legal scholar in Meiji period Japan.A graduate of Harvard Law School, he drew on his connections in the American legal community over the course of his long career in Japanese government, particularly in his role helping to draft the new Meiji Constitution (Imperial Japanese Constitution).[1] During the Russo-Japanese War, he engaged in promotion activities in the United States and contributed to Japan's victory.Kaneko was one of the most influential proponents of a Japanese-American alliance in Imperial Japan. In his later years, he opposed and worked to avoid the Pacific War, but his attempts failed.He was the first person to translate Edmund Burke into Japanese and is considered the first Burkean conservative in Japan.","title":"Kaneko Kentarō"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kaneko_Kentaro_by_Warren%27s_Photography,_1872.jpg"},{"link_name":"samurai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samurai"},{"link_name":"Fukuoka Domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukuoka_Domain"},{"link_name":"Chikuzen Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chikuzen_Province"},{"link_name":"Chūō-ku, Fukuoka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C5%AB%C5%8D-ku,_Fukuoka"},{"link_name":"Shuyukan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuyukan_Senior_High_School"},{"link_name":"Han school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_school"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shuyu-2"},{"link_name":"Iwakura Mission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwakura_Mission"},{"link_name":"United States Naval Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy"},{"link_name":"Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland"},{"link_name":"Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Jr."},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-corr-1"},{"link_name":"Komura Jutarō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komura_Jutar%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Alexander Graham Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell"},{"link_name":"telephone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone"},{"link_name":"Izawa Shunji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isawa_Sh%C5%ABji"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bell19111102-4"},{"link_name":"University of Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Tokyo"}],"text":"Kaneko as a teenagerKaneko was born into a samurai family of Fukuoka Domain (Chikuzen Province's Sawara district, present-day Chūō-ku, Fukuoka), being the son of Kaneko Naomichi (1821-1876), leader of the Ansei Expedition to the Philippines in 1855. At the age of 9, he began his studies at the Shuyukan Han school.[2] At 19, he was selected as a student member of the Iwakura Mission, and journeyed to the United States. He remained there while the rest of the mission continued on to Europe, with the instruction to obtain an education in any subject. At first, seeking a naval career, he planned to attend the United States Naval Academy in Maryland, but a doctor assessed his physical fortitude as insufficient and discouraged any military pursuit. Instead, Kaneko decided to seek a legal education, enrolling at Harvard University in 1876. He prepared for the challenging curriculum by seeking out the personal tutelage of future Supreme Court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.[1] At Harvard, Kaneko shared lodgings with fellow Japanese student and future fellow-diplomat Komura Jutarō. He also developed a wide circle of contacts in America, including lawyers, scientists, journalists, and industrialists.While at Harvard, Kaneko and Komura visited the home of Alexander Graham Bell and spoke on an experimental telephone with a fellow Japanese student, Izawa Shunji. According to Bell, this was the first instance of any language besides English being spoken into the new invention.[3][4]After graduating from Harvard in 1878, Kaneko returned to Japan as a lecturer at the University of Tokyo.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Kentaro_Kaneko.jpg"},{"link_name":"Genrōin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genr%C5%8Din"},{"link_name":"constitutions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution"},{"link_name":"Itō Hirobumi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%C5%8D_Hirobumi"},{"link_name":"Inoue Kowashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inoue_Kowashi"},{"link_name":"Itō Miyoji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%C5%8D_Miyoji"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"House of Peers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Peers_(Japan)"},{"link_name":"Diet of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diet_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Minister of Agriculture and Commerce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture_and_Commerce"},{"link_name":"honorary doctorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorary_doctorate"},{"link_name":"Meiji Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiji_Constitution"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shuyu-2"},{"link_name":"Nihon University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihon_University"},{"link_name":"Institute of International Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_International_Law"},{"link_name":"unequal treaties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unequal_treaty"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-corr-1"},{"link_name":"Minister of Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(Japan)"},{"link_name":"baron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron"},{"link_name":"kazoku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazoku"}],"text":"Kaneko in his Harvard doctoral cap and gownIn 1880, Kaneko was appointed as a secretary in the Genrōin, and in 1884 had joined the Office for Investigation of Institutions, the body organized by the Genrōin to study the constitutions of various western nations with the aim of creating a western-style constitution for Japan. The Meiji Constitution that was the product of this was promulgated by the Emperor in 1889. Kaneko worked closely with Itō Hirobumi, Inoue Kowashi and Itō Miyoji, and became personal secretary to Itō Hirobumi when the latter became first Prime Minister of Japan. Kaneko was appointed to the House of Peers of the Diet of Japan in 1890, becoming its first secretary. He was subsequently appointed as Vice Minister, then briefly Minister of Agriculture and Commerce in 1898 in the third Itō administration. He was awarded an honorary doctorate (LL.D.) by Harvard in 1899 for his work on the Meiji Constitution.Perhaps influenced by his own experiences, Kaneko actively promoted the value and necessity of education. His childhood primary school, Shuyukan, having closed in 1871, Kaneko campaigned the Fukuoka regional government to reopen the school and raised funds in support. In 1885, it was reopened as an English vocational school, with all classes held in English.[2] In 1889, Kaneko became the first president of Nihon Law School (now Nihon University), a post he held until 1893.In 1891, Kaneko was elected to the prestigious Institute of International Law, traveling to its general meeting in Geneva the next year as part of his campaigning to revise the unequal treaties Japan had signed during its forced \"opening\" in the late 1850s.[1]In 1900, Kaneko was appointed as Minister of Justice under the fourth Itō administration and was made baron (danshaku) in the kazoku peerage system in 1907.","title":"Government career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russo-Japanese War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Theodore Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"William Sturgis Bigelow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Sturgis_Bigelow"},{"link_name":"Bushido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushido:_The_Soul_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Portsmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Portsmouth"}],"text":"In 1904, during the Russo-Japanese War, at the personal request of Itō Hirobumi, Kaneko returned to the United States as a special envoy from the Japanese government to enlist American diplomatic support in bringing the war to a speedy conclusion. Kaneko embarked on a public-relations blitz, publishing editorials in various periodicals and delivering speeches.[5] In April 1904, Kaneko addressed the Japan Club of Harvard University, delivering the tailored message that Japan was fighting to maintain the peace of Asia and to conserve the influence of Anglo-American civilization in the East.[6] While in the United States, Kaneko revived contacts with Theodore Roosevelt, with whom he had been contemporaneously at Harvard (though they did not meet until later, introduced by William Sturgis Bigelow in 1889), and requested that Roosevelt help Japan mediate a peace treaty. When Kaneko met Roosevelt, the president asked for a book that would help explain the character of the Japanese people—what motivates them, their culture and spiritual education in Japan. Kaneko gave Roosevelt a copy of 'Bushido', and several months later, Roosevelt thanked Kaneko, remarking that it enlightened within him a deeper understanding of the Japanese culture and character. Thereafter, Roosevelt eagerly took on the task and presided over the subsequent Treaty of Portsmouth negotiations.","title":"Russo-Japanese War"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kaneko_Kentaroh.jpg"},{"link_name":"Privy Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privy_Council_(Japan)"},{"link_name":"viscount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscount"},{"link_name":"Imperial family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_family_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Meiji Restoration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiji_Restoration"},{"link_name":"Emperor Meiji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Meiji"},{"link_name":"Order of the Rising Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Rising_Sun"},{"link_name":"Takeo Miki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takeo_Miki"},{"link_name":"Order of the Chrysanthemum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Chrysanthemum"}],"text":"Kaneko Kentarō, before 1942From 1906, Kaneko served as a member of the Privy Council, and was elevated in title to viscount (shishaku) in 1907.In his later years he was engaged in the compilation of a history of the Imperial family and served as secretary general of the association for compiling historical materials about the Meiji Restoration. He completed an official biography of Emperor Meiji in 1915. He was awarded the Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun in 1928, and elevated to hakushaku (count) in 1930.Kaneko was a strong proponent of good diplomatic relations with the United States all of his life. In 1900, he established the first American Friendship Society (米友協会, Beiyu Kyōkai).According to the records of the America-Japan Society, Kaneko Kentaro founded that organization in Tokyo, in March 1917, and became its first president. In 1938, during a time of increasingly strident anti-American rhetoric from the Japanese government and press, he established the Japan-America Alliance Association (日米同志会, Nichibei Dōshikai), a political association calling for a \"Japanese-American Alliance\", together with future Prime Minister Takeo Miki. He was one of the few senior statesmen in Japan to speak out strongly against war with the United States as late as 1941.On his death in 1942, Kaneko was posthumously awarded the Grand Cordon of the Supreme Order of the Chrysanthemum.","title":"Later career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JPN_Kyokujitsu-sho_1Class_BAR.svg"},{"link_name":"Order of the Rising Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Rising_Sun"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JPN_Toka-sho_BAR.svg"},{"link_name":"Order of the Paulownia Flowers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Paulownia_Flowers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JPN_Daikun%27i_kikkasho_BAR.svg"},{"link_name":"Order of the Chrysanthemum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Chrysanthemum"},{"link_name":"Junior First Rank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Japanese_court_ranks,_positions_and_hereditary_titles"}],"text":"Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun (April 1, 1906)\n Grand Cordon of the Order of the Paulownia Flowers (November 10, 1928)\n Grand Cordon of the Order of the Chrysanthemum (May 16, 1942; posthumous)\nJunior First Rank (May 16, 1942; posthumous)","title":"Honors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-corr_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-corr_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-corr_1-2"},{"link_name":"Monumenta Nipponica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monumenta_Nipponica"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/2384295","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F2384295"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2384295","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/2384295"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-shuyu_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-shuyu_2-1"},{"link_name":"Shuyukan Senior High School history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//shuyu.fku.ed.jp/one_html3/pub/default.aspx?c_id=99"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1109/TCOM.1972.1091216","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1109%2FTCOM.1972.1091216"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-bell19111102_4-0"},{"link_name":"\"Speech by Alexander Graham Bell, November 2\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.loc.gov/resource/magbell.38000101/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"The Far East After the War\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/worldswork09gard/page/5868/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"The World's Work","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World%27s_Work"},{"link_name":"\"The Yellow Peril Is the Golden Opportunity for Japan\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/25105311"},{"link_name":"North American Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Review"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Isabel Anderson, \"The Spell of Japan\", Boston, 1914, p.14.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/41722"}],"text":"^ a b c Kaneko, Kentaro (1982). Kanda, James (ed.). \"The Kaneko Correspondence\". Monumenta Nipponica. 37 (1): 44–76. doi:10.2307/2384295. JSTOR 2384295.\n\n^ a b Shuyukan Senior High School history\n\n^ Osatake, Tonau. Preface, in IEEE Transactions on Communications, Volume 20, Issue 4, pp. 687-688, August 1972. doi:10.1109/TCOM.1972.1091216\n\n^ Bell, Alexander Graham (1911-11-02). \"Speech by Alexander Graham Bell, November 2\". Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA. Retrieved 2024-03-26.\n\n^ Examples: \"The Far East After the War\" (The World's Work, Nov 1904), \"The Yellow Peril Is the Golden Opportunity for Japan\" (North American Review)\n\n^ Isabel Anderson, \"The Spell of Japan\", Boston, 1914, p.14.","title":"Notes"}]
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[{"title":"Suematsu Kenchō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suematsu_Kench%C5%8D"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_La_Rochelle
Battle of La Rochelle
["1 Background","2 Battle","3 Aftermath","4 See also","5 References","6 Bibliography","7 External links"]
Medieval naval battle This article is about the 1372 Castilian-English naval battle. For the Hanseatic-Flemish-Castilian battle, see Battle of La Rochelle (1419). For other uses, see Battle of La Rochelle (disambiguation). Battle of La RochellePart of the Caroline phase of the Hundred Years' WarThe naval battle of La Rochelle, chronicle of Jean Froissart, 15th century.Date22–23 June 1372Locationoff La Rochelle46°09′30″N 01°13′40″W / 46.15833°N 1.22778°W / 46.15833; -1.22778Result Castilian victoryBelligerents England CastileCommanders and leaders Earl of Pembroke  (POW) Ambrosio BoccanegraStrength 14–57 ships and barges 22 shipsCasualties and losses 48 ships sunk or captured400 knights and 8,000 soldiers capturedWhole fleet sunk or captured800 men killedBetween 160 and 400 knights prisoners minorvteHundred Years' War Edwardian phase Second War of Scottish Independence War of the Breton Succession Castilian Civil War War of the Two Peters Caroline phase Despenser's Crusade 1383–1385 Crisis Glyndŵr rebellion Armagnac–Burgundian conflict Lancastrian phase vteHundred Years' WarCaroline phase (1369–1389) Cocherel Limoges Pontvallain La Rochelle Chiset John of Gaunt's chevauchée Roosebeke Ypres Brest Margate The Battle of La Rochelle was a naval battle fought on 22 and 23 June 1372 between a Castilian fleet commanded by the Castilian Almirant Ambrosio Boccanegra and an English fleet commanded by John Hastings, 2nd Earl of Pembroke. The Castilian fleet had been sent to attack the English at La Rochelle, which was being besieged by the French. Besides Boccanegra, other Castilian commanders were Cabeza de Vaca, Fernando de Peón and Ruy Díaz de Rojas. Pembroke had been dispatched to the town with a small retinue of 160 soldiers, £12,000 and instructions to use the money to recruit an army of 3,000 soldiers around Aquitaine for at least four months. The strength of the fleet is estimated as between the 12 galleys given by the Castilian chronicler and naval captain López de Ayala and the 40 sailing ships, of which three ships were warships and 13 barges mentioned by the French chronicler Jean Froissart. Probably it consisted of 22 ships, mainly galleys and some naos (carracks) three- or four-masted ocean sailing ships. The English fleet probably consisted of 32 ships and 17 small barges of about 50 tons. The Castilian victory was complete and the entire English fleet was captured or destroyed. On his return to the Iberian Peninsula, Boccanegra seized another four English ships off Bordeaux. This defeat undermined English seaborne trade and supplies through the English Channel and threatened their Gascon possessions. Background Edward III of England. Probably a 16th-century interpretation. In 1372 the English monarch Edward III planned an important campaign in Aquitaine under the new lieutenant of the Duchy, the Earl of Pembroke. He contracted to serve a year in the duchy with a retinue of 24 knights, 55 squires and 80 archers besides other companies led by Sir Hugh Calveley and Sir John Devereux, who finally did not serve or did not appear. Pembroke was given £12,000 with instructions to use the money to recruit a host of 500 knights, 1,500 esquires and 1,500 archers in France for at least four months. One of Edward's clerks, John Wilton, was appointed to accompany the Earl and administer the funds. The Earl of Pembroke, his retinue and Wilton embarked at Plymouth aboard a transport fleet which was unprepared for serious engagement. The Castilian chronicler Pero López de Ayala estimated that this fleet had 36 ships, whereas the chronicler of the French court estimated it to be 35. Jean Froissart, in one of his two descriptions of the battle, put the English force on 'perhaps' 14 ships. A fleet of 20 vessels is considered a creditable force. Sir Philip Courtenay, Admiral of the West, provided escort with 3 larger fighting ships (large tonnage and archer towers). The English rule in Aquitaine was by then under threat. Since 1370 large parts of the region had fallen under French rule. In 1372, Bertrand du Guesclin lay siege at La Rochelle. To respond to the demands of the Franco-Castilian alliance of 1368, the king of Castile, Henry II of Trastámara, dispatched a fleet to Aquitaine under Ambrosio Boccanegra, assisted by Cabeza de Vaca, Fernando de Peón and Rui Díaz de Rojas. The size of this fleet is also uncertain. According to López de Ayala, it was composed of 12 galleys. Froissart, in his first account, mentioned 40 sailing ships and 13 barges, but later reduced this number to 13 galleys. Quatre Premiers Valois and Chronique des Pays-Bas mention respectively 20 and 22 galleys. Battle The Battle of La Rochelle as depicted in a miniature sometime after 1380. The English ships are lower than the Castilian; this advantage allowed the latter to throw arrows and bolts on their enemy with impunity. On 21 June the English fleet arrived at La Rochelle and the battle began as Pembroke's ships approached the harbour. This lay at the head of an inlet which was partially unnavigable at low water. The first Castilian attacks met strong resistance. The English, despite the inferiority of their numbers, defended themselves vigorously. At dusk, when the tide rose, the two fleets separated. Though they had lost two or four vessels, according to Froissart, the English were not yet defeated. Pembroke then withdrew some way from land, while Boccanegra anchored in front of La Rochelle. The Chronicle Quatre Premiers Valois, unlike López de Ayala and Froissart, implies that only some skirmishes took place on the first day, as Boccanegra would have ordered his galleys to withdraw, reserving them for the main action. According to this chronicle, the anchoring sites were reversed: the English off the town and the Castilians on the open sea. Froissart described a discussion between Pembroke and his men during the night of 21–22 June regarding how to escape the trap. An attempt to escape under the cover of the night was dismissed due to the fear of the Castilian galleys, as well as another to enter La Rochelle because of the low draft of the passage. In the end, the low tide left the English ships aground. Castilian galleys could maneuver freely in shallow water. That gave them a decisive tactical advantage. An additional handicap for the English was the taller air draught of the Castilian ships, which enabled their crews to build wooden breastworks and throw arrows and bolts from a higher position. The Castilian vessels were equipped with arbalests that loosed quarrels on the wooden decks of the English ships. When the fight resumed on the morning of the 22nd, the Castilians managed to set fire to some of them by spraying oil on their decks and rigging and then igniting it with flaming arrows. Many of the English were killed or burned alive, while others surrendered, among them Pembroke. The Spanish naval historian Cesáreo Fernández Duro claims that the English prisoners amounted to 400 knights and 8,000 soldiers, without counting the slain. Estimates in English chronicles speak of about 1,500 casualties, 800 deaths and between 160 and 400 prisoners. The whole fleet was destroyed or captured and £12,000 fell into Castilian hands. The English defeat appeared inevitable from the beginning because of the major inequality in strength. Aftermath The battle of La Rochelle was the first important English naval defeat of the Hundred Years' War; furthermore, it was described by historian J. H. Ramsay as the worst defeat ever inflicted on the English navy, Its effect upon the course of the war was significant: La Rochelle was lost on 7 September. Its capture was followed during the second half of the year by nearly all of Poitou, Angoumois and Saintonge, which Bertrand du Guesclin cleared of English garrisons. Some authors claim that the battle cost England its naval supremacy along the French coast but others disagree, though asserting that England's naval policy had become misguided. The projected resources to support John of Gaunt's claims to the Castilian throne were largely suspended, while a great expedition under Edward III himself had to be postponed because of contrary winds. Main attacks on England by Tovar and Vienne (1374–1380) The English needed a year to rebuild their fleet through the efforts of fourteen towns. In April 1373 a powerful force under William de Montacute, Earl of Salisbury, set sail for Portugal. It was commanded by Admirals Neville and Courtenay in two divisions, the first consisting of 15 ships and 9 barges and the second, 12 ships and 9 barges, 44 fighting vessels all told. Other ships and barges joined the large concentration and by July, Salisbury had 56 ships crewed by 2,500 sailors and an army of 2,600 soldiers. This campaign of 1373 was successful, seeing, amongst other events, the burning of a Castilian merchant convoy at Saint-Malo. In retaliation, Fernando Sanchez de Tovar, who had succeeded Boccanegra as Major Admiral of Castile after his death in 1374, joined forces with the French admiral Jean de Vienne against England. Naval supremacy in the English channel, won in the battle of La Rochelle, allowed the allied fleet to plunder and burn the Isle of Wight and the English ports of Rye, Rottingdean, Winchelsea, Lewes, Folkestone, Plymouth, Portsmouth and Hastings between 1374 and 1380. Local levy troops raised by the Earl of Arundel were defeated in a land battle at Lewes. In 1380 the joint fleet sailed up the Thames and set Gravesend on fire. See also Fernando Sánchez de Tovar Battle of La Rochelle (1419) References ^ a b c d e f Fernández Duro 1894, p. 130. ^ a b Sherborne & Tuck 1994, p. 42. ^ Hill & Ranft 2002, p. 11. ^ a b c Sherborne & Tuck 1994, p. 43. ^ a b c d e f Sherborne & Tuck 1994, p. 44. ^ Sherborne, J. W. (1969). "The Battle of La Rochelle and the War at Sea, 1372-5". Historical Research. 42 (105): 17–29. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2281.1969.tb02322.x. ISSN 1468-2281. ^ "Cabeza de Vaca's Travels Through Mid-North America 1528-1536". www.sjsu.edu. Retrieved 26 March 2020. ^ a b Nicolas, Sir Nicholas Harris (1847). A History of the Royal Navy: 1327-1422. R. Bentley. pp. 142–44. ^ Villalon, Andrew; Kagay, Donald (17 July 2017). To Win and Lose a Medieval Battle: Nájera (April 3, 1367), A Pyrrhic Victory for the Black Prince. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-34580-5. ^ Sherborne & Tuck 1994, p. 41. ^ Luce 1862, pp. 232–234; De Smet 1856, p. 259. ^ "1372 Combate Naval de la Rochelle". Melilla, Mar y Medioambiente (in Spanish). 23 February 2021. Retrieved 24 May 2022. ^ a b William, Hunt; Poole, R. L.; Oman, C. (1906). The History of England. Volume 4. Рипол Классик. pp. 5–6. ISBN 978-5-87804-823-1. ^ Sumption 2012, p. 138; Sherborne & Tuck 1994, pp. 16–17. ^ Sherborne & Tuck 1994, p. 17. ^ Harriss 2006, p. 410. ^ Fernández Duro 1894, pp. 129–130. ^ a b Sumption 2012, p. 193. ^ Fernández Duro 1894, p. 132. ^ Ramsay 1913, pp. 22–23. ^ Harriss 2006, p. 414. ^ Villalon & Kagay 2005, p. xxxvi. ^ Sherborne & Tuck 1994, p. 50. ^ Sumption 2012, p. 144. ^ Sherborne & Tuck 1994, pp. 49–50. ^ Díaz González, Calderón Ortega (2001), p. 344-45 Bibliography De Smet, J. J. (1856). Recueil des Chroniques de Flandre. Corpus Chronicorum Flandriae (in French). Brussels. OCLC 769107741.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) Díaz González, Francisco Javier; Calderón Ortega, José Manuel (2001). "Los almirantes del "Siglo de Oro" de la marina castellana medieval". En la España Medieval (in Spanish). Madrid. ISSN 0214-3038. Fernández Duro, Cesáreo (1894). La marina de Castilla desde su origen y pugna con la de Inglaterra hasta la refundición en la Armada española (in Spanish). Madrid: El. Progreso editoriral. OCLC 819788512. Harriss, Gerald (2006). Shaping the Nation: England 1360–1461. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-921119-1. Hill, J. R.; Ranft, Bryant (2002). The Oxford Illustrated History of the Royal Navy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-860527-7. Luce, Siméon (1862). Chronique des quatre premiers Valois, 1327–1393. Société de l'histoire de France. París. OCLC 832201593.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) Ramsay, J. H. (1913). Genesis of Lancaster: or, The three reigns of Edward II, Edward III, and Richard II, 1307–1399. Vol. II. Oxford: Oxford University Press. OCLC 162857283. Sherborne, J. W.; Tuck, Anthony (1994). War, Politics and Culture in Fourteenth-Century England. London: Continuum. ISBN 1-85285-086-8. Sumption, J. P. C. (2012) . Divided Houses: The Hundred Years' War. Vol. III (pbk. ed.). London: Faber and Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-24012-8. Villalon, L. J. Andrew; Kagay, Donald J. (2005). The Hundred Years War: A Wider Focus. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 90-04-13969-9. External links Battle of La Rochelle (1372) and its consequences. Authority control databases: National Czech Republic
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For the Hanseatic-Flemish-Castilian battle, see Battle of La Rochelle (1419). For other uses, see Battle of La Rochelle (disambiguation).Battle of La RochellePart of the Caroline phase of the Hundred Years' WarThe naval battle of La Rochelle, chronicle of Jean Froissart, 15th century.Date22–23 June 1372Locationoff La Rochelle46°09′30″N 01°13′40″W / 46.15833°N 1.22778°W / 46.15833; -1.22778Result\nCastilian victory[1]Belligerents\n England\n CastileCommanders and leaders\nEarl of Pembroke  (POW)\nAmbrosio BoccanegraStrength\n14–57 ships and barges[1][2][3]\n22 ships[1][4]Casualties and losses\n48 ships sunk or captured[1]400 knights and 8,000 soldiers captured[1]Whole fleet sunk or captured[1][5]800 men killedBetween 160 and 400 knights prisoners[5]\nminorvteHundred Years' War\nEdwardian phase\nSecond War of Scottish Independence\nWar of the Breton Succession\nCastilian Civil War\nWar of the Two Peters\nCaroline phase\nDespenser's Crusade\n1383–1385 Crisis\nGlyndŵr rebellion\nArmagnac–Burgundian conflict\nLancastrian phase\n\nvteHundred Years' WarCaroline phase (1369–1389)\nCocherel\nLimoges\nPontvallain\nLa Rochelle\nChiset\nJohn of Gaunt's chevauchée\nRoosebeke\nYpres\nBrest\nMargateThe Battle of La Rochelle was a naval battle fought on 22 and 23 June 1372[6] between a Castilian fleet commanded by the Castilian Almirant Ambrosio Boccanegra and an English fleet commanded by John Hastings, 2nd Earl of Pembroke. The Castilian fleet had been sent to attack the English at La Rochelle, which was being besieged by the French. Besides Boccanegra, other Castilian commanders were Cabeza de Vaca,[7] Fernando de Peón[8] and Ruy Díaz de Rojas.[9]Pembroke had been dispatched to the town with a small retinue of 160 soldiers, £12,000 and instructions to use the money to recruit an army of 3,000 soldiers around Aquitaine for at least four months.[10] The strength of the fleet is estimated as between the 12 galleys given by the Castilian chronicler and naval captain López de Ayala and the 40 sailing ships, of which three ships were warships and 13 barges mentioned by the French chronicler Jean Froissart. Probably it consisted of 22 ships, mainly galleys and some naos (carracks) three- or four-masted ocean sailing ships. The English fleet probably consisted of 32 ships and 17 small barges of about 50 tons.[11]The Castilian victory was complete and the entire English fleet was captured or destroyed. On his return to the Iberian Peninsula, Boccanegra seized another four English ships off Bordeaux.[12] This defeat undermined English seaborne trade and supplies through the English Channel and threatened their Gascon possessions.[13]","title":"Battle of La Rochelle"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King_Edward_III_from_NPG.jpg"},{"link_name":"Edward III of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_III_of_England"},{"link_name":"Edward III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_III"},{"link_name":"Hugh Calveley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Calveley"},{"link_name":"John Devereux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Devereux,_2nd_Baron_Devereux"},{"link_name":"esquires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squire"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption2012138SherborneTuck199416%E2%80%9317-14"},{"link_name":"Plymouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherborneTuck199417-15"},{"link_name":"Pero López de Ayala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pero_L%C3%B3pez_de_Ayala"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherborneTuck199442-2"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarriss2006410-16"},{"link_name":"Bertrand du Guesclin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_du_Guesclin"},{"link_name":"Henry II of Trastámara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_II_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFern%C3%A1ndez_Duro1894129%E2%80%93130-17"},{"link_name":"galleys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galley"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherborneTuck199443-4"}],"text":"Edward III of England. Probably a 16th-century interpretation.In 1372 the English monarch Edward III planned an important campaign in Aquitaine under the new lieutenant of the Duchy, the Earl of Pembroke. He contracted to serve a year in the duchy with a retinue of 24 knights, 55 squires and 80 archers besides other companies led by Sir Hugh Calveley and Sir John Devereux, who finally did not serve or did not appear. Pembroke was given £12,000 with instructions to use the money to recruit a host of 500 knights, 1,500 esquires and 1,500 archers in France for at least four months. One of Edward's clerks, John Wilton, was appointed to accompany the Earl and administer the funds.[14]The Earl of Pembroke, his retinue and Wilton embarked at Plymouth aboard a transport fleet which was unprepared for serious engagement.[15] The Castilian chronicler Pero López de Ayala estimated that this fleet had 36 ships, whereas the chronicler of the French court estimated it to be 35. Jean Froissart, in one of his two descriptions of the battle, put the English force on 'perhaps' 14 ships. A fleet of 20 vessels is considered a creditable force. Sir Philip Courtenay, Admiral of the West, provided escort with 3 larger fighting ships (large tonnage and archer towers).[2]The English rule in Aquitaine was by then under threat.[16] Since 1370 large parts of the region had fallen under French rule. In 1372, Bertrand du Guesclin lay siege at La Rochelle. To respond to the demands of the Franco-Castilian alliance of 1368, the king of Castile, Henry II of Trastámara, dispatched a fleet to Aquitaine under Ambrosio Boccanegra, assisted by Cabeza de Vaca, Fernando de Peón and Rui Díaz de Rojas. The size of this fleet is also uncertain.[17] According to López de Ayala, it was composed of 12 galleys. Froissart, in his first account, mentioned 40 sailing ships and 13 barges, but later reduced this number to 13 galleys. Quatre Premiers Valois and Chronique des Pays-Bas mention respectively 20 and 22 galleys.[4]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bataille_navale_devant_La_Rochelle_XIVeme_siecle.jpg"},{"link_name":"miniature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miniature_art"},{"link_name":"inlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inlet"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherborneTuck199443-4"},{"link_name":"draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draft_(hull)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherborneTuck199444-5"},{"link_name":"air draught","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_draft"},{"link_name":"bolts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossbow_bolt"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption2012193-18"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"arbalests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbalest"},{"link_name":"quarrels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossbow_bolt"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption2012193-18"},{"link_name":"decks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deck_(ship)"},{"link_name":"rigging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigging"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherborneTuck199444-5"},{"link_name":"Cesáreo Fernández Duro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ces%C3%A1reo_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Duro"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFern%C3%A1ndez_Duro1894132-19"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherborneTuck199444-5"}],"text":"The Battle of La Rochelle as depicted in a miniature sometime after 1380. The English ships are lower than the Castilian; this advantage allowed the latter to throw arrows and bolts on their enemy with impunity.On 21 June the English fleet arrived at La Rochelle and the battle began as Pembroke's ships approached the harbour. This lay at the head of an inlet which was partially unnavigable at low water. The first Castilian attacks met strong resistance. The English, despite the inferiority of their numbers, defended themselves vigorously. At dusk, when the tide rose, the two fleets separated. Though they had lost two or four vessels, according to Froissart, the English were not yet defeated. Pembroke then withdrew some way from land, while Boccanegra anchored in front of La Rochelle. The Chronicle Quatre Premiers Valois, unlike López de Ayala and Froissart, implies that only some skirmishes took place on the first day, as Boccanegra would have ordered his galleys to withdraw, reserving them for the main action. According to this chronicle, the anchoring sites were reversed: the English off the town and the Castilians on the open sea.[4]Froissart described a discussion between Pembroke and his men during the night of 21–22 June regarding how to escape the trap. An attempt to escape under the cover of the night was dismissed due to the fear of the Castilian galleys, as well as another to enter La Rochelle because of the low draft of the passage. In the end, the low tide left the English ships aground. Castilian galleys could maneuver freely in shallow water. That gave them a decisive tactical advantage.[5] An additional handicap for the English was the taller air draught of the Castilian ships, which enabled their crews to build wooden breastworks and throw arrows and bolts from a higher position.[18][8] The Castilian vessels were equipped with arbalests that loosed quarrels on the wooden decks of the English ships.[18] When the fight resumed on the morning of the 22nd, the Castilians managed to set fire to some of them by spraying oil on their decks and rigging and then igniting it with flaming arrows.[5] Many of the English were killed or burned alive, while others surrendered, among them Pembroke. The Spanish naval historian Cesáreo Fernández Duro claims that the English prisoners amounted to 400 knights and 8,000 soldiers, without counting the slain.[19] Estimates in English chronicles speak of about 1,500 casualties, 800 deaths and between 160 and 400 prisoners. The whole fleet was destroyed or captured and £12,000 fell into Castilian hands. The English defeat appeared inevitable from the beginning because of the major inequality in strength.[5]","title":"Battle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherborneTuck199444-5"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamsay191322%E2%80%9323-20"},{"link_name":"Poitou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poitou"},{"link_name":"Angoumois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angoumois"},{"link_name":"Saintonge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Saintonge"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarriss2006414-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVillalonKagay2005xxxvi-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherborneTuck199450-23"},{"link_name":"John of Gaunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_Gaunt"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption2012144-24"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ofensivas_Tovar-Vienne_contra_Inglaterra_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"William de Montacute, Earl of Salisbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_de_Montacute,_2nd_Earl_of_Salisbury"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"Saint-Malo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Malo"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherborneTuck199449%E2%80%9350-25"},{"link_name":"Fernando Sanchez de Tovar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_S%C3%A1nchez_de_Tovar"},{"link_name":"Jean de Vienne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_de_Vienne"},{"link_name":"Isle of Wight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Wight"},{"link_name":"Rye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rye,_East_Sussex"},{"link_name":"Rottingdean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rottingdean"},{"link_name":"Winchelsea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winchelsea"},{"link_name":"Lewes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewes"},{"link_name":"Folkestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folkestone"},{"link_name":"Plymouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth"},{"link_name":"Portsmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth"},{"link_name":"Hastings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings"},{"link_name":"Earl of Arundel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Arundel"},{"link_name":"Lewes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewes"},{"link_name":"Thames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thames"},{"link_name":"Gravesend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravesend,_Kent"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-26"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-13"}],"text":"The battle of La Rochelle was the first important English naval defeat of the Hundred Years' War;[5] furthermore, it was described by historian J. H. Ramsay as the worst defeat ever inflicted on the English navy,[20] Its effect upon the course of the war was significant: La Rochelle was lost on 7 September. Its capture was followed during the second half of the year by nearly all of Poitou, Angoumois and Saintonge, which Bertrand du Guesclin cleared of English garrisons.[21] Some authors claim that the battle cost England its naval supremacy along the French coast but others disagree, though asserting that England's naval policy had become misguided.[22][23] The projected resources to support John of Gaunt's claims to the Castilian throne were largely suspended, while a great expedition under Edward III himself had to be postponed because of contrary winds.[24]Main attacks on England by Tovar and Vienne (1374–1380)The English needed a year to rebuild their fleet through the efforts of fourteen towns. In April 1373 a powerful force under William de Montacute, Earl of Salisbury, set sail for Portugal. It was commanded by Admirals Neville and Courtenay in two divisions, the first consisting of 15 ships and 9 barges and the second, 12 ships and 9 barges, 44 fighting vessels all told. Other ships and barges joined the large concentration and by July, Salisbury had 56 ships crewed by 2,500 sailors and an army of 2,600 soldiers. This campaign of 1373 was successful, seeing, amongst other events, the burning of a Castilian merchant convoy at Saint-Malo.[25] In retaliation, Fernando Sanchez de Tovar, who had succeeded Boccanegra as Major Admiral of Castile after his death in 1374, joined forces with the French admiral Jean de Vienne against England. Naval supremacy in the English channel, won in the battle of La Rochelle, allowed the allied fleet to plunder and burn the Isle of Wight and the English ports of Rye, Rottingdean, Winchelsea, Lewes, Folkestone, Plymouth, Portsmouth and Hastings between 1374 and 1380. Local levy troops raised by the Earl of Arundel were defeated in a land battle at Lewes. In 1380 the joint fleet sailed up the Thames and set Gravesend on fire.[26][13]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"769107741","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/769107741"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0214-3038","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0214-3038"},{"link_name":"Fernández Duro, Cesáreo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ces%C3%A1reo_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Duro"},{"link_name":"La marina de Castilla desde su origen y pugna con la de Inglaterra hasta la refundición en la Armada española","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/lamarinadecasti00durogoog#page/n13/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"819788512","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/819788512"},{"link_name":"Shaping the Nation: England 1360–1461","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=BMqUUu6tb_kC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-19-921119-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-921119-1"},{"link_name":"The Oxford Illustrated History of the Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=WWFxWv-gd-IC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-19-860527-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-860527-7"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"832201593","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/832201593"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"162857283","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/162857283"},{"link_name":"War, Politics and Culture in Fourteenth-Century England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=BMqUUu6tb_kC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-85285-086-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85285-086-8"},{"link_name":"Sumption, J. P. C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Sumption,_Lord_Sumption"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-571-24012-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-24012-8"},{"link_name":"The Hundred Years War: A Wider Focus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=apzpiXLLy48C"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"90-04-13969-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-13969-9"}],"text":"De Smet, J. J. (1856). Recueil des Chroniques de Flandre. Corpus Chronicorum Flandriae [The Chronicles of Flanders] (in French). Brussels. OCLC 769107741.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)\nDíaz González, Francisco Javier; Calderón Ortega, José Manuel (2001). \"Los almirantes del \"Siglo de Oro\" de la marina castellana medieval\". En la España Medieval (in Spanish). Madrid. ISSN 0214-3038.\nFernández Duro, Cesáreo (1894). La marina de Castilla desde su origen y pugna con la de Inglaterra hasta la refundición en la Armada española [The Navy of Castile from its Origin and Struggles with that of England until its Reform into the Spanish Navy] (in Spanish). Madrid: El. Progreso editoriral. OCLC 819788512.\nHarriss, Gerald (2006). Shaping the Nation: England 1360–1461. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-921119-1.\nHill, J. R.; Ranft, Bryant (2002). The Oxford Illustrated History of the Royal Navy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-860527-7.\nLuce, Siméon (1862). Chronique des quatre premiers Valois, 1327–1393. Société de l'histoire de France. París. OCLC 832201593.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)\nRamsay, J. H. (1913). Genesis of Lancaster: or, The three reigns of Edward II, Edward III, and Richard II, 1307–1399. Vol. II. Oxford: Oxford University Press. OCLC 162857283.\nSherborne, J. W.; Tuck, Anthony (1994). War, Politics and Culture in Fourteenth-Century England. London: Continuum. ISBN 1-85285-086-8.\nSumption, J. P. C. (2012) [2009]. Divided Houses: The Hundred Years' War. Vol. III (pbk. ed.). London: Faber and Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-24012-8.\nVillalon, L. J. Andrew; Kagay, Donald J. (2005). The Hundred Years War: A Wider Focus. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 90-04-13969-9.","title":"Bibliography"}]
[{"image_text":"Edward III of England. Probably a 16th-century interpretation.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/King_Edward_III_from_NPG.jpg/170px-King_Edward_III_from_NPG.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Battle of La Rochelle as depicted in a miniature sometime after 1380. The English ships are lower than the Castilian; this advantage allowed the latter to throw arrows and bolts on their enemy with impunity.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Bataille_navale_devant_La_Rochelle_XIVeme_siecle.jpg/220px-Bataille_navale_devant_La_Rochelle_XIVeme_siecle.jpg"},{"image_text":"Main attacks on England by Tovar and Vienne (1374–1380)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ofensivas_Tovar-Vienne_contra_Inglaterra_01.jpg/200px-Ofensivas_Tovar-Vienne_contra_Inglaterra_01.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Fernando Sánchez de Tovar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_S%C3%A1nchez_de_Tovar"},{"title":"Battle of La Rochelle (1419)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_La_Rochelle_(1419)"}]
[{"reference":"Sherborne, J. W. (1969). \"The Battle of La Rochelle and the War at Sea, 1372-5\". Historical Research. 42 (105): 17–29. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2281.1969.tb02322.x. ISSN 1468-2281.","urls":[{"url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1468-2281.1969.tb02322.x","url_text":"\"The Battle of La Rochelle and the War at Sea, 1372-5\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-2281.1969.tb02322.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1468-2281.1969.tb02322.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1468-2281","url_text":"1468-2281"}]},{"reference":"\"Cabeza de Vaca's Travels Through Mid-North America 1528-1536\". www.sjsu.edu. Retrieved 26 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/cabeza.htm","url_text":"\"Cabeza de Vaca's Travels Through Mid-North America 1528-1536\""}]},{"reference":"Nicolas, Sir Nicholas Harris (1847). A History of the Royal Navy: 1327-1422. R. Bentley. pp. 142–44.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=RBZEAAAAYAAJ&dq=%22Fernando+de+Pe%C3%B3n%22+Rochelle&pg=PA142","url_text":"A History of the Royal Navy: 1327-1422"}]},{"reference":"Villalon, Andrew; Kagay, Donald (17 July 2017). To Win and Lose a Medieval Battle: Nájera (April 3, 1367), A Pyrrhic Victory for the Black Prince. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-34580-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TwEtDwAAQBAJ&q=castilian+commander+Ruy+D%C3%ADaz+de+Rojas&pg=PA369","url_text":"To Win and Lose a Medieval Battle: Nájera (April 3, 1367), A Pyrrhic Victory for the Black Prince"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-34580-5","url_text":"978-90-04-34580-5"}]},{"reference":"\"1372 Combate Naval de la Rochelle\". Melilla, Mar y Medioambiente (in Spanish). 23 February 2021. Retrieved 24 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://rusadiryelmar.com/2021/02/23/1-372-combate-naval-de-la-rochelle/","url_text":"\"1372 Combate Naval de la Rochelle\""}]},{"reference":"William, Hunt; Poole, R. L.; Oman, C. (1906). The History of England. Volume 4. Рипол Классик. pp. 5–6. ISBN 978-5-87804-823-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=c0ESAwAAQBAJ&dq=Gravesend+Tovar+Castilian&pg=PA6","url_text":"The History of England. Volume 4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-87804-823-1","url_text":"978-5-87804-823-1"}]},{"reference":"De Smet, J. J. (1856). Recueil des Chroniques de Flandre. Corpus Chronicorum Flandriae [The Chronicles of Flanders] (in French). Brussels. OCLC 769107741.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/769107741","url_text":"769107741"}]},{"reference":"Díaz González, Francisco Javier; Calderón Ortega, José Manuel (2001). \"Los almirantes del \"Siglo de Oro\" de la marina castellana medieval\". En la España Medieval (in Spanish). Madrid. ISSN 0214-3038.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0214-3038","url_text":"0214-3038"}]},{"reference":"Fernández Duro, Cesáreo (1894). La marina de Castilla desde su origen y pugna con la de Inglaterra hasta la refundición en la Armada española [The Navy of Castile from its Origin and Struggles with that of England until its Reform into the Spanish Navy] (in Spanish). Madrid: El. Progreso editoriral. OCLC 819788512.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ces%C3%A1reo_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Duro","url_text":"Fernández Duro, Cesáreo"},{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/lamarinadecasti00durogoog#page/n13/mode/2up","url_text":"La marina de Castilla desde su origen y pugna con la de Inglaterra hasta la refundición en la Armada española"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/819788512","url_text":"819788512"}]},{"reference":"Harriss, Gerald (2006). Shaping the Nation: England 1360–1461. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-921119-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=BMqUUu6tb_kC","url_text":"Shaping the Nation: England 1360–1461"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-921119-1","url_text":"0-19-921119-1"}]},{"reference":"Hill, J. R.; Ranft, Bryant (2002). The Oxford Illustrated History of the Royal Navy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-860527-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WWFxWv-gd-IC","url_text":"The Oxford Illustrated History of the Royal Navy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-860527-7","url_text":"0-19-860527-7"}]},{"reference":"Luce, Siméon (1862). Chronique des quatre premiers Valois, 1327–1393. Société de l'histoire de France. París. OCLC 832201593.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/832201593","url_text":"832201593"}]},{"reference":"Ramsay, J. H. (1913). Genesis of Lancaster: or, The three reigns of Edward II, Edward III, and Richard II, 1307–1399. Vol. II. Oxford: Oxford University Press. OCLC 162857283.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/162857283","url_text":"162857283"}]},{"reference":"Sherborne, J. W.; Tuck, Anthony (1994). War, Politics and Culture in Fourteenth-Century England. London: Continuum. ISBN 1-85285-086-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=BMqUUu6tb_kC","url_text":"War, Politics and Culture in Fourteenth-Century England"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85285-086-8","url_text":"1-85285-086-8"}]},{"reference":"Sumption, J. P. C. (2012) [2009]. Divided Houses: The Hundred Years' War. Vol. III (pbk. ed.). London: Faber and Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-24012-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Sumption,_Lord_Sumption","url_text":"Sumption, J. P. C."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-24012-8","url_text":"978-0-571-24012-8"}]},{"reference":"Villalon, L. J. Andrew; Kagay, Donald J. (2005). The Hundred Years War: A Wider Focus. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 90-04-13969-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=apzpiXLLy48C","url_text":"The Hundred Years War: A Wider Focus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-13969-9","url_text":"90-04-13969-9"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varalds%C3%B8y
Varaldsøy
["1 History","2 See also","3 References"]
Coordinates: 60°07′44″N 5°59′21″E / 60.1288°N 5.9893°E / 60.1288; 5.9893Island in Norway This article is about the island and village of Varaldsøy in Norway. For the former municipality in Norway, see Varaldsøy (municipality). VaraldsøyVaraldsøy seen from the southVaraldsøyLocation of the islandShow map of VestlandVaraldsøyVaraldsøy (Norway)Show map of NorwayGeographyLocationVestland, NorwayCoordinates60°07′44″N 5°59′21″E / 60.1288°N 5.9893°E / 60.1288; 5.9893Area45.4 km2 (17.5 sq mi)Highest elevation600 m (2000 ft)Highest pointØyefjelletAdministrationNorwayCountyVestlandMunicipalityKvinnherad MunicipalityDemographicsPopulation212 (2017)Pop. density4.7/km2 (12.2/sq mi) Varaldsøy is an island (and village) in the municipality of Kvinnherad in Vestland county, Norway. The 45.4-square-kilometre (17.5 sq mi) island is the largest island in the Hardangerfjorden. Most of the inhabitants live on the southern tip of the island in the village of Varaldsøy, where Varaldsøy Church is located. The 600-metre (2,000 ft) tall mountain Øyefjellet is the highest point on the island. History The island was historically a part of Strandebarm municipality until 1902 when it was transferred to the new Varaldsøy Municipality. The island made up the majority of the municipality (plus some of the mainland to the west and north). In 1965, the municipality of Varaldsøy was dissolved in a period of municipal consolidations in Norway. The island was then transferred to the municipality of Kvinnherad. See also List of islands of Norway References ^ a b Store norske leksikon. "Varaldsøy. – øy" (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2014-06-24. ^ Jukvam, Dag (1999). "Historisk oversikt over endringer i kommune- og fylkesinndelingen" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Statistisk sentralbyrå. This article about an island in Vestland is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Varaldsøy (municipality)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varalds%C3%B8y_(municipality)"},{"link_name":"island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island"},{"link_name":"Kvinnherad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvinnherad"},{"link_name":"Vestland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestland"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Hardangerfjorden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardangerfjorden"},{"link_name":"Varaldsøy Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varalds%C3%B8y_Church"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-snl-1"}],"text":"Island in NorwayThis article is about the island and village of Varaldsøy in Norway. For the former municipality in Norway, see Varaldsøy (municipality).Varaldsøy is an island (and village) in the municipality of Kvinnherad in Vestland county, Norway. The 45.4-square-kilometre (17.5 sq mi) island is the largest island in the Hardangerfjorden. Most of the inhabitants live on the southern tip of the island in the village of Varaldsøy, where Varaldsøy Church is located. The 600-metre (2,000 ft) tall mountain Øyefjellet is the highest point on the island.[1]","title":"Varaldsøy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Strandebarm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strandebarm"},{"link_name":"Varaldsøy Municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varalds%C3%B8y_(municipality)"},{"link_name":"Kvinnherad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvinnherad"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The island was historically a part of Strandebarm municipality until 1902 when it was transferred to the new Varaldsøy Municipality. The island made up the majority of the municipality (plus some of the mainland to the west and north). In 1965, the municipality of Varaldsøy was dissolved in a period of municipal consolidations in Norway. The island was then transferred to the municipality of Kvinnherad.[2]","title":"History"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of islands of Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Norway"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gundiah_railway_station
Gundiah railway station
["1 1922 Derailment","2 References"]
Coordinates: 25°49′56″S 152°32′35″E / 25.83222°S 152.54306°E / -25.83222; 152.54306Former railway station in Queensland, Australia GundiahGeneral informationLocationRailway Street, Gundiah, QueenslandCoordinates25°49′56″S 152°32′35″E / 25.83222°S 152.54306°E / -25.83222; 152.54306Line(s)North Coast LineConnectionsno connectionsHistoryClosedYesServices Preceding station Queensland Rail Following station Patersontowards Brisbane North Coast Line Netherbytowards Cairns Gundiah Railway Station is a closed railway station on the North Coast railway line in Queensland, Australia. In 1922, a goods train derailed at the railway station. 1922 Derailment On Friday 24 November 1922, a train carrying goods derailed while shunting at Gundiah. The brake van fell across the North Coast line, making Gundiah impassable for many days. Several wagons of goods were also derailed. At about 7pm, the driver of the train was moving the entire consist forward, however, the train failed to move up the grade. The driver reversed to make another attempt at the grade, however "part of the train ran back onto the main line, and part onto the siding at Gundiah Station". Nobody was injured. References ^ "Gundian". Archived from the original on 16 February 2011. Retrieved 11 April 2020. ^ a b "Derailment at Gundiah". The Brisbane Courier. Queensland, Australia. 25 November 1922. p. 6. Retrieved 11 April 2020 – via Trove. This article about a railway station in Queensland is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North Coast railway line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Coast_railway_line,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"text":"Former railway station in Queensland, AustraliaGundiah Railway Station is a closed railway station on the North Coast railway line in Queensland, Australia.[1] In 1922, a goods train derailed at the railway station.[2]","title":"Gundiah railway station"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"text":"On Friday 24 November 1922, a train carrying goods derailed while shunting at Gundiah. The brake van fell across the North Coast line, making Gundiah impassable for many days. Several wagons of goods were also derailed. At about 7pm, the driver of the train was moving the entire consist forward, however, the train failed to move up the grade. The driver reversed to make another attempt at the grade, however \"part of the train ran back onto the main line, and part onto the siding at Gundiah Station\". Nobody was injured.[2]","title":"1922 Derailment"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_San_Diego_Padres_Opening_Day_starting_pitchers
List of San Diego Padres Opening Day starting pitchers
["1 Key","2 Pitchers","3 References"]
Jake Peavy, the Opening Day starting pitcher 2006–09 The San Diego Padres are a Major League Baseball (MLB) team based in San Diego, California. The Padres currently compete in the National League (NL) West division. The Padres first played their home games at San Diego Stadium, now called Qualcomm Stadium, and formerly called Jack Murphy Stadium, until 2003, when they moved into Petco Park. The first game of the new baseball season for a team is played on Opening Day, and being named the Opening Day starter is an honor, which is often given to the player who is expected to lead the pitching staff that season, though there are various strategic reasons why a team's best pitcher might not start on Opening Day. The Padres have used 24 different Opening Day starting pitchers in their 42 seasons. The 24 starters have a combined Opening Day record of 15 wins, 14 losses and 13 no decisions. No decisions are only awarded to the starting pitcher if the game is won or lost after the starting pitcher has left the game. The Padres' first Opening Day starting pitcher was Dick Selma, who received a win against the Houston Astros. Randy Jones, Eric Show and Jake Peavy tie the Padres' record for most Opening Day starts with four. Peavy has the most consecutive Opening Day starts with four (2006–2009). Jones and Andy Benes each have had three consecutive Opening Day starts. Benes has the most consecutive Opening Day losses with three from 1993 to 1995. Overall, the Padres' Opening Day starting pitchers have a record of eight wins and five losses at, what was now known, Qualcomm Stadium, and two wins and one loss at Petco Park. In addition, although the Padres were nominally the home team on Opening Day 1999, the game was played in Estadio de Béisbol Monterrey in Monterrey, Mexico. The Padres' Opening Day starting pitchers' combined home record is eleven wins and six losses, and their away record is four wins and eight losses. The Padres went on to play in the MLB post-season five times, winning the National League Championship Series (NLCS) in 1984 and 1998. In those five seasons, the Opening Day starting pitchers had a combined record of three wins and 0 losses. Key Petco Park, the team's home stadium since 2004 Season Each year is linked to an article about that particular Padres season. W Win L Loss ND (W) No decision by starting pitcher; Padres won game ND (L) No decision by starting pitcher; Padres lost game Final score (#) Game score with Padres runs listed first; extra innings are in brackets Location Stadium in bold for home game Pitcher (#) Number of appearances as Opening Day starter with the Padres * Advanced to the post-season ** Won the National League Championship Series Pitchers Andy Benes, the Opening Day starting pitcher in 1993, 1994, and 1995 Season Pitcher Decision Finalscore Opponent Location Attendance Ref. 1969 Dick Selma W 2–1 Houston Astros San Diego Stadium 23,370 1970 Pat Dobson W 8–3 Atlanta Braves San Diego Stadium 25,125 1971 Tom Phoebus L 0–4 San Francisco Giants San Diego Stadium 34,554 1972 Clay Kirby W 6–5 Atlanta Braves San Diego Stadium 16,655 1973 Clay Kirby (2) W 4–2 Los Angeles Dodgers San Diego Stadium 32,019 1974 Bill Greif L 0–8 Los Angeles Dodgers Dodger Stadium 31,566 1975 Randy Jones ND (L) 0–2 (10) San Francisco Giants San Diego Stadium 17,670 1976 Randy Jones (2) W 8–2 Atlanta Braves San Diego Stadium 44,728 1977 Randy Jones (3) L 3–5 Cincinnati Reds Riverfront Stadium 51,937 1978 Gaylord Perry ND (W) 3–2 San Francisco Giants Candlestick Park 36,131 1979 Gaylord Perry (2) W 4–3 Los Angeles Dodgers Dodger Stadium 46,536 1980 Randy Jones (4) W 6–4 San Francisco Giants San Diego Stadium 29,535 1981 John Curtis ND (W) 4–1 San Francisco Giants Candlestick Park 54,520 1982 Juan Eichelberger L 0–1 Atlanta Braves Jack Murphy Stadium 30,188 1983 Tim Lollar W 16–13 San Francisco Giants Candlestick Park 50,542 1984** Eric Show W 5–1 Pittsburgh Pirates Jack Murphy Stadium 44,553 1985 LaMarr Hoyt ND (L) 3–4 San Francisco Giants Candlestick Park 52,714 1986 Eric Show (2) L 1–2 Los Angeles Dodgers Dodger Stadium 49,444 1987 Eric Show (3) ND (L) 3–4 (12) San Francisco Giants Candlestick Park 52,020 1988 Ed Whitson ND (L) 3–6 Houston Astros Astrodome 39,906 1989 Eric Show (4) L 3–5 San Francisco Giants Jack Murphy Stadium 52,763 1990 Bruce Hurst L 2–4 Los Angeles Dodgers Dodger Stadium 48,686 1991 Ed Whitson (2) ND (W) 7–4 San Francisco Giants Jack Murphy Stadium 48,089 1992 Bruce Hurst (2) ND (W) 4–3 Cincinnati Reds Riverfront Stadium 55,356 1993 Andy Benes L 4–9 Pittsburgh Pirates Three Rivers Stadium 44,103 1994 Andy Benes (2) L 1–4 Atlanta Braves Jack Murphy Stadium 42,251 1995 Andy Benes (3) L 2–10 Houston Astros Jack Murphy Stadium 41,961 1996* Andy Ashby ND (L) 4–5 (10) Chicago Cubs Wrigley Field 38,734 1997 Joey Hamilton W 12–5 New York Mets Jack Murphy Stadium 43,005 1998** Kevin Brown W 10–2 Cincinnati Reds Cinergy Field 54,578 1999 Andy Ashby (2) L 2–8 Colorado Rockies Estadio de Béisbol Monterrey 27,104 2000 Sterling Hitchcock ND (L) 1–2 New York Mets Shea Stadium 52,308 2001 Woody Williams L 2–3 San Francisco Giants Pacific Bell Park 40,930 2002 Kevin Jarvis ND (W) 0–2 Arizona Diamondbacks Chase Field 47,025 2003 Brian Lawrence ND (L) 2–5 San Francisco Giants Qualcomm Stadium 61,707 2004 Brian Lawrence (2) W 8–2 Los Angeles Dodgers Dodger Stadium 53,850 2005* Woody Williams (2) ND (L) 10–12 Colorado Rockies Coors Field 47,661 2006* Jake Peavy W 6–1 San Francisco Giants Petco Park 43,767 2007 Jake Peavy (2) W 7–0 San Francisco Giants AT&T Park 42,773 2008 Jake Peavy (3) W 4–0 Houston Astros Petco Park 44,965 2009 Jake Peavy (4) L 1–4 Los Angeles Dodgers Petco Park 45,496 2010 Jon Garland L 3–6 Arizona Diamondbacks Chase Field 49,192 2011 Tim Stauffer ND (W) 5–3 St. Louis Cardinals Busch Stadium 46,368 2012 Edinson Volquez L 3–5 Los Angeles Dodgers Petco Park 42,941 2013 Edinson Volquez (2) L 2–11 New York Mets Citi Field 41,053 2014 Andrew Cashner ND (W) 3–1 Los Angeles Dodgers Petco Park 45,567 2015 James Shields ND (L) 3–6 Los Angeles Dodgers Dodger Stadium 53,518 2016 Tyson Ross L 0–15 Los Angeles Dodgers Petco Park 44,317 2017 Jhoulys Chacín L 3–14 Los Angeles Dodgers Dodger Stadium 53,701 2018 Clayton Richard ND (L) 1–2 (12) Milwaukee Brewers Petco Park 44,659 2019 Eric Lauer W 2–0 San Francisco Giants Petco Park 44,655 2020* Chris Paddack W 7–2 Arizona Diamondbacks Petco Park 0 2021 Yu Darvish ND (W) 8–7 Arizona Diamondbacks Petco Park 10,350 2022* Yu Darvish (2) ND (L) 2–4 Arizona Diamondbacks Chase Field 35,508 2023 Blake Snell L 2–7 Colorado Rockies Petco Park 45,103 2024 Yu Darvish (3) ND (L) 2–5 Los Angeles Dodgers Gocheok Sky Dome 15,952 References ^ "Padres Ballparks". MLB.com. Retrieved 2008-10-11. ^ Bastian, Jordan (March 22, 2010). "Marcum tapped for Jays' Opening Day". MLB.com. Retrieved September 26, 2010. ^ Dilbeck, Steve (February 24, 2014). "Dodgers may not start Clayton Kershaw in Sydney". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved February 25, 2014. ^ a b "Apr 4, 1999, Rockies at Padres Play by Play and Box Score". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2008-10-18. ^ "San Diego Padres History & Encyclopedia". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2008-10-11. ^ "San Diego Padres Opening Day Starters and Results". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2008-10-11. ^ "Padres Opening Day Lineups". MLB.com. Retrieved 2008-10-11. ^ "Apr 8, 1969, Astros at Padres Play by Play and Box Score". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2008-10-18. ^ "Apr 7, 1970, Braves at Padres Play by Play and Box Score". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2008-10-18. ^ "Apr 6, 1971, Giants at Padres Play by Play and Box Score". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2008-10-18. ^ "Apr 15, 1972, Braves at Padres Box Score and Play by Play". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2008-10-18. ^ "Apr 6, 1973, Dodgers at Padres Play by Play and Box Score". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2008-10-18. ^ "Apr 5, 1974, Padres at Dodgers Box Score and Play by Play". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2008-10-18. ^ "Apr 10, 1975, Giants at Padres Play by Play and Box Score". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2008-10-18. ^ "Apr 9, 1976, Braves at Padres Box Score and Play by Play". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2008-10-18. ^ "Apr 6, 1977, Padres at Reds Play by Play and Box Score". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2008-10-18. ^ "Apr 7, 1978, Padres at Giants Box Score and Play by Play". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2008-10-18. ^ "Apr 5, 1979, Padres at Dodgers Play by Play and Box Score". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2008-10-18. ^ "Apr 10, 1980, Giants at Padres Box Score and Play by Play". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2008-10-18. ^ "Apr 9, 1981, Padres at Giants Play by Play and Box Score". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2008-10-18. ^ "Apr 6, 1982, Braves at Padres Box Score and Play by Play". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2008-10-18. ^ "Apr 5, 1983, Padres at Giants Play by Play and Box Score". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2008-10-18. ^ "Apr 3, 1984, Pirates at Padres Box Score and Play by Play". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2008-10-18. ^ "Apr 9, 1985, Padres at Giants Play by Play and Box Score". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2008-10-18. ^ "Apr 7, 1986, Padres at Dodgers Box Score and Play by Play". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2008-10-18. ^ "Apr 6, 1987, Padres at Giants Play by Play and Box Score". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2008-10-18. ^ "Apr 5, 1988, Padres at Astros Box Score and Play by Play". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2008-10-18. ^ "Apr 3, 1989, Giants at Padres Play by Play and Box Score". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2008-10-18. ^ "Apr 9, 1990, Padres at Dodgers Box Score and Play by Play". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2008-10-18. ^ "Apr 9, 1991, Giants at Padres Play by Play and Box Score". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2008-10-18. ^ "Apr 6, 1992, Padres at Reds Box Score and Play by Play". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2008-10-18. ^ "Apr 6, 1993, Padres at Pirates Play by Play and Box Score". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2008-10-18. ^ "Apr 4, 1994, Braves at Padres Box Score and Play by Play". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2008-10-18. ^ "Apr 26, 1995, Astros at Padres Play by Play and Box Score". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2008-10-18. ^ "Apr 1, 1996, Padres at Cubs Box Score and Play by Play". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2008-10-18. ^ "Apr 1, 1997, Mets at Padres Play by Play and Box Score". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2008-10-18. ^ "Mar 31, 1998, Padres at Reds Box Score and Play by Play". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2008-10-18. ^ "Apr 3, 2000, Padres at Mets Box Score and Play by Play". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2008-10-18. ^ "Apr 2, 2001, Padres at Giants Play by Play and Box Score". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2008-10-18. ^ "Apr 1, 2002, Padres at Diamondbacks Box Score and Play by Play". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2008-10-18. ^ "Mar 31, 2003, Giants at Padres Play by Play and Box Score". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2008-10-18. ^ "Apr 5, 2004, Padres at Dodgers Box Score and Play by Play". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2008-10-18. ^ "Apr 4, 2005, Padres at Rockies Play by Play and Box Score". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2008-10-18. ^ "Apr 3, 2006, Giants at Padres Box Score and Play by Play". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2008-10-18. ^ "Apr 3, 2007, Padres at Giants Play by Play and Box Score". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2008-10-18. ^ "Peavy tallies RBIs, win". MLB.com. Retrieved 2008-10-11. ^ "LA Dodgers 4, San Diego 1". Yahoo!. Retrieved 2009-04-06. ^ "Arizona 6, San Diego 3". Yahoo!. Retrieved 2010-04-06. ^ "San Diego Padres vs. St. Louis Cardinals – Box Score – March 31, 2011 – ESPN". ESPN. Archived from the original on April 4, 2011. Retrieved 2011-04-01. ^ "Los Angeles Dodgers vs. San Diego Padres – Box Score – April 05, 2012 – ESPN". ESPN. Retrieved 2012-04-06. ^ "New York Mets vs. San Diego Padres – Box Score – April 01, 2013 – ESPN". ESPN. Retrieved May 23, 2013. ^ "March 30, 2014, Los Angeles Dodgers at San Diego Padres Play by Play and Box Score". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2018-04-01. ^ "April 6, 2015, San Diego Padres at Los Angeles Dodgers Play by Play and Box Score". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2018-04-01. ^ "April 4, 2016, Los Angeles Dodgers at San Diego Padres Play by Play and Box Score". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2018-04-01. ^ "April 3, 2017, San Diego Padres at Los Angeles Dodgers Play by Play and Box Score". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2018-04-01. ^ "March 29, 2018, Milwaukee Brewers at San Diego Padres Play by Play and Box Score". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2018-04-01. ^ "March 28, 2019, San Francisco Giants at San Diego Padres Play by Play and Box Score". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2019-04-24. ^ "Arizona Diamondbacks at San Diego Padres Box Score, July 24, 2020". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2020-11-23. ^ "Arizona Diamondbacks at San Diego Padres Box Score, April 1, 2021". Baseball Reference. Retrieved April 10, 2021. ^ "San Diego Padres at Arizona Diamondbacks Box Score, April 7, 2022". Baseball Reference. Retrieved May 29, 2022. ^ "Colorado Rockies at San Diego Padres Box Score, March 30, 2023". Baseball Reference. Retrieved March 30, 2023. ^ "Los Angeles Dodgers at San Diego Padres Box Score, March 20, 2024". Baseball Reference. Retrieved March 20, 2024. vteMajor League Baseball Opening Day starting pitchers by teamAmerican LeagueEast Division Baltimore Orioles Boston Red Sox New York Yankees Tampa Bay Rays Toronto Blue Jays Central Division Chicago White Sox Cleveland Guardians Detroit Tigers Kansas City Royals Minnesota Twins West Division Houston Astros Los Angeles Angels Oakland Athletics Seattle Mariners Texas Rangers National LeagueEast Division Atlanta Braves Miami Marlins New York Mets Philadelphia Phillies Washington Nationals Central Division Chicago Cubs Cincinnati Reds Milwaukee Brewers Pittsburgh Pirates St. Louis Cardinals West Division Arizona Diamondbacks Colorado Rockies Los Angeles Dodgers San Diego Padres San Francisco Giants Relocated teamsBoston and Milwaukee Braves · Brooklyn Dodgers · Montreal Expos · New York Giants · Philadelphia and Kansas City Athletics · St. Louis Browns · Washington SenatorsDefunct teamsBaltimore Orioles (19th century) · Cleveland Spiders · Detroit Wolverines · Louisville Colonels · Providence Grays vteSan Diego Padres Established in 1969 Based in San Diego, California Franchise History Expansion and draft Seasons Players Managers Owners and executives Division Hall of Fame Award winners and league leaders Broadcasters First-round draft picks Opening Day starting pitchers Records Ballparks Qualcomm Stadium Petco Park Spring training Keegan Field Desert Sun Stadium Peoria Sports Complex Culture The Kid from Left Field An American Journey Pitch Gallagher Square San Diego Chicken San Diego Padres (PCL) Swinging Friar Trevor Time Rally Goose Lore "Oh, doctor!" 1984 NLCS Game 4 Padres-Braves bean-brawl Roseanne Barr sings national anthem Padres Paradise Series 2007 NL Wild Card tie-breaker game MLB China Series MLB Mexico City Series Rivalries Los Angeles Dodgers Key personnel Chairman: vacant General Manager: A. J. Preller Manager: Mike Shildt League pennants (2) 1984 1998 Division titles (5) 1984 1996 1998 2005 2006 Wild card berths (2) 2020 2022 Minor league affiliates Player overview Triple-A: El Paso Chihuahuas Double-A: San Antonio Missions High-A: Fort Wayne TinCaps Single-A: Lake Elsinore Storm Rookie: ACL Padres DSL Padres Brown DSL Padres Gold BroadcastingTelevision MLB-produced Radio La Poderosa 860 AM 97.3 FM The Fan Seasons (56)1960s 1960 · 1961 · 1962 · 1963 · 1964 · 1965 · 1966 · 1967 · 1968 · 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020s 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 vteSan Diego Padres Opening Day starting pitchers Andy Ashby Andy Benes Kevin Brown Andrew Cashner Jhoulys Chacín John Curtis Yu Darvish Pat Dobson Juan Eichelberger Jon Garland Bill Greif Joey Hamilton Sterling Hitchcock LaMarr Hoyt Bruce Hurst Kevin Jarvis Randy Jones Clay Kirby Eric Lauer Brian Lawrence Tim Lollar Chris Paddack Jake Peavy Gaylord Perry Tom Phoebus Clayton Richard Tyson Ross Dick Selma James Shields Eric Show Blake Snell Tim Stauffer Edinson Vólquez Ed Whitson Woody Williams
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jake_delivers.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jake Peavy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jake_Peavy"},{"link_name":"San Diego Padres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_Padres"},{"link_name":"Major League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"San Diego, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego"},{"link_name":"National League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_League_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_League_West"},{"link_name":"San Diego Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_Stadium"},{"link_name":"2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Major_League_Baseball_season"},{"link_name":"Petco Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petco_Park"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Opening Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opening_Day"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Opening Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opening_Day"},{"link_name":"starting pitchers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starting_pitcher"},{"link_name":"no decisions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Win%E2%80%93loss_record_(pitching)"},{"link_name":"Dick Selma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Selma"},{"link_name":"Houston Astros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Astros"},{"link_name":"Randy Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy_Jones_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Eric Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Show"},{"link_name":"Jake Peavy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jake_Peavy"},{"link_name":"2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_San_Diego_Padres_season"},{"link_name":"2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_San_Diego_Padres_season"},{"link_name":"Andy Benes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Benes"},{"link_name":"1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_Major_League_Baseball_season"},{"link_name":"1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_Major_League_Baseball_season"},{"link_name":"Estadio de Béisbol Monterrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estadio_de_B%C3%A9isbol_Monterrey"},{"link_name":"Monterrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monterrey"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a1999-4"},{"link_name":"MLB post-season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball_postseason"},{"link_name":"National League Championship Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_League_Championship_Series"},{"link_name":"1984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_National_League_Championship_Series"},{"link_name":"1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_National_League_Championship_Series"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Jake Peavy, the Opening Day starting pitcher 2006–09The San Diego Padres are a Major League Baseball (MLB) team based in San Diego, California. The Padres currently compete in the National League (NL) West division. The Padres first played their home games at San Diego Stadium, now called Qualcomm Stadium, and formerly called Jack Murphy Stadium, until 2003, when they moved into Petco Park.[1] The first game of the new baseball season for a team is played on Opening Day, and being named the Opening Day starter is an honor, which is often given to the player who is expected to lead the pitching staff that season,[2] though there are various strategic reasons why a team's best pitcher might not start on Opening Day.[3] The Padres have used 24 different Opening Day starting pitchers in their 42 seasons. The 24 starters have a combined Opening Day record of 15 wins, 14 losses and 13 no decisions. No decisions are only awarded to the starting pitcher if the game is won or lost after the starting pitcher has left the game.The Padres' first Opening Day starting pitcher was Dick Selma, who received a win against the Houston Astros. Randy Jones, Eric Show and Jake Peavy tie the Padres' record for most Opening Day starts with four. Peavy has the most consecutive Opening Day starts with four (2006–2009). Jones and Andy Benes each have had three consecutive Opening Day starts. Benes has the most consecutive Opening Day losses with three from 1993 to 1995.Overall, the Padres' Opening Day starting pitchers have a record of eight wins and five losses at, what was now known, Qualcomm Stadium, and two wins and one loss at Petco Park. In addition, although the Padres were nominally the home team on Opening Day 1999, the game was played in Estadio de Béisbol Monterrey in Monterrey, Mexico.[4] The Padres' Opening Day starting pitchers' combined home record is eleven wins and six losses, and their away record is four wins and eight losses. The Padres went on to play in the MLB post-season five times, winning the National League Championship Series (NLCS) in 1984 and 1998.[5] In those five seasons, the Opening Day starting pitchers had a combined record of three wins and 0 losses.","title":"List of San Diego Padres Opening Day starting pitchers"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Petco_Park_Interior.JPG"},{"link_name":"Petco Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petco_Park"}],"text":"Petco Park, the team's home stadium since 2004","title":"Key"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Andy_Benes.jpg"},{"link_name":"Andy Benes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Benes"}],"text":"Andy Benes, the Opening Day starting pitcher in 1993, 1994, and 1995","title":"Pitchers"}]
[{"image_text":"Jake Peavy, the Opening Day starting pitcher 2006–09","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Jake_delivers.jpg/170px-Jake_delivers.jpg"},{"image_text":"Petco Park, the team's home stadium since 2004","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Petco_Park_Interior.JPG/220px-Petco_Park_Interior.JPG"},{"image_text":"Andy Benes, the Opening Day starting pitcher in 1993, 1994, and 1995","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Andy_Benes.jpg/170px-Andy_Benes.jpg"}]
null
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Retrieved 2008-10-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/teams/SD/opening.shtml","url_text":"\"San Diego Padres Opening Day Starters and Results\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball-Reference.com","url_text":"Baseball-Reference.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Padres Opening Day Lineups\". MLB.com. Retrieved 2008-10-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://sandiego.padres.mlb.com/sd/history/opening_day_lineups.jsp","url_text":"\"Padres Opening Day Lineups\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLB.com","url_text":"MLB.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Apr 8, 1969, Astros at Padres Play by Play and Box Score\". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2008-10-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/SDN/SDN196904080.shtml","url_text":"\"Apr 8, 1969, Astros at Padres Play by Play and Box Score\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball-Reference.com","url_text":"Baseball-Reference.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Apr 7, 1970, Braves at Padres Play by Play and Box Score\". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2008-10-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/SDN/SDN197004070.shtml","url_text":"\"Apr 7, 1970, Braves at Padres Play by Play and Box Score\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball-Reference.com","url_text":"Baseball-Reference.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Apr 6, 1971, Giants at Padres Play by Play and Box Score\". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2008-10-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/SDN/SDN197104060.shtml","url_text":"\"Apr 6, 1971, Giants at Padres Play by Play and Box Score\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball-Reference.com","url_text":"Baseball-Reference.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Apr 15, 1972, Braves at Padres Box Score and Play by Play\". Baseball-Reference.com. 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Retrieved 2008-10-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/SDN/SDN197604090.shtml","url_text":"\"Apr 9, 1976, Braves at Padres Box Score and Play by Play\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball-Reference.com","url_text":"Baseball-Reference.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Apr 6, 1977, Padres at Reds Play by Play and Box Score\". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2008-10-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/CIN/CIN197704060.shtml","url_text":"\"Apr 6, 1977, Padres at Reds Play by Play and Box Score\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball-Reference.com","url_text":"Baseball-Reference.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Apr 7, 1978, Padres at Giants Box Score and Play by Play\". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2008-10-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/SFN/SFN197804070.shtml","url_text":"\"Apr 7, 1978, Padres at Giants Box Score and Play by Play\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball-Reference.com","url_text":"Baseball-Reference.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Apr 5, 1979, Padres at Dodgers Play by Play and Box Score\". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2008-10-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/LAN/LAN197904050.shtml","url_text":"\"Apr 5, 1979, Padres at Dodgers Play by Play and Box Score\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball-Reference.com","url_text":"Baseball-Reference.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Apr 10, 1980, Giants at Padres Box Score and Play by Play\". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2008-10-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/SDN/SDN198004100.shtml","url_text":"\"Apr 10, 1980, Giants at Padres Box Score and Play by Play\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball-Reference.com","url_text":"Baseball-Reference.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Apr 9, 1981, Padres at Giants Play by Play and Box Score\". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2008-10-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/SFN/SFN198104090.shtml","url_text":"\"Apr 9, 1981, Padres at Giants Play by Play and Box Score\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball-Reference.com","url_text":"Baseball-Reference.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Apr 6, 1982, Braves at Padres Box Score and Play by Play\". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2008-10-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/SDN/SDN198204060.shtml","url_text":"\"Apr 6, 1982, Braves at Padres Box Score and Play by Play\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball-Reference.com","url_text":"Baseball-Reference.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Apr 5, 1983, Padres at Giants Play by Play and Box Score\". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2008-10-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/SFN/SFN198304050.shtml","url_text":"\"Apr 5, 1983, Padres at Giants Play by Play and Box Score\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball-Reference.com","url_text":"Baseball-Reference.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Apr 3, 1984, Pirates at Padres Box Score and Play by Play\". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2008-10-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/SDN/SDN198404030.shtml","url_text":"\"Apr 3, 1984, Pirates at Padres Box Score and Play by Play\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball-Reference.com","url_text":"Baseball-Reference.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Apr 9, 1985, Padres at Giants Play by Play and Box Score\". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2008-10-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/SFN/SFN198504090.shtml","url_text":"\"Apr 9, 1985, Padres at Giants Play by Play and Box Score\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball-Reference.com","url_text":"Baseball-Reference.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Apr 7, 1986, Padres at Dodgers Box Score and Play by Play\". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2008-10-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/LAN/LAN198604070.shtml","url_text":"\"Apr 7, 1986, Padres at Dodgers Box Score and Play by Play\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball-Reference.com","url_text":"Baseball-Reference.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Apr 6, 1987, Padres at Giants Play by Play and Box Score\". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2008-10-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/SFN/SFN198704060.shtml","url_text":"\"Apr 6, 1987, Padres at Giants Play by Play and Box Score\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball-Reference.com","url_text":"Baseball-Reference.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Apr 5, 1988, Padres at Astros Box Score and Play by Play\". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2008-10-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/HOU/HOU198804050.shtml","url_text":"\"Apr 5, 1988, Padres at Astros Box Score and Play by Play\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball-Reference.com","url_text":"Baseball-Reference.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Apr 3, 1989, Giants at Padres Play by Play and Box Score\". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2008-10-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/SDN/SDN198904030.shtml","url_text":"\"Apr 3, 1989, Giants at Padres Play by Play and Box Score\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball-Reference.com","url_text":"Baseball-Reference.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Apr 9, 1990, Padres at Dodgers Box Score and Play by Play\". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2008-10-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/LAN/LAN199004090.shtml","url_text":"\"Apr 9, 1990, Padres at Dodgers Box Score and Play by Play\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball-Reference.com","url_text":"Baseball-Reference.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Apr 9, 1991, Giants at Padres Play by Play and Box Score\". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2008-10-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/SDN/SDN199104090.shtml","url_text":"\"Apr 9, 1991, Giants at Padres Play by Play and Box Score\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball-Reference.com","url_text":"Baseball-Reference.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Apr 6, 1992, Padres at Reds Box Score and Play by Play\". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2008-10-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/CIN/CIN199204060.shtml","url_text":"\"Apr 6, 1992, Padres at Reds Box Score and Play by Play\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball-Reference.com","url_text":"Baseball-Reference.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Apr 6, 1993, Padres at Pirates Play by Play and Box Score\". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2008-10-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/PIT/PIT199304060.shtml","url_text":"\"Apr 6, 1993, Padres at Pirates Play by Play and Box Score\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball-Reference.com","url_text":"Baseball-Reference.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Apr 4, 1994, Braves at Padres Box Score and Play by Play\". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2008-10-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/SDN/SDN199404040.shtml","url_text":"\"Apr 4, 1994, Braves at Padres Box Score and Play by Play\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball-Reference.com","url_text":"Baseball-Reference.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Apr 26, 1995, Astros at Padres Play by Play and Box Score\". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2008-10-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/SDN/SDN199504260.shtml","url_text":"\"Apr 26, 1995, Astros at Padres Play by Play and Box Score\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball-Reference.com","url_text":"Baseball-Reference.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Apr 1, 1996, Padres at Cubs Box Score and Play by Play\". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2008-10-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/CHN/CHN199604010.shtml","url_text":"\"Apr 1, 1996, Padres at Cubs Box Score and Play by Play\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball-Reference.com","url_text":"Baseball-Reference.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Apr 1, 1997, Mets at Padres Play by Play and Box Score\". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2008-10-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/SDN/SDN199704010.shtml","url_text":"\"Apr 1, 1997, Mets at Padres Play by Play and Box Score\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball-Reference.com","url_text":"Baseball-Reference.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Mar 31, 1998, Padres at Reds Box Score and Play by Play\". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2008-10-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/CIN/CIN199803310.shtml","url_text":"\"Mar 31, 1998, Padres at Reds Box Score and Play by Play\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball-Reference.com","url_text":"Baseball-Reference.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Apr 3, 2000, Padres at Mets Box Score and Play by Play\". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2008-10-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/NYN/NYN200004030.shtml","url_text":"\"Apr 3, 2000, Padres at Mets Box Score and Play by Play\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball-Reference.com","url_text":"Baseball-Reference.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Apr 2, 2001, Padres at Giants Play by Play and Box Score\". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2008-10-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/SFN/SFN200104020.shtml","url_text":"\"Apr 2, 2001, Padres at Giants Play by Play and Box Score\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball-Reference.com","url_text":"Baseball-Reference.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Apr 1, 2002, Padres at Diamondbacks Box Score and Play by Play\". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2008-10-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/ARI/ARI200204010.shtml","url_text":"\"Apr 1, 2002, Padres at Diamondbacks Box Score and Play by Play\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball-Reference.com","url_text":"Baseball-Reference.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Mar 31, 2003, Giants at Padres Play by Play and Box Score\". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2008-10-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/SDN/SDN200303310.shtml","url_text":"\"Mar 31, 2003, Giants at Padres Play by Play and Box Score\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball-Reference.com","url_text":"Baseball-Reference.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Apr 5, 2004, Padres at Dodgers Box Score and Play by Play\". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2008-10-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/LAN/LAN200404050.shtml","url_text":"\"Apr 5, 2004, Padres at Dodgers Box Score and Play by Play\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball-Reference.com","url_text":"Baseball-Reference.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Apr 4, 2005, Padres at Rockies Play by Play and Box Score\". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2008-10-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/COL/COL200504040.shtml","url_text":"\"Apr 4, 2005, Padres at Rockies Play by Play and Box Score\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball-Reference.com","url_text":"Baseball-Reference.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Apr 3, 2006, Giants at Padres Box Score and Play by Play\". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2008-10-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/SDN/SDN200604030.shtml","url_text":"\"Apr 3, 2006, Giants at Padres Box Score and Play by Play\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball-Reference.com","url_text":"Baseball-Reference.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Apr 3, 2007, Padres at Giants Play by Play and Box Score\". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2008-10-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/SFN/SFN200704030.shtml","url_text":"\"Apr 3, 2007, Padres at Giants Play by Play and Box Score\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball-Reference.com","url_text":"Baseball-Reference.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Peavy tallies RBIs, win\". MLB.com. Retrieved 2008-10-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://sandiego.padres.mlb.com/news/wrap.jsp?ymd=20080331&content_id=2476985&vkey=wrapup2005&fext=.jsp&team=home&c_id=sd","url_text":"\"Peavy tallies RBIs, win\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLB.com","url_text":"MLB.com"}]},{"reference":"\"LA Dodgers 4, San Diego 1\". Yahoo!. Retrieved 2009-04-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://sports.yahoo.com/mlb/boxscore?gid=290406125","url_text":"\"LA Dodgers 4, San Diego 1\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo!","url_text":"Yahoo!"}]},{"reference":"\"Arizona 6, San Diego 3\". Yahoo!. Retrieved 2010-04-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://sports.yahoo.com/mlb/boxscore?gid=300405129","url_text":"\"Arizona 6, San Diego 3\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo!","url_text":"Yahoo!"}]},{"reference":"\"San Diego Padres vs. St. Louis Cardinals – Box Score – March 31, 2011 – ESPN\". ESPN. Archived from the original on April 4, 2011. Retrieved 2011-04-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110404094752/http://scores.espn.go.com/mlb/boxscore?gameId=310331124&teams=san-diego-padres-vs-st.-louis-cardinals","url_text":"\"San Diego Padres vs. St. Louis Cardinals – Box Score – March 31, 2011 – ESPN\""},{"url":"http://scores.espn.go.com/mlb/boxscore?gameId=310331124&teams=san-diego-padres-vs-st.-louis-cardinals","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Los Angeles Dodgers vs. San Diego Padres – Box Score – April 05, 2012 – ESPN\". ESPN. Retrieved 2012-04-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://scores.espn.go.com/mlb/boxscore?gameId=320405125&teams=los-angeles-dodgers-vs-san-diego-padres","url_text":"\"Los Angeles Dodgers vs. San Diego Padres – Box Score – April 05, 2012 – ESPN\""}]},{"reference":"\"New York Mets vs. San Diego Padres – Box Score – April 01, 2013 – ESPN\". ESPN. Retrieved May 23, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://espn.go.com/mlb/recap?id=330401121","url_text":"\"New York Mets vs. San Diego Padres – Box Score – April 01, 2013 – ESPN\""}]},{"reference":"\"March 30, 2014, Los Angeles Dodgers at San Diego Padres Play by Play and Box Score\". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2018-04-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/SDN/SDN201403300.shtml","url_text":"\"March 30, 2014, Los Angeles Dodgers at San Diego Padres Play by Play and Box Score\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball-Reference.com","url_text":"Baseball-Reference.com"}]},{"reference":"\"April 6, 2015, San Diego Padres at Los Angeles Dodgers Play by Play and Box Score\". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2018-04-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/LAN/LAN201504060.shtml","url_text":"\"April 6, 2015, San Diego Padres at Los Angeles Dodgers Play by Play and Box Score\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball-Reference.com","url_text":"Baseball-Reference.com"}]},{"reference":"\"April 4, 2016, Los Angeles Dodgers at San Diego Padres Play by Play and Box Score\". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2018-04-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/SDN/SDN201604040.shtml","url_text":"\"April 4, 2016, Los Angeles Dodgers at San Diego Padres Play by Play and Box Score\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball-Reference.com","url_text":"Baseball-Reference.com"}]},{"reference":"\"April 3, 2017, San Diego Padres at Los Angeles Dodgers Play by Play and Box Score\". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2018-04-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/LAN/LAN201704030.shtml","url_text":"\"April 3, 2017, San Diego Padres at Los Angeles Dodgers Play by Play and Box Score\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball-Reference.com","url_text":"Baseball-Reference.com"}]},{"reference":"\"March 29, 2018, Milwaukee Brewers at San Diego Padres Play by Play and Box Score\". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2018-04-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/SDN/SDN201803290.shtml","url_text":"\"March 29, 2018, Milwaukee Brewers at San Diego Padres Play by Play and Box Score\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball-Reference.com","url_text":"Baseball-Reference.com"}]},{"reference":"\"March 28, 2019, San Francisco Giants at San Diego Padres Play by Play and Box Score\". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2019-04-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/SDN/SDN201903280.shtml","url_text":"\"March 28, 2019, San Francisco Giants at San Diego Padres Play by Play and Box Score\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball-Reference.com","url_text":"Baseball-Reference.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Arizona Diamondbacks at San Diego Padres Box Score, July 24, 2020\". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2020-11-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/SDN/SDN202007240.shtml","url_text":"\"Arizona Diamondbacks at San Diego Padres Box Score, July 24, 2020\""}]},{"reference":"\"Arizona Diamondbacks at San Diego Padres Box Score, April 1, 2021\". Baseball Reference. Retrieved April 10, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/SDN/SDN202104010.shtml","url_text":"\"Arizona Diamondbacks at San Diego Padres Box Score, April 1, 2021\""}]},{"reference":"\"San Diego Padres at Arizona Diamondbacks Box Score, April 7, 2022\". Baseball Reference. Retrieved May 29, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/ARI/ARI202204070.shtml","url_text":"\"San Diego Padres at Arizona Diamondbacks Box Score, April 7, 2022\""}]},{"reference":"\"Colorado Rockies at San Diego Padres Box Score, March 30, 2023\". Baseball Reference. Retrieved March 30, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/SDN/SDN202303300.shtml","url_text":"\"Colorado Rockies at San Diego Padres Box Score, March 30, 2023\""}]},{"reference":"\"Los Angeles Dodgers at San Diego Padres Box Score, March 20, 2024\". Baseball Reference. Retrieved March 20, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/SDN/SDN202403200.shtml","url_text":"\"Los Angeles Dodgers at San Diego Padres Box Score, March 20, 2024\""}]}]
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Score\""},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/LAN/LAN198604070.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Apr 7, 1986, Padres at Dodgers Box Score and Play by Play\""},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/SFN/SFN198704060.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Apr 6, 1987, Padres at Giants Play by Play and Box Score\""},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/HOU/HOU198804050.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Apr 5, 1988, Padres at Astros Box Score and Play by Play\""},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/SDN/SDN198904030.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Apr 3, 1989, Giants at Padres Play by Play and Box Score\""},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/LAN/LAN199004090.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Apr 9, 1990, Padres at Dodgers Box Score and Play by Play\""},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/SDN/SDN199104090.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Apr 9, 1991, Giants at Padres Play by Play and Box Score\""},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/CIN/CIN199204060.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Apr 6, 1992, Padres at Reds Box Score and Play by Play\""},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/PIT/PIT199304060.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Apr 6, 1993, Padres at Pirates Play by Play and Box Score\""},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/SDN/SDN199404040.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Apr 4, 1994, Braves at Padres Box Score and Play by Play\""},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/SDN/SDN199504260.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Apr 26, 1995, Astros at Padres Play by Play and Box Score\""},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/CHN/CHN199604010.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Apr 1, 1996, Padres at Cubs Box Score and Play by Play\""},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/SDN/SDN199704010.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Apr 1, 1997, Mets at Padres Play by Play and Box Score\""},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/CIN/CIN199803310.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Mar 31, 1998, Padres at Reds Box Score and Play by Play\""},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/NYN/NYN200004030.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Apr 3, 2000, Padres at Mets Box Score and Play by Play\""},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/SFN/SFN200104020.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Apr 2, 2001, Padres at Giants Play by Play and Box Score\""},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/ARI/ARI200204010.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Apr 1, 2002, Padres at Diamondbacks Box Score and Play by Play\""},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/SDN/SDN200303310.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Mar 31, 2003, Giants at Padres Play by Play and Box Score\""},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/LAN/LAN200404050.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Apr 5, 2004, Padres at Dodgers Box Score and Play by 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3\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110404094752/http://scores.espn.go.com/mlb/boxscore?gameId=310331124&teams=san-diego-padres-vs-st.-louis-cardinals","external_links_name":"\"San Diego Padres vs. St. Louis Cardinals – Box Score – March 31, 2011 – ESPN\""},{"Link":"http://scores.espn.go.com/mlb/boxscore?gameId=310331124&teams=san-diego-padres-vs-st.-louis-cardinals","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://scores.espn.go.com/mlb/boxscore?gameId=320405125&teams=los-angeles-dodgers-vs-san-diego-padres","external_links_name":"\"Los Angeles Dodgers vs. San Diego Padres – Box Score – April 05, 2012 – ESPN\""},{"Link":"http://espn.go.com/mlb/recap?id=330401121","external_links_name":"\"New York Mets vs. San Diego Padres – Box Score – April 01, 2013 – ESPN\""},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/SDN/SDN201403300.shtml","external_links_name":"\"March 30, 2014, Los Angeles Dodgers at San Diego Padres Play by Play and Box Score\""},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/LAN/LAN201504060.shtml","external_links_name":"\"April 6, 2015, San Diego Padres at Los Angeles Dodgers Play by Play and Box Score\""},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/SDN/SDN201604040.shtml","external_links_name":"\"April 4, 2016, Los Angeles Dodgers at San Diego Padres Play by Play and Box Score\""},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/LAN/LAN201704030.shtml","external_links_name":"\"April 3, 2017, San Diego Padres at Los Angeles Dodgers Play by Play and Box Score\""},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/SDN/SDN201803290.shtml","external_links_name":"\"March 29, 2018, Milwaukee Brewers at San Diego Padres Play by Play and Box Score\""},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/SDN/SDN201903280.shtml","external_links_name":"\"March 28, 2019, San Francisco Giants at San Diego Padres Play by Play and Box Score\""},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/SDN/SDN202007240.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Arizona Diamondbacks at San Diego Padres Box Score, July 24, 2020\""},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/SDN/SDN202104010.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Arizona Diamondbacks at San Diego Padres Box Score, April 1, 2021\""},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/ARI/ARI202204070.shtml","external_links_name":"\"San Diego Padres at Arizona Diamondbacks Box Score, April 7, 2022\""},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/SDN/SDN202303300.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Colorado Rockies at San Diego Padres Box Score, March 30, 2023\""},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/SDN/SDN202403200.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Los Angeles Dodgers at San Diego Padres Box Score, March 20, 2024\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altnurga_Nature_Reserve
Altnurga Nature Reserve
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 58°33′N 26°23′E / 58.55°N 26.38°E / 58.55; 26.38Protected area in Estonia Altnurga Nature ReserveLocationEstoniaCoordinates58°33′N 26°23′E / 58.55°N 26.38°E / 58.55; 26.38Area98 haEstablished2015 Altnurga Nature Reserve is a nature reserve which is located in Jõgeva County, Estonia. The area of the nature reserve is 98 ha. The protected area was founded in 2015 to protect valuable habitat types and threatened species in Altnurga village (former Puurmani Parish). References ^ a b "Altnurga looduskaitseala kaitse-eeskiri – Riigi Teataja". www.riigiteataja.ee. Retrieved 5 April 2021. ^ "Altnurga Looduskaitseala". Protected Planet. Retrieved 2 April 2021. vteNature reserves of Estonia (Detailed list)Harju Alema Anija Kämbla Laukesoo Maapaju Mahtra Muraste Niinsoni Põhja-Kõrvemaa Orkjärve Paraspõllu Parila Ruila Suure-Aru Suurupi Ülgase Hiiu Hüti Kalana Kukka Kõpu Kõrgessaare Leigri Paope Pihla-Kaibaldi Tahkuna Tihu Ida-Viru Agusalu Muraka Puhatu Selisoo Järva Iidva Kareda Kurisoo Nõmme Mire Prandi Rumbi Silmsi Väätsa Jõgeva Aidu Altnurga Endla Kirikuraba Kivimurru Kärasi Mustallika Sopimetsa Tellise Võtikvere Lääne Leidissoo Marimetsa Nõva Silma Lääne-Viru Lasila Luusika Mahu-Rannametsa Ohepalu Paadenurme Sirtsi Suigu Toolse Tudusoo Uhtju Varangu Pärnu Audru Polder's Avaste Jäärumetsa Kabli Kalita Karinõmme Kergu Kihnu Islets Kikepera Kolga Kuiaru Laiksaare Lauaru Laulaste Lavassaare Lindi Luitemaa Lähkma Madissaare Metsaääre Mihkli Naissoo Nedrema Nehatu Nigula Nätsi-Võlla Paadrema Puhtu-Laelatu Pärnu Grasslands Sanga Siiraku Soo-otsa Sookuninga Sorgu Tolkuse Tuhu Vahenurme Vaiste Varbla Islets Vaskjõe Ännikse Põlva Akste Ihamaru Maruoru Meelva Valgesoo Veski Rapla Linnuraba Nabala-Tuhala Taarikõnnu Tillniidu Tõrasoo Vardi Saare Abruka Allirahu Haavassoo Kesknõmme Koimla Koorunõmme Laidevahe Laidu Island Liiva-Putla Pühametsa Rahuste Siplase Suuremõisa Bay Sääre Säärenõmme Teesu Viidumäe Viieristi Tartu Alam-Pedja Anne Järvselja Keeri-Karijärve Konguta Kärevere Padakõrve Peipsiveere Pähklisaare Raadi Ropka-Ihaste Välgi Valga Keisripalu Koorküla Riidaja Rubina Soontaga Tündre Viljandi Järveküla Kahvena Kurimetsa Lehtsaare Leppoja Maalasti Parika Raudna Võru Luhasoo Meenikunno Mõisamõtsa Parmu Piusa Caves Pähni Timmase
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junichi_Iijima
Junichi Iijima
["1 Biography","2 Publications","3 References","4 External links"]
Junichi Iijima (born August 28, 1954), Japanese, Enterprise Engineer and Professor of the Department of Industrial Management and Engineering at the Tokyo Institute of Technology in Japan. Biography Born in Hokkaido, Junichi Iijima in 1983 received his PhD in systems theory at the Tokyo Institute of Technology. In 1981 Junichi Iijima had started his academic career as assistant professor of the Department of Systems Science of the Tokyo Institute of Technology. He moved to the Tokyo Institute of Technology Department of Industrial Engineering and Management to become associate professor in 1991, and Full Professor of that department in 1996. He was also Dean of the Graduate School of Decision Science and Technology. Currently, he is the director of the Career Advancement Professional School and the director of CBEC (Cross-Boader Entrepreneur Cultivating) program. He is also in charge of Egypt E-JUST (Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology) in Tokyo Institute of Technology. Junichi Iijima's research interests are in the field of mathematical systems theory and information systems, more specific "decision support, group support, and organization-ware." In his own words: "I especially have a great interest on Information Systems Development Methodology aligned with Business Architecture, as well as mobile commerce and IT Investments. My philosophy is 'a rolling stone gathers no moss'..." His current interest is on DEMO (Design & Engineering Methodology for Organizations) and IT-CMF (IT Capability Maturity Framework). Publications Junichi Iijima has published numerous articles in the field. A selection: Yasuda, Hiroshi, and Junichi Iijima. "Linkage between strategic alliances and firm’s business strategy: the case of semiconductor industry." Technovation 25.5 (2005): 513–521. Enjo, Hidekazu, Motonari Tanabu, and Junichi Iijima. "A step toward foundation of class diagram algebra for enterprise service systems." Service Systems and Service Management, 2009. ICSSSM'09. 6th International Conference on. IEEE, 2009. Riera, Christian G., Dai Senoo, and Junichi IIjima. "A study of the effect of knowledge creating capabilities on corporate performance." International Journal of Knowledge Management Studies 3.1 (2009): 116–133. Jing Tang, LG Pee, Junichi Iijima: Business Process Orientation: An Empirical Study of Its Impact on Employees' Innovativeness. Business Process Management Workshops 2012: 451–464 Jan Dietz, Jan Hoogervorst, Junichi Iijima, Hans Mulder, Martin Op ’t Land, Erik Proper, José Tribolet, Jan Verelst, Robert Winter et al. (2013). "The discipline of enterprise engineering". International Journal of Organisational Design and Engineering, 3(1), 86–114. References ^ a b Enjo, Tanabu, and Iijima (2009, p. 260) ^ Riera, Senoo, and IIjima (2005, p. 521) ^ Professor Iijima, Junichi at me.titech.ac.jp. Accessed September 16, 2013. ^ Junichi Iijima at DBLP Bibliography Server External links Professor Iijima, Junichi Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States Japan Korea Academics Association for Computing Machinery CiNii DBLP
[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Junichi Iijima"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hokkaido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokkaido"},{"link_name":"systems theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_theory"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EMJ_2009-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EMJ_2009-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Business Architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Architecture"},{"link_name":"mobile commerce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_commerce"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Design & Engineering Methodology for Organizations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design_%26_Engineering_Methodology_for_Organizations"}],"text":"Born in Hokkaido, Junichi Iijima in 1983 received his PhD in systems theory at the Tokyo Institute of Technology.[1]In 1981 Junichi Iijima had started his academic career as assistant professor of the Department of Systems Science of the Tokyo Institute of Technology. He moved to the Tokyo Institute of Technology Department of Industrial Engineering and Management to become associate professor in 1991, and Full Professor of that department in 1996. He was also Dean of the Graduate School of Decision Science and Technology.[1]Currently, he is the director of the Career Advancement Professional School and the director of CBEC (Cross-Boader Entrepreneur Cultivating) program. He is also in charge of Egypt E-JUST (Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology) in Tokyo Institute of Technology. \nJunichi Iijima's research interests are in the field of mathematical systems theory and information systems, more specific \"decision support, group support, and organization-ware.\"[2] In his own words: \"I especially have a great interest on Information Systems Development Methodology aligned with Business Architecture, as well as mobile commerce and IT Investments. My philosophy is 'a rolling stone gathers no moss'...\"[3]His current interest is on DEMO (Design & Engineering Methodology for Organizations) and IT-CMF (IT Capability Maturity Framework).","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dblp-4"},{"link_name":"Linkage between strategic alliances and firm’s business strategy: the case of semiconductor industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.is.me.titech.ac.jp/paper/2005/other/Technovation_yasuda.pdf"},{"link_name":"A step toward foundation of class diagram algebra for enterprise service systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.is.me.titech.ac.jp/paper/2009/other/EnjoICSSSM09.pdf"},{"link_name":"Jan Dietz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Dietz"},{"link_name":"Jan Hoogervorst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Hoogervorst"},{"link_name":"Hans Mulder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Mulder"},{"link_name":"Martin Op ’t Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Op_%E2%80%99t_Land"},{"link_name":"Erik Proper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_Proper"},{"link_name":"José Tribolet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Tribolet"},{"link_name":"Jan Verelst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Verelst_(scientist)"},{"link_name":"Robert Winter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Winter"},{"link_name":"The discipline of enterprise engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.alexandria.unisg.ch/export/dl/224477.pdf"}],"text":"Junichi Iijima has published numerous articles in the field.[4] A selection:Yasuda, Hiroshi, and Junichi Iijima. \"Linkage between strategic alliances and firm’s business strategy: the case of semiconductor industry.\" Technovation 25.5 (2005): 513–521.\nEnjo, Hidekazu, Motonari Tanabu, and Junichi Iijima. \"A step toward foundation of class diagram algebra for enterprise service systems.\" Service Systems and Service Management, 2009. ICSSSM'09. 6th International Conference on. IEEE, 2009.\nRiera, Christian G., Dai Senoo, and Junichi IIjima. \"A study of the effect of knowledge creating capabilities on corporate performance.\" International Journal of Knowledge Management Studies 3.1 (2009): 116–133.\nJing Tang, LG Pee, Junichi Iijima: Business Process Orientation: An Empirical Study of Its Impact on Employees' Innovativeness. Business Process Management Workshops 2012: 451–464\nJan Dietz, Jan Hoogervorst, Junichi Iijima, Hans Mulder, Martin Op ’t Land, Erik Proper, José Tribolet, Jan Verelst, Robert Winter et al. (2013). \"The discipline of enterprise engineering\". International Journal of Organisational Design and Engineering, 3(1), 86–114.","title":"Publications"}]
[]
null
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_and_Hove_(bus_company)
Brighton & Hove (bus company)
["1 History","2 Operations and routes","2.1 Metro services","2.2 The Regency Route","2.3 The Breeze routes","3 Competition","4 Subsidies","5 Fares and ticketing","6 Named buses","7 Fleet","8 Depots","9 Incidents and accidents","10 See also","11 References","12 External links"]
Bus operator in Brighton and surrounding areas Brighton & HoveAn Alexander Dennis Enviro400 MMC bus in Brighton & Hove's teal and aqua 'Live & Breathe' livery in FalmerParentGo-Ahead GroupFounded1884HeadquartersHoveService areaWest SussexEast SussexKentService typeBus servicesDestinationsBrighton and HoveEastbourneLewesShoreham-by-SeaSteyningTunbridge WellsFleet263 (November 2022) Websitewww.buses.co.uk Brighton & Hove Bus and Coach Company Limited, trading as Brighton & Hove, is a bus company operating most bus services in the city of Brighton and Hove in southern England. It is a subsidiary of the Go-Ahead Group. History Brighton & Hove was established in 1884 as Brighton, Hove and Preston United Omnibus Company. In 1916, Thomas Tilling took over the company and replaced all its remaining horse buses with motor buses. In November 1935 it was formed as the Brighton Hove and District Omnibus Company. In January 1969 it merged with Southdown Motor Services as a subsidiary of the National Bus Company. In January 1985 in preparation for privatisation, Brighton & Hove was separated from Southdown. In May 1987 it was sold in a management buyout. In November 1993 Brighton & Hove was sold to the Go-Ahead Group. In 1997, the Go-Ahead Group purchased Brighton Transport (1993) Ltd. for £5.76 million. Brighton Transport was the former municipally-owned bus operator in the city which latterly traded as Brighton Blue Bus following a management buyout in 1993. Go-Ahead would merge its operations with those of Brighton & Hove following the completion of the purchase. Brighton & Hove would expand in September 2007 with the acquisition of Stagecoach South's Lewes operations, which operated routes from Brighton to Eastbourne, Tunbridge Wells and Lewes itself. 15 out of 26 vehicles based at Lewes' depot were included in the sale, as were its 70 staff, however the depot building was not included in the acquisition and was subsequently closed. Operations and routes Diesel-powered Alexander Dennis Enviro400 MMC branded for Coaster 12 in February 2024 The company's routes cover a large area encompassing the whole of the city, some parts of West and East Sussex and a single route into Kent. There are 40 separately-numbered standard routes. Frequencies range from every 5 minutes to two journeys per day. In addition, there are nine night bus routes and 19 school bus routes. In September 2005, the company took over many routes previously operated partly or entirely by Stagecoach South, the best example being the Coaster services 12 and 13X to Seaford and Eastbourne. The company operates from three depots: Conway Street, Whitehawk and Lewes Road. Conway Street also serves as the company's headquarters. The company also has four outstations in Newhaven, Eastbourne, Uckfield and Durrington. Metro services Metro branding in December 2005 During 1996/97, five of the most popular routes (1/1A, 5/5A/5B, 7, 25 and 49) were enhanced with new buses and individual route branding. All five routes offer regular services, modern buses and a wide range of connections throughout the centre of Brighton and Hove, reinforced by a colour-coded diagrammatic map. Since 2004, Brighton & Hove have gradually introduced new buses to the Metro routes, the majority being Scania OmniDekkas. In April 2011, Metro 7 was removed from the Metro network and rebranded as Route 7 with brand new Wright Eclipse Gemini bodied Volvo B9TLs operating on the route. The last Metro branded buses in service were the Scania OmniCity double deckers delivered in 2009, mostly operating on Metro 5. The final few examples of Metro branding were removed in October 2013. The Regency Route Main article: Brighton & Hove Regency Route Regency Route branded Volvo B9TL Wright Eclipse Gemini 2 on route 29A The Regency Route is one of Brighton & Hove's branded routes. It began as route 729 by the nationalised Southdown Motor Services subsidiary of the National Bus Company, of which Brighton & Hove was a part, and the route was part of the NBC's cross-country "Stagecoach" network. The Regency Route currently consists of the following services: Route 28 operates between Brighton and Eastbourne via Falmer, Lewes, Ringmer, Hailsham and Polegate. Buses operate every 30 minutes on weekdays and Saturdays (with an extra bus each hour between Brighton and Lewes) and hourly on Sundays between Brighton and Hailsham only. Routes 29/29B/29X operate between Brighton and Tunbridge Wells via Falmer, Lewes, Uckfield, Crowborough and Eridge (with buses on route 29B additionally serving Ringmer and Halland). Route 29 operates every 30 minutes on weekdays and Saturdays and hourly on Sundays. Route 29B operates a single return journey on weekdays only and route 29X operates a single early morning southbound journey on weekdays only. Route 29A operates between Brighton and Heathfield via Falmer, Lewes, Isfield, Uckfield and Blackboys. Buses operate hourly on all days of the week. These services combine to give an off-peak service of a bus every 10 minutes in each direction between Brighton and Lewes on weekdays and Saturdays, and a bus every 20 minutes in each direction on Sundays. The Breeze routes Main article: Brighton & Hove Breeze routes Three "Breeze" branded routes, with the slogan "breeze up to the Downs and beyond", currently run to beauty spots of the Sussex Downs on weekends and bank holidays: Route Breeze 77, which runs between Brighton Pier and Devil's Dyke, with 12 journeys operating each way every 45 minutes. Buses also run daily between 18 June and 31 August and two extra journeys each way are added in the evenings from 17 June to 1 September. Route Breeze 78, which runs between Old Steine and Stanmer Village, with 8 hourly journeys operating each way. Route Breeze 79, which runs between Old Steine and Ditchling Beacon, with 8 hourly journeys operating each way. As of 2018 the routes had an annual ridership of under 300,000 separately. In February 2024, Brighton and Hove City Council proposed withdrawing its subsidies for routes 77 and 79. The following month, it said it had secured funding for an additional year but that the routes would have to operate on a commercial basis after that. Competition Brighton & Hove face limited competition on some of its network of routes. The Big Lemon bus operator, a community interest company founded in 2007 who used to run a route between the University of Sussex and central Brighton, is the largest competitor. It was set up in an effort to make Brighton and Hove's public transport options more sustainable by using biodiesel collected by the company from businesses around the city as well as offering private hire services. The Big Lemon originally operated an express service numbered 42X which ran from Brighton station to Falmer station using elderly step entranced buses. However the service was dropped in December 2007. A relaunch of the service commenced in early 2008 numbered 42. In 2010 the company started two more services, 43 and 44. However just months after it began route 43 ended due to low passenger numbers. In 2011 The Big Lemon faced competition from Brighton & Hove Buses in that Brighton Buses lowered its fares to match fares charged by The Big Lemon. In January 2012 The Big Lemon stopped running route 42 and continued to run route 44 only, split into two shuttles numbered UB1 and UB2. The Big Lemon subsequently ceased operation of these services, and shuttle UB1 was operated by the University of Brighton until June 2023. Other companies which run into the city include fellow Go-Ahead Group operator Metrobus, which operates routes 270 (to/from East Grinstead), 271, 272 and 273 (all to/from Crawley, with the former two also serving RSC Hospital), as well as Stagecoach South which runs route 17 Horsham to Churchill Square and route 700 Portsmouth to Brighton. Compass Travel also operate the routes 37 and 37B which operate from Bristol Estate to Meadowview. Brighton & Hove Gemini 2 is seen on route 23 to Brighton Marina Subsidies Under the Transport Act 1985 Brighton and Hove City Council has the authority to put out to tender contracts (>5 years) to fill gaps in bus availability that arise due to lack of profitability. For example, the 81, 81A and 81C buses are subsidised, depending on route, from .03p (based on operations Monday – Saturday services) up to £1.32 (based on Winter Sunday evening services) for each fare bought. The council is also obliged to subsidise school bus routes. For example, the 91 Cardinal Newman School bus is currently subsidised at £4.10 per single journey. Brighton & Hove Bus and Coach Company operates the majority of the contracts. Payments to Brighton & Hove Buses from the Brighton & Hove City Council public transport budget Year Subsidy 2011–12 £1,177,600 2010–11 £1,140,200 2009–10 £1,236,800 2008–09 £1,340,000 2007–08 £1,143,600 Fares and ticketing The company operates, to a large extent, a flat fare system – people can travel on almost all of its buses, and to almost everywhere on its network, for fixed prices. The CitySAVER ticket allows people to travel as often as they want for one day anywhere on any combination of buses, with a few exceptions. There are also longer-period season tickets, there are tickets valid also with local rail services and other bus operators, and various concessions for students, people under 16, passengers boarding at Brighton Station and several others. In late 2011, the company began supporting Go-Ahead's The Key smartcard a bid to curb ticket sharing and speed up boarding times. The new system has yet to prove itself with many older people and foreign students needing direction on how to actually use "the Key". It can also be used to store train tickets. Brighton & Hove buses also support The Key's keyGo system for pay-as-you-go travel within the PlusBus zones in Brighton, Eastbourne and Lewes. Journeys are charged per touch in, and are capped daily. If a train journey has been made on the same day with keyGo, the system will cap bus transport to the relevant PlusBus cap. Contactless payments were first made available in November 2018 as a method for payment, and in September 2019, the company piloted the first tap-on, tap-off contactless scheme in the UK alongside its sister company, Metrobus, with aims to improve boarding times and make travelling convenient. Named buses Name on the front of a bus Many of the company's buses have the name of a famous person commemorated on the front. In 1999 the company ran a competition asking local residents to name the 20 new double-decker buses that had just been added to its fleet. The company had started with names such as Brighton Belle, Brighton Rock, Brighton Pier, Brighton & Hove Albion, Hove Actually and Brighton and Hove in Bloom, and then asked local residents for help. It considered the options of naming the buses after landmarks in the town, people from the past, and present day celebrities with local connections. In April 2004 the company added another 18 buses to its fleet, and continued the practice of naming them. The company's stated rule for choosing the name was: "The nominations must have made a significant contribution to the life of the local area during their lifetime and must have since died." However several living people are in fact featured on the bus fronts. In September 2005 the company added a further 19 buses to its fleet, naming them after people who had "made great contributions to the city" – and including more female names, after complaints that the system had been too male-dominated up to that point. For a year one of the buses had been named after local historian and journalist Adam Trimingham. Fleet As of 2024 the Brighton & Hove fleet consists of 309 buses. The company mainly uses Alexander Dennis Enviro400s, Wright Eclipse Gemini 2 bodied Volvo B9TLs, and Wright StreetDecks. In October 2019 the company received 30 Alexander Dennis Enviro400ER hybrid electric buses for use on Route 5/5A/5B, which are geofenced to be used in electric mode within Brighton and Hove's ULEZ (Ultra Low Emission Zone). An additional 24 buses were delivered in 2020 for use on Route 1/1A. In April 2022, the bus company announced that by the end of 2022, all articulated buses ("bendy buses") in its fleet would be withdrawn. The Mercedes-Benz Citaro buses, acquired from Go-Ahead London started on Route 25 in April 2010 and were used on the 25, 25X and N25 routes from Old Steine or Portslade to the University of Brighton and the University of Sussex. The company stated the withdrawal of these buses was due to low passenger usage after the COVID-19 pandemic, high fuel usage, and a lack of spare parts for the buses. The final articulated bus was withdrawn after operating a special service on 7 November, with the buses replaced with refurbished Wright Eclipse Gemini 2 bodied Volvo B9TLs transferred from Go-Ahead London. In June 2023, the company announced it would be replacing its red and cream livery with a teal and aqua livery. In early 2024, deliveries commenced for a new fleet of 44 Alexander Dennis Enviro400 MMC buses, to operate the Coaster routes, as well as Route 6. Depots Brighton & Hove's depot in June 2008 Brighton (Lewes Road) Brighton (Whitehawk Road) Hove (Conway Street) Newhaven (Beach Close) Uckfield (outstation) Eastbourne (outstation) Incidents and accidents All of the listed incidents have involved at least one Brighton & Hove bus. On 6 July 2015, a double-decker bus crashed into the back of another on North Street, near the Clock Tower. 19 people were treated at nearby hospitals, 13 at the Royal Sussex County Hospital and six at the Princess Royal Hospital in Haywards Heath, 20 miles away. On 24 February 2018 at about 12:50 a.m., a 15-year-old boy walking down Marine Parade was hit by a bus and died shortly after being taken to hospital. On 16 August 2019, a 76-year-old man walking at the corner of Edward Street and Upper Rock Gardens was seriously injured in a collision. He died in hospital just over a week later on 24 August. On 20 April 2021 between 3 and 4 a.m., an out of service double-decker bus crashed into a bridge on Kingston Lane in Southwick. The crash ripped off the roof of the bus, and the driver continued driving despite the crash. He was charged with dangerous driving and failing to stop after an accident. See also Transport portalEast Sussex portal List of bus operators of the United Kingdom Trolleybuses in Brighton Go-Ahead Group References ^ Fleet List ^ Companies House extract company no 0307468 Brighton & Hove Bus and Coach Company Limited ^ "Brighton & Hove Bus and Coach Company Limited". history.buses.co.uk. Retrieved 17 April 2018. ^ Companies House extract company no 0307468 Brighton & Hove Bus and Coach Company Limited ^ a b Brighton & Hove's Transport History Trail Brighton & Hove ^ Go-Ahead annual report 30 June 1994 Archived 23 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine Go-Ahead Group plc ^ "Go Ahead to buy Brighton". Bus & Coach Buyer. No. 407. Spalding: Glen-Holland Limited. 2 May 1997. p. 2. ^ "Expansion at Brighton & Hove". Bus & Coach Professional. 14 September 2005. Archived from the original on 30 October 2007. Retrieved 13 February 2024. ^ Go-Ahead annual report 1 July 2006 Archived 23 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine Go-Ahead Group plc ^ Colour-coded route map Archived 10 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine Brighton & Hove ^ "2009 buses". history.buses.co.uk. Retrieved 17 April 2018. ^ "Regency Route Map" (PDF). Brighton & Hove. Retrieved 18 September 2023. ^ "Breeze up to the downs". buses.co.uk. Retrieved 27 March 2024. ^ "Devil's Dyke on the 77 bus" (PDF). Brighton & Hove City Council. Retrieved 27 March 2024. ^ a b "'It would be a bizarre own-goal if the council cuts these bus services'". The Argus. 12 February 2024. Retrieved 11 May 2024. ^ a b c "South Downs buses face funding cuts to save costs". BBC News. 10 February 2024. Retrieved 11 May 2024. ^ "Service 78 to Stanmer Park" (PDF). Brighton & Hove City Council. Retrieved 27 March 2024. ^ "Ditchling Beacon on the 79 bus" (PDF). Brighton & Hove City Council. Retrieved 27 March 2024. ^ "Brighton & Hove Bus Network Review 2018" (PDF). Brighton & Hove City Council. December 2018. Retrieved 27 March 2024. ^ "Buses to South Downs given funding for another year". BBC News. 27 March 2024. Retrieved 11 May 2024. ^ "The Big Lemon". The Big Lemon. Retrieved 17 April 2018. ^ "Brighton University Shuttle Bus". thebiglemon.com. 22 January 2016. Retrieved 17 April 2018. ^ "Changes to bus services | Student news and events". blogs.brighton.ac.uk. Retrieved 14 August 2023. ^ a b c Brighton and Hove Council bus service review ^ "Bus Subsidies FOI request". 22 May 2012. Retrieved 18 June 2013. ^ "Our Tickets". Archived from the original on 6 July 2013. Retrieved 28 March 2014. ^ "Brighton train passengers to test smart cards". brightonandhovenews.org. 22 August 2011. Retrieved 17 April 2018. ^ "keyGo". www.buses.co.uk. Retrieved 12 June 2022. ^ "Brighton and Hove Buses will now be accepting contactless payments". theargus.co.uk. 26 November 2018. Retrieved 22 October 2019. ^ "Littlepay and Ticketer unveil multi-operator capping". route-one.net. 2 October 2019. Retrieved 22 October 2019. ^ Mark Gould (24 November 2004). "Next stop perfection". The Guardian. ^ http://www.hoveactually.co.uk/. Retrieved 28 March 2014. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help) ^ "Your name could go on the side of a bus". The Argus. 24 February 1999. Archived from the original on 12 March 2007. ^ "New buses celebrate city's past". The Argus. 2 April 2004. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. ^ "More big names for buses". The Argus. 27 September 2005. Archived from the original on 12 March 2007. ^ Fleetlist Brighton & Hove ^ "Current Fleet". history.buses.co.uk. Retrieved 5 September 2019. ^ "30 new electric buses for Brighton & Hove". www.buses.co.uk. Retrieved 30 September 2019. ^ "Brighton & Hove Bus and Coach Company Limited". ^ a b "Bye bye to Brighton's bendy buses". Brighton and Hove News. 26 April 2022. Retrieved 26 April 2022. ^ "Brighton's first bendy bus enters service". Brighton and Hove News. 28 April 2010. Retrieved 26 April 2022. ^ "Bendy Bus - one off final journey Monday 7 November". Brighton & Hove Buses. 3 November 2022. Retrieved 18 November 2022. ^ "No more red and cream buses as Brighton Buses rebrands". Brighton and Hove News. 28 June 2023. Retrieved 28 June 2023. ^ "Current Fleet". ^ "Bus crash driver 'felt unwell'". BBC News. 7 July 2015. Retrieved 5 February 2023. ^ "Boy, 15, killed when hit by bus in Brighton". BBC News. 24 February 2018. Retrieved 5 February 2023. ^ "Pensioner dies after bus accident in Brighton". Brighton & Hove News. 25 August 2019. Retrieved 5 February 2023. ^ "Brighton bus driver remanded over bridge crash that took the roof off". Brighton & Hove News. 7 October 2021. Retrieved 5 February 2023. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Brighton & Hove (bus company). 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"trading as","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trading_as"},{"link_name":"Brighton and Hove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_and_Hove"},{"link_name":"Go-Ahead Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go-Ahead_Group"}],"text":"Brighton & Hove Bus and Coach Company Limited,[2] trading as Brighton & Hove, is a bus company operating most bus services in the city of Brighton and Hove in southern England. It is a subsidiary of the Go-Ahead Group.","title":"Brighton & Hove (bus company)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thomas Tilling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Tilling"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Southdown Motor Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southdown_Motor_Services"},{"link_name":"National Bus Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Bus_Company_(UK)"},{"link_name":"privatisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus_deregulation_in_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"management buyout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_buyout"},{"link_name":"Go-Ahead Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go-Ahead_Group"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"management buyout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_buyout"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Stagecoach South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stagecoach_South"},{"link_name":"Lewes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewes"},{"link_name":"Eastbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastbourne"},{"link_name":"Tunbridge Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunbridge_Wells"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Brighton & Hove was established in 1884 as Brighton, Hove and Preston United Omnibus Company. In 1916, Thomas Tilling took over the company and replaced all its remaining horse buses with motor buses.[3] In November 1935 it was formed as the Brighton Hove and District Omnibus Company. [4] In January 1969 it merged with Southdown Motor Services as a subsidiary of the National Bus Company. In January 1985 in preparation for privatisation, Brighton & Hove was separated from Southdown. In May 1987 it was sold in a management buyout. In November 1993 Brighton & Hove was sold to the Go-Ahead Group.[5][6]In 1997, the Go-Ahead Group purchased Brighton Transport (1993) Ltd. for £5.76 million. Brighton Transport was the former municipally-owned bus operator in the city which latterly traded as Brighton Blue Bus following a management buyout in 1993. Go-Ahead would merge its operations with those of Brighton & Hove following the completion of the purchase.[5][7]Brighton & Hove would expand in September 2007 with the acquisition of Stagecoach South's Lewes operations, which operated routes from Brighton to Eastbourne, Tunbridge Wells and Lewes itself. 15 out of 26 vehicles based at Lewes' depot were included in the sale, as were its 70 staff, however the depot building was not included in the acquisition and was subsequently closed.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brighton_%26_Hove_Enviro400_MMC_Coaster_2024_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Alexander Dennis Enviro400 MMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Dennis_Enviro400_MMC"},{"link_name":"West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Sussex"},{"link_name":"East Sussex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Sussex"},{"link_name":"Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent"},{"link_name":"Stagecoach South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stagecoach_South"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Lewes Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewes_Road,_Brighton"},{"link_name":"outstations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outstation_(bus)"}],"text":"Diesel-powered Alexander Dennis Enviro400 MMC branded for Coaster 12 in February 2024The company's routes cover a large area encompassing the whole of the city, some parts of West and East Sussex and a single route into Kent. There are 40 separately-numbered standard routes. Frequencies range from every 5 minutes to two journeys per day. In addition, there are nine night bus routes and 19 school bus routes. In September 2005, the company took over many routes previously operated partly or entirely by Stagecoach South, the best example being the Coaster services 12 and 13X to Seaford and Eastbourne.[9]The company operates from three depots: Conway Street, Whitehawk and Lewes Road. Conway Street also serves as the company's headquarters. The company also has four outstations in Newhaven, Eastbourne, Uckfield and Durrington.","title":"Operations and routes"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brighton_%26_Hove_buses_rears.JPG"},{"link_name":"1/1A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brighton_%26_Hove_bus_route_1&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Scania OmniDekkas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scania_OmniDekka"},{"link_name":"Wright Eclipse Gemini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_Eclipse_Gemini"},{"link_name":"Volvo B9TLs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volvo_B9TL"},{"link_name":"Scania OmniCity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scania_OmniCity"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Metro services","text":"Metro branding in December 2005During 1996/97, five of the most popular routes (1/1A, 5/5A/5B, 7, 25 and 49) were enhanced with new buses and individual route branding. All five routes offer regular services, modern buses and a wide range of connections throughout the centre of Brighton and Hove, reinforced by a colour-coded diagrammatic map.[10] Since 2004, Brighton & Hove have gradually introduced new buses to the Metro routes, the majority being Scania OmniDekkas. In April 2011, Metro 7 was removed from the Metro network and rebranded as Route 7 with brand new Wright Eclipse Gemini bodied Volvo B9TLs operating on the route. The last Metro branded buses in service were the Scania OmniCity double deckers delivered in 2009, mostly operating on Metro 5. The final few examples of Metro branding were removed in October 2013.[11]","title":"Operations and routes"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:(GBR-Brighton)_Brighton_%26_Hove_424_BF12KXB_29A_2023-11-19.jpg"},{"link_name":"Volvo B9TL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volvo_B9TL"},{"link_name":"Wright Eclipse Gemini 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_Eclipse_Gemini#Second_generation_(2008%E2%80%932018)"},{"link_name":"Southdown Motor Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southdown_Motor_Services"},{"link_name":"National Bus Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Bus_Company_(UK)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Brighton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton"},{"link_name":"Eastbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastbourne"},{"link_name":"Falmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falmer"},{"link_name":"Lewes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewes"},{"link_name":"Ringmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringmer"},{"link_name":"Hailsham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hailsham"},{"link_name":"Polegate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polegate"},{"link_name":"Tunbridge Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Tunbridge_Wells"},{"link_name":"Uckfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uckfield"},{"link_name":"Crowborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowborough"},{"link_name":"Eridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotherfield#Eridge"},{"link_name":"Halland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Hoathly_with_Halland"},{"link_name":"Heathfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heathfield,_East_Sussex"},{"link_name":"Isfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isfield"},{"link_name":"Blackboys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Framfield#Blackboys"}],"sub_title":"The Regency Route","text":"Regency Route branded Volvo B9TL Wright Eclipse Gemini 2 on route 29AThe Regency Route is one of Brighton & Hove's branded routes. It began as route 729 by the nationalised Southdown Motor Services subsidiary of the National Bus Company, of which Brighton & Hove was a part, and the route was part of the NBC's cross-country \"Stagecoach\" network.The Regency Route currently consists of the following services:[12]Route 28 operates between Brighton and Eastbourne via Falmer, Lewes, Ringmer, Hailsham and Polegate. Buses operate every 30 minutes on weekdays and Saturdays (with an extra bus each hour between Brighton and Lewes) and hourly on Sundays between Brighton and Hailsham only.\nRoutes 29/29B/29X operate between Brighton and Tunbridge Wells via Falmer, Lewes, Uckfield, Crowborough and Eridge (with buses on route 29B additionally serving Ringmer and Halland). Route 29 operates every 30 minutes on weekdays and Saturdays and hourly on Sundays. Route 29B operates a single return journey on weekdays only and route 29X operates a single early morning southbound journey on weekdays only.\nRoute 29A operates between Brighton and Heathfield via Falmer, Lewes, Isfield, Uckfield and Blackboys. Buses operate hourly on all days of the week.These services combine to give an off-peak service of a bus every 10 minutes in each direction between Brighton and Lewes on weekdays and Saturdays, and a bus every 20 minutes in each direction on Sundays.","title":"Operations and routes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sussex Downs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sussex_Downs"},{"link_name":"bank holidays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_holiday"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Brighton Pier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_Pier"},{"link_name":"Devil's Dyke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil%27s_Dyke,_Sussex"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-South_Downs_buses-16"},{"link_name":"Old Steine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Steine"},{"link_name":"Stanmer Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanmer"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Old Steine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Steine"},{"link_name":"Ditchling Beacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ditchling_Beacon"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-South_Downs_buses-16"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brighton_%26_Hove_(bus_company)&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-review-19"},{"link_name":"Brighton and Hove City Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_and_Hove_City_Council"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-South_Downs_buses-16"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"The Breeze routes","text":"Three \"Breeze\" branded routes, with the slogan \"breeze up to the Downs and beyond\", currently run to beauty spots of the Sussex Downs on weekends and bank holidays:[13]Route Breeze 77, which runs between Brighton Pier and Devil's Dyke, with 12 journeys operating each way every 45 minutes. Buses also run daily between 18 June and 31 August and two extra journeys each way are added in the evenings from 17 June to 1 September.[14][15][16]\nRoute Breeze 78, which runs between Old Steine and Stanmer Village, with 8 hourly journeys operating each way.[17]\nRoute Breeze 79, which runs between Old Steine and Ditchling Beacon, with 8 hourly journeys operating each way.[18][15][16]As of 2018[update] the routes had an annual ridership of under 300,000 separately.[19] In February 2024, Brighton and Hove City Council proposed withdrawing its subsidies for routes 77 and 79.[16] The following month, it said it had secured funding for an additional year but that the routes would have to operate on a commercial basis after that.[20]","title":"Operations and routes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Big Lemon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Big_Lemon"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Brighton station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Falmer station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falmer_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Metrobus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metrobus_(South_East_England)"},{"link_name":"East Grinstead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Grinstead"},{"link_name":"Crawley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crawley"},{"link_name":"RSC Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Sussex_County_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Stagecoach South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stagecoach_South"},{"link_name":"Horsham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsham"},{"link_name":"Portsmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brighton_%26_Hove_462_(Frank_Furlong)_is_seen_on_route_23_to_Brighton_Marina.jpg"}],"text":"Brighton & Hove face limited competition on some of its network of routes. The Big Lemon bus operator, a community interest company founded in 2007 who used to run a route between the University of Sussex and central Brighton, is the largest competitor. It was set up in an effort to make Brighton and Hove's public transport options more sustainable by using biodiesel collected by the company from businesses around the city as well as offering private hire services.[21]The Big Lemon originally operated an express service numbered 42X which ran from Brighton station to Falmer station using elderly step entranced buses. However the service was dropped in December 2007. A relaunch of the service commenced in early 2008 numbered 42. In 2010 the company started two more services, 43 and 44. However just months after it began route 43 ended due to low passenger numbers. In 2011 The Big Lemon faced competition from Brighton & Hove Buses in that Brighton Buses lowered its fares to match fares charged by The Big Lemon. In January 2012 The Big Lemon stopped running route 42 and continued to run route 44 only, split into two shuttles numbered UB1 and UB2.[22] The Big Lemon subsequently ceased operation of these services, and shuttle UB1 was operated by the University of Brighton until June 2023.[23]Other companies which run into the city include fellow Go-Ahead Group operator Metrobus, which operates routes 270 (to/from East Grinstead), 271, 272 and 273 (all to/from Crawley, with the former two also serving RSC Hospital), as well as Stagecoach South which runs route 17 Horsham to Churchill Square and route 700 Portsmouth to Brighton. Compass Travel also operate the routes 37 and 37B which operate from Bristol Estate to Meadowview.Brighton & Hove Gemini 2 is seen on route 23 to Brighton Marina","title":"Competition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Transport Act 1985","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_Act_1985"},{"link_name":"Brighton and Hove City Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_and_Hove_City_Council"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brighton-hove1-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brighton-hove1-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brighton-hove1-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"Under the Transport Act 1985 Brighton and Hove City Council has the authority to put out to tender contracts (>5 years) to fill gaps in bus availability that arise due to lack of profitability.\nFor example, the 81, 81A and 81C buses are subsidised, depending on route, from .03p (based on operations Monday – Saturday services) up to £1.32 (based on Winter Sunday evening services) for each fare bought.[24]\nThe council is also obliged to subsidise school bus routes. For example, the 91 Cardinal Newman School bus is currently subsidised at £4.10 per single journey.[24]Brighton & Hove Bus and Coach Company operates the majority of the contracts.[24][25]","title":"Subsidies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"The Key smartcard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Key_(smartcard)"},{"link_name":"opinion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view/FAQ#Assert_facts,_not_opinions"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"keyGo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Key_(smartcard)#keyGo"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Metrobus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metrobus_(South_East_England)"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"The company operates, to a large extent, a flat fare system – people can travel on almost all of its buses, and to almost everywhere on its network, for fixed prices. The CitySAVER ticket allows people to travel as often as they want for one day anywhere on any combination of buses, with a few exceptions. There are also longer-period season tickets, there are tickets valid also with local rail services and other bus operators, and various concessions for students, people under 16, passengers boarding at Brighton Station and several others.[26]In late 2011, the company began supporting Go-Ahead's The Key smartcard a bid to curb ticket sharing and speed up boarding times. The new system has yet to prove itself with many older people and foreign students needing direction on how to actually use \"the Key\".[opinion] It can also be used to store train tickets.[27]Brighton & Hove buses also support The Key's keyGo system for pay-as-you-go travel within the PlusBus zones in Brighton, Eastbourne and Lewes. Journeys are charged per touch in, and are capped daily. If a train journey has been made on the same day with keyGo, the system will cap bus transport to the relevant PlusBus cap.[28]Contactless payments were first made available in November 2018[29] as a method for payment, and in September 2019, the company piloted the first tap-on, tap-off contactless scheme in the UK alongside its sister company, Metrobus, with aims to improve boarding times and make travelling convenient.[30]","title":"Fares and ticketing"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brighton_%26_Hove_825_name.jpg"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Brighton & Hove Albion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_and_Hove_Albion_F.C."},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"text":"Name on the front of a busMany of the company's buses have the name of a famous person commemorated on the front.[31]In 1999 the company ran a competition asking local residents to name the 20 new double-decker buses that had just been added to its fleet. The company had started with names such as Brighton Belle, Brighton Rock, Brighton Pier, Brighton & Hove Albion, Hove Actually[32] and Brighton and Hove in Bloom, and then asked local residents for help. It considered the options of naming the buses after landmarks in the town, people from the past, and present day celebrities with local connections.[33]In April 2004 the company added another 18 buses to its fleet, and continued the practice of naming them. The company's stated rule for choosing the name was: \"The nominations must have made a significant contribution to the life of the local area during their lifetime and must have since died.\"[34] However several living people are in fact featured on the bus fronts.In September 2005 the company added a further 19 buses to its fleet, naming them after people who had \"made great contributions to the city\" – and including more female names, after complaints that the system had been too male-dominated up to that point. For a year one of the buses had been named after local historian and journalist Adam Trimingham.[35]","title":"Named buses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Alexander Dennis Enviro400s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Dennis_Enviro400_MMC"},{"link_name":"Wright Eclipse Gemini 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_Eclipse_Gemini"},{"link_name":"Volvo B9TLs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volvo_B9TL"},{"link_name":"Wright StreetDecks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_StreetDeck"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Alexander Dennis Enviro400ER","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Dennis_Enviro400_MMC#Enviro400H/ER/VE"},{"link_name":"hybrid electric buses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_electric_bus"},{"link_name":"geofenced","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geofencing"},{"link_name":"ULEZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra_Low_Emission_Zone"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"articulated buses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Articulated_bus"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-40"},{"link_name":"Mercedes-Benz Citaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Citaro"},{"link_name":"Go-Ahead London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go-Ahead_London"},{"link_name":"Old Steine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Steine"},{"link_name":"Portslade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portslade"},{"link_name":"University of Brighton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Brighton"},{"link_name":"University of Sussex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Sussex"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"Wright Eclipse Gemini 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_Eclipse_Gemini"},{"link_name":"Volvo B9TLs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volvo_B9TL"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-40"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Alexander Dennis Enviro400 MMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Dennis_Enviro400_MMC"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"text":"As of 2024 the Brighton & Hove fleet consists of 309 buses.[36]\nThe company mainly uses Alexander Dennis Enviro400s, Wright Eclipse Gemini 2 bodied Volvo B9TLs, and Wright StreetDecks.[37] In October 2019 the company received 30 Alexander Dennis Enviro400ER hybrid electric buses for use on Route 5/5A/5B, which are geofenced to be used in electric mode within Brighton and Hove's ULEZ (Ultra Low Emission Zone).[38] An additional 24 buses were delivered in 2020 for use on Route 1/1A.[39]In April 2022, the bus company announced that by the end of 2022, all articulated buses (\"bendy buses\") in its fleet would be withdrawn.[40] The Mercedes-Benz Citaro buses, acquired from Go-Ahead London started on Route 25 in April 2010 and were used on the 25, 25X and N25 routes from Old Steine or Portslade to the University of Brighton and the University of Sussex.[41] The company stated the withdrawal of these buses was due to low passenger usage after the COVID-19 pandemic, high fuel usage, and a lack of spare parts for the buses. The final articulated bus was withdrawn after operating a special service on 7 November, with the buses replaced with refurbished Wright Eclipse Gemini 2 bodied Volvo B9TLs transferred from Go-Ahead London.[42][40]In June 2023, the company announced it would be replacing its red and cream livery with a teal and aqua livery.[43]In early 2024, deliveries commenced for a new fleet of 44 Alexander Dennis Enviro400 MMC buses, to operate the Coaster routes, as well as Route 6. [44]","title":"Fleet"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BrightonBusDepot4711.JPG"}],"text":"Brighton & Hove's depot in June 2008Brighton (Lewes Road)\nBrighton (Whitehawk Road)\nHove (Conway Street)\nNewhaven (Beach Close)\nUckfield (outstation)\nEastbourne (outstation)","title":"Depots"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clock Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clock_Tower,_Brighton"},{"link_name":"Royal Sussex County Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Sussex_County_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Princess Royal Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Royal_Hospital,_Haywards_Heath"},{"link_name":"Haywards Heath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haywards_Heath"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Southwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwick,_West_Sussex"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"text":"All of the listed incidents have involved at least one Brighton & Hove bus.On 6 July 2015, a double-decker bus crashed into the back of another on North Street, near the Clock Tower. 19 people were treated at nearby hospitals, 13 at the Royal Sussex County Hospital and six at the Princess Royal Hospital in Haywards Heath, 20 miles away.[45]\nOn 24 February 2018 at about 12:50 a.m., a 15-year-old boy walking down Marine Parade was hit by a bus and died shortly after being taken to hospital.[46]\nOn 16 August 2019, a 76-year-old man walking at the corner of Edward Street and Upper Rock Gardens was seriously injured in a collision. He died in hospital just over a week later on 24 August.[47]\nOn 20 April 2021 between 3 and 4 a.m., an out of service double-decker bus crashed into a bridge on Kingston Lane in Southwick. The crash ripped off the roof of the bus, and the driver continued driving despite the crash. He was charged with dangerous driving and failing to stop after an accident.[48]","title":"Incidents and accidents"}]
[{"image_text":"Diesel-powered Alexander Dennis Enviro400 MMC branded for Coaster 12 in February 2024","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Brighton_%26_Hove_Enviro400_MMC_Coaster_2024_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Brighton_%26_Hove_Enviro400_MMC_Coaster_2024_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Metro branding in December 2005","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Brighton_%26_Hove_buses_rears.JPG/220px-Brighton_%26_Hove_buses_rears.JPG"},{"image_text":"Regency Route branded Volvo B9TL Wright Eclipse Gemini 2 on route 29A","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/%28GBR-Brighton%29_Brighton_%26_Hove_424_BF12KXB_29A_2023-11-19.jpg/220px-%28GBR-Brighton%29_Brighton_%26_Hove_424_BF12KXB_29A_2023-11-19.jpg"},{"image_text":"Brighton & Hove Gemini 2 is seen on route 23 to Brighton Marina","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Brighton_%26_Hove_462_%28Frank_Furlong%29_is_seen_on_route_23_to_Brighton_Marina.jpg/220px-Brighton_%26_Hove_462_%28Frank_Furlong%29_is_seen_on_route_23_to_Brighton_Marina.jpg"},{"image_text":"Name on the front of a bus","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Brighton_%26_Hove_825_name.jpg/220px-Brighton_%26_Hove_825_name.jpg"},{"image_text":"Brighton & Hove's depot in June 2008","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/BrightonBusDepot4711.JPG/220px-BrightonBusDepot4711.JPG"}]
[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg"},{"title":"Transport portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Transport"},{"title":"East Sussex portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:East_Sussex"},{"title":"List of bus operators of the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_bus_operators_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"title":"Trolleybuses in Brighton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trolleybuses_in_Brighton"},{"title":"Go-Ahead Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go-Ahead_Group"}]
[{"reference":"\"Brighton & Hove Bus and Coach Company Limited\". history.buses.co.uk. Retrieved 17 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://history.buses.co.uk/history/cohistory/welcome.htm","url_text":"\"Brighton & Hove Bus and Coach Company Limited\""}]},{"reference":"\"Go Ahead to buy Brighton\". Bus & Coach Buyer. No. 407. Spalding: Glen-Holland Limited. 2 May 1997. p. 2.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Expansion at Brighton & Hove\". Bus & Coach Professional. 14 September 2005. Archived from the original on 30 October 2007. Retrieved 13 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071030011919/http://www.busandcoach.com/newsStory.aspx?id=197","url_text":"\"Expansion at Brighton & Hove\""},{"url":"http://www.busandcoach.com/newsStory.aspx?id=197","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"2009 buses\". history.buses.co.uk. Retrieved 17 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://history.buses.co.uk/history/fleethist/2009buses.htm","url_text":"\"2009 buses\""}]},{"reference":"\"Regency Route Map\" (PDF). Brighton & Hove. Retrieved 18 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://images-brightonhove.passenger-website.com/downloads/REGENCY%20ROUTE%20MAP%202023%20A5%20Proof%201.pdf","url_text":"\"Regency Route Map\""}]},{"reference":"\"Breeze up to the downs\". buses.co.uk. Retrieved 27 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.buses.co.uk/breeze-downs","url_text":"\"Breeze up to the downs\""}]},{"reference":"\"Devil's Dyke on the 77 bus\" (PDF). Brighton & Hove City Council. Retrieved 27 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://ww3.brighton-hove.gov.uk/sites/brighton-hove.gov.uk/files/Service%2077%20to%20Devil's%20Dyke%20Timetable%20%20Travel%20Guide%20from%2022%20April%20-%20AMENDED.pdf","url_text":"\"Devil's Dyke on the 77 bus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_%26_Hove_City_Council","url_text":"Brighton & Hove City Council"}]},{"reference":"\"'It would be a bizarre own-goal if the council cuts these bus services'\". The Argus. 12 February 2024. Retrieved 11 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theargus.co.uk/news/24111868.brighton-hove-buses-devils-dyke-ditchling-beacon-face-cuts/","url_text":"\"'It would be a bizarre own-goal if the council cuts these bus services'\""}]},{"reference":"\"South Downs buses face funding cuts to save costs\". BBC News. 10 February 2024. Retrieved 11 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-sussex-68232106","url_text":"\"South Downs buses face funding cuts to save costs\""}]},{"reference":"\"Service 78 to Stanmer Park\" (PDF). Brighton & Hove City Council. Retrieved 27 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://ww3.brighton-hove.gov.uk/sites/brighton-hove.gov.uk/files/Service%2078%20to%20Stanmer%20Park%20timetable%20and%20travel%20guide%20from%2022nd%20April%202018_%20amended.pdf","url_text":"\"Service 78 to Stanmer Park\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_%26_Hove_City_Council","url_text":"Brighton & Hove City Council"}]},{"reference":"\"Ditchling Beacon on the 79 bus\" (PDF). Brighton & Hove City Council. Retrieved 27 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://ww3.brighton-hove.gov.uk/sites/brighton-hove.gov.uk/files/Service%2079%20to%20Ditchling%20Beacon%20timetable%20and%20travel%20guide%20from%2022nd%20April%202018_%20amended.pdf","url_text":"\"Ditchling Beacon on the 79 bus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_%26_Hove_City_Council","url_text":"Brighton & Hove City Council"}]},{"reference":"\"Brighton & Hove Bus Network Review 2018\" (PDF). Brighton & Hove City Council. December 2018. Retrieved 27 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.brighton-hove.gov.uk/sites/default/files/migrated/article/inline/bus-network-review-2018.pdf","url_text":"\"Brighton & Hove Bus Network Review 2018\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_%26_Hove_City_Council","url_text":"Brighton & Hove City Council"}]},{"reference":"\"Buses to South Downs given funding for another year\". BBC News. 27 March 2024. Retrieved 11 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ck70wwlp0rpo","url_text":"\"Buses to South Downs given funding for another year\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Big Lemon\". The Big Lemon. Retrieved 17 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thebiglemon.com/","url_text":"\"The Big Lemon\""}]},{"reference":"\"Brighton University Shuttle Bus\". thebiglemon.com. 22 January 2016. Retrieved 17 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thebiglemon.com/brightonuni","url_text":"\"Brighton University Shuttle Bus\""}]},{"reference":"\"Changes to bus services | Student news and events\". blogs.brighton.ac.uk. Retrieved 14 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://blogs.brighton.ac.uk/studentnewsandevents/2023/08/08/changes-to-bus-services/","url_text":"\"Changes to bus services | Student news and events\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bus Subsidies FOI request\". 22 May 2012. 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The Guardian.","urls":[{"url":"http://society.guardian.co.uk/publicservicesawards/story/0,,1357863,00.html","url_text":"\"Next stop perfection\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"http://www.hoveactually.co.uk/. Retrieved 28 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hoveactually.co.uk/","url_text":"http://www.hoveactually.co.uk/"}]},{"reference":"\"Your name could go on the side of a bus\". The Argus. 24 February 1999. Archived from the original on 12 March 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070312064439/http://archive.theargus.co.uk/1999/2/24/198670.html","url_text":"\"Your name could go on the side of a bus\""},{"url":"http://archive.theargus.co.uk/1999/2/24/198670.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"New buses celebrate city's past\". The Argus. 2 April 2004. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070929095735/http://archive.theargus.co.uk/2004/4/2/115942.html","url_text":"\"New buses celebrate city's past\""},{"url":"http://archive.theargus.co.uk/2004/4/2/115942.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"More big names for buses\". The Argus. 27 September 2005. Archived from the original on 12 March 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070312064515/http://archive.theargus.co.uk/2005/9/27/203420.html","url_text":"\"More big names for buses\""},{"url":"http://archive.theargus.co.uk/2005/9/27/203420.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Current Fleet\". history.buses.co.uk. Retrieved 5 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://history.buses.co.uk/history/fleethist/current.htm","url_text":"\"Current Fleet\""}]},{"reference":"\"30 new electric buses for Brighton & Hove\". www.buses.co.uk. Retrieved 30 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.buses.co.uk/30-new-electric-buses-brighton-hove","url_text":"\"30 new electric buses for Brighton & Hove\""}]},{"reference":"\"Brighton & Hove Bus and Coach Company Limited\".","urls":[{"url":"https://history.buses.co.uk/history/fleethist/welcome.htm","url_text":"\"Brighton & Hove Bus and Coach Company Limited\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bye bye to Brighton's bendy buses\". Brighton and Hove News. 26 April 2022. Retrieved 26 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.brightonandhovenews.org/2022/04/26/bye-bye-to-brightons-bendy-buses/","url_text":"\"Bye bye to Brighton's bendy buses\""}]},{"reference":"\"Brighton's first bendy bus enters service\". Brighton and Hove News. 28 April 2010. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stakeholder_analysis
Stakeholder analysis
["1 Stakeholder types","2 Stakeholder mapping","2.1 Stakeholder mapping procedure","2.2 The power-interest matrix","2.3 The salience model","3 Benefits","4 See also","5 References"]
Process of identifying those affected by a project or event Stakeholder analysis in conflict resolution, business administration, environmental health sciences decision making, industrial ecology, public administration, and project management is the process of assessing a system and potential changes to it as they relate to relevant and interested parties known as stakeholders. This information is used to assess how the interests of those stakeholders should be addressed in a project plan, policy, program, or other action. Stakeholder analysis is a key part of stakeholder management. A stakeholder analysis of an issue consists of weighing and balancing all of the competing demands on a firm by each of those who have a claim on it, in order to arrive at the firm's obligation in a particular case. A stakeholder analysis does not preclude the interests of the stakeholders overriding the interests of the other stakeholders affected, but it ensures that all affected will be considered. Stakeholder analysis is frequently used during the preparation phase of a project to assess the attitudes of the stakeholders regarding the potential changes. Stakeholder analysis can be done once or on a regular basis to track changes in stakeholder attitudes over time. Stakeholder types Types of stakeholders include: Primary stakeholders: those ultimately most affected, either positively or negatively by an organization's actions Secondary stakeholders: the "intermediaries," that is, persons or organizations who are indirectly affected by an organization's actions Tertiary stakeholders: those who will be impacted the least Other types of stakeholders: Key stakeholders: those with significant influence upon or importance within an organization; can also belong to the other groups Stakeholder mapping A Power-Interest matrix showing strategies to use based on the quadrant the stakeholders are categorised in. The following list identifies some of the best known and most commonly used methods for stakeholder mapping: Cameron et al. defined a process for ranking stakeholders based on needs and the relative importance of stakeholders to others in the network. Fletcher et al. defined a process for mapping stakeholder expectations based on value hierarchies and key performance indicators. Mitchell et al. proposed a classification of stakeholders based on power to influence, the legitimacy of each stakeholder's relationship with the organization, and the urgency of the stakeholder's claim on the organization. The results of this classification may assess the fundamental question of "which groups are stakeholders deserving or requiring manager's attention, and which are not?" This is salience – "the degree to which managers give priority to competing stakeholder claims." Savage et al. offer a way to classify stakeholders according to potential for threat and potential for cooperation. Turner et al. have developed a process of identification, assessment of awareness, support, and influence, leading to strategies for communicating and assessing stakeholder satisfaction, and determining who is aware or ignorant and whether their attitude is supportive or opposing. Mapping techniques include the following analysis techniques being used by aid agencies, governments, or consultant groups: Lynda Bourne's Stakeholder Circle, "a five-step methodology that provides a flexible approach to understanding and managing the relationships within and around the activity", involves identification, prioritization, visualization, engagement, and monitoring of stakeholder aspects Aubrey Mendelow's power-interest matrix or grid, which considers stakeholder "power and expectations (and therefore their likely interest) ... to determine the potential influence of stakeholder groups" Murray-Webster and Simon's three-dimensional grid mapping power, interest, and attitude, for better "stimulating thought and informing the project or program manager in a truly meaningful way" Imperial College London's influence-interest grid, "plotting stakeholders on a graph in terms of their influence over the project and their interest in the project" The former Office of Government Commerce's power-impact grid, mapping "the level of impact of the change on and the importance these stakeholders to the success of the change project". Stakeholder mapping procedure The list of potential stakeholders for any project often exceeds both the time available for analysis and the capability to sensibly map and display the results. The challenge is to focus on the right stakeholders who are currently important and to create a visual representation of this critical sub-set of the total community - the key stakeholders. Develop a categorised list of the members of the stakeholder community. Stakeholders can be prioritized in some order. The highest priority stakeholders are then translated into a visual representation (often a table or a graph). The power-interest matrix The most common presentation style uses a two-dimensional matrix. Power and influence are commonly seen with a third dimension shown by the colour or size of the symbol representing the individual stakeholders, often the attitude. Some of the commonly used dimensions include: Power (high, medium, low) Influence (high or low) Interest/Need (high, medium, low) Support/Attitude (positive, neutral, negative) The salience model The salience model uses three dimensions: legitimacy (A), power (B), and urgency (C). It is represented in a Venn diagram with eight regions, each associated with a specific stakeholder type. The Covalence model has eight regions each associated with a stakeholder type Stakeholder types as described by the salience model: Discretionary stakeholders: These stakeholders have little urgency or power and are unlikely to exert much pressure. They have legitimate claims. (yellow region) Dormant stakeholders: These stakeholders have much power but no legitimacy or urgency and therefore are not likely to become heavily involved. (blue region) Demanding stakeholders: These stakeholders have little power or legitimacy but can make much "noise" because they want things to be addressed immediately. (red region) Dominant stakeholders: These stakeholders have both formal power and legitimacy, but little urgency. They tend to have certain expectations that must be met. (green region) Dangerous stakeholders: These stakeholders have power and urgency but are not really pertinent to the project. (purple region) Dependent stakeholders: These stakeholders have urgent and legitimate stakes in the project but little power. These stakeholders may lean on another stakeholder group to have their voices heard. (orange region) Definitive stakeholders: These stakeholders have power, legitimacy and urgency and therefore have the highest salience. (white region at the intersection of all other regions) Non-stakeholders: These stakeholders have no power, legitimacy or urgency. (outside the regions defined by the circles A, B, and C) Benefits Stakeholder analysis helps with the identification of: Stakeholders' interests Potential risks and misunderstandings Mechanisms to positively influence other stakeholders Key people to be informed about the project during the execution phase Negative stakeholders as well as their adverse effects on the project See also Actor analysis Crowdsourcing Department of Defense Architecture Framework Participation (decision making) Public consultation Responsibility assignment matrix Stakeholder engagement software Stakeholder theory Stakeholder management References ^ Coble, Yank; Coussens, Christine; Quinn, Kathleen, eds. (2009). "4. Stakeholder Perspectives on Environmental Health Sciences Decision Making". Environmental Health Sciences Decision Making: Risk Management, Evidence, and Ethics – Workshop Summary. Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press. doi:10.17226/12444. ISBN 978-0-309-12454-6. PMID 21210552. ^ Ketema, D.M.; Chisholm, N.; Enright, P. (2017). "Chapter 20: Examining the Characteristics of Stakeholders in Lake Tana Sub-basin Resource Use, Management and Governance". In Stave, K.; Goshu, G.; Aynalem, S. (eds.). Social and Ecological System Dynamics. Springer. p. 318. ISBN 9783319457550. ^ DeGeorge, R.T. (2010). Business Ethics. Pearson Education, Inc. p. 192. ISBN 9780205015108. ^ a b De Mascia, S. (2016). Project Psychology: Using Psychological Models and Techniques to Create a Successful Project. CRC Press. pp. 73–74. ISBN 9781317075011. ^ Cameron, B.G.; Seher, T.; Crawley, E.F. (2011). "Goals for space exploration based on stakeholder value network considerations". Acta Astronautica. 68 (11–12): 2088–97. Bibcode:2011AcAau..68.2088C. doi:10.1016/j.actaastro.2010.11.003. ^ Fletcher, A.; Guthrie, J.; Steane, P.; et al. (2003). "Mapping stakeholder perceptions for a third sector organization". Journal of Intellectual Capital. 4 (4): 505–27. doi:10.1108/14691930310504536. ^ a b Mitchell, R.K.; Agle, B.R.; Wood, D.J. (1997). "Toward a Theory of Stakeholder Identification and Salience: Defining the Principle of Who and What Really Counts". The Academy of Management Review. 22 (4): 853–86. doi:10.2307/259247. JSTOR 259247. ^ a b Savage, G.T.; Nix, T.W.; Whitehead, C.J.; Blair, J.D. (1991). "Strategies for Assessing and Managing Organizational Stakeholders". The Executive. 5 (2): 61–75. JSTOR 4165008. ^ Turner, J.R.; Grude, K.V.; Thurloway, L. (1999). The Project Manager As Change Agent: Leadership, Influence and Negotiation. McGraw-Hill Book Co Ltd. ISBN 9780077077419. ^ Bourne, L. (2012). Stakeholder Relationship Management: A Maturity Model for Organisational Implementation. Gower Publishing, Ltd. p. PT61. ISBN 9780566091933. ^ a b Botten, N. (2006). Management Accounting – Business Strategy. CIMA Publishing. pp. 3–4. ISBN 9780750680431. Once the power and expectations (and therefore their likely interest) has been established we can use a power interest matrix to assist the analysis. Mendelow (1991) has proposed such a matrix (Figure 1.4). If the stakeholders are plotted regularly this matrix can be used to determine the potential influence of stakeholder groups. ^ a b Murray-Webster, R.; Simon, P. (2006). "Making Sense of Stakeholder Mapping" (PDF). PM World Today. 8 (11): 1–4. ^ a b "Stakeholder management" (PDF). Imperial College London. 21 June 2017. Retrieved 6 July 2018. ^ a b "Stakeholder Management Plan" (PDF). Office of Government Commerce. 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 June 2008. Retrieved 6 July 2018. ^ a b Eden, C.; Ackermann, F. (2013). Making Strategy: The Journey of Strategic Management. SAGE. p. 123. ISBN 9781446265192. ^ a b c Babou, S. (12 March 2008). "What Is Stakeholder Analysis?". The Project Management Hut. PM Hut. Archived from the original on 22 February 2015. Retrieved 6 July 2018. ^ Kimmich, C.; Janetschek, H.; Meyer-Ohlendorf, L.; et al. (2012). Methods for Stakeholder Analysis. Europaeischer Hochschulverlag GmbH & Co KG. pp. 3–4. ISBN 9783867417808. ^ Dwyer, J.; Hopwood, N. (2013). Management Strategies and Skills. McGraw-Hill Education Australia. p. 360. ISBN 9781743764930. vteIndustrial ecologyTools Agent-based model Cost–benefit analysis DPSIR Ecolabel Ecological footprint Environmental full-cost accounting Environmental impact assessment Environmental management system EIO-LCA Input–output model Integrated chain management ISO 14000 Life-cycle assessment Life-cycle cost analysis Material flow analysis MET Matrix Stakeholder analysis Concepts Circular economy Cradle-to-cradle design Dematerialization Eco-efficiency Eco-industrial development Eco-industrial park Ecological modernization Efficient energy use Exergy Extended producer responsibility Industrial metabolism Industrial symbiosis Polluter pays principle Precautionary principle Rebound effect Waste hierarchy Waste minimisation Waste valorization Related fields Cleaner production Design for environment Earth systems engineering and management Ecological economics Ecological modernization Environmental economics Green chemistry Sustainable development Urban ecology Urban metabolism
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"conflict resolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_resolution"},{"link_name":"business administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_administration"},{"link_name":"environmental health sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_health"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"industrial ecology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_ecology"},{"link_name":"public administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration"},{"link_name":"project management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_management"},{"link_name":"stakeholders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_stakeholder"},{"link_name":"project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project"},{"link_name":"policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KetemaExam17-2"},{"link_name":"stakeholder management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stakeholder_management"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DeGeorgeBusiness10-3"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Stakeholder analysis in conflict resolution, business administration, environmental health sciences decision making,[1] industrial ecology, public administration, and project management is the process of assessing a system and potential changes to it as they relate to relevant and interested parties known as stakeholders. This information is used to assess how the interests of those stakeholders should be addressed in a project plan, policy, program, or other action.[2] Stakeholder analysis is a key part of stakeholder management. A stakeholder analysis of an issue consists of weighing and balancing all of the competing demands on a firm by each of those who have a claim on it, in order to arrive at the firm's obligation in a particular case. A stakeholder analysis does not preclude the interests of the stakeholders overriding the interests of the other stakeholders affected, but it ensures that all affected will be considered.[3]Stakeholder analysis is frequently used during the preparation phase of a project to assess the attitudes of the stakeholders regarding the potential changes. Stakeholder analysis can be done once or on a regular basis to track changes in stakeholder attitudes over time.[citation needed]","title":"Stakeholder analysis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DeMasciaProject16-4"}],"text":"Types of stakeholders include:[4]Primary stakeholders: those ultimately most affected, either positively or negatively by an organization's actions\nSecondary stakeholders: the \"intermediaries,\" that is, persons or organizations who are indirectly affected by an organization's actions\nTertiary stakeholders: those who will be impacted the leastOther types of stakeholders:Key stakeholders: those with significant influence upon or importance within an organization; can also belong to the other groups","title":"Stakeholder types"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stakeholders_matrix.svg"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CameronGoals11-5"},{"link_name":"key performance indicators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_indicator"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FletcherMapping03-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MitchellToward97-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SavageStrat91-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TurnerTheProject99-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BourneStakeholder12-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BottenManage06-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Murray-WebsterMaking06-12"},{"link_name":"Imperial College London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_College_London"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ICLStake17-13"},{"link_name":"Office of Government Commerce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Government_Commerce"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OGCArch06-14"}],"text":"A Power-Interest matrix showing strategies to use based on the quadrant the stakeholders are categorised in.The following list identifies some of the best known and most commonly used methods for stakeholder mapping:Cameron et al. defined a process for ranking stakeholders based on needs and the relative importance of stakeholders to others in the network.[5]\nFletcher et al. defined a process for mapping stakeholder expectations based on value hierarchies and key performance indicators.[6]\nMitchell et al. proposed a classification of stakeholders based on power to influence, the legitimacy of each stakeholder's relationship with the organization, and the urgency of the stakeholder's claim on the organization. The results of this classification may assess the fundamental question of \"which groups are stakeholders deserving or requiring manager's attention, and which are not?\" This is salience – \"the degree to which managers give priority to competing stakeholder claims.\"[7]\nSavage et al. offer a way to classify stakeholders according to potential for threat and potential for cooperation.[8]\nTurner et al. have developed a process of identification, assessment of awareness, support, and influence, leading to strategies for communicating and assessing stakeholder satisfaction, and determining who is aware or ignorant and whether their attitude is supportive or opposing.[9]Mapping techniques include the following analysis techniques being used by aid agencies, governments, or consultant groups:Lynda Bourne's Stakeholder Circle, \"a five-step methodology that provides a flexible approach to understanding and managing the relationships within and around the activity\",[10] involves identification, prioritization, visualization, engagement, and monitoring of stakeholder aspects\nAubrey Mendelow's power-interest matrix or grid, which considers stakeholder \"power and expectations (and therefore their likely interest) ... to determine the potential influence of stakeholder groups\"[11]\nMurray-Webster and Simon's three-dimensional grid mapping power, interest, and attitude, for better \"stimulating thought and informing the project or program manager in a truly meaningful way\"[12]\nImperial College London's influence-interest grid, \"plotting stakeholders on a graph in terms of their influence over the project and their interest in the project\"[13]\nThe former Office of Government Commerce's power-impact grid, mapping \"the level of impact of the change on [stakeholder] and the importance these stakeholders [have] to the success of the change project\".[14]","title":"Stakeholder mapping"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EdenMaking13-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EdenMaking13-15"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SavageStrat91-8"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BabouArchWhat08-16"}],"sub_title":"Stakeholder mapping procedure","text":"The list of potential stakeholders for any project often exceeds both the time available for analysis and the capability to sensibly map and display the results.[15] The challenge is to focus on the right stakeholders who are currently important and to create a visual representation of this critical sub-set of the total community - the key stakeholders.[15]Develop a categorised list of the members of the stakeholder community.\nStakeholders can be prioritized in some order.\nThe highest priority stakeholders are then translated into a visual representation (often a table or a graph).[8][16]","title":"Stakeholder mapping"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DeMasciaProject16-4"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BottenManage06-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Murray-WebsterMaking06-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ICLStake17-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OGCArch06-14"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BabouArchWhat08-16"}],"sub_title":"The power-interest matrix","text":"The most common presentation style uses a two-dimensional matrix. Power and influence are commonly seen with a third dimension shown by the colour or size of the symbol representing the individual stakeholders, often the attitude.Some of the commonly used dimensions include:[4][11][12][13][14][16]Power (high, medium, low)\nInfluence (high or low)\nInterest/Need (high, medium, low)\nSupport/Attitude (positive, neutral, negative)","title":"Stakeholder mapping"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MitchellToward97-7"},{"link_name":"Venn diagram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venn_diagram"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Venn_diagram_ABC_RGB.png"}],"sub_title":"The salience model","text":"The salience model[7] uses three dimensions: legitimacy (A), power (B), and urgency (C). It is represented in a Venn diagram with eight regions, each associated with a specific stakeholder type.The Covalence model has eight regions each associated with a stakeholder typeStakeholder types as described by the salience model:Discretionary stakeholders: These stakeholders have little urgency or power and are unlikely to exert much pressure. They have legitimate claims. (yellow region)\nDormant stakeholders: These stakeholders have much power but no legitimacy or urgency and therefore are not likely to become heavily involved. (blue region)\nDemanding stakeholders: These stakeholders have little power or legitimacy but can make much \"noise\" because they want things to be addressed immediately. (red region)\nDominant stakeholders: These stakeholders have both formal power and legitimacy, but little urgency. They tend to have certain expectations that must be met. (green region)\nDangerous stakeholders: These stakeholders have power and urgency but are not really pertinent to the project. (purple region)\nDependent stakeholders: These stakeholders have urgent and legitimate stakes in the project but little power. These stakeholders may lean on another stakeholder group to have their voices heard. (orange region)\nDefinitive stakeholders: These stakeholders have power, legitimacy and urgency and therefore have the highest salience. (white region at the intersection of all other regions)\nNon-stakeholders: These stakeholders have no power, legitimacy or urgency. (outside the regions defined by the circles A, B, and C)","title":"Stakeholder mapping"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BabouArchWhat08-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KimmichMethods12-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DwyerManage13-18"}],"text":"Stakeholder analysis helps with the identification of:[16][17][18]Stakeholders' interests\nPotential risks and misunderstandings\nMechanisms to positively influence other stakeholders\nKey people to be informed about the project during the execution phase\nNegative stakeholders as well as their adverse effects on the project","title":"Benefits"}]
[{"image_text":"A Power-Interest matrix showing strategies to use based on the quadrant the stakeholders are categorised in.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Stakeholders_matrix.svg/250px-Stakeholders_matrix.svg.png"},{"image_text":"The Covalence model has eight regions each associated with a stakeholder type","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Venn_diagram_ABC_RGB.png/220px-Venn_diagram_ABC_RGB.png"}]
[{"title":"Actor analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actor_analysis"},{"title":"Crowdsourcing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowdsourcing"},{"title":"Department of Defense Architecture Framework","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Defense_Architecture_Framework"},{"title":"Participation (decision making)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Participation_(decision_making)"},{"title":"Public consultation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_consultation"},{"title":"Responsibility assignment matrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responsibility_assignment_matrix"},{"title":"Stakeholder engagement software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stakeholder_engagement_software"},{"title":"Stakeholder theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stakeholder_theory"},{"title":"Stakeholder management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stakeholder_management"}]
[{"reference":"Coble, Yank; Coussens, Christine; Quinn, Kathleen, eds. (2009). \"4. Stakeholder Perspectives on Environmental Health Sciences Decision Making\". Environmental Health Sciences Decision Making: Risk Management, Evidence, and Ethics – Workshop Summary. Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press. doi:10.17226/12444. ISBN 978-0-309-12454-6. PMID 21210552.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK50712/","url_text":"\"4. Stakeholder Perspectives on Environmental Health Sciences Decision Making\""},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK50714/","url_text":"Environmental Health Sciences Decision Making: Risk Management, Evidence, and Ethics – Workshop Summary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C.","url_text":"Washington, D.C."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_National_Academies_Press","url_text":"The National Academies Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.17226%2F12444","url_text":"10.17226/12444"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-12454-6","url_text":"978-0-309-12454-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21210552","url_text":"21210552"}]},{"reference":"Ketema, D.M.; Chisholm, N.; Enright, P. (2017). \"Chapter 20: Examining the Characteristics of Stakeholders in Lake Tana Sub-basin Resource Use, Management and Governance\". In Stave, K.; Goshu, G.; Aynalem, S. (eds.). Social and Ecological System Dynamics. Springer. p. 318. ISBN 9783319457550.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vNifDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA318","url_text":"\"Chapter 20: Examining the Characteristics of Stakeholders in Lake Tana Sub-basin Resource Use, Management and Governance\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783319457550","url_text":"9783319457550"}]},{"reference":"DeGeorge, R.T. (2010). Business Ethics. Pearson Education, Inc. p. 192. ISBN 9780205015108.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780205015108","url_text":"9780205015108"}]},{"reference":"De Mascia, S. (2016). Project Psychology: Using Psychological Models and Techniques to Create a Successful Project. CRC Press. pp. 73–74. ISBN 9781317075011.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=G5XsCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA73","url_text":"Project Psychology: Using Psychological Models and Techniques to Create a Successful Project"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317075011","url_text":"9781317075011"}]},{"reference":"Cameron, B.G.; Seher, T.; Crawley, E.F. (2011). \"Goals for space exploration based on stakeholder value network considerations\". Acta Astronautica. 68 (11–12): 2088–97. Bibcode:2011AcAau..68.2088C. doi:10.1016/j.actaastro.2010.11.003.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AcAau..68.2088C","url_text":"2011AcAau..68.2088C"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.actaastro.2010.11.003","url_text":"10.1016/j.actaastro.2010.11.003"}]},{"reference":"Fletcher, A.; Guthrie, J.; Steane, P.; et al. (2003). \"Mapping stakeholder perceptions for a third sector organization\". Journal of Intellectual Capital. 4 (4): 505–27. doi:10.1108/14691930310504536.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1108%2F14691930310504536","url_text":"10.1108/14691930310504536"}]},{"reference":"Mitchell, R.K.; Agle, B.R.; Wood, D.J. (1997). \"Toward a Theory of Stakeholder Identification and Salience: Defining the Principle of Who and What Really Counts\". The Academy of Management Review. 22 (4): 853–86. doi:10.2307/259247. JSTOR 259247.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F259247","url_text":"10.2307/259247"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/259247","url_text":"259247"}]},{"reference":"Savage, G.T.; Nix, T.W.; Whitehead, C.J.; Blair, J.D. (1991). \"Strategies for Assessing and Managing Organizational Stakeholders\". The Executive. 5 (2): 61–75. JSTOR 4165008.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4165008","url_text":"4165008"}]},{"reference":"Turner, J.R.; Grude, K.V.; Thurloway, L. (1999). The Project Manager As Change Agent: Leadership, Influence and Negotiation. McGraw-Hill Book Co Ltd. ISBN 9780077077419.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780077077419","url_text":"9780077077419"}]},{"reference":"Bourne, L. (2012). Stakeholder Relationship Management: A Maturity Model for Organisational Implementation. Gower Publishing, Ltd. p. PT61. ISBN 9780566091933.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8VJ2OzigQj4C&pg=PT61","url_text":"Stakeholder Relationship Management: A Maturity Model for Organisational Implementation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780566091933","url_text":"9780566091933"}]},{"reference":"Botten, N. (2006). Management Accounting – Business Strategy. CIMA Publishing. pp. 3–4. ISBN 9780750680431. Once the power and expectations (and therefore their likely interest) has been established we can use a power interest matrix to assist the analysis. Mendelow (1991) has proposed such a matrix (Figure 1.4). If the stakeholders are plotted regularly this matrix can be used to determine the potential influence of stakeholder groups.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780750680431","url_text":"9780750680431"}]},{"reference":"Murray-Webster, R.; Simon, P. (2006). \"Making Sense of Stakeholder Mapping\" (PDF). PM World Today. 8 (11): 1–4.","urls":[{"url":"https://skat.ihmc.us/rid=1JGD4CJZ4-F9CF0Y-1KM6/SEMINAL%20stakeholder%20mapping%20in%203d.pdf","url_text":"\"Making Sense of Stakeholder Mapping\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stakeholder management\" (PDF). Imperial College London. 21 June 2017. Retrieved 6 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imperial.ac.uk/media/imperial-college/administration-and-support-services/staff-development/public/impex/Stakeholder-management-21jun17.pdf","url_text":"\"Stakeholder management\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stakeholder Management Plan\" (PDF). Office of Government Commerce. 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 June 2008. Retrieved 6 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080620102145/https://www.ogc.gov.uk/documents/Stakeholder_Management_Plan.pdf","url_text":"\"Stakeholder Management Plan\""},{"url":"https://www.ogc.gov.uk/documents/Stakeholder_Management_Plan.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Eden, C.; Ackermann, F. (2013). Making Strategy: The Journey of Strategic Management. SAGE. p. 123. ISBN 9781446265192.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UnYWfXigU4UC&pg=PA123","url_text":"Making Strategy: The Journey of Strategic Management"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781446265192","url_text":"9781446265192"}]},{"reference":"Babou, S. (12 March 2008). \"What Is Stakeholder Analysis?\". The Project Management Hut. PM Hut. Archived from the original on 22 February 2015. Retrieved 6 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150222033454/http://www.pmhut.com/what-is-stakeholder-analysis","url_text":"\"What Is Stakeholder Analysis?\""},{"url":"http://www.pmhut.com/what-is-stakeholder-analysis","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kimmich, C.; Janetschek, H.; Meyer-Ohlendorf, L.; et al. (2012). Methods for Stakeholder Analysis. Europaeischer Hochschulverlag GmbH & Co KG. pp. 3–4. ISBN 9783867417808.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=o2ejrQc5qhkC&pg=PA4","url_text":"Methods for Stakeholder Analysis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783867417808","url_text":"9783867417808"}]},{"reference":"Dwyer, J.; Hopwood, N. (2013). Management Strategies and Skills. McGraw-Hill Education Australia. p. 360. ISBN 9781743764930.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781743764930","url_text":"9781743764930"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morzine
Morzine
["1 History","2 Climate","3 Population","4 Summer sports","4.1 Mountain biking","4.2 Tour de France","4.3 Football","5 Winter sports","5.1 Ice hockey","5.2 Skiing and snowboarding","6 Other events","7 Local transport","8 See also","9 References","10 External links"]
Coordinates: 46°10′44″N 6°42′32″E / 46.1789°N 6.7089°E / 46.1789; 6.7089Commune in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, FranceMorzine Morzena (Arpitan)CommuneAugust 2010 view of Morzine FlagCoat of armsLocation of Morzine MorzineShow map of FranceMorzineShow map of Auvergne-Rhône-AlpesCoordinates: 46°10′44″N 6°42′32″E / 46.1789°N 6.7089°E / 46.1789; 6.7089CountryFranceRegionAuvergne-Rhône-AlpesDepartmentHaute-SavoieArrondissementThonon-les-BainsCantonÉvian-les-BainsIntercommunalityHaut-ChablaisGovernment • Mayor (2024–2026) Jean-François BergerArea144.1 km2 (17.0 sq mi)Population (2021)2,660 • Density60/km2 (160/sq mi)DemonymMorzinoisTime zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)INSEE/Postal code74191 /74110Websitewww.mairie-morzine-avoriaz.com1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. Morzine (French pronunciation: ; Arpitan: Morzena), alternatively known as Morzine-Avoriaz (pronounced ), is an alpine commune on the Swiss border in the Haute-Savoie department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in Southeastern France. It is located in the French-Swiss Chablais historical area, south-southeast of Évian-les-Bains and just west of Champéry in Valais. As of 2020, it had a population of 2,690. The town of Morzine is situated in the French Alps' Vallée d'Aulps (Aulps Valley), which stretches from Morzine to La Vernaz in the northwest. A traditional market town in the heart of the Portes du Soleil, Morzine is dominated by chalets spread across a river gorge, bordered by partially wooded slopes allowing skiing in poor weather conditions. Situated at an altitude of about 1,000 m, it is one of the most northerly of the French Alpine resorts, weatherwise benefiting from the Mont Blanc microclimate. The locality enjoys panoramic mountain views and modern ski facilities, as well as hotels and restaurants in the town itself. The ski resort of Avoriaz is located on the territory of the commune. History In 1181, Morzine (Latin: Morgenes, or "border area") was a grange of Aulps Abbey, a Cistercian monastery 7 km away. In the Middle Ages, granges were agricultural centres from which the monks exploited their landscape and co-ordinated farming and industrial work. The grange was fundamental to the Cistercians' successful expansion and management of their mountain land. The granges supplied the monastery's food, clothing, utensils and building materials. The granges were manned by lay-brothers, who cultivated the lands and reared livestock. From the 18th to the early 20th century, the exploitation of slate quarries was an important economic activity of Morzine, before winter tourism took over around in 1930. Between 1857 and 1870, the commune received national attention for an unusually high number of women claiming to be possessed. In 2015 only a few quarries were still being exploited. Climate Morzine has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfb) closely bordering on a subarctic climate (Dfc). Climate data for Morzine (Le Plénay), 1515m (1991−2020 normals, extremes 1995−present) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C (°F) 17.2(63.0) 16.8(62.2) 16.3(61.3) 21.4(70.5) 25.7(78.3) 30.2(86.4) 29.9(85.8) 29.5(85.1) 24.9(76.8) 22.3(72.1) 18.3(64.9) 14.9(58.8) 30.2(86.4) Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 1.9(35.4) 2.1(35.8) 4.9(40.8) 8.5(47.3) 12.6(54.7) 16.9(62.4) 18.6(65.5) 18.3(64.9) 14.5(58.1) 11.1(52.0) 5.4(41.7) 2.7(36.9) 9.8(49.6) Daily mean °C (°F) −1.0(30.2) −1.1(30.0) 1.5(34.7) 5.0(41.0) 9.0(48.2) 13.1(55.6) 14.7(58.5) 14.6(58.3) 11.1(52.0) 7.9(46.2) 2.7(36.9) −0.1(31.8) 6.5(43.6) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −3.8(25.2) −4.4(24.1) −1.8(28.8) 1.5(34.7) 5.3(41.5) 9.2(48.6) 10.8(51.4) 11.0(51.8) 7.8(46.0) 4.7(40.5) −0.1(31.8) −2.8(27.0) 3.1(37.6) Record low °C (°F) −17.0(1.4) −22.1(−7.8) −15.6(3.9) −11.1(12.0) −6.0(21.2) −2.6(27.3) 1.6(34.9) 2.1(35.8) −2.4(27.7) −7.9(17.8) −13.3(8.1) −16.5(2.3) −22.1(−7.8) Average precipitation mm (inches) 161.1(6.34) 125.1(4.93) 137.7(5.42) 122.2(4.81) 158.8(6.25) 145.4(5.72) 156.3(6.15) 159.5(6.28) 122.3(4.81) 140.9(5.55) 135.0(5.31) 171.2(6.74) 1,735.5(68.31) Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 12.3 10.6 11.6 11.5 14.7 12.4 12.1 12.6 10.1 11.2 11.3 12.1 142.5 Source: Meteociel Population Historical populationYearPop.±% p.a.1968 2,340—    1975 2,554+1.26%1982 2,838+1.52%1990 2,967+0.56%1999 2,948−0.07%2007 2,937−0.05%2012 2,889−0.33%2017 2,785−0.73%Source: INSEE Summer sports Morzine also hosts summer activities such as mountain biking, golfing, walking and caving. The resort also boasts an Olympic sized swimming pool. Mountain biking Local trails are generally single track and with varying levels of difficulty available from steep, rooty and technical to fast open downhill tracks. There is also a small amount of Northshore available in the Chatel Bike Park area. Morzine is also within easy reach of other resorts including Avoriaz, Morgins, Châtel and Les Gets. The resorts of Pila, Verbier and Les Arcs lie within easy reach by car thus giving access to several places to ride. A single lift pass can be purchased to cover the whole of the Portes du Soleil area and costs much less than during the winter months. Tour de France Morzine has hosted Tour de France stage finishes on several occasions, thanks in part to the proximity of the notoriously steep Col de Joux-Plane climb. Morzine was the finale of the first mountain stage in the 2003 Tour de France. Stage seven's yellow jersey (for the leader of the general classification) and polka dot jersey (for the leader of the mountains classification) were awarded to Richard Virenque of France's Quick-Step–Davitamon team. Stage 17 of the 2006 Tour de France ended in Morzine, where Floyd Landis did the impossible and gutted out one of the most memorable stage wins in Tour history during the height of the 1992–2012 doping-era. The town was also the starting point for Stage 18. In the 2010 Tour de France Morzine was the finishing location for stage 8. Morzine again featured in the 2016 Tour de France as the finish for stage 20 – Megève to Morzine. From July 10–12 the 2022 Tour de France was scheduled to be in Morzine with a stage finish held nearby, the second rest day and also a stage depart. Football Morzine is home to the annual French Mountain Villages Football Tournament (Tournoi des Montagnes) where the best junior teams compete for a much coveted trophy each June. Winter sports Ice hockey The town is home to the Morzine-Avoriaz Penguins, an ice hockey team which reached the Ligue Magnus final in 2006, but nowadays plays in the country's minor leagues. Skiing and snowboarding The intermediate terrain makes the area well suited to beginners and less-seasoned skiers and snowboarders, which has led to the resort being especially popular with families. However more challenging slopes can be found at nearby Avoriaz. Morzine is closely linked to its neighbours Avoriaz and Les Gets in that they function as linked skiing centres during the winter season. The two resorts are included in the Portes du Soleil ski area, which includes both French and Swiss villages. Other events Since 2013, the town has hosted the Morzine Harley Days, a major motorcycle and music rally sponsored by Harley-Davidson and organized by its Harley Owners Group. The event reportedly drew 20,000 vehicles and 60,000 fans in 2019. Local transport The closest airport to Morzine is Geneva Cointrin International Airport, Switzerland. Although there is no rail service directly to Morzine the two closest stations are at Thonon-les-Bains and Cluses, and from these stations local buses are available to the town. See also Communes of the Haute-Savoie department References ^ "Répertoire national des élus: les maires" (in French). data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises. 16 April 2024. ^ "Populations légales 2021" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023. ^ Delerce (A.), Recherches sur le chartrier d'Aulps. Reconstitution, édition et commentaire des chartes d'une abbaye cistercienne de montagne (1097–1307), vol. 2, p. 271-273, n° 32. Papal bull of Pope Alexander III ^ Willams (D. H.), The Cistercians in the Early Middle Ages, Leominster, 1998, p. 278 ss. ^ History section, Ardoisière des Sept Pieds ^ Harris, Ruth (1997). "Possession on the Borders: The "Mal de Morzine" in Nineteenth-Century France". The Journal of Modern History. 69 (3): 451–478. doi:10.1086/245535. ISSN 0022-2801. JSTOR 2953593. S2CID 144770540. ^ O'Shea, Stephen (2017). The Alps: a human history from Hannibal to Heidi and beyond. New York: W. W. Norton. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-393-24685-8. ^ "Normales et records pour Le Plénay (74)". Meteociel. Retrieved May 9, 2024. ^ Population en historique depuis 1968, INSEE ^ Henderson, Amy (28 June 2022). "FAQ's 2022 Tour de France". Morzine Source Magazine. Retrieved 10 June 2022. ^ "Morzine-Avoriaz". eliteprospects.com. Elite Prospects. Retrieved September 3, 2021. ^ "Portes du Soleil Ski Area | Resorts, Holidays & Skiing Guide". ^ "A Morzine, Harley Davidson fait se côtoyer la légende et l'électrique". lepoint.fr. Artémis. AFP. July 14, 2019. Retrieved September 10, 2021. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Morzine. Official website vte Communes of the Haute-Savoie department Abondance Alby-sur-Chéran Alex Allèves Allinges Allonzier-la-Caille Amancy Ambilly Andilly Annecypref Annemasse Anthy-sur-Léman Arâches-la-Frasse Arbusigny Archamps Arenthon Argonay Armoy Arthaz-Pont-Notre-Dame Ayse Ballaison La Balme-de-Sillingy La Balme-de-Thuy Bassy La Baume Beaumont Bellevaux Bernex Le Biot Bloye Bluffy Boëge Bogève Bonne Bonnevaux Bonnevillesubpr Bons-en-Chablais Bossey Le Bouchet-Mont-Charvin Boussy Brenthonne Brizon Burdignin Cercier Cernex Cervens Chainaz-les-Frasses Challonges Chamonix-Mont-Blanc Champanges La Chapelle-d'Abondance La Chapelle-Rambaud La Chapelle-Saint-Maurice Chapeiry Charvonnex Châtel Châtillon-sur-Cluses Chaumont Chavannaz Chavanod Chêne-en-Semine Chênex Chens-sur-Léman Chessenaz Chevaline Chevenoz Chevrier Chilly Choisy Clarafond-Arcine Les Clefs Clermont La Clusaz Cluses Collonges-sous-Salève Combloux Contamine-Sarzin Les Contamines-Montjoie Contamine-sur-Arve Copponex Cordon Cornier La Côte-d'Arbroz Cranves-Sales Crempigny-Bonneguête Cruseilles Cusy Cuvat Demi-Quartier Desingy Dingy-en-Vuache Dingy-Saint-Clair Domancy Doussard Douvaine Draillant Droisy Duingt Éloise Entrevernes Épagny Metz-Tessy Essert-Romand Etaux Étercy Étrembières Évian-les-Bains Excenevex Faucigny Faverges-Seythenex Feigères Fessy Féternes Fillière Fillinges La Forclaz Franclens Frangy Gaillard Les Gets Giez Glières-Val-de-Borne Le Grand-Bornand Groisy Gruffy Habère-Lullin Habère-Poche Hauteville-sur-Fier Héry-sur-Alby Les Houches Jonzier-Épagny Juvigny Larringes Lathuile Leschaux Loisin Lornay Lovagny Lucinges Lugrin Lullin Lully Lyaud Machilly Magland Manigod Marcellaz Marcellaz-Albanais Margencel Marignier Marigny-Saint-Marcel Marin Marlioz Marnaz Massingy Massongy Maxilly-sur-Léman Megève Mégevette Meillerie Menthonnex-en-Bornes Menthonnex-sous-Clermont Menthon-Saint-Bernard Mésigny Messery Mieussy Minzier Monnetier-Mornex Montagny-les-Lanches Montriond Mont-Saxonnex Morillon Morzine Moye La Muraz Mûres Musièges Nancy-sur-Cluses Nangy Nâves-Parmelan Nernier Neuvecelle Neydens Nonglard Novel Onnion Orcier Passy Peillonnex Perrignier Pers-Jussy Poisy Praz-sur-Arly Présilly Publier Quintal Reignier-Esery Le Reposoir Reyvroz La Rivière-Enverse La Roche-sur-Foron Rumilly Saint-André-de-Boëge Saint-Blaise Saint-Cergues Saint-Eusèbe Saint-Eustache Saint-Félix Saint-Ferréol Saint-Germain-sur-Rhône Saint-Gervais-les-Bains Saint-Gingolph Saint-Jean-d'Aulps Saint-Jean-de-Sixt Saint-Jean-de-Tholome Saint-Jeoire Saint-Jorioz Saint-Julien-en-Genevoissubpr Saint-Laurent Saint-Paul-en-Chablais Saint-Pierre-en-Faucigny Saint-Sigismond Saint-Sixt Saint-Sylvestre Sales Sallanches Sallenôves Samoëns Le Sappey Savigny Saxel Scientrier Sciez Scionzier Serraval Servoz Sevrier Seyssel Seytroux Sillingy Sixt-Fer-à-Cheval Talloires-Montmin Taninges Thollon-les-Mémises Thônes Thonon-les-Bainssubpr Thusy Thyez La Tour Usinens Vacheresse Vailly Val-de-Chaise Valleiry Vallières-sur-Fier Vallorcine Vanzy Vaulx Veigy-Foncenex Verchaix La Vernaz Vers Versonnex Vétraz-Monthoux Veyrier-du-Lac Villard Les Villards-sur-Thônes Villaz Ville-en-Sallaz Ville-la-Grand Villy-le-Bouveret Villy-le-Pelloux Vinzier Viry Viuz-en-Sallaz Viuz-la-Chiésaz Vougy Vovray-en-Bornes Vulbens Yvoire pref: prefecture subpr: subprefecture Authority control databases International VIAF National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Geographic MusicBrainz area Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[mɔʁzin]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"Arpitan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arpitan_language"},{"link_name":"[mɔʁzin avɔʁja]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"commune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_France"},{"link_name":"Swiss border","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France%E2%80%93Switzerland_border"},{"link_name":"Haute-Savoie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haute-Savoie"},{"link_name":"department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_France"},{"link_name":"Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auvergne-Rh%C3%B4ne-Alpes"},{"link_name":"region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_of_France"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Chablais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chablais"},{"link_name":"Évian-les-Bains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89vian-les-Bains"},{"link_name":"Champéry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champ%C3%A9ry"},{"link_name":"Valais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valais"},{"link_name":"French Alps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Alps"},{"link_name":"La Vernaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Vernaz"},{"link_name":"market town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_town"},{"link_name":"Portes du Soleil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portes_du_Soleil"},{"link_name":"chalets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalet"},{"link_name":"Mont Blanc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Blanc"},{"link_name":"Avoriaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avoriaz"}],"text":"Commune in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, FranceMorzine (French pronunciation: [mɔʁzin]; Arpitan: Morzena), alternatively known as Morzine-Avoriaz (pronounced [mɔʁzin avɔʁja]), is an alpine commune on the Swiss border in the Haute-Savoie department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in Southeastern France.It is located in the French-Swiss Chablais historical area, south-southeast of Évian-les-Bains and just west of Champéry in Valais. As of 2020, it had a population of 2,690. The town of Morzine is situated in the French Alps' Vallée d'Aulps (Aulps Valley), which stretches from Morzine to La Vernaz in the northwest.A traditional market town in the heart of the Portes du Soleil, Morzine is dominated by chalets spread across a river gorge, bordered by partially wooded slopes allowing skiing in poor weather conditions. Situated at an altitude of about 1,000 m, it is one of the most northerly of the French Alpine resorts, weatherwise benefiting from the Mont Blanc microclimate. The locality enjoys panoramic mountain views and modern ski facilities, as well as hotels and restaurants in the town itself. The ski resort of Avoriaz is located on the territory of the commune.","title":"Morzine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"grange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monastic_grange"},{"link_name":"Aulps Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aulps_Abbey"},{"link_name":"Cistercian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cistercian"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"possessed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirit_possession"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"In 1181, Morzine (Latin: Morgenes, or \"border area\") was a grange of Aulps Abbey, a Cistercian monastery 7 km away.[3] In the Middle Ages, granges were agricultural centres from which the monks exploited their landscape and co-ordinated farming and industrial work. The grange was fundamental to the Cistercians' successful expansion and management of their mountain land. The granges supplied the monastery's food, clothing, utensils and building materials. The granges were manned by lay-brothers, who cultivated the lands and reared livestock.[4]From the 18th to the early 20th century, the exploitation of slate quarries was an important economic activity of Morzine, before winter tourism took over around in 1930.[5] Between 1857 and 1870, the commune received national attention for an unusually high number of women claiming to be possessed.[6][7] In 2015 only a few quarries were still being exploited.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"humid continental climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humid_continental_climate"},{"link_name":"Köppen climate classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification"},{"link_name":"subarctic climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subarctic_climate"},{"link_name":"Le Plénay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Le_Pl%C3%A9nay&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Morzine has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfb) closely bordering on a subarctic climate (Dfc).Climate data for Morzine (Le Plénay), 1515m (1991−2020 normals, extremes 1995−present)\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °C (°F)\n\n17.2(63.0)\n\n16.8(62.2)\n\n16.3(61.3)\n\n21.4(70.5)\n\n25.7(78.3)\n\n30.2(86.4)\n\n29.9(85.8)\n\n29.5(85.1)\n\n24.9(76.8)\n\n22.3(72.1)\n\n18.3(64.9)\n\n14.9(58.8)\n\n30.2(86.4)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n1.9(35.4)\n\n2.1(35.8)\n\n4.9(40.8)\n\n8.5(47.3)\n\n12.6(54.7)\n\n16.9(62.4)\n\n18.6(65.5)\n\n18.3(64.9)\n\n14.5(58.1)\n\n11.1(52.0)\n\n5.4(41.7)\n\n2.7(36.9)\n\n9.8(49.6)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n−1.0(30.2)\n\n−1.1(30.0)\n\n1.5(34.7)\n\n5.0(41.0)\n\n9.0(48.2)\n\n13.1(55.6)\n\n14.7(58.5)\n\n14.6(58.3)\n\n11.1(52.0)\n\n7.9(46.2)\n\n2.7(36.9)\n\n−0.1(31.8)\n\n6.5(43.6)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n−3.8(25.2)\n\n−4.4(24.1)\n\n−1.8(28.8)\n\n1.5(34.7)\n\n5.3(41.5)\n\n9.2(48.6)\n\n10.8(51.4)\n\n11.0(51.8)\n\n7.8(46.0)\n\n4.7(40.5)\n\n−0.1(31.8)\n\n−2.8(27.0)\n\n3.1(37.6)\n\n\nRecord low °C (°F)\n\n−17.0(1.4)\n\n−22.1(−7.8)\n\n−15.6(3.9)\n\n−11.1(12.0)\n\n−6.0(21.2)\n\n−2.6(27.3)\n\n1.6(34.9)\n\n2.1(35.8)\n\n−2.4(27.7)\n\n−7.9(17.8)\n\n−13.3(8.1)\n\n−16.5(2.3)\n\n−22.1(−7.8)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n161.1(6.34)\n\n125.1(4.93)\n\n137.7(5.42)\n\n122.2(4.81)\n\n158.8(6.25)\n\n145.4(5.72)\n\n156.3(6.15)\n\n159.5(6.28)\n\n122.3(4.81)\n\n140.9(5.55)\n\n135.0(5.31)\n\n171.2(6.74)\n\n1,735.5(68.31)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)\n\n12.3\n\n10.6\n\n11.6\n\n11.5\n\n14.7\n\n12.4\n\n12.1\n\n12.6\n\n10.1\n\n11.2\n\n11.3\n\n12.1\n\n142.5\n\n\nSource: Meteociel[8]","title":"Climate"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Population"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mountain biking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_biking"},{"link_name":"golfing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golf"},{"link_name":"walking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walking"},{"link_name":"caving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caving"}],"text":"Morzine also hosts summer activities such as mountain biking, golfing, walking and caving. The resort also boasts an Olympic sized swimming pool.","title":"Summer sports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Northshore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Northshore_(mountain_biking_style)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Avoriaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avoriaz"},{"link_name":"Morgins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgins"},{"link_name":"Châtel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2tel,_Haute-Savoie"},{"link_name":"Les Gets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Gets"},{"link_name":"Pila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pila,_Aosta_Valley"},{"link_name":"Verbier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbier"},{"link_name":"Les Arcs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Arcs"},{"link_name":"Portes du Soleil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portes_du_Soleil"}],"sub_title":"Mountain biking","text":"Local trails are generally single track and with varying levels of difficulty available from steep, rooty and technical to fast open downhill tracks. There is also a small amount of Northshore available in the Chatel Bike Park area.[citation needed]Morzine is also within easy reach of other resorts including Avoriaz, Morgins, Châtel and Les Gets. The resorts of Pila, Verbier and Les Arcs lie within easy reach by car thus giving access to several places to ride.A single lift pass can be purchased to cover the whole of the Portes du Soleil area and costs much less than during the winter months.","title":"Summer sports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tour de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"Col de Joux-Plane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Col_de_Joux-Plane"},{"link_name":"2003 Tour de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"general classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_classification_in_the_Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"mountains classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountains_classification_in_the_Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"Richard Virenque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Virenque"},{"link_name":"Quick-Step–Davitamon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quick-Step%E2%80%93Davitamon"},{"link_name":"2006 Tour de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"Floyd Landis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floyd_Landis"},{"link_name":"2010 Tour de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"2016 Tour de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"2022 Tour de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Tour de France","text":"Morzine has hosted Tour de France stage finishes on several occasions, thanks in part to the proximity of the notoriously steep Col de Joux-Plane climb.Morzine was the finale of the first mountain stage in the 2003 Tour de France. Stage seven's yellow jersey (for the leader of the general classification) and polka dot jersey (for the leader of the mountains classification) were awarded to Richard Virenque of France's Quick-Step–Davitamon team. Stage 17 of the 2006 Tour de France ended in Morzine, where Floyd Landis did the impossible and gutted out one of the most memorable stage wins in Tour history during the height of the 1992–2012 doping-era. The town was also the starting point for Stage 18. In the 2010 Tour de France Morzine was the finishing location for stage 8.Morzine again featured in the 2016 Tour de France as the finish for stage 20 – Megève to Morzine.From July 10–12 the 2022 Tour de France was scheduled to be in Morzine with a stage finish held nearby, the second rest day and also a stage depart.[10]","title":"Summer sports"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Football","text":"Morzine is home to the annual French Mountain Villages Football Tournament (Tournoi des Montagnes) where the best junior teams compete for a much coveted trophy each June.","title":"Summer sports"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Winter sports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Morzine-Avoriaz Penguins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pingouins_de_Morzine-Avoriaz"},{"link_name":"ice hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"Ligue Magnus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligue_Magnus"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Ice hockey","text":"The town is home to the Morzine-Avoriaz Penguins, an ice hockey team which reached the Ligue Magnus final in 2006, but nowadays plays in the country's minor leagues.[11]","title":"Winter sports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Avoriaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avoriaz"},{"link_name":"Les Gets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Gets"},{"link_name":"skiing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skiing"},{"link_name":"Portes du Soleil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portes_du_Soleil"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Skiing and snowboarding","text":"The intermediate terrain makes the area well suited to beginners and less-seasoned skiers and snowboarders, which has led to the resort being especially popular with families.[citation needed] However more challenging slopes can be found at nearby Avoriaz.Morzine is closely linked to its neighbours Avoriaz and Les Gets in that they function as linked skiing centres during the winter season. The two resorts are included in the Portes du Soleil ski area,[12] which includes both French and Swiss villages.","title":"Winter sports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harley-Davidson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harley-Davidson"},{"link_name":"Harley Owners Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harley_Owners_Group"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Since 2013, the town has hosted the Morzine Harley Days, a major motorcycle and music rally sponsored by Harley-Davidson and organized by its Harley Owners Group. The event reportedly drew 20,000 vehicles and 60,000 fans in 2019.[13]","title":"Other events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Geneva Cointrin International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva_Cointrin_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Thonon-les-Bains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thonon-les-Bains"},{"link_name":"Cluses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluses"}],"text":"The closest airport to Morzine is Geneva Cointrin International Airport, Switzerland. Although there is no rail service directly to Morzine the two closest stations are at Thonon-les-Bains and Cluses, and from these stations local buses are available to the town.","title":"Local transport"}]
[]
[{"title":"Communes of the Haute-Savoie department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_the_Haute-Savoie_department"}]
[{"reference":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\" (in French). data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises. 16 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503","url_text":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\""}]},{"reference":"\"Populations légales 2021\" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/7725600?geo=COM-74191","url_text":"\"Populations légales 2021\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_national_de_la_statistique_et_des_%C3%A9tudes_%C3%A9conomiques","url_text":"The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies"}]},{"reference":"Harris, Ruth (1997). \"Possession on the Borders: The \"Mal de Morzine\" in Nineteenth-Century France\". The Journal of Modern History. 69 (3): 451–478. doi:10.1086/245535. ISSN 0022-2801. JSTOR 2953593. S2CID 144770540.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2953593","url_text":"\"Possession on the Borders: The \"Mal de Morzine\" in Nineteenth-Century France\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F245535","url_text":"10.1086/245535"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-2801","url_text":"0022-2801"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2953593","url_text":"2953593"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144770540","url_text":"144770540"}]},{"reference":"O'Shea, Stephen (2017). The Alps: a human history from Hannibal to Heidi and beyond. New York: W. W. Norton. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-393-24685-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-24685-8","url_text":"978-0-393-24685-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Normales et records pour Le Plénay (74)\". Meteociel. Retrieved May 9, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.meteociel.fr/obs/clim/normales_records.php?code=74191003","url_text":"\"Normales et records pour Le Plénay (74)\""}]},{"reference":"Henderson, Amy (28 June 2022). \"FAQ's 2022 Tour de France\". Morzine Source Magazine. Retrieved 10 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.morzinesourcemagazine.com/le-tour-de-france-faq/amp/","url_text":"\"FAQ's 2022 Tour de France\""}]},{"reference":"\"Morzine-Avoriaz\". eliteprospects.com. Elite Prospects. Retrieved September 3, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eliteprospects.com/team/1047/morzine-avoriaz","url_text":"\"Morzine-Avoriaz\""}]},{"reference":"\"Portes du Soleil Ski Area | Resorts, Holidays & Skiing Guide\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.skisolutions.com/portes-du-soleil-ski-holidays","url_text":"\"Portes du Soleil Ski Area | Resorts, Holidays & Skiing Guide\""}]},{"reference":"\"A Morzine, Harley Davidson fait se côtoyer la légende et l'électrique\". lepoint.fr. Artémis. AFP. July 14, 2019. Retrieved September 10, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lepoint.fr/societe/a-morzine-harley-davidson-fait-se-cotoyer-la-legende-et-l-electrique-14-07-2019-2324483_23.php","url_text":"\"A Morzine, Harley Davidson fait se côtoyer la légende et l'électrique\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Webb_(Australian_politician)
James Webb (Australian politician)
["1 Notes"]
Australian politician James Eli Webb (21 September 1887 – 14 February 1939) was an Australian politician. Webb represented the seat of Hurstville in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly from 1932 to 1939 for the United Australia Party. He attended Sydney Boys High School. He died at a private hospital in Bexley on 14 February 1939 following an abdominal operation. Notes ^ "Captain James Eli Webb (1887-1939)". Former members of the Parliament of New South Wales. Retrieved 13 May 2019. ^ "Members of parliament and legislatures" (PDF). Sydney High School Old Boys Union. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 March 2019. Retrieved 3 September 2019. ^ "Dr. J. Eli Webb: Death After Short Illness". The Sydney Morning Herald. 15 February 1939. Civic offices Preceded bySydney Hall Binder Mayor of Hurstville 1926–1927 Succeeded byErnest Albert Field New South Wales Legislative Assembly Preceded byWalter Butler Member for Hurstville 1932–1939 Succeeded byClive Evatt This article about an Australian politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hurstville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_district_of_Hurstville"},{"link_name":"New South Wales Legislative Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Legislative_Assembly"},{"link_name":"United Australia Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Australia_Party"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Sydney Boys High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Boys_High_School"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SHSOBU-2"},{"link_name":"Bexley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bexley,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"James Eli Webb (21 September 1887 – 14 February 1939) was an Australian politician.Webb represented the seat of Hurstville in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly from 1932 to 1939 for the United Australia Party.[1] He attended Sydney Boys High School.[2] He died at a private hospital in Bexley on 14 February 1939 following an abdominal operation.[3]","title":"James Webb (Australian politician)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Captain James Eli Webb (1887-1939)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/members/formermembers/Pages/former-member-details.aspx?pk=1457"},{"link_name":"Parliament of New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SHSOBU_2-0"},{"link_name":"\"Members of parliament and legislatures\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20190323090439/http://www.shsobu.org.au/wp-content/uploads/mps.pdf"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.shsobu.org.au/wp-content/uploads/mps.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Dr. J. Eli Webb: Death After Short Illness\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/17543335"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Australia.svg"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Webb_(Australian_politician)&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Australia-politician-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Australia-politician-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Australia-politician-stub"}],"text":"^ \"Captain James Eli Webb (1887-1939)\". Former members of the Parliament of New South Wales. Retrieved 13 May 2019.\n\n^ \"Members of parliament and legislatures\" (PDF). Sydney High School Old Boys Union. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 March 2019. Retrieved 3 September 2019.\n\n^ \"Dr. J. Eli Webb: Death After Short Illness\". The Sydney Morning Herald. 15 February 1939.This article about an Australian politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Notes"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Captain James Eli Webb (1887-1939)\". Former members of the Parliament of New South Wales. Retrieved 13 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/members/formermembers/Pages/former-member-details.aspx?pk=1457","url_text":"\"Captain James Eli Webb (1887-1939)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_New_South_Wales","url_text":"Parliament of New South Wales"}]},{"reference":"\"Members of parliament and legislatures\" (PDF). Sydney High School Old Boys Union. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 March 2019. Retrieved 3 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190323090439/http://www.shsobu.org.au/wp-content/uploads/mps.pdf","url_text":"\"Members of parliament and legislatures\""},{"url":"https://www.shsobu.org.au/wp-content/uploads/mps.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Dr. J. Eli Webb: Death After Short Illness\". The Sydney Morning Herald. 15 February 1939.","urls":[{"url":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/17543335","url_text":"\"Dr. J. Eli Webb: Death After Short Illness\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Stephen_Sullivan
James Stephen Sullivan
["1 Biography","1.1 Early life","1.2 Priesthood","1.3 Auxiliary Bishop of Lansing","1.4 Bishop of Fargo","1.5 Resignation and legacy","2 References"]
American prelate His Excellency, The Most ReverendJames Stephen SullivanBishop of FargoTitular Bishop of SiccesiChurchRoman Catholic ChurchSeeDiocese of FargoPredecessorJustin Albert DriscollSuccessorSamuel Joseph AquilaOther post(s)Auxiliary Bishop of Lansing 1972 to 1985Titular Bishop of SiccesiOrdersOrdinationJune 4, 1955by Joseph H. AlbersConsecrationSeptember 21, 1972by Alexander M. ZaleskiPersonal detailsBorn(1929-07-23)July 23, 1929Kalamazoo, Michigan, USDiedJune 12, 2006(2006-06-12) (aged 76)EducationSt. Joseph SeminarySacred Heart SeminarySt. John Provincial SeminaryJames Stephen Sullivan (July 23, 1929 – June 12, 2006) was an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as bishop of the Diocese of Fargo in North Dakota from 1985 to 2002. He previously served as an auxiliary bishop of the Diocese of Lansing in Michigan from 1972 to 1985. In 2021, the Diocese of Lansing stated that Sullivan had credible accusations of sexually abusing minors during the 1960s. Biography Early life Sullivan was born on July 23, 1929, in Kalamazoo, Michigan, to Stephen and Dorothy (née Bernier) Sullivan. After attending St. Augustine Cathedral School in Kalamazoo, he attended high school and two years of college at St. Joseph Seminary in Grand Rapids. He then studied at Sacred Heart Seminary in Detroit, where he obtained a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1951. He completed his theological studies at St. John Provincial Seminary in Plymouth, Michigan. Priesthood Sullivan was ordained to the priesthood for the Diocese of Lansing by Bishop Joseph H. Albers on June 4, 1955. After doing pastoral work in Flint, Lansing, and St. Joseph, he served as private secretary to Bishop Albers and his successor Bishop Alexander M. Zaleski, and then as assistant chancellor and vicar general of the diocese. He also served as vocations director and founder of Liturgical Publications. Auxiliary Bishop of Lansing On July 25, 1972, Sullivan was appointed auxiliary bishop of the Diocese of Lansing and titular bishop of Siccesi by Pope Paul VI. He received his episcopal consecration on September 21, 1972, from Bishop Zaleski, with Bishops Michael Green and Paul Vincent Donovan serving as co-consecrators. Bishop of Fargo Following the death of Bishop Justin Driscoll, Sullivan was named the sixth bishop of the Diocese of Fargo by Pope John Paul II on March 29, 1985. He was installed at St. Mary's Cathedral on May 30, 1985. During his tenure, Sullivan established the Fargo Catholic Schools Network and the Opening Doors, Opening Hearts evangelization program. He improved the financial condition of the diocese and funded the Priest Pension Plan through the Shepherd's Care Campaign. Sullivan became nationally known for his work against abortion rights for women, initiating the annual Walk with Christ for Life in 1992. In 1993 he was chosen by John Paul II to address the English-speaking audience attending World Youth Day in Denver, Colorado. Sullivan also served as episcopal liaison to the Cursillo movement and the Catholic Marketing Association, as president of the World Apostolate of Fatima, and as a member of the advisory board for Catholics United for the Faith. Resignation and legacy John Paul II accepted Sullivan's resignation as bishop of Fargo on March 18, 2002. He resided at the rectory at Holy Spirit Parish in Fargo before moving to Rosewood on Broadway, a skilled nursing facility, in 2006. James Sullivan died of complications from Alzheimer's disease on June 12, 2006, at age 76. In July 2021, the Diocese of Lansing announced that several sexual abuse allegations against Sullivan were credible. While assigned to Church of the Resurrection Parish in Lansing in the 1960s, he inappropriately touched and used sexual language with two young boys. Immediately following this news, the John Paul II Catholic Schools network in Fargo renamed Sullivan Middle School as Sacred Heart Middle School. References ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Bishop James S. Sullivan dies June 12". New Earth. June 2006. Archived from the original on 2009-03-08. Retrieved 2009-09-07. ^ a b c d e f "Bishop James Stephen Sullivan". Catholic-Hierarchy.org. ^ a b c "Bishop Sullivan, retired head of Diocese of Fargo, N.D., dies". Catholic News Service. 2006-06-14. ^ MIller, Matthew (2 July 2021). "Lansing Diocese: Accusations that ex-bishop sexually abused two boys are 'credible'". Fox 47 News. Retrieved 2 July 2021. ^ "Sex abuse claims against ex-Fargo bishop credible, Sullivan Middle School renamed". KVRR Local News. 2021-07-02. Retrieved 2022-04-24. Catholic Church titles Preceded byJustin Albert Driscoll Bishop of Fargo 1985—2002 Succeeded bySamuel Joseph Aquila vteRoman Catholic Diocese of FargoBishops John Shanley James O'Reilly Aloisius Joseph Muench Leo Ferdinand Dworschak Justin Albert Driscoll James Stephen Sullivan Samuel J. Aquila John Folda Churches Cathedral Cathedral of St. Mary (Fargo) Basilica St. James Basilica (Jamestown) Parishes Holy Spirit Catholic Church (Fargo) St. Michael's Church (Grand Forks) St. Stanislaus Church (Warsaw) Sts. Anne and Joachim Catholic Church (Fargo) Chapel St. Joseph's Chapel (Minto) Former St. Catherine's Church of Lomice, North Dakota (Whitman) Education High school Shanley High School (Fargo) Priests Raymond W. Lessard William Theodore Mulloy Vincent James Ryan Catholicism portal vteRoman Catholic Diocese of LansingBishops Ordinaries Joseph H. Albers Alexander M. Zaleski Kenneth Joseph Povish Carl Frederick Mengeling Earl Boyea Auxiliaries Michael Joseph Green James Stephen Sullivan Churches List of churches St. Mary Cathedral, Lansing St. Mary of Good Counsel Church, Adrian St. Patrick's Church, Ann Arbor St. Joseph Church and Shrine, Cambridge Township St. Mary Star of the Sea Church, Jackson St. Elizabeth's Church, Tecumseh (former) St. Mary Church, Westphalia Education Higher education Siena Heights University High schools Father Gabriel Richard High School (Ann Arbor) Lansing Catholic High School Lumen Christi Catholic High School (Jackson) Powers Catholic High School (Flint) St. Thomas More Academy (Burton) Priests Paul Vincent Donovan Steven J. Raica Gerald Lee Vincke Catholicism portal Authority control databases International FAST VIAF WorldCat National United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"prelate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prelate"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Fargo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Fargo"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Lansing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Lansing"},{"link_name":"sexually abusing minors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse"}],"text":"James Stephen Sullivan (July 23, 1929 – June 12, 2006) was an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as bishop of the Diocese of Fargo in North Dakota from 1985 to 2002. He previously served as an auxiliary bishop of the Diocese of Lansing in Michigan from 1972 to 1985.In 2021, the Diocese of Lansing stated that Sullivan had credible accusations of sexually abusing minors during the 1960s.","title":"James Stephen Sullivan"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kalamazoo, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalamazoo,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obituary-1"},{"link_name":"college","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College"},{"link_name":"Grand Rapids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Rapids,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obituary-1"},{"link_name":"Sacred Heart Seminary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_Heart_Major_Seminary"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obituary-1"},{"link_name":"theological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theology"},{"link_name":"Plymouth, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obituary-1"}],"sub_title":"Early life","text":"Sullivan was born on July 23, 1929, in Kalamazoo, Michigan, to Stephen and Dorothy (née Bernier) Sullivan.[1] After attending St. Augustine Cathedral School in Kalamazoo, he attended high school and two years of college at St. Joseph Seminary in Grand Rapids.[1] He then studied at Sacred Heart Seminary in Detroit, where he obtained a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1951.[1] He completed his theological studies at St. John Provincial Seminary in Plymouth, Michigan.[1]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ordained","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Orders"},{"link_name":"Joseph H. Albers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_H._Albers"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hierarchy-2"},{"link_name":"Flint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flint,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"St. Joseph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Joseph,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"private secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_assistant"},{"link_name":"Alexander M. Zaleski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_M._Zaleski"},{"link_name":"chancellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_(ecclesiastical)"},{"link_name":"vicar general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicar_general"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obituary-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obituary-1"}],"sub_title":"Priesthood","text":"Sullivan was ordained to the priesthood for the Diocese of Lansing by Bishop Joseph H. Albers on June 4, 1955.[2] After doing pastoral work in Flint, Lansing, and St. Joseph, he served as private secretary to Bishop Albers and his successor Bishop Alexander M. Zaleski, and then as assistant chancellor and vicar general of the diocese.[1] He also served as vocations director and founder of Liturgical Publications.[1]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"auxiliary bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxiliary_Bishop"},{"link_name":"titular bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titular_Bishop"},{"link_name":"Pope Paul VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hierarchy-2"},{"link_name":"episcopal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_(Catholic_Church)"},{"link_name":"consecration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consecration"},{"link_name":"Michael Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Joseph_Green"},{"link_name":"Paul Vincent Donovan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Vincent_Donovan"},{"link_name":"co-consecrators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consecrator"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hierarchy-2"}],"sub_title":"Auxiliary Bishop of Lansing","text":"On July 25, 1972, Sullivan was appointed auxiliary bishop of the Diocese of Lansing and titular bishop of Siccesi by Pope Paul VI.[2] He received his episcopal consecration on September 21, 1972, from Bishop Zaleski, with Bishops Michael Green and Paul Vincent Donovan serving as co-consecrators.[2]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Justin Driscoll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Albert_Driscoll"},{"link_name":"Pope John Paul II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hierarchy-2"},{"link_name":"installed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthronement"},{"link_name":"St. Mary's Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_of_St._Mary_(Fargo,_North_Dakota)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hierarchy-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obituary-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obituary-1"},{"link_name":"abortion rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obituary-1"},{"link_name":"World Youth Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Youth_Day"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cns-3"},{"link_name":"Cursillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cursillo"},{"link_name":"World Apostolate of Fatima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Army_of_Our_Lady_of_Fatima"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cns-3"}],"sub_title":"Bishop of Fargo","text":"Following the death of Bishop Justin Driscoll, Sullivan was named the sixth bishop of the Diocese of Fargo by Pope John Paul II on March 29, 1985.[2] He was installed at St. Mary's Cathedral on May 30, 1985.[2]During his tenure, Sullivan established the Fargo Catholic Schools Network and the Opening Doors, Opening Hearts evangelization program.[1] He improved the financial condition of the diocese and funded the Priest Pension Plan through the Shepherd's Care Campaign.[1] Sullivan became nationally known for his work against abortion rights for women, initiating the annual Walk with Christ for Life in 1992.[1] In 1993 he was chosen by John Paul II to address the English-speaking audience attending World Youth Day in Denver, Colorado.[3] Sullivan also served as episcopal liaison to the Cursillo movement and the Catholic Marketing Association, as president of the World Apostolate of Fatima, and as a member of the advisory board for Catholics United for the Faith.[3]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hierarchy-2"},{"link_name":"rectory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectory"},{"link_name":"skilled nursing facility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skilled_nursing_facility"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obituary-1"},{"link_name":"Alzheimer's disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cns-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Resignation and legacy","text":"John Paul II accepted Sullivan's resignation as bishop of Fargo on March 18, 2002.[2] He resided at the rectory at Holy Spirit Parish in Fargo before moving to Rosewood on Broadway, a skilled nursing facility, in 2006.[1]James Sullivan died of complications from Alzheimer's disease on June 12, 2006, at age 76.[3]In July 2021, the Diocese of Lansing announced that several sexual abuse allegations against Sullivan were credible. While assigned to Church of the Resurrection Parish in Lansing in the 1960s, he inappropriately touched and used sexual language with two young boys.[4] Immediately following this news, the John Paul II Catholic Schools network in Fargo renamed Sullivan Middle School as Sacred Heart Middle School.[5]","title":"Biography"}]
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null
[{"reference":"\"Bishop James S. Sullivan dies June 12\". New Earth. June 2006. Archived from the original on 2009-03-08. Retrieved 2009-09-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090308140203/http://www.fargodiocese.org/news/obituaries.htm#Bishop_James_S._Sullivan_dies_June_12","url_text":"\"Bishop James S. Sullivan dies June 12\""},{"url":"http://www.fargodiocese.org/News/obituaries.htm#Bishop_James_S._Sullivan_dies_June_12","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bishop James Stephen Sullivan\". Catholic-Hierarchy.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bsullivan.html","url_text":"\"Bishop James Stephen Sullivan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bishop Sullivan, retired head of Diocese of Fargo, N.D., dies\". Catholic News Service. 2006-06-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_News_Service","url_text":"Catholic News Service"}]},{"reference":"MIller, Matthew (2 July 2021). \"Lansing Diocese: Accusations that ex-bishop sexually abused two boys are 'credible'\". Fox 47 News. Retrieved 2 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fox47news.com/neighborhoods/downtown-old-town-reo-town/lansing-diocese-accusations-of-sexual-abuse-against-former-bishop-credible","url_text":"\"Lansing Diocese: Accusations that ex-bishop sexually abused two boys are 'credible'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sex abuse claims against ex-Fargo bishop credible, Sullivan Middle School renamed\". KVRR Local News. 2021-07-02. Retrieved 2022-04-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kvrr.com/2021/07/02/sexual-misconduct-allegations-against-ex-fargo-bishop-credible-sullivan-middle-school-renamed/","url_text":"\"Sex abuse claims against ex-Fargo bishop credible, Sullivan Middle School renamed\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selkirk%E2%80%94Interlake%E2%80%94Eastman
Selkirk—Interlake—Eastman
["1 Geography","2 History","3 Demographics","4 Riding associations","5 Members of Parliament","5.1 Current member of Parliament","6 Election results","6.1 Selkirk—Interlake—Eastman, 2015–present","6.2 Selkirk—Interlake, 1997–2015","6.3 Selkirk—Interlake, 1979–1988","7 See also","8 References","8.1 Notes","9 External links"]
Coordinates: 51°54′11″N 98°26′13″W / 51.903°N 98.437°W / 51.903; -98.437Federal electoral district in Manitoba, Canada Selkirk—Interlake—Eastman Manitoba electoral districtSelkirk—Interlake—Eastman in relation to other Manitoba federal electoral districts as of the 2013 Representation Order.Federal electoral districtLegislatureHouse of CommonsMP    James BezanConservativeDistrict created1996First contested1997Last contested2021District webpageprofile, mapDemographicsPopulation (2011)91,463Electors (2015)69,587Area (km²)25,824Pop. density (per km²)3.5Census subdivision(s)Springfield, St. Andrews, St. Clements, Selkirk, Rockwood, Portage la Prairie, Gimli, Stonewall, Brokenhead, Woodlands Selkirk—Interlake—Eastman (formerly Selkirk—Interlake) is a federal electoral district in Manitoba, Canada, that has been represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1976 to 1987, and since 1997. The riding was a battleground between the New Democratic Party and conservative parties that has become more and more conservative as the years passed, and is now a safe Conservative Party seat. Geography The riding is located generally between Lake Winnipeg and Lake Winnipegosis and includes the northern suburbs of Winnipeg and the City of Selkirk, Manitoba. In addition to Selkirk, the riding includes the communities of St. Andrews, St. Clements, Rockwood, Woodlands, Brokenhead, Stonewall, R.M. of Gimli, and the R.M. of Bifrost. Selkirk itself tilts toward the NDP, but it is not enough to overcome the growing conservative bent of the rest of the riding. History The electoral district was originally created in 1976 from the former districts of Portage, Selkirk and Winnipeg South Centre. It was abolished in 1987 and divided into Selkirk, Portage—Interlake, Provencher, and Churchill ridings. It was re-created in 1996 from Selkirk—Red River, Portage—Interlake, Provencher and Churchill. Selkirk—Interlake lost territory to Churchill—Keewatinook Aski, Provencher and Portage—Lisgar, gained territory from Provencher, and was renamed "Selkirk—Interlake—Eastman" during the 2012 electoral redistribution. Demographics Panethnic groups in Selkirk—Interlake—Eastman (2011−2021) Panethnic group 2021 2016 2011 Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % European 72,125 74.37% 70,590 77.56% 71,815 81.28% Indigenous 21,915 22.6% 18,680 20.53% 15,310 17.33% Southeast Asian 900 0.93% 545 0.6% 255 0.29% South Asian 840 0.87% 315 0.35% 290 0.33% African 430 0.44% 280 0.31% 250 0.28% East Asian 300 0.31% 255 0.28% 240 0.27% Latin American 200 0.21% 105 0.12% 35 0.04% Middle Eastern 120 0.12% 85 0.09% 35 0.04% Other/multiracial 160 0.16% 170 0.19% 110 0.12% Total responses 96,985 95.67% 91,010 95.9% 88,350 96.6% Total population 101,373 100% 94,897 100% 91,463 100% Notes: Totals greater than 100% due to multiple origin responses.Demographics based on 2012 Canadian federal electoral redistribution riding boundaries. According to the 2006 Canadian census Languages: 84.11% English, 1.99% French, 13.70% Other Religions (2001): 51.05% Protestant, 23.96% Catholic, 19.83% No religion, 3.13% Other Christian Average income: $23,818 Riding associations Riding associations are the local branches of the national political parties: Party Association name CEO HQ address HQ city   Christian Heritage Party of Canada Selkirk—Interlake Christian Heritage Party Electoral District Association Alexander Siepman PO BOX 17 GRP 354 RR3 Winnipeg   Conservative Party of Canada Selkirk—Interlake Conservative Association Frank Woods P.O. Box 171 Sandy Hook   Liberal Party of Canada Selkirk—Interlake Federal Liberal Association Robert E. Chamberlain P.O. Box 131 Arnes   New Democratic Party Selkirk—Interlake Federal NDP Riding Association Sean Palsson P.O. Box 1359 Arborg Members of Parliament This riding has elected the following members of Parliament: Parliament Years Member Party Selkirk—InterlakeRiding created from Portage, Selkirk and Winnipeg South Centre 31st  1979–1980     Terry Sargeant New Democratic 32nd  1980–1984 33rd  1984–1988     Felix Holtmann Progressive Conservative Riding dissolved into Selkirk, Portage—Interlake,Provencher and Churchill Riding re-created from Selkirk—Red River, Portage—Interlake,Provencher and Churchill 36th  1997–2000     Howard Hilstrom Reform  2000–2000     Alliance 37th  2000–2003  2003–2004     Conservative 38th  2004–2006 James Bezan 39th  2006–2008 40th  2008–2011 41st  2011–2015 Selkirk—Interlake—Eastman 42nd  2015–2019     James Bezan Conservative 43rd  2019–2021 44th  2021–present Current member of Parliament Its member of Parliament is James Bezan, a former rancher who was first elected in 2004. He is a member of the Conservative Party of Canada and has served as a member on the 'Standing Committee on Agriculture and Agri-Food'. Election results Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.Graph of election results in Selkirk—Interlake—Eastman (since 1997, minor parties that never got 2% of the vote or didn't run consistently are omitted) Selkirk—Interlake—Eastman, 2015–present vte2021 Canadian federal election Party Candidate Votes % ±% Expenditures Conservative James Bezan 28,308 57.1 -5.6 $59,811.25 New Democratic Margaret Smith 9,604 19.4 +1.5 $6,587.46 Liberal Detlev Regelsky 6,567 13.2 +1.1 $9,990.47 People's Ian Kathwaroon 3,800 7.7 +6.3 $2,309.10 Green Wayne James 1,328 2.7 -3.2 $3,024.88 Total valid votes/expense limit 49,607 99.3 – $120,770.45 Total rejected ballots 363 0.7 Turnout 49,970 66.2 Eligible voters 75,440 Conservative hold Swing -3.6 Source: Elections Canada 2021 federal election redistributed results Party Vote %   Conservative 27,931 56.97   New Democratic 9,524 19.43   Liberal 6,493 13.24   People's 3,758 7.67   Green 1,320 2.69 vte2019 Canadian federal election Party Candidate Votes % ±% Expenditures Conservative James Bezan 31,109 62.7 +10.80 $53,785.73 New Democratic Robert A. Smith 8,873 17.9 +6.46 none listed Liberal Detlev Regelsky 6,003 12.1 -19.32 none listed Green Wayne James 2,934 5.9 +5.90 none listed People's Ian Kathwaroon 683 1.4 $0.00 Total valid votes/expense limit 49,602 100 Total rejected ballots 322 Turnout 49,924 68.7 Eligible voters 72,707 Conservative hold Swing -5.68 Source: Elections Canada 2015 Canadian federal election Party Candidate Votes % ±% Expenditures Conservative James Bezan 25,617 51.90 -14.60 $96,714.11 Liberal Joanne Levy 15,508 31.42 +26.56 $16,715.09 New Democratic Deborah Chief 5,649 11.44 -13.61 $29,151.47 Green Wayne James 1,707 3.46 -0.01 4,402.63 Libertarian Donald L. Grant 882 1.79 – Total valid votes/Expense limit 49,363 100.00   $228,041.57 Total rejected ballots 216 0.44 – Turnout 49,579 69.51 – Eligible voters 71,331 Conservative hold Swing -20.58 Source: Elections Canada 2011 federal election redistributed results Party Vote %   Conservative 28,380 66.49   New Democratic 10,695 25.06   Liberal 2,072 4.85   Green 1,482 3.47   Others 54 0.13 Selkirk—Interlake, 1997–2015 2011 Canadian federal election Party Candidate Votes % ±% Expenditures Conservative James Bezan 26,848 65.2 +4.6 – New Democratic Sean Palsson 10,933 26.5 +1.8 – Liberal Duncan Geisler 1,980 4.8 -3.5 – Green Don Winstone 1,423 3.5 -2.0 – Total valid votes/Expense limit 41,184 100.0   – Total rejected ballots 160 0.4 -0.1 Turnout 41,344 63.9 +6 Eligible voters 64,727 – – 2008 Canadian federal election Party Candidate Votes % ±% Expenditures Conservative James Bezan 23,312 60.6 +11.7 $75,718 New Democratic Pat Cordner 9,506 24.7 -12.3 $19,306 Liberal Kevin Walsh 3,203 8.3 -1.7 $8,815 Green Glenda Whiteman 2,126 5.5 +2.6 $32 Christian Heritage Jane MacDiarmid 295 0.8 +0.3 $424 Total valid votes/Expense limit 38,442 100.0   $99,730 Total rejected ballots 177 0.5 +0.2 Turnout 38,609 58 -9 2006 Canadian federal election Party Candidate Votes % ±% Expenditures Conservative James Bezan 21,661 49.0 +1.8 $86,024 New Democratic Edward Schreyer 16,358 37.0 +10.5 $56,920 Liberal Bruce Benson 4,436 10.0 -12.9 N/A Green Thomas Goodman 1,283 2.9 +0.5 $1,640 Independent Duncan E. Geisler 277 0.6 – $3,516 Christian Heritage Anthony Barendregt 204 0.5 -0.4 $5,043 Total valid votes 44,219 100.0   – Total rejected ballots 154 0.3 -0.1 Turnout 44,373 66.6 +7.2 Conservative hold Swing -4 2004 Canadian federal election Party Candidate Votes % ±% Expenditures Conservative James Bezan 18,727 47.2 +2.5 $74,351 New Democratic Duane Nicol 10,516 26.5 +6.6 $41,939 Liberal Bruce Benson 9,059 22.9 -0.7 $55,220 Green Trevor Farley 982 2.5 – $716 Christian Heritage Anthony Barendregt 353 0.9 +0.5 $10,799 Total valid votes 39,637 100.0   – Total rejected ballots 193 0.5 +0.2 Turnout 39,830 59.4 -7.2 Note: Conservative vote is compared to the total of the Canadian Alliance vote and Progressive Conservative vote in 2000 election. 2000 Canadian federal election Party Candidate Votes % ±% Expenditures Alliance Howard Hilstrom 17,856 43.8 +15.5 $42,070 Liberal Kathy Arnason 9,612 23.6 -4.5 $61,425 New Democratic Paul Pododworny 8,113 19.9 -7.9 $31,303 Progressive Conservative Tom Goodman 4,992 12.3 -2.6 $10,949 Independent Anthony Barendregt 178 0.4 – $2,399 Total valid votes 40,751 100.0   – Total rejected ballots 104 0.3 – Turnout 40,855 66.7 +1.2 Note: Canadian Alliance vote is compared to the Reform vote in 1997 election. 1997 Canadian federal election Party Candidate Votes % ±% Expenditures Reform Howard Hilstrom 10,937 28.3 – $23,194 Liberal Jon Gerrard 10,871 28.1 – $59,732 New Democratic Kathleen McCallum 10,749 27.8 – $46,587 Progressive Conservative Reid Kelner 5,730 14.8 – $32,267 Christian Heritage Paul Kalyniuk 363 0.9 – $1,578 Total valid votes 38,650 100.0   – Total rejected ballots 258 0.7 Turnout 38,908 65.5 Selkirk—Interlake, 1979–1988 vte1984 Canadian federal election: Selkirk—Interlake Party Candidate Votes % ±% Progressive Conservative Felix Holtmann 13,750 40.7 +4.7 New Democratic Terry Sargeant 13,088 38.7 -7.0 Liberal Ed Anderson 3,510 10.4 -7.7 Confederation of Regions Doug Stefanson 3,301 9.8 Libertarian Bob Quenett 163 0.5 Total valid votes 33,812 History of Federal Ridings since 1867: SELKIRK--INTERLAKE, Manitoba (1976 - 1987), Library of Parliament, Parliament of Canada. Retrieved 26 January 2010. 1980 Canadian federal election Party Candidate Votes % ±% New Democratic Terry Sargeant 15,055 45.7 +3.0 Progressive Conservative Jon Johnson 11,847 36.0 -4.8 Liberal Bill Shead 5,953 18.1 +1.5 Total valid votes 32,952 100.0 1979 Canadian federal election Party Candidate Votes % New Democratic Terry Sargeant 14,225 42.7 Progressive Conservative Peter P. Masniuk 13,569 40.7 Liberal Bill Shead 5,522 16.6 Total valid votes 33,316 100.0 See also List of Canadian federal electoral districts Historical federal electoral districts of Canada References "Selkirk—Interlake—Eastman (Code 46010) Census Profile". 2011 census. Government of Canada - Statistics Canada. Retrieved March 3, 2011. Notes ^ Statistic includes all persons that did not make up part of a visible minority or an indigenous identity. ^ Statistic includes total responses of "Filipino" and "Southeast Asian" under visible minority section on census. ^ Statistic includes total responses of "Chinese", "Korean", and "Japanese" under visible minority section on census. ^ Statistic includes total responses of "West Asian" and "Arab" under visible minority section on census. ^ Statistic includes total responses of "Visible minority, n.i.e." and "Multiple visible minorities" under visible minority section on census. ^ Statistics Canada: 2012 ^ Statistics Canada: 2012 ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (October 26, 2022). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved October 22, 2023. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (October 27, 2021). "Census Profile, 2016 Census". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved October 22, 2023. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (November 27, 2015). "NHS Profile". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved October 22, 2023. ^ "List of confirmed candidates – September 20, 2021 Federal Election". Elections Canada. Retrieved September 2, 2021. ^ "Transposition of Votes from the 44th General Election to the 2023 Representation Orders". Elections Canada. Retrieved April 9, 2024. ^ "List of confirmed candidates". Elections Canada. Retrieved October 4, 2019. ^ "Election Night Results". Elections Canada. Retrieved November 9, 2019. ^ Elections Canada – Confirmed candidates for Selkirk—Interlake—Eastman, 30 September 2015 ^ Elections Canada – Preliminary Election Expenses Limits for Candidates ^ Pundits' Guide to Canadian Elections ^ Elections Canada accessed 21 April 2011 ^ Selkirk Interlake — Canada Votes 2008 - CBC.ca News External links Riding history for Selkirk—Interlake (1976–1987) from the Library of Parliament Riding history for Selkirk—Interlake (1996– ) from the Library of Parliament Expenditures - 2008 Expenditures - 2004 Expenditures - 2000 Expenditures - 1997 vteFederal ridings in ManitobaConservative Brandon—Souris Charleswood—St. James—Assiniboia—Headingley Dauphin—Swan River—Neepawa Kildonan—St. Paul Portage—Lisgar Provencher Selkirk—Interlake—Eastman Liberal Saint Boniface—Saint Vital Winnipeg North Winnipeg South Winnipeg South Centre New Democratic Churchill—Keewatinook Aski Elmwood—Transcona Winnipeg Centre vteFederal ridings in the Canadian PrairiesRural Manitoba Brandon—Souris Churchill—Keewatinook Aski Dauphin—Swan River—Neepawa Portage—Lisgar Provencher Selkirk—Interlake—Eastman Winnipeg Charleswood—St. James—Assiniboia—Headingley Elmwood—Transcona Kildonan—St. Paul Saint Boniface—Saint Vital Winnipeg Centre Winnipeg North Winnipeg South Winnipeg South Centre Saskatchewan(South, North) Battlefords—Lloydminster Carlton Trail—Eagle Creek Cypress Hills—Grasslands Desnethé—Missinippi—Churchill River Prince Albert Moose Jaw—Lake Centre—Lanigan Regina—Lewvan Regina—Qu'Appelle Regina—Wascana Saskatoon—Grasswood Saskatoon—University Saskatoon West Souris—Moose Mountain Yorkton—Melville Rural Alberta Banff—Airdrie Battle River—Crowfoot Bow River Foothills Fort McMurray—Cold Lake Grande Prairie—Mackenzie Lakeland Lethbridge Medicine Hat—Cardston—Warner Peace River—Westlock Red Deer—Lacombe Red Deer—Mountain View Sturgeon River—Parkland Yellowhead Edmonton and environs Edmonton Centre Edmonton Griesbach Edmonton Manning Edmonton Mill Woods Edmonton Riverbend Edmonton Strathcona Edmonton West Edmonton—Wetaskiwin St. Albert—Edmonton Sherwood Park—Fort Saskatchewan Calgary Calgary Centre Calgary Confederation Calgary Forest Lawn Calgary Heritage Calgary Midnapore Calgary Nose Hill Calgary Rocky Ridge Calgary Shepard Calgary Signal Hill Calgary Skyview 51°54′11″N 98°26′13″W / 51.903°N 98.437°W / 51.903; -98.437
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"electoral district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_district_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"Manitoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitoba"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"House of Commons of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"New Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Democratic_Party_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"Conservative Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada"}],"text":"Federal electoral district in Manitoba, CanadaSelkirk—Interlake—Eastman (formerly Selkirk—Interlake) is a federal electoral district in Manitoba, Canada, that has been represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1976 to 1987, and since 1997.The riding was a battleground between the New Democratic Party and conservative parties that has become more and more conservative as the years passed, and is now a safe Conservative Party seat.","title":"Selkirk—Interlake—Eastman"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lake Winnipeg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Winnipeg"},{"link_name":"Lake Winnipegosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Winnipegosis"},{"link_name":"Winnipeg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg"},{"link_name":"Selkirk, Manitoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selkirk,_Manitoba"},{"link_name":"St. Andrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Andrews,_Manitoba"},{"link_name":"St. Clements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Clements,_Manitoba"},{"link_name":"Rockwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockwood,_Manitoba"},{"link_name":"Woodlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodlands,_Manitoba"},{"link_name":"Brokenhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brokenhead,_Manitoba"},{"link_name":"Stonewall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonewall,_Manitoba"},{"link_name":"R.M. of Gimli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_Municipality_of_Gimli"},{"link_name":"R.M. of Bifrost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_Municipality_of_Bifrost"}],"text":"The riding is located generally between Lake Winnipeg and Lake Winnipegosis and includes the northern suburbs of Winnipeg and the City of Selkirk, Manitoba. In addition to Selkirk, the riding includes the communities of St. Andrews, St. Clements, Rockwood, Woodlands, Brokenhead, Stonewall, R.M. of Gimli, and the R.M. of Bifrost.Selkirk itself tilts toward the NDP, but it is not enough to overcome the growing conservative bent of the rest of the riding.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Portage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portage_(electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Selkirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selkirk_(federal_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Winnipeg South Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg_South_Centre"},{"link_name":"Selkirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selkirk_(federal_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Portage—Interlake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portage%E2%80%94Interlake"},{"link_name":"Provencher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provencher"},{"link_name":"Churchill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churchill_(electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Selkirk—Red River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selkirk%E2%80%94Red_River"},{"link_name":"Portage—Interlake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portage%E2%80%94Interlake"},{"link_name":"Provencher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provencher"},{"link_name":"Churchill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churchill_(electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Churchill—Keewatinook Aski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churchill%E2%80%94Keewatinook_Aski"},{"link_name":"Provencher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provencher"},{"link_name":"Portage—Lisgar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portage%E2%80%94Lisgar"},{"link_name":"2012 electoral redistribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_federal_electoral_redistribution,_2012"}],"text":"The electoral district was originally created in 1976 from the former districts of Portage, Selkirk and Winnipeg South Centre.It was abolished in 1987 and divided into Selkirk, Portage—Interlake, Provencher, and Churchill ridings.It was re-created in 1996 from Selkirk—Red River, Portage—Interlake, Provencher and Churchill.Selkirk—Interlake lost territory to Churchill—Keewatinook Aski, Provencher and Portage—Lisgar, gained territory from Provencher, and was renamed \"Selkirk—Interlake—Eastman\" during the 2012 electoral redistribution.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2006 Canadian census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Canadian_census"}],"text":"According to the 2006 Canadian censusLanguages: 84.11% English, 1.99% French, 13.70% Other \nReligions (2001): 51.05% Protestant, 23.96% Catholic, 19.83% No religion, 3.13% Other Christian\nAverage income: $23,818","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Riding associations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riding_association"}],"text":"Riding associations are the local branches of the national political parties:","title":"Riding associations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"members of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament"}],"text":"This riding has elected the following members of Parliament:","title":"Members of Parliament"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James Bezan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bezan"},{"link_name":"2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Canadian_federal_election"},{"link_name":"Conservative Party of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada"}],"sub_title":"Current member of Parliament","text":"Its member of Parliament is James Bezan, a former rancher who was first elected in 2004. He is a member of the Conservative Party of Canada and has served as a member on the 'Standing Committee on Agriculture and Agri-Food'.","title":"Members of Parliament"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Phabricator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940"},{"link_name":"MediaWiki.org","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Graph/Plans"}],"text":"Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.Graph of election results in Selkirk—Interlake—Eastman (since 1997, minor parties that never got 2% of the vote or didn't run consistently are omitted)","title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Selkirk—Interlake—Eastman, 2015–present","title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Selkirk—Interlake, 1997–2015","text":"Note: Conservative vote is compared to the total of the Canadian Alliance vote and Progressive Conservative vote in 2000 election.Note: Canadian Alliance vote is compared to the Reform vote in 1997 election.","title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Selkirk—Interlake, 1979–1988","title":"Election results"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of Canadian federal electoral districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Canadian_federal_electoral_districts"},{"title":"Historical federal electoral districts of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_federal_electoral_districts_of_Canada"}]
[{"reference":"\"Selkirk—Interlake—Eastman (Code 46010) Census Profile\". 2011 census. Government of Canada - Statistics Canada. Retrieved March 3, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1&DGUIDlist=2021A0005{{{code}}}","url_text":"\"Selkirk—Interlake—Eastman (Code 46010) Census Profile\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Canadian_census","url_text":"2011 census"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_Canada","url_text":"Statistics Canada"}]},{"reference":"Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (October 26, 2022). \"Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population\". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved October 22, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=Selkirk&DGUIDlist=2013A000446010&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1,4&HEADERlist=0","url_text":"\"Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population\""}]},{"reference":"Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (October 27, 2021). \"Census Profile, 2016 Census\". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved October 22, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=FED&Code1=46010&Geo2=PR&Code2=46&SearchText=Selkirk&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&TABID=1&type=0","url_text":"\"Census Profile, 2016 Census\""}]},{"reference":"Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (November 27, 2015). \"NHS Profile\". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved October 22, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=FED2013&Code1=46010&Data=Count&SearchText=Selkirk&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&A1=All&B1=All&Custom=&TABID=1","url_text":"\"NHS Profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"List of confirmed candidates – September 20, 2021 Federal Election\". Elections Canada. Retrieved September 2, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.elections.ca/content2.aspx?section=can&dir=cand/lst&document=index&lang=e","url_text":"\"List of confirmed candidates – September 20, 2021 Federal Election\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_Canada","url_text":"Elections Canada"}]},{"reference":"\"Transposition of Votes from the 44th General Election to the 2023 Representation Orders\". Elections Canada. Retrieved April 9, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.elections.ca/content.aspx?section=res&dir=rep/tra/2023rep&document=index&lang=e","url_text":"\"Transposition of Votes from the 44th General Election to the 2023 Representation Orders\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_Canada","url_text":"Elections Canada"}]},{"reference":"\"List of confirmed candidates\". Elections Canada. Retrieved October 4, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.elections.ca/content2.aspx?section=can&dir=cand/lst&document=index&lang=e","url_text":"\"List of confirmed candidates\""}]},{"reference":"\"Election Night Results\". Elections Canada. Retrieved November 9, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://enr.elections.ca/ElectoralDistricts.aspx?lang=e","url_text":"\"Election Night Results\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Wokingham_District_Council_election
2007 Wokingham District Council election
["1 Election result","2 Ward results","3 References"]
2007 UK local government election Map of the results of the 2007 Wokingham council election. Conservatives in blue and Liberal Democrats in yellow. Wards in grey were not contested in 2007. The 2007 Wokingham District Council election took place on 3 May 2007 to elect members of Wokingham Unitary Council in Berkshire, England. One third of the council was up for election and the Conservative Party stayed in overall control of the council. After the election, the composition of the council was: Conservative 43 Liberal Democrat 11 Election result The results saw the Conservatives gain 2 seats from the Liberal Democrats to increase their majority on the council. They now had 43 seats on the council after victories in Hillside and Loddon wards, with the Conservative candidate in Loddon, Kirsten Miller, being one of the youngest candidates in Wokingham at the age of 23. Overall turnout in the election was 38.8%. Wokingham Local Election Result 2007 Party Seats Gains Losses Net gain/loss Seats % Votes % Votes +/−   Conservative 14 2 0 +2 77.8 51.5 18,614 -4.8%   Liberal Democrats 4 0 2 -2 22.2 32.3 11,654 +3.3%   Labour 0 0 0 0 0 6.7 2,413 -0.2%   UKIP 0 0 0 0 0 6.5 2,348 0.0%   Independent 0 0 0 0 0 2.0 706 +2.0%   Green 0 0 0 0 0 0.8 300 0.0%   Putting Local People First 0 0 0 0 0 0.3 98 +0.3% Ward results Barkham Party Candidate Votes % ±% Conservative Pamela Stubbs 694 76.4 +3.1 Liberal Democrats Allan Wrobel 170 18.7 +3.7 UKIP Leslie Huntley 44 4.8 -6.9 Majority 524 57.7 -0.6 Turnout 908 37.8 +3.7 Conservative hold Swing Bulmershe & Whitegates Party Candidate Votes % ±% Liberal Democrats George Storry 1,207 50.9 +7.1 Conservative Alison Swaddle 703 29.6 -2.3 Labour Gregory Bello 337 14.2 -0.6 UKIP Peter Jackson 125 5.3 -4.2 Majority 504 21.3 +9.4 Turnout 2,372 38.0 -0.7 Liberal Democrats hold Swing Coronation Party Candidate Votes % ±% Conservative Patricia Sherratt 1,133 53.2 -3.7 Liberal Democrats Coling Lawley 802 37.7 +1.7 UKIP Amy Thornton 103 4.8 +1.6 Labour Jasdip Garcha 92 4.3 +0.4 Majority 331 15.5 -5.4 Turnout 2,130 47.3 -5.5 Conservative hold Swing Emmbrook Party Candidate Votes % ±% Conservative John Mirfin 1,307 49.2 -5.4 Liberal Democrats Keith Malvern 892 33.6 +5.1 UKIP Ann Davis 317 11.9 +1.5 Labour John Woodward 138 5.2 -1.2 Majority 415 15.6 -10.5 Turnout 2,654 43.5 -1.1 Conservative hold Swing Evendons Party Candidate Votes % ±% Conservative Christopher Bowring 1,361 57.8 -0.4 Liberal Democrats Jeremy Harley 576 24.4 -2.8 UKIP Ian Gordon 269 11.4 +3.0 Labour Paul Sharples 150 6.4 +0.3 Majority 785 33.4 +2.4 Turnout 2,356 36.4 -0.6 Conservative hold Swing Hawkedon Party Candidate Votes % ±% Conservative Timothy Holton 1,210 59.9 0.0 Liberal Democrats John Eastwell 504 24.9 -1.4 Labour Jacqueline Pluves 253 12.5 +3.4 UKIP Andrew Findlay 54 2.7 -2.0 Majority 706 35.0 +1.4 Turnout 2,021 30.2 -0.7 Conservative hold Swing Hillside Party Candidate Votes % ±% Conservative Norman Jorgensen 1,427 50.5 +3.7 Liberal Democrats David Hare 1,138 40.3 +0.5 Labour David Sharp 152 5.4 -1.2 UKIP Jeremy Allison 106 3.8 +1.3 Majority 289 10.2 +3.2 Turnout 2,823 42.8 +0.2 Conservative gain from Liberal Democrats Swing Loddon Party Candidate Votes % ±% Conservative Kirsten Miller 960 45.5 -0.1 Liberal Democrats Phillip Challis 891 42.2 +6.5 Labour Alberto Troccoli 156 7.4 -4.3 UKIP Vincent Pearson 104 4.9 -2.1 Majority 69 3.3 -6.6 Turnout 2,111 33.2 -0.4 Conservative gain from Liberal Democrats Swing Maiden Erlegh Party Candidate Votes % ±% Conservative David Chopping 1,461 56.2 +4.0 Liberal Democrats Caroline Smith 682 26.2 -3.4 Labour Jacqueline Rupert 192 7.4 +0.4 Green David Hogg 149 5.7 -0.9 UKIP David Lamb 115 4.4 -0.1 Majority 779 30.0 +7.4 Turnout 2,599 35.8 +1.1 Conservative hold Swing Norreys Party Candidate Votes % ±% Conservative Alistair Auty 1,455 59.4 -4.3 Liberal Democrats Stephen Bacon 461 18.8 +1.7 Labour Mark Squires 252 10.3 +0.3 UKIP Keith Knight 185 7.5 -1.7 Putting Local People First Mark Burke 98 4.0 +4.0 Majority 994 40.6 -6.0 Turnout 2,451 38.3 +0.4 Conservative hold Swing Shinfield North Party Candidate Votes % ±% Conservative Norman Gould 327 56.1 -2.1 Liberal Democrats Graham Philp 101 17.3 +1.0 Labour Keith Wilson 91 15.6 -9.9 UKIP Peter Williams 64 11.0 +11.0 Majority 226 38.8 +6.1 Turnout 583 33.0 -3.1 Conservative hold Swing Shinfield South Party Candidate Votes % ±% Conservative Anthony Pollock 1,009 52.6 -13.3 Independent Andrew Grimes 706 36.8 +36.8 Green Marjory Bisset 151 7.9 -0.7 UKIP Joan Huntley 54 2.8 -1.2 Majority 303 15.8 -36.3 Turnout 1,920 42.7 +7.0 Conservative hold Swing Sonning Party Candidate Votes % ±% Conservative John Chapman 875 76.4 +19.6 Liberal Democrats Paula Dove 165 14.4 -15.3 Labour Pippa White 61 5.3 -1.1 UKIP Peter Armand 45 3.9 -3.2 Majority 710 62.0 +34.9 Turnout 1,146 48.2 -0.9 Conservative hold Swing South Lake Party Candidate Votes % ±% Liberal Democrats Kay Gilder 864 52.2 +6.3 Conservative Parvindar Batth 560 33.8 -4.9 UKIP Geoffrey Bulpit 125 7.6 +0.8 Labour Roger Hayes 106 6.4 -2.1 Majority 304 18.4 +11.2 Turnout 1,655 36.5 +0.7 Liberal Democrats hold Swing Twyford Party Candidate Votes % ±% Liberal Democrats Deirdre Tomlin 1,263 60.7 Conservative John Jarvis 496 23.8 Labour Roy Mantel 255 12.3 UKIP Gerald Sleep 66 3.2 Majority 767 36.9 Turnout 2,080 47.1 -0.3 Liberal Democrats hold Swing Wescott Party Candidate Votes % ±% Conservative Julian McGhee-Sumner 933 60.0 Liberal Democrats Gregory Newman 366 23.5 UKIP Franklin Carstairs 168 10.8 Labour John Baker 88 5.7 Majority 567 36.5 Turnout 1,555 38.8 -2.5 Conservative hold Swing Winnersh Party Candidate Votes % ±% Liberal Democrats Malcolm Armstrong 1,185 47.7 -0.2 Conservative John Green 1,066 42.9 -0.3 UKIP Anthony Pollock 141 5.7 +1.3 Labour Anthony Skuse 90 3.6 +1.1 Majority 119 4.8 +0.1 Turnout 2,482 38.9 -3.7 Liberal Democrats hold Swing Wokingham Without Party Candidate Votes % ±% Conservative Perry Lewis 1,637 71.6 +5.7 Liberal Democrats Philip Bristow 387 16.9 +5.0 UKIP Graham Widdows 263 11.5 -0.3 Majority 1,250 54.7 +0.7 Turnout 2,287 38.1 -2.2 Conservative hold Swing References ^ "Wokingham". BBC News Online. Retrieved 15 January 2010. ^ a b "Results". The Times. 5 May 2007. p. 83. ^ "Tories enjoy success in Berkshire". BBC News Online. 4 May 2007. Retrieved 17 January 2010. ^ "Wokingham election snaps". Reading Post. 4 May 2007. Retrieved 17 January 2010. ^ "Happy Tories grab two more seats". getwokingham. 9 May 2007. Retrieved 17 January 2010. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t "Local election results". Wokingham Borough Council. Archived from the original on 12 May 2010. Retrieved 15 January 2010. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r "Wokingham Borough Council". Reading Post. 3 May 2007. Retrieved 17 January 2010. vte Council elections in BerkshireBracknell Forest Borough Council 1973 1976 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1997 2000 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 2023 Reading Borough Council 1973 1976 1979 1983 1984 1986 1987 1988 1990 1991 1992 1994 1995 1996 1997 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2010 2011 2012 2014 2015 2016 2018 2019 2021 2022 2023 Slough Borough Council 1973 1976 1979 1983 1984 1986 1987 1988 1990 1991 1992 1994 1995 1996 1997 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2010 2011 2012 2014 2015 2016 2018 2019 2021 2022 2023 West Berkshire Council 1973 1976 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1997 2000 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 2023 Windsor and Maidenhead Borough Council 1973 1976 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1997 2000 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 2023 Wokingham Borough Council 1973 1976 1979 1980 1982 1983 1984 1986 1987 1988 1990 1991 1992 1994 1995 1996 1997 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2010 2011 2012 2014 2015 2016 2018 2019 2021 2022 2023 Berkshire County Council 1889 1892 1895 1898 1901 1904 1907 1910 1913 1919 1922 1925 1928 1931 1934 1937 1946 1949 1952 1955 1958 1961 1964 1967 1970 1973 1977 1981 1985 1989 1993 Abolished See also: Wards Boundary changes vte(2006 ←)   2007 United Kingdom local elections   (→ 2008)Metropolitan boroughs Barnsley Birmingham Bolton Bradford Bury Calderdale Coventry Doncaster Dudley Gateshead Kirklees Knowsley Leeds Liverpool Manchester Newcastle upon Tyne North Tyneside Oldham Rochdale Rotherham Salford Sandwell Sefton Sheffield Solihull South Tyneside St Helens Stockport Sunderland Tameside Trafford Wakefield Walsall Wigan Wirral Wolverhampton Unitary authorities Bath and North East Somerset Blackburn with Darwen Blackpool Bournemouth Bracknell Forest Brighton & Hove Bristol Darlington Derby East Riding of Yorkshire Halton Hartlepool Herefordshire Kingston upon Hull Leicester Luton Medway Middlesbrough Milton Keynes North East Lincolnshire North Lincolnshire North Somerset Nottingham Peterborough Plymouth Poole Portsmouth Reading Redcar and Cleveland Rutland Slough South Gloucestershire Southampton Southend-on-Sea Stockton-on-Tees Stoke-on-Trent Swindon Telford and Wrekin Thurrock Torbay Warrington West Berkshire Windsor and Maidenhead Wokingham York District councils (England) Allerdale Alnwick Amber Valley Arun Ashfield Ashford Aylesbury Vale Babergh Barrow-in-Furness Basildon Basingstoke and Deane Bassetlaw Bedford Berwick-upon-Tweed Blaby Blyth Valley Bolsover Boston Braintree Breckland Brentwood Bridgnorth Broadland Bromsgrove Broxbourne Broxtowe Burnley Cambridge Cannock Chase Canterbury Caradon Carlisle Carrick Castle Point Castle Morpeth Charnwood Chelmsford Cherwell Chester Chester-le-Street Chesterfield Chichester Chiltern Christchurch Chorley Colchester Congleton Copeland Corby Cotswold Craven Crawley Crewe and Nantwich Dacorum Dartford Daventry Derbyshire Dales Derwentside Dover Easington Eastbourne East Cambridgeshire East Devon East Dorset East Hampshire East Hertfordshire Eastleigh East Lindsey East Northamptonshire East Staffordshire Eden Ellesmere Port and Neston Elmbridge Epping Forest Epsom and Ewell Erewash Exeter Fenland Forest Heath Forest of Dean Fylde Gedling Gloucester Gravesham Great Yarmouth Guildford Hambleton Harborough Harlow Harrogate Hart Havant Hertsmere High Peak Hinckley and Bosworth Horsham Huntingdonshire Hyndburn Ipswich Kennet Kerrier Kettering King's Lynn and West Norfolk Lancaster Lewes Lichfield Lincoln Macclesfield Maidstone Maldon Malvern Hills Mansfield Melton Mendip Mid Bedfordshire Mid Devon Mid Suffolk Mid Sussex Mole Valley New Forest Newark and Sherwood Newcastle-under-Lyme North Cornwall North Devon North Dorset North East Derbyshire North Hertfordshire North Kesteven North Norfolk North Shropshire North Warwickshire North West Leicestershire North Wiltshire Northampton Norwich Nuneaton and Bedworth Oadby and Wigston Oswestry Pendle Penwith Preston Purbeck Redditch Reigate and Banstead Restormel Ribble Valley Richmondshire Rochford Rossendale Rother Rugby Runnymede Rushcliffe Rushmoor Ryedale Salisbury Scarborough Sedgefield Sedgemoor Selby Sevenoaks Shepway Shrewsbury and Atcham South Bedfordshire South Bucks South Cambridgeshire South Derbyshire South Hams South Holland South Kesteven South Lakeland South Norfolk South Northamptonshire South Oxfordshire South Ribble South Shropshire South Somerset South Staffordshire Spelthorne St Albans St Edmundsbury Stafford Staffordshire Moorlands Stevenage Stratford-on-Avon Stroud Suffolk Coastal Surrey Heath Swale Tamworth Tandridge Taunton Deane Teesdale Teignbridge Tendring Test Valley Tewkesbury Thanet Three Rivers Tonbridge and Malling Torridge Tunbridge Wells Tynedale Uttlesford Vale of White Horse Vale Royal Wansbeck Warwick Watford Waveney Waverley Wealden Wear Valley Wellingborough Welwyn Hatfield West Devon West Dorset West Lancashire West Lindsey West Oxfordshire West Somerset West Wiltshire Weymouth and Portland Winchester Woking Worcester Worthing Wychavon Wycombe Wyre Wyre Forest Scottish councils Aberdeen Aberdeenshire Angus Argyll and Bute Clackmannanshire Dumfries and Galloway Dundee City East Ayrshire East Dunbartonshire East Lothian East Renfrewshire Edinburgh Falkirk Fife Glasgow Highland Inverclyde Midlothian Moray Comhairle nan Eilean Siar North Ayrshire North Lanarkshire Orkney Perth and Kinross Renfrewshire Scottish Borders Shetland South Ayrshire South Lanarkshire Stirling West Dunbartonshire West Lothian National Assemblies and Parliament elections Scotland Wales Northern Ireland
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wokingham_UK_local_election_2007_map.svg"},{"link_name":"Conservatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Liberal Democrats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Wokingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wokingham_(borough)"},{"link_name":"Unitary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitary_authority"},{"link_name":"Berkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkshire"},{"link_name":"Conservative Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hold-1"},{"link_name":"Conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Liberal Democrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-times-2"}],"text":"Map of the results of the 2007 Wokingham council election. Conservatives in blue and Liberal Democrats in yellow. Wards in grey were not contested in 2007.The 2007 Wokingham District Council election took place on 3 May 2007 to elect members of Wokingham Unitary Council in Berkshire, England. One third of the council was up for election and the Conservative Party stayed in overall control of the council.[1]After the election, the composition of the council was:Conservative 43\nLiberal Democrat 11[2]","title":"2007 Wokingham District Council election"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Liberal Democrats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-berkshire-3"},{"link_name":"wards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wards_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-snaps-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-happy-5"},{"link_name":"turnout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voter_turnout"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-results-6"}],"text":"The results saw the Conservatives gain 2 seats from the Liberal Democrats to increase their majority on the council.[3] They now had 43 seats on the council after victories in Hillside and Loddon wards, with the Conservative candidate in Loddon, Kirsten Miller, being one of the youngest candidates in Wokingham at the age of 23.[4][5] Overall turnout in the election was 38.8%.[6]","title":"Election result"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Ward results"}]
[{"image_text":"Map of the results of the 2007 Wokingham council election. Conservatives in blue and Liberal Democrats in yellow. Wards in grey were not contested in 2007.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Wokingham_UK_local_election_2007_map.svg/300px-Wokingham_UK_local_election_2007_map.svg.png"}]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings_Old_Town
Hastings Old Town
["1 Net Shops","2 Churches","3 Lifeboats","4 Buildings","5 References","6 External links"]
Coordinates: 50°51′24.44″N 0°35′31.18″E / 50.8567889°N 0.5919944°E / 50.8567889; 0.5919944 View of Hastings Old Town from the East Hill Hastings Old Town is an area in Hastings, England, roughly corresponding to the extent of the town prior to the nineteenth century. It lies mainly within the easternmost valley of the current town. The shingle beach known as The Stade (the old Saxon term meaning "landing place") is home to the biggest beach-launched fishing fleet in Britain. Many events take place every year in the old town, including Jack In The Green and the Bonfire Procession. Many of these events are centred on Winkle Island, which is also the gathering place of the Winkle Club. Net Shops View of East Hill Cliff Railway and the Net Shops The Net Shops are tall black wooden sheds that were built to provide a weather-proof store for the fishing gear made from natural materials to prevent them from rotting in wet weather. The sheds were originally built on posts to allow the sea to go underneath, however, more shingle has built up and the sea no longer reaches the huts. The beach area on which the Sheds stand built up after groynes were erected in 1834, however, the limited space meant the sheds had to grow upwards, even though some sheds do have cellars. Local historian and author Steve Peak says about the net shops: The old town's Net Shops - approximately 50 black wooden sheds standing in neat rows on a shingle beach are unique. They were built to provide weather-proof stores for fishing gear made of natural materials that rotted if wet for a long time. Today's materials are artificial and can be left in the open. Most net shops stand on a piece of beach that appeared suddenly after the first of the town's groynes were erected in 1834. The new beach area was small and close to the sea, so each shop could only have about eight or nine feet square to build on. But all boats had more nets than could be stored in such limited space, so the sheds had to grow upwards. Some have cellars. Many originally stood on posts to let the sea go underneath. Fishermen keep spare gear in the shops. One is a museum. Churches Two medieval Anglican churches—All Saints and St Clement's—and the former Ebenezer Particular Baptist Chapel of 1817 (now a house) are in the Old Town. St Clement's was used as a filming location for the 2002 TV series Foyle's War. The former St Nicholas' Church, an unparished mission chapel built in 1854 to serve the fishermen, was converted into the Hastings Fishermen's Museum in 1956. Also, in the old town is the Grade II listed St Mary Star of the Sea Church. Lifeboats Former Hastings Mersey Class lifeboat being towed back to beach by its tractor after a public demonstration run during Old Town Week, 2005 Hastings RNLI lifeboat station, based in the Old Town, was established in 1858. It currently operates a state-of-the art waterjet drive Shannon Class all-weather lifeboat, as well as a D class inshore rescue boat. Both boats are beach launched from either side of the harbour arm. The all-weather lifeboat is launched from a 22-metre-long Supercat 'Shannon Launch and Recovery System' (SLARS) - a hydraulically powered mobile slipway / turntable which is driven into the sea. Upon recovery, the boat is beached at speed and winched back up the beach and onto the slipway. The slipway is connected to and hauled by a caterpillar-tracked semi submersible tractor unit, marinised so that it can operate in up to 2.4 m of water. If needed the rig can be sealed by the operator and abandoned, surviving in up to 10 m of water until it can be recovered. The D class inshore lifeboat is launched from a wheeled carriage towed or pushed by a tracked 'Bobcat' launch vehicle into the surf. The carriage can also be launched and recovered on a towline if beach conditions require it. Hastings Lifeboat Station also operate a CAT D4C Bulldozer for beach maintenance and to assist in the event of the breakdown or immobilisation of a primary launch vehicle. Buildings The former Ebenezer Particular Baptist Chapel Three of the Net Shops The Stade References ^ Nairn, Ian; Pevsner, Nikolaus (1965). The Buildings of England: Sussex. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. pp. 519, 524. ISBN 0-14-071028-0. ^ "IMDb". filming locations for Foyle's War. Retrieved 12 May 2011. ^ Nairn, Ian; Pevsner, Nikolaus (1965). The Buildings of England: Sussex. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. p. 520. ISBN 0-14-071028-0. ^ "Lifeboat Station : Hastings". Royal National Lifeboat Institution. 2011. Archived from the original on 23 December 2010. Retrieved 2 April 2011. ^ "History". Hastings Life Boat. 2007. Archived from the original on 3 October 2011. Retrieved 2 April 2011. ^ "Hastings Fleet". RNLI. 2011. Retrieved 2 April 2011. ^ "Shannon-class lifeboat", Wikipedia, 20 August 2020, retrieved 1 September 2020 ^ "NavynutsRNLIHome". lifeboatsonline.com. Retrieved 1 September 2020. ^ Twitter https://twitter.com/andy_doe/status/1261353266673262594. Retrieved 1 September 2020. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help) ^ "Lifeboat funded by Ferraris officially named at Hastings RNLI | RNLI". rnli.org. Retrieved 1 September 2020. External links Fishermen's Protection Society Fishermen's Museum Hastings Museums & Arts Nautical Heritage Association Royal National Lifeboat Institution Hastings Lifeboat 50°51′24.44″N 0°35′31.18″E / 50.8567889°N 0.5919944°E / 50.8567889; 0.5919944
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hastoldtown.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hastings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"The Stade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Stade"},{"link_name":"Jack In The Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_In_The_Green"},{"link_name":"Winkle Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winkle_Island_(Hastings)"},{"link_name":"Winkle Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winkle_Club"}],"text":"View of Hastings Old Town from the East HillHastings Old Town is an area in Hastings, England, roughly corresponding to the extent of the town prior to the nineteenth century. It lies mainly within the easternmost valley of the current town. The shingle beach known as The Stade (the old Saxon term meaning \"landing place\") is home to the biggest beach-launched fishing fleet in Britain.Many events take place every year in the old town, including Jack In The Green and the Bonfire Procession. Many of these events are centred on Winkle Island, which is also the gathering place of the Winkle Club.","title":"Hastings Old Town"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:East_Hill_Cliff_Railway_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"East Hill Cliff Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Hill_Cliff_Railway"},{"link_name":"groynes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groyne"}],"text":"View of East Hill Cliff Railway and the Net ShopsThe Net Shops are tall black wooden sheds that were built to provide a weather-proof store for the fishing gear made from natural materials to prevent them from rotting in wet weather. The sheds were originally built on posts to allow the sea to go underneath, however, more shingle has built up and the sea no longer reaches the huts. The beach area on which the Sheds stand built up after groynes were erected in 1834, however, the limited space meant the sheds had to grow upwards, even though some sheds do have cellars.Local historian and author Steve Peak says about the net shops:The old town's Net Shops - approximately 50 black wooden sheds standing in neat rows on a shingle beach are unique. They were built to provide weather-proof stores for fishing gear made of natural materials that rotted if wet for a long time. Today's materials are artificial and can be left in the open. Most net shops stand on a piece of beach that appeared suddenly after the first of the town's groynes were erected in 1834. The new beach area was small and close to the sea, so each shop could only have about eight or nine feet square to build on. But all boats had more nets than could be stored in such limited space, so the sheds had to grow upwards. Some have cellars. Many originally stood on posts to let the sea go underneath. Fishermen keep spare gear in the shops. One is a museum.","title":"Net Shops"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anglican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglicanism"},{"link_name":"Ebenezer Particular Baptist Chapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebenezer_Particular_Baptist_Chapel,_Hastings"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pevsner1-1"},{"link_name":"filming location","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filming_location"},{"link_name":"Foyle's War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foyle%27s_War_(series_one)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IMDb-StClements-FoylesWar-2"},{"link_name":"Hastings Fishermen's Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings_Fishermen%27s_Museum"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pevsner2-3"},{"link_name":"St Mary Star of the Sea Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mary_Star_of_the_Sea_Church,_Hastings"}],"text":"Two medieval Anglican churches—All Saints and St Clement's—and the former Ebenezer Particular Baptist Chapel of 1817 (now a house) are in the Old Town.[1] St Clement's was used as a filming location for the 2002 TV series Foyle's War.[2] The former St Nicholas' Church, an unparished mission chapel built in 1854 to serve the fishermen, was converted into the Hastings Fishermen's Museum in 1956.[3] Also, in the old town is the Grade II listed St Mary Star of the Sea Church.","title":"Churches"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hastings_lifeboat_meeting_tractor.jpg"},{"link_name":"RNLI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_National_Lifeboat_Institution"},{"link_name":"lifeboat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifeboat_(rescue)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"caterpillar-tracked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_track"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Former Hastings Mersey Class lifeboat being towed back to beach by its tractor after a public demonstration run during Old Town Week, 2005Hastings RNLI lifeboat station,[4] based in the Old Town, was established in 1858.[5] It currently operates a state-of-the art waterjet drive Shannon Class all-weather lifeboat, as well as a D class inshore rescue boat.[6][7] Both boats are beach launched from either side of the harbour arm. The all-weather lifeboat is launched from a 22-metre-long Supercat 'Shannon Launch and Recovery System' (SLARS) - a hydraulically powered mobile slipway / turntable which is driven into the sea. Upon recovery, the boat is beached at speed and winched back up the beach and onto the slipway. The slipway is connected to and hauled by a caterpillar-tracked semi submersible tractor unit, marinised so that it can operate in up to 2.4 m of water. If needed the rig can be sealed by the operator and abandoned, surviving in up to 10 m of water until it can be recovered.[8] The D class inshore lifeboat is launched from a wheeled carriage towed or pushed by a tracked 'Bobcat' launch vehicle into the surf. The carriage can also be launched and recovered on a towline if beach conditions require it. Hastings Lifeboat Station also operate a CAT D4C Bulldozer for beach maintenance and to assist in the event of the breakdown or immobilisation of a primary launch vehicle.[9][10]","title":"Lifeboats"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Former_Ebenezer_Particular_Baptist_Chapel,_Old_Town,_Hastings_(IoE_Code_293813).JPG"},{"link_name":"Ebenezer Particular Baptist Chapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebenezer_Particular_Baptist_Chapel,_Hastings"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Net_and_tackle_stores_on_Hastings_beach.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hastings_beach.jpg"}],"text":"The former Ebenezer Particular Baptist Chapel\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThree of the Net Shops\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Stade","title":"Buildings"}]
[{"image_text":"View of Hastings Old Town from the East Hill","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Hastoldtown.jpg/220px-Hastoldtown.jpg"},{"image_text":"View of East Hill Cliff Railway and the Net Shops","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/East_Hill_Cliff_Railway_1.jpg/220px-East_Hill_Cliff_Railway_1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Former Hastings Mersey Class lifeboat being towed back to beach by its tractor after a public demonstration run during Old Town Week, 2005","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Hastings_lifeboat_meeting_tractor.jpg/220px-Hastings_lifeboat_meeting_tractor.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Nairn, Ian; Pevsner, Nikolaus (1965). The Buildings of England: Sussex. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. pp. 519, 524. ISBN 0-14-071028-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Nairn","url_text":"Nairn, Ian"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaus_Pevsner","url_text":"Pevsner, Nikolaus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books","url_text":"Penguin Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-071028-0","url_text":"0-14-071028-0"}]},{"reference":"\"IMDb\". filming locations for Foyle's War. Retrieved 12 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0310455/locations","url_text":"\"IMDb\""}]},{"reference":"Nairn, Ian; Pevsner, Nikolaus (1965). The Buildings of England: Sussex. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. p. 520. ISBN 0-14-071028-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Nairn","url_text":"Nairn, Ian"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaus_Pevsner","url_text":"Pevsner, Nikolaus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books","url_text":"Penguin Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-071028-0","url_text":"0-14-071028-0"}]},{"reference":"\"Lifeboat Station : Hastings\". Royal National Lifeboat Institution. 2011. Archived from the original on 23 December 2010. Retrieved 2 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101223035610/http://rnli.org.uk/rnli_near_you/east/stations/HastingsEastSussex","url_text":"\"Lifeboat Station : Hastings\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_National_Lifeboat_Institution","url_text":"Royal National Lifeboat Institution"},{"url":"http://www.rnli.org.uk/rnli_near_you/east/stations/HastingsEastSussex/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"History\". Hastings Life Boat. 2007. Archived from the original on 3 October 2011. Retrieved 2 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111003035508/http://www.hastingslifeboat.org.uk/history.htm","url_text":"\"History\""},{"url":"http://www.hastingslifeboat.org.uk/history.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Hastings Fleet\". RNLI. 2011. Retrieved 2 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rnli.org.uk/rnli_near_you/east/stations/HastingsEastSussex/fleet%20?station?%20Fleet","url_text":"\"Hastings Fleet\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shannon-class lifeboat\", Wikipedia, 20 August 2020, retrieved 1 September 2020","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shannon-class_lifeboat&oldid=973985946","url_text":"\"Shannon-class lifeboat\""}]},{"reference":"\"NavynutsRNLIHome\". lifeboatsonline.com. Retrieved 1 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lifeboatsonline.com/RNLISupercat.html","url_text":"\"NavynutsRNLIHome\""}]},{"reference":"Twitter https://twitter.com/andy_doe/status/1261353266673262594. Retrieved 1 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/andy_doe/status/1261353266673262594","url_text":"https://twitter.com/andy_doe/status/1261353266673262594"}]},{"reference":"\"Lifeboat funded by Ferraris officially named at Hastings RNLI | RNLI\". rnli.org. Retrieved 1 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://rnli.org/news-and-media/2019/april/27/lifeboat-funded-by-ferraris-officially-named-at-hastings-rnli","url_text":"\"Lifeboat funded by Ferraris officially named at Hastings RNLI | RNLI\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetric_fair_cake-cutting
Symmetric fair cake-cutting
["1 Definitions","1.1 Symmetric procedure","1.2 Anonymous procedure","1.3 Aristotelian procedure","2 Procedures","2.1 Aristotelian proportional procedure","3 References"]
Cake-cutting problem Symmetric fair cake-cutting is a variant of the fair cake-cutting problem, in which fairness is applied not only to the final outcome, but also to the assignment of roles in the division procedure. As an example, consider a birthday cake that has to be divided between two children with different tastes, such that each child feels that his/her share is "fair", i.e., worth at least 1/2 of the entire cake. They can use the classic divide and choose procedure: Alice cuts the cake into two pieces worth exactly 1/2 in her eyes, and George chooses the piece that he considers more valuable. The outcome is always fair. However, the procedure is not symmetric: while Alice always gets a value of exactly 1/2 of her value, George may get much more than 1/2 of his value. Thus, while Alice does not envy George's share, she does envy George's role in the procedure. In contrast, consider the alternative procedure in which Alice and George both make half-marks on the cake, i.e., each of them marks the location in which the cake should be cut such that the two pieces are equal in his/her eyes. Then, the cake is cut exactly between these cuts—if Alice's cut is a and George's cut is g, then the cake is cut at (a+g)/2. If a<g, Alice gets the leftmost piece and George the rightmost piece; otherwise Alice gets the rightmost piece and George the leftmost piece. The final outcome is still fair. And here, the roles are symmetric: the only case in which the roles make a difference in the final outcome is when a=g, but in this case, both parts have a value of exactly 1/2 to both children, so the roles do not make a difference in the final value. Hence, the alternative procedure is both fair and symmetric. The idea was first presented by Manabe and Okamoto, who termed it meta-envy-free. Several variants of symmetric fair cake-cutting have been proposed: Anonymous fair cake-cutting requires that not only the values be equal, but also the pieces themselves be equal. This implies symmeric fairness, but it is stronger . For example, it is not satisfied by the symmetric-divide-and-choose above, since in the case that a=g, the first agent always gets the leftmost piece and the second agent always gets the rightmost piece. Aristotelian fair cake-cutting requires only that agents with identical value measures receive the same value. This is implied by symmetric fairness, but it is weaker. For example, it is satisfied by the asymmetric version of divide-and-choose: if the agents' valuations are identical, then both of them receive a value of exactly 1/2. Definitions There is a cake C, usually assumed to be a 1-dimensional interval. There are n people. Each person i has value function Vi which maps subsets of C to weakly-positive numbers. A division procedure is a function F that maps n value functions to a partition of C. The piece allocated by F to agent i is denoted by F(V1,...,Vn; i). Symmetric procedure A division procedure F is called symmetric if, for any permutation p of (1,...,n), and for every i:Vi(F(V1,...,Vn; i)) = Vi(F(Vp(1),...,Vp(n); p−1(i)))In particular, when n=2, a procedure is symmetric if:V1(F(V1,V2; 1)) = V1(F(V2,V1; 2)) and V2(F(V1,V2; 2)) = V2(F(V2,V1; 1)) This means that agent 1 gets the same value whether he plays first or second, and the same is true for agent 2. As another example, when n=3, the symmetry requirement implies (among others):V1(F(V1,V2,V3; 1)) = V1(F(V2,V3,V1; 3)) = V1(F(V3,V1,V2; 2)). Anonymous procedure A division procedure F is called anonymous if, for any permutation p of (1,...,n), and for every i:F(V1,...,Vn; i) = F(Vp(1),...,Vp(n); p−1(i))Any anonymous procedure is symmetric, since if the pieces are equal - their values are surely equal. But the opposite is not true: it is possible that a permutation gives an agent different pieces with equal value. Aristotelian procedure A division procedure F is called aristotelian if, whenever Vi=Vk:Vi(F(V1,...,Vn; i)) = Vk(F(V1,...,Vn; k))The criterion is named after Aristotle, who wrote in his book on ethics: "... it is when equals possess or are allotted unequal shares, or persons not equal equal shares, that quarrels and complaints arise". Every symmetric procedure is aristotelian. Let p be the permutation that exchanges i and k. Symmetry implies that:Vi(F(V1,....Vi,...,Vk,...,Vn; i)) = Vi(F(V1,....Vk,...,Vi,...,Vn; k)) But since Vi=Vk, the two sequences of value-measures are identical, so this implies the definition of aristotelian. Moreover, every procedure envy-free cake-cutting is aristotelian: envy-freeness implies that:Vi(F(V1,...,Vn; i)) ≥ Vi(F(V1,...,Vn; k)) Vk(F(V1,...,Vn; k)) ≥ Vk(F(V1,...,Vn; i))But since Vi=Vk, the two inequalities imply that both values are equal. However, a procedure that satisfies the weaker condition of Proportional cake-cutting is not necessarily aristotelian. Cheze shows an example with 4 agents in which the Even-Paz procedure for proportional cake-cutting may give different values to agents with identical value-measures. The following chart summarizes the relations between the criteria: Anonymous → Symmetric → Aristotelian Envy-free → Aristotelian Envy-free → Proportional Procedures Every procedure can be made "symmetric ex-ante" by randomization. For example, in the asymmetric divide-and-choose, the divider can be selected by tossing a coin. However, such a procedure is not symmetric ex-post. Therefore, the research regarding symmetric fair cake-cutting focuses on deterministic algorithms. Manabe and Okamoto presented symmetric and envy-free ("meta-envy-free") deterministic procedures for two and three agents. Nicolo and Yu presented an anonymous, envy-free and Pareto-efficient division protocol for two agents. The protocol implements the allocation in subgame perfect equilibrium, assuming each agent has complete information on the valuation of the other agent. The symmetric cut and choose procedure for two agents was studied empirically in a lab experiment. Alternative symmetric fair cake-cutting procedures for two agents are rightmost mark and leftmost leaves. Cheze presented several procedures: A general scheme for convering any envy-free procedure into a symmetric deterministic procedure: run the original procedure n! times, once for each permutation of the agents, and choose one of the outcomes according to some topological criterion (e.g. minimizing the number of cuts). This procedure is not practical when n is large. An aristotelian proportional procedure for n agents, which requires O(n3) queries and a polynomial number of arithmetic operations by the referee. A symmetric proportional procedure for n agents, which requires O(n3) queries, but may require an exponential number of arithmetic operations by the referee. Aristotelian proportional procedure The aristotelian procedure of Cheze for proportional cake-cutting extends the lone divider procedure. For convenience, we normalize the valuations such that the value of the entire cake is n for all agents. The goal is to give each agent a piece with a value of at least 1. One player chosen arbitrarily, called the divider, cuts the cake into n pieces whose value in his/her eyes is exactly 1. Construct a bipartite graph G = (X+Y, E) in which each vertex in X is an agent, each vertex in Y is a piece, and there is an edge between an agent x and a piece y iff x values y at least 1. Find a maximum-cardinality envy-free matching in G (a matching in which no unmatched agent is adjacent to a matched piece). Note that the divider is adjacent to all n pieces, so |NG(X)|= n ≥ |X| (where NG(X) is the set of neighbors of X in Y). Hence, a non-empty envy-free matching exists. Suppose w.l.o.g. that the EFM matches agents 1,...,k to pieces X1,...,Xk, and leaves unmatched the agents and pieces from k+1 to n. For each i in 1,...,k for which Vi(Xi) = 1 - give Xi to agent i. Now, the divider and all agents whose value function is identical to the dividers' are assigned a piece and have the same value. Consider now the agents i in 1,...,k for which Vi(Xi) > 1. Partition them into subsets with identical value-vector for the pieces X1,...,Xk. For each subset, recursively divide their pieces among them (for example, if agents 1, 3, 4 agree on the values of all the pieces 1,...,k, then divide pieces X1,X3,X4 recursively among them). Now, all agents whose value-function is identical are assigned to the same subset, and they divide a subcake whose value for them is greater than their number, so the precondition for recursion is satisfied. Recursively divide the unmatched pieces Xk+1, ..., Xn among the unmatched agents. Note that, by envy-freeness of the matching, each unmatched agent values each matched piece at less than 1, so he values the remaining pieces at more than the number of agents, so the precondition for recursion is satisfied. References ^ a b Manabe, Yoshifumi; Okamoto, Tatsuaki (2010). "Meta-Envy-Free Cake-Cutting Protocols". Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science 2010. MFCS'10. Vol. 6281. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. pp. 501–512. Bibcode:2010LNCS.6281..501M. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-15155-2_44. ISBN 9783642151545. ^ a b Nicolò, Antonio; Yu, Yan (2008-09-01). "Strategic divide and choose" (PDF). Games and Economic Behavior. 64 (1): 268–289. doi:10.1016/j.geb.2008.01.006. ISSN 0899-8256. ^ a b c d Chèze, Guillaume (2018-04-11). "Don't cry to be the first! Symmetric fair division algorithms exist". arXiv:1804.03833 . ^ Kyropoulou, Maria; Ortega, Josué; Segal-Halevi, Erel (2019). "Fair Cake-Cutting in Practice". Proceedings of the 2019 ACM Conference on Economics and Computation. EC '19. New York, NY, USA: ACM. pp. 547–548. arXiv:1810.08243. doi:10.1145/3328526.3329592. ISBN 9781450367929. S2CID 53041563. ^ Segal-Halevi, Erel; Sziklai, Balázs R. (2018-09-01). "Resource-monotonicity and population-monotonicity in connected cake-cutting". Mathematical Social Sciences. 95: 19–30. arXiv:1703.08928. doi:10.1016/j.mathsocsci.2018.07.001. ISSN 0165-4896. S2CID 16282641. ^ Ortega, Josue (2019-08-08). "Obvious Manipulations in Cake-Cutting". arXiv:1908.02988 . ^ Segal-Halevi, Erel; Aigner-Horev, Elad (2022). "Envy-free matchings in bipartite graphs and their applications to fair division". Information Sciences. 587: 164–187. arXiv:1901.09527. doi:10.1016/j.ins.2021.11.059. S2CID 170079201.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fair cake-cutting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_cake-cutting"},{"link_name":"divide and choose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divide_and_choose"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"}],"text":"Symmetric fair cake-cutting is a variant of the fair cake-cutting problem, in which fairness is applied not only to the final outcome, but also to the assignment of roles in the division procedure.As an example, consider a birthday cake that has to be divided between two children with different tastes, such that each child feels that his/her share is \"fair\", i.e., worth at least 1/2 of the entire cake. They can use the classic divide and choose procedure: Alice cuts the cake into two pieces worth exactly 1/2 in her eyes, and George chooses the piece that he considers more valuable. The outcome is always fair. However, the procedure is not symmetric: while Alice always gets a value of exactly 1/2 of her value, George may get much more than 1/2 of his value. Thus, while Alice does not envy George's share, she does envy George's role in the procedure.In contrast, consider the alternative procedure in which Alice and George both make half-marks on the cake, i.e., each of them marks the location in which the cake should be cut such that the two pieces are equal in his/her eyes. Then, the cake is cut exactly between these cuts—if Alice's cut is a and George's cut is g, then the cake is cut at (a+g)/2. If a<g, Alice gets the leftmost piece and George the rightmost piece; otherwise Alice gets the rightmost piece and George the leftmost piece. The final outcome is still fair. And here, the roles are symmetric: the only case in which the roles make a difference in the final outcome is when a=g, but in this case, both parts have a value of exactly 1/2 to both children, so the roles do not make a difference in the final value. Hence, the alternative procedure is both fair and symmetric.The idea was first presented by Manabe and Okamoto,[1] who termed it meta-envy-free.Several variants of symmetric fair cake-cutting have been proposed:Anonymous fair cake-cutting requires that not only the values be equal, but also the pieces themselves be equal.[2] This implies symmeric fairness, but it is stronger . For example, it is not satisfied by the symmetric-divide-and-choose above, since in the case that a=g, the first agent always gets the leftmost piece and the second agent always gets the rightmost piece.\nAristotelian fair cake-cutting requires only that agents with identical value measures receive the same value.[3] This is implied by symmetric fairness, but it is weaker. For example, it is satisfied by the asymmetric version of divide-and-choose: if the agents' valuations are identical, then both of them receive a value of exactly 1/2.","title":"Symmetric fair cake-cutting"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"There is a cake C, usually assumed to be a 1-dimensional interval. There are n people. Each person i has value function Vi which maps subsets of C to weakly-positive numbers.A division procedure is a function F that maps n value functions to a partition of C. The piece allocated by F to agent i is denoted by F(V1,...,Vn; i).","title":"Definitions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Symmetric procedure","text":"A division procedure F is called symmetric if, for any permutation p of (1,...,n), and for every i:Vi(F(V1,...,Vn; i)) = Vi(F(Vp(1),...,Vp(n); p−1(i)))In particular, when n=2, a procedure is symmetric if:V1(F(V1,V2; 1)) = V1(F(V2,V1; 2)) and V2(F(V1,V2; 2)) = V2(F(V2,V1; 1))This means that agent 1 gets the same value whether he plays first or second, and the same is true for agent 2.\nAs another example, when n=3, the symmetry requirement implies (among others):V1(F(V1,V2,V3; 1)) = V1(F(V2,V3,V1; 3)) = V1(F(V3,V1,V2; 2)).","title":"Definitions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Anonymous procedure","text":"A division procedure F is called anonymous if, for any permutation p of (1,...,n), and for every i:F(V1,...,Vn; i) = F(Vp(1),...,Vp(n); p−1(i))Any anonymous procedure is symmetric, since if the pieces are equal - their values are surely equal.But the opposite is not true: it is possible that a permutation gives an agent different pieces with equal value.","title":"Definitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aristotle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle"},{"link_name":"envy-free cake-cutting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Envy-free_cake-cutting"},{"link_name":"Proportional cake-cutting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportional_cake-cutting"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"Even-Paz procedure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Even%E2%80%93Paz_protocol"}],"sub_title":"Aristotelian procedure","text":"A division procedure F is called aristotelian if, whenever Vi=Vk:Vi(F(V1,...,Vn; i)) = Vk(F(V1,...,Vn; k))The criterion is named after Aristotle, who wrote in his book on ethics: \"... it is when equals possess or are allotted unequal shares, or persons not equal equal shares, that quarrels and complaints arise\".\nEvery symmetric procedure is aristotelian. Let p be the permutation that exchanges i and k. Symmetry implies that:Vi(F(V1,....Vi,...,Vk,...,Vn; i)) = Vi(F(V1,....Vk,...,Vi,...,Vn; k))But since Vi=Vk, the two sequences of value-measures are identical, so this implies the definition of aristotelian.\nMoreover, every procedure envy-free cake-cutting is aristotelian: envy-freeness implies that:Vi(F(V1,...,Vn; i)) ≥ Vi(F(V1,...,Vn; k))\nVk(F(V1,...,Vn; k)) ≥ Vk(F(V1,...,Vn; i))But since Vi=Vk, the two inequalities imply that both values are equal.However, a procedure that satisfies the weaker condition of Proportional cake-cutting is not necessarily aristotelian. Cheze[3] shows an example with 4 agents in which the Even-Paz procedure for proportional cake-cutting may give different values to agents with identical value-measures.The following chart summarizes the relations between the criteria:Anonymous → Symmetric → Aristotelian\nEnvy-free → Aristotelian\nEnvy-free → Proportional","title":"Definitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"deterministic algorithms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deterministic_algorithm"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"subgame perfect equilibrium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subgame_perfect_equilibrium"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"}],"text":"Every procedure can be made \"symmetric ex-ante\" by randomization. For example, in the asymmetric divide-and-choose, the divider can be selected by tossing a coin. However, such a procedure is not symmetric ex-post. Therefore, the research regarding symmetric fair cake-cutting focuses on deterministic algorithms.Manabe and Okamoto[1] presented symmetric and envy-free (\"meta-envy-free\") deterministic procedures for two and three agents.Nicolo and Yu[2] presented an anonymous, envy-free and Pareto-efficient division protocol for two agents. The protocol implements the allocation in subgame perfect equilibrium, assuming each agent has complete information on the valuation of the other agent.The symmetric cut and choose procedure for two agents was studied empirically in a lab experiment.[4] Alternative symmetric fair cake-cutting procedures for two agents are rightmost mark[5] and leftmost leaves.[6]Cheze[3] presented several procedures:A general scheme for convering any envy-free procedure into a symmetric deterministic procedure: run the original procedure n! times, once for each permutation of the agents, and choose one of the outcomes according to some topological criterion (e.g. minimizing the number of cuts). This procedure is not practical when n is large.\nAn aristotelian proportional procedure for n agents, which requires O(n3) queries and a polynomial number of arithmetic operations by the referee.\nA symmetric proportional procedure for n agents, which requires O(n3) queries, but may require an exponential number of arithmetic operations by the referee.","title":"Procedures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"proportional cake-cutting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportional_cake-cutting"},{"link_name":"lone divider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lone_divider"},{"link_name":"bipartite graph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipartite_graph"},{"link_name":"envy-free matching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Envy-free_matching"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Aristotelian proportional procedure","text":"The aristotelian procedure of Cheze[3] for proportional cake-cutting extends the lone divider procedure. For convenience, we normalize the valuations such that the value of the entire cake is n for all agents. The goal is to give each agent a piece with a value of at least 1.One player chosen arbitrarily, called the divider, cuts the cake into n pieces whose value in his/her eyes is exactly 1.\nConstruct a bipartite graph G = (X+Y, E) in which each vertex in X is an agent, each vertex in Y is a piece, and there is an edge between an agent x and a piece y iff x values y at least 1.\nFind a maximum-cardinality envy-free matching in G (a matching in which no unmatched agent is adjacent to a matched piece). Note that the divider is adjacent to all n pieces, so |NG(X)|= n ≥ |X| (where NG(X) is the set of neighbors of X in Y). Hence, a non-empty envy-free matching exists.[7] Suppose w.l.o.g. that the EFM matches agents 1,...,k to pieces X1,...,Xk, and leaves unmatched the agents and pieces from k+1 to n.\nFor each i in 1,...,k for which Vi(Xi) = 1 - give Xi to agent i. Now, the divider and all agents whose value function is identical to the dividers' are assigned a piece and have the same value.\nConsider now the agents i in 1,...,k for which Vi(Xi) > 1. Partition them into subsets with identical value-vector for the pieces X1,...,Xk. For each subset, recursively divide their pieces among them (for example, if agents 1, 3, 4 agree on the values of all the pieces 1,...,k, then divide pieces X1,X3,X4 recursively among them). Now, all agents whose value-function is identical are assigned to the same subset, and they divide a subcake whose value for them is greater than their number, so the precondition for recursion is satisfied.\nRecursively divide the unmatched pieces Xk+1, ..., Xn among the unmatched agents. Note that, by envy-freeness of the matching, each unmatched agent values each matched piece at less than 1, so he values the remaining pieces at more than the number of agents, so the precondition for recursion is satisfied.","title":"Procedures"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Manabe, Yoshifumi; Okamoto, Tatsuaki (2010). \"Meta-Envy-Free Cake-Cutting Protocols\". Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science 2010. MFCS'10. Vol. 6281. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. pp. 501–512. Bibcode:2010LNCS.6281..501M. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-15155-2_44. ISBN 9783642151545.","urls":[{"url":"http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1885577.1885621","url_text":"\"Meta-Envy-Free Cake-Cutting Protocols\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010LNCS.6281..501M","url_text":"2010LNCS.6281..501M"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-15155-2_44","url_text":"10.1007/978-3-642-15155-2_44"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783642151545","url_text":"9783642151545"}]},{"reference":"Nicolò, Antonio; Yu, Yan (2008-09-01). \"Strategic divide and choose\" (PDF). Games and Economic Behavior. 64 (1): 268–289. doi:10.1016/j.geb.2008.01.006. ISSN 0899-8256.","urls":[{"url":"https://economia.unipd.it/sites/economia.unipd.it/files/20060022.pdf","url_text":"\"Strategic divide and choose\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.geb.2008.01.006","url_text":"10.1016/j.geb.2008.01.006"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0899-8256","url_text":"0899-8256"}]},{"reference":"Chèze, Guillaume (2018-04-11). \"Don't cry to be the first! Symmetric fair division algorithms exist\". arXiv:1804.03833 [cs.GT].","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1804.03833","url_text":"1804.03833"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/archive/cs.GT","url_text":"cs.GT"}]},{"reference":"Kyropoulou, Maria; Ortega, Josué; Segal-Halevi, Erel (2019). \"Fair Cake-Cutting in Practice\". Proceedings of the 2019 ACM Conference on Economics and Computation. EC '19. New York, NY, USA: ACM. pp. 547–548. arXiv:1810.08243. doi:10.1145/3328526.3329592. ISBN 9781450367929. S2CID 53041563.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.08243","url_text":"1810.08243"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1145%2F3328526.3329592","url_text":"10.1145/3328526.3329592"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781450367929","url_text":"9781450367929"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53041563","url_text":"53041563"}]},{"reference":"Segal-Halevi, Erel; Sziklai, Balázs R. (2018-09-01). \"Resource-monotonicity and population-monotonicity in connected cake-cutting\". Mathematical Social Sciences. 95: 19–30. arXiv:1703.08928. doi:10.1016/j.mathsocsci.2018.07.001. ISSN 0165-4896. S2CID 16282641.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1703.08928","url_text":"1703.08928"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.mathsocsci.2018.07.001","url_text":"10.1016/j.mathsocsci.2018.07.001"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0165-4896","url_text":"0165-4896"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16282641","url_text":"16282641"}]},{"reference":"Ortega, Josue (2019-08-08). \"Obvious Manipulations in Cake-Cutting\". arXiv:1908.02988 [cs.GT].","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.02988","url_text":"1908.02988"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/archive/cs.GT","url_text":"cs.GT"}]},{"reference":"Segal-Halevi, Erel; Aigner-Horev, Elad (2022). \"Envy-free matchings in bipartite graphs and their applications to fair division\". Information Sciences. 587: 164–187. arXiv:1901.09527. doi:10.1016/j.ins.2021.11.059. S2CID 170079201.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1901.09527","url_text":"1901.09527"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ins.2021.11.059","url_text":"10.1016/j.ins.2021.11.059"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170079201","url_text":"170079201"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caramiphen
Caramiphen
["1 References"]
Chemical compound CaramiphenClinical dataTrade namesCarafenATC codeNoneIdentifiers IUPAC name 2-(Diethylamino)ethyl 1-phenylcyclopentanecarboxylate CAS Number77-22-5PubChem CID6472ChemSpider6228UNII97J7NP0XJYChEMBLChEMBL61946CompTox Dashboard (EPA)DTXSID0022729 ECHA InfoCard100.000.922 Chemical and physical dataFormulaC18H27NO2Molar mass289.419 g·mol−13D model (JSmol)Interactive image SMILES O=C(OCCN(CC)CC)C2(c1ccccc1)CCCC2 InChI InChI=1S/C18H27NO2/c1-3-19(4-2)14-15-21-17(20)18(12-8-9-13-18)16-10-6-5-7-11-16/h5-7,10-11H,3-4,8-9,12-15H2,1-2H3Key:OFAIGZWCDGNZGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Caramiphen is an anticholinergic drug used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. In combination with phenylpropanolamine it is used as a cough suppressant and nasal decongestant to treat symptoms associated with respiratory illnesses such as cold, allergies, hay fever, and sinusitis. It was added to the British National Formulary in 1963, with a dosage of 10 to 20 mg. Side effects include nausea, dizziness, and drowsiness. It binds to the sigma-1 receptor with an IC50 value of 25 nM. References ^ "Caramiphen". drugs.com. Retrieved 26 September 2012. ^ "Caramiphen with phenylpropanolamine-oral, Ordrine AT, Rescaps-D, Tuss Vernade, Tusso-Gest". medicine.net. Archived from the original on 29 October 2012. Retrieved 26 September 2012. ^ Beirn SF, Lavelle S (May 1964). "To-day's drugs: Cough suppressants". British Medical Journal. 1 (5391): 1165–1167. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.5391.1165. PMC 1813498. PMID 14120813. ^ Musacchio JM, Klein M (June 1988). "Dextromethorphan binding sites in the guinea pig brain". Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology. 8 (2): 149–156. doi:10.1007/BF00711241. PMID 3044591. S2CID 33844132. vteCough and cold preparations (R05)Expectorants Althea root Ammonium Chloride Antimony pentasulfide Cineole Creosote Guaiacolsulfonate Guaifenesin (+codeine, +hydrocodone, +oxomemazine) Hederae helicis folium Ipecacuanha (Syrup of ipecac) Levoverbenone Potassium iodide Senega Tyloxapol Mucolytics Acetylcysteine# Ambroxol Bromhexine Carbocisteine Dembrexine hydrochloride Domiodol Dornase alfa Eprazinone Erdosteine Letosteine Mannitol Mesna Neltenexine Sobrerol Stepronin Cough suppressantsOpium alkaloids,opioids,and derivatives Acetyldihydrocodeine Benzylmorphine Butorphanol Codeine# (+guaifenesin) Dextromethorphan Dihydrocodeine Dimemorfan Ethylmorphine Heroin Hydrocodone (+guaifenesin, +homatropine) Hydromorphone Laudanum Levomethadone Levopropoxyphene Methadone Nicocodeine Nicodicodeine Normethadone Noscapine Pholcodine Thebacon Other Alloclamide Benproperine Benzonatate Bibenzonium bromide Butamirate Clobutinol Clofedanol Cloperastine Dibunate Dimethoxanate Diphenhydramine Dropropizine Droxypropine Fedrilate Fominoben Gefapixant Glaucine Isoaminile Levodropropizine Meprotixol Moguisteine Morclofone Nepinalone Oxeladin Oxolamine Pentoxyverine Pipazetate Piperidione Prenoxdiazine Tipepidine Zipeprol #WHO-EM ‡Withdrawn from market Clinical trials: †Phase III §Never to phase III Pharmacodynamics vteIon channel modulatorsCalciumVDCCsTooltip Voltage-dependent calcium channelsBlockers L-type-selective: Dihydropyridines: Amlodipine Aranidipine Azelnidipine Barnidipine Clevidipine Cronidipine Darodipine Dexniguldipine Elgodipine Elnadipine Felodipine Flordipine Furnidipine Iganidipine Isradipine Lacidipine Lemildipine Lercanidipine Levamlodipine Levniguldipine Manidipine Mepirodipine Mesudipine Nicardipine Nifedipine Niguldipine Niludipine Nilvadipine Nimodipine Nisoldipine Nitrendipine Olradipine Oxodipine Palonidipine Pranidipine Ryodipine (riodipine) Sagandipine Sornidipine Teludipine Tiamdipine Trombodipine Vatanidipine; Diltiazem derivatives: Clentiazem Diltiazem Iprotiazem Nictiazem Siratiazem; Phenylalkylamines: Anipamil Dagapamil Devapamil Dexverapamil Emopamil Etripamil Falipamil Gallopamil Levemopamil Nexopamil Norverapamil Ronipamil Tiapamil Verapamil; Others: AH-1058 Brinazarone Budiodarone Celivarone Cyproheptadine Dronedarone Fantofarone SR-33805 Tetrahydropalmatine N-type-selective: ω-Conotoxins ω-Conotoxin GVIA Caroverine Huwentoxin XVI Leconotide (ω-conotoxin CVID) PD-173212 Ralfinamide Safinamide Z160 Ziconotide (ω-conotoxin MVIIA) P-type-selective: ω-Agatoxin IVA ω-Agatoxin IVB R-type-selective: SNX-482 T-type-selective: ABT-639 ML-218 Niflumic acid NNC 55-0396 ProTx I Z944 Zonisamide Non-selective: ω-Agatoxin TK ω-Conotoxin MVIIC Benidipine Bepridil Cilnidipine Cinnarizine Dotarizine Efonidipine Flunarizine Lamotrigine Levetiracetam Lomerizine Loperamide Mibefradil NP078585 Ruthenium red TROX-1 α2δ subunit-selective (gabapentinoids): 4-Methylpregabalin Arbaclofen Arbaclofen placarbil Atagabalin Baclofen Gabapentin Gabapentin enacarbil Imagabalin Mirogabalin PD-200,347 PD-217,014 PD-299,685 Phenibut Pregabalin Others/unsorted: Bencyclane Berbamine Bevantolol Canadine Carboxyamidotriazole Cycleanine Dauricine Dimeditiapramine Diproteverine Enpiperate Eperisone Elpetrigine Ethadione Ethanol (alcohol) Ethosuximide Fasudil Fendiline Fostedil Imepitoin JTV-519 Lidoflazine Magnesium Manoalide Mesuximide Monatepil Naftopidil Ochratoxin A Osthol Otilonium bromide Paramethadione Phensuximide Pinaverium bromide Prenylamine Rhynchophylline Sesamodil Silperisone Sipatrigine Terodiline Tetrandrine Tolperisone Trimethadione Valperinol Activators L-type-selective: Bay K8644 PotassiumVGKCsTooltip Voltage-gated potassium channelsBlockers 3,4-Diaminopyridine (amifampridine) 4-Aminopyridine (fampridine/dalfampridine) Adekalant Almokalant Amiodarone Azimilide Bretylium Bunaftine Charybdotoxin Clamikalant Conotoxins Dalazatide Dendrotoxin Dofetilide Dronedarone E-4031 Hanatoxin HgeTx1 HsTx1 Ibutilide Inakalant Kaliotoxin Linopirdine Lolitrem B Maurotoxin Nifekalant Notoxin Paxilline Pinokalant Quinidine ShK-186 Sotalol Tedisamil Terikalant Tetraethylammonium Vernakalant hERG (KCNH2, Kv11.1)-specific: Ajmaline Amiodarone AmmTX3 Astemizole Azaspiracid AZD1305 Azimilide Bedaquiline BeKm-1 BmTx3 BRL-32872 Chlorpromazine Cisapride Clarithromycin Darifenacin Dextropropoxyphene Diallyl trisulfide Domperidone E-4031 Ergtoxins Erythromycin Gigactonine Haloperidol Ketoconazole Norpropoxyphene Orphenadrine Pimozide PNU-282,987 Promethazine Quinidine Ranolazine Roxithromycin Sertindole Solifenacin Tamulotoxin Terodiline Terfenadine Thioridazine Tolterodine Vanoxerine Vernakalant KCNQ (Kv7)-specific: Linopirdine XE-991 Spooky toxin (SsTx) Activators KCNQ (Kv7)-specific: Flupirtine Retigabine IRKsTooltip Inwardly rectifying potassium channelBlockers KATPTooltip ATP-sensitive potassium channel-specific: Acetohexamide Carbutamide Chlorpropamide Glibenclamide (glyburide) Glibornuride Glicaramide Gliclazide Glimepiride Glipizide Gliquidone Glisoxepide Glyclopyramide Glycyclamide Metahexamide Mitiglinide Nateglinide Repaglinide Tolazamide Tolbutamide GIRKTooltip G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channel-specific: Barium Caramiphen Cloperastine Clozapine Dextromethorphan Ethosuximide Ifenprodil Tertiapin Tipepidine Activators KATPTooltip ATP-sensitive potassium channel-specific: Aprikalim Bimakalim Cromakalim Diazoxide Emakalim Levcromakalim Mazokalim Minoxidil Minoxidil sulfate Naminidil Nicorandil Pinacidil Rilmakalim Sarakalim GIRKTooltip G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channel-specific: ML-297 (VU0456810) KCaTooltip Calcium-activated potassium channelBlockers BKCa-specific: Ethanol (alcohol) GAL-021 Activators BKCa-specific: Flufenamic acid Meclofenamic acid Niflumic acid Nimesulide Rottlerin (mallotoxin) Tolfenamic acid K2PsTooltip Tandem pore domain potassium channelBlockers 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate Arachidonic acid Fluoxetine Norfluoxetine Activators Riluzole SodiumVGSCsTooltip Voltage-gated sodium channelsBlockers Antianginals: Ranolazine Antiarrhythmics (class I): Ajmaline Aprindine Disopyramide Dronedarone Encainide Flecainide Lidocaine Lorajmine Lorcainide Mexiletine Moricizine Pilsicainide Prajmaline Procainamide Propafenone Quinidine Sparteine Tocainide Anticonvulsants: Acetylpheneturide Carbamazepine Cenobamate Chlorphenacemide Elpetrigine Eslicarbazepine acetate Ethotoin Fosphenytoin Lamotrigine Lacosamide Licarbazepine Mephenytoin Oxcarbazepine Oxitriptyline Phenacemide Pheneturide Phenytoin Rufinamide Sipatrigine Topiramate Sodium valproate Valnoctamide Valproate pivoxil Valproate semisodium Valproic acid Valpromide Zonisamide Local anesthetics: pFBT Amylocaine Articaine Benzocaine Bupivacaine (Levobupivacaine, Ropivacaine) Butacaine Butamben Chloroprocaine Cinchocaine Cocaine Cyclomethycaine Dimethocaine Diphenhydramine Etidocaine Hexylcaine Iontocaine Lidocaine Mepivacaine Meprylcaine Metabutoxycaine Orthocaine Piperocaine Prilocaine Procaine Propoxycaine Proxymetacaine Risocaine Tetracaine Trimecaine Analgesics: AZD-3161 DSP-2230 Funapide GDC-0276 NKTR-171 PF-04531083 PF-05089771 Ralfinamide Raxatrigine RG7893 (GDC-0287) Toxins: Conotoxins Neosaxitoxin Saxitoxin Tetrodotoxin Zetekitoxin AB Others: Buprenorphine Evenamide Menthol (mint) Safinamide Tricyclic antidepressants Activators Aconitine Atracotoxins (ω-Atracotoxin, Robustoxin, Versutoxin) Batrachotoxin Ciguatoxins Grayanotoxins Poneratoxin ENaCTooltip Epithelial sodium channelBlockers Amiloride Benzamil Triamterene Activators Solnatide ASICsTooltip Acid-sensing ion channelBlockers A-317567 Amiloride Aspirin Ibuprofen PcTX1 ChlorideCaCCsTooltip Calcium-activated chloride channelBlockers Crofelemer DIDS Ethacrynic acid Flufenamic acid Fluoxetine Furosemide Glibenclamide Mefloquine Mibefradil Niflumic acid Activators Carbachol CFTRTooltip Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulatorBlockers Glibenclamide Lonidamine Piretanide Activators 1,7-Phenanthroline 1,10-Phenanthroline 4,7-Phenanthroline 7,8-Benzoquinoline Ivacaftor Phenanthridine UnsortedBlockers Bumetanide Flufenamic acid Meclofenamic acid Mefenamic acid Mepacrine Niflumic acid Talniflumate Tolfenamic acid Trifluoperazine OthersTRPsTooltip Transient receptor potential channels See here instead. LGICsTooltip Ligand gated ion channels See here instead. See also: Receptor/signaling modulators • Transient receptor potential channel modulators vteMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor modulatorsmAChRsTooltip Muscarinic acetylcholine receptorsAgonists 77-LH-28-1 AC-42 AC-260,584 Aceclidine Acetylcholine AF30 AF150(S) AF267B Alvameline AQRA-741 Arecoline Bethanechol Bevonium Butyrylcholine Carbachol CDD-0034 CDD-0078 CDD-0097 CDD-0098 CDD-0102 Cevimeline Choline cis-Dioxolane Clozapine Desmethylclozapine (norclozapine) Ethoxysebacylcholine Itameline LY-593,039 L-689,660 LY-2,033,298 McNA343 Methacholine Milameline Muscarine NGX-267 Ocvimeline Oxotremorine PD-151,832 Pilocarpine RS86 Sabcomeline SDZ 210-086 Sebacylcholine Suberyldicholine Talsaclidine Tazomeline Thiopilocarpine Vedaclidine VU-0029767 VU-0090157 VU-0152099 VU-0152100 VU-0238429 WAY-132,983 Xanomeline YM-796 Antagonists 3-Quinuclidinyl benzilate 4-DAMP Aclidinium bromide (+formoterol) Abediterol AF-DX 250 AF-DX 384 Ambutonium bromide Anisodamine Anisodine Antihistamines (first-generation) (e.g., brompheniramine, buclizine, captodiame, chlorphenamine (chlorpheniramine), cinnarizine, clemastine, cyproheptadine, dimenhydrinate, dimetindene, diphenhydramine, doxylamine, meclizine, mequitazine, perlapine, phenindamine, pheniramine, phenyltoloxamine, promethazine, propiomazine, triprolidine) AQ-RA 741 Atropine Atropine methonitrate Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., clozapine, fluperlapine, olanzapine (+fluoxetine), rilapine, quetiapine, tenilapine, zotepine) Benactyzine Benzatropine (benztropine) Benzilone Benzilylcholine mustard Benzydamine BIBN 99 Biperiden Bornaprine Camylofin CAR-226,086 CAR-301,060 CAR-302,196 CAR-302,282 CAR-302,368 CAR-302,537 CAR-302,668 Caramiphen Cimetropium bromide Clidinium bromide Cloperastine CS-27349 Cyclobenzaprine Cyclopentolate Darifenacin DAU-5884 Desfesoterodine Dexetimide DIBD Dicycloverine (dicyclomine) Dihexyverine Difemerine Diphemanil metilsulfate Ditran Drofenine EA-3167 EA-3443 EA-3580 EA-3834 Emepronium bromide Etanautine Etybenzatropine (ethybenztropine) Fenpiverinium Fentonium bromide Fesoterodine Flavoxate Glycopyrronium bromide (+beclometasone/formoterol, +indacaterol, +neostigmine) Hexahydrodifenidol Hexahydrosiladifenidol Hexbutinol Hexocyclium Himbacine HL-031,120 Homatropine Imidafenacin Ipratropium bromide (+salbutamol) Isopropamide J-104,129 Hyoscyamine Mamba toxin 3 Mamba toxin 7 Mazaticol Mebeverine Meladrazine Mepenzolate Methantheline Methoctramine Methylatropine Methylhomatropine Methylscopolamine Metixene Muscarinic toxin 7 N-Ethyl-3-piperidyl benzilate N-Methyl-3-piperidyl benzilate Nefopam Octatropine methylbromide (anisotropine methylbromide) Orphenadrine Otenzepad (AF-DX 116) Otilonium bromide Oxapium iodide Oxitropium bromide Oxybutynin Oxyphencyclimine Oxyphenonium bromide PBID PD-102,807 PD-0298029 Penthienate Pethidine pFHHSiD Phenglutarimide Phenyltoloxamine Pipenzolate bromide Piperidolate Pirenzepine Piroheptine Pizotifen Poldine Pridinol Prifinium bromide Procyclidine Profenamine (ethopropazine) Propantheline bromide Propiverine Quinidine 3-Quinuclidinyl thiochromane-4-carboxylate Revefenacin Rociverine RU-47,213 SCH-57,790 SCH-72,788 SCH-217,443 Scopolamine (hyoscine) Scopolamine butylbromide (hyoscine butylbromide) Silahexacyclium Sofpironium bromide Solifenacin SSRIsTooltip Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (e.g., femoxetine, paroxetine) Telenzepine Terodiline Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, maprotiline, mianserin, mirtazapine) Tiemonium iodide Timepidium bromide Tiotropium bromide Tiquizium bromide Tofenacin Tolterodine Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline (+perphenazine), amitriptylinoxide, butriptyline, cidoxepin, clomipramine, desipramine, desmethyldesipramine, dibenzepin, dosulepin (dothiepin), doxepin, imipramine, lofepramine, nitroxazepine, northiaden (desmethyldosulepin), nortriptyline, protriptyline, quinupramine, trimipramine) Tridihexethyl Trihexyphenidyl Trimebutine Tripitamine (tripitramine) Tropacine Tropatepine Tropicamide Trospium chloride Typical antipsychotics (e.g., chlorpromazine, chlorprothixene, cyamemazine (cyamepromazine), loxapine, mesoridazine, thioridazine) Umeclidinium bromide (+vilanterol) WIN-2299 Xanomeline Zamifenacin Precursors(and prodrugs) Acetyl-coA Adafenoxate Choline (lecithin) Citicoline Cyprodenate Dimethylethanolamine Glycerophosphocholine Meclofenoxate (centrophenoxine) Phosphatidylcholine Phosphatidylethanolamine Phosphorylcholine Pirisudanol See also Receptor/signaling modulators Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulators Acetylcholine metabolism/transport modulators vteSigma receptor modulatorsσ1 Agonists: 3-PPP 4-PPBP 5-MeO-DMT Alazocine (SKF-10047) Amantadine Arketamine BD-737 BD-1052 Blarcamesine Captodiame Citalopram CGRPTooltip Calcitonin gene-related peptide Cloperastine Cocaine Cutamesine (SA-4503) Cyclazocine Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) (prasterone) Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) (prasterone sulfate) Dextrallorphan Dextromethorphan (DXM) Dextrorphan (DXO) Dimemorfan Dimethyltryptamine (DMT) Ditolylguanidine (DTG) Donepezil Eliprodil Escitalopram Fabomotizole (afobazole) Fluoxetine Fluvoxamine Ifenprodil Igmesine (JO-1784) IPAB Ketamine L-687384 MDMA (midomafetamine) Memantine Methamphetamine Methoxetamine Methylphenidate Nepinalone Neuropeptide Y Noscapine OPC-14523 Opipramol Pentazocine Pentoxyverine (carbetapentane) PRE-084 Pregnenolone Pregnenolone sulfate Pridopidine Racemethorphan (methorphan) Racemorphan (morphanol) UMB-23 UMB-82 Antagonists: 3-PPP AC-927 BD-1008 BD-1031 BD-1047 BD-1060 BD-1063 BD-1067 BMY-14802 (BMS-181100) CM-156 Dup-734 E-5842 E-52862 (S1RA) Haloperidol LR-132 LR-172 MS-377 NE-100 NPC-16377 Panamesine (EMD-57455) PD-144418 Pentazocine Progesterone Rimcazole (BW-234U) Sertraline SR-31742A Allosteric modulators: Phenytoin; Positive: Methylphenylpiracetam SOMCL-668 Unknown/unsorted: 3-Methoxydextrallorphan 3-MeO-PCP 4C-T-2 4-IBP 4-IPBS 4-MeO-PCP 5-MeO-DALT 5-MeO-DiPT Amitriptyline Azidopamil Chlorpromazine Clemastine Clomipramine Clorgiline D-Deprenyl DiPTTooltip N,N-Diisopropyltryptamine DPTTooltip N,N-Dipropyltryptamine Ibogaine Imipramine KCR-12-83.1 Nemonapride Noribogaine RHL-033 RS-67,333 RTI-55 Saffron Safinamide Selegiline Spipethiane Trifluoperazine W-18 YKP10A σ2 Agonists: 3-PPP Arketamine BD-1047 BD1063 Ditolylguanidine (DTG) DKR-1005 DKR-1051 Haloperidol Ifenprodil Ketamine MDMA (midomafetamine) Methamphetamine OPC-14523 Opipramol PB-28 Phencyclidine Siramesine (Lu 28-179) UKH-1114 Antagonists: AC-927 BD-1008 BD-1067 CM-156 CT-1812 LR-172 MIN-101 Panamesine (EMD-57455) SAS-0132 Unknown/unsorted: 3-Methoxydextrallorphan 3-MeO-PCE 4-MeO-PCP 5-MeO-DALT 5-MeO-DiPT Clemastine DiPTTooltip N,N-Diisopropyltryptamine DPTTooltip N,N-Dipropyltryptamine Ibogaine Nemonapride Nepinalone Noribogaine Pentazocine RS-67,333 Safinamide TMATooltip 3,4,5-Trimethoxyamphetamine UMB-23 UMB-82 W-18 Unsorted Agonists: Berberine Ethylketazocine Fourphit Metaphit Naluzotan Tapentadol Tenocyclidine Antagonists: AHD1 AZ66 Lamotrigine Naloxone SM-21 UMB-100 UMB-101 UMB-103 UMB-116 YZ-011 YZ-069 YZ-185 Allosteric modulators: SKF-83959 Unknown/unsorted: 18-Methoxycoronaridine BMY-13980 Butaclamol Caramiphen Carvotroline Chlorphenamine (chlorpheniramine) Chlorpromazine Cinnarizine Cinuperone Clocapramine Dezocine EMD-59983 Hypericin (St. John's wort) Fluphenazine Gevotroline (WY-47384) Mepyramine (pyrilamine) Molindone Perphenazine Pimozide Proadifen Promethazine Propranolol Quinidine Remoxipride SL 82.0715 SR-31747A Tiospirone (BMY-13859) Venlafaxine See also: Receptor/signaling modulators This drug article relating to the nervous system is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This drug article relating to the respiratory system is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"anticholinergic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticholinergic"},{"link_name":"Parkinson's disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"phenylpropanolamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenylpropanolamine"},{"link_name":"cough suppressant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cough_suppressant"},{"link_name":"nasal decongestant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasal_decongestant"},{"link_name":"cold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_cold"},{"link_name":"allergies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allergy"},{"link_name":"hay fever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hay_fever"},{"link_name":"sinusitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinusitis"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"British National Formulary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_National_Formulary"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"sigma-1 receptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma-1_receptor"},{"link_name":"IC50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IC50"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Caramiphen is an anticholinergic drug used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.[1] In combination with phenylpropanolamine it is used as a cough suppressant and nasal decongestant to treat symptoms associated with respiratory illnesses such as cold, allergies, hay fever, and sinusitis.[2] It was added to the British National Formulary in 1963, with a dosage of 10 to 20 mg. Side effects include nausea, dizziness, and drowsiness.[3]It binds to the sigma-1 receptor with an IC50 value of 25 nM.[4]","title":"Caramiphen"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"\"Caramiphen\". drugs.com. Retrieved 26 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.drugs.com/international/caramiphen.html","url_text":"\"Caramiphen\""}]},{"reference":"\"Caramiphen with phenylpropanolamine-oral, Ordrine AT, Rescaps-D, Tuss Vernade, Tusso-Gest\". medicine.net. Archived from the original on 29 October 2012. Retrieved 26 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121029191620/http://www.medicinenet.com/caramiphen_with_phenylpropanolamine-oral/article.htm","url_text":"\"Caramiphen with phenylpropanolamine-oral, Ordrine AT, Rescaps-D, Tuss Vernade, Tusso-Gest\""},{"url":"http://www.medicinenet.com/caramiphen_with_phenylpropanolamine-oral/article.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Beirn SF, Lavelle S (May 1964). \"To-day's drugs: Cough suppressants\". British Medical Journal. 1 (5391): 1165–1167. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.5391.1165. PMC 1813498. PMID 14120813.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1813498","url_text":"\"To-day's drugs: Cough suppressants\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.1.5391.1165","url_text":"10.1136/bmj.1.5391.1165"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1813498","url_text":"1813498"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14120813","url_text":"14120813"}]},{"reference":"Musacchio JM, Klein M (June 1988). \"Dextromethorphan binding sites in the guinea pig brain\". Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology. 8 (2): 149–156. doi:10.1007/BF00711241. PMID 3044591. S2CID 33844132.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00711241","url_text":"10.1007/BF00711241"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3044591","url_text":"3044591"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:33844132","url_text":"33844132"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=77-22-5","external_links_name":"77-22-5"},{"Link":"https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/6472","external_links_name":"6472"},{"Link":"https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.6228.html","external_links_name":"6228"},{"Link":"https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/97J7NP0XJY","external_links_name":"97J7NP0XJY"},{"Link":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembldb/index.php/compound/inspect/ChEMBL61946","external_links_name":"ChEMBL61946"},{"Link":"https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID0022729","external_links_name":"DTXSID0022729"},{"Link":"https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.000.922","external_links_name":"100.000.922"},{"Link":"https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=O%3DC%28OCCN%28CC%29CC%29C2%28c1ccccc1%29CCCC2","external_links_name":"Interactive image"},{"Link":"https://www.drugs.com/international/caramiphen.html","external_links_name":"\"Caramiphen\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121029191620/http://www.medicinenet.com/caramiphen_with_phenylpropanolamine-oral/article.htm","external_links_name":"\"Caramiphen with phenylpropanolamine-oral, Ordrine AT, Rescaps-D, Tuss Vernade, Tusso-Gest\""},{"Link":"http://www.medicinenet.com/caramiphen_with_phenylpropanolamine-oral/article.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1813498","external_links_name":"\"To-day's drugs: Cough suppressants\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.1.5391.1165","external_links_name":"10.1136/bmj.1.5391.1165"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1813498","external_links_name":"1813498"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14120813","external_links_name":"14120813"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00711241","external_links_name":"10.1007/BF00711241"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3044591","external_links_name":"3044591"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:33844132","external_links_name":"33844132"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caramiphen&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caramiphen&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Karl_Freiherr_von_Esebeck
Hans-Karl Freiherr von Esebeck
["1 Awards","2 References","2.1 Citations","2.2 Bibliography"]
German general in World War II Hans-Karl Freiherr von EsebeckBorn10 July 1892Potsdam, Province of Brandenburg, Kingdom of Prussia, German EmpireDied5 January 1955(1955-01-05) (aged 62)Iserlohn, North Rhine-Westphalia, West GermanyAllegiance German Empire Weimar Republic Nazi GermanyService/branchArmyYears of service1911-1944Rank General der PanzertruppeCommands held15th Panzer Division11th Panzer Division2nd Panzer-DivisionXXXXVI Panzer CorpsLVII Panzer CorpsLVIII Panzer CorpsBattles/warsWorld War IWorld War IIAwardsKnight's Cross of the Iron Cross Hans-Karl Freiherr von Esebeck (10 July 1892 – 5 January 1955) was a German general who commanded the 15th Panzer Division in the Afrika Korps. Esebeck had knowledge of and was sympathetic to the anti-Hitler conspiracy in the military. He was arrested on 21 July 1944 and spent the rest of the war in concentration camps. Liberated at the end of the war he lived the rest of his life in poverty and died on 5 January 1955. Awards Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 4 July 1940 as Oberst and commander of the 6. Schützen-Brigade References Citations ^ Mitcham 2007, p. 34. ^ Scherzer 2007, p. 299. Bibliography Mitcham, Samuel W. (2007). Rommel's Desert Commanders — The Men Who Served the Desert Fox, North Africa, 1941–42. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. ISBN 0-8117-3510-9. Scherzer, Veit (2007). Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945 Die Inhaber des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939 von Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm sowie mit Deutschland verbündeter Streitkräfte nach den Unterlagen des Bundesarchives (in German). Jena, Germany: Scherzers Militaer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-938845-17-2. Military offices Preceded byGeneralleutnant Heinrich von Prittwitz und Gaffron Commander of 15. Panzer-Division April 13, 1941 - May 26, 1941 Succeeded byGeneralleutnant Walter Neumann-Silkow Preceded byGeneralleutnant Günther Angern Commander of 11. Panzer Division 24 August 1941 - 20 October 1941 Succeeded byGeneralleutnant Walter Scheller Preceded byGeneral der Panzertruppe Rudolf Veiel Commander of 2. Panzer-Division February 17, 1942 - June 1, 1942 Succeeded byGeneralleutnant Arno von Lenski Preceded byGeneral der Infanterie Hans Zorn Commander of XXXXVI Panzer Corps November 20, 1942 - June 20, 1943 Succeeded byGeneral der Infanterie Hans Zorn Preceded byGeneral der Panzertruppe Friedrich Kirchner Commander of LVII Panzer Corps November 30, 1943 - February 19, 1944 Succeeded byGeneral der Panzertruppe Friedrich Kirchner Preceded byGeneral der Panzertruppen Leo Freiherr Geyr von Schweppenburg Commander of LVIII Panzer Corps December 1, 1943 - February 10, 1944 Succeeded byGeneral der Panzertruppen Walter Krüger Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Germany People Deutsche Biographie Portal: Biography
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"15th Panzer Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15th_Panzer_Division"},{"link_name":"Afrika Korps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika_Korps"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Hans-Karl Freiherr von Esebeck (10 July 1892 – 5 January 1955) was a German general who commanded the 15th Panzer Division in the Afrika Korps.Esebeck had knowledge of and was sympathetic to the anti-Hitler conspiracy in the military. He was arrested on 21 July 1944 and spent the rest of the war in concentration camps. Liberated at the end of the war he lived the rest of his life in poverty and died on 5 January 1955.[1]","title":"Hans-Karl Freiherr von Esebeck"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight%27s_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross"},{"link_name":"Oberst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberst"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 4 July 1940 as Oberst and commander of the 6. Schützen-Brigade[2]","title":"Awards"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"Scherzer, Veit (2007). Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945 Die Inhaber des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939 von Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm sowie mit Deutschland verbündeter Streitkräfte nach den Unterlagen des Bundesarchives [The Knight's Cross Bearers 1939–1945 The Holders of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939 by Army, Air Force, Navy, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm and Allied Forces with Germany According to the Documents of the Federal Archives] (in German). Jena, Germany: Scherzers Militaer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-938845-17-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-938845-17-2","url_text":"978-3-938845-17-2"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamre_H._Ward
Mamre H. Ward
["1 Biography","2 References"]
American politician Mamre H. Ward was a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly. Biography Ward was born on January 16, 1899, in Durand, Wisconsin. He graduated from Durand High School. Ward was a farmer and lived in the town of Canton Buffalo County, Wisconsin. He was involved with the canning and banking business. Ward served as chairman of the Canton Town Board. Ward served in the Wisconsin Assembly from 1951 to 1959 and was a Republican. In 1964, Ward moved to Durand, Wisconsin. He died on October 13, 1969, in a hospital in Durand, Wisconsin. References ^ 'Wisconsin Blue Book 1958,' Biographical Sketch of Mamre H. Ward, pg. 35 ^ 'Former Area Solon Dies Monday,' Eau Claire Leader, October 15, 1969, pg. 3 This article about a Republican Party member of the Wisconsin State Assembly born in the 1890s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wisconsin State Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin_State_Assembly"}],"text":"Mamre H. Ward was a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly.","title":"Mamre H. Ward"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Durand, Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durand,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Canton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Buffalo County, Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_County,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Ward was born on January 16, 1899, in Durand, Wisconsin. He graduated from Durand High School. Ward was a farmer and lived in the town of Canton Buffalo County, Wisconsin. He was involved with the canning and banking business. Ward served as chairman of the Canton Town Board. Ward served in the Wisconsin Assembly from 1951 to 1959 and was a Republican. In 1964, Ward moved to Durand, Wisconsin. He died on October 13, 1969, in a hospital in Durand, Wisconsin.[1][2]","title":"Biography"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-shirt
T-shirt
["1 History","2 Trends","2.1 Expressive messages","3 Decoration","3.1 V-Neck","3.2 Screen printing","3.3 Tie dye","3.4 Heat transfer vinyl (HTV)","3.5 Dye-sublimation printing","3.6 Other methods","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
Style of inexpensive fabric shirt For other uses, see T-Shirt (disambiguation). A woman wearing a pink V-neck T-shirt T-shirt day in Leipzig, Germany A T-shirt (also spelled tee shirt, or tee for short) is a style of fabric shirt named after the T shape of its body and sleeves. Traditionally, it has short sleeves and a round neckline, known as a crew neck, which lacks a collar. T-shirts are generally made of stretchy, light, and inexpensive fabric and are easy to clean. The T-shirt evolved from undergarments used in the 19th century and, in the mid-20th century, transitioned from undergarments to general-use casual clothing. They are typically made of cotton textile in a stockinette or jersey knit, which has a distinctively pliable texture compared to shirts made of woven cloth. Some modern versions have a body made from a continuously knitted tube, produced on a circular knitting machine, such that the torso has no side seams. The manufacture of T-shirts has become highly automated and may include cutting fabric with a laser or a water jet. T-shirts are inexpensive to produce and are often part of fast fashion, leading to outsized sales of T-shirts compared to other attire. For example, two billion T-shirts are sold worldwide per year, and the average person in Sweden buys nine T-shirts a year. Production processes vary but can be environmentally intensive and include the environmental impact caused by their materials, such as cotton, which uses large amounts of water and pesticides. History US Merchant Marine sailor in 1944 Simple, T-shaped top garments have been a part of human clothing since ancient times; garments similar to the T-shirt worn earlier in history are generally called tunics. The modern T-shirt evolved from undergarments used in the 19th century. First, the one-piece union suit underwear was cut into separate top and bottom garments, with the top long enough to tuck under the waistband of the bottoms. With and without buttons, they were adopted by miners and stevedores during the late 19th century as a convenient covering for hot environments. In 1913, the U.S. Navy first issued them as undergarments. These were a crew-necked, short-sleeved, white cotton undershirt to be worn under a uniform. It became common for sailors and Marines in work parties, the early submarines, and tropical climates to remove their uniform jacket, thus wearing (and soiling) only the undershirt. They soon became popular as a bottom layer of clothing for workers in various industries, including agriculture. The T-shirt was easily fitted, easily cleaned, and inexpensive; for these reasons, it became the shirt of choice for young boys. Boys' shirts were made in various colors and patterns. The word T-shirt became part of American English by the 1920s, and appeared in the Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Marlon Brando in the trailer for A Streetcar named Desire. By the Great Depression, the T-shirt was often the default garment to be worn when doing farm or ranch chores, as well as other times when modesty called for a torso covering but conditions called for lightweight fabrics. Following World War II, it was worn by Navy men as undergarments and slowly became common to see veterans wearing their uniform trousers with their T-shirts as casual clothing. The shirts became even more popular in the 1950s after Marlon Brando wore one in A Streetcar Named Desire, finally achieving status as fashionable, stand-alone, outerwear garments. Often boys wore them while doing chores and playing outside, eventually opening up the idea of wearing them as general-purpose casual clothing. Printed T-shirts were in limited use by 1942 when an Air Corps Gunnery School T-shirt appeared on the cover of Life magazine. In the 1960s, printed T-shirts gained popularity for self-expression as well as for advertisements, protests, and souvenirs. Current versions are available in many different designs and fabrics, and styles include crew-neck and V-neck shirts. T-shirts are among the most worn garments of clothing used today. T-shirts are especially popular with branding for companies or merchandise, as they are inexpensive to make and purchase. Trends A blue crew neck T-shirt T-shirts were originally worn as undershirts, but are now worn frequently as the only piece of clothing on the top half of the body, other than possibly a brassiere or, rarely, a waistcoat (vest). T-shirts have also become a medium for self-expression and advertising, with any imaginable combination of words, art and photographs on display. A T-shirt typically extends to the waist. Variants of the T-shirt, such as the V-neck, have been developed. Hip hop fashion calls for tall-T shirts which may extend down to the knees. A similar item is the T-shirt dress or T-dress, a dress-length T-shirt that can be worn without pants. Long T-shirts are also sometimes worn by women as nightgowns. A 1990s trend in women's clothing involved tight-fitting cropped T-shirt or crop tops short enough to reveal the midriff. Another less popular trend is wearing a short-sleeved T-shirt of a contrasting color over a long-sleeved T-shirt, which is known as layering. T-shirts that are tight to the body are called fitted, tailored or baby doll T-shirts. With the rise of social media and video sharing sites also came numerous tutorials on DIY T-shirt projects. These videos typically provided instructions on how to modify an old shirt into a new, more fashionable form. Expressive messages Since the 1960s, T-shirts have flourished as a form of personal expression. Screen printed T-shirts have been a standard form of marketing for major American consumer products, such as Coca-Cola and Mickey Mouse, since the 1970s. It has also been commonly used to commemorate an event or to make a political or personal statement. Since the 1990s, it has become common practice for companies of all sizes to produce T-shirts with their corporate logos or messages as part of their overall advertising campaigns. Since the late 1980s and especially the 1990s, T-shirts with prominent designer-name logos have become popular, especially with teenagers and young adults. These garments allow consumers to flaunt their taste for designer brands in an inexpensive way, in addition to being decorative. Examples of designer T-shirt branding include Calvin Klein, FUBU, Ralph Lauren, American Apparel, and The Gap. These examples also include representations of rock bands, among other obscure pop-culture references. Licensed T-shirts are also extremely popular. Movie and TV T-shirts can have images of the actors, logos, and funny quotations from the movie or TV show. Often, the most popular T-shirts are those that characters wore in the film itself (e.g., Bubba Gump from Forrest Gump and Vote For Pedro from Napoleon Dynamite). Designer Katharine Hamnett, in the early 1980s, pioneered outsize T-shirts with large-print slogans. The early first decade of the 21st century saw the renewed popularity of T-shirts with slogans and designs with a strong inclination to the humorous and/or ironic. The trend has only increased later in this decade, embraced by celebrities, such as Britney Spears and Paris Hilton, and reflected back on them, too ('Team Aniston'). The political and social statements that T-shirts often display have become, since the first decade of the 21st century, one of the reasons that they have so deeply permeated different levels of culture and society. These statements range from completely harmless to statements or quotes that may be found to be offensive, shocking, or pornographic to some. Despite this, or perhaps due to it, companies like T-Shirt Hell (a T-shirt store known for using offensive and shocking messages) and various other organizations have caught on to the statement-making trend (whether offensive, etc or otherwise), including chain and independent stores, websites, schools, clubs, and groups of all kinds, with some even incorporating said trend into their respective business models. A popular phrase on the front of demonstrating the popularity of T-shirts among tourists is the humorous phrase "I went to _____ and all I got was this lousy T-shirt." Examples include "My parents went to Las Vegas and all I got was this lousy T-shirt." T-shirt exchange is an activity where people trade the T-shirts that they are wearing. Artists like Bill Beckley, Glen Baldridge and Peter Klashorst use T-shirts in their work. Models such as Victoria Beckham and Gisele Bündchen wore T-shirts through the 2000s. Paris Fashion Week 2014 featured a grunge style T-shirt. Decoration Ringer T-shirt A Wikipedia round neck T-shirt In the early 1950s, several companies based in Miami, Florida, started to decorate T-shirts with different resort names and various characters. The first company was Tropix Togs, under founder Sam Kantor, in Miami. They were the original licensee for Walt Disney characters, after they met in an airport in Miami, in 1976 including Mickey Mouse and Davy Crockett. These t-shirts were sold when Walt Disney World first opened. Later, other companies expanded into the T-shirt printing business, including Sherry Manufacturing Company, also based in Miami. Sherry was founded in 1948 by its owner and founder Quentin H. Sandler as a screen printer of Souvenir Scarf's to the souvenir resort market. Shortly, the company evolved into one of the largest screen printed resort and licensed apparel companies in the United States. The company now (2018) runs automatic Screen Print presses and produces up to 10,000 to 20,000 T-shirts each day. In the 1960s, the ringer T-shirt appeared and became a staple fashion for youth and rock-n-rollers. Ringer T-shirts are a solid-color shirt with bands of a second color around the collar and the lower edges of the sleeves, with or without an additional front decoration. The decade also saw the emergence of tie-dyeing and screen-printing on the basic T-shirt and the T-shirt became a medium for wearable art, commercial advertising, souvenir messages, and protest art messages. Psychedelic art poster designer Warren Dayton pioneered several political, protest, and pop-culture art printed large and in color on T-shirts featuring images of Cesar Chavez, political cartoons, and other cultural icons in an article in the Los Angeles Times magazine in late 1969 (ironically, the clothing company quickly cancelled the experimental line, fearing there would not be a market). In the late 1960s, Richard Ellman, Robert Tree, Bill Kelly, and Stanley Mouse set up the Monster Company in Mill Valley, California, to produce fine art designs expressly for T-shirts. Monster T-shirts often feature emblems and motifs associated with the Grateful Dead and marijuana culture. Additionally, one of the most popular symbols to emerge from the political turmoil of the 1960s were T-shirts bearing the face of Marxist revolutionary Che Guevara. Today, many notable and memorable T-shirts produced in the 1970s have become ensconced in pop culture. Examples include the bright yellow happy face T-shirts, The Rolling Stones tops with their "tongue and lips" logo, and Milton Glaser's iconic "I ♥ N Y” design. In the mid-1980s, the white T-shirt became fashionable after the actor Don Johnson wore it with an Armani suit in Miami Vice. V-Neck A V-neck T-shirt has a V-shaped neckline, as opposed to the round neckline of the more common crew neck shirt (also called a U-neck). V-necks were introduced so that the neckline of the shirt does not show when worn beneath an outer shirt, as would that of a crew neck shirt. Screen printing A woman wearing a T-shirt with an architectural motif The most common form of commercial T-shirt decoration is screen printing. In screen printing, a design is separated into individual colors. Plastisol or water based inks are applied to the shirt through mesh screens partially coated with an emulsion which limits the areas where ink is deposited. In most commercial T-shirt printing, a limited number (typically one to four) of spot colors are used to print the design. To achieve a wider color spectrum with a limited number of colors, process printing (using only cyan, magenta, yellow and black ink) or simulated process (using only white, black, red, green, blue, and gold ink) is effective. Process printing is best suited for light colored shirts. The simulated process is best suited for dark colored shirts. In 1959, the invention of plastisol provided an ink more durable and stretchable than water-based ink, allowing much more variety in T-shirt designs. Very few companies continue to use water-based inks on their shirts. The majority of companies that create shirts prefer plastisol due to the ability to print on varying colors without the need for color adjustment at the art level. Specialty inks trend in and out of fashion and include shimmer, puff, discharge, and chino based inks. A metallic foil can be heat pressed and stamped onto any plastisol ink. When combined with shimmer ink, metallics give a mirror like effect wherever the previously screened plastisol ink was applied. Specialty inks are more expensive to purchase as well as screen and tend to appear on garments in boutiques. Other methods of decoration used on T-shirts include airbrush, applique, embroidery, impressing or embossing, and the ironing on of either flock lettering, heat transfers, or dye-sublimation transfers. Laser printers are capable of printing on plain paper using a special toner containing sublimation dyes which can then be permanently heat-transferred to T-shirts. In the 1980s, thermochromatic dyes were used to produce T-shirts that changed color when subjected to heat. The Global Hypercolour brand of these was a common sight on the streets of the UK for a few years but has since mostly disappeared. These were also very popular in the United States among teenagers in the late 1980s. A downside of color-change garments is that the dyes can easily be damaged, especially by washing in warm water or dye other clothes during washing. Tie dye An example of a tie-dyed T-shirt Tie dye originated in India, Japan, Jamaica, and Africa as early as the sixth century. Some forms of tie dye are Bandhani (the oldest known technique) used in Indian cultures, and Shibori primarily used in Japanese cultures. It was not until the 1960s that tie dye was introduced to America during the hippie movement. Heat transfer vinyl (HTV) Another form of T-shirt decoration is heat transfer vinyl, also called HTV. HTV is a polyurethane material that allows apparel designers to create unique layered designs using a specialized software program. Once the design is created, it is then cut through the material using a vinyl cutter (or Cut n Press) machine. There are dozens of different colors available, as well as glitter, reflective, and now even unique patterns (such as mermaid skin) which come in rolls and sheets. After the design is cut, there is a process called “weeding” whereby the areas of the design that do not represent the design are picked away from the transfer sheet and removed so that the intended design remains. HTV is typically smooth to the touch and does not feel rubbery or stiff. The edges are typically clean cut and produce high contrast. Designers can also create multiple color designs, or multi-layered designs using HTV. This process would be done in the design software before the design is sent to the cutter for the different materials. A heat press is then used to apply pressure and heat to the vinyl so that the material permanently adheres to the garment. The temperature and pressure vary according to the manufacturers specifications. Dye-sublimation printing Dye-sublimation printing is a direct-to-garment digital printing technology using full color artwork to transfer images to polyester and polymer-coated substrate based T-shirts. Dye-sublimation (also commonly referred to as all-over printing) came into widespread use in the 21st century, enabling some designs previously impossible. Printing with unlimited colors using large CMYK printers with special paper and ink is possible, unlike screen printing which requires screens for each color of the design. All-over print T-shirts have solved the problem with color fading and the vibrancy is higher than most standard printing methods but requires synthetic fabrics for the ink to take hold. The key feature of dye-sublimated clothing is that the design is not printed on top of the garment, but permanently dyed into the threads of the shirt, ensuring that it will never fade. Dye-sublimation is economically viable for small-quantity printing; the unit cost is similar for short or long production runs. Screen printing has higher setup costs, requiring large numbers to be produced to be cost-effective, and the unit cost is higher. Solid ink is changed into a gas without passing through a liquid phase (sublimation), using heat and pressure. The design is first produced in a computer image file format such as jpg, gif, png, or any other. It is printed on a purpose-made computer printer (as of 2016 most commonly Epson or Ricoh brands) using large heat presses to vaporize the ink directly into the fabric. By mid-2012, this method had become widely used for T-shirts. Other methods Other methods of decorating shirts include using paints, markers, fabric transfer crayons, dyes and spray paint. Some techniques that can be used include sponging, stenciling, daubing, stamping, screen printing, bleaching, and many more. Some new T-shirt creators have used designs with multiple advanced techniques, which includes using glow-in-the-dark inks, heat-sensitive fabrics, foil printing and all-over printing. Other designers like Robert Geller, a German-born American fashion designer, has created a T-shirt collection which feature oversized graphic T-shirts made from super soft jersey materials. Alexander Wang released variations of T-shirts from oversized scoop necks, tanks to striped, slouchy rayon jerseys. Terence Koh T-shirts feature an upside down portrait with a real bullet hole in the head. See also Concert T-shirt Inkjet transfer Kit (association football) Polo shirt Raglan sleeve Wet T-shirt contest References ^ "A Breakdown of the Environmental Impact of a Cotton T-Shirt – Treefy". Archived from the original on 2022-08-17. Retrieved 2021-02-27. ^ a b Wallander, Mattias (2012-09-02). "T-Shirt Blues: The Environmental Impact of a T-Shirt". HuffPost. Retrieved 2021-02-27. ^ Hurst, Nathan. "What's the Environmental Footprint of a T-Shirt?". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 2021-02-27. ^ Hurst, Nathan. "What's the Environmental Footprint of a T-Shirt?". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 2021-02-27. ^ "A Breakdown of the Environmental Impact of a Cotton T-Shirt – Treefy". Archived from the original on 2022-08-17. Retrieved 2021-02-27. ^ a b "History of the T-shirt". Tee Fetch. Archived from the original on 2019-01-07. Retrieved 2014-04-15. ^ a b c Harris, Alice (1996). The White T. HarperCollins. ^ "A Streetcar Named Desire". AMC filmsite. 1947-12-03. Retrieved 2010-10-26. ^ "Aerial Gunners". Life. Vol. 13, no. 2. Time Inc. 13 Jul 1942. Retrieved 23 June 2022 – via Google Books. ^ a b Sally Larsen with Neeli Cherkovski, Japlish, Pomegranate Art Books, San Francisco, 1993, ISBN 1-56640-454-1 ^ Cumming, Valerie; C. W. Cunnington & P. E. Cunnington (2010). The Dictionary of Fashion History. Berg Publishers. p. 211. ISBN 978-1-84788-534-0. ^ "31 T-Shirt DIYs That Are Perfect For Summer". Buzzfeed.com. 13 May 2013. Retrieved 1 July 2016. ^ Pieri, Kerry (2013-10-03). "Street style: Paris fashion week 2014". Archived from the original on 2014-05-30. Retrieved 2018-03-13. ^ Monster T-shirt ART, Monster Corporation catalog #3, Mill Valley 1974 ^ The Most Famous Statement T-shirts Archived 2017-07-02 at the Wayback Machine by SoJones Asmara, September 10, 2009 ^ File:The Rolling Stones Tongue Logo.png ^ "Crew neck". Merriam-Webster Online. Retrieved 2 August 2010. ^ "Sweaters Go Bulky". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. 25 August 1957. p. 2. Retrieved 2 August 2010. ^ Kirby, Michael B. (Spring 2008). "90th IDPG History of the T-shirt During WW2". 90th Infantry Division Preservation Group. Retrieved 2 August 2010. ^ Steve Rhodes. "CMYK Printing". ImpressionzPrinting.com. CMYK is a widely used technique to replicate full-color images on light colored backgrounds. The full-color process originated to accurately reproduce artwork on white paper. ^ Huston, Lance. "Subject: Re: chino ink??". ScreenPrinters.Net. Archived from the original on 23 September 2013. Retrieved 13 January 2018. Chino is a special Rutland INK BASE mixing system.… While on the surface it looks similar to a reduced base, it does have a unique print quality to it that offers a waterbase feel, without the hassles of waterbase inks. ^ a b "Peace, Love and Tie-Dye". Iml.jou.ufl.edu. Archived from the original on 2013-09-27. Retrieved 31 October 2017. ^ Taylor, Carol. The Great T-Shirt Book!: Make Your Own Spectacular, One-of-a-kind Designs. New York: Sterling Pub., 1992. Print. ^ "T-Shirt by Darwin". NYMag.com. 12 August 2009. Retrieved 2017-05-23. ^ "Bullet Hole Tees: Terence Koh's Capsule T-Shirt Collection for Opening Ceremony". TrendHunter.com. Retrieved 2017-05-23. External links The dictionary definition of t-shirt at Wiktionary Media related to T-shirts at Wikimedia Commons vteClothing History Industry Technology Terminology Timeline Headwear Beret Cap Baseball Flat Knit Hat Boater Bowler Fedora Homburg Top Helmet Hood Kerchief Mask Turban Veil Neckwear Bands Choker Clerical collar Lavallière Neckerchief Neck gaiter Necktie Ascot Bolo Bow Kipper School Stock Scarf Tippet Tops Blouse Cache-cœur Crop top Halterneck Tube top Cycling Kurta Mantle Shirt Dress Henley Polo Sleeveless T Sweater Cardigan Guernsey Hoodie Jersey Polo neck Shrug Sweater vest Twinset Waistcoat Trousers Bell-bottoms Bondage Capri Cargo Chaps Formal Go-to-hell High water Lowrise Jeans Jodhpurs Overalls Palazzo Parachute Pedal pushers Phat Shorts Bermuda Cycling Dolphin Gym Hotpants Running Slim-fit Sweatpants Windpants Yoga pants Suits anduniforms Ceremonial dress Academic Court Diplomatic Folk Jodhpuri Jumpsuit Military Full Mess Service Sailor Combat Pantsuit Religious Cassock Clerical Vestment School Prison Workwear Boilersuit Cleanroom Hazmat Space Scrubs Dressesand gownsFormal, semi-formal, informal Backless Bouffant gown Coatdress Cocktail Little black Evening Ball gown Debutante Plain Prairie Princess line Strapless Wedding Wrap Casual House Jumper Romper suit Sheath Shirtdress Slip Sundress Skirts A-line Ballerina Denim Men's Miniskirt Pencil Prairie Rah-rah Sarong Skort Tutu Wrap Underwear and lingerieTop Bra Camisole Undershirt Bottom Diaper Training pants Leggings Panties Plastic pants Slip Thong Underpants Boxer briefs Boxer shorts Briefs Full Bodysuit, adult Bodysuit, infant Long underwear See-through Teddy CoatsandouterwearOvercoats Car Chesterfield Covert Duffel Duster Greatcoat British Warm Guards Coat Greca Over-frock Riding Shadbelly Trench Ulster Cloak Opera Paletot Pea Polo Raincoat Mackintosh Suit coats Frock coat Bekishe Rekel Mess jacket Suit jacket Blazer Smoking Sports Teba Tailcoat Dress Morning Other Apron Pinafore Blouson Cagoule Cape Ferraiolo Inverness Mantle, Monastic Mantle, Royal Mozzetta Pellegrina Coatee Cut-off Gilet Jacket Down Flight Goggle Harrington Leather Mackinaw Norfolk Safari Jerkin Lab coat Parka Poncho Robe Bathrobe Dressing gown Shawl Ski suit Sleeved blanket Windbreaker Nightwear Babydoll Babygrow Blanket sleeper Negligee Nightgown Nightshirt Pajamas Swimwear Bikini Burkini Boardshorts Dry suit Monokini One-piece Rash guard Sling Square leg suit Swim briefs Swim diaper Trunks Wetsuit Footwear Boot Court shoe Dress boot Dress shoe Flip-flops Sandal Shoe Slipper Sneaker Legwear Sock Hold-ups Garter Pantyhose Stocking Tights Accessories Belt Boutonnière Coin purse Cufflink Cummerbund Gaiters Glasses Gloves Headband Handbag Jewellery Livery Muff Pocket protector Pocket watch Sash Spats Sunglasses Suspenders Umbrella Wallet Watch Dress codesWestern Formal Morning dress White tie Semi-formal Black lounge suit Black tie Informal Casual Related Clothing fetish Clothing swap Costume creature suit Halloween costume Cross-dressing Environmental impact Fashion Haute couture Made-to-measure Ready-to-wear Fur clothing types Fursuit Global trade of secondhand clothing Laws List of individual dresses Reconstructed clothing Right to clothing Vintage clothing Clothing portal vteMen's undergarmentsUpper body Male bra Sleeveless shirt (A-shirt / singlet / tank top) T-shirt Henley shirt Undershirt Telnyashka Lower body Boxer briefs Boxer shorts Briefs (slip / Y-fronts) Compression shorts Fundoshi Jockstrap (athletic supporter) Pantyhose for men Swim trunks Thong (G-string) Willy warmer Full body Long underwear (long johns) Nightshirt Union suit Hosiery Compression stockings Leggings Pantyhose Sock Stocking Tabi Historical Breechcloth Chausses Codpiece Doublet Garter Hose Loincloth Nightshirt Union suit Brands 2(X)IST 2wink Abercrombie & Fitch Adidas Allbirds AllSaints American Apparel American Eagle Andrew Christian Arc'teryx aussieBum Björn Borg Boden Bombas Bonds Bonobos Burberry BVD Calvin Klein Comme des Garçons Desigual Diesel DKNY Dolce & Gabbana Dsquared² Duluth Trading Company Emporio Armani Everlane Finisterre Fleur du Mal Fruit of the Loom Gap Gunze H&M Hanes Hanro House of Holland Hugo Boss Ibex J.Crew Jockey International Joe Boxer John Lewis John Smedley's Kenneth Cole Kotn Lacoste Levi's Louis Vuitton Lululemon Marks & Spencer Michael Kors Munsingwear Nasty Pig Nike Nordstrom Orlebar Brown Patagonia Paul Smith Paul Stuart Pringle Puma Ralph Lauren River Island Roberto Cavalli Rufskin Schiesser Smartwool Spanx Stanfield's Sunspel Superdry Supreme Three Gun Todd Snyder Tom Ford Tommy Hilfiger Topman Under Armour Uniqlo Versace Volcom XTG Authority control databases: National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Japan Czech Republic
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"T-Shirt (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-Shirt_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Woman_in_a_V-Neck_T-Shirt.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leipzig2012.jpg"},{"link_name":"Leipzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"shirt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirt"},{"link_name":"crew neck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crew_neck"},{"link_name":"undergarments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undergarment"},{"link_name":"cotton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton"},{"link_name":"stockinette or jersey knit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey_(fabric)"},{"link_name":"pliable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliable"},{"link_name":"circular knitting machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knitting_machine"},{"link_name":"laser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_cutting"},{"link_name":"water jet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_jet_cutter"},{"link_name":"fast fashion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_fashion"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-T-Shirt_Blues-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-T-Shirt_Blues-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Style of inexpensive fabric shirtFor other uses, see T-Shirt (disambiguation).A woman wearing a pink V-neck T-shirtT-shirt day in Leipzig, GermanyA T-shirt (also spelled tee shirt, or tee for short) is a style of fabric shirt named after the T shape of its body and sleeves. Traditionally, it has short sleeves and a round neckline, known as a crew neck, which lacks a collar. T-shirts are generally made of stretchy, light, and inexpensive fabric and are easy to clean. The T-shirt evolved from undergarments used in the 19th century and, in the mid-20th century, transitioned from undergarments to general-use casual clothing.They are typically made of cotton textile in a stockinette or jersey knit, which has a distinctively pliable texture compared to shirts made of woven cloth. Some modern versions have a body made from a continuously knitted tube, produced on a circular knitting machine, such that the torso has no side seams. The manufacture of T-shirts has become highly automated and may include cutting fabric with a laser or a water jet.T-shirts are inexpensive to produce and are often part of fast fashion, leading to outsized sales of T-shirts compared to other attire.[1] For example, two billion T-shirts are sold worldwide per year,[2] and the average person in Sweden buys nine T-shirts a year.[3] Production processes vary but can be environmentally intensive and include the environmental impact caused by their materials, such as cotton, which uses large amounts of water and pesticides.[4][2][5]","title":"T-shirt"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ww2-oiler-Arnold-R-Fesser.jpg"},{"link_name":"US Merchant Marine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Merchant_Marine"},{"link_name":"tunics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunic"},{"link_name":"undergarments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undergarment"},{"link_name":"union suit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_suit"},{"link_name":"miners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miners"},{"link_name":"stevedores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevedores"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tshirtspotlight.com-6"},{"link_name":"crew-necked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crew-necked"},{"link_name":"uniform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harris-7"},{"link_name":"Merriam-Webster Dictionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merriam-Webster_Dictionary"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tshirtspotlight.com-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marlon_Brando_in_%27Streetcar_named_Desire%27_trailer.jpg"},{"link_name":"trailer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailer_(promotion)"},{"link_name":"A Streetcar named Desire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Streetcar_Named_Desire_(1951_film)"},{"link_name":"Great Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harris-7"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Marlon Brando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlon_Brando"},{"link_name":"A Streetcar Named Desire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Streetcar_Named_Desire_(1951_film)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"US Merchant Marine sailor in 1944Simple, T-shaped top garments have been a part of human clothing since ancient times; garments similar to the T-shirt worn earlier in history are generally called tunics.The modern T-shirt evolved from undergarments used in the 19th century. First, the one-piece union suit underwear was cut into separate top and bottom garments, with the top long enough to tuck under the waistband of the bottoms. With and without buttons, they were adopted by miners and stevedores during the late 19th century as a convenient covering for hot environments.In 1913, the U.S. Navy first issued them as undergarments.[6] These were a crew-necked, short-sleeved, white cotton undershirt to be worn under a uniform. It became common for sailors and Marines in work parties, the early submarines, and tropical climates to remove their uniform jacket, thus wearing (and soiling) only the undershirt.[7] They soon became popular as a bottom layer of clothing for workers in various industries, including agriculture. The T-shirt was easily fitted, easily cleaned, and inexpensive; for these reasons, it became the shirt of choice for young boys. Boys' shirts were made in various colors and patterns. The word T-shirt became part of American English by the 1920s, and appeared in the Merriam-Webster Dictionary.[6]Marlon Brando in the trailer for A Streetcar named Desire.By the Great Depression, the T-shirt was often the default garment to be worn when doing farm or ranch chores, as well as other times when modesty called for a torso covering but conditions called for lightweight fabrics.[7] Following World War II, it was worn by Navy men as undergarments and slowly became common to see veterans wearing their uniform trousers with their T-shirts as casual clothing. The shirts became even more popular in the 1950s after Marlon Brando wore one in A Streetcar Named Desire, finally achieving status as fashionable, stand-alone, outerwear garments.[8] Often boys wore them while doing chores and playing outside, eventually opening up the idea of wearing them as general-purpose casual clothing.Printed T-shirts were in limited use by 1942 when an Air Corps Gunnery School T-shirt appeared on the cover of Life magazine.[9] In the 1960s, printed T-shirts gained popularity for self-expression as well as for advertisements, protests, and souvenirs.Current versions are available in many different designs and fabrics, and styles include crew-neck and V-neck shirts. T-shirts are among the most worn garments of clothing used today. T-shirts are especially popular with branding for companies or merchandise, as they are inexpensive to make and purchase.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blue_Tshirt.jpg"},{"link_name":"clothing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clothing"},{"link_name":"brassiere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brassiere"},{"link_name":"vest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vest"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Neeli_Cherkovski_1993-10"},{"link_name":"Hip hop fashion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop_fashion"},{"link_name":"dress-length","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dress"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"cropped","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_top"},{"link_name":"midriff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midriff"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"A blue crew neck T-shirtT-shirts were originally worn as undershirts, but are now worn frequently as the only piece of clothing on the top half of the body, other than possibly a brassiere or, rarely, a waistcoat (vest). T-shirts have also become a medium for self-expression and advertising, with any imaginable combination of words, art and photographs on display.[10]A T-shirt typically extends to the waist. Variants of the T-shirt, such as the V-neck, have been developed. Hip hop fashion calls for tall-T shirts which may extend down to the knees. A similar item is the T-shirt dress or T-dress, a dress-length T-shirt that can be worn without pants.[11] Long T-shirts are also sometimes worn by women as nightgowns. A 1990s trend in women's clothing involved tight-fitting cropped T-shirt or crop tops short enough to reveal the midriff. Another less popular trend is wearing a short-sleeved T-shirt of a contrasting color over a long-sleeved T-shirt, which is known as layering. T-shirts that are tight to the body are called fitted, tailored or baby doll T-shirts.With the rise of social media and video sharing sites also came numerous tutorials on DIY T-shirt projects.[12] These videos typically provided instructions on how to modify an old shirt into a new, more fashionable form.","title":"Trends"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"expression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotional_expression"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Neeli_Cherkovski_1993-10"},{"link_name":"Screen printed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_printed"},{"link_name":"marketing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketing"},{"link_name":"Coca-Cola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coca-Cola"},{"link_name":"Mickey Mouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickey_Mouse"},{"link_name":"advertising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising"},{"link_name":"Calvin Klein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Klein"},{"link_name":"FUBU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FUBU"},{"link_name":"Ralph Lauren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Lauren"},{"link_name":"American Apparel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Apparel"},{"link_name":"The Gap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gap_(clothing_retailer)"},{"link_name":"Forrest Gump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forrest_Gump"},{"link_name":"Napoleon Dynamite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_Dynamite"},{"link_name":"Katharine Hamnett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katharine_Hamnett"},{"link_name":"Britney Spears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britney_Spears"},{"link_name":"Paris Hilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Hilton"},{"link_name":"T-Shirt Hell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-Shirt_Hell"},{"link_name":"Bill Beckley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Beckley"},{"link_name":"Peter Klashorst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Klashorst"},{"link_name":"Victoria Beckham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Beckham"},{"link_name":"Gisele Bündchen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gisele_B%C3%BCndchen"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Expressive messages","text":"Since the 1960s, T-shirts have flourished as a form of personal expression.[10] Screen printed T-shirts have been a standard form of marketing for major American consumer products, such as Coca-Cola and Mickey Mouse, since the 1970s. It has also been commonly used to commemorate an event or to make a political or personal statement. Since the 1990s, it has become common practice for companies of all sizes to produce T-shirts with their corporate logos or messages as part of their overall advertising campaigns. Since the late 1980s and especially the 1990s, T-shirts with prominent designer-name logos have become popular, especially with teenagers and young adults. These garments allow consumers to flaunt their taste for designer brands in an inexpensive way, in addition to being decorative. Examples of designer T-shirt branding include Calvin Klein, FUBU, Ralph Lauren, American Apparel, and The Gap. These examples also include representations of rock bands, among other obscure pop-culture references. Licensed T-shirts are also extremely popular. Movie and TV T-shirts can have images of the actors, logos, and funny quotations from the movie or TV show. Often, the most popular T-shirts are those that characters wore in the film itself (e.g., Bubba Gump from Forrest Gump and Vote For Pedro from Napoleon Dynamite).Designer Katharine Hamnett, in the early 1980s, pioneered outsize T-shirts with large-print slogans. The early first decade of the 21st century saw the renewed popularity of T-shirts with slogans and designs with a strong inclination to the humorous and/or ironic. The trend has only increased later in this decade, embraced by celebrities, such as Britney Spears and Paris Hilton, and reflected back on them, too ('Team Aniston'). The political and social statements that T-shirts often display have become, since the first decade of the 21st century, one of the reasons that they have so deeply permeated different levels of culture and society. These statements range from completely harmless to statements or quotes that may be found to be offensive, shocking, or pornographic to some. Despite this, or perhaps due to it, companies like T-Shirt Hell (a T-shirt store known for using offensive and shocking messages) and various other organizations have caught on to the statement-making trend (whether offensive, etc or otherwise), including chain and independent stores, websites, schools, clubs, and groups of all kinds, with some even incorporating said trend into their respective business models.A popular phrase on the front of demonstrating the popularity of T-shirts among tourists is the humorous phrase \"I went to _____ and all I got was this lousy T-shirt.\" Examples include \"My parents went to Las Vegas and all I got was this lousy T-shirt.\" T-shirt exchange is an activity where people trade the T-shirts that they are wearing.Artists like Bill Beckley, Glen Baldridge and Peter Klashorst use T-shirts in their work. Models such as Victoria Beckham and Gisele Bündchen wore T-shirts through the 2000s. Paris Fashion Week 2014 featured a grunge style T-shirt.[13]","title":"Trends"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ringer_t-shirt.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WLA_T_shirt_visual.pdf"},{"link_name":"Miami, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami,_Florida"},{"link_name":"T-shirt printing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_printing"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"tie-dyeing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tie-dye"},{"link_name":"screen-printing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen-printing"},{"link_name":"advertising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising"},{"link_name":"souvenir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souvenir"},{"link_name":"protest art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protest_art"},{"link_name":"Warren Dayton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Dayton"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times"},{"link_name":"Stanley Mouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Mouse"},{"link_name":"Grateful Dead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grateful_Dead"},{"link_name":"marijuana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marijuana"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Marxist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxist"},{"link_name":"Che Guevara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Che_Guevara"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"happy face","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_Ball"},{"link_name":"The Rolling Stones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Milton Glaser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Glaser"},{"link_name":"I ♥ N Y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Love_New_York"},{"link_name":"Don Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Miami Vice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_Vice"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harris-7"}],"text":"Ringer T-shirtA Wikipedia round neck T-shirtIn the early 1950s, several companies based in Miami, Florida, started to decorate T-shirts with different resort names and various characters. The first company was Tropix Togs, under founder Sam Kantor, in Miami. They were the original licensee for Walt Disney characters, after they met in an airport in Miami, in 1976 including Mickey Mouse and Davy Crockett. These t-shirts were sold when Walt Disney World first opened. Later, other companies expanded into the T-shirt printing business, including Sherry Manufacturing Company, also based in Miami. Sherry was founded in 1948 by its owner and founder Quentin H. Sandler as a screen printer of Souvenir Scarf's to the souvenir resort market. Shortly, the company evolved into one of the largest screen printed resort and licensed apparel companies in the United States. The company now (2018) runs automatic Screen Print presses and produces up to 10,000 to 20,000 T-shirts each day.In the 1960s, the ringer T-shirt appeared and became a staple fashion for youth and rock-n-rollers. Ringer T-shirts are a solid-color shirt with bands of a second color around the collar and the lower edges of the sleeves, with or without an additional front decoration.The decade also saw the emergence of tie-dyeing and screen-printing on the basic T-shirt and the T-shirt became a medium for wearable art, commercial advertising, souvenir messages, and protest art messages. Psychedelic art poster designer Warren Dayton pioneered several political, protest, and pop-culture art printed large and in color on T-shirts featuring images of Cesar Chavez, political cartoons, and other cultural icons in an article in the Los Angeles Times magazine in late 1969 (ironically, the clothing company quickly cancelled the experimental line, fearing there would not be a market). In the late 1960s, Richard Ellman, Robert Tree, Bill Kelly, and Stanley Mouse set up the Monster Company in Mill Valley, California, to produce fine art designs expressly for T-shirts. Monster T-shirts often feature emblems and motifs associated with the Grateful Dead and marijuana culture.[14] Additionally, one of the most popular symbols to emerge from the political turmoil of the 1960s were T-shirts bearing the face of Marxist revolutionary Che Guevara.[15]Today, many notable and memorable T-shirts produced in the 1970s have become ensconced in pop culture. Examples include the bright yellow happy face T-shirts, The Rolling Stones tops with their \"tongue and lips\"[16] logo, and Milton Glaser's iconic \"I ♥ N Y” design. In the mid-1980s, the white T-shirt became fashionable after the actor Don Johnson wore it with an Armani suit in Miami Vice.[7]","title":"Decoration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"neckline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neckline"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mw-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kirby-19"}],"sub_title":"V-Neck","text":"A V-neck T-shirt has a V-shaped neckline, as opposed to the round neckline of the more common crew neck shirt (also called a U-neck). V-necks were introduced so that the neckline of the shirt does not show when worn beneath an outer shirt, as would that of a crew neck shirt.[17][18][19]","title":"Decoration"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:0_Venise,_Dame_portant_un_tee-shirt_%C3%A0_motif_architectural.JPG"},{"link_name":"screen printing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_printing"},{"link_name":"Plastisol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastisol"},{"link_name":"inks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ink"},{"link_name":"spot colors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spot_color"},{"link_name":"cyan, magenta, yellow and black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMYK"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"plastisol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastisol"},{"link_name":"shimmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_printing#Garment_printing_inks"},{"link_name":"puff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_printing#Garment_printing_inks"},{"link_name":"discharge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_printing#Garment_printing_inks"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"airbrush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbrush"},{"link_name":"applique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applique"},{"link_name":"embroidery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embroidery"},{"link_name":"ironing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironing"},{"link_name":"flock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flocking_(texture)"},{"link_name":"heat transfers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron-on#Iron-on_transfers"},{"link_name":"dye-sublimation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dye-sublimation"},{"link_name":"Laser printers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_printer"},{"link_name":"toner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toner"},{"link_name":"thermochromatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermochromatic"},{"link_name":"Global Hypercolour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypercolor"},{"link_name":"UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"washing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry"}],"sub_title":"Screen printing","text":"A woman wearing a T-shirt with an architectural motifThe most common form of commercial T-shirt decoration is screen printing. In screen printing, a design is separated into individual colors. Plastisol or water based inks are applied to the shirt through mesh screens partially coated with an emulsion which limits the areas where ink is deposited. In most commercial T-shirt printing, a limited number (typically one to four) of spot colors are used to print the design. To achieve a wider color spectrum with a limited number of colors, process printing (using only cyan, magenta, yellow and black ink) or simulated process (using only white, black, red, green, blue, and gold ink) is effective. Process printing is best suited for light colored shirts.[20] The simulated process is best suited for dark colored shirts.In 1959, the invention of plastisol provided an ink more durable and stretchable than water-based ink, allowing much more variety in T-shirt designs. Very few companies continue to use water-based inks on their shirts. The majority of companies that create shirts prefer plastisol due to the ability to print on varying colors without the need for color adjustment at the art level.Specialty inks trend in and out of fashion and include shimmer, puff, discharge, and chino based[21] inks. A metallic foil can be heat pressed and stamped onto any plastisol ink. When combined with shimmer ink, metallics give a mirror like effect wherever the previously screened plastisol ink was applied. Specialty inks are more expensive to purchase as well as screen and tend to appear on garments in boutiques.Other methods of decoration used on T-shirts include airbrush, applique, embroidery, impressing or embossing, and the ironing on of either flock lettering, heat transfers, or dye-sublimation transfers. Laser printers are capable of printing on plain paper using a special toner containing sublimation dyes which can then be permanently heat-transferred to T-shirts.In the 1980s, thermochromatic dyes were used to produce T-shirts that changed color when subjected to heat. The Global Hypercolour brand of these was a common sight on the streets of the UK for a few years but has since mostly disappeared. These were also very popular in the United States among teenagers in the late 1980s. A downside of color-change garments is that the dyes can easily be damaged, especially by washing in warm water or dye other clothes during washing.","title":"Decoration"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TieDyeShirtMpegMan.jpg"},{"link_name":"tie-dyed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tie-dye"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iml.jou.ufl.edu-22"},{"link_name":"Bandhani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandhani"},{"link_name":"Shibori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shibori"},{"link_name":"hippie movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippie_movement"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iml.jou.ufl.edu-22"}],"sub_title":"Tie dye","text":"An example of a tie-dyed T-shirtTie dye originated in India, Japan, Jamaica, and Africa as early as the sixth century.[22] Some forms of tie dye are Bandhani (the oldest known technique) used in Indian cultures, and Shibori primarily used in Japanese cultures. It was not until the 1960s that tie dye was introduced to America during the hippie movement.[22]","title":"Decoration"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Heat transfer vinyl (HTV)","text":"Another form of T-shirt decoration is heat transfer vinyl, also called HTV. HTV is a polyurethane material that allows apparel designers to create unique layered designs using a specialized software program. Once the design is created, it is then cut through the material using a vinyl cutter (or Cut n Press) machine.There are dozens of different colors available, as well as glitter, reflective, and now even unique patterns (such as mermaid skin) which come in rolls and sheets.After the design is cut, there is a process called “weeding” whereby the areas of the design that do not represent the design are picked away from the transfer sheet and removed so that the intended design remains. HTV is typically smooth to the touch and does not feel rubbery or stiff. The edges are typically clean cut and produce high contrast.Designers can also create multiple color designs, or multi-layered designs using HTV. This process would be done in the design software before the design is sent to the cutter for the different materials. A heat press is then used to apply pressure and heat to the vinyl so that the material permanently adheres to the garment. The temperature and pressure vary according to the manufacturers specifications.","title":"Decoration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"is changed into a gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_transition"},{"link_name":"liquid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid"},{"link_name":"sublimation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublimation_(phase_transition)"},{"link_name":"image file format","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_file_format"},{"link_name":"computer printer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_printer"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=T-shirt&action=edit"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Dye-sublimation printing","text":"Dye-sublimation printing is a direct-to-garment digital printing technology using full color artwork to transfer images to polyester and polymer-coated substrate based T-shirts. Dye-sublimation (also commonly referred to as all-over printing) came into widespread use in the 21st century, enabling some designs previously impossible. Printing with unlimited colors using large CMYK printers with special paper and ink is possible, unlike screen printing which requires screens for each color of the design. All-over print T-shirts have solved the problem with color fading and the vibrancy is higher than most standard printing methods but requires synthetic fabrics for the ink to take hold. The key feature of dye-sublimated clothing is that the design is not printed on top of the garment, but permanently dyed into the threads of the shirt, ensuring that it will never fade.Dye-sublimation is economically viable for small-quantity printing; the unit cost is similar for short or long production runs. Screen printing has higher setup costs, requiring large numbers to be produced to be cost-effective, and the unit cost is higher.Solid ink is changed into a gas without passing through a liquid phase (sublimation), using heat and pressure. The design is first produced in a computer image file format such as jpg, gif, png, or any other. It is printed on a purpose-made computer printer (as of 2016[update] most commonly Epson or Ricoh brands)[citation needed] using large heat presses to vaporize the ink directly into the fabric. By mid-2012, this method had become widely used for T-shirts.","title":"Decoration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"stenciling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stenciling"},{"link_name":"daubing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/daub#Verb"},{"link_name":"stamping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/stamping"},{"link_name":"screen printing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_printing"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Robert Geller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Geller"},{"link_name":"Alexander Wang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Wang_(designer)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Terence Koh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terence_Koh"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"Other methods","text":"Other methods of decorating shirts include using paints, markers, fabric transfer crayons, dyes and spray paint. Some techniques that can be used include sponging, stenciling, daubing, stamping, screen printing, bleaching, and many more.[23] Some new T-shirt creators have used designs with multiple advanced techniques, which includes using glow-in-the-dark inks, heat-sensitive fabrics, foil printing and all-over printing. Other designers like Robert Geller, a German-born American fashion designer, has created a T-shirt collection which feature oversized graphic T-shirts made from super soft jersey materials. Alexander Wang released variations of T-shirts from oversized scoop necks, tanks to striped, slouchy rayon jerseys.[24] Terence Koh T-shirts feature an upside down portrait with a real bullet hole in the head.[25]","title":"Decoration"}]
[{"image_text":"A woman wearing a pink V-neck T-shirt","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Woman_in_a_V-Neck_T-Shirt.jpg/220px-Woman_in_a_V-Neck_T-Shirt.jpg"},{"image_text":"T-shirt day in Leipzig, Germany","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Leipzig2012.jpg/220px-Leipzig2012.jpg"},{"image_text":"US Merchant Marine sailor in 1944","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Ww2-oiler-Arnold-R-Fesser.jpg/170px-Ww2-oiler-Arnold-R-Fesser.jpg"},{"image_text":"Marlon Brando in the trailer for A Streetcar named Desire.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Marlon_Brando_in_%27Streetcar_named_Desire%27_trailer.jpg/220px-Marlon_Brando_in_%27Streetcar_named_Desire%27_trailer.jpg"},{"image_text":"A blue crew neck T-shirt","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Blue_Tshirt.jpg/220px-Blue_Tshirt.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ringer T-shirt","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Ringer_t-shirt.png"},{"image_text":"A Wikipedia round neck T-shirt","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/WLA_T_shirt_visual.pdf/page1-220px-WLA_T_shirt_visual.pdf.jpg"},{"image_text":"A woman wearing a T-shirt with an architectural motif","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/0_Venise%2C_Dame_portant_un_tee-shirt_%C3%A0_motif_architectural.JPG/220px-0_Venise%2C_Dame_portant_un_tee-shirt_%C3%A0_motif_architectural.JPG"},{"image_text":"An example of a tie-dyed T-shirt","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/TieDyeShirtMpegMan.jpg/220px-TieDyeShirtMpegMan.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Concert T-shirt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concert_T-shirt"},{"title":"Inkjet transfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inkjet_transfer"},{"title":"Kit (association football)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kit_(association_football)"},{"title":"Polo shirt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polo_shirt"},{"title":"Raglan sleeve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raglan_sleeve"},{"title":"Wet T-shirt contest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_T-shirt_contest"}]
[{"reference":"\"A Breakdown of the Environmental Impact of a Cotton T-Shirt – Treefy\". Archived from the original on 2022-08-17. Retrieved 2021-02-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220817170557/https://treefy.org/2020/06/24/template-2/","url_text":"\"A Breakdown of the Environmental Impact of a Cotton T-Shirt – Treefy\""},{"url":"https://treefy.org/2020/06/24/template-2/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Wallander, Mattias (2012-09-02). \"T-Shirt Blues: The Environmental Impact of a T-Shirt\". HuffPost. Retrieved 2021-02-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.huffpost.com/entry/t-shirt-environment_b_1643892","url_text":"\"T-Shirt Blues: The Environmental Impact of a T-Shirt\""}]},{"reference":"Hurst, Nathan. \"What's the Environmental Footprint of a T-Shirt?\". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 2021-02-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/whats-environmental-footprint-t-shirt-180962885/","url_text":"\"What's the Environmental Footprint of a T-Shirt?\""}]},{"reference":"Hurst, Nathan. \"What's the Environmental Footprint of a T-Shirt?\". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 2021-02-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/whats-environmental-footprint-t-shirt-180962885/","url_text":"\"What's the Environmental Footprint of a T-Shirt?\""}]},{"reference":"\"A Breakdown of the Environmental Impact of a Cotton T-Shirt – Treefy\". Archived from the original on 2022-08-17. Retrieved 2021-02-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220817170557/https://treefy.org/2020/06/24/template-2/","url_text":"\"A Breakdown of the Environmental Impact of a Cotton T-Shirt – Treefy\""},{"url":"https://treefy.org/2020/06/24/template-2/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"History of the T-shirt\". Tee Fetch. Archived from the original on 2019-01-07. Retrieved 2014-04-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190107014747/http://www.teefetch.com/history-of-the-t-Shirt/","url_text":"\"History of the T-shirt\""},{"url":"http://tshirtspotlight.com/history-of-the-t-Shirt/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"A Streetcar Named Desire\". AMC filmsite. 1947-12-03. Retrieved 2010-10-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.filmsite.org/stre.html","url_text":"\"A Streetcar Named Desire\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aerial Gunners\". Life. Vol. 13, no. 2. Time Inc. 13 Jul 1942. Retrieved 23 June 2022 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3E0EAAAAMBAJ","url_text":"\"Aerial Gunners\""}]},{"reference":"Cumming, Valerie; C. W. Cunnington & P. E. Cunnington (2010). The Dictionary of Fashion History. Berg Publishers. p. 211. ISBN 978-1-84788-534-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84788-534-0","url_text":"978-1-84788-534-0"}]},{"reference":"\"31 T-Shirt DIYs That Are Perfect For Summer\". Buzzfeed.com. 13 May 2013. Retrieved 1 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.buzzfeed.com/peggy/30-diy-ways-to-get-your-t-shirts-ready-for-summer","url_text":"\"31 T-Shirt DIYs That Are Perfect For Summer\""}]},{"reference":"Pieri, Kerry (2013-10-03). \"Street style: Paris fashion week 2014\". Archived from the original on 2014-05-30. Retrieved 2018-03-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140530001424/http://www.harpersbazaar.com/fashion/street-style/paris-street-style-spring-2014-2036","url_text":"\"Street style: Paris fashion week 2014\""},{"url":"http://www.harpersbazaar.com/fashion/street-style/paris-street-style-spring-2014-2036","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Crew neck\". Merriam-Webster Online. Retrieved 2 August 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/crew+neck","url_text":"\"Crew neck\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sweaters Go Bulky\". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. 25 August 1957. p. 2. Retrieved 2 August 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ZTEaAAAAIBAJ&pg=7240,1997423&dq=crew-neck+sweater+college&hl=en","url_text":"\"Sweaters Go Bulky\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee_Journal_Sentinel","url_text":"Milwaukee Journal Sentinel"}]},{"reference":"Kirby, Michael B. (Spring 2008). \"90th IDPG History of the T-shirt During WW2\". 90th Infantry Division Preservation Group. Retrieved 2 August 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.90thidpg.us/Equipment/Articles/Tshirts/index.html","url_text":"\"90th IDPG History of the T-shirt During WW2\""}]},{"reference":"Steve Rhodes. \"CMYK Printing\". ImpressionzPrinting.com. CMYK is a widely used technique to replicate full-color images on light colored backgrounds. The full-color process originated to accurately reproduce artwork on white paper.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.impressionzprinting.com/services/color-printing/","url_text":"\"CMYK Printing\""}]},{"reference":"Huston, Lance. \"Subject: Re: chino ink??\". ScreenPrinters.Net. Archived from the original on 23 September 2013. Retrieved 13 January 2018. Chino is a special Rutland INK BASE mixing system.… While on the surface it looks similar to a reduced base, it does have a unique print quality to it that offers a waterbase feel, without the hassles of waterbase inks.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130923025320/http://forums.screenprinters.net/viewthread/2/405410","url_text":"\"Subject: Re: chino ink??\""},{"url":"http://forums.screenprinters.net/viewthread/2/405410","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Peace, Love and Tie-Dye\". Iml.jou.ufl.edu. Archived from the original on 2013-09-27. Retrieved 31 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130927022337/http://iml.jou.ufl.edu/projects/Spring09/blake_e/history.html","url_text":"\"Peace, Love and Tie-Dye\""},{"url":"http://iml.jou.ufl.edu/projects/Spring09/blake_e/history.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"T-Shirt by Darwin\". NYMag.com. 12 August 2009. Retrieved 2017-05-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://nymag.com/fashion/09/fall/58330/index1.html","url_text":"\"T-Shirt by Darwin\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bullet Hole Tees: Terence Koh's Capsule T-Shirt Collection for Opening Ceremony\". TrendHunter.com. Retrieved 2017-05-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.trendhunter.com/trends/terence-koh-t-shirt-collection","url_text":"\"Bullet Hole Tees: Terence Koh's Capsule T-Shirt Collection for Opening Ceremony\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_most_visited_art_museums
List of most-visited art museums
[]
See also: List of most-visited museums and List of most-visited museums by region The 100 most popular art museums in the world in 2022, divided by countries and continents. In 2023, total attendance in the most-visited art museums returned largely to the level of 2019, for the first time since the COVID-19 pandemic began. A primary source for 2023 figures is the Art Newspaper, , whose most recent annual survey was published in March 2024. Other major sources included the newsroom of the Smithsonian Institution, the French Ministry of Culture, and the Association of Leading Visitor Attractions in the United Kingdom. Visitor numbers for museums in mainland China are traditionally released by the government in May each year, several months after the publication of The Art Newspaper's list. Museums in China included on the 2021 list are noted at the bottom of this list with the prior year's statistics and will be incorporated into the main listings when 2022 statistics are released. Visitors in 2023 Rank in 2023 Museum Country and city Visitors annually Image (1) Louvre Paris 8,860,000 (2023) (2) Vatican Museums Vatican City (Rome) 6,764,858 (2023) (3) British Museum London 5,820,860 (2023)(up 42 percent from 2022) (4) Metropolitan Museum of Art New York City 5,364,000 (2023) (5) Tate Modern London 4,742,038 (2023) (6) National Museum of Korea Seoul 4,180,285 (2023) (7) Musée d'Orsay Paris 3,871,498 (2023) (8) National Gallery of Art Washington, D.C. 3,829,812 (2023) (9) Museo del Prado Madrid 3,337,550 (2023) (10) State Hermitage Museum Saint Petersburg 3,273,753 (2023) (11) Victoria and Albert Museum London 3,110,000 (2023)(up 28 percent from 2022) (12) National Gallery London 3,096,508 (2023)(up 14 percent from 2022) (13) State Russian Museum Saint Petersburg 2,900,000 (2023) (14) Museum of Modern Art New York City 2,839,509 (2023) (15) M+ Hong Kong 2,797,616 (2023) (16) Somerset House London 2,727,677 (2023)(up 28 percent from 2022) (17) Uffizi Gallery Florence 2,717,857 (2023), figure does not include visitors to the Palazzo Pitti or Boboli Gardens(up 129 percent from 2021) (18) Rijksmuseum Amsterdam 2,702,824 (2023) (19) Musée National d'Art Moderne (Centre Pompidou) Paris 2,621,696 (2023) (20) Wawel Castle Kraków 2,561,000 (2023) (21) The National Art Center, Tokyo Tokyo 2,250,758 (2023) (22) 21st Century Museum of Contemporary Art Kanazawa 2,230,939 (2023) (23) National Museum of Scotland Edinburgh 2,186,841 (2023)(up 56 percent from 2022) (24) Tretyakov Gallery Moscow 2,100,000 (2023) (25) Royal Castle, Warsaw Warsaw 2,023,642 (2023) (26) National Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art (Seoul branch) Seoul 2,021,771 (2023) (27) Galleria dell'Accademia Florence 2,013,974 (2023) (28) Art Gallery of New South Wales Sydney 1,945,810 (2023) (29) Tokyo Metropolitan Art Museum Tokyo 1,924,456 (2023) (30) Acropolis Museum Athens 1,904,456 (2023) (31) Scottish National Gallery Edinburgh 1,836,057 (2023) (32) NGV International (National Gallery of Victoria) Melbourne 1,800,124 (2023), figure does not include visitors to the Ian Potter Centre: NGV Australia (33) National Gallery Singapore Singapore 1,723,916 (2023) (34) Humboldt Forum Berlin 1,700,000 (2023) (35) Kunsthistorisches Museum Vienna 1,688,509 (2023) (36) Van Gogh Museum Amsterdam 1,686,766 (2023) (37) National Museum in Kraków Kraków 1,650,792 (2023) (38) National Museum of African-American History and Culture (Smithsonian Institution) Washington, D.C. 1,600,000 (2023) (39) Louis Vuitton Foundation Paris 1,550,000 (2023) (40) Museo Reina Sofía Madrid 1,514,854 (2023) (41) Centro Cultural Banco do Brasil Belo Horizonte 1,474,825 (2023) (42) Musée du quai Branly Paris 1,410,000 (2023) (43) Gyeongju National Museum Gyeongju 1,340,032 (2023) (44) Upper Belvedere Vienna 1,339,660 (2023) (45) Guggenheim Museum Bilbao Bilbao 1,324,221 (2023) (46) Centro Cultural Banco do Brasil Rio de Janeiro 1,323,034 2023) (47) Art Institute of Chicago Chicago 1,322,195 (2023) (48) Doge's Palace Venice 1,301,619 2023) (49) Museum of European and Mediterranean Civilisations (MUCEM) Marseille 1,300,000 (2023) (50) Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum Glasgow 1,283,882 (2023) (51) Hong Kong Palace Museum Hong Kong 1,260,000 (2023) (52) Hong Kong Museum of Art Hong Kong 1,257,411 (2023) (53) Getty Center Los Angeles 1,251,134 (2023) (54) Louvre Abu Dhabi Abu Dhabi 1,247,076 (2023) (55) National Museum of Art, Architecture and Design Oslo 1,246,000 (2023) (56) Musée de l'Orangerie Paris 1,239,539 (2023) (57) Petit Palais Paris 1,187,637 (2023) (58) Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa Wellington 1,181,637 2023) (59) Donald W. Reynolds Center(contains two museums, the National Portrait Gallery andSmithsonian American Art Museum) Washington D.C. 1,166,129 (2023) (60) National Portrait Gallery London 1,164,018 (2023) (61) Serralves Porto 1,147,761 (2023) (62) Tate Britain London 1,091,218 (2023) (63) Royal Ontario Museum Toronto 1,091,120 (2023) (64) Huntington Library, Art Museum and Botanical Gardens San Marino, California 1,090,475 (2023) (65) Museo Egizio Turin 1,061,157 (2023) (66) Museu Picasso Barcelona 1,047,094 (2023) (67) Moscow Kremlin Museums Moscow 1,024,610 (2023) (68) Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum Madrid 1,017,684 (2023) (69) National Gallery of Ireland Dublin 1,017,636 (2023) (70) De Young Museum San Francisco 999,645 (2023) (71) Museum of Fine Arts, Houston Houston 999,514 (2023) (72) Museum of Fine Arts, Boston Boston 952,290 (2023) (73) Albertina Vienna 943,974 (2023) (74) Musee d'Art Moderne de Paris Paris 927,023 (2023) (75) Tel Aviv Museum of Art Tel Aviv 906,350 (2023) (76) Los Angeles County Museum of Art Los Angeles 902,237 (2023) (77) Ashmolean Museum Oxford 900,277 (2023) (78) Royal Palace of Milan Milan 896,681 (2023) (79) The Broad Los Angeles 895,949 (2023) (80) National Museum of Modern Art (MOMAT) Tokyo 883,596 (2023) (81) Palazzo Pitti Florence 883,568 (2023) (82) Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum New York City 861,374 (2023) (83) Museum of Contemporary Art Australia Sydney 859,386 (2023) (84) Art Gallery of Ontario Toronto 846,835 (2023) (85) Imperial War Museum London 841,575 (2023) (86) Museum of Fine Arts Budapest 821,491 (2023) (87) Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art Bentonville 784,971 (2023) (88) Museo Picasso Málaga Málaga 779,279 (2023) (89) Whitney Museum New York City 768,000 (2023) (90) Frederik Meijer Gardens & Sculpture Park Grand Rapids Charter Township, Michigan 760,667 (2023) (91) Fondation Monet in Giverny Giverny 750,000 (2023) (92) The Ian Potter Museum of Art Melbourne 732,114 (2023) (93) Dalí Theatre-Museum Figueres 726,199 (2023) (94) National Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art (Gwacheon branch) Gwacheon 726,065 (2023) (95) Hong Kong Heritage Museum Hong Kong 724,011 (2023) (96) Faberge Museum St Petersburg 709,982 (2023) (97) Royal Academy of Arts London 709,961 (2023) (98) Louisiana Museum of Modern Art Humlebæk 702,426 (2023) (99) National Museum of the American Indian Washington D.C. 701,021 (2023) (100) Cleveland Museum of Art Cleveland 685,336 (2023) See also Arts portalVisual arts portal List of most-visited museums List of most visited museums in the United Kingdom List of most-visited museums in the United States List of most-visited museums in France List of most visited palaces and monuments List of most-visited museums by region List of art museums List of largest art museums List of national galleries List of single-artist museums Notes References ^ "The Art Newspaper,", March 2023 ^ Coville, Alex (27 March 2023). "Will China's museums still come out on top despite harsh Covid rules?". The Art Newspaper. Retrieved 5 April 2023. ^ Radio France, (January 11, 2024 ^ The"Art Newspaper", March 21,2024 ^ a b c d e Cheshire, Lee; da Silva, José (27 March 2023). "The 100 most popular art museums in the world—who has recovered and who is still struggling?". The Art Newspaper. Archived from the original on 28 March 2023. Retrieved 8 July 2023. ^ a b c d Association of Leading Visitor Attractions (ALVA), March 18, 2024 ^ "New York Times", March 12, 2024, ""Audience Snapshot; Four Years After Shutdown, a Mixed Recovery" ^ a b CLIC Museum Index, published January 2024 ^ "En 2023, le Louvre a retrouvé une fréquentation pré-Covid avec près de 9 millions de visiteurs". Franceinfo Culture (in French). 4 January 2024. ^ "National Gallery of Art Welcomed 3.8 Million Visitors in 2023; Attendance 18% Higher than 2022". NGA. National Gallery of Art. 29 January 2024. Archived from the original on 6 February 2024. Retrieved 6 February 2024. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz "The 100 most popular art museums in the world—blockbusters, bots and bounce-backs". The Art Newspaper - International art news and events. 26 March 2024. Retrieved 28 March 2024. ^ ALVA Visitor Figures (March 18, 2024) ^ ALVA Visitor Figures (March 18, 2024) ^ "All the numbers of the post-pandemic Uffizi Galleries". Uffizi (in Italian). 20 January 2023. Retrieved 28 March 2023. ^ "Le Parisien", 6 January, 2023 ^ Jordane de Faÿ (4 January 2023). "3 009 570 - Le nombre de visiteurs au Centre Pompidou en 2022". Le Quotiden de L'Art (in French). ^ ALVA Visitor Figures (March 18, 2024) ^ beaux-Arts.com,February 2024 ^ a b CLIC Annual Museum Survey, January 2024 ^ "New York Times,", March 21, 2024 ^ CLIC Museum Index, January 30, 2024 ^ CLC Museum Index, Feb. 2024 ^ Beaux-Arts.com February 2024| vteVisual arts and the art worldArtwork Appropriation Collage Conceptual art Cultural artifact Drawing Fine art Fine-art photograph Found object Installation art Kinetic art Mixed media bricolage Mural fresco graffiti New media art history digital virtual Painting Performance art Plastic arts Portrait Printmaking Public art street art Sculpture carving relief statue tallest Site-specific art Social sculpture Soft sculpture Stained glass Artwork title Roles Artist Collector Conservator-restorer paintings frescos Critic Curator Dealer Model Patron Visual arts education Europe Placesand events Art auction Art colony Art commune Art exhibition alternative exhibition space Art gallery Contemporary art gallery Art museum Single-artist museum Art school Europe Arts centre Arts festival Artist collective Artist cooperative Artist-in-residence program Artist-run initiative Artist-run space Biennale Commission Sculpture garden Sculpture trail Virtual museum History of art Timeline of art Art history (academic study) Art manifesto Art movements Criticism feminist History of painting outline Timeline of 20th century printmaking in America Related Art market The arts Catalogue raisonné Classificatory disputes Museum collection management deaccessioning Conservation-restoration paintings Cultural policy Destination painting Eclecticism in art Economics of art art finance art valuation Elements of art Index of painting-related articles Outline of the visual arts painting sculpture Provenance Sociology of art Style Lists Art magazines Art media Art techniques Art movements Art museums largest most visited sculpture parks single artist Art reference books Colossal sculptures in situ Contemporary artists Contemporary art galleries Modern artists National galleries Painters by name by nationality Photographers Sculptors female Stolen paintings Most expensive paintings, sculptures, works by living artists Painting portal Visual arts portal Arts portal
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of most-visited museums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_most-visited_museums"},{"link_name":"List of most-visited museums by region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_most-visited_museums_by_region"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giacomin_Carolina_10921839.svg"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Art Newspaper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Newspaper"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.theartnewspaper.com"},{"link_name":"Smithsonian Institution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution"},{"link_name":"mainland China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainland_China"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"See also: List of most-visited museums and List of most-visited museums by regionThe 100 most popular art museums in the world in 2022, divided by countries and continents.In 2023, total attendance in the most-visited art museums returned largely to the level of 2019, for the first time since the COVID-19 pandemic began.[1]A primary source for 2023 figures is the Art Newspaper, [1], whose most recent annual survey was published in March 2024. Other major sources included the newsroom of the Smithsonian Institution, the French Ministry of Culture, and the Association of Leading Visitor Attractions in the United Kingdom.Visitor numbers for museums in mainland China are traditionally released by the government in May each year, several months after the publication of The Art Newspaper's list. Museums in China included on the 2021 list are noted at the bottom of this list with the prior year's statistics and will be incorporated into the main listings when 2022 statistics are released.[2]","title":"List of most-visited art museums"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Visitors in 2023"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notes"}]
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[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png"},{"title":"Arts portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Arts"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WPVA-khamsa.svg"},{"title":"Visual arts portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Visual_arts"},{"title":"List of most-visited museums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_most-visited_museums"},{"title":"List of most visited museums in the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_most_visited_museums_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"title":"List of most-visited museums in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_most-visited_museums_in_the_United_States"},{"title":"List of most-visited museums in France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_most-visited_museums_in_France"},{"title":"List of most visited palaces and monuments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_most_visited_palaces_and_monuments"},{"title":"List of most-visited museums by region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_most-visited_museums_by_region"},{"title":"List of art museums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_art_museums"},{"title":"List of largest art museums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_art_museums"},{"title":"List of national galleries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_national_galleries"},{"title":"List of single-artist museums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_single-artist_museums"}]
[{"reference":"Coville, Alex (27 March 2023). \"Will China's museums still come out on top despite harsh Covid rules?\". The Art Newspaper. Retrieved 5 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2023/03/27/will-chinas-museums-still-come-out-on-top-despite-harsh-covid-rules","url_text":"\"Will China's museums still come out on top despite harsh Covid rules?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Art_Newspaper","url_text":"The Art Newspaper"}]},{"reference":"Cheshire, Lee; da Silva, José (27 March 2023). \"The 100 most popular art museums in the world—who has recovered and who is still struggling?\". The Art Newspaper. Archived from the original on 28 March 2023. Retrieved 8 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2023/03/27/the-100-most-popular-art-museums-in-the-worldwho-has-recovered-and-who-is-still-struggling","url_text":"\"The 100 most popular art museums in the world—who has recovered and who is still struggling?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Art_Newspaper","url_text":"The Art Newspaper"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230328204505/https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2023/03/27/the-100-most-popular-art-museums-in-the-worldwho-has-recovered-and-who-is-still-struggling","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"En 2023, le Louvre a retrouvé une fréquentation pré-Covid avec près de 9 millions de visiteurs\". Franceinfo Culture (in French). 4 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.francetvinfo.fr/culture/arts-expos/en-2023-le-louvre-a-retrouve-une-frequentation-pre-covid-avec-pres-de-9-millions-de-visiteurs_6280212.html","url_text":"\"En 2023, le Louvre a retrouvé une fréquentation pré-Covid avec près de 9 millions de visiteurs\""}]},{"reference":"\"National Gallery of Art Welcomed 3.8 Million Visitors in 2023; Attendance 18% Higher than 2022\". NGA. National Gallery of Art. 29 January 2024. Archived from the original on 6 February 2024. Retrieved 6 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nga.gov/press/2024/cy2023-attendance.html","url_text":"\"National Gallery of Art Welcomed 3.8 Million Visitors in 2023; Attendance 18% Higher than 2022\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Art","url_text":"National Gallery of Art"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240206201819/https://www.nga.gov/press/2024/cy2023-attendance.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The 100 most popular art museums in the world—blockbusters, bots and bounce-backs\". The Art Newspaper - International art news and events. 26 March 2024. Retrieved 28 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2024/03/26/the-100-most-popular-art-museums-in-the-world-2023","url_text":"\"The 100 most popular art museums in the world—blockbusters, bots and bounce-backs\""}]},{"reference":"\"All the numbers of the post-pandemic Uffizi Galleries\". Uffizi (in Italian). 20 January 2023. Retrieved 28 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.uffizi.it/en/news/uffizi-galleries-2022","url_text":"\"All the numbers of the post-pandemic Uffizi Galleries\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uffizi","url_text":"Uffizi"}]},{"reference":"Jordane de Faÿ (4 January 2023). \"3 009 570 - Le nombre de visiteurs au Centre Pompidou en 2022\". Le Quotiden de L'Art (in French).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lequotidiendelart.com/articles/23016-3-009-570.html","url_text":"\"3 009 570 - Le nombre de visiteurs au Centre Pompidou en 2022\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Sudoku_Championship
World Sudoku Championship
["1 Participants","2 Results summary","3 References","4 External links"]
Annual international sudoku competition This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (October 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 2015 World Sudoku Championship Sofia, Bulgaria The World Sudoku Championship (WSC) is an annual international puzzle competition organised by a member of the World Puzzle Federation. The first event was held in Lucca in 2006. National teams are determined by local affiliates of the World Puzzle Federation. The competition typically consists of 100 or more puzzles solved by all competitors over multiple timed rounds, including classic sudoku, variations and other puzzle types, normally followed by a playoff for the top qualifiers to determine a champion. Examples of rounds include the Relay round, where an answer from one puzzle contributes digits to the start of the next sudoku, and the "World Record" round, in which solvers competed to set a Guinness World Record for fastest sudoku solution. Of the 16 championships held so far, Kota Morinishi of Japan (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018) has been the most successful winner with four individual titles, over Thomas Snyder of United States (2007, 2008 and 2011) and Jan Mrozowski of Poland (2009, 2010 and 2012) who have each won three. From 2007 there has also been a team competition. Japan is the most successful team, having won the title in 2007, 2012, 2014, 2015, 2018, and 2023; Czech Republic (2008, 2016, 2022), and China (2013, 2017, 2019) have won this title twice. Starting from 2011, the event has been held alongside the World Puzzle Championship. Participants Currently, 30 countries are official members of the World Puzzle Federation. Individuals may also take part if their country is not already represented by a national team. Results summary Year Host city Host nation Individual Team Gold Silver Bronze Gold Silver Bronze 2024 Beijing China Upcoming competition 2023 Toronto Canada Dai Tantan Tiit Vunk Kota Morinishi  Japan  Czech Republic  United States 2022 Kraków Poland Tiit Vunk Dai Tantan Kota Morinishi  Czech Republic  Japan  Estonia 2021 Shanghai China Cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic 2020 2019 Kirchheim Germany Ken Endo Kota Morinishi Dai Tantan  China  Japan  Czech Republic 2018 Prague Czech Republic Kota Morinishi Bastien Vial-Jaime Tiit Vunk  Japan  China  Germany 2017 Bangalore India Kota Morinishi Tiit Vunk Qiu Yanzhe  China  Japan  France 2016 Senec Slovakia Tiit Vunk Jakub Ondroušek Kota Morinishi  Czech Republic  China  Japan 2015 Sofia Bulgaria Kota Morinishi Tiit Vunk Jakub Ondroušek  Japan  China  Czech Republic 2014 London United Kingdom Kota Morinishi Tiit Vunk Bastien Vial-Jaime Jakub Ondroušek  Japan  Germany  China 2013 Beijing China Jin Ce Kota Morinishi Jakub Ondroušek  China  Czech Republic  Japan 2012 Kraljevica Croatia Jan Mrozowski Kota Morinishi Hideaki Jo  Japan  Czech Republic  China 2011 Eger Hungary Thomas Snyder Kota Morinishi Tiit Vunk  Germany  Czech Republic  United States 2010 Philadelphia United States Jan Mrozowski Jakub Ondroušek Hideaki Jo  Germany  Czech Republic  Japan 2009 Žilina Slovakia Jan Mrozowski Branko Ceranic Robert Babilon  Slovakia  Czech Republic  Serbia 2008 Goa India Thomas Snyder Yuhei Kusui Jakub Ondroušek  Czech Republic  Japan  Germany 2007 Prague Czech Republic Thomas Snyder Yuhei Kusui Peter Hudák  Japan  United States  Czech Republic 2006 Lucca Italy Jana Tylova Thomas Snyder Wei-Hwa Huang - - - Starting from 2013, titles have been awarded also for the best players in two age groups, Under 18 and Over 50 years of age. Year Under 18 Over 50 Gold Silver Bronze Gold Silver Bronze 2023 Suzhe Qiu Can Erturan Tina Bratim Mark Goodliffe Philippe Meyer Laura Tarchetti 2022 Nityant Agarwal Can Erturan Valerio Stancanelli Mark Goodliffe Taro Arimatsu Philippe Meyer 2021 Cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic 2020 2019 Ming Letian Hu Yuxuan Huang Mingrui David McNeill Zoran Tanasic Joshua Zucker 2018 Ming Letian Dai Tantan Chen Shiyu Michael Smit Mark Goodliffe Taro Arimatsu 2017 Dai Tantan Hu Yuxuan Ming Letian David McNeill Mark Goodliffe Michael Smit 2016 Qiu Yanzhe Chen Shiyu Sun Cheran Zoran Tanasic Mark Goodliffe Taro Arimatsu 2015 Sun Cheran Dai Tantan Chen Nuo David McNeill Mark Goodliffe Zoran Tanasic 2014 Dai Tantan Jin Ce Sun Cheran David McNeill Jiri Hrdina Stefano Forcolin 2013 Jin Ce Sun Cheran Qiu Yanzhe Henning Kalsgaard Poulsen Liang Yue Stefano Forcolin References ^ "WPF Members". World Puzzle Federation. Retrieved 16 November 2018. ^ "World Sudoku Championships". Retrieved 2022-08-18. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to World Sudoku Championship. Official web site of the World Puzzle Federation 2023: Official web site of the 16th WSC and 30th WPC 2022: Official web site of the 15th WSC and 29th WPC 2015: Official web site of the 10th WSC and 24th WPC 2014: Official web site of the 9th WSC and 23rd WPC 2013: Official web site of the 8th WSC and 22nd WPC 2012: Official web site of the 7th WSC and 21st WPC 2011: Official web site of the 6th WSC and 20th WPC 2010: 5th WSC April 29-May 2, 2010 Philadelphia, United States 4th WSC April 24–27, 2009 Žilina, Slovakia 2008: 3rd WSC Goa, India 2007: 2nd WSC Prague, Czech Republic 2006: 1st WSC Lucca, Italy vteWorld Puzzle Championship and World Sudoku ChampionshipIndividual World Puzzle Champions 1992 David Samuel, Canada 1993 Robert Babilon, Czech Republic 1994 Ron Osher, United States 1995 Wei-Hwa Huang, United States 1996 Robert Babilon, Czech Republic 1997 Wei-Hwa Huang, United States 1998 Wei-Hwa Huang, United States 1999 Wei-Hwa Huang, United States 2000 Ulrich Voigt, Germany 2001 Ulrich Voigt, Germany 2002 Niels Roest, Netherlands 2003 Ulrich Voigt, Germany 2004 Niels Roest, Netherlands 2005 Ulrich Voigt, Germany 2006 Ulrich Voigt, Germany 2007 Pal Madarassy, Hungary 2008 Ulrich Voigt, Germany 2009 Ulrich Voigt, Germany 2010 Taro Arimatsu, Japan 2011 Palmer Mebane, United States 2012 Ulrich Voigt, Germany 2013 Ulrich Voigt, Germany 2014 Ulrich Voigt, Germany 2015 Endo Ken, Japan 2016 Ulrich Voigt, Germany 2017 Endo Ken, Japan 2018 Thomas Snyder, United States Individual World Sudoku Champions 2006 Jana Tylova, Czech Republic 2007 Thomas Snyder, United States 2008 Thomas Snyder, United States 2009 Jan Mrozowski, Poland 2010 Jan Mrozowski, Poland 2011 Thomas Snyder, United States 2012 Jan Mrozowski, Poland 2013 Jin Ce, China 2014 Kota Morinishi, Japan 2015 Kota Morinishi, Japan 2016 Tiit Vunk, Estonia 2017 Kota Morinishi, Japan 2018 Kota Morinishi, Japan Team World Puzzle Champions 1992 United States 1993 Czech Republic 1994 Czech Republic 1995 United States 1996 United States 1997 Czech Republic 1998 United States 1999 United States 2000 United States 2001 United States 2002 Japan 2003 Germany 2004 United States 2005 Germany 2006 United States 2007 United States 2008 United States 2009 Germany 2010 United States 2011 United States 2012 Germany 2013 United States 2014 Germany 2015 Germany 2016 Germany 2017 Japan 2018 Germany Team World Sudoku Champions 2007 Japan 2008 Czech Republic 2009 Slovakia 2010 Germany 2011 Germany 2012 Japan 2013 China 2014 Japan 2015 Japan 2016 Czech Republic 2017 China 2018 Japan vteWorld championships List of world sports championships Olympic sportsTeam Association football men men's club women women's club Baseball men women Basketball men women 3x3 basketball club Beach volleyball Curling mixed doubles mixed Field hockey men women Handball men women Ice hockey men women Rugby 7s Softball men women Volleyball men men's club women women's club Water polo men women Individual Aquatic sports Archery Athletics outdoor race walking Badminton men women mixed individual Biathlon Bobsleigh and skeleton Boxing (amateur) Canoeing slalom sprint Cycling BMX mountain biking road track urban Dance sport breakdancing Equestrianism dressage eventing show jumping Fencing Golf men women Gymnastics artistic rhythmic trampoline Ice skating figure short track speed Judo Luge artificial track natural track Modern pentathlon Rowing Sailing Olympic Class Combined Worlds Shooting Skateboarding Skiing alpine Nordic freestyle snowboarding Sport climbing Surfing Table tennis Taekwondo Tennis men women Triathlon mixed relay Weightlifting Wrestling Discontinued Basque pelota Croquet singles team Karate Lacrosse men women Polo Rackets Real tennis Tug of war outdoor indoor Paralympic sportsTeam Blind football Para Ice Hockey men women Wheelchair basketball Wheelchair handball Wheelchair rugby Wheelchair curling mixed team Goalball Sitting volleyball Individual Archery Athletics Badminton Bobsleigh and skeleton Climbing Cycling track cycling road cycling Powerlifting Shooting Snowboard Skiing alpine Nordic Swimming Table tennis Combat sports Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Ju-Jitsu World Championships Kendo Kickboxing (amateur) Muaythai Sambo Sumo men women Wrestling beach wrestling Wushu Cue sports Carom billiards Three-cushion men women team Five-pins individual team artistic English billiards amateurs women Pool blackball chinese eight ball eight-ball men nine-ball women nine-ball team nine-ball pyramid ten-ball straight pool Snooker men women team amateurs six-red Mind sports Backgammon Bridge Chess open women team Draughts men women checkers draughts-64 draughts-64 women Go Puzzles Scrabble Sudoku Xiangqi MotorsportAuto racing Formula E Formula One Hill climb Karting Rallying Rallycross Rally raid Bajas Sports Car Endurance Touring Car Motorcycle sports Endurance Enduro SuperEnduro Hard Enduro team endurance Ice racing individual team Grand Prix MotoGP Moto2 Moto3 MotoE Motocross individual women nations Supercross SuperMotocross Sidecarcross Snowcross Production Superbike Supersport Supersport 300 Rally raid Bajas Sidecar Speedway individual team long track team long track flat track Supermoto team Trial nations E-Bike cross Other Aeroplane sport Aerobatic Aerobatic GP Powerboating Aquabike F1 F4s offshore Radio-controlled racing 1:10 electric off-road 1:8 nitro off-road Tank biathlon Other sportsTeam American football men women Australian football Baseball5 Ball hockey Bandy men men's club women women's club Cricket Test ODI (men) ODI (women) T20 (men) T20 (women) Beach handball Beach soccer Beach tennis Canoe polo Dancesport Formation Latin Dodgeball Fistball Flag football Floorball men women Futsal men women men's club women Indoor hockey men women Inline hockey Kabaddi Korfball Lacrosse indoor Life saving Minifootball Netball Padel tennis Quidditch/Quadball Ringette Rogaining Roll Ball Roller derby men women Roller hockey men women Rugby league men men's club women Rugby union men women Sailing Yachts Dinghies Sepaktakraw Socca Synchronized skating Tchoukball Underwater hockey Underwater rugby Individual Air sports ballooning gliding parachuting paragliding Aquatics water skiing Armwrestling Archery indoor 3D field Athletics cross country half marathon indoor relays 100 km mountain running long distance mountain running snowshoe running skyrunning trail running Bowling Tenpin Ninepin (singles, team) Bowls indoor outdoor Canoeing marathon ocean race wildwater SUP canoe sailing freestyle waveski Crokinole Cycling cyclo-cross indoor mountain bike marathon trials Darts BDO PDC team Finswimming Fishing freshwater fly fishing Gymnastics acrobatic aerobic parkour Ice Climbing Modern pentathlon biathle triathle laser run Mounted games Orienteering foot ski mountain bike trail Pétanque Powerlifting men women Racquetball Roller Sports artistic skating inline alpine inline downhill inline speed skating roller freestyle scooter Rowing coastal indoor Shooting practical handgun practical rifle practical shotgun Skiing flying speed ski mountaineering telemarking Squash individual doubles team Summer biathlon Surfing short board long board big wave SUP/paddleboard Swimming short course Teqball Triathlon Aquathlon Duathlon Ironman Ironman 70.3 cross cross duathlon long distance long distance duathlon sprint winter Yo-yo Esports Call of Duty Counter-Strike Dota 2 eSailing FIFA Fortnite League of Legends Mobile Legends: Bang Bang NES Tetris Overwatch Pro Evolution Soccer Rainbow Six Siege Rocket League Smite StarCraft II Valorant See also: World cups This puzzle/logic game-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRT79
KRT79
["1 Function","2 References","3 Further reading"]
KRT79IdentifiersAliasesKRT79, K6L, KRT6L, keratin 79External IDsOMIM: 611160; MGI: 2385030; HomoloGene: 89169; GeneCards: KRT79; OMA:KRT79 - orthologsGene location (Human)Chr.Chromosome 12 (human)Band12q13.13Start52,821,408 bpEnd52,834,311 bpGene location (Mouse)Chr.Chromosome 15 (mouse)Band15|15 F2Start101,837,767 bpEnd101,848,759 bpRNA expression patternBgeeHumanMouse (ortholog)Top expressed inskin of thighvulvaskin of abdomennipplesubcutaneous adipose tissuemammary glandlactiferous glandupper lobe of left lungright lungislet of LangerhansTop expressed inlipskin of external earskin of backright lung lobemucous cell of stomachskin of abdomensexually immature organismepidermisconjunctival fornixembryoMore reference expression dataBioGPSn/aGene ontologyMolecular function enzyme binding protein binding structural molecule activity Cellular component keratin filament extracellular exosome intermediate filament cytosol Biological process keratinization cornification Sources:Amigo / QuickGOOrthologsSpeciesHumanMouseEntrez338785223917EnsemblENSG00000185640ENSMUSG00000061397UniProtQ5XKE5Q8VED5RefSeq (mRNA)NM_175834NM_146063RefSeq (protein)NP_787028NP_666175Location (UCSC)Chr 12: 52.82 – 52.83 MbChr 15: 101.84 – 101.85 MbPubMed searchWikidataView/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse Keratin 79 also known as KRT79 is a protein which humans is encoded by the KRT79 gene. Function Keratins, such as KRT79, are filament proteins that make up one of the major structural fibers of epithelial cells References ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000185640 – Ensembl, May 2017 ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000061397 – Ensembl, May 2017 ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. ^ Hesse M, Magin TM, Weber K (July 2001). "Genes for intermediate filament proteins and the draft sequence of the human genome: novel keratin genes and a surprisingly high number of pseudogenes related to keratin genes 8 and 18". J. Cell Sci. 114 (Pt 14): 2569–75. doi:10.1242/jcs.114.14.2569. PMID 11683385. ^ "Entrez Gene: KRT79 keratin 79". ^ Rogers MA, Edler L, Winter H, Langbein L, Beckmann I, Schweizer J (March 2005). "Characterization of new members of the human type II keratin gene family and a general evaluation of the keratin gene domain on chromosome 12q13.13". J. Invest. Dermatol. 124 (3): 536–44. doi:10.1111/j.0022-202X.2004.23530.x. PMID 15737194. Further reading Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. (2002). "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9916899M. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMC 139241. PMID 12477932. Sowa ME, Bennett EJ, Gygi SP, Harper JW (2009). "Defining the human deubiquitinating enzyme interaction landscape". Cell. 138 (2): 389–403. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2009.04.042. PMC 2716422. PMID 19615732. This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain. vteProteins of the cytoskeletonHumanMicrofilamentsand ABPsMyofilamentActins A1 A2 B C1 G1 G2 Myosins I MYO1A MYO1B MYO1C MYO1D MYO1E MYO1F MYO1G MYO1H) II MYH1 MYH2 MYH3 MYH4 MYH6 MYH7 MYH7B MYH8 MYH9 MYH10 MYH11 MYH13 MYH14 MYH15 MYH16 III MYO3A MYO3B V MYO5A MYO5B MYO5C VI MYO6 VII MYO7A MYO7B IX MYO9A MYO9B X MYO10 XV MYO15A XVIII MYO18A MYO18B LC MYL1 MYL2 MYL3 MYL4 MYL5 MYL6 MYL6B MYL7 MYL9 MYLIP MYLK MYLK2 MYLL1 Other Tropomodulin 1 2 3 4 Troponin T 1 2 3 C 1 2 I 1 2 3 Tropomyosin 1 2 3 4 Actinin 1 2 3 4 Arp2/3 complex actin depolymerizing factors Cofilin 1 2 Destrin Gelsolin Profilin 1 2 Titin Other Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome protein Fibrillin Filamin FLNA FLNB FLNC Espin TRIOBP Intermediate filamentsType 1/2(Keratin,Cytokeratin)Epithelial keratins(soft alpha-keratins) type I/chromosome 17 9 10 12 13 14 15 16 17 19 20 chromosome 12 18 none 21 type II/chromosome 12 1 2A 3 4 5 6A 6B 6C 7 8 Hair keratins(hard alpha-keratins) type I/chromosome 17 31 32 33A 33B 34 35 36 37 38 type II/chromosome 12 81 82 83 84 85 86 Ungrouped alpha chromosome 17 23 24 25 26 27 28 39 40 chromosome 12 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 Not alpha Beta-keratin Type 3 Desmin GFAP Peripherin Vimentin Type 4 Internexin Nestin Neurofilament NEFL NEFM NEFH Synemin Syncoilin Type 5 Nuclear lamins: A/C B1 B2 Microtubulesand MAPsTubulins TUBA1A TUBA1B TUBA1C TUBA3C TUBA3D TUBA3E TUBA4A TUBA8 TUBB TUBB1 TUBB2A TUBB2B TUBB2C TUBB3 TUBB4 TUBB4Q TUBB6 TUBB8 TUBG1 TUBG2 TUBGCP2 TUBGCP3 TUBGCP4 TUBGCP5 TUBGCP6 TUBD1 TUBE1 MAPs EB1 EB2 EB3 MAP1A MAP1B MAP2 MAP4 Kinesins KIF1A KIF1B KIF2A KIF2C KIF3B KIF3C KIF4A KIF4B KIF5A KIF5B KIF5C KIF6 KIF7 KIF9 KIF11 KIF12 KIF13A KIF13B KIF14 KIF15 KIF16B KIF17 KIF18A KIF18B KIF19 KIF20A KIF20B KIF21A KIF21B KIF22 KIF23 KIF24 KIF25 KIF26A KIF26B KIF27 KIFC1 KIFC2 KIFC3 Dyneins axonemal: DNAH1 DNAH2 DNAH3 DNAH5 DNAH6 DNAH7 DNAH8 DNAH9 DNAH10 DNAH11 DNAH12 DNAH13 DNAH14 DNAH17 DNAI1 DNAI2 DNALI1 DNAL1 DNAL4 cytoplasmic: DYNC1H1 DYNC2H1 DYNC1I1 DYNC1I2 DYNC1LI1 DYNC1LI2 DYNC2LI1 DYNLL1 DYNLL2 DYNLRB1 DYNLRB2 DYNLT1 DYNLT3 Microtubule organising proteins CAMSAP1 CAMSAP2 CAMSAP3 Centrin 1 Centrin 2 Centrin 3 PCM1 Microtubule severing proteins Katanin Spastin Other Tau protein Dynactin DCTN1 Stathmin Tektin TEKT1 TEKT2 TEKT3 TEKT4 TEKT5 Dynamin DNM1 DNM2 DNM3 Catenins Alpha catenin Beta catenin APC Plakoglobin (gamma catenin) Delta catenin GAN Membrane Dystrophin Dystroglycan Utrophin Ankyrin ANK1 ANK2 ANK3 Spectrin SPTA1 SPTAN1 SPTB SPTBN1 SPTBN2 SPTBN4 SPTBN5 Other Plakins Corneodesmosin Desmoplakin Dystonin Envoplakin MACF1 Periplakin Plectin Talin TLN1 Vinculin Plakophilin PKP1 PKP2 ACF7 PLEKHA7 Nonhuman Major sperm proteins Prokaryotic cytoskeleton Crescentin FtsZ MreB ParM See also: cytoskeletal defects This article on a gene on human chromosome 12 is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arp2/3_complex"},{"link_name":"actin depolymerizing factors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actin_depolymerizing_factor"},{"link_name":"Cofilin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cofilin"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cofilin_1"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CFL2_(gene)"},{"link_name":"Destrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destrin"},{"link_name":"Gelsolin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelsolin"},{"link_name":"Profilin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profilin"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profilin_1"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PFN2"},{"link_name":"Titin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titin"},{"link_name":"Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiskott%E2%80%93Aldrich_syndrome_protein"},{"link_name":"Fibrillin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibrillin"},{"link_name":"Filamin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filamin"},{"link_name":"FLNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLNA"},{"link_name":"FLNB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLNB"},{"link_name":"FLNC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLNC_(gene)"},{"link_name":"Espin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espin_(protein)"},{"link_name":"TRIOBP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRIOBP"},{"link_name":"Intermediate filaments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermediate_filament"},{"link_name":"Keratin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratin"},{"link_name":"Cytokeratin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytokeratin"},{"link_name":"Epithelial keratins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epithelial_keratin"},{"link_name":"type I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_I_keratin"},{"link_name":"chromosome 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_17"},{"link_name":"9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratin_9"},{"link_name":"10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratin_10"},{"link_name":"12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratin_12"},{"link_name":"13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratin_13"},{"link_name":"14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratin_14"},{"link_name":"15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratin_15"},{"link_name":"16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratin_16"},{"link_name":"17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratin_17"},{"link_name":"19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratin_19"},{"link_name":"20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratin_20"},{"link_name":"chromosome 12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_12"},{"link_name":"18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratin_18"},{"link_name":"21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratin_21"},{"link_name":"type II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_II_keratin"},{"link_name":"chromosome 12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_12"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratin_1"},{"link_name":"2A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratin_2A"},{"link_name":"3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratin_3"},{"link_name":"4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratin_4"},{"link_name":"5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratin_5"},{"link_name":"6A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratin_6A"},{"link_name":"6B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratin_6B"},{"link_name":"6C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratin_6C"},{"link_name":"7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratin_7"},{"link_name":"8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratin_8"},{"link_name":"Hair keratins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hair_keratin"},{"link_name":"type I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_I_hair_keratin"},{"link_name":"chromosome 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_17"},{"link_name":"31","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRT31"},{"link_name":"32","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRT32"},{"link_name":"33A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRT33A"},{"link_name":"33B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRT33B"},{"link_name":"34","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratin_34"},{"link_name":"35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRT35"},{"link_name":"36","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRT36"},{"link_name":"37","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRT37"},{"link_name":"38","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRT38"},{"link_name":"type II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_II_hair_keratin"},{"link_name":"chromosome 12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_12"},{"link_name":"81","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRT81"},{"link_name":"82","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRT82"},{"link_name":"83","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRT83"},{"link_name":"84","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRT84"},{"link_name":"85","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRT85"},{"link_name":"86","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRT86"},{"link_name":"chromosome 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_17"},{"link_name":"23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRT23"},{"link_name":"24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRT24"},{"link_name":"25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRT25"},{"link_name":"26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRT26"},{"link_name":"27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRT27"},{"link_name":"28","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRT28"},{"link_name":"39","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRT39"},{"link_name":"40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRT40"},{"link_name":"chromosome 12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_12"},{"link_name":"71","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRT71"},{"link_name":"72","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRT72"},{"link_name":"73","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRT73"},{"link_name":"74","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRT74"},{"link_name":"75","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRT75"},{"link_name":"76","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRT76"},{"link_name":"77","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRT77"},{"link_name":"78","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRT78"},{"link_name":"79","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRT80"},{"link_name":"Beta-keratin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-keratin"},{"link_name":"Desmin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmin"},{"link_name":"GFAP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glial_fibrillary_acidic_protein"},{"link_name":"Peripherin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripherin"},{"link_name":"Vimentin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vimentin"},{"link_name":"Internexin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internexin"},{"link_name":"Nestin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nestin_(protein)"},{"link_name":"Neurofilament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurofilament"},{"link_name":"NEFL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEFL"},{"link_name":"NEFM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEFM"},{"link_name":"NEFH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEFH"},{"link_name":"Synemin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synemin"},{"link_name":"Syncoilin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syncoilin"},{"link_name":"Nuclear 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protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tau_protein"},{"link_name":"Dynactin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynactin"},{"link_name":"DCTN1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DCTN1"},{"link_name":"Stathmin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stathmin"},{"link_name":"Tektin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tektin"},{"link_name":"TEKT1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TEKT1"},{"link_name":"TEKT2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TEKT2&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"TEKT3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TEKT3&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"TEKT4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TEKT4&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"TEKT5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TEKT5&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dynamin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamin"},{"link_name":"DNM1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNM1"},{"link_name":"DNM2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNM2"},{"link_name":"DNM3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNM3"},{"link_name":"Catenins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catenin"},{"link_name":"Alpha catenin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91-Catenin"},{"link_name":"Beta catenin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catenin_beta-1"},{"link_name":"APC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenomatous_polyposis_coli"},{"link_name":"Plakoglobin (gamma catenin)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plakoglobin"},{"link_name":"Delta catenin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94-Catenin"},{"link_name":"GAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigaxonin"},{"link_name":"Membrane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membrane_protein"},{"link_name":"Dystrophin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dystrophin"},{"link_name":"Dystroglycan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dystroglycan"},{"link_name":"Utrophin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrophin"},{"link_name":"Ankyrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankyrin"},{"link_name":"ANK1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankyrin-1"},{"link_name":"ANK2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankyrin-2"},{"link_name":"ANK3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankyrin-3"},{"link_name":"Spectrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrin"},{"link_name":"SPTA1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrin,_alpha_1"},{"link_name":"SPTAN1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPTAN1"},{"link_name":"SPTB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPTB"},{"link_name":"SPTBN1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPTBN1"},{"link_name":"SPTBN2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPTBN2"},{"link_name":"SPTBN4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPTBN4"},{"link_name":"SPTBN5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPTBN5"},{"link_name":"Plakins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plakin"},{"link_name":"Corneodesmosin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corneodesmosin"},{"link_name":"Desmoplakin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmoplakin"},{"link_name":"Dystonin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dystonin"},{"link_name":"Envoplakin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Envoplakin"},{"link_name":"MACF1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MACF1"},{"link_name":"Periplakin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periplakin"},{"link_name":"Plectin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plectin"},{"link_name":"Talin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talin_(protein)"},{"link_name":"TLN1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TLN1"},{"link_name":"Vinculin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinculin"},{"link_name":"Plakophilin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plakophilin"},{"link_name":"PKP1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plakophilin-1"},{"link_name":"PKP2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plakophilin-2"},{"link_name":"ACF7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACF7"},{"link_name":"PLEKHA7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PLEKHA7"},{"link_name":"Major sperm proteins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_sperm_protein"},{"link_name":"Prokaryotic cytoskeleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prokaryotic_cytoskeleton"},{"link_name":"Crescentin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crescentin"},{"link_name":"FtsZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FtsZ"},{"link_name":"MreB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MreB"},{"link_name":"ParM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ParM"},{"link_name":"cytoskeletal defects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cytoskeletal_defects"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DNA_stub.png"},{"link_name":"gene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene"},{"link_name":"chromosome 12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_12"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=KRT79&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Gene-12-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Gene-12-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gene-12-stub"}],"text":"Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. (2002). \"Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences\". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9916899M. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMC 139241. PMID 12477932.\nSowa ME, Bennett EJ, Gygi SP, Harper JW (2009). \"Defining the human deubiquitinating enzyme interaction landscape\". Cell. 138 (2): 389–403. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2009.04.042. PMC 2716422. PMID 19615732.This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.vteProteins of the cytoskeletonHumanMicrofilamentsand ABPsMyofilamentActins\nA1\nA2\nB\nC1\nG1\nG2\nMyosins\nI\nMYO1A\nMYO1B\nMYO1C\nMYO1D\nMYO1E\nMYO1F\nMYO1G\nMYO1H)\nII\nMYH1\nMYH2\nMYH3\nMYH4\nMYH6\nMYH7\nMYH7B\nMYH8\nMYH9\nMYH10\nMYH11\nMYH13\nMYH14\nMYH15\nMYH16\nIII\nMYO3A\nMYO3B\nV\nMYO5A\nMYO5B\nMYO5C\nVI\nMYO6\nVII\nMYO7A\nMYO7B\nIX\nMYO9A\nMYO9B\nX\nMYO10\nXV\nMYO15A\nXVIII\nMYO18A\nMYO18B\nLC\nMYL1\nMYL2\nMYL3\nMYL4\nMYL5\nMYL6\nMYL6B\nMYL7\nMYL9\nMYLIP\nMYLK\nMYLK2\nMYLL1\nOther\nTropomodulin\n1\n2\n3\n4\nTroponin\nT 1 2 3\nC 1 2\nI 1 2 3\nTropomyosin\n1\n2\n3\n4\nActinin\n1\n2\n3\n4\nArp2/3 complex\nactin depolymerizing factors\nCofilin\n1\n2\nDestrin\nGelsolin\nProfilin\n1\n2\nTitin\nOther\nWiskott–Aldrich syndrome protein\nFibrillin\nFilamin\nFLNA\nFLNB\nFLNC\nEspin\nTRIOBP\nIntermediate filamentsType 1/2(Keratin,Cytokeratin)Epithelial keratins(soft alpha-keratins)\ntype I/chromosome 17\n9\n10\n12\n13\n14\n15\n16\n17\n19\n20\nchromosome 12\n18\nnone\n21\ntype II/chromosome 12\n1\n2A\n3\n4\n5\n6A\n6B\n6C\n7\n8\nHair keratins(hard alpha-keratins)\ntype I/chromosome 17\n31\n32\n33A\n33B\n34\n35\n36\n37\n38\ntype II/chromosome 12\n81\n82\n83\n84\n85\n86\nUngrouped alpha\nchromosome 17\n23\n24\n25\n26\n27\n28\n39\n40\nchromosome 12\n71\n72\n73\n74\n75\n76\n77\n78\n79\n80\nNot alpha\nBeta-keratin\nType 3\nDesmin\nGFAP\nPeripherin\nVimentin\nType 4\nInternexin\nNestin\nNeurofilament\nNEFL\nNEFM\nNEFH\nSynemin\nSyncoilin\nType 5\nNuclear lamins: A/C\nB1\nB2\nMicrotubulesand MAPsTubulins\nTUBA1A\nTUBA1B\nTUBA1C\nTUBA3C\nTUBA3D\nTUBA3E\nTUBA4A\nTUBA8\nTUBB\nTUBB1\nTUBB2A\nTUBB2B\nTUBB2C\nTUBB3\nTUBB4\nTUBB4Q\nTUBB6\nTUBB8\nTUBG1\nTUBG2\nTUBGCP2\nTUBGCP3\nTUBGCP4\nTUBGCP5\nTUBGCP6\nTUBD1\nTUBE1\nMAPs\nEB1\nEB2\nEB3\nMAP1A\nMAP1B\nMAP2\nMAP4\nKinesins\nKIF1A\nKIF1B\nKIF2A\nKIF2C\nKIF3B\nKIF3C\nKIF4A\nKIF4B\nKIF5A\nKIF5B\nKIF5C\nKIF6\nKIF7\nKIF9\nKIF11\nKIF12\nKIF13A\nKIF13B\nKIF14\nKIF15\nKIF16B\nKIF17\nKIF18A\nKIF18B\nKIF19\nKIF20A\nKIF20B\nKIF21A\nKIF21B\nKIF22\nKIF23\nKIF24\nKIF25\nKIF26A\nKIF26B\nKIF27\nKIFC1\nKIFC2\nKIFC3\nDyneins\naxonemal: DNAH1\nDNAH2\nDNAH3\nDNAH5\nDNAH6\nDNAH7\nDNAH8\nDNAH9\nDNAH10\nDNAH11\nDNAH12\nDNAH13\nDNAH14\nDNAH17\nDNAI1\nDNAI2\nDNALI1\nDNAL1\nDNAL4\ncytoplasmic: DYNC1H1\nDYNC2H1\nDYNC1I1\nDYNC1I2\nDYNC1LI1\nDYNC1LI2\nDYNC2LI1\nDYNLL1\nDYNLL2\nDYNLRB1\nDYNLRB2\nDYNLT1\nDYNLT3\nMicrotubule organising proteins\nCAMSAP1\nCAMSAP2\nCAMSAP3\nCentrin 1\nCentrin 2\nCentrin 3\nPCM1\nMicrotubule severing proteins\nKatanin\nSpastin\nOther\nTau protein\nDynactin\nDCTN1\nStathmin\nTektin\nTEKT1\nTEKT2\nTEKT3\nTEKT4\nTEKT5\nDynamin\nDNM1\nDNM2\nDNM3\nCatenins\nAlpha catenin\nBeta catenin\nAPC\nPlakoglobin (gamma catenin)\nDelta catenin\nGAN\nMembrane\nDystrophin\nDystroglycan\nUtrophin\nAnkyrin\nANK1\nANK2\nANK3\nSpectrin\nSPTA1\nSPTAN1\nSPTB\nSPTBN1\nSPTBN2\nSPTBN4\nSPTBN5\nOther\nPlakins\nCorneodesmosin\nDesmoplakin\nDystonin\nEnvoplakin\nMACF1\nPeriplakin\nPlectin\nTalin\nTLN1\nVinculin\nPlakophilin\nPKP1\nPKP2\nACF7\nPLEKHA7\nNonhuman\nMajor sperm proteins\nProkaryotic cytoskeleton\nCrescentin\nFtsZ\nMreB\nParM\nSee also: cytoskeletal defectsThis article on a gene on human chromosome 12 is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Human PubMed Reference:\". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=338785","url_text":"\"Human PubMed Reference:\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mouse PubMed Reference:\". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=223917","url_text":"\"Mouse PubMed Reference:\""}]},{"reference":"Hesse M, Magin TM, Weber K (July 2001). \"Genes for intermediate filament proteins and the draft sequence of the human genome: novel keratin genes and a surprisingly high number of pseudogenes related to keratin genes 8 and 18\". J. Cell Sci. 114 (Pt 14): 2569–75. doi:10.1242/jcs.114.14.2569. PMID 11683385.","urls":[{"url":"http://jcs.biologists.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=11683385","url_text":"\"Genes for intermediate filament proteins and the draft sequence of the human genome: novel keratin genes and a surprisingly high number of pseudogenes related to keratin genes 8 and 18\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjcs.114.14.2569","url_text":"10.1242/jcs.114.14.2569"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11683385","url_text":"11683385"}]},{"reference":"\"Entrez Gene: KRT79 keratin 79\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=338785","url_text":"\"Entrez Gene: KRT79 keratin 79\""}]},{"reference":"Rogers MA, Edler L, Winter H, Langbein L, Beckmann I, Schweizer J (March 2005). \"Characterization of new members of the human type II keratin gene family and a general evaluation of the keratin gene domain on chromosome 12q13.13\". J. Invest. Dermatol. 124 (3): 536–44. doi:10.1111/j.0022-202X.2004.23530.x. PMID 15737194.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.0022-202X.2004.23530.x","url_text":"\"Characterization of new members of the human type II keratin gene family and a general evaluation of the keratin gene domain on chromosome 12q13.13\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.0022-202X.2004.23530.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.0022-202X.2004.23530.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15737194","url_text":"15737194"}]},{"reference":"Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. (2002). \"Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences\". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9916899M. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMC 139241. PMID 12477932.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC139241","url_text":"\"Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002PNAS...9916899M","url_text":"2002PNAS...9916899M"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.242603899","url_text":"10.1073/pnas.242603899"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC139241","url_text":"139241"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12477932","url_text":"12477932"}]},{"reference":"Sowa ME, Bennett EJ, Gygi SP, Harper JW (2009). \"Defining the human deubiquitinating enzyme interaction landscape\". Cell. 138 (2): 389–403. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2009.04.042. PMC 2716422. PMID 19615732.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2716422","url_text":"\"Defining the human deubiquitinating enzyme interaction landscape\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2009.04.042","url_text":"10.1016/j.cell.2009.04.042"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2716422","url_text":"2716422"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19615732","url_text":"19615732"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/28930","external_links_name":"KRT79"},{"Link":"https://omim.org/entry/611160","external_links_name":"611160"},{"Link":"http://www.informatics.jax.org/marker/MGI:2385030","external_links_name":"2385030"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=homologene&dopt=HomoloGene&list_uids=89169","external_links_name":"89169"},{"Link":"https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=KRT79","external_links_name":"KRT79"},{"Link":"https://omabrowser.org/oma/vps/ENSG00000185640","external_links_name":"KRT79 - orthologs"},{"Link":"https://www.bgee.org/","external_links_name":"Bgee"},{"Link":"https://www.bgee.org/gene/ENSG00000185640","external_links_name":"Top expressed in"},{"Link":"https://www.bgee.org/gene/ENSMUSG00000061397","external_links_name":"Top expressed in"},{"Link":"https://www.bgee.org/gene/ENSG00000185640","external_links_name":"More reference expression data"},{"Link":"http://biogps.org/","external_links_name":"BioGPS"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0019899","external_links_name":"enzyme binding"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005515","external_links_name":"protein binding"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005198","external_links_name":"structural molecule activity"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0045095","external_links_name":"keratin filament"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0070062","external_links_name":"extracellular exosome"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005882","external_links_name":"intermediate filament"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005829","external_links_name":"cytosol"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0031424","external_links_name":"keratinization"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0070268","external_links_name":"cornification"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/","external_links_name":"Amigo"},{"Link":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/","external_links_name":"QuickGO"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=retrieve&dopt=default&list_uids=338785&rn=1","external_links_name":"338785"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=retrieve&dopt=default&list_uids=223917&rn=1","external_links_name":"223917"},{"Link":"http://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/geneview?gene=ENSG00000185640;db=core","external_links_name":"ENSG00000185640"},{"Link":"http://www.ensembl.org/Mus_musculus/geneview?gene=ENSMUSG00000061397;db=core","external_links_name":"ENSMUSG00000061397"},{"Link":"https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q5XKE5","external_links_name":"Q5XKE5"},{"Link":"https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q8VED5","external_links_name":"Q8VED5"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_175834","external_links_name":"NM_175834"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_146063","external_links_name":"NM_146063"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_787028","external_links_name":"NP_787028"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_666175","external_links_name":"NP_666175"},{"Link":"https://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgTracks?org=Human&db=hg38&position=chr12:52821408-52834311","external_links_name":"Chr 12: 52.82 – 52.83 Mb"},{"Link":"https://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgTracks?org=Mouse&db=mm0&position=chr15:101837767-101848759","external_links_name":"Chr 15: 101.84 – 101.85 Mb"},{"Link":"http://may2017.archive.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/Gene/Summary?db=core;g=ENSG00000185640","external_links_name":"GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000185640"},{"Link":"http://may2017.archive.ensembl.org/Mus_musculus/Gene/Summary?db=core;g=ENSMUSG00000061397","external_links_name":"GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000061397"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=338785","external_links_name":"\"Human PubMed Reference:\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=223917","external_links_name":"\"Mouse PubMed Reference:\""},{"Link":"http://jcs.biologists.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=11683385","external_links_name":"\"Genes for intermediate filament proteins and the draft sequence of the human genome: novel keratin genes and a surprisingly high number of pseudogenes related to keratin genes 8 and 18\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjcs.114.14.2569","external_links_name":"10.1242/jcs.114.14.2569"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11683385","external_links_name":"11683385"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=338785","external_links_name":"\"Entrez Gene: KRT79 keratin 79\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.0022-202X.2004.23530.x","external_links_name":"\"Characterization of new members of the human type II keratin gene family and a general evaluation of the keratin gene domain on chromosome 12q13.13\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.0022-202X.2004.23530.x","external_links_name":"10.1111/j.0022-202X.2004.23530.x"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15737194","external_links_name":"15737194"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC139241","external_links_name":"\"Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002PNAS...9916899M","external_links_name":"2002PNAS...9916899M"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.242603899","external_links_name":"10.1073/pnas.242603899"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC139241","external_links_name":"139241"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12477932","external_links_name":"12477932"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2716422","external_links_name":"\"Defining the human deubiquitinating enzyme interaction landscape\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2009.04.042","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.cell.2009.04.042"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2716422","external_links_name":"2716422"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19615732","external_links_name":"19615732"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=KRT79&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram_flour
Gram flour
["1 Characteristics","2 Dishes","2.1 The Indian Subcontinent and the Caribbean","2.2 Southeast and East Asia","2.3 Southern Europe","2.4 North Africa","3 See also","4 Notes"]
Pulse flour Gram flourNutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)Energy1,619 kJ (387 kcal)Carbohydrates57 gSugars10 gDietary fiber10 g Fat6 g Protein22 g VitaminsQuantity %DV†Niacin (B3)6% 1 mgFolate (B9)109% 437 μg MineralsQuantity %DV†Calcium3% 45 mgIron22% 4 mgMagnesium40% 166 mgPhosphorus25% 318 mgPotassium28% 846 mgSelenium15% 8 μgSodium3% 64 mgZinc18% 2 mg Other constituentsQuantityWater10 g †Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults, except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies. Besan or gram flour is a pulse flour made from chana dal or chickpea flour (split Bengal gram) or brown/kaala chana, a chickpea. It is a staple ingredient in the cuisines of the Indian subcontinent, including Indian, Bangladeshi, Burmese, Nepali, Pakistani, Sri Lankan and Caribbean cuisines. Characteristics Gram flour contains a high proportion of carbohydrates, higher fiber relative to other flours, no gluten, and a higher proportion of protein than other flours. Dishes The Indian Subcontinent and the Caribbean Gram flour is in popular use in the Indian subcontinent and the Caribbean, where it is used to make the following: A variety of snacks Sev Bhajjis Bikaneri Bhujia Bonda Boondi Chakli Chila//Dhirda (besan dosa) Dhokla/Khaman Kadhi Zunka/Pithala/Pithla Laddu Soan papdi Mysore pak Pakoras Papadums Patra Pholourie In Andhra Pradesh, it is used in a curry with gram flour cakes called Senaga Pindi Kura (Telugu: శెనగ పిండి కూర) and is eaten with Chapati or Puri, mostly during winter for breakfast. Chila (or chilla), a pancake made with gram flour batter, is a popular street food in India. Southeast and East Asia Gram flour, which is called pe hmont (ပဲမှုန့်, lit. 'bean flour') in Burmese, is commonly used in Burmese cuisine. Roasted gram flour is commonly added to season Burmese salads, and is the principal ingredient of Burmese tofu. Roasted gram flour is also used to thicken several noodle soup dishes, including mohinga and ohn no khao swè. Gram flour is also used to make jidou liangfen, a Yunnanese dish similar to Burmese tofu salad. Southern Europe Along the coast of the Ligurian Sea, flour made from garbanzo beans, which are a different variety of chickpea closely related to Bengal gram, is used to make a thin pancake that is baked in the oven. This popular street food is called farinata in Italian cuisine, fainâ in Genoa, and is known as socca or cade in French cuisine. It is used to make panelle, a fritter in Sicilian cuisine, and panisses, a similar fritter from France. In Spanish cuisine, gram flour is an ingredient for tortillitas de camarones. Also in Cyprus and Greece, it is used as a garnishing ingredient for the funeral ritual food Koliva, blessed and eaten during Orthodox Memorial services. In the cuisine of Antakya in Turkey, it is used in the preparation of hummus. North Africa In Algeria and East Morocco, they make a dish called Karantika from unroasted chickpea flour, which is topped with beaten egg and baked in the oven. The dish is also called Garantita or Karantita (originated from the Spanish term Calentica, which means hot). See also Kinako List of chickpea dishes Oralu kallu, a type of grinding machine using stone to produce flour in some parts of India Notes ^ United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". Retrieved 2024-03-28. ^ National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.). Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). ISBN 978-0-309-48834-1. PMID 30844154. ^ a b "Chickpea flour (besan)". Nutrition Data: Nutrition Facts and Calorie Counter. Retrieved 2007-09-29. ^ "Is it Gluten-Free: Gram Flour". Beyond Celiac. Archived from the original on 2007-10-03. Retrieved 2007-09-29. ^ "Senagapindi Kura (Onion curry with Besan)". Archived from the original on January 6, 2014. Retrieved January 6, 2014. ^ a b Aye, MiMi (2019-06-13). Mandalay: Recipes and Tales from a Burmese Kitchen. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4729-5948-5. ^ "Coconut Noodles Recipe". NYT Cooking. Retrieved 2021-09-22. ^ Duclos, J. (1992). Le Pataouète. Dictionnaire de la langue populaire d'Algérie et d'Afrique du Nord (in French). Éd. Gandini. p. 50. ISBN 2906431117.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pulse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse_(legume)"},{"link_name":"flour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flour"},{"link_name":"Bengal gram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_gram"},{"link_name":"kaala chana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chickpea#Desi_chana"},{"link_name":"Indian subcontinent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_subcontinent"},{"link_name":"Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_cuisine"},{"link_name":"Bangladeshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladeshi_cuisine"},{"link_name":"Burmese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmese_cuisine"},{"link_name":"Nepali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali_cuisine"},{"link_name":"Pakistani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani_cuisine"},{"link_name":"Sri Lankan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lankan_cuisine"},{"link_name":"Caribbean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean_cuisine"}],"text":"Besan or gram flour is a pulse flour made from chana dal or chickpea flour (split Bengal gram) or brown/kaala chana, a chickpea. It is a staple ingredient in the cuisines of the Indian subcontinent, including Indian, Bangladeshi, Burmese, Nepali, Pakistani, Sri Lankan and Caribbean cuisines.","title":"Gram flour"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"carbohydrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrates"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chickpea_flour_besan-3"},{"link_name":"gluten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluten"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chickpea_flour_besan-3"}],"text":"Gram flour contains a high proportion of carbohydrates,[3] higher fiber relative to other flours, no gluten,[4] and a higher proportion of protein than other flours.[3]","title":"Characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Dishes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indian subcontinent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_subcontinent"},{"link_name":"Caribbean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean"},{"link_name":"snacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_snack_foods_from_the_Indian_subcontinent"},{"link_name":"Sev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sev_(food)"},{"link_name":"Bhajjis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhajji"},{"link_name":"Bikaneri Bhujia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bikaneri_Bhujia"},{"link_name":"Bonda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonda_(snack)"},{"link_name":"Boondi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boondi"},{"link_name":"Chakli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chakli"},{"link_name":"Chila//Dhirda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancake#India"},{"link_name":"Dhokla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhokla"},{"link_name":"Khaman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khaman"},{"link_name":"Kadhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadhi"},{"link_name":"Zunka/Pithala/Pithla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jhunka"},{"link_name":"Laddu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laddu"},{"link_name":"Soan papdi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soan_papdi"},{"link_name":"Mysore pak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysore_pak"},{"link_name":"Pakoras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakora"},{"link_name":"Papadums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papadum"},{"link_name":"Patra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patra_(dish)"},{"link_name":"Pholourie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pholourie"},{"link_name":"Andhra Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"curry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curry"},{"link_name":"Telugu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_language"},{"link_name":"Chapati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapati"},{"link_name":"Puri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puri_(food)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"pancake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancake"},{"link_name":"batter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batter_(cooking)"},{"link_name":"street food","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_food"}],"sub_title":"The Indian Subcontinent and the Caribbean","text":"Gram flour is in popular use in the Indian subcontinent and the Caribbean, where it is used to make the following:A variety of snacks\nSev\nBhajjis\nBikaneri Bhujia\nBonda\nBoondi\nChakli\nChila//Dhirda (besan dosa)\nDhokla/Khaman\nKadhi\nZunka/Pithala/Pithla\nLaddu\nSoan papdi\nMysore pak\nPakoras\nPapadums\nPatra\nPholourieIn Andhra Pradesh, it is used in a curry with gram flour cakes called Senaga Pindi Kura (Telugu: శెనగ పిండి కూర) and is eaten with Chapati or Puri, mostly during winter for breakfast.[5] Chila (or chilla), a pancake made with gram flour batter, is a popular street food in India.","title":"Dishes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Burmese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmese_language"},{"link_name":"Burmese cuisine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmese_cuisine"},{"link_name":"Burmese salads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmese_salads"},{"link_name":"Burmese tofu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmese_tofu"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"mohinga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohinga"},{"link_name":"ohn no khao swè","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohn_no_khao_sw%C3%A8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"jidou liangfen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jidou_liangfen"}],"sub_title":"Southeast and East Asia","text":"Gram flour, which is called pe hmont (ပဲမှုန့်, lit. 'bean flour') in Burmese, is commonly used in Burmese cuisine. Roasted gram flour is commonly added to season Burmese salads, and is the principal ingredient of Burmese tofu.[6] Roasted gram flour is also used to thicken several noodle soup dishes, including mohinga and ohn no khao swè.[7][6]Gram flour is also used to make jidou liangfen, a Yunnanese dish similar to Burmese tofu salad.","title":"Dishes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ligurian Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligurian_Sea"},{"link_name":"farinata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farinata"},{"link_name":"Italian cuisine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_cuisine"},{"link_name":"Genoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genoa"},{"link_name":"French cuisine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_cuisine"},{"link_name":"panelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panelle"},{"link_name":"fritter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritter"},{"link_name":"Sicilian cuisine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_cuisine"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Spanish cuisine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_cuisine"},{"link_name":"tortillitas de camarones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortillitas_de_camarones"},{"link_name":"Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Koliva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koliva"},{"link_name":"Orthodox Memorial services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorial_service_(Orthodox)"},{"link_name":"Antakya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antakya"},{"link_name":"hummus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hummus"}],"sub_title":"Southern Europe","text":"Along the coast of the Ligurian Sea, flour made from garbanzo beans, which are a different variety of chickpea closely related to Bengal gram, is used to make a thin pancake that is baked in the oven. This popular street food is called farinata in Italian cuisine, fainâ in Genoa, and is known as socca or cade in French cuisine. It is used to make panelle, a fritter in Sicilian cuisine, and panisses, a similar fritter from France. In Spanish cuisine, gram flour is an ingredient for tortillitas de camarones.\nAlso in Cyprus and Greece, it is used as a garnishing ingredient for the funeral ritual food Koliva, blessed and eaten during Orthodox Memorial services. In the cuisine of Antakya in Turkey, it is used in the preparation of hummus.","title":"Dishes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Karantika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karantika"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"North Africa","text":"In Algeria and East Morocco, they make a dish called Karantika from unroasted chickpea flour, which is topped with beaten egg and baked in the oven. The dish is also called Garantita or Karantita (originated from the Spanish term Calentica, which means hot).[8]","title":"Dishes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FDADailyValues_1-0"},{"link_name":"United States Food and Drug Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration"},{"link_name":"\"Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.fda.gov/food/nutrition-facts-label/daily-value-nutrition-and-supplement-facts-labels"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NationalAcademiesPotassium_2-0"},{"link_name":"Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538102/"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-309-48834-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-48834-1"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"30844154","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30844154"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Chickpea_flour_besan_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Chickpea_flour_besan_3-1"},{"link_name":"\"Chickpea flour (besan)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.nutritiondata.com/facts-C00001-01c2194.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"Is it Gluten-Free: Gram Flour\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.beyondceliac.org/gluten-free-diet/is-it-gluten-free/gram-flour/"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20071003140743/http://www.csaceliacs.org/gluten_grains.php"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Senagapindi Kura (Onion curry with Besan)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20140106220251/http://www.andhrakitchen.com/showrecipe.php?id=1119"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.andhrakitchen.com/showrecipe.php?id%3D1119"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_6-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_6-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4729-5948-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4729-5948-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"Coconut Noodles Recipe\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cooking.nytimes.com/recipes/12024-coconut-noodles"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2906431117","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2906431117"}],"text":"^ United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). \"Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels\". Retrieved 2024-03-28.\n\n^ National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.). Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). ISBN 978-0-309-48834-1. PMID 30844154.\n\n^ a b \"Chickpea flour (besan)\". Nutrition Data: Nutrition Facts and Calorie Counter. Retrieved 2007-09-29.\n\n^ \"Is it Gluten-Free: Gram Flour\". Beyond Celiac. Archived from the original on 2007-10-03. Retrieved 2007-09-29.\n\n^ \"Senagapindi Kura (Onion curry with Besan)\". Archived from the original on January 6, 2014. Retrieved January 6, 2014.\n\n^ a b Aye, MiMi (2019-06-13). Mandalay: Recipes and Tales from a Burmese Kitchen. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4729-5948-5.\n\n^ \"Coconut Noodles Recipe\". NYT Cooking. Retrieved 2021-09-22.\n\n^ Duclos, J. (1992). Le Pataouète. Dictionnaire de la langue populaire d'Algérie et d'Afrique du Nord (in French). Éd. Gandini. p. 50. ISBN 2906431117.","title":"Notes"}]
[]
[{"title":"Kinako","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinako"},{"title":"List of chickpea dishes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_chickpea_dishes"},{"title":"Oralu kallu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oralu_kallu"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brumos_Racing
Brumos Racing
["1 24 Hours of Daytona wins","2 References","3 External links"]
Brumos RacingFolded2013Former seriesRolex Sports Car Series, IMSA GT Championship The Brumos Porsche 911 GT3 of Andrew Davis and Leh Keen racing at an event at Road America. Brumos Racing was an automobile racing team based in Jacksonville, Florida. 24 Hours of Daytona wins Brumos has won the 24 Hours of Daytona four times. In 1973, Peter Gregg and Hurley Haywood won with a Porsche Carrera RSR, they repeated in 1975. In 1978 Peter Gregg won a third time with a Porsche 935/77, together with Rolf Stommelen and Toine Hezemans. Thirty-one years later David Donohue, Antonio García, Darren Law and Buddy Rice won the race in a Riley Mk XI with a Porsche engine in the 2009 24 Hours of Daytona. References External links Official website Peter Gregg's IMSA GT Porsche The Brumos Collection Wikimedia Commons has media related to Brumos Racing. This sports car racing-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This motorsport-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Release_the_Drones
Supergrass
["1 History","1.1 The Jennifers and formation (1990–1993)","1.2 Britpop years and stardom (1994–1998)","1.3 Further musical growth (1999–2004)","1.4 Development (2005–2008)","1.5 Independent career and split (2009–2010)","1.6 Reformation (2019–present)","2 Solo projects","3 Discography","4 Awards","5 References","6 Further reading","7 External links"]
English rock bandThis article is about the band. For the album, see Supergrass (album). For the witnesses who betray information about associated criminals, see Supergrass (informant). For the film, see The Supergrass. SupergrassFrom left to right: Gaz Coombes, Danny Goffey and Mick Quinn at the Roundhouse, London, 14 March 2008Background informationOriginOxford, EnglandGenresBritpopalternative rockYears active1993–2010, 2019–2022 (on hiatus)LabelsParlophoneSub PopBackbeatIsland Def JamCapitolSupergrassCooking VinylThe Echo LabelMembersGaz CoombesDanny GoffeyMick QuinnRob CoombesWebsitesupergrass.com Supergrass onstage at the Crystal Palace Bowl, August 2021 Supergrass are an English rock band formed in 1993 in Oxford. For the majority of the band's tenure, the line-up consisted of brothers Gaz (lead vocals, guitar) and Rob Coombes (keyboards), Mick Quinn (bass, backing vocals) and Danny Goffey (drums, backing vocals). Originally a three-piece, the band was officially joined by Rob Coombes in 2002. The band signed to Parlophone Records in 1994 and produced I Should Coco (1995), the best-selling debut album for the label since the Beatles' Please Please Me. Their first album's fourth single, "Alright", was an international hit. The band went on to release five albums: In It for the Money (1997), Supergrass (1999), Life on Other Planets (2002), Road to Rouen (2005) and Diamond Hoo Ha (2008), as well as a compilation called Supergrass Is 10 (2004). In August 2009, the band signed to Cooking Vinyl and began work on their seventh studio album, Release the Drones. The album remains unreleased and unfinished. On 12 April 2010, the band announced that they were splitting up due to musical and creative differences. The group disbanded after four farewell gigs, the final one at La Cigale, Paris, on 11 June 2010. The band reformed in 2019, initially to perform at Pilton Party followed by a "secret" gig at Oslo in Hackney, London. The band made their final appearance of their reunion to date with a performance in honour of Foo Fighters' recently deceased drummer Taylor Hawkins at his tribute concert, performing some of Hawkins' favourite songs from Supergrass's catalogue. Hawkins had previously expressed his love of the band, and had even made a cameo drum appearance at one of their concerts. History The Jennifers and formation (1990–1993) The JennifersOriginOxford, EnglandGenresAlternative rockBritpopYears active1990–1993LabelsNude RecordsPast membersGaz CoombesDanny GoffeyNic GoffeyAndy DaviesDan Fox At the age of 16 and 18 respectively and whilst attending Wheatley Park School just outside Oxford, Gaz Coombes and Danny Goffey were playing in the Jennifers along with Nick Goffey and Andy Davies. Danny and Nick Goffey are the sons of former BBC Top Gear presenter and motoring journalist Chris Goffey. The Jennifers began building a reputation in the Oxford indie music scene, influenced by Ride, the Charlatans, Inspiral Carpets, the Kinks, the Who, and including traits of the shoegaze era. The band played gigs at various venues around Oxfordshire, often public houses and clubs. One pub the band played at was the Jericho Tavern in Oxford. They sold a demo tape recorded and produced by Nick Langston at Stargoat Studios near Banbury. The demo featured three songs – "Flying" which featured a 20-second countdown at the beginning, the recording of a rocket launch and then a fast guitar-based song which appeared influenced by the Stone Roses, the second song, "Inside of Me" was similar in style but changed to a slower, almost funk jam at the end, the third song simply titled on the tape "(Slow Song)" was a guitar-based ballad. The band enjoyed enough success to release one single in 1992, "Just Got Back Today" on Nude Records, which is now a highly sought after rarity. Second single, "Tightrope" was never released due to disagreements with Nude Records (but does appear on compilation CD 'Days Spent Dreaming'), the band split up soon after this in the fall of 1992. Andy Davies went off to university and Nic Goffey went on to form a directing partnership with friend Dom Hawley, later directing many videos for Supergrass. When Coombes began working at the local Harvester he befriended co-worker Mick Quinn. The two realised they had common music interests and Coombes invited Quinn to come and jam with himself and Goffey. In February 1993 they formed Theodore Supergrass "for about two months". As Quinn further explains, "then we realized that Theodore was a bit rubbish so we took that off." Goffey claims that the name was his idea and says, "Although the others will dispute it, it was me. We were Theodore Supergrass and the idea was the band would be a little black character, and we wouldn't ever have to do interviews. We'd get the questions in advance, script the answers and then animate Theodore Supergrass answering them. But it cost too much money." Gaz's brother, Rob Coombes, played flute for the band's début gig at the Co-Op Hall, Oxford in 1993. In January 1995 he first performed as keyboardist with the band for a live Radio 1 John Peel session. His role in the band progressed over the years, post-I Should Coco material is credited to "Supergrass and Rob Coombes", however, he wasn't introduced as a band member until almost a decade later. Britpop years and stardom (1994–1998) Supergrass "Alright" (1995) 24-second sample from Supergrass' "Alright". Problems playing this file? See media help. In mid-1994, Supergrass issued their debut single "Caught by the Fuzz" on the small independent local label Backbeat Records. The song recounts lead singer and guitarist Gaz Coombes's experience of being arrested by the police for possession of cannabis. The limited release of vinyl copies sold out quickly, thanks in part to support from John Peel on his Radio One show. The Parlophone label signed the band and re-released the single in the autumn of the same year. It achieved the rare feat of being both NME and Melody Maker's "Single Of The Week" status in the same week. "Mansize Rooster", released in February 1995, peaked at number 20 in the UK Singles Chart and "Lenny" was the band's first top 10 single. "Lenny" was followed soon afterwards by the band's debut album, I Should Coco (May 1995), which entered the UK Albums Chart at number one. It achieved half a million sales in the UK and over a million worldwide. NME reviewer Steve Sutherland gave the album a nine out of ten rating, writing, "These freaks shall inherit the earth." The album's fourth single, the double A-side release "Alright"/"Time", stayed in the UK Top Three for a month, peaking at number two. Supergrass followed I Should Coco with 18 months of heavy touring, appearing at festivals such as Scotland's T in the Park and the Glastonbury Festival. After Performing at Rio's Hollywood Rock Festival in April 1996, Supergrass met the train robber Ronnie Biggs, and he apparently said to them, "I was frightened for my life when I heard there was a supergrass in the area." A photograph of Ronnie Biggs and Gaz together was subsequently included in the music video for their 1996 single "Going Out". Recorded at Great Linford Manor the single peaked at number five in the UK chart, but was the last song produced by Sam Williams. Supergrass returned to Sawmills Studio to co-produce follow up album, In It for the Money (released April 1997), with John Cornfield. The album was a huge success and went platinum in the UK, but confused some fans expecting something similar to I Should Coco. The single, "Richard III", reached number two. Subsequent releases, "Sun Hits the Sky" and "Late in the Day", reached numbers 10 and 18 respectively. Around this time Supergrass also appeared on the front cover of The Big Issue, interviewed for the magazine at Heathrow Airport by ex-drug smuggler Howard Marks. Further musical growth (1999–2004) The band again took a short break before returning in 1999 with the single "Pumping on Your Stereo". The promo video, produced in conjunction with the Jim Henson's Creature Shop, featured the band with comical "muppet" bodies. The single generated welcome publicity following their time out of the limelight, as did a small sold-out tour scheduled around the single release, the final night of which was at Shepherd's Bush Empire as part of MTV's "Five Night Stand" festival. The single and the tour were followed by their third LP Supergrass (1999). The following spring the record was released in the US Once more, the album was recorded at Sawmills Studio with longtime associate Cornfield producing. Supergrass was well received critically and commercially and it has since gone platinum in the UK, but did not reap the same level of success as its predecessors. Critics claimed the album was "hit and miss", which showed up particularly as the "also-rans are surrounded by songs that are as great as anything Supergrass has ever recorded". Their next single, "Moving", proved popular and reached the Top Ten in the UK. And their third single, "Mary" entered the Top 40. There followed a long hiatus. After three years out of the limelight, the band returned with Life on Other Planets (September 2002), recorded at Heliocentric, Rockfield and Mayfair Studios and produced by Beck collaborator Tony Hoffer. The album was released in the UK on Parlophone, but in the US on the Island Def Jam imprint. The record was not as commercially successful as Supergrass's first three albums, failing to make the Top Three in the UK albums chart. However, the critical response to the album was generally very positive, with Stephen Thomas Erlewine from AllMusic claiming "The world is a better place for having Supergrass in it.". It has since gone gold in the UK. Life on Other Planets was also notable as it was the first Supergrass album to recognise Rob Coombes as an official member. For the band's first three albums, Supergrass officially consisted of Gaz Coombes, Goffey and Quinn although Rob Coombes contributed to many of the band's songs and videos, and toured with them. Tracks recorded before this were often credited to "Supergrass and Rob Coombes". The band followed Life on Other Planets with another extended three-year hiatus, devoted to touring and personal engagements. In June 2004 the band's record company suggested the band release a singles compilation Supergrass Is 10, spawning two new self-produced tracks: "Kiss of Life" and "Bullet". The companion DVD contained "Home Movie", a humorous documentary charting the band's first 10 years' achievements, made in collaboration with "Seen the Light" video director Simon Hilton. The record entered the UK albums chart at number four and has since gone gold in the UK. Development (2005–2008) Recording of their fifth studio album, Road to Rouen, began in France in a studio built by the band in Normandy. Working with French engineer Pierre-Olivier Marger and it represented a significant change in direction and was perceived as a more mature body of work. "St. Petersburg", the string-laden first single, was released on 8 August 2005. The album followed a week later (released 27 September in North America) and reached No. 9 on the UK chart, going on to achieve silver status in the UK. Opinion at the time was divided, but the album garnered the band many new fans and a measure of creative respect, some even embracing it as "the sound of a band at last hitting their stride". Second single, "Low C", featured a video by acclaimed "Pumping On Your Stereo" video director Garth Jennings, shot in Weeki Wachee Springs Florida. Third single "Fin", interpreted as a missive to the Coombes brothers' recently deceased mother, received much critical praise, The Guardian referring to it as "so gorgeously light and airy that listening to it is like sleepwalking in space". The band toured the songs in both acoustic and electric formats with percussionist Satin Singh joining the live band throughout. From August 2005 to September 2006 they performed in Japan, South America, the United States, and Europe, finishing with a memorable gig at the Beijing Pop Festival. The follow-up album, Diamond Hoo Ha was recorded at Hansa Tonstudio, Berlin, with producer Nick Launay, and mixed at Seedy Underbelly Studios in Los Angeles. The band toured in the summer of 2007, headlining Guilfest, among others, and debuting new material, with the youngest sibling of the Coombes brothers, ex-22-20s keyboardist Charly, on second guitar, percussion and backing vocals. On 27 September 2007, bassist Mick Quinn sustained a broken heel bone and two spinal fractures in a sleepwalking accident whilst on holiday in France (Quinn sleepwalked out of a first floor window of the villa he was staying at in the South of France.). During his recuperation, Gaz and Danny promoted first single "Diamond Hoo Ha Man" as the Diamond Hoo Ha Men, with a run of small club shows in December and January. To celebrate the single release, Mick Quinn appeared as Diamond Hoo Ha Man "Biff Hymenn" at the Apple Store, Regent Street, London, marking his return to touring duties on 15 January. Charly directed Glange Fever (under pseudonym "Chas Harrison") a rockumentary which followed their exploits. For a handful of "full band" Supergrass dates on the Diamond Hoo Ha tour (as opposed to Gaz & Danny as the Diamond Hoo Ha Men duo), Charly Coombes filled in for Mick Quinn on bass while he recovered from his injuries. When Mick recovered & returned to the band, Charly remained with them on second guitar & percussion (as per his work on the record) for the rest of the tour. In February 2008, the video of their second single "Bad Blood" was released on the band's official web-site, winning Best Rock Video at the UK Music Video Awards, and the single followed on 17 March. In 2008, Parlophone was taken over by venture capitalist group, Terra Firma, and Supergrass ended their contract with the label. "Rebel In You", final single from the Diamond Hoo Ha album, was released, under licence from Parlophone, on the band's own imprint, "Supergrass Records". Independent career and split (2009–2010) The band headlined Wychwood Festival on 30 May and also Sellindge Music Festival (6 June), Provinssirock Festival (13 June) and a short European trek in July at BBK Live (10 July) at Bilbao, Bikini Festival (11 July) in Toulouse, Festival Les Ardentes (12 July) in Liège (Belgium) and Paredes de Coura Festival (30 July) in Portugal. There was also a co-headlining date at 2009's Truck Festival along with Ash, on 25–26 July at Hill Farm in Steventon, Oxfordshire. On 12 April 2010, the band announced they were to split up after a series of four farewell shows, with their final gig in Paris on 11 June 2010. At the time of the split, Supergrass were working on their seventh studio album, tentatively titled Release the Drones. In early 2010, the band revealed that the album had been influenced by krautrock bands such as Can, and drone music, and that the members had swapped instruments on several tracks during its recording. Coombes said of the approach to the album: "This record's actually been very collaborative. It's been cool to try something different and chaotic." Coombes stated that the album was "nearly finished", and it was scheduled for release in May. The album remains unfinished and unreleased. Reformation (2019–present) Supergrass in 2022 on stage at the festival Piknik i Parken in Oslo In July 2019, it was reported in the press that the band were to reform and play at Pilton Party on 6 September 2019. On 22 August 2019, the Twitter account Secretglasto posted "We're not going to Grass up the special guest at the Pilton Party, but we're pretty sure they'll be Super." In an interview with The Times, the band confirmed they are not going to be working on new material, with Goffey stating that "the positive vibe of playing together would be compromised by going into a studio for ages" and that "the idea is to play gigs, not create more music". Gaz Coombes told Q that he was prepared to give a year up to perform with Supergrass, but was wary of promising to make new music. After performing two warm up shows at The Empire in Coventry and the Cheese & Grain in Frome the band embarked on a short European tour visiting France, Belgium and The Netherlands before doing a full UK tour finishing with two sold-out shows at Alexandra Palace, London on 7 March. The band were due to tour across America and Australia in April and May 2020 as well as festival appearances in Norway, Italy, Spain, Belgium, the Netherlands and the UK (which would have also included their 5th appearance at Glastonbury) but all were cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite the tour's cancellation, Supergrass still managed to perform a live-streamed gig on 21 August at The Bullingdon in their hometown of Oxford. The show was a collaboration with Goose Island Brewery and served as a launch event for the new Supergrass-inspired beer Man Sized Brew Sir, which was named after the band's song "Mansize Rooster". Ticket proceeds for the event went to the Nordoff Robbins Music Therapy Charity and the band's charity of choice, the suicide prevention charity CALM. The band also played a socially-distanced show at the Virgin Money Unity Arena in Newcastle the next day. On 27 November, Supergrass released Live on Other Planets, a live album consisting of songs recorded at various dates on their recent reunion tour. The album was released to mark the band's 25th anniversary; to capture the reunion gigs and thank the fans who attended; and to support grassroots music venues, with proceeds from the album's sales going to the #SaveOurVenues campaign in aid of venues struggling due to the pandemic. On 3 September 2022 the band performed a 3-song set at the Taylor Hawkins Tribute Concert at Wembley Stadium. Gaz Coombes also took lead vocal duties on covers of David Bowie's "Modern Love" (performed with Nile Rodgers) and the Police's "Every Little Thing She Does Is Magic" (performed with Foo Fighters alongside Stewart Copeland on drums). Following the performance, Gaz Coombes confirmed on his social media that it was the band's "final Supergrass reunion show". "I want to thank all you fans for the love and incredible support you've shown us over the last three years," he wrote. "It's been a blast." Shortly thereafter, Coombes announced a return to his solo career – as did Goffey, who confirmed the band's hiatus to NME. "Gaz is gonna do something himself, and I've got this thing coming up, so we'll give it a rest for six months and then we’ll see," he said. Solo projects During 1998, Coombes and Quinn were invited to play on Dr John's Anutha Zone album (they appear on the track "Voices In My Head"), whilst Goffey contributed to the debut album by Lodger (which also featured his partner Pearl Lowe and members of the band Delicatessen). Danny Goffey has also embarked on a solo project between Supergrass engagements called "Van Goffey" which saw tracks being released via MySpace in August 2006, the first three being "Crack House Blues", "I Feel so Gaye" and "Natalie Loves the F". He plays drums on the charity football song "Born In England" by a collective of musicians called Twisted X, which charted at number 8 in the UK Charts in 2004. Danny Goffey was also a drummer on the 2004 charity single "Do They Know It's Christmas?", along with members of Radiohead and the Darkness under the name Band Aid 20. In July 2008, Coombes joined Foo Fighters on stage during a show that saluted the Who's musical career, VH1 Rock Honors. Coombes performed vocals on the Who's classic song "Bargain". In 2007 and 2008, while Mick Quinn was still recuperating from his injury, Danny Goffey and Gaz Coombes were performing as the duo Diamond Hoo Ha Men, the name taken from the band's sixth album and its lead single (see above). They appeared in character as Duke Diamond and Randy Hoo Ha to play gigs at small venues. Gigs included an appearance at the Apple Store on London's Regent Street, which featured Mick Quinn's first appearance in the band since his injury. He appeared on stage introduced by Gaz as Biff Hymen. Goffey and Coombes were members of side-project the Hotrats (originally the Hot Rats). They released an album of covers produced by Nigel Godrich called Turn Ons on 25 January 2010. A cover of "Drive My Car" by the Beatles appears in an advert for Orange, a fragrance by Hugo Boss. Since Supergrass announced they were to split, the Hotrats have joined with Air to perform The Virgin Suicides live for the first time, over several concert dates. A deluxe 3CD / 1DVD box-set of the Hot Rats album was scheduled for release in June 2020. In May 2010, Mick Quinn formed the DB Band with former Shake Appeal bassist Fab Wilson. The band released their first EP "Stranger in the Alps" on 17 September 2011. They have toured the Netherlands, France and appeared at Oxford's Truck Festival in Steventon. Gaz Coombes completed his first solo album, Here Come the Bombs, at his home studio in Oxford. The album was recorded with Sam Williams, who produced 1995's I Should Coco for Supergrass, and released on 21 May 2012. Coombes' second album, Matador, was released 26 January 2015, charting at No. 18 on the UK Albums Chart and nominated for the 2015 Mercury Music Prize. Coombes released a third studio album, titled Worlds Strongest Man on Caroline Records in 2018. In 2015, Mick Quinn began playing as touring bassist for Swervedriver, whose members Adam Franklin and Jimmy Hartridge were childhood friends of his in Oxford. He would eventually join the band as a full member in 2017, appearing on the band's 2019 album Future Ruins. Discography Main article: Supergrass discography Studio albums I Should Coco (1995) In It for the Money (1997) Supergrass (1999) Life on Other Planets (2002) Road to Rouen (2005) Diamond Hoo Ha (2008) Awards Year Ceremony Award Result 1996 Ivor Novello Awards Best Contemporary Song ("Alright") Won 1995 Mercury Prize Best Album (I Should Coco) Nominated 1995 NME Awards Best New Band Won Best Single ("Alright") Nominated 1995 Q Awards Best New Act Won 1996 BRIT Awards British Breakthrough Act Won 1996 Silver Clef Awards New Music Won 1998 BRIT Awards Best British Video (Late in the Day) Nominated 2000 BRIT Awards Best British Video (Pumping on Your Stereo) Nominated 2005 Muso Awards Best Male Vocal (Gaz Coombes) Won 2008 UK Music Video Awards Best Rock Video (Bad Blood) Won References ^ Archived 16 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine ^ "BBC Newsbeat: Supergrass Split". BBC News. 12 April 2010. Retrieved 20 July 2011. ^ Brock, Alexander (6 September 2019). "The "big band" reforming for Pilton Party 2019". Bristolpost. ^ Warrenger, Sam (6 September 2019). "Glastonbury: Supergrass have reformed to play Pilton Party tonight". Thefestivals.uk. ^ Taylor Hawkins Tribute Concert, retrieved 3 September 2022 ^ "Taylor Hawkins Tribute Concert: start time, how to get to Wembley, finish time". www.nationalworld.com. 2 September 2022. Retrieved 3 September 2022. ^ Jackson, Daisy (1 September 2022). "Taylor Hawkins tribute concert - line-up and how to watch from Manchester". The Manc. Retrieved 3 September 2022. ^ "The Strange Ones Supergrass Site". Strangeones.co.uk. 20 July 1992. Retrieved 21 October 2015. ^ Reuter, Annie (20 July 2008). "Q&A with Mick Quinn of Supergrass". Blogger. Retrieved 30 July 2008. ^ "The Strange Ones Supergrass Site". Strangeones.co.uk. Retrieved 20 July 2011. ^ "Peel sessions". BBC. 1 October 1995. Retrieved 24 July 2011. ^ a b c d e f Colin Larkin, ed. (1997). The Virgin Encyclopedia of Popular Music (Concise ed.). Virgin Books. p. 1153. ISBN 1-85227-745-9. ^ a b "Supergrass". The Biography Channel. Archived from the original on 24 May 2009. Retrieved 5 November 2008. ^ "Going Underground 476". Going Underground on Gouwestad Radio. Episode 476. 11 July 2008. ^ "The Strange Ones Supergrass Site". Strangeones.co.uk. Retrieved 20 July 2011. ^ "John Peel's Festive 50's – 1977 – 2003". Rocklistmusic.co.uk. Retrieved 20 July 2011. ^ "The Strange Ones Supergrass Site". Strangeones.co.uk. Retrieved 20 July 2011. ^ Sutherland, Steve. I Should Coco review. NME. 13 May 1995. ^ "Line-ups – T in the Park 2000". efestivals. ^ "Supergrass Replace Libertines". Glastonbury Festival. Archived from the original on 18 October 2007. ^ "The Strange Ones Supergrass Site". Strangeones.co.uk. Retrieved 20 July 2011. ^ "Supergrass – In It For The Money MP3 Downloads". 7digital. Archived from the original on 16 May 2008. Retrieved 20 July 2011. ^ "Supergrass – guest program". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 10 August 2002. Retrieved 20 July 2011. ^ "Supergrass Supergrass". Starpulse.com. Retrieved 20 July 2011. ^ allmusic ((( Life on Other Planets > Overview ))) ^ Vineyard, Jennifer (10 August 2005). "New Supergrass LP: Born in a Barn, Figuratively". MTV. Retrieved 12 August 2010. ^ Fitzpatrick, Rob (24 August 2005). "Supergrass : Road To Rouen". NME. Retrieved 25 April 2011. ^ Sweeting, Adam (12 August 2005). "CD: Supergrass, Road to Rouen". The Guardian. Retrieved 12 August 2010. ^ "Supergrass star seriously injured in bizarre accident". NME. 1 August 2007. Retrieved 21 September 2019. ^ "Hoo Ha Man! Supergrass plot their return". Line Of Best Fit. 28 November 2007. Retrieved 21 September 2019. ^ Johnson, Neala (3 October 2008). "Supergrass on new album Diamond Hoo Ha, and freedom from EMI". Herald Sun. Retrieved 11 October 2008. ^ "Les Ardentes | Liège Electro Rock Festival | 9>12/07/2009". Lesardentes.be. 15 July 2009. Retrieved 20 July 2011. ^ Hamm, Matt. "Supergrass Are to Split After 17 Years – Announce Tour Dates & Tickets – Stereoboard". Stereoboard.com. Retrieved 8 May 2018. ^ "SUPERGRASS WORKING ON "DRONE ROCK" ALBUM", UNCUT. Retrieved 1 May 2010 ^ Murray, Robin (2010) "Supergrass Experiment on New Album", Clash, 26 January 2010. Retrieved 1 May 2010 ^ "Gaz and Danny still with Supergrass", Belfast Telegraph, 21 January 2010. Retrieved 1 May 2010 ^ "Niet compatibele browser". Retrieved 20 July 2011 – via Facebook. ^ "We're not going to Grass up the special guest at the Pilton Party, but we're pretty sure they'll be Super". 22 August 2019 – via Twitter. ^ Dean, Jonathan (8 September 2019). "Supergrass interview: Gaz Coombes and co on why it's finally time for a reunion". The Times. ^ Niall Doherty (13 January 2020). "Supergrass Are On The Cover Of The New Issue! — Q Magazine". Q. Retrieved 1 March 2020. ^ Hughes, Tim (30 August 2020). "See Supergrass play live in Oxford in Virtual Reality gig". Oxford Mail. Retrieved 8 January 2021. ^ Hodgson, Barbara (23 August 2020). "See Supergrass in concert in Newcastle at the socially distanced Gosforth Park arena". Chronicle Live. Retrieved 8 January 2021. ^ Audrey, Elizabeth (25 September 2020). "Supergrass to release live anniversary album in support of #SaveOurVenues". NME. Retrieved 6 January 2021. ^ Daly, Rhian (3 September 2022). "Supergrass pay tribute to Taylor Hawkins at Wembley". NME.com. Retrieved 12 September 2022. ^ Coombes, Gaz. "Register". Retrieved 25 July 2023 – via Facebook. ^ Pearis, Bill (27 September 2022). "Supergrass' Gaz Coombes announces new solo LP, shares "Don't Say It's Over" Supergrass' Gaz Coombes announces new solo LP, shares "Don't Say It's Over" Supergrass' Gaz Coombes announces new solo LP, shares "Don't Say It's Over"". Brookyln Vegan. Retrieved 23 October 2022. ^ Daly, Rhian (19 August 2022). "Supergrass' Danny Goffey tells us about his new album and book 'Bryan Moone's DiscoPunk'". NME. BandLab Technologies. Retrieved 18 January 2023. ^ "The Strange Ones Supergrass Site". Strangeones.co.uk. 25 July 1998. Retrieved 20 July 2011. ^ "Band Aid 20". BBC. 21 December 2004. ^ "Supergrass announce tour under alias". NME. 5 December 2007. ^ "Apple Instore – Regents Street, London 15 January 2008". Children of the Monkey Basket. Archived from the original on 24 March 2008. ^ "Official Homepage of The Hot Rats". Retrieved 20 June 2009. ^ Soligny, Jérôme (May 2010). "AIR ET HOT RATS (SUPERGRASS) JOUENT "THE VIRGIN SUICIDES"". Cite de la Musique. Retrieved 24 May 2010. ^ Massé, Antoine (20 May 2010). "Air and the Hot Rats". Breizhmag. Archived from the original on 11 September 2011. Retrieved 24 May 2010. ^ "The Hotrats / Turn Ons 10th anniversary expanded deluxe edition". Superdeluxeedition.com. 8 April 2020. ^ "DB Band". Dbband.com. Retrieved 24 May 2010. ^ "Un ex-Supergrass en concert". Le Havre Libre. 22 September 2010. Retrieved 3 October 2010. ^ "Former Supergrass frontman Gaz Coombes goes solo". BBC. 14 March 2011. ^ "GAZ COOMBES | MATADOR No. 18 in the UK Album Top 40 Chart". Gazcoombes.com. February 2015. Retrieved 25 June 2016. ^ "2015, Mercury Prize – Mercury Prize 2015 shortlist – BBC Music". BBC. Retrieved 25 June 2016. ^ Roberts, Jo (16 June 2016). "Swervedriver's long hiatus ends with new music". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 8 January 2021. ^ "Swervedriver Share Third Track from Forthcoming Album Future Ruins to be Released January 25". The Spill Magazine. 7 December 2018. Retrieved 8 January 2021. ^ "All the nominees and winners of the prize since 1992". rocklistmusic.co.uk. ^ "1995 NME Awards Winners". NME. ^ "Rocklist.net...NME Lists readers Pop Poll Results". ^ "The Q Awards 1995". Q. January 1996. Retrieved 31 May 2008. ^ "Winners list 1996". BRIT Awards. Archived from the original on 12 May 2008. Retrieved 16 June 2008. ^ "Winners For All Years" (PDF). nordoff-robbins.org.uk. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 May 2008. ^ "Nominations for 1998 Brit Awards". BBC News. London. Retrieved 24 March 2010. ^ "Brits 2000: The winners". BBC News. London. 3 March 2000. Retrieved 16 June 2008. Further reading True, Everett. Supergrass: The Illustrated Story. 1996. ISBN 0-600-58977-3. Holorny, Linda. Supergrass. 1996. ISBN 0-7119-5497-6 Allum, Greg. The Night Shines Like Fireflies: A Portrait of Supergrass in Berlin. 2007. ISBN 0-9546709-2-2 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Supergrass. Official website Supergrass at AllMusic Supergrass discography at Discogs Supergrass discography at MusicBrainz The Jennifers on Myspace vteSupergrass Gaz Coombes Rob Coombes Danny Goffey Mick Quinn Studio albums I Should Coco In It for the Money Supergrass Life on Other Planets Road to Rouen Diamond Hoo Ha Live albums Live On Other Planets Compilations Supergrass Is 10 Singles "Caught by the Fuzz" "Mansize Rooster" "Lenny" "Alright"/"Time" "Going Out" "Richard III" "Sun Hits the Sky" "Late in the Day" "Cheapskate" "Pumping on Your Stereo" "Moving" "Mary" "Never Done Nothing Like That Before" "Grace" "Seen the Light" "Rush Hour Soul" "Kiss of Life" "St. Petersburg" "Low C" "Diamond Hoo Ha Man" "Bad Blood" "Rebel in You" Related articles Discography The Hotrats Lodger Dom and Nic Charly Coombes vteBrit Award for Best New Artist Graham Parker / Julie Covington (1977) The Human League (1982) Yazoo (1983) Paul Young (1984) Frankie Goes to Hollywood (1985) Go West (1986) The Housemartins (1987) Wet Wet Wet (1988) Bros (1989) Lisa Stansfield (1990) Betty Boo (1991) Beverley Craven (1992) Tasmin Archer (1993) Gabrielle (1994) Oasis (1995) Supergrass (1996) Kula Shaker (1997) Stereophonics (1998) Belle and Sebastian (1999) S Club 7 (2000) A1 (2001) Blue (2002) Will Young (2003) Busted (2004) Keane (2005) Arctic Monkeys (2006) The Fratellis (2007) Mika (2008) Duffy (2009) JLS (2010) Tinie Tempah (2011) Ed Sheeran (2012) Ben Howard (2013) Bastille (2014) Sam Smith (2015) Catfish and the Bottlemen (2016) Rag'n'Bone Man (2017) Dua Lipa (2018) Tom Walker (2019) Lewis Capaldi (2020) Arlo Parks (2021) Little Simz (2022) Wet Leg (2023) Raye (2024) Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Croatia Artists MusicBrainz Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Supergrass (album)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supergrass_(album)"},{"link_name":"Supergrass (informant)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supergrass_(informant)"},{"link_name":"The Supergrass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Supergrass"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SupergrassCPBowl200821_(25_of_50)._(51392201038).jpg"},{"link_name":"Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford"},{"link_name":"Gaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaz_Coombes"},{"link_name":"Rob Coombes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Coombes"},{"link_name":"Mick Quinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_Quinn"},{"link_name":"Danny Goffey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Goffey"},{"link_name":"Parlophone Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlophone_Records"},{"link_name":"I Should Coco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Should_Coco"},{"link_name":"the Beatles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beatles"},{"link_name":"Please Please Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Please_Please_Me"},{"link_name":"Alright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alright_(Supergrass_song)"},{"link_name":"In It for the Money","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_It_for_the_Money"},{"link_name":"Supergrass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supergrass_(album)"},{"link_name":"Life on Other Planets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Other_Planets"},{"link_name":"Road to Rouen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_to_Rouen"},{"link_name":"Diamond Hoo Ha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_Hoo_Ha"},{"link_name":"Supergrass Is 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supergrass_Is_10"},{"link_name":"Cooking Vinyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooking_Vinyl"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"La Cigale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Cigale"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc_newsbeat_1-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Foo Fighters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foo_Fighters"},{"link_name":"Taylor Hawkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_Hawkins"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"This article is about the band. For the album, see Supergrass (album). For the witnesses who betray information about associated criminals, see Supergrass (informant). For the film, see The Supergrass.Supergrass onstage at the Crystal Palace Bowl, August 2021Supergrass are an English rock band formed in 1993 in Oxford. For the majority of the band's tenure, the line-up consisted of brothers Gaz (lead vocals, guitar) and Rob Coombes (keyboards), Mick Quinn (bass, backing vocals) and Danny Goffey (drums, backing vocals). Originally a three-piece, the band was officially joined by Rob Coombes in 2002.The band signed to Parlophone Records in 1994 and produced I Should Coco (1995), the best-selling debut album for the label since the Beatles' Please Please Me. Their first album's fourth single, \"Alright\", was an international hit. The band went on to release five albums: In It for the Money (1997), Supergrass (1999), Life on Other Planets (2002), Road to Rouen (2005) and Diamond Hoo Ha (2008), as well as a compilation called Supergrass Is 10 (2004).In August 2009, the band signed to Cooking Vinyl and began work on their seventh studio album, Release the Drones. The album remains unreleased and unfinished. On 12 April 2010, the band announced that they were splitting up due to musical and creative differences.[1] The group disbanded after four farewell gigs, the final one at La Cigale, Paris, on 11 June 2010.[2]The band reformed in 2019, initially to perform at Pilton Party followed by a \"secret\" gig at Oslo in Hackney, London.[3][4] The band made their final appearance of their reunion to date with a performance in honour of Foo Fighters' recently deceased drummer Taylor Hawkins at his tribute concert, performing some of Hawkins' favourite songs from Supergrass's catalogue. Hawkins had previously expressed his love of the band, and had even made a cameo drum appearance at one of their concerts.[5][6][7]","title":"Supergrass"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wheatley Park School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheatley_Park_School"},{"link_name":"Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford"},{"link_name":"Gaz Coombes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaz_Coombes"},{"link_name":"Danny Goffey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Goffey"},{"link_name":"Nick Goffey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dom_and_Nic"},{"link_name":"Top Gear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_Gear_(original_format)"},{"link_name":"Chris Goffey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Goffey"},{"link_name":"indie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indie_(music)"},{"link_name":"Ride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ride_(band)"},{"link_name":"the Charlatans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Charlatans_(UK_band)"},{"link_name":"Inspiral Carpets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inspiral_Carpets"},{"link_name":"the Kinks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kinks"},{"link_name":"the Who","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Who"},{"link_name":"shoegaze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoegazing"},{"link_name":"public houses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_house"},{"link_name":"Jericho Tavern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jericho_Tavern"},{"link_name":"Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford"},{"link_name":"Banbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banbury"},{"link_name":"the Stone Roses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Stone_Roses"},{"link_name":"Nude Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nude_Records"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Harvester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvester_(restaurant)"},{"link_name":"Mick Quinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_Quinn"},{"link_name":"jam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jam_session"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Rob Coombes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Coombes"},{"link_name":"Co-Op Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Zodiac_(club)"},{"link_name":"keyboardist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyboard_player"},{"link_name":"Radio 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_1"},{"link_name":"John Peel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Peel"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"I Should Coco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Should_Coco"}],"sub_title":"The Jennifers and formation (1990–1993)","text":"At the age of 16 and 18 respectively and whilst attending Wheatley Park School just outside Oxford, Gaz Coombes and Danny Goffey were playing in the Jennifers along with Nick Goffey and Andy Davies. Danny and Nick Goffey are the sons of former BBC Top Gear presenter and motoring journalist Chris Goffey.The Jennifers began building a reputation in the Oxford indie music scene, influenced by Ride, the Charlatans, Inspiral Carpets, the Kinks, the Who, and including traits of the shoegaze era. The band played gigs at various venues around Oxfordshire, often public houses and clubs. One pub the band played at was the Jericho Tavern in Oxford.They sold a demo tape recorded and produced by Nick Langston at Stargoat Studios near Banbury. The demo featured three songs – \"Flying\" which featured a 20-second countdown at the beginning, the recording of a rocket launch and then a fast guitar-based song which appeared influenced by the Stone Roses, the second song, \"Inside of Me\" was similar in style but changed to a slower, almost funk jam at the end, the third song simply titled on the tape \"(Slow Song)\" was a guitar-based ballad. The band enjoyed enough success to release one single in 1992, \"Just Got Back Today\" on Nude Records, which is now a highly sought after rarity. Second single, \"Tightrope\" was never released due to disagreements with Nude Records (but does appear on compilation CD 'Days Spent Dreaming'[8]), the band split up soon after this in the fall of 1992. Andy Davies went off to university and Nic Goffey went on to form a directing partnership with friend Dom Hawley, later directing many videos for Supergrass.When Coombes began working at the local Harvester he befriended co-worker Mick Quinn. The two realised they had common music interests and Coombes invited Quinn to come and jam with himself and Goffey. In February 1993 they formed Theodore Supergrass \"for about two months\". As Quinn further explains, \"then we realized that Theodore was a bit rubbish so we took that off.\"[9]Goffey claims that the name was his idea and says, \"Although the others will dispute it, it was me. We were Theodore Supergrass and the idea was the band would be a little black character, and we wouldn't ever have to do interviews. We'd get the questions in advance, script the answers and then animate Theodore Supergrass answering them. But it cost too much money.\"\n[10]Gaz's brother, Rob Coombes, played flute for the band's début gig at the Co-Op Hall, Oxford in 1993. In January 1995 he first performed as keyboardist with the band for a live Radio 1 John Peel session.[11] His role in the band progressed over the years, post-I Should Coco material is credited to \"Supergrass and Rob Coombes\", however, he wasn't introduced as a band member until almost a decade later.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Supergrass \"Alright\" (1995)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Supergrass-Alright.ogg"},{"link_name":"media help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Media"},{"link_name":"Caught by the Fuzz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caught_by_the_Fuzz"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larkin-12"},{"link_name":"Gaz Coombes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaz_Coombes"},{"link_name":"cannabis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thebiographychannel.co.uk-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"John Peel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Peel"},{"link_name":"Radio One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_1"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Parlophone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlophone"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larkin-12"},{"link_name":"NME","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME"},{"link_name":"Melody Maker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melody_Maker"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thebiographychannel.co.uk-13"},{"link_name":"Mansize Rooster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansize_Rooster"},{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"Lenny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenny_(Supergrass_song)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larkin-12"},{"link_name":"I Should Coco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Should_Coco"},{"link_name":"UK Albums Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Albums_Chart"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larkin-12"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"\"Alright\"/\"Time\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alright/Time"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larkin-12"},{"link_name":"T in the Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T_in_the_Park"},{"link_name":"Glastonbury Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glastonbury_Festival"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Rio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro"},{"link_name":"Ronnie Biggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronnie_Biggs"},{"link_name":"supergrass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supergrass_(informer)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Going Out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Going_Out"},{"link_name":"Great Linford Manor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Linford_Manor"},{"link_name":"Sawmills Studio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawmills_Studio"},{"link_name":"In It for the Money","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_It_for_the_Money"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larkin-12"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Richard III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_III_(song)"},{"link_name":"Sun Hits the Sky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Hits_the_Sky"},{"link_name":"Late in the Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_in_the_Day"},{"link_name":"The Big Issue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Big_Issue"},{"link_name":"Heathrow Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heathrow_Airport"},{"link_name":"drug smuggler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_smuggler"},{"link_name":"Howard Marks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Marks"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Britpop years and stardom (1994–1998)","text":"Supergrass \"Alright\" (1995)\n\n24-second sample from Supergrass' \"Alright\".\nProblems playing this file? See media help.In mid-1994, Supergrass issued their debut single \"Caught by the Fuzz\" on the small independent local label Backbeat Records.[12] The song recounts lead singer and guitarist Gaz Coombes's experience of being arrested by the police for possession of cannabis.[13][14] The limited release of vinyl copies sold out quickly, thanks in part to support from John Peel on his Radio One show.[15][16] The Parlophone label signed the band and re-released the single in the autumn of the same year.[12] It achieved the rare feat of being both NME and Melody Maker's \"Single Of The Week\" status in the same week.[13]\"Mansize Rooster\", released in February 1995, peaked at number 20 in the UK Singles Chart and \"Lenny\" was the band's first top 10 single.[12] \"Lenny\" was followed soon afterwards by the band's debut album, I Should Coco (May 1995), which entered the UK Albums Chart at number one.[12] It achieved half a million sales in the UK and over a million worldwide.[17] NME reviewer Steve Sutherland gave the album a nine out of ten rating, writing, \"These freaks shall inherit the earth.\"[18] The album's fourth single, the double A-side release \"Alright\"/\"Time\", stayed in the UK Top Three for a month, peaking at number two.[12]Supergrass followed I Should Coco with 18 months of heavy touring, appearing at festivals such as Scotland's T in the Park and the Glastonbury Festival.[19][20] After Performing at Rio's Hollywood Rock Festival in April 1996, Supergrass met the train robber Ronnie Biggs, and he apparently said to them, \"I was frightened for my life when I heard there was a supergrass in the area.\"[21] A photograph of Ronnie Biggs and Gaz together was subsequently included in the music video for their 1996 single \"Going Out\". Recorded at Great Linford Manor the single peaked at number five in the UK chart, but was the last song produced by Sam Williams. Supergrass returned to Sawmills Studio to co-produce follow up album, In It for the Money (released April 1997), with John Cornfield.[12] The album was a huge success and went platinum in the UK, but confused some fans expecting something similar to I Should Coco.[22] The single, \"Richard III\", reached number two. Subsequent releases, \"Sun Hits the Sky\" and \"Late in the Day\", reached numbers 10 and 18 respectively.Around this time Supergrass also appeared on the front cover of The Big Issue, interviewed for the magazine at Heathrow Airport by ex-drug smuggler Howard Marks.[23]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pumping on Your Stereo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumping_on_Your_Stereo"},{"link_name":"Jim Henson's Creature Shop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Henson%27s_Creature_Shop"},{"link_name":"muppet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muppet"},{"link_name":"Shepherd's Bush Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shepherd%27s_Bush_Empire"},{"link_name":"MTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV"},{"link_name":"Supergrass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supergrass_(album)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Moving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moving_(Supergrass_song)"},{"link_name":"Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_(Supergrass_song)"},{"link_name":"Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_40"},{"link_name":"Life on Other Planets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Other_Planets"},{"link_name":"Rockfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockfield_Studios"},{"link_name":"Mayfair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayfair_Studios"},{"link_name":"Beck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beck"},{"link_name":"Tony Hoffer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Hoffer"},{"link_name":"Island Def Jam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Island_Def_Jam_Music_Group"},{"link_name":"Stephen Thomas Erlewine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Thomas_Erlewine"},{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Supergrass Is 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supergrass_Is_10"},{"link_name":"Kiss of Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiss_of_Life_(Supergrass_song)"},{"link_name":"Seen the Light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seen_the_Light"},{"link_name":"Simon Hilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Hilton"}],"sub_title":"Further musical growth (1999–2004)","text":"The band again took a short break before returning in 1999 with the single \"Pumping on Your Stereo\". The promo video, produced in conjunction with the Jim Henson's Creature Shop, featured the band with comical \"muppet\" bodies. The single generated welcome publicity following their time out of the limelight, as did a small sold-out tour scheduled around the single release, the final night of which was at Shepherd's Bush Empire as part of MTV's \"Five Night Stand\" festival. The single and the tour were followed by their third LP Supergrass (1999). The following spring the record was released in the US Once more, the album was recorded at Sawmills Studio with longtime associate Cornfield producing. Supergrass was well received critically and commercially and it has since gone platinum in the UK, but did not reap the same level of success as its predecessors. Critics claimed the album was \"hit and miss\", which showed up particularly as the \"also-rans are surrounded by songs that are as great as anything Supergrass has ever recorded\".[24] Their next single, \"Moving\", proved popular and reached the Top Ten in the UK. And their third single, \"Mary\" entered the Top 40. There followed a long hiatus.After three years out of the limelight, the band returned with Life on Other Planets (September 2002), recorded at Heliocentric, Rockfield and Mayfair Studios and produced by Beck collaborator Tony Hoffer. The album was released in the UK on Parlophone, but in the US on the Island Def Jam imprint. The record was not as commercially successful as Supergrass's first three albums, failing to make the Top Three in the UK albums chart. However, the critical response to the album was generally very positive, with Stephen Thomas Erlewine from AllMusic claiming \"The world is a better place for having Supergrass in it.\".[25] It has since gone gold in the UK. Life on Other Planets was also notable as it was the first Supergrass album to recognise Rob Coombes as an official member. For the band's first three albums, Supergrass officially consisted of Gaz Coombes, Goffey and Quinn although Rob Coombes contributed to many of the band's songs and videos, and toured with them. Tracks recorded before this were often credited to \"Supergrass and Rob Coombes\". The band followed Life on Other Planets with another extended three-year hiatus, devoted to touring and personal engagements.In June 2004 the band's record company suggested the band release a singles compilation Supergrass Is 10, spawning two new self-produced tracks: \"Kiss of Life\" and \"Bullet\". The companion DVD contained \"Home Movie\", a humorous documentary charting the band's first 10 years' achievements, made in collaboration with \"Seen the Light\" video director Simon Hilton. The record entered the UK albums chart at number four and has since gone gold in the UK.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Road to Rouen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_to_Rouen"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MTV-26"},{"link_name":"St. Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Petersburg_(song)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NME-27"},{"link_name":"Pumping On Your Stereo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumping_On_Your_Stereo"},{"link_name":"Garth Jennings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammer_%26_Tongs"},{"link_name":"Weeki Wachee Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weeki_Wachee_Springs"},{"link_name":"Fin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fin"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian-28"},{"link_name":"Beijing Pop Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_Pop_Festival"},{"link_name":"Diamond Hoo Ha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_Hoo_Ha"},{"link_name":"Hansa Tonstudio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansa_Tonstudio"},{"link_name":"Nick Launay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Launay"},{"link_name":"Guilfest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guilfest"},{"link_name":"22-20s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/22-20s"},{"link_name":"Charly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charly_Coombes"},{"link_name":"Mick Quinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_Quinn"},{"link_name":"heel bone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcaneus"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Diamond Hoo Ha Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_Hoo_Ha_Man"},{"link_name":"Diamond Hoo Ha Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_Hoo_Ha_Men"},{"link_name":"Charly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charly_Coombes"},{"link_name":"Glange Fever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glange_Fever&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"rockumentary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockumentary"},{"link_name":"Diamond Hoo Ha Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_Hoo_Ha_Men"},{"link_name":"Charly Coombes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charly_Coombes"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Bad Blood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Blood_(Supergrass_song)"},{"link_name":"UK Music Video Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Music_Video_Awards"},{"link_name":"Parlophone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlophone"},{"link_name":"Terra Firma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra_Firma_Capital_Partners"},{"link_name":"Rebel In You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebel_In_You"},{"link_name":"Diamond Hoo Ha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_Hoo_Ha"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"Development (2005–2008)","text":"Recording of their fifth studio album, Road to Rouen, began in France in a studio built by the band in Normandy.[26] Working with French engineer Pierre-Olivier Marger and it represented a significant change in direction and was perceived as a more mature body of work.\"St. Petersburg\", the string-laden first single, was released on 8 August 2005. The album followed a week later (released 27 September in North America) and reached No. 9 on the UK chart, going on to achieve silver status in the UK. Opinion at the time was divided, but the album garnered the band many new fans and a measure of creative respect, some even embracing it as \"the sound of a band at last hitting their stride\".[27]Second single, \"Low C\", featured a video by acclaimed \"Pumping On Your Stereo\" video director Garth Jennings, shot in Weeki Wachee Springs Florida. Third single \"Fin\", interpreted as a missive to the Coombes brothers' recently deceased mother, received much critical praise, The Guardian[28] referring to it as \"so gorgeously light and airy that listening to it is like sleepwalking in space\".The band toured the songs in both acoustic and electric formats with percussionist Satin Singh joining the live band throughout. From August 2005 to September 2006 they performed in Japan, South America, the United States, and Europe, finishing with a memorable gig at the Beijing Pop Festival.The follow-up album, Diamond Hoo Ha was recorded at Hansa Tonstudio, Berlin, with producer\nNick Launay, and mixed at Seedy Underbelly Studios in Los Angeles. The band toured in the summer of 2007, headlining Guilfest, among others, and debuting new material, with the youngest sibling of the Coombes brothers, ex-22-20s keyboardist Charly, on second guitar, percussion and backing vocals.On 27 September 2007, bassist Mick Quinn sustained a broken heel bone and two spinal fractures in a sleepwalking accident whilst on holiday in France (Quinn sleepwalked out of a first floor window of the villa he was staying at in the South of France.[29]). \nDuring his recuperation, Gaz and Danny promoted first single \"Diamond Hoo Ha Man\" as the Diamond Hoo Ha Men, with a run of small club shows in December and January. To celebrate the single release, Mick Quinn appeared as Diamond Hoo Ha Man \"Biff Hymenn\" at the Apple Store, Regent Street, London, marking his return to touring duties on 15 January. Charly directed Glange Fever (under pseudonym \"Chas Harrison\") a rockumentary which followed their exploits.For a handful of \"full band\" Supergrass dates on the Diamond Hoo Ha tour (as opposed to Gaz & Danny as the Diamond Hoo Ha Men duo), Charly Coombes filled in for Mick Quinn on bass while he recovered from his injuries.[30]\nWhen Mick recovered & returned to the band, Charly remained with them on second guitar & percussion (as per his work on the record) for the rest of the tour.In February 2008, the video of their second single \"Bad Blood\" was released on the band's official web-site, winning Best Rock Video at the UK Music Video Awards, and the single followed on 17 March.In 2008, Parlophone was taken over by venture capitalist group, Terra Firma, and Supergrass ended their contract with the label. \"Rebel In You\", final single from the Diamond Hoo Ha album, was released, under licence from Parlophone, on the band's own imprint, \"Supergrass Records\".[31]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wychwood Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wychwood_Festival"},{"link_name":"Les Ardentes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Ardentes"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Paredes de Coura Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paredes_de_Coura_Festival"},{"link_name":"Truck Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck_Festival"},{"link_name":"Ash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ash_(band)"},{"link_name":"Steventon, Oxfordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steventon,_Oxfordshire"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"krautrock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krautrock"},{"link_name":"Can","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can_(band)"},{"link_name":"drone music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drone_music"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UNCUT-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clash-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BT-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-facebook-37"},{"link_name":"non-primary source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources"}],"sub_title":"Independent career and split (2009–2010)","text":"The band headlined Wychwood Festival on 30 May and also Sellindge Music Festival (6 June), Provinssirock Festival (13 June) and a short European trek in July at BBK Live (10 July) at Bilbao, Bikini Festival (11 July) in Toulouse, Festival Les Ardentes (12 July[32]) in Liège (Belgium) and Paredes de Coura Festival (30 July) in Portugal. There was also a co-headlining date at 2009's Truck Festival along with Ash, on 25–26 July at Hill Farm in Steventon, Oxfordshire.On 12 April 2010, the band announced they were to split up after a series of four farewell shows, with their final gig in Paris on 11 June 2010.[33]At the time of the split, Supergrass were working on their seventh studio album, tentatively titled Release the Drones. In early 2010, the band revealed that the album had been influenced by krautrock bands such as Can, and drone music, and that the members had swapped instruments on several tracks during its recording.[34] Coombes said of the approach to the album: \"This record's actually been very collaborative. It's been cool to try something different and chaotic.\"[35] Coombes stated that the album was \"nearly finished\", and it was scheduled for release in May.[36] The album remains unfinished and unreleased.[37][non-primary source needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Supergrass_Piknik_i_Parken_2022_172153.jpg"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"non-primary source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"live-streamed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_streaming"},{"link_name":"Goose Island Brewery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goose_Island_Brewery"},{"link_name":"Nordoff Robbins Music Therapy Charity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordoff-Robbins_music_therapy"},{"link_name":"CALM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaign_Against_Living_Miserably"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"socially-distanced","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_distancing"},{"link_name":"Virgin Money Unity Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gosforth_Park"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Live on Other Planets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_on_Other_Planets"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Taylor Hawkins Tribute Concert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_Hawkins#Tribute_concerts"},{"link_name":"Wembley Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wembley_Stadium"},{"link_name":"David Bowie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie"},{"link_name":"Modern Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Love_(song)"},{"link_name":"Nile Rodgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile_Rodgers"},{"link_name":"the Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Police"},{"link_name":"Every Little Thing She Does Is Magic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Every_Little_Thing_She_Does_Is_Magic"},{"link_name":"Foo Fighters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foo_Fighters"},{"link_name":"Stewart Copeland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewart_Copeland"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"}],"sub_title":"Reformation (2019–present)","text":"Supergrass in 2022 on stage at the festival Piknik i Parken in OsloIn July 2019, it was reported in the press that the band were to reform and play at Pilton Party on 6 September 2019.[citation needed] On 22 August 2019, the Twitter account Secretglasto posted \"We're not going to Grass up the special guest at the Pilton Party, but we're pretty sure they'll be Super.\"[38][non-primary source needed] In an interview with The Times, the band confirmed they are not going to be working on new material, with Goffey stating that \"the positive vibe of playing together would be compromised by going into a studio for ages\" and that \"the idea is to play gigs, not create more music\".[39] Gaz Coombes told Q that he was prepared to give a year up to perform with Supergrass, but was wary of promising to make new music.[40]After performing two warm up shows at The Empire in Coventry and the Cheese & Grain in Frome the band embarked on a short European tour visiting France, Belgium and The Netherlands before doing a full UK tour finishing with two sold-out shows at Alexandra Palace, London on 7 March.The band were due to tour across America and Australia in April and May 2020 as well as festival appearances in Norway, Italy, Spain, Belgium, the Netherlands and the UK (which would have also included their 5th appearance at Glastonbury) but all were cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.Despite the tour's cancellation, Supergrass still managed to perform a live-streamed gig on 21 August at The Bullingdon in their hometown of Oxford. The show was a collaboration with Goose Island Brewery and served as a launch event for the new Supergrass-inspired beer Man Sized Brew Sir, which was named after the band's song \"Mansize Rooster\". Ticket proceeds for the event went to the Nordoff Robbins Music Therapy Charity and the band's charity of choice, the suicide prevention charity CALM.[41] The band also played a socially-distanced show at the Virgin Money Unity Arena in Newcastle the next day.[42]On 27 November, Supergrass released Live on Other Planets, a live album consisting of songs recorded at various dates on their recent reunion tour. The album was released to mark the band's 25th anniversary; to capture the reunion gigs and thank the fans who attended; and to support grassroots music venues, with proceeds from the album's sales going to the #SaveOurVenues campaign in aid of venues struggling due to the pandemic.[43]On 3 September 2022 the band performed a 3-song set at the Taylor Hawkins Tribute Concert at Wembley Stadium. Gaz Coombes also took lead vocal duties on covers of David Bowie's \"Modern Love\" (performed with Nile Rodgers) and the Police's \"Every Little Thing She Does Is Magic\" (performed with Foo Fighters alongside Stewart Copeland on drums).[44] Following the performance, Gaz Coombes confirmed on his social media that it was the band's \"final Supergrass reunion show\". \"I want to thank all you [Supergrass] fans for the love and incredible support you've shown us over the last three years,\" he wrote. \"It's been a blast.\"[45] Shortly thereafter, Coombes announced a return to his solo career[46] – as did Goffey, who confirmed the band's hiatus to NME. \"Gaz is gonna do something himself, and I've got this thing coming up, so we'll give it a rest for six months and then we’ll see,\" he said.[47]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dr John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr_John"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Lodger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodger_(British_band)"},{"link_name":"Pearl Lowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Lowe"},{"link_name":"Delicatessen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delicatessen_(band)"},{"link_name":"MySpace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySpace"},{"link_name":"Radiohead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiohead"},{"link_name":"the Darkness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Darkness_(band)"},{"link_name":"Band Aid 20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Band_Aid_20"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Foo Fighters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foo_Fighters"},{"link_name":"the Who","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Who"},{"link_name":"VH1 Rock Honors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VH1_Rock_Honors"},{"link_name":"Bargain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bargain_(song)"},{"link_name":"Diamond Hoo Ha Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_Hoo_Ha_Men"},{"link_name":"above","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Recent_years:_2005%E2%80%93present"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Duke Diamond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_Diamond"},{"link_name":"Randy Hoo Ha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy_Hoo_Ha"},{"link_name":"Biff Hymen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biff_Hymen"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"the Hotrats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hotrats"},{"link_name":"Nigel Godrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Godrich"},{"link_name":"Turn Ons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turn_Ons"},{"link_name":"Drive My Car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drive_My_Car_(song)"},{"link_name":"the Beatles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beatles"},{"link_name":"Hugo Boss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Boss"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_(French_band)"},{"link_name":"The Virgin Suicides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Virgin_Suicides_(score)"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Shake Appeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shake_Appeal"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Truck Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck_Festival"},{"link_name":"Here Come the Bombs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Here_Come_the_Bombs"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"I Should Coco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Should_Coco"},{"link_name":"Matador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matador_(Gaz_Coombes_album)"},{"link_name":"UK Albums Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Albums_Chart"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Mercury Music Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_Music_Prize"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Worlds Strongest Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%27s_Strongest_Man_(album)"},{"link_name":"Swervedriver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swervedriver"},{"link_name":"Adam Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Franklin"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Future Ruins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_Ruins"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"}],"text":"During 1998, Coombes and Quinn were invited to play on Dr John's Anutha Zone album (they appear on the track \"Voices In My Head\"),[48] whilst Goffey contributed to the debut album by Lodger (which also featured his partner Pearl Lowe and members of the band Delicatessen).Danny Goffey has also embarked on a solo project between Supergrass engagements called \"Van Goffey\" which saw tracks being released via MySpace in August 2006, the first three being \"Crack House Blues\", \"I Feel so Gaye\" and \"Natalie Loves the F\". He plays drums on the charity football song \"Born In England\" by a collective of musicians called Twisted X, which charted at number 8 in the UK Charts in 2004. Danny Goffey was also a drummer on the 2004 charity single \"Do They Know It's Christmas?\", along with members of Radiohead and the Darkness under the name Band Aid 20.[49]In July 2008, Coombes joined Foo Fighters on stage during a show that saluted the Who's musical career, VH1 Rock Honors. Coombes performed vocals on the Who's classic song \"Bargain\".In 2007 and 2008, while Mick Quinn was still recuperating from his injury, Danny Goffey and Gaz Coombes were performing as the duo Diamond Hoo Ha Men, the name taken from the band's sixth album and its lead single (see above).[50] They appeared in character as Duke Diamond and Randy Hoo Ha to play gigs at small venues. Gigs included an appearance at the Apple Store on London's Regent Street, which featured Mick Quinn's first appearance in the band since his injury. He appeared on stage introduced by Gaz as Biff Hymen.[51]Goffey and Coombes were members of side-project the Hotrats (originally the Hot Rats). They released an album of covers produced by Nigel Godrich called Turn Ons on 25 January 2010. A cover of \"Drive My Car\" by the Beatles appears in an advert for Orange, a fragrance by Hugo Boss.[52] Since Supergrass announced they were to split, the Hotrats have joined with Air to perform The Virgin Suicides live for the first time, over several concert dates.[53][54] A deluxe 3CD / 1DVD box-set of the Hot Rats album was scheduled for release in June 2020.[55]In May 2010, Mick Quinn formed the DB Band with former Shake Appeal bassist Fab Wilson. The band released their first EP \"Stranger in the Alps\" on 17 September 2011.[56] They have toured the Netherlands, France[57] and appeared at Oxford's Truck Festival in Steventon.Gaz Coombes completed his first solo album, Here Come the Bombs, at his home studio in Oxford.[58] The album was recorded with Sam Williams, who produced 1995's I Should Coco for Supergrass, and released on 21 May 2012. Coombes' second album, Matador, was released 26 January 2015, charting at No. 18 on the UK Albums Chart[59] and nominated for the 2015 Mercury Music Prize.[60] Coombes released a third studio album, titled Worlds Strongest Man on Caroline Records in 2018.In 2015, Mick Quinn began playing as touring bassist for Swervedriver, whose members Adam Franklin and Jimmy Hartridge were childhood friends of his in Oxford.[61] He would eventually join the band as a full member in 2017, appearing on the band's 2019 album Future Ruins.[62]","title":"Solo projects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"I Should Coco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Should_Coco"},{"link_name":"In It for the Money","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_It_for_the_Money"},{"link_name":"Supergrass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supergrass_(album)"},{"link_name":"Life on Other Planets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Other_Planets"},{"link_name":"Road to Rouen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_to_Rouen"},{"link_name":"Diamond Hoo Ha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_Hoo_Ha"}],"text":"Studio albumsI Should Coco (1995)\nIn It for the Money (1997)\nSupergrass (1999)\nLife on Other Planets (2002)\nRoad to Rouen (2005)\nDiamond Hoo Ha (2008)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-600-58977-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-600-58977-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7119-5497-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7119-5497-6"},{"link_name":"Allum, Greg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20130725091748/http://www.gregallum.co.uk/"},{"link_name":"The Night Shines Like Fireflies: A Portrait of Supergrass in Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20131201023343/http://www.gregallum.co.uk/wordpress/home/books/the-night-shines-like-fireflies/"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-9546709-2-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9546709-2-2"}],"text":"True, Everett. Supergrass: The Illustrated Story. 1996. ISBN 0-600-58977-3.\nHolorny, Linda. Supergrass. 1996. ISBN 0-7119-5497-6\nAllum, Greg. The Night Shines Like Fireflies: A Portrait of Supergrass in Berlin. 2007. ISBN 0-9546709-2-2","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Supergrass onstage at the Crystal Palace Bowl, August 2021","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/SupergrassCPBowl200821_%2825_of_50%29._%2851392201038%29.jpg/220px-SupergrassCPBowl200821_%2825_of_50%29._%2851392201038%29.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Supergrass in 2022 on stage at the festival Piknik i Parken in Oslo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Supergrass_Piknik_i_Parken_2022_172153.jpg/220px-Supergrass_Piknik_i_Parken_2022_172153.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"BBC Newsbeat: Supergrass Split\". BBC News. 12 April 2010. Retrieved 20 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/hi/music/newsid_10070000/newsid_10079400/10079438.stm","url_text":"\"BBC Newsbeat: Supergrass Split\""}]},{"reference":"Brock, Alexander (6 September 2019). \"The \"big band\" reforming for Pilton Party 2019\". Bristolpost.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bristolpost.co.uk/whats-on/music-nightlife/pilton-party-2019-supergrass-guests-3289816","url_text":"\"The \"big band\" reforming for Pilton Party 2019\""}]},{"reference":"Warrenger, Sam (6 September 2019). \"Glastonbury: Supergrass have reformed to play Pilton Party tonight\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya%E2%80%93Niger_border
Libya–Niger border
["1 Description","2 History","3 Border Crossings","4 See also","5 References"]
International border Map of the Libya-Niger border The Libya–Niger border is 342 kilometres (213 miles) in length and runs from the tripoint with Algeria in the west to the tripoint with Chad in the east. Description The border starts in the west at the Algerian tripoint, just to the north of the Salvador Passage. It then proceeds in south-easterly directions, curving further to the south down to Tumu, whereupon it veers sharply to the north-east up to the Chadian tripoint. The borders runs through a remote stretch of the Sahara desert. History The 1880s saw an intense competition between European powers for territories in Africa, a process known as the Scramble for Africa. The process culminated in the Berlin Conference of 1884, in which the European nations concerned agreed upon their respective territorial claims and the rules of engagements going forward. As a result of this France gained control the upper valley of the Niger River (roughly equivalent to the areas of modern Mali and Niger). France occupied this area in 1900, declaring it the military territory of Niger, ruled originally from Zinder. Niger was originally included, along with modern Mali and Burkina Faso, within the Upper Senegal and Niger colony, however it was split off in 1911 and became a constituent territory of the federal colony of French West Africa (Afrique occidentale française, abbreviated AOF). Italy meanwhile, which desired territory in the area of modern Libya, sought to emulate the colonial expansion of the other European powers, and they indicated their recognition of the above line to France on 1 November 1902. The Ottoman Empire had ruled the coastal areas of what is today Libya since the 16th century, organised into the Vilayet of Tripolitania, with an ill-defined border in the south. In September 1911 Italy invaded Tripolitania, and the Treaty of Ouchy was signed the following year by which the Ottomans formally ceded sovereignty of the area over to Italy. The Italians organised the newly conquered region into the colonies of Italian Cyrenaica and Italian Tripolitania, and gradually began pushing the limits of the territories to the south; later, in 1934, they united the two territories as Italian Libya. France and Italy delimited the border between French Algeria and Italian Libya in 1919, which also covered the segment of the modern Libya–Niger border as far south as Tumu. The precise details of the delimitation of the section east from Tumu to the Chad tripoint remains somewhat hazy, however the convention line as currently in place appears to have been agreed upon at some time in this period. The Libya-Niger was formerly longer than it is currently, prior to the transfer on 18 March 1931 of the Tibesti Mountains from Niger to Chad. During the North African Campaign of the Second World War Italy was defeated and its African colonies were occupied by the Allied powers, with Libya split into British and French zones of occupation. Libya was later granted full independence on 2 December 1951. A Franco-Libyan treaty was signed on 1 August 1955 which recognised the existing boundary. Niger later gained independence from France on 3 August 1960 and the border became an international frontier between two independent states. In recent years the border region has gained renewed focus, due to increasing numbers of African migrants crossing it seeking to reach Europe. France has started to assist in policing the border in recent years given the insecurity there, from the Madama army base in northern Niger, 100 kilometres (62 miles) south of the Libyan border. Border Crossings The main border crossing is at Tumu, Libya. See also Libya-Niger relations References ^ CIA World Factbook - Niger, 3 November 2019 ^ a b Brownlie, Ian (1979). African Boundaries: A Legal and Diplomatic Encyclopedia. Institute for International Affairs, Hurst and Co. pp. 127–32. ^ a b International Boundary Study No. 2 – Libya-Niger Boundary (PDF), 4 May 1961, retrieved 4 November 2019 ^ Decree 7 September 1911, rattachant le territoire militaire du Niger au gouvernement général de l'Afrique occidentale française, published in the Official Journal of the French Republic on 12 Septembre 1911 (Online) ^ a b c d International Boundary Study No. 3 – Chad-Libya Boundary (revised) (PDF), 15 December 1978, retrieved 5 October 2019 ^ Treaty of Peace Between Italy and Turkey The American Journal of International Law, Vol. 7, No. 1, Supplement: Official Documents (Jan., 1913), pp. 58–62 doi:10.2307/2212446 ^ "Treaty of Lausanne, October, 1912". Mount Holyoke College, Program in International Relations. ^ "HISTORY OF LIBYA". HistoryWorld. ^ Search and rescue missions in Sahara Desert help 1,000 migrants, says UN migration agency, UN, 8 August 2017, retrieved 8 November 2019 ^ a b The new European border between Niger and Libya, Open Migration, 11 May 2017, retrieved 8 November 2019 ^ "France ready to strike extremists on Libya border". Asian Defense News. 6 January 2015. Retrieved 6 January 2020. vteBorders of Libya Algeria Chad Egypt Niger Sudan Tunisia vteBorders of Niger Algeria Benin Burkina Faso Chad Libya Mali Nigeria
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It then proceeds in south-easterly directions, curving further to the south down to Tumu, whereupon it veers sharply to the north-east up to the Chadian tripoint.[2] The borders runs through a remote stretch of the Sahara desert.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scramble for Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa"},{"link_name":"Berlin Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Conference"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Niger River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger_River"},{"link_name":"Mali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IBS002-3"},{"link_name":"Zinder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinder"},{"link_name":"Upper Senegal and Niger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Senegal_and_Niger"},{"link_name":"French West Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_West_Africa"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IBS003-5"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Vilayet of Tripolitania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilayet_of_Tripolitania"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IBS003-5"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Ouchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Ouchy"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Italian Cyrenaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Cyrenaica"},{"link_name":"Italian Tripolitania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Tripolitania"},{"link_name":"Italian Libya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Libya"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"French Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Algeria"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IBS002-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brownlie,_I.-2"},{"link_name":"Tibesti Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibesti_Mountains"},{"link_name":"North African Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_African_Campaign"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IBS003-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IBS003-5"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Open_Migration-10"},{"link_name":"Madama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madama"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"The 1880s saw an intense competition between European powers for territories in Africa, a process known as the Scramble for Africa. The process culminated in the Berlin Conference of 1884, in which the European nations concerned agreed upon their respective territorial claims and the rules of engagements going forward. As a result of this France gained control the upper valley of the Niger River (roughly equivalent to the areas of modern Mali and Niger).[3] France occupied this area in 1900, declaring it the military territory of Niger, ruled originally from Zinder. Niger was originally included, along with modern Mali and Burkina Faso, within the Upper Senegal and Niger colony, however it was split off in 1911 and became a constituent territory of the federal colony of French West Africa (Afrique occidentale française, abbreviated AOF).[4]Italy meanwhile, which desired territory in the area of modern Libya, sought to emulate the colonial expansion of the other European powers, and they indicated their recognition of the above line to France on 1 November 1902.[5] The Ottoman Empire had ruled the coastal areas of what is today Libya since the 16th century, organised into the Vilayet of Tripolitania, with an ill-defined border in the south.[5] In September 1911 Italy invaded Tripolitania, and the Treaty of Ouchy was signed the following year by which the Ottomans formally ceded sovereignty of the area over to Italy.[6][7] The Italians organised the newly conquered region into the colonies of Italian Cyrenaica and Italian Tripolitania, and gradually began pushing the limits of the territories to the south; later, in 1934, they united the two territories as Italian Libya.[8]\nFrance and Italy delimited the border between French Algeria and Italian Libya in 1919, which also covered the segment of the modern Libya–Niger border as far south as Tumu.[3] The precise details of the delimitation of the section east from Tumu to the Chad tripoint remains somewhat hazy, however the convention line as currently in place appears to have been agreed upon at some time in this period.[2] The Libya-Niger was formerly longer than it is currently, prior to the transfer on 18 March 1931 of the Tibesti Mountains from Niger to Chad.During the North African Campaign of the Second World War Italy was defeated and its African colonies were occupied by the Allied powers, with Libya split into British and French zones of occupation.[5] Libya was later granted full independence on 2 December 1951. A Franco-Libyan treaty was signed on 1 August 1955 which recognised the existing boundary.[5] Niger later gained independence from France on 3 August 1960 and the border became an international frontier between two independent states.In recent years the border region has gained renewed focus, due to increasing numbers of African migrants crossing it seeking to reach Europe.[9][10] France has started to assist in policing the border in recent years given the insecurity there, from the Madama army base in northern Niger, 100 kilometres (62 miles) south of the Libyan border.[11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tumu, Libya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumu,_Libya"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Open_Migration-10"}],"text":"The main border crossing is at Tumu, Libya.[10]","title":"Border Crossings"}]
[{"image_text":"Map of the Libya-Niger border","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Libya-Niger_boundary._LOC_2002622515.jpg/220px-Libya-Niger_boundary._LOC_2002622515.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Libya-Niger relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya-Niger_relations"}]
[{"reference":"CIA World Factbook - Niger, 3 November 2019","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/niger/","url_text":"CIA World Factbook - Niger"}]},{"reference":"Brownlie, Ian (1979). African Boundaries: A Legal and Diplomatic Encyclopedia. Institute for International Affairs, Hurst and Co. pp. 127–32.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Brownlie","url_text":"Brownlie, Ian"}]},{"reference":"International Boundary Study No. 2 – Libya-Niger Boundary (PDF), 4 May 1961, retrieved 4 November 2019","urls":[{"url":"https://fall.fsulawrc.com/collection/LimitsinSeas/IBS002.pdf","url_text":"International Boundary Study No. 2 – Libya-Niger Boundary"}]},{"reference":"International Boundary Study No. 3 – Chad-Libya Boundary (revised) (PDF), 15 December 1978, retrieved 5 October 2019","urls":[{"url":"https://fall.fsulawrc.com/collection/LimitsinSeas/IBS003.pdf","url_text":"International Boundary Study No. 3 – Chad-Libya Boundary (revised)"}]},{"reference":"\"Treaty of Lausanne, October, 1912\". Mount Holyoke College, Program in International Relations.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/boshtml/bos142.htm","url_text":"\"Treaty of Lausanne, October, 1912\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Holyoke_College","url_text":"Mount Holyoke College"}]},{"reference":"\"HISTORY OF LIBYA\". HistoryWorld.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=aa83","url_text":"\"HISTORY OF LIBYA\""}]},{"reference":"Search and rescue missions in Sahara Desert help 1,000 migrants, says UN migration agency, UN, 8 August 2017, retrieved 8 November 2019","urls":[{"url":"https://refugeesmigrants.un.org/search-and-rescue-missions-sahara-desert-help-1000-migrants-says-un-migration-agency","url_text":"Search and rescue missions in Sahara Desert help 1,000 migrants, says UN migration agency"}]},{"reference":"The new European border between Niger and Libya, Open Migration, 11 May 2017, retrieved 8 November 2019","urls":[{"url":"https://openmigration.org/en/analyses/the-new-european-border-between-niger-and-libya/","url_text":"The new European border between Niger and Libya"}]},{"reference":"\"France ready to strike extremists on Libya border\". Asian Defense News. 6 January 2015. Retrieved 6 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://asian-defence-news.blogspot.fr/2015/01/france-ready-to-strike-extremists-on.html","url_text":"\"France ready to strike extremists on Libya border\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/niger/","external_links_name":"CIA World Factbook - Niger"},{"Link":"https://fall.fsulawrc.com/collection/LimitsinSeas/IBS002.pdf","external_links_name":"International Boundary Study No. 2 – Libya-Niger Boundary"},{"Link":"http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k64170278/f13.image","external_links_name":"Online"},{"Link":"https://fall.fsulawrc.com/collection/LimitsinSeas/IBS003.pdf","external_links_name":"International Boundary Study No. 3 – Chad-Libya Boundary (revised)"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2212446","external_links_name":"Treaty of Peace Between Italy and Turkey"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2212446","external_links_name":"10.2307/2212446"},{"Link":"http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/boshtml/bos142.htm","external_links_name":"\"Treaty of Lausanne, October, 1912\""},{"Link":"http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=aa83","external_links_name":"\"HISTORY OF LIBYA\""},{"Link":"https://refugeesmigrants.un.org/search-and-rescue-missions-sahara-desert-help-1000-migrants-says-un-migration-agency","external_links_name":"Search and rescue missions in Sahara Desert help 1,000 migrants, says UN migration agency"},{"Link":"https://openmigration.org/en/analyses/the-new-european-border-between-niger-and-libya/","external_links_name":"The new European border between Niger and Libya"},{"Link":"http://asian-defence-news.blogspot.fr/2015/01/france-ready-to-strike-extremists-on.html","external_links_name":"\"France ready to strike extremists on Libya border\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunday_Morning_Call
Sunday Morning Call
["1 Release and reception","2 Music video","3 Track listings","4 Personnel","5 Charts","6 Certifications","7 Release history","8 References"]
2000 single by Oasis This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Sunday Morning Call" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) "Sunday Morning Call"Single by Oasisfrom the album Standing on the Shoulder of Giants B-side "Carry Us All" "Full On" Released3 July 2000 (2000-07-03)Length3:33 (radio edit) 5:12 (album version)LabelBig BrotherSongwriter(s)Noel GallagherProducer(s) Mark Stent Noel Gallagher Oasis singles chronology "Who Feels Love?" (2000) "Sunday Morning Call" (2000) "The Hindu Times" (2002) Music video"Oasis - Sunday Morning Call (Official Video)" on YouTube "Sunday Morning Call" is a song by the English rock band Oasis, released as the third and final single from their fourth studio album, Standing on the Shoulder of Giants. It reached number four on the UK Singles Chart, number five in Italy, and number 20 in Ireland. Release and reception The song was released as the third and final single from the album on 3 July 2000, peaking at number four on the UK Singles Chart, number five in Italy, and number 20 in Ireland. It was written and sung by Noel Gallagher. Though the song has the same anthemic feel that popularised many Oasis songs, and departs from the psychedelic feel of Standing on the Shoulder of Giants, which had been poorly received by critics, it received a mixed critical reception. NME described it as "a dreary thing indeed", whereas Allmusic described it as a "self-consciously mature departure from the group's usual ebullience... a deliberately mellow, mid-tempo ". "Sunday Morning Call" was included in the 2010 compilation album Time Flies... 1994–2009; however, the song was relegated to being a hidden track at the end of disc 2, being the only single to not be credited on the sleeve or be mentioned in the track listing. It was rumoured the reason for this is due to Noel stating in the audio commentary of the accompanying DVD that he "hates" the song. Noel confirmed this was in fact the case during an interview with Radio X in 2021 when he was asked why he disliked the song, to which Noel replied; "Because it’s shit. I hate that song. I hate it so much I left it out of the Oasis singles album. That’s how much I fucking hate it. And I wrote it!". "Full On" dates from 1997. It was played by the band during soundchecks in the Be Here Now Tour, for example at the G-Mex in Manchester on December 14, 1997. Music video The music video is a take on the Jack Nicholson film One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest, with characters resembling McMurphy and Nurse Ratched. It was filmed in an old mental institution in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada and features Scottish actor James Cunningham. Track listings UK CD and 12-inch single (RKIDSCD 004; RKID 004T) "Sunday Morning Call" "Carry Us All" "Full On" UK 7-inch and cassette single (RKID 004; RKIDCS 004) "Sunday Morning Call" "Carry Us All" Personnel Noel Gallagher – lead vocals, acoustic guitar, electric guitars, bass, keyboards, mellotron, synthesizer Alan White – drums, tambourine Charts Chart (2000) Peakposition Europe (Eurochart Hot 100) 17 Ireland (IRMA) 20 Italy (FIMI) 5 Scotland (OCC) 3 UK Singles (OCC) 4 UK Indie (OCC) 1 Certifications Region Certification Certified units/sales United Kingdom (BPI) Silver 200,000‡ ‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. Release history Region Date Format(s) Label(s) Ref. United Kingdom 3 July 2000 7-inch vinyl12-inch vinylCDcassette Big Brother Japan 5 July 2000 CD Epic References ^ a b "New Releases – For Week Starting July 3, 2000: Singles". Music Week. 1 July 2000. p. 23. ^ "Noel Gallagher Explains Why He Hates Oasis' 'Sunday Morning Call'". 9 July 2021. ^ "Why is Noel Gallagher called the Chief?". ^ "Rare Oasis Soundcheck Recording Is Up For Sale Via Auction Later This Month". 2 November 2022. ^ Sunday Morning Call (UK CD single liner notes). Oasis. Big Brother Recordings. 2000. RKIDSCD 004.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ Sunday Morning Call (UK 12-inch single sleeve). Oasis. Big Brother Recordings. 2000. RKID 004T.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ Sunday Morning Call (UK 7-inch single sleeve). Oasis. Big Brother Recordings. 2000. RKID 004.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ Sunday Morning Call (UK cassette single sleeve). Oasis. Big Brother Recordings. 2000. RKIDCS 004.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ "Eurochart Hot 100 Singles" (PDF). Music & Media. Vol. 17, no. 30. 22 July 2000. p. 9. Retrieved 7 September 2020. ^ "The Irish Charts – Search Results – Sunday Morning Call". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved 15 November 2018. ^ "Oasis – Sunday Morning Call". Top Digital Download. Retrieved 15 November 2018. ^ "Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 15 November 2018. ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 15 November 2018. ^ "Official Independent Singles Chart Top 50". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 15 November 2018. ^ "British single certifications – Oasis – Sunday Morning Call". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 12 May 2023. ^ "Oasis | Artist Information". Sony Music Entertainment Japan. Archived from the original on 7 April 2006. Retrieved 25 August 2023. vteOasis Liam Gallagher Noel Gallagher Paul "Bonehead" Arthurs Paul "Guigsy" McGuigan Tony McCarroll Alan White Gem Archer Andy Bell Touring members Jay Darlington Zak Starkey Chris Sharrock Studio albums Definitely Maybe (What's the Story) Morning Glory? Be Here Now Standing on the Shoulder of Giants Heathen Chemistry Don't Believe the Truth Dig Out Your Soul Compilation albums The Masterplan Stop the Clocks Time Flies... 1994–2009 Live albums Familiar to Millions Knebworth 1996 Demo albums Live Demonstration Singles "Supersonic" "Shakermaker" "Live Forever" "Cigarettes & Alcohol" "Whatever" "Some Might Say" "Roll with It" "Morning Glory" "Wonderwall" "Don't Look Back in Anger" "Champagne Supernova" "D'You Know What I Mean?" "Stand by Me" "All Around the World" "Don't Go Away" "Go Let It Out" "Who Feels Love?" "Sunday Morning Call" "The Hindu Times" "Stop Crying Your Heart Out" "Little by Little"/"She Is Love" "Songbird" "Lyla" "The Importance of Being Idle" "Let There Be Love" "Lord Don't Slow Me Down" "The Shock of the Lightning" "I'm Outta Time" "Falling Down" "Don't Stop..." Other songs "Rock 'n' Roll Star" "Columbia" "Slide Away" "Half the World Away" "Talk Tonight" "Cast No Shadow" "She's Electric" "Acquiesce" "The Masterplan" "Where Did It All Go Wrong?" "Stop the Clocks" "Boy with the Blues" Video albums Live by the Sea ...There and Then Lord Don't Slow Me Down Tours Definitely Maybe Tour (What's the Story) Morning Glory? Tour Be Here Now Tour Standing on the Shoulder of Giants Tour The Tour of Brotherly Love 10 Years of Noise and Confusion Tour Heathen Chemistry Tour Don't Believe the Truth Tour Dig Out Your Soul Tour Related groups Beady Eye Noel Gallagher's High Flying Birds Starclub Heavy Stereo Ride Hurricane #1 No Way Sis Related articles Discography Songs Awards and nominations Big Brother Recordings Brian Cannon Oasis: Supersonic The Dreams We Have as Children Standing on the Edge of the Noise "Wibbling Rivalry" "Boulevard of Broken Songs" Category Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oasis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oasis_(band)"},{"link_name":"Standing on the Shoulder of Giants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_on_the_Shoulder_of_Giants"},{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"}],"text":"\"Sunday Morning Call\" is a song by the English rock band Oasis, released as the third and final single from their fourth studio album, Standing on the Shoulder of Giants. It reached number four on the UK Singles Chart, number five in Italy, and number 20 in Ireland.","title":"Sunday Morning Call"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ukrel-1"},{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"Noel Gallagher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noel_Gallagher"},{"link_name":"psychedelic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychedelic_music"},{"link_name":"NME","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME"},{"link_name":"Allmusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allmusic"},{"link_name":"Time Flies... 1994–2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Flies..._1994%E2%80%932009"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Be Here Now Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be_Here_Now_Tour"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The song was released as the third and final single from the album on 3 July 2000,[1] peaking at number four on the UK Singles Chart, number five in Italy, and number 20 in Ireland. It was written and sung by Noel Gallagher.Though the song has the same anthemic feel that popularised many Oasis songs, and departs from the psychedelic feel of Standing on the Shoulder of Giants, which had been poorly received by critics, it received a mixed critical reception. NME described it as \"a dreary thing indeed\", whereas Allmusic described it as a \"self-consciously mature departure from the group's usual ebullience... a deliberately mellow, mid-tempo [song]\".\"Sunday Morning Call\" was included in the 2010 compilation album Time Flies... 1994–2009; however, the song was relegated to being a hidden track at the end of disc 2, being the only single to not be credited on the sleeve or be mentioned in the track listing. It was rumoured the reason for this is due to Noel stating in the audio commentary of the accompanying DVD that he \"hates\" the song. Noel confirmed this was in fact the case during an interview with Radio X in 2021 when he was asked why he disliked the song, to which Noel replied; \"Because it’s shit. I hate that song. I hate it so much [that] I left it out of the Oasis singles album. That’s how much I fucking hate it. And I wrote it!\".[2][3]\"Full On\" dates from 1997. It was played by the band during soundchecks in the Be Here Now Tour, for example at the G-Mex in Manchester on December 14, 1997.[4]","title":"Release and reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jack Nicholson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Nicholson"},{"link_name":"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Flew_Over_the_Cuckoo%27s_Nest_(film)"},{"link_name":"McMurphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randle_Patrick_McMurphy"},{"link_name":"Nurse Ratched","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nurse_Ratched"},{"link_name":"Vancouver, British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver,_British_Columbia"}],"text":"The music video is a take on the Jack Nicholson film One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest, with characters resembling McMurphy and Nurse Ratched. It was filmed in an old mental institution in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada and features Scottish actor James Cunningham.","title":"Music video"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"UK CD and 12-inch single (RKIDSCD 004; RKID 004T)[5][6]\"Sunday Morning Call\"\n\"Carry Us All\"\n\"Full On\"UK 7-inch and cassette single (RKID 004; RKIDCS 004)[7][8]\"Sunday Morning Call\"\n\"Carry Us All\"","title":"Track listings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Noel Gallagher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noel_Gallagher"},{"link_name":"mellotron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mellotron"},{"link_name":"Alan White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_White_(Oasis_drummer)"},{"link_name":"tambourine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tambourine"}],"text":"Noel Gallagher – lead vocals, acoustic guitar, electric guitars, bass, keyboards, mellotron, synthesizer\nAlan White – drums, tambourine","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certifications"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release history"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"New Releases – For Week Starting July 3, 2000: Singles\". Music Week. 1 July 2000. p. 23.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Week","url_text":"Music Week"}]},{"reference":"\"Noel Gallagher Explains Why He Hates Oasis' 'Sunday Morning Call'\". 9 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://rockcelebrities.net/noel-gallagher-explains-why-he-hates-oasis-sunday-morning-call/","url_text":"\"Noel Gallagher Explains Why He Hates Oasis' 'Sunday Morning Call'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Why is Noel Gallagher called the Chief?\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.radiox.co.uk/artists/noel-gallaghers-high-flying-birds/why-is-noel-gallagher-called-the-chief/","url_text":"\"Why is Noel Gallagher called the Chief?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rare Oasis Soundcheck Recording Is Up For Sale Via Auction Later This Month\". 2 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stopcryingyourheartout.co.uk/2022/11/rare-oasis-soundcheck-recording-is-up.html","url_text":"\"Rare Oasis Soundcheck Recording Is Up For Sale Via Auction Later This Month\""}]},{"reference":"Sunday Morning Call (UK CD single liner notes). Oasis. Big Brother Recordings. 2000. RKIDSCD 004.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oasis_(band)","url_text":"Oasis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Brother_Recordings","url_text":"Big Brother Recordings"}]},{"reference":"Sunday Morning Call (UK 12-inch single sleeve). Oasis. Big Brother Recordings. 2000. RKID 004T.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Sunday Morning Call (UK 7-inch single sleeve). Oasis. Big Brother Recordings. 2000. RKID 004.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Sunday Morning Call (UK cassette single sleeve). Oasis. Big Brother Recordings. 2000. RKIDCS 004.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Eurochart Hot 100 Singles\" (PDF). Music & Media. Vol. 17, no. 30. 22 July 2000. p. 9. Retrieved 7 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-and-Media/00s/2000/MM-2000-07-22.pdf","url_text":"\"Eurochart Hot 100 Singles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_%26_Media","url_text":"Music & Media"}]},{"reference":"\"British single certifications – Oasis – Sunday Morning Call\". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 12 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bpi.co.uk/award/18979-1114-1","url_text":"\"British single certifications – Oasis – Sunday Morning Call\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Phonographic_Industry","url_text":"British Phonographic Industry"}]},{"reference":"\"Oasis | Artist Information\". Sony Music Entertainment Japan. Archived from the original on 7 April 2006. Retrieved 25 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060407052044/http://www.sonymusic.co.jp/Music/International/Arch/ES/Oasis/","url_text":"\"Oasis | Artist Information\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Music_Entertainment_Japan","url_text":"Sony Music Entertainment Japan"},{"url":"http://www.sonymusic.co.jp/Music/International/Arch/ES/Oasis/","url_text":"the original"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Sunday+Morning+Call%22","external_links_name":"\"Sunday Morning Call\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Sunday+Morning+Call%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Sunday+Morning+Call%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Sunday+Morning+Call%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Sunday+Morning+Call%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Sunday+Morning+Call%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-51-0Mx_n0w","external_links_name":"\"Oasis - Sunday Morning Call (Official Video)\""},{"Link":"https://rockcelebrities.net/noel-gallagher-explains-why-he-hates-oasis-sunday-morning-call/","external_links_name":"\"Noel Gallagher Explains Why He Hates Oasis' 'Sunday Morning Call'\""},{"Link":"https://www.radiox.co.uk/artists/noel-gallaghers-high-flying-birds/why-is-noel-gallagher-called-the-chief/","external_links_name":"\"Why is Noel Gallagher called the Chief?\""},{"Link":"http://www.stopcryingyourheartout.co.uk/2022/11/rare-oasis-soundcheck-recording-is-up.html","external_links_name":"\"Rare Oasis Soundcheck Recording Is Up For Sale Via Auction Later This Month\""},{"Link":"https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-and-Media/00s/2000/MM-2000-07-22.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Eurochart Hot 100 Singles\""},{"Link":"http://irishcharts.ie/search/placement?page=1&search_type=title&placement=Sunday+Morning+Call","external_links_name":"The Irish Charts – Search Results – Sunday Morning Call\""},{"Link":"https://italiancharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Oasis&titel=Sunday+Morning+Call&cat=s","external_links_name":"Oasis – Sunday Morning Call\""},{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/scottish-singles-chart/20000715/41/","external_links_name":"\"Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100\""},{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/singles-chart/20000715/7501/","external_links_name":"\"Official Singles Chart Top 100\""},{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/independent-singles-chart/20000715/130/","external_links_name":"\"Official Independent Singles Chart Top 50\""},{"Link":"https://www.bpi.co.uk/award/18979-1114-1","external_links_name":"\"British single certifications – Oasis – Sunday Morning Call\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060407052044/http://www.sonymusic.co.jp/Music/International/Arch/ES/Oasis/","external_links_name":"\"Oasis | Artist Information\""},{"Link":"http://www.sonymusic.co.jp/Music/International/Arch/ES/Oasis/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/fc914daf-0008-3ec5-9b85-4eb021e739d1","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candy_Massaroni
Candy Massaroni
["1 Electoral history","2 Biography","3 References"]
American politician Candy MassaroniMember of the Kentucky House of Representativesfrom the 50th districtIncumbentAssumed office January 1, 2023Preceded byChad McCoy Personal detailsPolitical partyRepublicanResidenceBardstown, Kentucky Candy Hawks-Massaroni is an American politician who has served as a member of the Kentucky House of Representatives since January 2023. She represents Kentucky's 50th House district. Massatoni was first elected in 2022, defeating incumbent Republican Chad McCoy for renomination. Electoral history She was elected on November 8, 2022, in the 2022 Kentucky House of Representatives election. She assumed office on January 1, 2023. Biography Massaroni is a Christian and a United States Air Force veteran. References ^ "Candy Massaroni". Ballotpedia. Retrieved 2023-11-24. ^ "Legislator Information". services.statescape.com. Retrieved 2023-11-24. ^ "Nelson County woman seeking to unseat McCoy in 50th District 2022 primary - Nelson County Gazette". nelsoncountygazette.com. 2021-12-01. Retrieved 2023-11-24. Kentucky House of Representatives Preceded byChad McCoy Member of the Kentucky House of Representatives 2023–present Succeeded byincumbent vteMembers of the Kentucky House of Representatives Speaker David Osborne (R) Speaker pro tempore David Meade (R) Majority Leader Steven Rudy (R) Minority Leader Derrick Graham (D) ▌Steven Rudy (R) ▌Richard Heath (R) ▌Randy Bridges (R) ▌Wade Williams (R) ▌Mary Beth Imes (R) ▌Chris Freeland (R) ▌Suzanne Miles (R) ▌Walker Thomas (R) ▌Myron Dossett (R) ▌Josh Calloway (R) ▌Jonathan Dixon (R) ▌Jim Gooch Jr. (R) ▌DJ Johnson (R) ▌Scott Lewis (R) ▌Rebecca Raymer (R) ▌Jason Petrie (R) ▌Robert Duvall (R) ▌Samara Heavrin (R) ▌Michael Meredith (R) ▌Kevin Jackson (R) ▌Amy Neighbors (R) ▌Shawn McPherson (R) ▌Steve Riley (R) ▌Courtney Gilbert (R) ▌Steve Bratcher (R) ▌Peyton Griffee (R) ▌Nancy Tate (R) ▌Jared Bauman (R) ▌Kevin D. Bratcher (R) ▌Daniel Grossberg (D) ▌Susan Witten (R) ▌Tina Bojanowski (D) ▌Jason Nemes (R) ▌Sarah Stalker (D) ▌Lisa Willner (D) ▌John Hodgson (R) ▌Emily Callaway (R) ▌Rachel Roarx (D) ▌Matt Lockett (R) ▌Nima Kulkarni (D) ▌Josie Raymond (D) ▌Keturah Herron (D) ▌Pamela Stevenson (D) ▌Beverly Chester-Burton (D) ▌Killian Timoney (R) ▌Al Gentry (D) ▌Felicia Rabourn (R) ▌Ken Fleming (R) ▌Thomas Huff (R) ▌Candy Massaroni (R) ▌Michael Sarge Pollock (R) ▌Ken Upchurch (R) ▌James Tipton (R) ▌Daniel Elliott (R) ▌Kim King (R) ▌Daniel Fister (R) ▌Derrick Graham (D) ▌Jennifer Decker (R) ▌David W. Osborne (R) ▌Marianne Proctor (R) ▌Savannah Maddox (R) ▌Phillip Pratt (R) ▌Kim Banta (R) ▌Kimberly Poore Moser (R) ▌Stephanie Dietz (R) ▌Steve Rawlings (R) ▌Rachel Roberts (D) ▌Mike Clines (R) ▌Steven Doan (R) ▌William Lawrence (R) ▌Josh Bray (R) ▌Matthew Koch (R) ▌Ryan Dotson (R) ▌David Hale (R) ▌Lindsey Burke (D) ▌Ruth Ann Palumbo (D) ▌George Brown Jr. (D) ▌Mark Hart (R) ▌Chad Aull (D) ▌David Meade (R) ▌Deanna Frazier Gordon (R) ▌Nick Wilson (R) ▌Josh Branscum (R) ▌Chris Fugate (R) ▌Shane Baker (R) ▌Tom Smith (R) ▌Adam Bowling (R) ▌Cherlynn Stevenson (D) ▌Timmy Truett (R) ▌Derek Lewis (R) ▌Billy Wesley (R) ▌John Blanton (R) ▌Adrielle Camuel (D) ▌Jacob Justice (R) ▌Ashley Tackett Laferty (D) ▌Patrick Flannery (R) ▌Bobby McCool (R) ▌Danny Bentley (R) ▌Richard White (R) ▌Scott Sharp (R) ▌Republican (80) ▌Democratic (20) Kentucky General Assembly Kentucky House of Representatives Kentucky Senate This article about a Kentucky politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kentucky House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Chad McCoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad_McCoy"}],"text":"Candy Hawks-Massaroni is an American politician who has served as a member of the Kentucky House of Representatives since January 2023. She represents Kentucky's 50th House district. Massatoni was first elected in 2022, defeating incumbent Republican Chad McCoy for renomination.","title":"Candy Massaroni"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2022 Kentucky House of Representatives election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Kentucky_House_of_Representatives_election"}],"text":"She was elected on November 8, 2022, in the 2022 Kentucky House of Representatives election. She assumed office on January 1, 2023.","title":"Electoral history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"United States Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Massaroni is a Christian[2] and a United States Air Force veteran.[3]","title":"Biography"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Candy Massaroni\". Ballotpedia. Retrieved 2023-11-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://ballotpedia.org/Candy_Massaroni","url_text":"\"Candy Massaroni\""}]},{"reference":"\"Legislator Information\". services.statescape.com. Retrieved 2023-11-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://services.statescape.com/LegislatorInfo/Legislator.aspx?id=21305","url_text":"\"Legislator Information\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nelson County woman seeking to unseat McCoy in 50th District 2022 primary - Nelson County Gazette\". nelsoncountygazette.com. 2021-12-01. Retrieved 2023-11-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://nelsoncountygazette.com/?p=51487,%20http://nelsoncountygazette.com/?p=51487","url_text":"\"Nelson County woman seeking to unseat McCoy in 50th District 2022 primary - Nelson County Gazette\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malir_Cantonment
Malir Cantonment
["1 History","2 Governance","3 Population","4 Landmarks","5 Colleges and schools","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
Coordinates: 24°57′N 67°13′E / 24.950°N 67.217°E / 24.950; 67.217Not to be confused with Malir District. Cantonment in Sindh, PakistanArmyCantonmentMalir GarrisonCountryPakistanProvinceSindhCity DistrictKarachiEstablished11 October 1948Government • TypeCantonment Board • BodyCantonment Board Malir • PresidentBrigadier Amjad Mahmood • Cantonment Executive OfficerFarooq Ali MalikArea • Total42 km2 (16 sq mi)Population (2017 Census) • Total139,052 • Summer (DST)GMT +05:00Websitewww.cbmalir.gov.pk The Malir Cantonment (Urdu: ملیر چھاؤنی) is a cantonment town of the city of Karachi, in Sindh, Pakistan. It serves as a military base and residential establishment. History Declared a cantonment by the Royal British Government as POW Camp by Muhammad Irfan Malik and Ismail Sherwani on 11 October 1941, in the exigencies of World War II, this cantonment was taken over by the Pakistan Army in 1947. This cantonment serves as the main cantonment of Southern areas of Sindh province. It houses civil residences like the Cantonment Bazar Area, DOHS l & 2, Askari-5 and Falcon Complex, Army Cantonment is stretched over an area of 12 square kilometers. On 21 February 1948, Quaid-e-Azam visited a Pakistani Military unit for the first time, 5 Heavy Anti-Aircraft regiment (later 5 Light Army Air defence) in Malir Cantonment. Governance Location of Malir Cantt. marked 'E' in the administrative map of Karachi. Malir Cantonment is administratively governed through Cantonment Board Malir, a Local Body by its charter, under the jurisdiction of Ministry of Defence, through the Military Lands and Cantonment Department (ML&C), headed by a Director General. The governance of the Cantonment Board derives authority from the Cantonment Act, 1924 and rules made thereunder. The cantonment maintains its own infrastructure of water supply, electricity and is outside the jurisdiction of City District Government Karachi. Population Roughly it is around 180,000 and includes all the ethnic and linguistic groups of Pakistan. Majority of its population consists of serving and retired armed services personnel along with notable civilian businessmen and bureaucrats. Landmarks Fazaia Inter College Army public school north Army public school south Defence Officers Club Combined Military Hospital CMH Malir Cantt Askari Star Mall Indus project cp6 PAF Base Malir Ordnance Center Headquarters Mechanized Division Headquarters Air Defence Division SAAD (School of Army Air Defence) Inter Services Selection Board (ISSB) DOHS 1 & 2 Station Headquarters Tipu Sultan Co-operative Housing Society Gulshan-e-Roomi Air Defence Brigade AFOHS Complex, New Malir (Falcon Housing Scheme Phase II, Chota Malir) Saadi Town Falcon Complex (AFOHS) Phase I Scheme for PAF Officers & Capital Cooperative Housing Society ASKARI-V Housing Scheme. KESC Society Sumaira Bungalows Gulshan-e-Umair (Exists within Cantonment limits ) Encroached Kachhi Aabadi Rizwan Pakwan House. Cantt Bazaar Area. D. O. H. S. Phase I D. O. H. S. Phase II Check Post 1 to Check Post 6 Colleges and schools Karachi Institute Of Medical Sciences, CMH Malir Cantt Fazaia Intermediate College, Malir Cantt (previously named as PAF Intermediate College & School, Malir Cantt) Army Public Schools & Colleges System Cantonment Board Montessori, Model School & College Government Degree Science College, Malir Cantt F G Public School & College Malir Cantt Karachi See also Army Cantonment Board, Pakistan Malir River Malir Town Malir District Cantonment Saadi Town Gulshan-e-Osman Saadi Town References ^ a b "Malir cantonment disposed of offal of over 26,000 animals". The News International (newspaper). 25 July 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2022. ^ "Cantonment executive officers reshuffled across country". Dawn (newspaper). 22 December 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2022. ^ "The Unforgettable Reveille of 1948: Quaid's Visit to 5 Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment". Pakistan Defence. Retrieved 23 April 2023. ^ www.webspider.pk, Web Spider (pvt) Ltd. "The Unforgettable Reveille of 1948: Quaid's Visit to 5 Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment". hilal.gov.pk. Retrieved 23 April 2023. ^ Hussain. "Guide: Askari Star Mall, Malir Cantt". travelwithhussain.com. Retrieved 3 April 2019. External links Official website 24°57′N 67°13′E / 24.950°N 67.217°E / 24.950; 67.217 vte Cantonments of Pakistan ArmyPunjab Attock Bahawalpur Chaklala Gujranwala Jhelum Kamra Kharian Lahore Mangla Multan Murree Gali Murree Hills Okara Rawalpindi Sanjwal Sargodha Shorkot Sialkot Taxila Wah Walton Sindh Clifton Faisal Hyderabad Karachi Korangi Creek Malir Manora Pano Aqil KhyberPakhtunkhwa Abbottabad Bannu Dera Ismail Khan Havelian Kohat Mardan Nowshera Peshawar Risalpur Balochistan Khuzdar Loralai Ormara Quetta Zhob Gilgit-Baltistan Rattu See also: Defence Housing Authority
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Malir District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malir_District"},{"link_name":"Urdu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_language"},{"link_name":"cantonment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantonment"},{"link_name":"Karachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi"},{"link_name":"Sindh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"military base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_base"},{"link_name":"residential","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Residential"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Malir District.Cantonment in Sindh, PakistanThe Malir Cantonment (Urdu: ملیر چھاؤنی) is a cantonment town of the city of Karachi, in Sindh, Pakistan. It serves as a military base and residential establishment.","title":"Malir Cantonment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal British Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Pakistan Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Army"},{"link_name":"Quaid-e-Azam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah"},{"link_name":"5 Light Army Air defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5_Light_Air_Defence_(SAM)_Regiment"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Declared a cantonment by the Royal British Government as POW Camp by Muhammad Irfan Malik and Ismail Sherwani on 11 October 1941, in the exigencies of World War II, this cantonment was taken over by the Pakistan Army in 1947. This cantonment serves as the main cantonment of Southern areas of Sindh province. It houses civil residences like the Cantonment Bazar Area, DOHS l & 2, Askari-5 and Falcon Complex, Army Cantonment is stretched over an area of 12 square kilometers. On 21 February 1948, Quaid-e-Azam visited a Pakistani Military unit for the first time, 5 Heavy Anti-Aircraft regiment (later 5 Light Army Air defence) in Malir Cantonment.[3][4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Karachi_admin.PNG"},{"link_name":"City District Government Karachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_District_Government_Karachi"}],"text":"Location of Malir Cantt. marked 'E' in the administrative map of Karachi.Malir Cantonment is administratively governed through Cantonment Board Malir, a Local Body by its charter, under the jurisdiction of Ministry of Defence, through the Military Lands and Cantonment Department (ML&C), headed by a Director General. The governance of the Cantonment Board derives authority from the Cantonment Act, 1924 and rules made thereunder. The cantonment maintains its own infrastructure of water supply, electricity and is outside the jurisdiction of City District Government Karachi.","title":"Governance"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Roughly it is around 180,000 and includes all the ethnic and linguistic groups of Pakistan.\nMajority of its population consists of serving and retired armed services personnel along with notable civilian businessmen and bureaucrats.","title":"Population"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Combined Military Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_Military_Hospital"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"PAF Base Malir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAF_Base_Malir"},{"link_name":"KESC Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KESC_Society"}],"text":"Fazaia Inter College\nArmy public school north\nArmy public school south\nDefence Officers Club\nCombined Military Hospital CMH Malir Cantt\nAskari Star Mall [5]\nIndus project cp6\nPAF Base Malir\nOrdnance Center\nHeadquarters Mechanized Division\nHeadquarters Air Defence Division\nSAAD (School of Army Air Defence)\nInter Services Selection Board (ISSB)\nDOHS 1 & 2\nStation Headquarters\nTipu Sultan Co-operative Housing Society [Exists within Cantonment Limits]\nGulshan-e-Roomi [Exists within Cantonment Limits]\nAir Defence Brigade\nAFOHS Complex, New Malir (Falcon Housing Scheme Phase II, Chota Malir)\nSaadi Town [Exists within Cantonment Limits]\nFalcon Complex (AFOHS) Phase I Scheme for PAF Officers &\nCapital Cooperative Housing Society\nASKARI-V Housing Scheme.\nKESC Society\nSumaira Bungalows\nGulshan-e-Umair (Exists within Cantonment limits )\nEncroached Kachhi Aabadi\nRizwan Pakwan House.\nCantt Bazaar Area.\nD. O. H. S. Phase I\nD. O. H. S. Phase II\nCheck Post 1 to Check Post 6","title":"Landmarks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Army Public Schools & Colleges System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Public_Schools_%26_Colleges_System"}],"text":"Karachi Institute Of Medical Sciences, CMH Malir Cantt\nFazaia Intermediate College, Malir Cantt (previously named as PAF Intermediate College & School, Malir Cantt)\nArmy Public Schools & Colleges System\nCantonment Board Montessori, Model School & College\nGovernment Degree Science College, Malir Cantt\nF G Public School & College Malir Cantt Karachi","title":"Colleges and schools"}]
[{"image_text":"Location of Malir Cantt. marked 'E' in the administrative map of Karachi.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Karachi_admin.PNG/300px-Karachi_admin.PNG"}]
[{"title":"Army Cantonment Board, Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Cantonment_Board"},{"title":"Malir River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malir_River"},{"title":"Malir Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malir_Town"},{"title":"Malir District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malir_District"},{"title":"Cantonment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantonment"},{"title":"Saadi Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saadi_Town"},{"title":"Gulshan-e-Osman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulshan-e-Osman"},{"title":"Saadi Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saadi_Town"}]
[{"reference":"\"Malir cantonment disposed of offal of over 26,000 animals\". The News International (newspaper). 25 July 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/868129-malir-cantonment-disposed-of-offal-of-over-26-000-animals","url_text":"\"Malir cantonment disposed of offal of over 26,000 animals\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cantonment executive officers reshuffled across country\". Dawn (newspaper). 22 December 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dawn.com/news/1665118","url_text":"\"Cantonment executive officers reshuffled across country\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Unforgettable Reveille of 1948: Quaid's Visit to 5 Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment\". Pakistan Defence. Retrieved 23 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://defence.pk/pdf/threads/the-unforgettable-reveille-of-1948-quaids-visit-to-5-heavy-anti-aircraft-regiment.607872/","url_text":"\"The Unforgettable Reveille of 1948: Quaid's Visit to 5 Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment\""}]},{"reference":"www.webspider.pk, Web Spider (pvt) Ltd. \"The Unforgettable Reveille of 1948: Quaid's Visit to 5 Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment\". hilal.gov.pk. Retrieved 23 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://hilal.gov.pk/eng-article/detail/MzA1MA==.html","url_text":"\"The Unforgettable Reveille of 1948: Quaid's Visit to 5 Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment\""}]},{"reference":"Hussain. \"Guide: Askari Star Mall, Malir Cantt\". travelwithhussain.com. Retrieved 3 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.travelwithhussain.com/askari-star-mall-malir-cantt-karachi/","url_text":"\"Guide: Askari Star Mall, Malir Cantt\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamont_Bentley
Lamont Bentley
["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Death","4 Filmography","5 References","6 External links"]
American actor (1973–2005) Lamont BentleyBorn(1973-10-25)October 25, 1973Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.DiedJanuary 19, 2005(2005-01-19) (aged 31)Ventura County, California, U.S.Resting placeForest Lawn Memorial Park, Hollywood HillsOccupation(s)Actor, rapperYears active1989–2005Children2 Lamont Bentley (October 25, 1973 – January 19, 2005) was an American actor and rapper best known for his role as Hakeem Campbell on the UPN sitcom Moesha. Bentley was also known for his role as Crazy K in the 1995 horror film Tales from the Hood and C-Money in the 2001 film The Wash featuring Dr. Dre and Snoop Dogg. Early life Lamont Bentley was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin on October 25, 1973, the son of Donald Gardison and Loyce Bentley. Lamont grew up on Milwaukee's north side of town and attended Webster Middle School. He moved to Los Angeles with Loyce, who wished to pursue a career as a professional singer. Career Bentley dropped out of high school to pursue his own acting career, and had practiced autographs by the age of 12. He had to take odd jobs in movie theaters, a fish market, and a grocery store, among other places as he waited for his big break. His appearance enabled him to play the part of teens even into his twenties, and he landed a variety of small parts in television series and movies before landing bigger roles. Debuting in a 1986 Starburst commercial, he began his career as a child actor appearing in television commercials and guest spots on various television series before landing a role on the short-lived but critically acclaimed television series South Central in 1994. His first feature film role came in the 1995 horror movie Tales from the Hood, about the inner-city ganglands, an anthology of four stories focused on the consequences of the gang lifestyle. In that particular film, he played Crazy K, a cold and angry character. He once played a teenage father who opted to stay home with his child instead of turn out for the high school football team in a public service television announcement. In 1995, South Central creator Ralph Farquhar cast Bentley in the series Moesha as Hakeem Campbell, the always hungry friend of Moesha, which ran for six seasons on UPN. After Moesha ended, Bentley continued acting while pursuing a career as a rapper in the highly anticipated recording group UPRIZE with Marché Meeks aka "Cartier" and Tyson Pearson "Typhoon". In 2001, he appeared as C-Money in The Wash opposite Dr. Dre and Snoop Dogg. That same year, he portrayed Tupac Shakur in the television biopic Too Legit: The MC Hammer Story. Bentley made one of his last onscreen appearances in Spike Lee's crime drama Sucker Free City. Death Shortly after midnight on January 19, 2005, Bentley was driving alone when he was killed in a single-car accident in southern California's Ventura County. He was driving on Highway 118 near Simi Valley (30 miles northwest of Los Angeles). Witnesses to the accident stated that Bentley's vehicle was travelling at a high speed towards the Rocky Peak Fire Road off ramp. After running through a stop sign, the vehicle went through a chain-link fence situated across the street and rolled down an embankment. Bentley was ejected from the vehicle into traffic where five cars struck him. He sustained multiple blunt force injuries and was pronounced dead at 12:23 a.m. Bentley was survived by his two daughters and his mother Loyce Bentley. A memorial service for Bentley was held at Forest Lawn Memorial Home in Hollywood Hills, on January 24, 2005. He was buried at Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Hollywood Hills. Filmography Year Title Role Notes 1989 Duet Snake Episode: "Brother from Another Zip Code" 1990 Gabriel's Fire Teen Episode: "Windows" 1991 Equal Justice Childs Episode: "Courting Disaster" 1994 South Central Rashad 5 episodes 1995 Family Matters Andre Corleone Episode: "An Unlikely Match" 1995 CBS Schoolbreak Special Dom Episode: "What About Your Friends" 1995 Tales from the Hood Crazy K 1995 The Parent 'Hood Damon Episode: "Robert in the 'Hood" 1995 Courthouse Raymond Episode: "One Flew Over the Courthouse" 1996 The Client K-Boy-Kool Episode: "Motherless Child" 1996–2001 Moesha Hakeem Campbell 127 episodes 1997 A Day in the Life of Mia 1997 The Sentinel Marcus Watson Episode: "Pennies from Heaven" 1997 Buffalo Soldiers Corporal Sea Television movie 1998 NYPD Blue Arnell Episode: "Honeymoon at Viagra Falls" 1999 The Breaks Darryl 1999 Clueless Hakeem Campbell Episode: "Prom Misses, Prom Misses" 1999–2002 The Parkers Hakeem Campbell 3 episodes 2000 Soul Food Pruitt Episode: "Bad Luck" 2001 Ericah D'Marqus 2 episodes 2001 The Wash C-Money 2001 Too Legit: The MC Hammer Story Tupac Shakur Television movie 2002 The Proud Family Gary (Voice) Episode: "Hip-Hop Helicopter" 2004 Shards Thomas 2004 Sucker Free City Ahmir Television movie 2005 The Tenants Male Partygoer 2005 "Wifey" Movie 2009 A Day in the Life L Mob Released posthumously References ^ "Actor Lamont Bentley killed in car crash". USATODAY.com. January 19, 2005. Retrieved January 24, 2009. ^ Weintraub, Joanne (August 17, 1997). "Sitcom star dreams big". jsonline.com. Archived from the original on October 27, 2003. Retrieved January 24, 2009. ^ "Lamont Bentley". variety.com. January 20, 2005. Retrieved January 24, 2009. ^ a b Strickland, Daryl (January 21, 2005). "Actor Lamont Bentley, Known for Sitcom Role, Dies in Freeway Crash". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved November 5, 2012. ^ Garza, Jesse (January 24, 2005). "Talents of Milwaukee native remembered". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel: 3B. External links Lamont Bentley at IMDb Lamont Bentley at AllMovie Lamont Bentley at Find a Grave Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Poland
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Bentley was also known for his role as Crazy K in the 1995 horror film Tales from the Hood and C-Money in the 2001 film The Wash featuring Dr. Dre and Snoop Dogg.","title":"Lamont Bentley"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Milwaukee, Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Lamont Bentley was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin on October 25, 1973, the son of Donald Gardison and Loyce Bentley. Lamont grew up on Milwaukee's north side of town and attended Webster Middle School. He moved to Los Angeles with Loyce, who wished to pursue a career as a professional singer.[1]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"child actor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_actor"},{"link_name":"South Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Central_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Moesha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moesha"},{"link_name":"UPN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UPN"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"rapper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapping"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"The Wash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wash_(2001_film)"},{"link_name":"Dr. Dre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Dre"},{"link_name":"Snoop Dogg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snoop_Dogg"},{"link_name":"Tupac Shakur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupac_Shakur"},{"link_name":"Spike Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spike_Lee"},{"link_name":"crime drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_procedural"},{"link_name":"Sucker Free City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucker_Free_City"}],"text":"Bentley dropped out of high school to pursue his own acting career, and had practiced autographs by the age of 12. He had to take odd jobs in movie theaters, a fish market, and a grocery store, among other places as he waited for his big break. His appearance enabled him to play the part of teens even into his twenties, and he landed a variety of small parts in television series and movies before landing bigger roles.Debuting in a 1986 Starburst commercial, he began his career as a child actor appearing in television commercials and guest spots on various television series before landing a role on the short-lived but critically acclaimed television series South Central in 1994. His first feature film role came in the 1995 horror movie Tales from the Hood, about the inner-city ganglands, an anthology of four stories focused on the consequences of the gang lifestyle. In that particular film, he played Crazy K, a cold and angry character. He once played a teenage father who opted to stay home with his child instead of turn out for the high school football team in a public service television announcement. In 1995, South Central creator Ralph Farquhar cast Bentley in the series Moesha as Hakeem Campbell, the always hungry friend of Moesha, which ran for six seasons on UPN.[2]After Moesha ended, Bentley continued acting while pursuing a career as a rapper in the highly anticipated recording group UPRIZE with Marché Meeks aka \"Cartier\" and Tyson Pearson \"Typhoon\".[3] In 2001, he appeared as C-Money in The Wash opposite Dr. Dre and Snoop Dogg. That same year, he portrayed Tupac Shakur in the television biopic Too Legit: The MC Hammer Story. Bentley made one of his last onscreen appearances in Spike Lee's crime drama Sucker Free City.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ventura County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventura_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Highway 118","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_118"},{"link_name":"Simi Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simi_Valley"},{"link_name":"off ramp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Off_ramp"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-latimes-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-latimes-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Hollywood Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_Lawn_Memorial_Park_(Hollywood_Hills)"}],"text":"Shortly after midnight on January 19, 2005, Bentley was driving alone when he was killed in a single-car accident in southern California's Ventura County. He was driving on Highway 118 near Simi Valley (30 miles northwest of Los Angeles). Witnesses to the accident stated that Bentley's vehicle was travelling at a high speed towards the Rocky Peak Fire Road off ramp. After running through a stop sign, the vehicle went through a chain-link fence situated across the street and rolled down an embankment. Bentley was ejected from the vehicle into traffic where five cars struck him.[4] He sustained multiple blunt force injuries and was pronounced dead at 12:23 a.m. Bentley was survived by his two daughters and his mother Loyce Bentley.[4] A memorial service for Bentley was held at Forest Lawn Memorial Home in Hollywood Hills, on January 24, 2005.[5] He was buried at Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Hollywood Hills.","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daybreak_(Battlestar_Galactica)
Daybreak (Battlestar Galactica)
["1 Plot","1.1 Part 1","1.2 Part 2","1.3 Part 3","1.4 Epilogue","2 Production","3 Reception","4 References","5 External links"]
19th, 20th and 21st episodes of the 4th season of Battlestar Galactica "Daybreak"Battlestar Galactica episodesThe Galactica reaches the second EarthEpisode nos.Season 4Episodes 19, 20 and 21Directed byMichael RymerWritten byRonald D. MooreOriginal air dates March 13, 2009 (2009-03-13) (Part 1) March 20, 2009 (Parts 2 & 3) Running time141 minutes (aired)152 minutes (extended)Guest appearances Callum Keith Rennie as Leoben Kate Vernon as Ellen Tigh Dean Stockwell as Cavil Mark Sheppard as Romo Lampkin Rick Worthy as Simon Donnelly Rhodes as Doc Cottle Matthew Bennett as Aaron Doral Rekha Sharma as Tory Foster Kerry Norton as Layne Ishay Episode chronology ← Previous"Islanded in a Stream of Stars" Next →The Plan Battlestar Galactica season 4List of episodes "Daybreak" is the three-part series finale of the reimagined science fiction television series Battlestar Galactica, and are the 74th (labeled "Daybreak, Part 1" on the DVD) and 75th (labeled "Daybreak, Parts 2 & 3" on the DVD) episodes overall. The episodes aired on the U.S. Sci Fi Channel and SPACE in Canada respectively on March 13 and March 20, 2009. The second part ("Daybreak, Parts 2 & 3") is double-length. The episodes were written by Ronald D. Moore, and directed by Michael Rymer. The Season 4.5 DVD and Blu-ray releases for Region 1 feature an extended version of the finale, which not only combines all three parts as a single episode, but also integrates it with new scenes not seen in the aired versions of either part. The survivor count shown in the title sequence for Part 1 is 39,516. The survivor count shown in the title sequence for Part 2 is 39,406. At the end of Part 2, Admiral Adama announces the survivor population at approximately 38,000. The episodes portray the Galactica launching a rescue mission to retrieve Hera Agathon from the "colony", a heavily armed and defended Cylon base located near a black hole. They manage to rescue Hera and, in the end, the fleet finds a new planet to settle on, which they come to call Earth (revealed to be the actual Earth). The final episodes gave Battlestar Galactica the strongest ratings since its second season, though they received mixed reviews. Plot Part 1 The Galactica crew members and civilians divide themselves between those joining the rescue attempt, and those staying behind with the fleet. The flashback sequences during the course of the first part take place a few years before the Cylon attack on Caprica. William Adama (Edward James Olmos) is reluctant to undergo a lie detector test in preparation for a civilian desk job. Elsewhere, Gaius Baltar (James Callis) is getting tired of his father, Julius, who is abusive to his nurse. However, Caprica Six (Tricia Helfer) soon informs Baltar that she took his father into a care home, where he will be happier. Laura Roslin (Mary McDonnell) is living happily with her two sisters, one of whom is pregnant. But later, Roslin receives distressing news that both her sisters and father were killed in a car accident. Three months after, she is set up for a blind date and is encouraged to join Mayor Adar's presidential campaign. Lee Adama (Jamie Bamber) meets Kara Thrace (Katee Sackhoff) for the first time while she is seeing his brother, Zak (Tobias Mehler). When Lee arrives home drunk, he notices a pigeon in his house, and he chases it away. Lastly, the flashbacks focus on Anders (Michael Trucco), who is interviewed during his sporting career, where he admits to playing for the joy of the pursuit of perfection rather than the winning. Back in the present, Galactica is being stripped for parts to be used on other ships, while the military will be transferred to control the Rebel Basestar. The pictures of the fallen in the memorial hallway are also taken down. Baltar wants his people to have a seat on the quorum, but Lee refuses. Admiral Adama later decides to give amnesty to those who took part in the attempted coup d'état, as well as to Tyrol (Aaron Douglas), who is in the brig for helping Boomer (Grace Park) escape. This allows Tyrol to take part in the mission to retrieve Hera (Iliana Gomez-Martinez), who is being studied by the Cylons to determine how Cylons can reproduce. Adama announces a plan to rescue the child Hera at the colony and that it will be a one-way trip for the Galactica, and requires all Galactica personnel to either volunteer for the mission or decline in person. He and Starbuck lay a line down the center of the landing bay and personnel move to one side to volunteer or the other to remain with the Fleet. Doc Cottle (Donnelly Rhodes) attempts to join in, but is ordered back by Adama as the fleet cannot afford to lose a doctor. Several others join in the operation, including the original Cylon models, and a weakened Roslin. A Raptor is dispatched to the possible location of the "Colony", only to find it located very close to a black hole, but despite the circumstance, Adama orders an attack to begin and planning commences. Part 2 In flashback sequences, William Adama and Saul Tigh (Michael Hogan) celebrate their upcoming retirement, where Tigh convinces Adama to take his new job. Later, as Adama is questioned in an interview, he complains that no job is worth questioning his loyalty and decides to rejoin the military. Lee has dinner with Zak and Starbuck again. When Zak passes out, drunk, the sexual tension between Kara and Lee nearly erupts before they are interrupted by a stirring Zak. Back home, Lee again encounters the pigeon, but this time he does not chase it. Roslin meets her blind date, who happens to be a former student of hers. After spending the night together, she has second thoughts and ends the date; she then calls Adar's campaign, informing them of her intention to join it. Boomer meets Adama and Tigh for the first time, where she is warned that she is on the verge of ending her career due to her inability to land a Raptor. Given one last chance, Boomer gratefully tells the two that unlike other pilots, she will repay Adama one day. Meanwhile, Baltar, believing that Caprica Six is a corporate spy, allows her access to the military defense mainframe. He says that he is not doing this for her employers, but for her. Back in the present of the series, Baltar decides to join the mission with Caprica Six at the last minute; she later admits to being proud of him for the first time. At that moment it is revealed that Baltar's "Head" Six and Six's "Head" Baltar are aware of each other, and the two real-life counterparts see both of them. Romo Lampkin (Mark Sheppard) is installed as president, and Hoshi (Brad Dryborough) is given command of the fleet while Adama and Galactica set off to rescue Hera. A battalion of the self-aware Cylon Centurions who are aligned with the fleet march down the flight deck – red stripes painted diagonally on their chests to distinguish them from the others. Galactica jumps right next to the Colony, where they are immediately fired upon. Some of the Raptors, which are armed with nuclear weapons, make a short jump into the debris field and fly toward the back of the Colony; in the process, Racetrack (Leah Cairns) and Skulls (Collin Lawrence) are killed by an asteroid. Anders has been installed into the CIC computers, and disables the Colony-hybrids (Tiffany Lyndall-Knight). Starbuck's Raptor, carrying Athena and Helo, lands on the Colony – the only Raptor to make it through – and they enter to search for Hera. Galactica rams straight into the Colony, where a strike team led by Apollo rappels in from Galactica to search for Hera, eventually meeting with Starbuck's squad. Hera is rescued by Boomer, who kills Simon (Rick Worthy) and finds Starbuck's team. Boomer hands Hera over to Athena (Grace Park) and tells her to "tell the old man I owed him one." After her daughter is returned, Athena kills Boomer. Galactica is set upon by Cylon boarding parties arriving in "platoon strength", as reported to Tigh and Adama in the CIC. As Starbuck, Apollo, Athena and Helo return to the battlestar and make their way to CIC, they encounter a boarding party composed of Cavil's modern Centurions and original Cylon War models. Hera runs away in the confusion. She is spotted by Roslin, who had a vision of her while assisting with triage, and is able to hide her from the Cylons, until she disappears again. While Roslin gives chase, Baltar and Caprica Six also spot Hera and give chase as well. The chase parallels the Opera House vision shared between Athena, Roslin and Caprica Six. The chase ends in the CIC, where Cavil (Dean Stockwell) takes her hostage and demands to leave with Hera so she can be dissected and establish a method for Cylons to reproduce. Inner Six and Inner Baltar again appear jointly to Baltar, inspiring him to make the speech his entire life has led to, saying, among other things, that he sees angels, and that a divine force ("whether God or Gods") has entwined the destinies of both sides. Tigh provides the final incentive, saying that the Final Five will give the Cylons back resurrection (a solution to the problem of Cylon extinction) if they vow to forever go separate ways from humanity and end their pursuit. Combined, this convinces Cavil and Adama to end the war, Cavil gives Hera back and will let them leave in peace when the Final Five give the technology for resurrection. Part 3 Cavil calls a cease fire in preparation for the data download and the boarding parties retreat. Roslin and Adama look on as the Final Five begin the download of the technology for resurrection, with Saul and Ellen Tigh (Kate Vernon), Tory Foster (Rekha Sharma) and Galen Tyrol (Aaron Douglas) dipping their hands into Samuel Anders' (Michael Trucco) tank to transfer the data to the Colony. Ellen warns that during the download they will briefly have full knowledge of each other's memories and experiences. Tory asks that all bygones be left bygones. The download commences and the Final Five experience flashbacks to each other's lives on Earth and in the colonies. Tyrol learns then that Tory murdered his wife, Cally, and kills her in revenge before the downloading is complete. Feeling betrayed, the Cylons resume fighting; after the other Cylons in CIC are killed, Cavil dies by suicide. At the same instant, a chance rock strike in the debris field causes Racetrack's dead hand to fall on the launch button for her Raptor's nuclear weapons, which were primed for launch before the Raptor's crew was lost. The missiles strike directly into the Colony, knocking it out of orbit. With Galactica still tangled in the Colony and being dragged toward the singularity along with it, Adama orders Starbuck to jump the ship away, anywhere. In a flash of inspiration, Starbuck mutters "there must be some kind of way out of here" and enters coordinates into the computer as if she were playing the mysterious music notes which Hera had written. Galactica jumps away and out of danger, leaving the Colony to fall to its destruction within the black hole. The war is over, and the Humans and their allies have prevailed. Galactica arrives at Kara's mysterious coordinates, its final destination as the damage caused in the battle has rendered the ship incapable of surviving any further jumps. Miraculously, the Galactica finds itself in orbit around a moon, close to a habitable world: our own Earth. Hours later, the rest of the fleet joins Galactica at this new world. Lee makes the unorthodox suggestion that they abandon their technology and start afresh, while Adama and others discover primitive humans already occupying the planet. Since finding Earth had always been the goal of the Colonial Fleet, Adama suggests they call this new planet "Earth." The survivors – Galactica's crew, the remaining inhabitants of the fleet, and the Cylon Twos, Sixes, and Eights – take basic supplies and spread out across the planet; not to colonize and impose cities like the Twelve Colonies of Kobol, but to blend in with primitive early humans, adding their own human and humanoid Cylon "genetics" to the early humans. Anders takes control of their abandoned fleet and pilots it into the Sun, so that the new arrivals "can give them the best part of ourselves ... not the baggage ... not the weapons ... our hearts (rather than) our science." The Rebel Cylons decide that their Centurions have earned their freedom, and give them control of the Basestar, which jumps away to parts unknown. Baltar and Caprica Six are visited by their Inner messengers, who inform them that their destinies – to save Hera – have been fulfilled, and the two decide to live out the rest of their lives together. While resting under a tree, Roslin suddenly begins to have difficulty breathing. Adama quickly places her aboard a Raptor, and says a short, final goodbye to Lee and Starbuck before taking off. While admiring the wildlife below and looking for a place to build a cabin for them, Roslin dies peacefully. While Lee expresses his desire to venture off and explore the planet, Starbuck, her destiny as an Angel fulfilled, literally vanishes without a trace. Lee promises to never forget her. Tyrol decides to settle by himself on a remote northern island (implied to be the Scottish highlands). Helo (Tahmoh Penikett), Athena, and Hera are reunited as a family. Tigh and Ellen stay with the rest of the survivors. Adama eventually finds the place where he will build the cabin, and buries Laura on a nearby hillside. Epilogue New York City, 150,000 years later: humanity has reached the early 21st century, and the development of robotics and computerization continues unabated. Head Baltar and Head Six (no longer tied to the long-deceased Gaius Baltar and Caprica Six) comment on the recent discovery of what is believed to be "mitochondrial Eve" in Tanzania, the remains of Hera Agathon, progenitor of modern-day humanity. Head Six disagrees with her counterpart about humanity's next future: when a complex system repeats, something new is bound to happen, and this Earth—descendants of the abandoned planet Kobol, the planets of the Twelve Colonies of Kobol, and the original Earth may escape the vicious cycle of technology, surmising it to be a part of God's plan. Head Baltar reminds her, "It doesn't like that name," as the two stroll away. The episode and series end with a montage juxtaposing how we mistreat fellow humans alongside the progress of robotics in modern society, as the Jimi Hendrix song All Along The Watchtower plays. Production An Actroid at the Expo 2005 in Aichi, Japan. Footage from the Expo was featured in the episode's epilogue. In the episode's podcast, Moore and his wife Terry commented that they had trouble scouring for robot footage and clearing rights-issues. They also described one of the robots as the "most disturbing" of the bunch. "She's freaky. She's a Six in the making". Several cues from Stu Phillips' original Battlestar Galactica theme are heard at several junctions in the show, including when Adama flies the last Viper off the Galactica, and when Anders flies the fleet into the Sun. The final shot of the fleet leaving Earth's orbit is an exact recreation of the fleet stock shot from the original series. D'Anna Biers (played by Lucy Lawless) is the only Cylon not to appear in this episode, as her character had stayed on the original Cylon Earth at the end of "Sometimes a Great Notion". Before entering coordinates on the FTL-drive control console, Starbuck says " must be some kind of way out of here", which is the opening line of Bob Dylan's song "All Along the Watchtower". The coordinates she enters are revealed through flashbacks to be the numerical representation of the opening notes of that same tune. The song is a recurring motif throughout the fourth season, and the version sung by Jimi Hendrix is played at the end of the episode. The episode was partially shot in the area of Kamloops, British Columbia, Canada. The original rough cut of the episode (all three parts) ran over four hours long. Show creator Ronald D. Moore appears in a short cameo in the epilogue, as the long-haired man reading the fictional edition of National Geographic magazine in which the archaeological story is featured. Reception "Daybreak (Part 2)" was watched by 2.4 million total viewers, a 56% surge from the season three finale and the series' best numbers since the season 2.5 premiere, "Resurrection Ship, Part 1". This led to a 1.7 household rating. The series finale also drew 1.5 million viewers in the key 18-to-49-year-old demographic, and 1.6 million viewers aged 25-to-54, the best in each demographic since "Resurrection Ship, Part 2". The numbers do not take into account timeshifting via digital video recorders, which typically adds another 700,000 Battlestar Galactica viewers per episode. Critical reception of the finale varied. Alan Sepinwall of The Star Ledger wrote "so the amazing four-year journey of Battlestar Galactica comes to an end, and I feel very, very good about it – even as I suspect others may not." Mary McNamara of the Los Angeles Times praised Moore and the writing team for "not copping out" and commented that it was "hard to imagine a more visually and thematically satisfying finale". Richard Vine of The Guardian opined that "somehow, out of all the doom and gloom, death, destruction and nihilism we've had, Battlestar Galactica finished with something approaching a happy ending." He concluded that the episode was ultimately satisfying, noting that "most of the major questions were dealt with in some form or another." Mother Jones magazine noted that the finale did little to genuinely resolve many plotlines and subplots, and pondered the implications for the industry. Mark Perigard of the Boston Herald concluded that "The desire to wrap everything up in a neat package–which is so contrary to the spirit of this show–hobbled the series creators." Salon.com contrasted the finale with the rest of the series noting that the episode finished with "40 minutes of speeches about lessons learned and the need to 'break the cycle', the naiveté of which did indeed feel like a break— from the knowing, worldly stoicism that made Battlestar Galactica so refreshing to begin with." Time magazine noted that it seemed hard to believe that an advanced culture would discard all of its technology. Fantasy author George R.R. Martin expressed his dissatisfaction, commenting: "Battlestar Galactica ends with 'God Did It.' Looks like somebody skipped Writing 101, when you learn that a deus ex machina is a crappy way to end a story. Yeah, yeah, sometimes the journey is its own reward. I certainly enjoyed much of the journey with BSG. But damn it, doesn't anybody know how to write an ending any more? Writing 101, kids. Adam and Eve, God Did It, It Was All a Dream? I've seen Clarion students left stunned and bleeding for turning in stories with those endings." Josh Tyler of CinemaBlend concluded that the final resolution lacked credibility, but that the simple drama of the episode was one reason to view it positively. References ^ Wayne Rose (director); Michael Angeli (writer). "Blood on the Scales". Battlestar Galactica. Season 4. Episode 16. Sci Fi Channel. ^ Michael Nankin (director); Bradley Thompson & David Weddle (writers). "Someone to Watch Over Me". Battlestar Galactica. Season 4. Episode 19. Sci Fi Channel. ^ Michael Rymer (director); Michael Taylor (writer). "Crossroads". Battlestar Galactica. Season 3. Episode 19. Sci Fi Channel. ^ "Do You Believe in Angels?". Scifi.com. Archived from the original on 2009-03-24. Retrieved 2009-03-21. ^ a b Ronald D Moore. "Podcast for "Daybreak" (56.3 MB)". (Podcast). SciFi.com. Archived from the original on March 24, 2009. Retrieved April 27, 2009. ^ This is consistent with Ronald D. Moore's statement in Battlestar Galactica: The Last Frakkin' Special Archived 2009-03-22 at the Wayback Machine that they are "messenger(s) of a higher power" ^ Closing credits, "Daybreak (Battlestar Galactica)". Battlestar Galactica. Season 4. Episode 22. 2009-03-20. Sci Fi Channel. ^ a b c Sepinwall, Alan (2009-03-20). "Battlestar Galactica, "Daybreak, Part 2": There must be some kind of way out of here". The Star Ledger. Archived from the original on 2009-03-24. Retrieved 2009-04-01. ^ a b Bear McCreary, BSG music composer (2009-03-21). "Bear's Battlestar Blog". BearMcCreary.com. Archived from the original on 2009-04-20. Retrieved 2009-04-14. ^ Fox, Erin (2009-03-20). "Battlestar Galactica Episode Recap: "Daybreak – Part 2"". TV Guide. Archived from the original on 2009-04-07. Retrieved 2009-04-14. ^ "Past Productions | Thompson-Nicola Film Commission". Tnrdfilm.com. Archived from the original on 2012-03-13. Retrieved 2012-08-14. ^ STEVE WEINTRAUB (May 29, 2020). "Battlestar Galactica Series Finale: Ronald D. Moore on 4-Hour Original Cut". Collider. Archived from the original on November 18, 2020. Retrieved December 20, 2020. ^ a b Mitovich, Matt (2009-03-21). "Ratings: How Many Went Along for Galactica's Final Trip?". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. ^ a b c d Weprin, Alex (2009-03-21). "'Battlestar Galactica' Finale Delivers Most Viewers In Three Years". Broadcasting & Cable. Archived from the original on 2012-09-26. Retrieved 2011-10-17. ^ McNamara, Mary (2009-03-20). "'Battlestar Galactica' finale is satisfying -- so say we all". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 2010-05-15. Retrieved 2011-12-24. ^ Vine, Richard (2009-04-11). "Battlestar Galactica: season four, episode 22". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 2015-10-11. Retrieved 2011-12-24. ^ Party, Ben (2009-03-23). "Is the Galactica Finale Bad News for Lost?". Mother Jones. Archived from the original on 2012-01-13. Retrieved 2011-10-17. ^ Perigard, Mark (2009-03-21). "'Battlestar': The final blow". Boston Herald. Archived from the original on 2012-09-15. Retrieved 2009-04-01. ^ Miller, Laura (2009-03-21). "Goodbye, "Galactica"". Salon.com. Archived from the original on 2009-09-24. Retrieved 2011-10-17. ^ Poniewozik, James (2009-03-20). "BSG Watch: A Long Time Ago, In a Galaxy Far, Far Away". Tuned In. Time. Archived from the original on 2011-10-05. Retrieved 2020-10-17. ^ Martin, George R.R. (April 5, 2009). "Writing 101". LiveJournal. Archived from the original on April 22, 2014. ^ Tyler, Josh (March 20, 2009). "Why The Battlestar Galactica Finale Is A Huge Cop Out And It Doesn't Matter". CinemaBlend. Archived from the original on October 21, 2021. Retrieved October 21, 2021. External links "Daybreak (Part 1)" at the Battlestar Wiki "Daybreak (Part 1)" at Syfy "Daybreak (Part 1)" at IMDb "Daybreak (Part 2) at the Battlestar Wiki "Daybreak (Part 2)" at Syfy "Daybreak (Part 2)" at IMDb Ronald D. Moore interview with TV critic Maureen Ryan https://www.moryan.com/2019/04/13/see-you-on-the-other-side-my-battlestar-galactica-post-finale-interviews-and-review/ vteBattlestar Galactica episodesSeason 1 "33" "Water" "Bastille Day" "Act of Contrition" "You Can't Go Home Again" "Litmus" "Six Degrees of Separation" "Flesh and Bone" "Tigh Me Up, Tigh Me Down" "The Hand of God" "Colonial Day" "Kobol's Last Gleaming" Season 2 "Scattered" "Valley of Darkness" "Fragged" "Resistance" "The Farm" "Home" "Final Cut" "Flight of the Phoenix" "Pegasus" "Resurrection Ship" "Epiphanies" "Black Market" "Scar" "Sacrifice" "The Captain's Hand" "Downloaded" "Lay Down Your Burdens" Season 3 "Occupation" "Precipice" "Exodus" "Collaborators" "Torn" "A Measure of Salvation" "Hero" "Unfinished Business" "The Passage" "The Eye of Jupiter" "Rapture" "Taking a Break from All Your Worries" "The Woman King" "A Day in the Life" "Dirty Hands" "Maelstrom" "The Son Also Rises" "Crossroads" Season 4 Razor "He That Believeth in Me" "Six of One" "The Ties That Bind" "Escape Velocity" "The Road Less Traveled" "Faith" "Guess What's Coming to Dinner?" "Sine Qua Non" "The Hub" "Revelations" "Sometimes a Great Notion" "A Disquiet Follows My Soul" "The Oath" "Blood on the Scales" "No Exit" "Deadlock" "Someone to Watch Over Me" "Islanded in a Stream of Stars" "Daybreak" Other Battlestar Galactica (miniseries) The Resistance Razor Flashbacks The Face of the Enemy The Plan Blood & Chrome Caprica
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"science fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction"},{"link_name":"television series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_series"},{"link_name":"Battlestar Galactica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battlestar_Galactica_(2004_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Sci Fi Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syfy"},{"link_name":"SPACE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_(Canadian_TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"Ronald D. Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_D._Moore"},{"link_name":"Michael Rymer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Rymer"},{"link_name":"black hole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_hole"},{"link_name":"Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth"}],"text":"\"Daybreak\" is the three-part series finale of the reimagined science fiction television series Battlestar Galactica, and are the 74th (labeled \"Daybreak, Part 1\" on the DVD) and 75th (labeled \"Daybreak, Parts 2 & 3\" on the DVD) episodes overall. The episodes aired on the U.S. Sci Fi Channel and SPACE in Canada respectively on March 13 and March 20, 2009. The second part (\"Daybreak, Parts 2 & 3\") is double-length. The episodes were written by Ronald D. Moore, and directed by Michael Rymer. The Season 4.5 DVD and Blu-ray releases for Region 1 feature an extended version of the finale, which not only combines all three parts as a single episode, but also integrates it with new scenes not seen in the aired versions of either part. The survivor count shown in the title sequence for Part 1 is 39,516. The survivor count shown in the title sequence for Part 2 is 39,406. At the end of Part 2, Admiral Adama announces the survivor population at approximately 38,000.The episodes portray the Galactica launching a rescue mission to retrieve Hera Agathon from the \"colony\", a heavily armed and defended Cylon base located near a black hole. They manage to rescue Hera and, in the end, the fleet finds a new planet to settle on, which they come to call Earth (revealed to be the actual Earth). The final episodes gave Battlestar Galactica the strongest ratings since its second season, though they received mixed reviews.","title":"Daybreak (Battlestar Galactica)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BattlestarGalactica_--_4x19_-_Daybreak_(Part_1).jpg"},{"link_name":"William Adama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Adama"},{"link_name":"Edward James Olmos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_James_Olmos"},{"link_name":"Gaius Baltar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Baltar"},{"link_name":"James Callis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Callis"},{"link_name":"Caprica Six","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Number_Six_(Battlestar_Galactica)"},{"link_name":"Tricia Helfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricia_Helfer"},{"link_name":"Laura Roslin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Roslin"},{"link_name":"Mary McDonnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_McDonnell"},{"link_name":"Lee Adama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Adama"},{"link_name":"Jamie Bamber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Bamber"},{"link_name":"Kara Thrace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara_Thrace"},{"link_name":"Katee Sackhoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katee_Sackhoff"},{"link_name":"Zak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zak_Adama"},{"link_name":"Tobias Mehler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobias_Mehler"},{"link_name":"pigeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigeon"},{"link_name":"Anders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Anders"},{"link_name":"Michael Trucco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Trucco"},{"link_name":"Galactica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battlestar_Galactica_(ship)#Battlestar_Galactica_(2003)"},{"link_name":"Basestar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basestar"},{"link_name":"amnesty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty"},{"link_name":"coup d'état","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Tyrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galen_Tyrol"},{"link_name":"Aaron Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Douglas_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Boomer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharon_Valerii"},{"link_name":"Grace Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Park_(actress)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Cylons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylon_(reimagining)"},{"link_name":"Doc Cottle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherman_Cottle"},{"link_name":"Donnelly Rhodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donnelly_Rhodes"},{"link_name":"black hole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_hole"}],"sub_title":"Part 1","text":"The Galactica crew members and civilians divide themselves between those joining the rescue attempt, and those staying behind with the fleet.The flashback sequences during the course of the first part take place a few years before the Cylon attack on Caprica. William Adama (Edward James Olmos) is reluctant to undergo a lie detector test in preparation for a civilian desk job. Elsewhere, Gaius Baltar (James Callis) is getting tired of his father, Julius, who is abusive to his nurse. However, Caprica Six (Tricia Helfer) soon informs Baltar that she took his father into a care home, where he will be happier. Laura Roslin (Mary McDonnell) is living happily with her two sisters, one of whom is pregnant. But later, Roslin receives distressing news that both her sisters and father were killed in a car accident. Three months after, she is set up for a blind date and is encouraged to join Mayor Adar's presidential campaign. Lee Adama (Jamie Bamber) meets Kara Thrace (Katee Sackhoff) for the first time while she is seeing his brother, Zak (Tobias Mehler). When Lee arrives home drunk, he notices a pigeon in his house, and he chases it away. Lastly, the flashbacks focus on Anders (Michael Trucco), who is interviewed during his sporting career, where he admits to playing for the joy of the pursuit of perfection rather than the winning.Back in the present, Galactica is being stripped for parts to be used on other ships, while the military will be transferred to control the Rebel Basestar. The pictures of the fallen in the memorial hallway are also taken down. Baltar wants his people to have a seat on the quorum, but Lee refuses. Admiral Adama later decides to give amnesty to those who took part in the attempted coup d'état,[1] as well as to Tyrol (Aaron Douglas), who is in the brig for helping Boomer (Grace Park) escape.[2] This allows Tyrol to take part in the mission to retrieve Hera (Iliana Gomez-Martinez), who is being studied by the Cylons to determine how Cylons can reproduce. Adama announces a plan to rescue the child Hera at the colony and that it will be a one-way trip for the Galactica, and requires all Galactica personnel to either volunteer for the mission or decline in person. He and Starbuck lay a line down the center of the landing bay and personnel move to one side to volunteer or the other to remain with the Fleet. Doc Cottle (Donnelly Rhodes) attempts to join in, but is ordered back by Adama as the fleet cannot afford to lose a doctor. Several others join in the operation, including the original Cylon models, and a weakened Roslin. A Raptor is dispatched to the possible location of the \"Colony\", only to find it located very close to a black hole, but despite the circumstance, Adama orders an attack to begin and planning commences.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saul Tigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saul_Tigh"},{"link_name":"Michael Hogan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Hogan_(Canadian_actor)"},{"link_name":"Starbuck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara_Thrace"},{"link_name":"Romo Lampkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romo_Lampkin"},{"link_name":"Mark Sheppard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Sheppard"},{"link_name":"nuclear weapons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weapon"},{"link_name":"Leah Cairns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leah_Cairns"},{"link_name":"Simon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Number_Four_(Battlestar_Galactica)"},{"link_name":"Rick Worthy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Worthy"},{"link_name":"Athena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharon_Agathon"},{"link_name":"Grace Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Park_(actress)"},{"link_name":"triage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triage"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Cavil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cavil"},{"link_name":"Dean Stockwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Stockwell"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Final_David_Eick_video_blogs-4"}],"sub_title":"Part 2","text":"In flashback sequences, William Adama and Saul Tigh (Michael Hogan) celebrate their upcoming retirement, where Tigh convinces Adama to take his new job. Later, as Adama is questioned in an interview, he complains that no job is worth questioning his loyalty and decides to rejoin the military. Lee has dinner with Zak and Starbuck again. When Zak passes out, drunk, the sexual tension between Kara and Lee nearly erupts before they are interrupted by a stirring Zak. Back home, Lee again encounters the pigeon, but this time he does not chase it. Roslin meets her blind date, who happens to be a former student of hers. After spending the night together, she has second thoughts and ends the date; she then calls Adar's campaign, informing them of her intention to join it. Boomer meets Adama and Tigh for the first time, where she is warned that she is on the verge of ending her career due to her inability to land a Raptor. Given one last chance, Boomer gratefully tells the two that unlike other pilots, she will repay Adama one day. Meanwhile, Baltar, believing that Caprica Six is a corporate spy, allows her access to the military defense mainframe. He says that he is not doing this for her employers, but for her.Back in the present of the series, Baltar decides to join the mission with Caprica Six at the last minute; she later admits to being proud of him for the first time. At that moment it is revealed that Baltar's \"Head\" Six and Six's \"Head\" Baltar are aware of each other, and the two real-life counterparts see both of them. Romo Lampkin (Mark Sheppard) is installed as president, and Hoshi (Brad Dryborough) is given command of the fleet while Adama and Galactica set off to rescue Hera. A battalion of the self-aware Cylon Centurions who are aligned with the fleet march down the flight deck – red stripes painted diagonally on their chests to distinguish them from the others.Galactica jumps right next to the Colony, where they are immediately fired upon. Some of the Raptors, which are armed with nuclear weapons, make a short jump into the debris field and fly toward the back of the Colony; in the process, Racetrack (Leah Cairns) and Skulls (Collin Lawrence) are killed by an asteroid. Anders has been installed into the CIC computers, and disables the Colony-hybrids (Tiffany Lyndall-Knight). Starbuck's Raptor, carrying Athena and Helo, lands on the Colony – the only Raptor to make it through – and they enter to search for Hera. Galactica rams straight into the Colony, where a strike team led by Apollo rappels in from Galactica to search for Hera, eventually meeting with Starbuck's squad. Hera is rescued by Boomer, who kills Simon (Rick Worthy) and finds Starbuck's team. Boomer hands Hera over to Athena (Grace Park) and tells her to \"tell the old man I owed him one.\" After her daughter is returned, Athena kills Boomer.Galactica is set upon by Cylon boarding parties arriving in \"platoon strength\", as reported to Tigh and Adama in the CIC. As Starbuck, Apollo, Athena and Helo return to the battlestar and make their way to CIC, they encounter a boarding party composed of Cavil's modern Centurions and original Cylon War models. Hera runs away in the confusion. She is spotted by Roslin, who had a vision of her while assisting with triage, and is able to hide her from the Cylons, until she disappears again. While Roslin gives chase, Baltar and Caprica Six also spot Hera and give chase as well. The chase parallels the Opera House vision shared between Athena, Roslin and Caprica Six.[3] The chase ends in the CIC, where Cavil (Dean Stockwell) takes her hostage and demands to leave with Hera so she can be dissected and establish a method for Cylons to reproduce. Inner Six and Inner Baltar again appear jointly to Baltar, inspiring him to make the speech his entire life has led to, saying, among other things, that he sees angels,[4] and that a divine force (\"whether God or Gods\") has entwined the destinies of both sides. Tigh provides the final incentive, saying that the Final Five will give the Cylons back resurrection (a solution to the problem of Cylon extinction) if they vow to forever go separate ways from humanity and end their pursuit. Combined, this convinces Cavil and Adama to end the war, Cavil gives Hera back and will let them leave in peace when the Final Five give the technology for resurrection.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ellen Tigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_Tigh"},{"link_name":"Kate Vernon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Vernon"},{"link_name":"Rekha Sharma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rekha_Sharma"},{"link_name":"Galen Tyrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galen_Tyrol"},{"link_name":"Aaron Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Douglas_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Samuel Anders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Anders"},{"link_name":"Michael Trucco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Trucco"},{"link_name":"suicide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide"},{"link_name":"there must be some kind of way out of here","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Along_the_Watchtower"},{"link_name":"mysterious music notes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Along_the_Watchtower"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-podcast-5"},{"link_name":"Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth"},{"link_name":"Twelve Colonies of Kobol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve_Colonies_of_Kobol"},{"link_name":"Inner messengers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Number_Six_(Battlestar_Galactica)#Head/Inner/Messenger_Six"},{"link_name":"Tahmoh Penikett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahmoh_Penikett"}],"sub_title":"Part 3","text":"Cavil calls a cease fire in preparation for the data download and the boarding parties retreat. Roslin and Adama look on as the Final Five begin the download of the technology for resurrection, with Saul and Ellen Tigh (Kate Vernon), Tory Foster (Rekha Sharma) and Galen Tyrol (Aaron Douglas) dipping their hands into Samuel Anders' (Michael Trucco) tank to transfer the data to the Colony. Ellen warns that during the download they will briefly have full knowledge of each other's memories and experiences. Tory asks that all bygones be left bygones. The download commences and the Final Five experience flashbacks to each other's lives on Earth and in the colonies. Tyrol learns then that Tory murdered his wife, Cally, and kills her in revenge before the downloading is complete. Feeling betrayed, the Cylons resume fighting; after the other Cylons in CIC are killed, Cavil dies by suicide. At the same instant, a chance rock strike in the debris field causes Racetrack's dead hand to fall on the launch button for her Raptor's nuclear weapons, which were primed for launch before the Raptor's crew was lost. The missiles strike directly into the Colony, knocking it out of orbit. With Galactica still tangled in the Colony and being dragged toward the singularity along with it, Adama orders Starbuck to jump the ship away, anywhere. In a flash of inspiration, Starbuck mutters \"there must be some kind of way out of here\" and enters coordinates into the computer as if she were playing the mysterious music notes which Hera had written. Galactica jumps away and out of danger, leaving the Colony to fall to its destruction within the black hole.[5] The war is over, and the Humans and their allies have prevailed.Galactica arrives at Kara's mysterious coordinates, its final destination as the damage caused in the battle has rendered the ship incapable of surviving any further jumps. Miraculously, the Galactica finds itself in orbit around a moon, close to a habitable world: our own Earth.Hours later, the rest of the fleet joins Galactica at this new world. Lee makes the unorthodox suggestion that they abandon their technology and start afresh, while Adama and others discover primitive humans already occupying the planet. Since finding Earth had always been the goal of the Colonial Fleet, Adama suggests they call this new planet \"Earth.\" The survivors – Galactica's crew, the remaining inhabitants of the fleet, and the Cylon Twos, Sixes, and Eights – take basic supplies and spread out across the planet; not to colonize and impose cities like the Twelve Colonies of Kobol, but to blend in with primitive early humans, adding their own human and humanoid Cylon \"genetics\" to the early humans. Anders takes control of their abandoned fleet and pilots it into the Sun, so that the new arrivals \"can give them the best part of ourselves ... not the baggage ... not the weapons ... our hearts (rather than) our science.\" The Rebel Cylons decide that their Centurions have earned their freedom, and give them control of the Basestar, which jumps away to parts unknown. Baltar and Caprica Six are visited by their Inner messengers, who inform them that their destinies – to save Hera – have been fulfilled, and the two decide to live out the rest of their lives together.While resting under a tree, Roslin suddenly begins to have difficulty breathing. Adama quickly places her aboard a Raptor, and says a short, final goodbye to Lee and Starbuck before taking off. While admiring the wildlife below and looking for a place to build a cabin for them, Roslin dies peacefully. While Lee expresses his desire to venture off and explore the planet, Starbuck, her destiny as an Angel fulfilled, literally vanishes without a trace. Lee promises to never forget her. Tyrol decides to settle by himself on a remote northern island (implied to be the Scottish highlands). Helo (Tahmoh Penikett), Athena, and Hera are reunited as a family. Tigh and Ellen stay with the rest of the survivors. Adama eventually finds the place where he will build the cabin, and buries Laura on a nearby hillside.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"mitochondrial Eve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_Eve"},{"link_name":"Tanzania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzania"},{"link_name":"Kobol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobol"},{"link_name":"Twelve Colonies of Kobol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve_Colonies_of_Kobol"},{"link_name":"original Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_(Battlestar_Galactica)"},{"link_name":"Jimi Hendrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix"},{"link_name":"All Along The Watchtower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Along_The_Watchtower"}],"sub_title":"Epilogue","text":"New York City, 150,000 years later: humanity has reached the early 21st century, and the development of robotics and computerization continues unabated. Head Baltar and Head Six (no longer tied to the long-deceased Gaius Baltar and Caprica Six)[6] comment on the recent discovery of what is believed to be \"mitochondrial Eve\" in Tanzania, the remains of Hera Agathon, progenitor of modern-day humanity. Head Six disagrees with her counterpart about humanity's next future: when a complex system repeats, something new is bound to happen, and this Earth—descendants of the abandoned planet Kobol, the planets of the Twelve Colonies of Kobol, and the original Earth may escape the vicious cycle of technology, surmising it to be a part of God's plan. Head Baltar reminds her, \"It doesn't like that name,\" as the two stroll away. The episode and series end with a montage juxtaposing how we mistreat fellow humans alongside the progress of robotics in modern society, as the Jimi Hendrix song All Along The Watchtower plays.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Actroid-DER_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Actroid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actroid"},{"link_name":"Expo 2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expo_2005"},{"link_name":"Aichi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aichi_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-podcast-5"},{"link_name":"Stu Phillips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stu_Phillips_(composer)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-credits-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-starledger-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bear-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bear-9"},{"link_name":"D'Anna Biers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%27Anna_Biers"},{"link_name":"Lucy Lawless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_Lawless"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Sometimes a Great Notion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sometimes_a_Great_Notion_(Battlestar_Galactica)"},{"link_name":"Bob Dylan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Dylan"},{"link_name":"All Along the Watchtower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Along_the_Watchtower"},{"link_name":"Jimi Hendrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-starledger-8"},{"link_name":"Kamloops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamloops"},{"link_name":"British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"National Geographic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geographic_(magazine)"}],"text":"An Actroid at the Expo 2005 in Aichi, Japan. Footage from the Expo was featured in the episode's epilogue.In the episode's podcast, Moore and his wife Terry commented that they had trouble scouring for robot footage and clearing rights-issues. They also described one of the robots as the \"most disturbing\" of the bunch. \"She's freaky. She's a Six in the making\".[5]Several cues from Stu Phillips' original Battlestar Galactica theme are heard at several junctions in the show,[7] including when Adama flies the last Viper off the Galactica, and when Anders flies the fleet into the Sun.[8][9] The final shot of the fleet leaving Earth's orbit is an exact recreation of the fleet stock shot from the original series.[9] D'Anna Biers (played by Lucy Lawless) is the only Cylon not to appear in this episode,[10] as her character had stayed on the original Cylon Earth at the end of \"Sometimes a Great Notion\".Before entering coordinates on the FTL-drive control console, Starbuck says \"[There] must be some kind of way out of here\", which is the opening line of Bob Dylan's song \"All Along the Watchtower\". The coordinates she enters are revealed through flashbacks to be the numerical representation of the opening notes of that same tune. The song is a recurring motif throughout the fourth season, and the version sung by Jimi Hendrix is played at the end of the episode.[8]The episode was partially shot in the area of Kamloops, British Columbia, Canada.[11] The original rough cut of the episode (all three parts) ran over four hours long.[12]Show creator Ronald D. Moore appears in a short cameo in the epilogue, as the long-haired man reading the fictional edition of National Geographic magazine in which the archaeological story is featured.","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Resurrection Ship, Part 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resurrection_Ship"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ratings-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cable-14"},{"link_name":"household rating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Share_(ratings)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cable-14"},{"link_name":"Resurrection Ship, Part 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resurrection_Ship"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cable-14"},{"link_name":"digital video recorders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_video_recorder"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ratings-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cable-14"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-starledger-8"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Mother Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother_Jones_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bhblog-18"},{"link_name":"Salon.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salon.com"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"George R.R. Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_R.R._Martin"},{"link_name":"deus ex machina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deus_ex_machina"},{"link_name":"Clarion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarion_West_Writers_Workshop"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"CinemaBlend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CinemaBlend"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"\"Daybreak (Part 2)\" was watched by 2.4 million total viewers, a 56% surge from the season three finale and the series' best numbers since the season 2.5 premiere, \"Resurrection Ship, Part 1\".[13][14] This led to a 1.7 household rating.[14] The series finale also drew 1.5 million viewers in the key 18-to-49-year-old demographic, and 1.6 million viewers aged 25-to-54, the best in each demographic since \"Resurrection Ship, Part 2\".[14] The numbers do not take into account timeshifting via digital video recorders, which typically adds another 700,000 Battlestar Galactica viewers per episode.[13][14]Critical reception of the finale varied. Alan Sepinwall of The Star Ledger wrote \"so the amazing four-year journey of Battlestar Galactica comes to an end, and I feel very, very good about it – even as I suspect others may not.\"[8] Mary McNamara of the Los Angeles Times praised Moore and the writing team for \"not copping out\" and commented that it was \"hard to imagine a more visually and thematically satisfying finale\".[15] Richard Vine of The Guardian opined that \"somehow, out of all the doom and gloom, death, destruction and nihilism we've had, Battlestar Galactica finished with something approaching a happy ending.\" He concluded that the episode was ultimately satisfying, noting that \"most of the major questions were dealt with in some form or another.\"[16]Mother Jones magazine noted that the finale did little to genuinely resolve many plotlines and subplots, and pondered the implications for the industry.[17] Mark Perigard of the Boston Herald concluded that \"The desire to wrap everything up in a neat package–which is so contrary to the spirit of this show–hobbled the series creators.\"[18] Salon.com contrasted the finale with the rest of the series noting that the episode finished with \"40 minutes of speeches about lessons learned and the need to 'break the cycle', the naiveté of which did indeed feel like a break— from the knowing, worldly stoicism that made Battlestar Galactica so refreshing to begin with.\"[19] Time magazine noted that it seemed hard to believe that an advanced culture would discard all of its technology.[20]Fantasy author George R.R. Martin expressed his dissatisfaction, commenting: \"Battlestar Galactica ends with 'God Did It.' Looks like somebody skipped Writing 101, when you learn that a deus ex machina is a crappy way to end a story. Yeah, yeah, sometimes the journey is its own reward. I certainly enjoyed much of the journey with BSG. But damn it, doesn't anybody know how to write an ending any more? Writing 101, kids. Adam and Eve, God Did It, It Was All a Dream? I've seen Clarion students left stunned and bleeding for turning in stories with those endings.\"[21]Josh Tyler of CinemaBlend concluded that the final resolution lacked credibility, but that the simple drama of the episode was one reason to view it positively.[22]","title":"Reception"}]
[{"image_text":"The Galactica crew members and civilians divide themselves between those joining the rescue attempt, and those staying behind with the fleet.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/23/BattlestarGalactica_--_4x19_-_Daybreak_%28Part_1%29.jpg/220px-BattlestarGalactica_--_4x19_-_Daybreak_%28Part_1%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"An Actroid at the Expo 2005 in Aichi, Japan. Footage from the Expo was featured in the episode's epilogue.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Actroid-DER_01.jpg/170px-Actroid-DER_01.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Wayne Rose (director); Michael Angeli (writer). \"Blood on the Scales\". Battlestar Galactica. Season 4. Episode 16. Sci Fi Channel.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wayne_Rose&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Wayne Rose"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Angeli","url_text":"Michael Angeli"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_on_the_Scales","url_text":"Blood on the Scales"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battlestar_Galactica_(2004_TV_series)","url_text":"Battlestar Galactica"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci_Fi_Channel_(United_States)","url_text":"Sci Fi Channel"}]},{"reference":"Michael Nankin (director); Bradley Thompson & David Weddle (writers). \"Someone to Watch Over Me\". Battlestar Galactica. Season 4. Episode 19. Sci Fi Channel.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Nankin","url_text":"Michael Nankin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradley_Thompson","url_text":"Bradley Thompson"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Weddle","url_text":"David Weddle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Someone_to_Watch_Over_Me_(Battlestar_Galactica)","url_text":"Someone to Watch Over Me"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battlestar_Galactica_(2004_TV_series)","url_text":"Battlestar Galactica"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci_Fi_Channel_(United_States)","url_text":"Sci Fi Channel"}]},{"reference":"Michael Rymer (director); Michael Taylor (writer). \"Crossroads\". Battlestar Galactica. Season 3. Episode 19. Sci Fi Channel.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Rymer","url_text":"Michael Rymer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Taylor_(screenwriter)","url_text":"Michael Taylor"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossroads_(Battlestar_Galactica)","url_text":"Crossroads"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battlestar_Galactica_(2004_TV_series)","url_text":"Battlestar Galactica"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci_Fi_Channel_(United_States)","url_text":"Sci Fi Channel"}]},{"reference":"\"Do You Believe in Angels?\". Scifi.com. Archived from the original on 2009-03-24. Retrieved 2009-03-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090324032134/http://www.scifi.com/battlestar/?clip=10","url_text":"\"Do You Believe in Angels?\""},{"url":"http://www.scifi.com/battlestar/?clip=10","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ronald D Moore. \"Podcast for \"Daybreak\" (56.3 MB)\". [scifi.com] (Podcast). SciFi.com. Archived from the original on March 24, 2009. Retrieved April 27, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090324221120/http://media.scifi.com/battlestar/downloads/podcast/mp3/421-423/bsg_ep421-423_FULL.mp3","url_text":"\"Podcast for \"Daybreak\" (56.3 MB)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SciFi.com","url_text":"SciFi.com"},{"url":"http://media.scifi.com/battlestar/downloads/podcast/mp3/421-423/bsg_ep421-423_FULL.mp3","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Daybreak (Battlestar Galactica)\". Battlestar Galactica. Season 4. Episode 22. 2009-03-20. Sci Fi Channel.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci_Fi_Channel_(United_States)","url_text":"Sci Fi Channel"}]},{"reference":"Sepinwall, Alan (2009-03-20). \"Battlestar Galactica, \"Daybreak, Part 2\": There must be some kind of way out of here\". The Star Ledger. Archived from the original on 2009-03-24. Retrieved 2009-04-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nj.com/entertainment/tv/index.ssf/2009/03/battlestar_galactica_daybreak_1.html","url_text":"\"Battlestar Galactica, \"Daybreak, Part 2\": There must be some kind of way out of here\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Star_Ledger","url_text":"The Star Ledger"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090324031825/http://www.nj.com/entertainment/tv/index.ssf/2009/03/battlestar_galactica_daybreak_1.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bear McCreary, BSG music composer (2009-03-21). \"Bear's Battlestar Blog\". BearMcCreary.com. Archived from the original on 2009-04-20. Retrieved 2009-04-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bear_McCreary","url_text":"Bear McCreary"},{"url":"http://www.bearmccreary.com/blog/?p=1760","url_text":"\"Bear's Battlestar Blog\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090420094840/http://www.bearmccreary.com/blog/?p=1760","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Fox, Erin (2009-03-20). \"Battlestar Galactica Episode Recap: \"Daybreak – Part 2\"\". TV Guide. Archived from the original on 2009-04-07. Retrieved 2009-04-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090407095605/http://www.tvguide.com/Episode-Recaps/battlestar-galactica/Battlestar-Galactica-Episode-1004259.aspx","url_text":"\"Battlestar Galactica Episode Recap: \"Daybreak – Part 2\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Guide","url_text":"TV Guide"},{"url":"https://www.tvguide.com/episode-recaps/battlestar-galactica/battlestar-galactica-episode-1004259.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Past Productions | Thompson-Nicola Film Commission\". Tnrdfilm.com. Archived from the original on 2012-03-13. Retrieved 2012-08-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120313214857/http://www.tnrdfilm.com/past-productions?p=bsgfinal","url_text":"\"Past Productions | Thompson-Nicola Film Commission\""},{"url":"http://www.tnrdfilm.com/past-productions?p=bsgfinal","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"STEVE WEINTRAUB (May 29, 2020). \"Battlestar Galactica Series Finale: Ronald D. Moore on 4-Hour Original Cut\". Collider. Archived from the original on November 18, 2020. Retrieved December 20, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://collider.com/battlestar-galactica-series-finale-original-cut-details-ronald-d-moore/","url_text":"\"Battlestar Galactica Series Finale: Ronald D. Moore on 4-Hour Original Cut\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201118220205/https://collider.com/battlestar-galactica-series-finale-original-cut-details-ronald-d-moore/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Mitovich, Matt (2009-03-21). \"Ratings: How Many Went Along for Galactica's Final Trip?\". Seattle Post-Intelligencer.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.seattlepi.com/tvguide/404108_tvgif21.html","url_text":"\"Ratings: How Many Went Along for Galactica's Final Trip?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_Post-Intelligencer","url_text":"Seattle Post-Intelligencer"}]},{"reference":"Weprin, Alex (2009-03-21). \"'Battlestar Galactica' Finale Delivers Most Viewers In Three Years\". Broadcasting & Cable. Archived from the original on 2012-09-26. Retrieved 2011-10-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.broadcastingcable.com/article/190429-_Battlestar_Galactica_Finale_Delivers_Most_Viewers_In_Three_Years.php","url_text":"\"'Battlestar Galactica' Finale Delivers Most Viewers In Three Years\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasting_%26_Cable","url_text":"Broadcasting & Cable"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120926133630/http://www.broadcastingcable.com/article/190429-_Battlestar_Galactica_Finale_Delivers_Most_Viewers_In_Three_Years.php","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"McNamara, Mary (2009-03-20). \"'Battlestar Galactica' finale is satisfying -- so say we all\". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 2010-05-15. Retrieved 2011-12-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/2009/mar/20/entertainment/et-battlestar20","url_text":"\"'Battlestar Galactica' finale is satisfying -- so say we all\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100515215031/http://articles.latimes.com/2009/mar/20/entertainment/et-battlestar20","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Vine, Richard (2009-04-11). \"Battlestar Galactica: season four, episode 22\". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 2015-10-11. Retrieved 2011-12-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/culture/tvandradioblog/2009/mar/24/battlestar-galactica-television","url_text":"\"Battlestar Galactica: season four, episode 22\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151011000329/http://www.theguardian.com/culture/tvandradioblog/2009/mar/24/battlestar-galactica-television","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Party, Ben (2009-03-23). \"Is the Galactica Finale Bad News for Lost?\". Mother Jones. Archived from the original on 2012-01-13. Retrieved 2011-10-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.motherjones.com/riff/2009/03/galactica-finale-bad-news-lost","url_text":"\"Is the Galactica Finale Bad News for Lost?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother_Jones_(magazine)","url_text":"Mother Jones"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120113175218/http://motherjones.com/riff/2009/03/galactica-finale-bad-news-lost","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Perigard, Mark (2009-03-21). \"'Battlestar': The final blow\". Boston Herald. Archived from the original on 2012-09-15. Retrieved 2009-04-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bostonherald.com/blogs/entertainment/love_that_tv/?p=100&srvc=home&position=recent","url_text":"\"'Battlestar': The final blow\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Herald","url_text":"Boston Herald"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120915021228/http://www.bostonherald.com/blogs/entertainment/love_that_tv/?p=100&srvc=home&position=recent","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Miller, Laura (2009-03-21). \"Goodbye, \"Galactica\"\". Salon.com. Archived from the original on 2009-09-24. Retrieved 2011-10-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090924134522/http://www.salon.com/ent/tv/feature/2009/03/21/battlestar_galactica/","url_text":"\"Goodbye, \"Galactica\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salon.com","url_text":"Salon.com"},{"url":"http://www.salon.com/ent/tv/feature/2009/03/21/battlestar_galactica/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Poniewozik, James (2009-03-20). \"BSG Watch: A Long Time Ago, In a Galaxy Far, Far Away\". Tuned In. Time. Archived from the original on 2011-10-05. Retrieved 2020-10-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://tunedin.blogs.time.com/2009/03/20/bsg-watch-a-long-time-ago-in-a-galaxy-far-far-away/","url_text":"\"BSG Watch: A Long Time Ago, In a Galaxy Far, Far Away\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)","url_text":"Time"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111005213332/http://tunedin.blogs.time.com/2009/03/20/bsg-watch-a-long-time-ago-in-a-galaxy-far-far-away/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Martin, George R.R. (April 5, 2009). \"Writing 101\". LiveJournal. Archived from the original on April 22, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_R.R._Martin","url_text":"Martin, George R.R."},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140422022724/http://grrm.livejournal.com/82239.html","url_text":"\"Writing 101\""},{"url":"http://grrm.livejournal.com/82239.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Tyler, Josh (March 20, 2009). \"Why The Battlestar Galactica Finale Is A Huge Cop Out And It Doesn't Matter\". CinemaBlend. Archived from the original on October 21, 2021. Retrieved October 21, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cinemablend.com/television/Why-Battlestar-Galactica-Finale-Huge-Cop-Out-It-Doesn-t-Matter-16337.html","url_text":"\"Why The Battlestar Galactica Finale Is A Huge Cop Out And It Doesn't Matter\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CinemaBlend","url_text":"CinemaBlend"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211021004416/https://www.cinemablend.com/television/Why-Battlestar-Galactica-Finale-Huge-Cop-Out-It-Doesn-t-Matter-16337.html","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Innommables
Les Innommables
["1 Albums","2 References"]
Franco-Belgian comics by Yann le Pennetier "Les Innommables"Cover of Aventure en jaune, showing (from left to right): Tony, Alix, Mac and Tim.StoryYann le PennetierInkDidier ConradDate1980–2004 Les Innommables ("The Unnameables") is a Franco-Belgian comic series written by Yann le Pennetier and drawn by Didier Conrad. It began publication in serialized form in 1980 in Spirou magazine and was eventually published in album form by Dargaud. The series recounts the adventures of three U.S. Army deserters – Mac, Tony and Tim – in 1949, as they trek across Asia and search for Alix, who is Mac's lover and a Chinese communist spy. Les Innommables is characterized by its black humor as well as frequent displays of nudity and violence – which eventually ended the series' run in Spirou. The first edition of the album Alix-Noni-Tengu contained two alternative endings. In re-editions, only the second ending was retained. The character of Alix was made the subject of a seven-volume spin-off series, Tigresse blanche ("White Tigress"), set before the events of Les Innommables. Les Innommables has been translated into German (Helden ohne Skrupel) and Dutch (De onnoembaren). The album Pas-de-mâchoire was nominated for the 2001 Angoulême International Comics Festival Prize for Scenario. Albums The initial volumes Aventure en jaune and Shukumeï were published in 1983 by Temps Futurs and in 1987 by Bédéscope, respectively. The entire series was published by Dargaud from 1996 to 2004: Shukumeï, 2002 Le Cycle du Hong Kong ("The Hong Kong Cycle") Aventure en jaune ("Adventure in Yellow", 1996) Le Crâne du Père Zé ("Father Zé's Skull", 1994) Le Cycle du Lotus Pourpre ("The Purple Lotus Cycle") Ching Soao, 1995 Au Lotus Pourpre ("At the Purple Lotus, 1995) Alix-Noni-Tengu, 1996 Le Cycle de Corée ("The Korea Cycle") Cloaques, 1997 Poupée de bronze ("The Bronze Doll", 1998) Pas-de-Mâchoire, 2000 Le Cycle U.S.A. ("The U.S.A. Cycle") À l'est de Roswell ("East of Roswell", 2002) Au nord de White Sands ("North of White Sands", 2003) Au sud-ouest de Moscou, ("South-east of Moscow, 2004) A black-and-white magazine supplement, Matricule triple zéro (1996), takes place prior to the events of the albums, and recounts the desertion of the three protagonists. References ^ Lord, Denis (26 October 2002). "Bédé - Les État-Unis harcelés". Le Devoir. Retrieved 6 April 2013. ^ "Tigresse blanche : pour rugir de plaisir". Le Parisien. 1 August 2005. Retrieved 6 April 2013.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Franco-Belgian comic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Belgian_comics"},{"link_name":"Yann le Pennetier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yann_le_Pennetier&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Didier Conrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didier_Conrad"},{"link_name":"Spirou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirou_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Dargaud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dargaud"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Tigresse blanche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tigresse_blanche&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Angoulême International Comics Festival Prize for Scenario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angoul%C3%AAme_International_Comics_Festival_Prize_for_Scenario"}],"text":"Les Innommables (\"The Unnameables\") is a Franco-Belgian comic series written by Yann le Pennetier and drawn by Didier Conrad. It began publication in serialized form in 1980 in Spirou magazine and was eventually published in album form by Dargaud.[1]The series recounts the adventures of three U.S. Army deserters – Mac, Tony and Tim – in 1949, as they trek across Asia and search for Alix, who is Mac's lover and a Chinese communist spy. Les Innommables is characterized by its black humor as well as frequent displays of nudity and violence – which eventually ended the series' run in Spirou.The first edition of the album Alix-Noni-Tengu contained two alternative endings. In re-editions, only the second ending was retained. The character of Alix was made the subject of a seven-volume spin-off series, Tigresse blanche (\"White Tigress\"), set before the events of Les Innommables.[2]Les Innommables has been translated into German (Helden ohne Skrupel) and Dutch (De onnoembaren). The album Pas-de-mâchoire was nominated for the 2001 Angoulême International Comics Festival Prize for Scenario.","title":"Les Innommables"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The initial volumes Aventure en jaune and Shukumeï were published in 1983 by Temps Futurs and in 1987 by Bédéscope, respectively. The entire series was published by Dargaud from 1996 to 2004:Shukumeï, 2002\nLe Cycle du Hong Kong (\"The Hong Kong Cycle\")\nAventure en jaune (\"Adventure in Yellow\", 1996)\nLe Crâne du Père Zé (\"Father Zé's Skull\", 1994)\nLe Cycle du Lotus Pourpre (\"The Purple Lotus Cycle\")\nChing Soao, 1995\nAu Lotus Pourpre (\"At the Purple Lotus, 1995)\nAlix-Noni-Tengu, 1996\nLe Cycle de Corée (\"The Korea Cycle\")\nCloaques, 1997\nPoupée de bronze (\"The Bronze Doll\", 1998)\nPas-de-Mâchoire, 2000\nLe Cycle U.S.A. (\"The U.S.A. Cycle\")\nÀ l'est de Roswell (\"East of Roswell\", 2002)\nAu nord de White Sands (\"North of White Sands\", 2003)\nAu sud-ouest de Moscou, (\"South-east of Moscow, 2004)A black-and-white magazine supplement, Matricule triple zéro (1996), takes place prior to the events of the albums, and recounts the desertion of the three protagonists.","title":"Albums"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Lord, Denis (26 October 2002). \"Bédé - Les État-Unis harcelés\". Le Devoir. Retrieved 6 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ledevoir.com/culture/livres/11934/bede-les-etat-unis-harceles","url_text":"\"Bédé - Les État-Unis harcelés\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Devoir","url_text":"Le Devoir"}]},{"reference":"\"Tigresse blanche : pour rugir de plaisir\". Le Parisien. 1 August 2005. Retrieved 6 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.leparisien.fr/loisirs-et-spectacles/tigresse-blanche-pour-rugir-de-plaisir-01-08-2005-2006173922.php","url_text":"\"Tigresse blanche : pour rugir de plaisir\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Parisien","url_text":"Le Parisien"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_NATO_air_campaign_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina
Operation Deliberate Force
["1 Background","2 Campaign","3 Rapid Reaction Force","4 Aftermath","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
1995 campaign by NATO and UN forces against Republika Srpska during the Bosnian War This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: "Operation Deliberate Force" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article is about the NATO air campaign in August and September 1995. For NATO air campaigns in 1994 and the rest of 1995, see Operation Deny Flight. Operation Deliberate ForcePart of the NATO intervention in Bosnia and Herzegovina during the Bosnian WarA US Air Force F-16C aircraft returns to Aviano AB, Italy, from a mission in support of NATO airstrikes against the Army of the Republika SrpskaDate30 August – 20 September 1995LocationBosnia and HerzegovinaResult NATO victory Bosnian Serbs return to negotiationsBelligerents  NATO  France  Germany  Italy  Netherlands  Spain  Turkey  United Kingdom  United States UNPROFOR  Republika SrpskaCommanders and leaders / Leighton Smith/ Michael E. Ryan/ Stuart Peach/ Bernard Janvier/ André Soubirou/ Sir Rupert Smith/ Dick Applegate Sir Mark Mans Ratko Mladić Radislav KrstićStrength 400 aircraft 5,000 military personnel 1 Ticonderoga-class cruiser 500 French peacekeepers 320 British peacekeepers Dutch 1e Mortiercompagnie, Korps Mariniers 12 105mm guns 8 155mm howitzers 12 British Warrior AFVs 80,000 soldiersCasualties and losses 1 Mirage 2000N shot down 2 pilots POW 1 MQ-1 Predator shot down 25–27 soldiers killed 338 different targets hit, most of them destroyed 27 Bosnian Serb civilians killedvteBosnian War Sarajevo Sarajevo JNA column Foča Ilidža Zvornik Hrasnica Doboj Višegrad Prijedor cleansing Siege of Srebrenica Massacre Tuzla JNA column Galaja resistance Bihać Jackal Vrbas '92 Corridor 92 Smoluća Gornje Kolibe Majevica front Teočak and Priboj Korićani Cliffs Croat–Bosniak War Oganj '92 Bura Munja '93 Azići Banj brdo Žepče Kravica Duša Štrpci Travnik Mostar Deny Flight Ahmići Trusina Sovići/Doljani Dobrinja Bugojno Sadejstvo Mokronoge Grabovica Neretva '93 Lukavac '93 Stupni Do Cazin Križančevo Selo 1st Markale Banja Luka Tvigi 94 Brana '94 Washington Agreement Zvezda '94 Bøllebank Amanda Tiger Sarajevo incident Spider 2nd Kupres Shield '94 Vučja Planina Udbina airstrike Winter '94 Leap 1 Vlašić Orašje Pale airstrikes Tuzla Tekbir '95 Vrbanja Bridge Leap 2 Mrkonjić Grad Vozuća Miracle Summer '95 Storm 2nd Markale Deliberate Force Mistral 2 Sana Prijedor '95 Una Southern Move vteNATO intervention inBosnia and Herzegovina Maritime Monitor Sky Monitor Maritime Guard Deny Flight Sharp Guard Deliberate Force IFOR SFOR Operation Deliberate Force was a sustained air campaign conducted by NATO, in concert with the UNPROFOR ground operations, to undermine the military capability of the Army of Republika Srpska, which had threatened and attacked UN-designated "safe areas" in Bosnia and Herzegovina during the Bosnian War with the Srebrenica genocide and Markale massacres, precipitating the intervention. The shelling of the Sarajevo marketplace on 28 August 1995 by the VRS is considered to be the immediate instigating factor behind NATO's decision to launch the operation. The operation was carried out between 30 August and 20 September 1995, involving 400 aircraft and 5,000 personnel from 15 nations. Commanded by Admiral Leighton W. Smith Jr., the campaign struck 338 Bosnian Serb targets, many of which were destroyed. Overall, 1,026 bombs were dropped during the operation, 708 of which were precision-guided. On 19 occasions, depleted uranium munitions were used against targets around Sarajevo and Han Pijesak. The bombing campaign was also roughly conterminous with Operation Mistral 2, two linked military offensives of the Croatian Army, the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the Croatian Defence Council launched in western Bosnia. The campaign also lifted the siege of Sarajevo which led to the way for a negotiated settlement. Background The Bosnian War was an international armed conflict that took place in Bosnia and Herzegovina between 1 April 1992 and 14 December 1995. After popular pressure, NATO was asked by the United Nations to intervene in the Bosnian War after allegations of war crimes against civilians were made. In response to the refugee and humanitarian crisis in Bosnia, the United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 743 on 21 February 1992, creating UNPROFOR. The UNPROFOR mandate was to keep the population alive and deliver humanitarian aid to refugees in Bosnia until the war ended. On 9 October 1992, the UNSC passed Resolution 781, prohibiting unauthorized military flights in Bosnian airspace. This resolution led to Operation Sky Monitor, where NATO monitored violations of the no-fly zone, but it did not take action against violators of the resolution. On 31 March 1993, in response to 500 documented violations, the UNSC passed Resolution 816, which authorized states to use measures "to ensure compliance" with the no-fly zone over Bosnia. In response, on 12 April, NATO initiated Operation Deny Flight, which was tasked with enforcing the no-fly zone and allowed to engage the violators of the no-fly zone. However, Serb forces on the ground continued to attack UN "safe areas" in Bosnia, and the UN peacekeepers were unable to fight back as the mandate did not give them authority to do so. On 4 June, the UNSC passed Resolution 836 authorizing the use of force by UNPROFOR in the protection of specially designated safe zones. Operation Sharp Guard, a naval blockade in the Adriatic Sea by NATO and the Western European Union, was approved at a joint session of NATO and the WEU on 8 June and began on 15 June. On 6 February 1994, a day after the first Markale marketplace massacre, UN Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali formally requested NATO to confirm that air strikes would be carried out immediately. On 9 February, agreeing to the request of the UN, NATO authorized the Commander of Allied Joint Force Command Naples (CINCSOUTH), US Admiral Jeremy Boorda, to launch air strikes against artillery and mortar positions in and around Sarajevo that were determined by UNPROFOR to be responsible for attacks against civilian targets. Only Greece did not support the use of air strikes, but it did not veto the proposal. The council also issued an ultimatum at the 9 February meeting to the Bosnian Serbs, in which they demanded that the Serbs remove their heavy weapons around Sarajevo by midnight of 20–21 February or face air strikes. There was some confusion surrounding compliance with the ultimatum, and Hungarian Prime Minister Péter Boross announced that Hungary's air space would be closed to NATO aircraft in the event of air strikes. On 12 February 1994, Sarajevo enjoyed its first casualty-free day in 22 months since April 1992. On 28 February, NATO fighters operating under Deny Flight shot down four Bosnian Serb fighters for violating a no-fly zone in what would become known as the Banja Luka incident. This was the first combat operation in the history of NATO. On 12 March, the United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR) made its first request for NATO air support, but close air support was not deployed, owing to a number of delays associated with the approval process. On 10 and 11 April 1994, UNPROFOR called in air strikes to protect the Goražde safe area, resulting in the bombing of a Bosnian Serb military command outpost near Goražde by two US F-16 jets. This was the first time in NATO's history it had ever attacked ground targets with aircraft. Subsequently, the Bosnian Serbs took 150 UN personnel hostage on 14 April. On 16 April, a British Sea Harrier was shot down over Goražde by Bosnian Serb forces. That would become known as the Goražde incident. Around 29 April, a Danish contingent on peacekeeping duty in Bosnia, as part of UNPROFOR's Nordic battalion located in Tuzla, was ambushed when trying to relieve a Swedish observation post that was under heavy artillery fire by the Bosnian Serb Šekovići brigade at the village of Kalesija, but the ambush was dispersed when the UN forces retaliated with heavy fire in what would be known as Operation Bøllebank. On 5 August, at the request of the UNPROFOR, two US A-10 Thunderbolts located and strafed a Bosnian Serb anti-tank vehicle near Sarajevo after the Serbs seized weapons that had been impounded by UN troops and attacking a UN helicopter. Afterwards, the Serbs agreed to return the remaining heavy weapons. On 22 September 1994, NATO aircraft carried out an air strike against a Bosnian Serb tank at the request of UNPROFOR. On 25–26 May 1995, after violations of the exclusion zones and the shelling of safe areas, NATO aircraft carried out air strikes against Bosnian Serb ammunition depots in Pale. In retaliation, the Bosnian Serbs took 370 UN peacekeepers in Bosnia hostage and subsequently used them as human shields at potential targets in a successful bid to prevent further air strikes. On 2 June, two US Air Force F-16 jets were sent on patrol over Bosnia in support of Operation Deny Flight. While on patrol, an F-16 piloted by Captain Scott O'Grady was shot down by a Bosnian Serb 2K12 Kub surface-to-air missile. O'Grady was forced to eject from the aircraft. Six days later, he was rescued by US marines from the 24th Marine Expeditionary Unit from USS Kearsarge. The event would come to be known as the Mrkonjić Grad incident. On 11 July, NATO aircraft attacked targets in the Srebrenica area of Bosnia and Herzegovina as identified by and under the control of the United Nations. This was in response to Bosnian Serb forces advancing on the UN-declared Safe Area of Srebrenica. Bosnian Serb warlord Ratko Mladić threatened to kill 50 UN peacekeepers who were seized as hostages and also threatened to shell the Muslim population in Srebrenica if NATO air strikes continued. The UN peacekeepers called off the air strikes and agreed to withdraw from Srebrenica as the Bosnian Serbs promised they would take care of the Muslim population for the peacekeepers to spare their own lives. For two weeks, VRS forces under Mladić killed over 8,000 Bosniaks, mainly men and boys, in the Srebrenica massacre, which remains the worst act of genocide in Europe since World War II. On 25 July, the North Atlantic Council authorized military planning aimed at deterring an attack on the safe area of Goražde, and threatened the use of NATO air power if this safe area was threatened or attacked. On 1 August, the Council took similar decisions aimed at deterring attacks on the safe areas of Sarajevo, Bihać, and Tuzla. On 4 August, NATO aircraft conducted air strikes against Croat Serb air defense radars near Udbina airfield and Knin in Croatia. On 10 August, the Commanders of CINCSOUTH and UNPROFOR concluded a memorandum of understanding on the execution of air strikes. Campaign On 30 August, the Secretary General of NATO announced the start of air strikes, supported by UNPROFOR rapid reaction force artillery attacks. Although planned and approved by the North Atlantic Council in July 1995, the operation was triggered in direct response to the second Markale massacre on 28 August 1995. Image taken by a US aircraft upon hitting a Bosnian Serb target As many as 400 NATO aircraft participated in the air campaign. Overall, 3,515 sorties were flown and a total of 1,026 bombs were dropped on 338 Bosnian Serb targets located within 48 complexes. NATO aircraft struck 97% of their targets, and seriously damaged more than 80% of them. 708 of the bombs dropped were precision-guided munitions. The aircraft involved in the campaign operated from Italian air bases, such as Aviano Air Base, and from the US aircraft carriers USS Theodore Roosevelt and USS America, and French aircraft carriers Foch and Clemenceau in the Adriatic Sea. The VRS integrated air defence network, comprising aircraft and surface-to-air missiles, presented a high-threat environment to NATO air operations. The German Luftwaffe saw action for the first time since 1945 during Operation Deliberate Force. Six interdictor-strike version Tornados, escorted by eight ECR Tornados, pinpointed Serb targets around Sarajevo for the Rapid Reaction Force artillery to attack. Rapid Reaction Force Frustrated by the previous absence of results and the resistance of the Serbian parties to any peace progress, the Western powers, led by French President Jacques Chirac, decided to put a deterrent force in-country to support western diplomatic efforts. France, the United Kingdom and the United States decided to send a multinational brigade to the Mount Igman area, supported by an airmobile brigade and an armored battalion in reserve. The Brigade consisted of 4000 military. It consisted of 2000 French, 1500 British, 500 Dutch. The creation of the force was authorized by UNSC Resolution 998 on 16 June 1995. Commanded by French General Andre Soubirou, the MN brigade was operational in August 1995 on Mount Igman. The main force consisted of a mixed artillery regiment, that being a French artillery group with eight 155 mm AUF1 howitzers, British artillery group with twelve 105 mm light guns, French and Dutch 120 mm Heavy Mortar company. Although the artillery fired before and after the Markale Market Massacre, the main action was on 28 and 29 August 1995, firing 1070 shells on Serbian positions, which were 305 155 mm shell, 408 120 mm shell, 357 105 mm shells. This artillery group was part of the UNPROFOR deployed on Mount Igman to support the task of NATO's aircraft by pounding Serb artillery positions. On 30 August, a French Mirage 2000N was shot down by a Bosnian Serb shoulder-fired 9K38 Igla near Pale. On 1 September, NATO and UN demanded the lifting of the Serb's Siege of Sarajevo, removal of heavy weapons from the heavy weapons exclusion zone around Sarajevo, and complete security of other UN safe areas. NATO stopped the air raids and gave an ultimatum to Bosnian Serb leaders. The deadline was set as 4 September. On 5 September 1995, NATO resumed air attacks on Bosnian Serb positions around Sarajevo and near the Bosnian Serb headquarters at Pale after the Bosnian Serbs failed to comply with the ultimatum. On the night of 10 September, the Ticonderoga-class cruiser USS Normandy launched a Tomahawk missile strike from the central Adriatic Sea against a key air defense radio relay tower at Lisina, near Banja Luka, while US Air Force F-15E and US Navy F/A-18 fighter-bombers hit the same targets with about a dozen precision-guided bombs, and F-16 jets attacked with Maverick missiles. On 14 September, NATO air strikes were suspended to allow the implementation of an agreement with Bosnian Serbs to include the withdrawal of heavy weapons from the Sarajevo exclusion zone. The initial 72-hour suspension was eventually extended to 114 hours. Finally on 20 September, General Bernard Janvier and Admiral Leighton W. Smith, Jr. agreed that the resumption of air strikes was not necessary, as Bosnian Serbs had complied with the conditions set out by the UN, and so the operation was terminated. Aftermath The two French airmen who were captured after their Mirage 2000N was downed by Bosnian Serb forces on 30 August 1995, Lt. Jose Souvignet and Capt. Frederic Chiffot, were released only upon the end of the Bosnian War, on 12 December 1995. Upon being released, they told reporters that they had been treated well while in captivity. In December 1995, NATO dispatched a 60,000-strong peacekeeping force into Bosnia as part of the IFOR to enforce the Dayton Peace Agreement to secure peace and prevent renewed hostilities between three warring factions. In December 1996, the NATO-led SFOR was established to replace the IFOR to enforce the Dayton Peace Agreement. This lasted up until December 2004, when Operation Althea replaced the NATO-led SFOR. See also NATO bombing of Yugoslavia References ^ "Foreword" (PDF). TAQ (6). September 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 September 2012. Retrieved 24 May 2012. ^ "Budućnost je počela 1995. kod Nevesinja kada su Srbi oborili prvi dron u istoriji". Politika. 16 January 2023. ^ "US interventions post-Cold War: Bosnian War". Al Jazeera. 5 September 2013. Retrieved 12 August 2014. ^ Ripley, Tim (1999). Operation Deliberate Force: The UN and NATO Campaign in Bosnia, 1995. Lancaster, England: Centre for Defence and International Security Studies. p. 316. ISBN 978-0-9536650-0-6. ^ Raugh, Harold R. "Operation JOINT ENDEAVOR V Corps in Bosnia-Herzegovina 1995-1996 An Oral History" (PDF). ^ a b Atkinson, Rick (15 November 1995). "AIR ASSAULT SET STAGE FOR BROADER ROLE". The Washington Post. ^ Holbrooke, Richard (1999). To End a War. New York: Modern Library. p. 327. ISBN 0-375-75360-5. OCLC 40545454. ^ a b "Operation Deliberate Force". Eagle Country. ^ "Data concerning the locations of depleted uranium ordnance expended during Allied Operations Deny Flight-Deliberate Force, 1993-95 in Bosnia (grid co-ordinates)". www.nato.int. NATO. Retrieved 5 December 2021. ^ "Operation Deliberate Force". Globalsecurity. 5 July 2011. ^ a b "Bosnia, 1995—Operation Deliberate Force. The Value of Highly Capable Proxy Forces" (PDF). Brookings Institution. April 2017. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "5: The Alliance's Operational Role in Peacekeeping: The Process of Bringing Peace to the Former Yugoslavia: Evolution of the Conflict". NATO Handbook. NATO. 2002. Archived from the original on 6 February 2010. ^ a b c d e Bethlehem, Daniel L.; Weller, Marc (1997). The 'Yugoslav' Crisis in International Law. Cambridge International Documents Series. Vol. 5. Cambridge University Press. p. liii. ISBN 978-0-521-46304-1. ^ Carnes, Mark Christopher (2005). American National Biography. Vol. 29. Oxford University Press. p. 29. ISBN 9780195222029. ^ a b c "A/54/549, Report of the Secretary-General pursuant to General Assembly resolution 53/35: The fall of Srebrenica". United Nations. 15 November 1999. ^ a b c Bethlehem, Daniel L.; Weller, Marc (1997). The 'Yugoslav' Crisis in International Law. Cambridge International Documents Series. Vol. 5. Cambridge University Press. p. liiv. ISBN 978-0-521-46304-1. ^ Hansen, Ole Kjeld (1997). "Operation "Hooligan-bashing" – Danish Tanks at War". Archived from the original on 21 February 2014. Retrieved 29 January 2015. ^ Sudetic, Chuck (6 August 1994). "U.S. Hits Bosnian Serb Target in Air Raid". The New York Times. ^ "NATO Aircraft Attack Bosnian-Serb Tank" (Press release). NATO. 22 September 1994. ^ Fedarko, Kevin; Thompson, Mark; Barnes, Edward; Blackman, Ann; Burke, Greg; Cray, Dan & Waller, Douglas (19 June 1995). "Rescuing Scott O'Grady: All For One". TIME. Archived from the original on 9 January 2016. ^ "NATO Aircraft Provide Close Air Support In The Srebrenica Area" (Press release) (in English and French). NATO. 11 July 1995. ^ Engelberg, Stephen; Weiner, Tim (29 October 1995). "MASSACRE IN BOSNIA;Srebrenica: The Days of Slaughter". The New York Times. ^ "Secretary-General's message to ceremony marking the 10th anniversary of the Srebrenica massacre (delivered by Mark Malloch Brown, Chef de Cabinet)". United Nations. 11 July 2005. Retrieved 26 April 2017. ^ a b Gazzini, Tarcisio (2005). The changing rules on the use of force in international law. Manchester University Press. p. 69. ISBN 978-0-7190-7325-0. ^ Mahnken, Thomas G. (2010). Technology and the American Way of War Since 1945. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 182. ISBN 978-0-231-12337-2. ^ a b Tirpak, John A. (October 1997). "Deliberate Force". Air Force Magazine. Retrieved 13 July 2013. ^ Brawley, Mark R. (2005). Globalization, Security, And The Nation-State: Paradigms In Transition. State University of New York Press. p. 74. ISBN 978-0-7914-8348-0. ^ "German planes see first action since 1945". The Victoria Advocate. 2 September 1995 – via Google News. ^ Owen, Robert (2000). Deliberate Force: A Case Study in Effective Air Campaigning. Darby, Pennsylvania: DIANE Publishing. p. 246. ISBN 1-58566-076-0. ^ Findlay, Trevor, ed. (1996). Challenges for the New Peacekeepers. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. p. 41. ISBN 0-19-829199-X. ^ "Security Council Resolution 998". UNDocs.org. 16 June 1995. ^ "British, French Forces Eager To Back Up UN in Bosnia". Christian Science Monitor. 4 August 1995. ^ "1995 : L'engagement du groupement d'artillerie Leclerc, le 40e RA porte le feu depuis Igman". Ministère des Armées (in French). 30 May 2017. ^ "Le Groupe d'artillerie Leclerc en Bosnie (Juillet 1995 - Décembre 1995): H. L'heure des premiers bilans". Base documentaire des Artilleurs (in French). ^ Franke, Volke (2005). Terrorism and Peacekeeping: New Security Challenges. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 47. ISBN 0-275-97646-7. ^ Central Intelligence Agency (2002). Balkan battlegrounds: a military history of the Yugoslav conflict, 1990–1995 (Report). Vol. 1. Central Intelligence Agency, Office of Russian and European Analysis. p. 378. ^ Doyle, Alistair (19 September 1995). "Shot-down French pilots 'held captive'". The Independent. Archived from the original on 24 May 2022. ^ Schmitt, Eric (11 September 1995). "NATO Shifts Focus of its Air Attacks on Bosnian Serbs". The New York Times. ^ Rip, Michael Russell; Hasik, James M. (2002). The Precision Revolution: GPS and the Future of Aerial Warfare. Naval Institute Press. p. 226. ISBN 1-55750-973-5. ^ "The Balkans Chronology". Planken.org. Archived from the original on 14 March 2016. Retrieved 5 December 2011. ^ Kraft, Scott; Murphy, Dean E. (13 December 1995). "Bosnian Serbs Free Downed French Airmen". Los Angeles Times. California. Retrieved 7 December 2012. ^ Hundley, Tom (13 December 1995). "2 Downed French Airmen Act Removes Possible Hitch In Signing Of Peace Agreement". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 7 December 2012. ^ Owen, Robert C. (January 2000). "Deliberate Force: A Case Study in Effective Air Campaigning. Final Report of the Air University Balkans Air Campaign Study" (PDF). Air University Press. p. 522. ^ Owen, Robert C. (30 September 2011). "Operation Deliberate Force: A case study in humanitarian constraints in aerospace warfare" (PDF). Harvard Kennedy School. p. 63. ^ "EUFOR BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA Military Operation ALTHEA". Europa. 30 November 2020. p. 1. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Operation Deliberate Force. Operation Deliberate Force fact sheet, NATO website, updated 16 December 2002. "Operation Deliberate Force," Globalsecurity.org. "Aircraft Carrier USS America Replaces USS Roosevelt in Adriatic," 12 September 1995, CNN. "Louder Than Words," TIME magazine, September 11, 1995. "If U.S. Force Is Needed In Bosnia," by Michael Johns, The Christian Science Monitor, 25 February 1994. vteYugoslav WarsWars and conflicts Log Revolution (1990) Slovenian War of Independence (1991) Croatian War of Independence (1991–1995) Bosnian War (1992–1995) Croat–Bosniak War (1992–1994) Kosovo War (1998–99) Insurgency in the Preševo Valley (1999–2001) 2001 insurgency in the Republic of Macedonia (2001) Background SFR Yugoslavia Breakup of Yugoslavia Anti-war protests Belgrade Sarajevo YUTEL for Peace Ex-Yugoslav formed countries Republic of Croatia Republic of Slovenia Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina Republic of Macedonia Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY/SRJ) Unrecognized entities Republic of Serbian Krajina (RSK) SAO Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia SAO Krajina SAO Western Slavonia Republika Srpska (RS) SAO Bosanska Krajina SAO Herzegovina SAO North-Eastern Bosnia SAO Romanija Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia (HRHB) Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia (APZB) Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia Republic of Kosova United Nations protectorate UNTAES UNMIK Armies Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) Yugoslav Territorial Defence (TO) Slovenian Territorial Defence (TORS) Yugoslav Army (VJ) Croatian Army (HV) BiH Territorial Defence (TORBIH) Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (ARBiH) Army of Republika Srpska (VRS) Army of the Republic of Serb Krajina (SVK) Croatian Defence Council (HVO) Kosovo Liberation Army (UÇK in R. Serbia) National Liberation Army (UÇK in R. Macedonia) Liberation Army of Preševo, Medveđa and Bujanovac (UÇPMB) Military formations and volunteers Croatian Defence Forces (HOS) White Eagles Serb Guard (SG) Serb Volunteer Guard (SDG) Scorpions Yellow Wasps Greek Volunteer Guard Wolves of Vučjak AKSH National Defence of the Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia (NOZB) External factors NATO IFOR SFOR KFOR EU (EUMM) United Nations (UN) UNPROFOR UNCRO Politicians Fikret Abdić Milan Babić Mate Boban Momir Bulatović Milo Đukanović Nijaz Duraković Vuk Drašković Goran Hadžić Alija Izetbegović Janez Janša Borisav Jović Mirko Jović Radovan Karadžić Vojislav Koštunica Momčilo Krajišnik Milan Kučan Ante Marković Milan Martić Stjepan Mesić Slobodan Milošević Ante Paradžik  X Dobroslav Paraga Lojze Peterle Biljana Plavšić Jadranko Prlić Jovan Rašković  † Ibrahim Rugova Vojislav Šešelj Haris Silajdžić Franjo Tuđman Krešimir Zubak Top military commanders Rahim Ademi Janko Bobetko Agim Çeku Wesley Clark Rasim Delić Sefer Halilović Veljko Kadijević Ratko Mladić Mile Novaković Dragoljub Ojdanić Života Panić Nebojša Pavković Momčilo Perišić Milivoj Petković Ridvan Qazimi  † Martin Špegelj Gojko Šušak Other notable commanders Mehmed Alagić Tihomir Blaškić Đorđe Božović  † Valentin Ćorić Jovan Divjak Atif Dudaković Ante Gotovina Zaim Imamović Adem Jashari  † Blaž Kraljević  X Vladimir Lazarević Veljko Milanković  (DOW) Mile Mrkšić Naser Orić Arif Pašalić Slobodan Praljak Ivica Rajić Željko Ražnatović Ljubiša Savić Stjepan Šiber Veselin Šljivančanin Vukašin Šoškoćanin  † Milan Tepić  † Milorad Ulemek Dragan Vasiljković Blago Zadro  † Key foreign figures Robert Badinter Lord Carrington Jimmy Carter Willy Claes Pieter Feith Richard Holbrooke Lord Owen Cyrus Vance Jacques Paul Klein Peter Galbraith Javier Solana Manfred Wörner vteCroatian War of IndependencePart of the Yugoslav WarsPrelude Log Revolution SAO Krajina 1991 Pakrac clash Plitvice Lakes incident Siege of Kijevo Battle of Borovo Selo 1991 riot in Zadar 1991 protest in Split SAO Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia 1991 killings of Serbs in Vukovar Sisak killings Tenja killings Operation Stinger Dalj massacre Operation Labrador SAO Western Slavonia Banija villages killings Battle of Vukovar Battle of Osijek Battle of Gospić Petrinja killings Berak killings Battle of Kusonje Četekovac massacre Battle of the Barracks Siege of Varaždin Barracks Siege of Bjelovar Barracks Battle of Zadar Battle of Šibenik 1991 Yugoslav campaign in Croatia Korana bridge killings Tovarnik massacre Siege of Dubrovnik Novo Selo Glinsko massacre Bombing of Banski dvori Široka Kula massacre Lovas killings Gospić massacre Baćin massacre Saborsko massacre Požega villages massacre Operation Otkos 10 Battle of Logorište Poljanak and Vukovići massacres Erdut killings Pula incident Battle of the Dalmatian channels Kostrići massacre Škabrnja massacre Vukovar massacre Novska murders Vance plan Murder of the Zec family Operation Whirlwind Paulin Dvor massacre Gornje Jame massacre Operation Orkan 91 Voćin massacre Joševica massacre Operation Devil's Beam Mašićka Šagovina killings Bruška massacre Vrsar airport bombing 1992 Sarajevo Agreement 1992 European Community Monitor Mission helicopter downing Operation Baranja Operation Jackal Battle of the Miljevci Plateau Operation Tiger (1992) Operation Liberated Land Battle of Konavle Operation Vlaštica 1993–94 Operation Maslenica Daruvar Agreement Operation Backstop Operation Medak Pocket Z-4 Plan Operation Winter '94 1995 Operation Leap 1 Operation Flash Medari massacre Zagreb rocket attack Operation Leap 2 Operation Summer '95 Operation Storm Kijani killings Golubić killings Uzdolje killings Bosanski Petrovac refugee column bombing Dvor massacre Komić killings Gošić killings Varivode massacre Operation Maestral 2 Timeline of the Croatian War of IndependenceInternment camps Begejci camp Bučje camp Kerestinec camp Knin camp Kuline prison camp Lora prison camp Marino Selo camp Ovčara camp Pakračka Poljana camp Sremska Mitrovica prison camp Stajićevo camp Velepromet camp Other Independence of Croatia Persecution of Croats in Serbia during the war in Croatia Erdut Agreement (UNTAES) Category Commons vteBosnian WarPart of the Yugoslav WarsBelligerents Bosniak side Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina 1st Corps 2nd Corps 3rd Corps 4th Corps 5th Corps 6th Corps 7th Corps Paramilitary Patriotic League Green Berets Croatian Defence Forces Bosnian mujahideen Croat side Croatian Defence Council 1OZ 2OZ 3OZ 4OZ Paramilitary Croatian Defence Forces Knights Serb side Army of Republika Srpska 1st Krajina Corps 2nd Krajina Corps 3rd Corps East Bosnia Corps Herzegovina Corps Sarajevo-Romanija Corps Drina Corps Paramilitary Wolves of Vučjak White Eagles Serb Volunteer Guard Scorpions Yellow Wasps Western Bosnian side National Defence of the Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia Prelude Milošević–Tuđman Karađorđevo meeting Zulfikarpašić–Karadžić agreement RAM Plan Serb Autonomous Regions Bosanska Krajina Herzegovina North-East Bosnia Romanija Establishment of the Croatian Community of Herzeg Bosnia Establishment of Republika Srpska Bosnia and Herzegovina independence referendum Sarajevo wedding attack Declaration of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina Battle of Bosanski Brod Sijekovac killings Bijeljina massacre 1992 anti-war protests in Sarajevo 1992 Battle of Kupres Siege of Sarajevo Kazani pit killings Foča ethnic cleansing Bosanski Šamac ethnic cleansing Siege of Srebrenica Zvornik massacre Doboj Snagovo massacre Prijedor ethnic cleansing Sarajevo column incident Siege of Goražde Graz agreement Glogova massacre Lašva Valley ethnic cleansing Tuzla column incident Zaklopača massacre Siege of Doboj Bradina massacre Sarajevo bread line massacre Bijeli Potok massacre Pionirska Street fire Operation Jackal Višegrad massacres Bosanska Jagodina Paklenik Barimo Sjeverin Čemerno massacre Siege of Bihać Ahatovići massacre Croat–Bosniak War Operation Vrbas '92 Operation Corridor 92 Bikavac fire Killings in Bratunac and Srebrenica Agreement on Friendship and Cooperation between Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia Korićani Cliffs massacre Mičivode massacre Novoseoci massacre Gornja Jošanica massacre 1993 Kravica attack Duša killings Skelani massacre Štrpci Siege of Mostar Srebrenica shelling Ahmići massacre Trusina massacre Sovići and Doljani killings Zenica massacre Vranica case Dobrinja mortar attack Battle of Žepče Battle of Travnik (1993) Battle of Bugojno Operation Irma Operation Neretva '93 Grabovica massacre Mokronoge massacre Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia Inter-Bosniak conflict in Bosanska Krajina Stupni Do massacre Operation Deny Flight Križančevo Selo killings 1994 Operation Tvigi 94 First Markale massacre Banja Luka incident Washington Agreement Establishment of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina Operation Bøllebank Attack on Spin magazine journalists Operation Tiger Operation "Breza '94" Battle of Kupres Operation Amanda Scandinavian Airlines System Flight 347 Operation Spider Operation Winter '94 1995 Operation Vlašić Operation Leap 1 Battle of Orašje Operation Leap 2 Split Agreement Operation Summer '95 Pale air strikes Tuzla shelling Battle of Vrbanja Bridge Srebrenica massacre Kravica Battle of Vozuća Operation Miracle Operation Storm Second Markale massacre NATO bombing campaign Operation Mistral 2 Operation Sana Operation Una Operation Southern Move Exodus of Sarajevo Serbs Dayton Agreement Establishment of Bosnia and Herzegovina Internment camps Silos Manjača Liplje Luka Vilina Vlas Omarska Keraterm Trnopolje Sušica Čelebići Musala Batković Dretelj Uzamnica Heliodrom Gabela Vojno Kamenica camp Aspects Ethnic cleansing and massacres Bosnian genocide Bosnian genocide denial Internment camps Rape Peace plans NATO intervention Foreign support Foreign fighters Timeline of the Bosnian War (Timeline of the Croat–Bosniak War) Category CommonsvteBreakup of YugoslaviaOverview Breakup of Yugoslavia (1991–1992) Timeline of the breakup of Yugoslavia (1980–2008) Background Josip Broz Tito (until 1980) Brotherhood and unity (until 1990) League of Communists of Yugoslavia (until 1990) Croatian Spring (1967–1971) 1981 protests in Kosovo Islamic Declaration (1983) SANU Memorandum (1986) Contributions to the Slovene National Program (1987) Slovene Spring (1987–1988) Agrokomerc Affair (1987) 8th Session of the Central Committee of the League of Communists of Serbia (1987) JBTZ trial (1988) Hyperinflation in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1980s) Events and actors Anti-bureaucratic revolution (1988–1989) Gazimestan speech (1989) 14th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia (1990) Independence of Croatia (1989–1992) Log Revolution (1990–1991) Milošević–Tuđman Karađorđevo meeting (1991) RAM Plan (1991) Brioni Agreement (1991) Role of the media in the breakup of Yugoslavia Arbitration Commission of the Peace Conference on Yugoslavia (1991–1993) vte Independence referendums in YugoslaviaRepublics and provinces Slovenia (1990) Croatia (1991) Macedonia (1991) Kosovo (1991) Bosnia and Herzegovina (1992) Montenegro (1992) Montenegro (2006) Autonomy SAO Krajina (1990) Sandžak (1991) Srpska (1991) Ilirida (1992) Eastern Slavonia (1997) Macedonia (2004) Consequences Yugoslav Wars (1991-2001) Ethnic cleansing Croatian War of Independence (1991–1995) Ten-Day War (1991) Bosnian War (1992–1995) Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1992–) Graz agreement (1992) Sanctions against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1992–2001) Hyperinflation in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1992–1994) Dayton Agreement (1996) Joint Criminal Enterprise Agreement on Sub-Regional Arms Control (1996) International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (1993–2017) Overthrow of Slobodan Milošević (2000) Nationalism Greater Albania Greater Croatia United Macedonia Greater Serbia United Slovenia Anti-Serbian sentiment Islamophobia Albanian nationalism Bosniak nationalism Croatian nationalism 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Operation Deny Flight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Deny_Flight"},{"link_name":"NATO intervention in Bosnia and Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO_intervention_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"Bosnian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnian_War"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:F-16_deliberate_force.JPG"},{"link_name":"US Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"F-16C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-16C"},{"link_name":"Aviano AB, Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviano_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"NATO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO"},{"link_name":"Army of the Republika Srpska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_the_Republika_Srpska"},{"link_name":"Bosnia and Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"NATO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO"},{"link_name":"Bosnian Serbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republika_Srpska_(1992%E2%80%9395)"},{"link_name":"negotiations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayton_Agreement"},{"link_name":"NATO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"UNPROFOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNPROFOR"},{"link_name":"Republika Srpska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republika_Srpska_(1992%E2%80%931995)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Leighton Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leighton_W._Smith_Jr."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Michael E. Ryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_E._Ryan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Stuart Peach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Peach"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Bernard Janvier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Janvier"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"André Soubirou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andr%C3%A9_Soubirou&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Sir Rupert Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupert_Smith"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Dick Applegate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Applegate"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Sir Mark Mans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Mans"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republika_Srpska_(1992%E2%80%931995)"},{"link_name":"Ratko Mladić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratko_Mladi%C4%87"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republika_Srpska_(1992%E2%80%931995)"},{"link_name":"Radislav Krstić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radislav_Krsti%C4%87"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO"},{"link_name":"Ticonderoga-class cruiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ticonderoga-class_cruiser"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republika_Srpska"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Mirage 2000N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirage_2000N"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"POW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_of_war"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"MQ-1 Predator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Atomics_MQ-1_Predator"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republika_Srpska"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Al_Jazeera-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republika_Srpska"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Bosnian_War"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Bosnian_War"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Bosnian_War"},{"link_name":"Bosnian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnian_War"},{"link_name":"Sarajevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Sarajevo"},{"link_name":"Sarajevo JNA column","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Yugoslav_People%27s_Army_column_incident_in_Sarajevo"},{"link_name":"Foča","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fo%C4%8Da_massacres"},{"link_name":"Ilidža","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battles_of_Ilid%C5%BEa"},{"link_name":"Zvornik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvornik_massacre"},{"link_name":"Hrasnica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hrasnica_(1992)"},{"link_name":"Doboj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doboj_massacre"},{"link_name":"Višegrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Vi%C5%A1egrad"},{"link_name":"Prijedor cleansing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prijedor_ethnic_cleansing"},{"link_name":"Siege of Srebrenica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Srebrenica"},{"link_name":"Massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srebrenica_massacre"},{"link_name":"Tuzla JNA column","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Yugoslav_People%27s_Army_column_incident_in_Tuzla"},{"link_name":"Galaja resistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaja_1992_resistance"},{"link_name":"Bihać","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Biha%C4%87_(1992%E2%80%9395)"},{"link_name":"Jackal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Jackal"},{"link_name":"Vrbas '92","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Vrbas_%2792"},{"link_name":"Corridor 92","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Corridor_92"},{"link_name":"Smoluća","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Smolu%C4%87a"},{"link_name":"Gornje Kolibe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battles_for_Gornje_Kolibe"},{"link_name":"Majevica front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majevica_front_(1992-1995)"},{"link_name":"Teočak and Priboj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teo%C4%8Dak_and_Priboj_offensive"},{"link_name":"Korićani Cliffs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kori%C4%87ani_Cliffs_massacre"},{"link_name":"Croat–Bosniak War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croat%E2%80%93Bosniak_War"},{"link_name":"Oganj '92","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Oganj_%2792"},{"link_name":"Bura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Bura"},{"link_name":"Munja '93","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Munja_%2793"},{"link_name":"Azići","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Azi%C4%87i"},{"link_name":"Banj brdo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Banj_brdo"},{"link_name":"Žepče","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_%C5%BDep%C4%8De"},{"link_name":"Kravica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kravica_attack_(1993)"},{"link_name":"Duša","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%C5%A1a_killings"},{"link_name":"Štrpci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0trpci_massacre"},{"link_name":"Travnik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Travnik_(1993)"},{"link_name":"Mostar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Mostar"},{"link_name":"Deny Flight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Deny_Flight"},{"link_name":"Ahmići","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmi%C4%87i_massacre"},{"link_name":"Trusina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trusina_killings"},{"link_name":"Sovići/Doljani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovi%C4%87i_and_Doljani_massacres"},{"link_name":"Dobrinja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobrinja_mortar_attack"},{"link_name":"Bugojno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bugojno"},{"link_name":"Sadejstvo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Sadejstvo"},{"link_name":"Mokronoge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mokronoge_massacre"},{"link_name":"Grabovica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grabovica_massacre"},{"link_name":"Neretva '93","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Neretva_%2793"},{"link_name":"Lukavac '93","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Lukavac_%2793"},{"link_name":"Stupni Do","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stupni_Do_massacre"},{"link_name":"Cazin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cazin_ambush_(1993)"},{"link_name":"Križančevo Selo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kri%C5%BEan%C4%8Devo_Selo_killings"},{"link_name":"1st Markale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markale_massacres#First_massacre"},{"link_name":"Banja Luka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banja_Luka_incident"},{"link_name":"Tvigi 94","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Tvigi_94"},{"link_name":"Brana '94","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Brana_94"},{"link_name":"Washington Agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Agreement"},{"link_name":"Zvezda '94","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Star_94"},{"link_name":"Bøllebank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_B%C3%B8llebank"},{"link_name":"Amanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Amanda"},{"link_name":"Tiger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Tiger_(1994)"},{"link_name":"Sarajevo incident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incident_in_Sarajevo_(1994)"},{"link_name":"Spider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Spider"},{"link_name":"2nd Kupres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kupres_(1994)"},{"link_name":"Shield '94","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Shield_94"},{"link_name":"Vučja Planina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offensive_on_Vu%C4%8Dja_Planina"},{"link_name":"Udbina airstrike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airstrike_on_Udbina_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"Winter '94","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Winter_%2794"},{"link_name":"Leap 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Winter_%2794#Operation_Leap_1"},{"link_name":"Vlašić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Vla%C5%A1i%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Orašje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ora%C5%A1je"},{"link_name":"Pale airstrikes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_Pale_air_strikes"},{"link_name":"Tuzla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuzla_massacre"},{"link_name":"Tekbir '95","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Tekbir_%2795"},{"link_name":"Vrbanja Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Vrbanja_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Leap 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Winter_%2794#Operation_Leap_2"},{"link_name":"Mrkonjić Grad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_O%27Grady#Shootdown"},{"link_name":"Vozuća","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Vozu%C4%87a"},{"link_name":"Miracle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Miracle_(1995)"},{"link_name":"Summer '95","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Summer_%2795"},{"link_name":"Storm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Storm"},{"link_name":"2nd Markale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markale_massacres#Second_massacre"},{"link_name":"Deliberate Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Mistral 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Mistral_2"},{"link_name":"Sana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Sana"},{"link_name":"Prijedor '95","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Prijedor_95"},{"link_name":"Una","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Una"},{"link_name":"Southern Move","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Southern_Move"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_NATO_intervention_in_Bosnia"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_NATO_intervention_in_Bosnia"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_NATO_intervention_in_Bosnia"},{"link_name":"NATO intervention inBosnia and Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO_intervention_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"Maritime Monitor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Maritime_Monitor"},{"link_name":"Sky Monitor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Sky_Monitor"},{"link_name":"Maritime Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Maritime_Guard"},{"link_name":"Deny Flight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Deny_Flight"},{"link_name":"Sharp Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Sharp_Guard"},{"link_name":"Deliberate Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"IFOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implementation_Force"},{"link_name":"SFOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SFOR"},{"link_name":"air campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_campaign"},{"link_name":"NATO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO"},{"link_name":"UNPROFOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Protection_Force"},{"link_name":"Army of Republika Srpska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_the_Republika_Srpska"},{"link_name":"\"safe areas\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Safe_Areas"},{"link_name":"Bosnia and Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"Bosnian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnian_War"},{"link_name":"Srebrenica genocide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srebrenica_massacre"},{"link_name":"Markale massacres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markale_massacres"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Atkinson-6"},{"link_name":"Admiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiral_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Leighton W. Smith Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leighton_W._Smith_Jr."},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Atkinson-6"},{"link_name":"Bosnian Serb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnian_Serb"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"depleted uranium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depleted_uranium"},{"link_name":"Sarajevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarajevo"},{"link_name":"Han Pijesak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Pijesak"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Operation Mistral 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Mistral_2"},{"link_name":"Croatian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_Army"},{"link_name":"Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_the_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"Croatian Defence Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_Defence_Council"},{"link_name":"siege of Sarajevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Sarajevo"},{"link_name":"negotiated settlement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayton_Agreement"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"This article is about the NATO air campaign in August and September 1995. For NATO air campaigns in 1994 and the rest of 1995, see Operation Deny Flight.Operation Deliberate ForcePart of the NATO intervention in Bosnia and Herzegovina during the Bosnian WarA US Air Force F-16C aircraft returns to Aviano AB, Italy, from a mission in support of NATO airstrikes against the Army of the Republika SrpskaDate30 August – 20 September 1995LocationBosnia and HerzegovinaResult\nNATO victory\n\nBosnian Serbs return to negotiationsBelligerents\n\n NATO\n France\n Germany\n Italy\n Netherlands\n Spain\n Turkey\n United Kingdom\n United States\n\n\n\n UNPROFOR\n Republika SrpskaCommanders and leaders\n/ Leighton Smith/ Michael E. Ryan/ Stuart Peach/ Bernard Janvier/ André Soubirou/ Sir Rupert Smith/ Dick Applegate Sir Mark Mans[1]\n Ratko Mladić Radislav KrstićStrength\n 400 aircraft 5,000 military personnel 1 Ticonderoga-class cruiser 500 French peacekeepers 320 British peacekeepers Dutch 1e Mortiercompagnie, Korps Mariniers 12 105mm guns 8 155mm howitzers 12 British Warrior AFVs\n 80,000 soldiersCasualties and losses\n 1 Mirage 2000N shot down 2 pilots POW 1 MQ-1 Predator shot down[2]\n 25–27 soldiers killed[3] 338 different targets hit, most of them destroyed\n27 Bosnian Serb civilians killed[4]vteBosnian War\nSarajevo\nSarajevo JNA column\nFoča\nIlidža\nZvornik\nHrasnica\nDoboj\nVišegrad\nPrijedor cleansing\nSiege of Srebrenica\nMassacre\nTuzla JNA column\nGalaja resistance\nBihać\nJackal\nVrbas '92\nCorridor 92\nSmoluća\nGornje Kolibe\nMajevica front\nTeočak and Priboj\nKorićani Cliffs\nCroat–Bosniak War\nOganj '92\nBura\nMunja '93\nAzići\nBanj brdo\nŽepče\nKravica\nDuša\nŠtrpci\nTravnik\nMostar\nDeny Flight\nAhmići\nTrusina\nSovići/Doljani\nDobrinja\nBugojno\nSadejstvo\nMokronoge\nGrabovica\nNeretva '93\nLukavac '93\nStupni Do\nCazin\nKrižančevo Selo\n1st Markale\nBanja Luka\nTvigi 94\nBrana '94\nWashington Agreement\nZvezda '94\nBøllebank\nAmanda\nTiger\nSarajevo incident\nSpider\n2nd Kupres\nShield '94\nVučja Planina\nUdbina airstrike\nWinter '94\nLeap 1\nVlašić\nOrašje\nPale airstrikes\nTuzla\nTekbir '95\nVrbanja Bridge\nLeap 2\nMrkonjić Grad\nVozuća\nMiracle\nSummer '95\nStorm\n2nd Markale\nDeliberate Force\nMistral 2\nSana\nPrijedor '95\nUna\nSouthern Move\nvteNATO intervention inBosnia and Herzegovina\nMaritime Monitor\nSky Monitor\nMaritime Guard\nDeny Flight\nSharp Guard\nDeliberate Force\nIFOR\nSFOROperation Deliberate Force was a sustained air campaign conducted by NATO, in concert with the UNPROFOR ground operations, to undermine the military capability of the Army of Republika Srpska, which had threatened and attacked UN-designated \"safe areas\" in Bosnia and Herzegovina during the Bosnian War with the Srebrenica genocide and Markale massacres, precipitating the intervention. The shelling of the Sarajevo marketplace on 28 August 1995 by the VRS is considered to be the immediate instigating factor behind NATO's decision to launch the operation.[5][6]The operation was carried out between 30 August and 20 September 1995, involving 400 aircraft and 5,000 personnel from 15 nations. Commanded by Admiral Leighton W. Smith Jr.,[7][6] the campaign struck 338 Bosnian Serb targets, many of which were destroyed. Overall, 1,026 bombs were dropped during the operation, 708 of which were precision-guided.[8] On 19 occasions, depleted uranium munitions were used against targets around Sarajevo and Han Pijesak.[9]The bombing campaign was also roughly conterminous with Operation Mistral 2, two linked military offensives of the Croatian Army, the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the Croatian Defence Council launched in western Bosnia. The campaign also lifted the siege of Sarajevo which led to the way for a negotiated settlement.[10]","title":"Operation Deliberate Force"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bosnian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnian_War"},{"link_name":"United Nations Security Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council"},{"link_name":"Resolution 743","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_743"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-11"},{"link_name":"Resolution 781","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_781"},{"link_name":"Operation Sky Monitor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Sky_Monitor"},{"link_name":"Resolution 816","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_816"},{"link_name":"no-fly zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No-fly_zone"},{"link_name":"Operation Deny Flight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Deny_Flight"},{"link_name":"Resolution 836","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_836"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nh-ev-12"},{"link_name":"Operation Sharp Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Sharp_Guard"},{"link_name":"Adriatic Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriatic_Sea"},{"link_name":"Western European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_European_Union"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nh-ev-12"},{"link_name":"Secretary-General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations"},{"link_name":"Boutros Boutros-Ghali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boutros_Boutros-Ghali"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bethlehem1997pliii-13"},{"link_name":"Allied Joint Force Command Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_Joint_Force_Command_Naples"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nh-ev-12"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bethlehem1997pliii-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bethlehem1997pliii-13"},{"link_name":"Hungarian Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Péter Boross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9ter_Boross"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bethlehem1997pliii-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bethlehem1997pliii-13"},{"link_name":"Banja Luka incident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banja_Luka_incident"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a54549-15"},{"link_name":"Goražde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gora%C5%BEde"},{"link_name":"F-16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Dynamics_F-16_Fighting_Falcon"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nh-ev-12"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a54549-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bethlehem1997pliiv-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bethlehem1997pliiv-16"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nh-ev-12"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a54549-15"},{"link_name":"Sea Harrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Aerospace_Sea_Harrier"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bethlehem1997pliiv-16"},{"link_name":"Goražde incident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gora%C5%BEde_incident"},{"link_name":"Bosnia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"Tuzla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuzla"},{"link_name":"Bosnian Serb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_Republika_Srpska"},{"link_name":"Šekovići","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ekovi%C4%87i"},{"link_name":"Kalesija","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalesija"},{"link_name":"Operation Bøllebank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_B%C3%B8llebank"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"A-10 Thunderbolts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairchild_Republic_A-10_Thunderbolt_II"},{"link_name":"Sarajevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarajevo"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nh-ev-12"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Pale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pale,_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nh-ev-12"},{"link_name":"human shields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_shield"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nh-ev-12"},{"link_name":"US Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Scott O'Grady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_O%27Grady"},{"link_name":"2K12 Kub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2K12_Kub"},{"link_name":"US marines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps"},{"link_name":"24th Marine Expeditionary Unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/24th_Marine_Expeditionary_Unit"},{"link_name":"USS Kearsarge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Kearsarge_(LHD-3)"},{"link_name":"Mrkonjić Grad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mrkonji%C4%87_Grad"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-timeres-20"},{"link_name":"Srebrenica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srebrenica"},{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nh-ev-12"},{"link_name":"Ratko Mladić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratko_Mladi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Srebrenica massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srebrenica_massacre"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10thAnniversary-23"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nh-ev-12"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-changing69-24"}],"text":"The Bosnian War was an international armed conflict that took place in Bosnia and Herzegovina between 1 April 1992 and 14 December 1995. After popular pressure, NATO was asked by the United Nations to intervene in the Bosnian War after allegations of war crimes against civilians were made. In response to the refugee and humanitarian crisis in Bosnia, the United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 743 on 21 February 1992, creating UNPROFOR. The UNPROFOR mandate was to keep the population alive and deliver humanitarian aid to refugees in Bosnia until the war ended.[11]On 9 October 1992, the UNSC passed Resolution 781, prohibiting unauthorized military flights in Bosnian airspace. This resolution led to Operation Sky Monitor, where NATO monitored violations of the no-fly zone, but it did not take action against violators of the resolution. On 31 March 1993, in response to 500 documented violations, the UNSC passed Resolution 816, which authorized states to use measures \"to ensure compliance\" with the no-fly zone over Bosnia. In response, on 12 April, NATO initiated Operation Deny Flight, which was tasked with enforcing the no-fly zone and allowed to engage the violators of the no-fly zone. However, Serb forces on the ground continued to attack UN \"safe areas\" in Bosnia, and the UN peacekeepers were unable to fight back as the mandate did not give them authority to do so. On 4 June, the UNSC passed Resolution 836 authorizing the use of force by UNPROFOR in the protection of specially designated safe zones.[12] Operation Sharp Guard, a naval blockade in the Adriatic Sea by NATO and the Western European Union, was approved at a joint session of NATO and the WEU on 8 June and began on 15 June.[12]On 6 February 1994, a day after the first Markale marketplace massacre, UN Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali formally requested NATO to confirm that air strikes would be carried out immediately.[13] On 9 February, agreeing to the request of the UN, NATO authorized the Commander of Allied Joint Force Command Naples (CINCSOUTH), US Admiral Jeremy Boorda, to launch air strikes against artillery and mortar positions in and around Sarajevo that were determined by UNPROFOR to be responsible for attacks against civilian targets.[12][14] Only Greece did not support the use of air strikes, but it did not veto the proposal.[13] The council also issued an ultimatum at the 9 February meeting to the Bosnian Serbs, in which they demanded that the Serbs remove their heavy weapons around Sarajevo by midnight of 20–21 February or face air strikes.[13] There was some confusion surrounding compliance with the ultimatum, and Hungarian Prime Minister Péter Boross announced that Hungary's air space would be closed to NATO aircraft in the event of air strikes.[13] On 12 February 1994, Sarajevo enjoyed its first casualty-free day in 22 months since April 1992.[13]On 28 February, NATO fighters operating under Deny Flight shot down four Bosnian Serb fighters for violating a no-fly zone in what would become known as the Banja Luka incident. This was the first combat operation in the history of NATO.On 12 March, the United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR) made its first request for NATO air support, but close air support was not deployed, owing to a number of delays associated with the approval process.[15] On 10 and 11 April 1994, UNPROFOR called in air strikes to protect the Goražde safe area, resulting in the bombing of a Bosnian Serb military command outpost near Goražde by two US F-16 jets.[12][15][16] This was the first time in NATO's history it had ever attacked ground targets with aircraft.[16] Subsequently, the Bosnian Serbs took 150 UN personnel hostage on 14 April.[12][15] On 16 April, a British Sea Harrier was shot down over Goražde by Bosnian Serb forces.[16] That would become known as the Goražde incident. Around 29 April, a Danish contingent on peacekeeping duty in Bosnia, as part of UNPROFOR's Nordic battalion located in Tuzla, was ambushed when trying to relieve a Swedish observation post that was under heavy artillery fire by the Bosnian Serb Šekovići brigade at the village of Kalesija, but the ambush was dispersed when the UN forces retaliated with heavy fire in what would be known as Operation Bøllebank.[17]On 5 August, at the request of the UNPROFOR, two US A-10 Thunderbolts located and strafed a Bosnian Serb anti-tank vehicle near Sarajevo after the Serbs seized weapons that had been impounded by UN troops and attacking a UN helicopter. Afterwards, the Serbs agreed to return the remaining heavy weapons.[18] On 22 September 1994, NATO aircraft carried out an air strike against a Bosnian Serb tank at the request of UNPROFOR.[12][19]On 25–26 May 1995, after violations of the exclusion zones and the shelling of safe areas, NATO aircraft carried out air strikes against Bosnian Serb ammunition depots in Pale.[12] In retaliation, the Bosnian Serbs took 370 UN peacekeepers in Bosnia hostage and subsequently used them as human shields at potential targets in a successful bid to prevent further air strikes.[12] On 2 June, two US Air Force F-16 jets were sent on patrol over Bosnia in support of Operation Deny Flight. While on patrol, an F-16 piloted by Captain Scott O'Grady was shot down by a Bosnian Serb 2K12 Kub surface-to-air missile. O'Grady was forced to eject from the aircraft. Six days later, he was rescued by US marines from the 24th Marine Expeditionary Unit from USS Kearsarge. The event would come to be known as the Mrkonjić Grad incident.[20]On 11 July, NATO aircraft attacked targets in the Srebrenica area of Bosnia and Herzegovina as identified by and under the control of the United Nations.[21][22] This was in response to Bosnian Serb forces advancing on the UN-declared Safe Area of Srebrenica.[12] Bosnian Serb warlord Ratko Mladić threatened to kill 50 UN peacekeepers who were seized as hostages and also threatened to shell the Muslim population in Srebrenica if NATO air strikes continued. The UN peacekeepers called off the air strikes and agreed to withdraw from Srebrenica as the Bosnian Serbs promised they would take care of the Muslim population for the peacekeepers to spare their own lives. For two weeks, VRS forces under Mladić killed over 8,000 Bosniaks, mainly men and boys, in the Srebrenica massacre, which remains the worst act of genocide in Europe since World War II.[23]On 25 July, the North Atlantic Council authorized military planning aimed at deterring an attack on the safe area of Goražde, and threatened the use of NATO air power if this safe area was threatened or attacked. On 1 August, the Council took similar decisions aimed at deterring attacks on the safe areas of Sarajevo, Bihać, and Tuzla. On 4 August, NATO aircraft conducted air strikes against Croat Serb air defense radars near Udbina airfield and Knin in Croatia.[12] On 10 August, the Commanders of CINCSOUTH and UNPROFOR concluded a memorandum of understanding on the execution of air strikes.[24]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Secretary General of NATO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_General_of_NATO"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-changing69-24"},{"link_name":"North Atlantic Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Atlantic_Council"},{"link_name":"Markale massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markale_massacres"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bombing_republika_srpska.jpg"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Air_Force_Magazine-26"},{"link_name":"precision-guided munitions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precision-guided_munitions"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Aviano Air Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviano_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"USS Theodore Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Theodore_Roosevelt_(CVN-71)"},{"link_name":"USS America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_America_(CV-66)"},{"link_name":"Foch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_aircraft_carrier_Foch"},{"link_name":"Clemenceau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_aircraft_carrier_Clemenceau"},{"link_name":"Adriatic Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriatic_Sea"},{"link_name":"surface-to-air missiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface-to-air_missile"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Air_Force_Magazine-26"},{"link_name":"German Luftwaffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Tornados","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panavia_Tornado"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"On 30 August, the Secretary General of NATO announced the start of air strikes, supported by UNPROFOR rapid reaction force artillery attacks.[24] Although planned and approved by the North Atlantic Council in July 1995, the operation was triggered in direct response to the second Markale massacre on 28 August 1995.[8]Image taken by a US aircraft upon hitting a Bosnian Serb targetAs many as 400 NATO aircraft participated in the air campaign.[25] Overall, 3,515 sorties were flown and a total of 1,026 bombs were dropped on 338 Bosnian Serb targets located within 48 complexes. NATO aircraft struck 97% of their targets, and seriously damaged more than 80% of them.[26] 708 of the bombs dropped were precision-guided munitions.[27] The aircraft involved in the campaign operated from Italian air bases, such as Aviano Air Base, and from the US aircraft carriers USS Theodore Roosevelt and USS America, and French aircraft carriers Foch and Clemenceau in the Adriatic Sea. The VRS integrated air defence network, comprising aircraft and surface-to-air missiles, presented a high-threat environment to NATO air operations.[26]The German Luftwaffe saw action for the first time since 1945 during Operation Deliberate Force.[28] Six interdictor-strike version Tornados, escorted by eight ECR Tornados, pinpointed Serb targets around Sarajevo for the Rapid Reaction Force artillery to attack.[29][30]","title":"Campaign"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jacques Chirac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chirac"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-11"},{"link_name":"Resolution 998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_998"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"AUF1 howitzers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMX-30_AuF1"},{"link_name":"105 mm light guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L118_light_gun"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Mount Igman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igman"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Mirage 2000N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dassault_Mirage_2000N/2000D"},{"link_name":"9K38 Igla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9K38_Igla"},{"link_name":"Pale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pale,_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-avellaneda-37"},{"link_name":"Siege of Sarajevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Sarajevo"},{"link_name":"Ticonderoga-class cruiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ticonderoga-class_cruiser"},{"link_name":"USS Normandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Normandy"},{"link_name":"Tomahawk missile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BGM-109_Tomahawk"},{"link_name":"Adriatic Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriatic_Sea"},{"link_name":"radio relay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microwave_transmission"},{"link_name":"Banja Luka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banja_Luka"},{"link_name":"US Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"F-15E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-15_Strike_Eagle"},{"link_name":"US Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Navy"},{"link_name":"F/A-18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F/A-18_Hornet"},{"link_name":"fighter-bombers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighter-bomber"},{"link_name":"precision-guided bombs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precision-guided_bombs"},{"link_name":"F-16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Dynamics_F-16_Fighting_Falcon"},{"link_name":"Maverick missiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maverick_missile"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"text":"Frustrated by the previous absence of results and the resistance of the Serbian parties to any peace progress, the Western powers, led by French President Jacques Chirac, decided to put a deterrent force in-country to support western diplomatic efforts. France, the United Kingdom and the United States decided to send a multinational brigade to the Mount Igman area, supported by an airmobile brigade and an armored battalion in reserve. The Brigade consisted of 4000 military. It consisted of 2000 French, 1500 British, 500 Dutch.[11] The creation of the force was authorized by UNSC Resolution 998 on 16 June 1995.[31]Commanded by French General Andre Soubirou,[32] the MN brigade was operational in August 1995 on Mount Igman. The main force consisted of a mixed artillery regiment, that being a French artillery group with eight 155 mm AUF1 howitzers, British artillery group with twelve 105 mm light guns, French and Dutch 120 mm Heavy Mortar company. Although the artillery fired before and after the Markale Market Massacre, the main action was on 28 and 29 August 1995, firing 1070 shells on Serbian positions, which were 305 155 mm shell, 408 120 mm shell, 357 105 mm shells.[33][34] This artillery group was part of the UNPROFOR deployed on Mount Igman to support the task of NATO's aircraft by pounding Serb artillery positions.[35]On 30 August, a French Mirage 2000N was shot down by a Bosnian Serb shoulder-fired 9K38 Igla near Pale.[36][37] On 1 September, NATO and UN demanded the lifting of the Serb's Siege of Sarajevo, removal of heavy weapons from the heavy weapons exclusion zone around Sarajevo, and complete security of other UN safe areas. NATO stopped the air raids and gave an ultimatum to Bosnian Serb leaders. The deadline was set as 4 September. On 5 September 1995, NATO resumed air attacks on Bosnian Serb positions around Sarajevo and near the Bosnian Serb headquarters at Pale after the Bosnian Serbs failed to comply with the ultimatum. On the night of 10 September, the Ticonderoga-class cruiser USS Normandy launched a Tomahawk missile strike from the central Adriatic Sea against a key air defense radio relay tower at Lisina, near Banja Luka, while US Air Force F-15E and US Navy F/A-18 fighter-bombers hit the same targets with about a dozen precision-guided bombs, and F-16 jets attacked with Maverick missiles.[38][39]On 14 September, NATO air strikes were suspended to allow the implementation of an agreement with Bosnian Serbs to include the withdrawal of heavy weapons from the Sarajevo exclusion zone. The initial 72-hour suspension was eventually extended to 114 hours. Finally on 20 September, General Bernard Janvier and Admiral Leighton W. Smith, Jr. agreed that the resumption of air strikes was not necessary, as Bosnian Serbs had complied with the conditions set out by the UN, and so the operation was terminated.[40]","title":"Rapid Reaction Force"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mirage 2000N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dassault_Mirage_2000N/2000D"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Owen_humanitarian-44"},{"link_name":"IFOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implementation_Force"},{"link_name":"SFOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stabilisation_Force_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"Operation Althea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Althea"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"text":"The two French airmen who were captured after their Mirage 2000N was downed by Bosnian Serb forces on 30 August 1995, Lt. Jose Souvignet and Capt. Frederic Chiffot, were released only upon the end of the Bosnian War, on 12 December 1995. Upon being released, they told reporters that they had been treated well while in captivity.[41][42][43][44]In December 1995, NATO dispatched a 60,000-strong peacekeeping force into Bosnia as part of the IFOR to enforce the Dayton Peace Agreement to secure peace and prevent renewed hostilities between three warring factions. In December 1996, the NATO-led SFOR was established to replace the IFOR to enforce the Dayton Peace Agreement. This lasted up until December 2004, when Operation Althea replaced the NATO-led SFOR.[45]","title":"Aftermath"}]
[{"image_text":"Image taken by a US aircraft upon hitting a Bosnian Serb target","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Bombing_republika_srpska.jpg/220px-Bombing_republika_srpska.jpg"}]
[{"title":"NATO bombing of Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO_bombing_of_Yugoslavia"}]
[{"reference":"\"Foreword\" (PDF). TAQ (6). September 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 September 2012. Retrieved 24 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120918012053/http://www.army.mod.uk/documents/general/TAQ_Volume__6.pdf","url_text":"\"Foreword\""},{"url":"http://www.army.mod.uk/documents/general/TAQ_Volume__6.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Budućnost je počela 1995. kod Nevesinja kada su Srbi oborili prvi dron u istoriji\". Politika. 16 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.politika.rs/sr/clanak/532808/Buducnost-je-pocela-1995-kod-Nevesinja-kada-su-Srbi-oborili-prvi-dron-u-istoriji","url_text":"\"Budućnost je počela 1995. kod Nevesinja kada su Srbi oborili prvi dron u istoriji\""}]},{"reference":"\"US interventions post-Cold War: Bosnian War\". Al Jazeera. 5 September 2013. Retrieved 12 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/interactive/2013/09/201395758918848.html","url_text":"\"US interventions post-Cold War: Bosnian War\""}]},{"reference":"Ripley, Tim (1999). Operation Deliberate Force: The UN and NATO Campaign in Bosnia, 1995. Lancaster, England: Centre for Defence and International Security Studies. p. 316. ISBN 978-0-9536650-0-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0X4tAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"Operation Deliberate Force: The UN and NATO Campaign in Bosnia, 1995"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancaster,_Lancashire","url_text":"Lancaster"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_for_Defence_and_International_Security_Studies","url_text":"Centre for Defence and International Security Studies"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9536650-0-6","url_text":"978-0-9536650-0-6"}]},{"reference":"Raugh, Harold R. \"Operation JOINT ENDEAVOR V Corps in Bosnia-Herzegovina 1995-1996 An Oral History\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.armyupress.army.mil/Portals/7/combat-studies-institute/csi-books/OperationJointEndeavor.pdf","url_text":"\"Operation JOINT ENDEAVOR V Corps in Bosnia-Herzegovina 1995-1996 An Oral History\""}]},{"reference":"Atkinson, Rick (15 November 1995). \"AIR ASSAULT SET STAGE FOR BROADER ROLE\". 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OCLC 40545454.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Holbrooke","url_text":"Holbrooke, Richard"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/toendwar00holb_0/page/327","url_text":"To End a War"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-375-75360-5","url_text":"0-375-75360-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/40545454","url_text":"40545454"}]},{"reference":"\"Operation Deliberate Force\". Eagle Country.","urls":[{"url":"https://skytrailer.nl/combat/operation-deliberate-force/?adlt=strict&toWww=1&redig=378C238A6B4545CE87F113B723018E21","url_text":"\"Operation Deliberate Force\""}]},{"reference":"\"Data concerning the locations of depleted uranium ordnance expended during Allied Operations Deny Flight-Deliberate Force, 1993-95 in Bosnia (grid co-ordinates)\". www.nato.int. NATO. 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The Value of Highly Capable Proxy Forces\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookings_Institution","url_text":"Brookings Institution"}]},{"reference":"\"5: The Alliance's Operational Role in Peacekeeping: The Process of Bringing Peace to the Former Yugoslavia: Evolution of the Conflict\". NATO Handbook. NATO. 2002. Archived from the original on 6 February 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100206234650/http://www.nato.int/docu/handbook/2001/hb050102.htm","url_text":"NATO Handbook"},{"url":"http://www.nato.int/docu/handbook/2001/hb050102.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bethlehem, Daniel L.; Weller, Marc (1997). The 'Yugoslav' Crisis in International Law. Cambridge International Documents Series. Vol. 5. Cambridge University Press. p. liii. 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United Nations. 15 November 1999.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.un.org/Docs/journal/asp/ws.asp?m=A/54/549","url_text":"\"A/54/549, Report of the Secretary-General pursuant to General Assembly resolution 53/35: The fall of Srebrenica\""}]},{"reference":"Bethlehem, Daniel L.; Weller, Marc (1997). The 'Yugoslav' Crisis in International Law. Cambridge International Documents Series. Vol. 5. Cambridge University Press. p. liiv. ISBN 978-0-521-46304-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7SczBzxA6-IC&pg=PR54","url_text":"The 'Yugoslav' Crisis in International Law"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-46304-1","url_text":"978-0-521-46304-1"}]},{"reference":"Hansen, Ole Kjeld (1997). \"Operation \"Hooligan-bashing\" – Danish Tanks at War\". Archived from the original on 21 February 2014. 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ISBN 978-0-7914-8348-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-8348-0","url_text":"978-0-7914-8348-0"}]},{"reference":"\"German planes see first action since 1945\". The Victoria Advocate. 2 September 1995 – via Google News.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=MBwKAAAAIBAJ&pg=4322,202184&dq=tornado+german+sarajevo&hl=en","url_text":"\"German planes see first action since 1945\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Victoria_Advocate","url_text":"The Victoria Advocate"}]},{"reference":"Owen, Robert (2000). Deliberate Force: A Case Study in Effective Air Campaigning. Darby, Pennsylvania: DIANE Publishing. p. 246. ISBN 1-58566-076-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58566-076-0","url_text":"1-58566-076-0"}]},{"reference":"Findlay, Trevor, ed. (1996). Challenges for the New Peacekeepers. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. p. 41. ISBN 0-19-829199-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-829199-X","url_text":"0-19-829199-X"}]},{"reference":"\"Security Council Resolution 998\". UNDocs.org. 16 June 1995.","urls":[{"url":"https://undocs.org/en/S/RES/998(1995)","url_text":"\"Security Council Resolution 998\""}]},{"reference":"\"British, French Forces Eager To Back Up UN in Bosnia\". 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Archived from the original on 24 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/shotdown-french-pilots-held-captive-1601799.html","url_text":"\"Shot-down French pilots 'held captive'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent","url_text":"The Independent"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/shotdown-french-pilots-held-captive-1601799.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Schmitt, Eric (11 September 1995). \"NATO Shifts Focus of its Air Attacks on Bosnian Serbs\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1995/09/11/world/nato-shifts-focus-of-its-air-attacks-on-bosnian-serbs.html","url_text":"\"NATO Shifts Focus of its Air Attacks on Bosnian Serbs\""}]},{"reference":"Rip, Michael Russell; Hasik, James M. (2002). The Precision Revolution: GPS and the Future of Aerial Warfare. Naval Institute Press. p. 226. 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Air University Press. p. 522.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/au/owen.pdf","url_text":"\"Deliberate Force: A Case Study in Effective Air Campaigning. Final Report of the Air University Balkans Air Campaign Study\""}]},{"reference":"Owen, Robert C. (30 September 2011). \"Operation Deliberate Force: A case study in humanitarian constraints in aerospace warfare\" (PDF). Harvard Kennedy School. p. 63.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hks.harvard.edu/cchrp/Web%20Working%20Papers/Owen2001.pdf","url_text":"\"Operation Deliberate Force: A case study in humanitarian constraints in aerospace warfare\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_School_of_Government","url_text":"Harvard Kennedy School"}]},{"reference":"\"EUFOR BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA Military Operation ALTHEA\". Europa. 30 November 2020. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eeas.europa.eu/eufor-althea/eufor-bosnia-herzegovina-military-operation-althea_en?s=324&adlt=strict&toWww=1&redig=E5554388DD434259A03FC473B96391FA#top","url_text":"\"EUFOR BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA Military Operation ALTHEA\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_(web_portal)","url_text":"Europa"}]}]
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The Value of Highly Capable Proxy Forces\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100206234650/http://www.nato.int/docu/handbook/2001/hb050102.htm","external_links_name":"NATO Handbook"},{"Link":"http://www.nato.int/docu/handbook/2001/hb050102.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7SczBzxA6-IC&pg=PR53","external_links_name":"The 'Yugoslav' Crisis in International Law"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wZczV8ZxgL4C&pg=PA29","external_links_name":"American National Biography"},{"Link":"https://www.un.org/Docs/journal/asp/ws.asp?m=A/54/549","external_links_name":"\"A/54/549, Report of the Secretary-General pursuant to General Assembly resolution 53/35: The fall of Srebrenica\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7SczBzxA6-IC&pg=PR54","external_links_name":"The 'Yugoslav' Crisis in International Law"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140221230137/http://www.milhist.dk/post45/boellebank/boellebank_uk.htm","external_links_name":"\"Operation \"Hooligan-bashing\" – Danish Tanks at War\""},{"Link":"http://www.milhist.dk/post45/boellebank/boellebank_uk.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1994/08/06/world/us-hits-bosnian-serb-target-in-air-raid.html","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Hits Bosnian Serb Target in Air Raid\""},{"Link":"http://www.nato.int/docu/pr/1994/p94-090.htm","external_links_name":"\"NATO Aircraft Attack Bosnian-Serb Tank\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160109102833/http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,983055,00.html","external_links_name":"\"Rescuing Scott O'Grady: All For One\""},{"Link":"http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,983055,00.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.nato.int/docu/pr/1995/p95-068.htm","external_links_name":"\"NATO Aircraft Provide Close Air Support In The Srebrenica Area\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1995/10/29/world/massacre-in-bosnia-srebrenica-the-days-of-slaughter.html","external_links_name":"\"MASSACRE IN BOSNIA;Srebrenica: The Days of Slaughter\""},{"Link":"https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/statement/2005-07-11/secretary-generals-message-ceremony-marking-10th-anniversary","external_links_name":"\"Secretary-General's message to ceremony marking the 10th anniversary of the Srebrenica massacre (delivered by Mark Malloch Brown, Chef de Cabinet)\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fDimGeTLOLkC&pg=PA69","external_links_name":"The changing rules on the use of force in international law"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/technologyameric1945mahn/page/n194","external_links_name":"Technology and the American Way of War Since 1945"},{"Link":"http://www.airforcemag.com/MagazineArchive/Pages/1997/October%201997/1097deliberate.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Deliberate Force\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=MBwKAAAAIBAJ&pg=4322,202184&dq=tornado+german+sarajevo&hl=en","external_links_name":"\"German planes see first action since 1945\""},{"Link":"https://undocs.org/en/S/RES/998(1995)","external_links_name":"\"Security Council Resolution 998\""},{"Link":"https://www.csmonitor.com/1995/0804/04061.html","external_links_name":"\"British, French Forces Eager To Back Up UN in Bosnia\""},{"Link":"https://www.defense.gouv.fr/terre/actu-terre/1995-l-engagement-du-groupement-d-artillerie-leclerc-le-40e-ra-porte-le-feu-depuis-igman","external_links_name":"\"1995 : L'engagement du groupement d'artillerie Leclerc, le 40e RA porte le feu depuis Igman\""},{"Link":"https://artillerie.asso.fr/basart/article.php3?id_article=1598","external_links_name":"\"Le Groupe d'artillerie Leclerc en Bosnie (Juillet 1995 - Décembre 1995): H. L'heure des premiers bilans\""},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/shotdown-french-pilots-held-captive-1601799.html","external_links_name":"\"Shot-down French pilots 'held captive'\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/shotdown-french-pilots-held-captive-1601799.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1995/09/11/world/nato-shifts-focus-of-its-air-attacks-on-bosnian-serbs.html","external_links_name":"\"NATO Shifts Focus of its Air Attacks on Bosnian Serbs\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160314010216/http://planken.org/balkans/chronology/unprofor/1995","external_links_name":"\"The Balkans Chronology\""},{"Link":"http://planken.org/balkans/chronology/unprofor/1995","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://articles.latimes.com/1995-12-13/news/mn-13525_1_bosnian-serb-leader","external_links_name":"\"Bosnian Serbs Free Downed French Airmen\""},{"Link":"http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1995-12-13/news/9512130283_1_bosnian-serbs-serbs-and-muslims-dayton-agreement","external_links_name":"\"2 Downed French Airmen Act Removes Possible Hitch In Signing Of Peace Agreement\""},{"Link":"http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/au/owen.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Deliberate Force: A Case Study in Effective Air Campaigning. Final Report of the Air University Balkans Air Campaign Study\""},{"Link":"http://www.hks.harvard.edu/cchrp/Web%20Working%20Papers/Owen2001.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Operation Deliberate Force: A case study in humanitarian constraints in aerospace warfare\""},{"Link":"https://www.eeas.europa.eu/eufor-althea/eufor-bosnia-herzegovina-military-operation-althea_en?s=324&adlt=strict&toWww=1&redig=E5554388DD434259A03FC473B96391FA#top","external_links_name":"\"EUFOR BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA Military Operation ALTHEA\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081110153404/http://www.afsouth.nato.int/factsheets/DeliberateForceFactSheet.htm","external_links_name":"Operation Deliberate Force fact sheet, NATO website, updated 16 December 2002."},{"Link":"http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/deliberate_force.htm","external_links_name":"\"Operation Deliberate Force,\" Globalsecurity.org."},{"Link":"http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/Bosnia/updates/sep95/9-12/carrier/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Aircraft Carrier USS America Replaces USS Roosevelt in Adriatic,\" 12 September 1995, CNN."},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070930213114/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,983401-1,00.html","external_links_name":"\"Louder Than Words,\" TIME magazine, September 11, 1995."},{"Link":"http://www.csmonitor.com/1994/0225/25231.html","external_links_name":"\"If U.S. Force Is Needed In Bosnia,\" by Michael Johns, The Christian Science Monitor, 25 February 1994."}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Converse
Frank Converse
["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Personal life","4 Filmography","5 References","6 External links"]
American actor Frank ConverseJack Warden with Converse (right) as Johnny Corso in N.Y.P.D., 1968Born (1938-05-22) May 22, 1938 (age 86)St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.Years active1966-2012Spouse(s)Maureen Anderman (1982-present); 2 childrenCarol Tawser (divorced); 2 children Frank Converse (born May 22, 1938) is an American actor. Early life Converse was born in 1938 in St. Louis, Missouri. In 1962, he received a Bachelor of Fine Arts in drama at Carnegie Institute of Technology (now Carnegie Mellon University) in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Career On Broadway, he starred in The Philadelphia Story (1980), Design for Living (1984), A Streetcar Named Desire (1988), and Lady in the Dark (1994). Off-Broadway, he starred in The House of Blue Leaves (1971) and South Pacific. In 2007, he appeared at the Hartford Stage in Thornton Wilder's Our Town with Hal Holbrook. Converse also did television commercials for Black & Decker in the late 1980s. Converse was the star of five television series: Coronet Blue, N.Y.P.D. (not to be confused with NYPD Blue), Movin' On, The Family Tree, and Dolphin Cove. He played Harry O'Neill on One Life to Live and Ned Simon on As the World Turns, and he had a brief role in All My Children. He appeared opposite Bing Crosby in the 1971 TV movie thriller Dr. Cook's Garden and played Morgan Harris in Anne of Green Gables: The Sequel (also known as Anne of Avonlea). He starred in the Tales of the Unexpected (TV series) as Jack in "Bird of Prey" (1984, series 7, episode 10). He also played Bill Davenport on an episode of Law & Order: Criminal Intent titled "Tomorrow". His film career included roles in Hurry Sundown (1967), Hour of the Gun (1967, as Virgil Earp), The Rowdyman (1972), Killer on Board (1977), Cruise Into Terror (1978), The Pilot (1980), The Bushido Blade (1981), Spring Fever (1982), Solarbabies (1986), Everybody Wins (1990) and Primary Motive (1992). Personal life Divorced from Carol Tauser, then Astrid Ronning, he is currently married to actress Maureen Anderman. Filmography Year Title Role Notes 1967 Hurry Sundown Rev. Clem De Lavery 1967 Hour of the Gun Virgil Earp 1971 Dr. Cook's Garden Jimmy Tennyson TV movie 1971 A Tattered Web Steve Butler 1972 The Rowdyman Andrew Scott 1977 Killer on Board Dr. Paul TV movie 1974-1976 Movin' On Will Chandler TV series 1978 Cruise Into Terror Matt Lazarus TV movie 1979 The Bushido Blade Captain Lawrence Hawk 1980 The Pilot Jim Cochran 1981 Time Bandits Dim 1982 Spring Fever Lewis Berryman 1986 Solarbabies Greentree 1987 Anne of Avonlea Morgan Harris 1990 Everybody Wins Charley Haggerty 1992 Primary Motive John Eastham References ^ "Frank Converse". www.tcm.com. Retrieved 2022-07-28. ^ Brooks, Tim and Marsh, Earle, The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows 1946-Present (Seventh Edition), Ballantine Books, 1999 ^ Maltin, Leonard, TV Movies and Video Guide 1991 Edition, Plume, 1990 ^ Maltin, Leonard, TV Movies and Video Guide 1991 Edition, Plume, 1990 External links Frank Converse at IMDb Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain France BnF data Germany Israel United States Other SNAC
[{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Frank Converse (born May 22, 1938) is an American actor.","title":"Frank Converse"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_University"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Converse was born in 1938 in St. Louis, Missouri.[1] In 1962, he received a Bachelor of Fine Arts in drama at Carnegie Institute of Technology (now Carnegie Mellon University) in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.[citation needed]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Philadelphia Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Philadelphia_Story_(play)"},{"link_name":"Design for Living","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design_for_Living"},{"link_name":"A Streetcar Named Desire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Streetcar_Named_Desire_(play)"},{"link_name":"Lady in the Dark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_in_the_Dark"},{"link_name":"Off-Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Off-Broadway"},{"link_name":"The House of Blue Leaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_House_of_Blue_Leaves"},{"link_name":"South Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Pacific_(musical)"},{"link_name":"Thornton Wilder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thornton_Wilder"},{"link_name":"Hal Holbrook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal_Holbrook"},{"link_name":"Black & Decker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_%26_Decker"},{"link_name":"Coronet Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronet_Blue"},{"link_name":"N.Y.P.D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N.Y.P.D._(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"NYPD Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NYPD_Blue"},{"link_name":"Movin' On","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movin%27_On_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Family Tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Family_Tree_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Dolphin Cove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolphin_Cove_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Harry O'Neill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_O%27Neill_(One_Life_to_Live)"},{"link_name":"One Life to Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live"},{"link_name":"As the World Turns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As_the_World_Turns"},{"link_name":"All My Children","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_My_Children"},{"link_name":"Bing Crosby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bing_Crosby"},{"link_name":"Dr. Cook's Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Cook%27s_Garden"},{"link_name":"Anne of Green Gables: The Sequel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_of_Avonlea_(1987_film)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Tales of the Unexpected (TV series)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tales_of_the_Unexpected_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Hurry Sundown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurry_Sundown_(film)"},{"link_name":"Hour of the Gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hour_of_the_Gun"},{"link_name":"Virgil Earp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgil_Earp"},{"link_name":"The Rowdyman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rowdyman"},{"link_name":"Cruise Into Terror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise_Into_Terror"},{"link_name":"The Pilot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pilot_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Bushido Blade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushido_Blade_(film)"},{"link_name":"Spring Fever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_Fever_(1982_film)"},{"link_name":"Solarbabies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solarbabies"},{"link_name":"Everybody Wins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everybody_Wins_(1990_film)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Primary Motive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_Motive"}],"text":"On Broadway, he starred in The Philadelphia Story (1980), Design for Living (1984), A Streetcar Named Desire (1988), and Lady in the Dark (1994). Off-Broadway, he starred in The House of Blue Leaves (1971) and South Pacific. In 2007, he appeared at the Hartford Stage in Thornton Wilder's Our Town with Hal Holbrook. Converse also did television commercials for Black & Decker in the late 1980s.Converse was the star of five television series: Coronet Blue, N.Y.P.D. (not to be confused with NYPD Blue), Movin' On, The Family Tree, and Dolphin Cove.[2] He played Harry O'Neill on One Life to Live and Ned Simon on As the World Turns, and he had a brief role in All My Children. He appeared opposite Bing Crosby in the 1971 TV movie thriller Dr. Cook's Garden and played Morgan Harris in Anne of Green Gables: The Sequel (also known as Anne of Avonlea).[3] He starred in the Tales of the Unexpected (TV series) as Jack in \"Bird of Prey\" (1984, series 7, episode 10). He also played Bill Davenport on an episode of Law & Order: Criminal Intent titled \"Tomorrow\".His film career included roles in Hurry Sundown (1967), Hour of the Gun (1967, as Virgil Earp), The Rowdyman (1972), Killer on Board (1977), Cruise Into Terror (1978), The Pilot (1980), The Bushido Blade (1981), Spring Fever (1982), Solarbabies (1986), Everybody Wins (1990) [4] and Primary Motive (1992).","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maureen Anderman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maureen_Anderman"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Divorced from Carol Tauser, then Astrid Ronning, he is currently married to actress Maureen Anderman.[citation needed]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Hern%C3%A1ndez_(Argentine_footballer)
Nicolás Hernández (Argentine footballer)
["1 Career","2 References","3 External links"]
Argentine footballer (born 1979) Nicolás Hernández Hernández in 2008Personal informationDate of birth (1979-05-04) 4 May 1979 (age 45)Place of birth Buenos Aires, ArgentinaHeight 5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)Position(s) ForwardYouth career Ferro Carril OesteSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)1999–2000 Ferro Carril Oeste 17 (3)2000–2001 Colón 10 (0)2002 Cremonese 2002–2003 San Martín (M) 21 (4)2003–2005 Huracán 60 (18)2005 Cobreloa 15 (3)2006–2008 Colorado Rapids 54 (11)2008 Columbus Crew 5 (0)2009 Alajuelense 13 (1)2010–2012 SHB Đà Nẵng 37 (10)2012–2013 Quảng Nam (5)2013–2017 Ferro Carril Oeste 22 (1) *Club domestic league appearances and goals Nicolás "Niko" Hernández (born 4 May 1979 in Buenos Aires, Argentina) is an Argentine retired footballer. Career Hernández began his professional career with the Primera División side Ferro Carril Oeste in 1999. After a year with them he moved to Colón de Santa Fe for a season. In 2002, he was signed by Italian club U.S. Cremonese. After a short spell with them he ended up back in Argentina playing for National B Division teams San Martín de Mendoza and Huracán until 2005 when he was picked up by Chilean powerhouse Cobreloa. On 30 March 2006, he was signed by the Colorado Rapids. He started his first game with the club on 2 April against the Columbus Crew and scored 8 goals for the club. He was traded to the Columbus Crew on 27 February 2008 for Tim Ward. He was waived on 27 June 2008. Niko moved to Costa Rica for play with the Liga Deportiva Alajuelense during one-year contract. He was the only non-Costa Rican on the roster. In 2010, he joined V-League side SHB Đà Nẵng FC in 2010. In 2012, Niko moved to Vietnamese First Division side QNK Quảng Nam. In the 2012 season, he scored five goals. References ^ Archived 2011-05-25 at the Wayback Machine Sportsnetwork.com ^ Liga Deportiva Alajuelense Official Website ^ La Nación (Costa Rican Newspaper) ^ "SHB Đà Nẵng bổ sung nhiều cầu thủ trẻ tại V-League 2010" (in Vietnamese). External links Statistics at Guardian Stats Centre (in Spanish) Argentine Primera statistics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gertrude_Bonnin
Zitkala-Sa
["1 Early life and education","2 Music and teaching","3 Marriage and family","4 Writing career","4.1 American Indian Stories","4.2 Old Indian Legends","4.3 \"Oklahoma's Poor Rich Indians\"","4.4 Articles for American Indian Magazine","5 Making an opera","6 Political activism","7 Death and legacy","8 Writings by Zitkala-Ša","9 Scores","10 See also","11 References","12 Bibliography","13 External links"]
Yankton Dakota writer (1876–1938) Zitkala-ŠaZitkala-Ša in 1898, National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian InstitutionBorn(1876-02-22)February 22, 1876Yankton Indian Reservation, Dakota TerritoryDiedJanuary 26, 1938(1938-01-26) (aged 61)Washington, DCResting placeArlington National CemeteryOther namesGertrude Simmons BonninEducationWhite's Manual Labor Institute, Wabash, IndianaAlma materEarlham CollegeOccupations Writer editor musician teacher Native American activist Employer(s)Carlisle Indian Industrial School, Bureau of Indian Affairs, Uintah-Ouray reservationKnown forCo-composed the first American Indian opera, founded the National Council of American Indians, authored books and magazine articlesNotable workSun Dance Opera, Old Indian Legends, American Indian Stories, "Oklahoma's Poor Rich Indians"SpouseRaymond T. BonninChildrenOhíyaParent(s)Mother, Ellen Simmons, also called Thaté Iyóhiwiŋ ("Every Wind" or "Reaches for the Wind")Signature Zitkala-Ša, also Zitkála-Šá (Lakota: Zitkála-Šá, meaning Red Bird; February 22, 1876 – January 26, 1938), was a Yankton Dakota writer, editor, translator, musician, educator, and political activist. She was also known by her Anglicized and married name, Gertrude Simmons Bonnin. She wrote several works chronicling her struggles with cultural identity, and the pull between the majority culture in which she was educated, and the Dakota culture into which she was born and raised. Her later books were among the first works to bring traditional Native American stories to a widespread white English-speaking readership. She was co-founder of the National Council of American Indians in 1926, which was established to lobby for Native people's right to United States citizenship and other civil rights they had long been denied. Zitkala-Ša served as the council's president until her death in 1938. Zitkala-Ša has been noted as one of the most influential Native American activists of the 20th century. Working with American musician William F. Hanson, Zitkala-Ša wrote the libretto and songs for The Sun Dance Opera (1913), the first American Indian opera. It was composed in romantic musical style, and based on Sioux and Ute cultural themes. Early life and education Zitkala-Ša with her violin in 1898 Zitkala-Ša was born on February 22, 1876, on the Yankton Indian Reservation in South Dakota. She was raised by her mother, Ellen Simmons, whose Dakota name was Thaté Iyóhiwiŋ (Every Wind or Reaches for the Wind). Her father was a Frenchman named Felker, who abandoned the family when Zitkala-Ša was very young. For her first eight years, Zitkala-Ša lived with her mother on the reservation. She later described those days as ones of freedom and happiness, safe in the care of her mother's people and tribe. In 1884, when Zitkala-Ša was eight, missionaries came to the reservation. They recruited several Yankton children, including Zitkala-Ša, taking them to be educated at the White's Indiana Manual Labor Institute, a Quaker missionary boarding school in Wabash, Indiana. This training school was founded by Josiah White for the education of "poor children, white, colored, and Indian" to help them advance in society. Zitkala-Ša attended the school for three years until 1887. She later wrote about this period in her work, The School Days of an Indian Girl. She described the deep misery of having her heritage stripped away when she was forced to pray as a Quaker and to cut her traditionally long hair. By contrast, she took joy in learning to read, write, and play the violin. In 1887, Zitkala-Ša returned to the Yankton Reservation to live with her mother. She spent three years there. She was dismayed to realize that, while she still longed for the native Yankton traditions, she no longer fully belonged to them. Besides, she thought that many on the reservation were conforming to the dominant white culture. In 1891, wanting more education, Zitkala-Ša decided at age fifteen to return to the White's Indiana Manual Labor Institute. She planned to gain more through her education than becoming a housekeeper, a role the school anticipated most female students would pursue. She studied piano and violin and started to teach music at White's after the music teacher resigned. In June 1895, when Zitkala-Ša was awarded her diploma, she gave a speech on the inequality of women's rights, which was praised highly by the local newspaper. Though her mother wanted her to return home after graduation, Zitkala-Ša chose to attend Earlham College in Richmond, Indiana, where she had been offered a scholarship. While initially feeling isolated and uncertain among her predominantly white peers, she proved her oratorical talents with a speech titled "Side by Side”. During this time, she began gathering traditional stories from a spectrum of Native tribes, translating them into Latin and English for children to read. In 1897, six weeks before graduation, she was forced to leave Earlham College due to ill health and financial difficulties. Music and teaching Zitkala-Ša, 1898, by Joseph Keiley From 1897 to 1899 Zitkala-Ša studied and played the violin at the New England Conservatory of Music in Boston. In 1899, she took a position at Carlisle Indian Industrial School in Pennsylvania, where she taught music to children. She also facilitated debates on the treatment of Native Americans. At the 1900 Paris Exposition, she played violin with the school's Carlisle Indian Band. In the same year, she began writing articles on Native American life, which were published in national periodicals such as Atlantic Monthly and Harper's Monthly. Her critical appraisal of the American Indian boarding school system and vivid portrayal of Indian deracination contrasted markedly to the more idealistic writings of most of her contemporaries. Also in 1901, Zitkala-Ša was sent by Carlisle's founder, Colonel Richard Henry Pratt, to the Yankton Reservation to recruit students. It was her first visit in several years. She was troubled to find her mother's house in disrepair, her brother's family had fallen into poverty, and white settlers were beginning to occupy lands allotted to the Yankton Dakota under the Dawes Act of 1887. Upon returning to the Carlisle School, Zitkala-Ša came into conflict with Pratt. She resented his rigid program to assimilate Native Americans into dominant white culture and the limitations of the curriculum. It prepared Native American children only for low-level manual work, assuming they would return to rural cultures. That year she published an article in Harper's Monthly describing the profound loss of identity felt by a Native American boy after undergoing the assimilationist education at the school, a story called "The Soft Hearted Sioux", which Pratt called "trash". In 1901, Zitkala-Ša was dismissed from the Carlisle School. Soon after, she took a job as a clerk at the Standing Rock Indian Reservation where she likely met Bonnin. Marriage and family Zitkala-Ša returned to the Yankton Reservation after her time at the Carlisle School and cared for her ailing mother. Her relationship with her mother was strained after a disagreement over Zitkala-Ša's decision to continue her education. She also spent this time gathering material for her collection of traditional Sioux stories to publish in Old Indian Legends, commissioned by the Boston publisher Ginn and Company. In early 1901, she was engaged to Carlos Montezuma, a Yavapi (Mohave-Apache) doctor and Indigenous activist. Her letters to Montezuma verify that the Carlisle school and its president and founder were a major cause of concern. In her letters, she repeatedly mentions Pratt and Carlisle, calling Pratt "woefully small" and "bigoted" (5 March 1901) and writing that she "imagines Carlisle will rear up on its haunches" after one of her stories is published (Summer 1901). Zitkala-Ša explains to Montezuma that even though she "offends the Col.," she "won't be another's mouthpiece- will say just what thinks" (5 March 1901). It is both because of and through her rejection of Pratt and his educational plan that Zitkala-Ša inscribes her strategic rhetoric of pedagogical resistance. She broke off her engagement and relationship with Montezuma by August. He had refused to give up his private medical practice in Chicago and relocate with her to the Yankton Indian Agency, where she wanted to return. In 1902, she met and married Raymond Talephause Bonnin, who was of Yankton-European ancestry and culturally Yankton. Soon after their marriage, Bonnin was assigned by the BIA to the Uintah-Ouray reservation in Utah. The couple lived and worked there with the Ute people for the next fourteen years. During this period, Zitkala-Ša gave birth to the couple's only child, Raymond Ohiya Bonnin. Her husband, Bonnin, enlisted in the US Army in 1917 after the United States declared war against the German Empire during World War I. He was commissioned as a second lieutenant in 1918. He served in the Quarter Master Corps in Washington, D.C., and was honorably discharged with the rank of captain in 1920. Writing career Zitkala-Ša, c. 1898, by Gertrude Käsebier Zitkala-Ša had a fruitful writing career, with two major periods. The first period was from 1900 to 1904, when she published legends collected from Native American culture, as well as autobiographical narratives. She continued to write during the following years, but she did not publish any of these writings. These unpublished writings, along with others including the libretto of the Sun Dance Opera, were collected and published posthumously in 2001 as Dreams and Thunder: Stories, Poems, and the Sun Dance Opera. Zitkala-Ša's articles in the Atlantic Monthly were published from 1900 to 1902. They included "An Indian Teacher Among Indians", published in Volume 85 in 1900. Included in the same issue were "Impressions of an Indian Childhood" and "School Days of an Indian Girl". Zitkala-Ša's other articles were published in Harper's Monthly. "Soft-Hearted Sioux" appeared in the March 1901 issue, Volume 102, and "The Trial Path" in the October 1901 issue, Volume 103. She also wrote "A Warrior's Daughter", published in 1902 in Volume 6 of Everybody's Magazine. In 1902, Zitkala-Ša published "Why I Am a Pagan" in Atlantic Monthly, volume 90. It was a treatise on her personal spiritual beliefs. She countered the contemporary trend that suggested Native Americans readily adopted and conformed to the Christianity forced on them in schools and public life. Much of her work is characterized by its liminal nature: tensions between tradition and assimilation, and between literature and politics. This tension has been described as generating much of the dynamism of her work. The second phase of her writing career was from 1916 to 1924. During this period, Zitkala-Ša concentrated on writing and publishing political works. She and her husband had moved to Washington, D.C., where she became politically active. She published some of her most influential writings, including American Indian Stories (1921) with the Hayworth Publishing House. She co-authored Oklahoma's Poor Rich Indians: An Orgy of Graft and Exploitation of the Five Civilized Tribes, Legalized Robbery (1923), an influential pamphlet, with Charles H. Fabens of the American Indian Defense Association and Matthew K. Sniffen of the Indian Rights Association. Included in the Oklahoma's Poor Rich Indians publication was information about Stella Mason, as well as others. She also created the Indian Welfare Committee of the General Federation of Women's Clubs, working as a researcher for it through much of the 1920s. American Indian Stories Zitkála-Šá, by Gertrude Käsebier, 1898 American Indian Stories is a collection of childhood stories, allegorical fiction, and an essay, including several of Zitkala-Ša's articles that were originally published in Harper's Monthly and Atlantic Monthly. First published in 1921, these stories told of the hardships which she and other Native Americans encountered at the missionary and manual labor schools designed to "civilize" them and assimilate them to majority culture. The autobiographical writings described her early life on the Yankton Reservation, her years as a student at White's Manual Labor Institute and Earlham College, and her time teaching at Carlisle Indian Industrial School. Her autobiography contrasted the charm of her early life on the reservation with the "iron routine" which she found in the assimilation boarding schools. Zitkala-Ša wrote: "Perhaps my Indian nature is the moaning wind which stirs them now for their present record. But, however tempestuous this is within me, it comes out as the low voice of a curiously colored seashell, which is only for those ears that are bent with compassion to hear it." Old Indian Legends Commissioned by the Boston publisher Ginn and Company, Old Indian Legends (1901) was a collection of stories including some that she learned as a child and others she had gathered from various tribes. Directed primarily at children, the collection was an attempt both to preserve Native American traditions and stories in print and to garner respect and recognition for those from the dominant European-American culture. "Oklahoma's Poor Rich Indians" One of Zitkala-Ša's most influential pieces of political writing, "Oklahoma's Poor Rich Indians”, was published in 1923 by the Indian Rights Association. The article exposed several American corporations that had been working systematically, through such extra-legal means as robbery and even murder, to defraud Native American tribes, particularly the Osage. After oil was discovered on their lands, speculators and criminals tried to acquire their headrights to leasing fees from development of their oil-rich land in Oklahoma. During the 1920s, numerous Osage were murdered. The work influenced Congress to pass the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934, which encouraged tribes to re-establish self-government, including management of their lands. Under this act, the government returned some lands to them as communal property, which it had previously classified as surplus, so they could put together parcels that could be managed. Articles for American Indian Magazine Zitkala-Ša was an active member of the Society of American Indians (SAI), which published American Indian Magazine. From 1918 to 1919 she served as editor of the magazine, as well as contributing numerous articles. These were her most explicitly political writings, covering topics such as the contribution of Native American soldiers to World War I, issues of land allotment, and corruption within the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), the agency within the Department of Interior that oversaw American Indians. Many of her political writings have since been criticized for favoring assimilation. She called for recognition of Native American culture and traditions, while also advocating US citizenship rights to bring Native Americans into mainstream America. She believed this was the way that they could both gain political power and protect their cultures. Making an opera Main article: The Sun Dance Opera Contemporary 1913 newspaper article in the El Paso Herald about The Sun Dance Opera, referring to the then-37-year-old Zitkala-Ša as "girl" While Zitkala-Ša lived on the Uintah-Ouray reservation in Utah, she met American composer William F. Hanson, who was a professor of music at Brigham Young University. Together, in 1910, they started their collaboration on the music for The Sun Dance Opera, for which Zitkala-Ša wrote the libretto and songs. She also played Sioux melodies on the violin and flute, and Hanson used this as the basis of his music composition. She based it on the Lakota Sun Dance, which the federal government prohibited the Ute from performing on the reservation. The opera premiered in Utah in February 1913, with dancing and some parts performed by the Ute from the nearby Uintah and Ouray Indian Reservation, and lead singing roles filled by non-natives. According to historian Tadeusz Lewandowski, it was the first Native opera. It debuted at Orpheus Hall in Vernal, Utah, to high local praise and critical acclaim. Few works of Native American opera since have dealt so exclusively with Native American themes. In 1938, the New York Light Opera Guild presented The Sun Dance Opera at The Broadway Theatre as its opera of the year. Political activism Zitkala-Sa, c. 1921 Zitkala-Ša was politically active throughout most of her adult life. During her time on the Uintah-Ouray reservation in Utah, she was involved with the Society of American Indians (SAI) which was dedicated to preserving the Native American way of life while lobbying for the right to full American citizenship. The letterhead of the council stationery claimed that the overall goals for SAI was to "help Indians help themselves in protecting their rights and properties". Zitkala-Ša served as SAI's secretary beginning in 1916. Since the late 20th century, activists have criticized SAI and Zitkala-Ša as misguided in their strong advocacy of citizenship and employment rights for Native Americans. Such critics believe that Native Americans have lost cultural identity as they have become more part of mainstream American society. Zitkala-Ša and her family relocated to Washington, D.C., when the SAI appointed her as national secretary in 1916. As the secretary for SAI, Zitkala-Ša corresponded with the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA). She began to criticize practices of the BIA, such as their attempt at the national boarding schools to prohibit Native American children from using their native languages and cultural practices. She reported incidents of abuse resulting from children's refusal to pray in a Christian manner. From Washington, Zitkala-Ša began lecturing nationwide on behalf of SAI to promote greater awareness of the cultural and tribal identity of Native Americans. During the 1920s she promoted a pan-Indian movement to unite all of America's tribes in the cause of lobbying for citizenship rights. In 1924 the Indian Citizenship Act was passed, granting US citizenship rights to most Indigenous peoples who did not already have it. While Native Americans now had citizenship, discrimination remained widespread. In some states their right to vote was denied, a situation not fully changed until the Civil rights movement of the 1960s. In 1926, she and her husband founded the National Council of American Indians (NCAI), dedicated to the cause of uniting the tribes throughout the US in the cause of gaining full citizenship rights through suffrage. From 1926 until she died in 1938, Zitkala-Ša served as president, major fundraiser, and speaker for the NCAI. Her early work was largely forgotten after the organization was revived in 1944 under male leadership. Zitkala-Ša was also active in the 1920s in the movement for women's rights, joining the General Federation of Women's Clubs (GFWC) in 1921. This grassroots organization was dedicated to diversity in its membership and to maintaining a public voice for women's concerns. Through the GFWC she created the Indian Welfare Committee in 1924. She helped initiate a government investigation into the exploitation of Native Americans in Oklahoma and the attempts being made to defraud them of drilling rights and leasing fees for their oil-rich lands. She undertook a speaking tour across the country for the General Federation of Women's Clubs where she called for the abolition of the Bureau of Indian Affairs. In addition to her other organizing, Zitkala-Ša also ran a voter registration drive among Native Americans. She encouraged them to support the Curtis Bill, which she believed would be favorable for Indians. Though the bill granted Native Americans US citizenship, it did not grant those living on reservations the right to vote in local and state elections. Zitkala-Ša continued to work for civil rights, and better access to health care and education for Native Americans until she died in 1938. Death and legacy Zitkala-Ša died on January 26, 1938, in Washington, D.C., at the age of 61. She is buried as Gertrude Simmons Bonnin in Arlington National Cemetery with her husband Raymond. In the late 20th century, the University of Nebraska reissued many of her writings on Native American culture. She has been recognized by the naming of a Venusian crater "Bonnin" in her honor. In 1997 she was designated a Women's History Month Honoree by the National Women's History Project. Zitkala-Ša lived part of her life in the Lyon Park neighborhood of Arlington County, Virginia, near Washington, DC. In 2020, a park in that neighborhood that had previously been named for Henry Clay was renamed in her honor. In 2018, Melodia Women's Choir of New York City performed the world premiere of a commissioned work based on the story of Zitkala-Ša, Red Bird by Cevanne Horrocks-Hopayian. Chris Pappan illustrated a Google Doodle that incorporated ledger art for use in the United States on February 22, 2021, to celebrate her 145th birthday. In 2022 an opera based on her life and work was released: Mináǧi kiŋ dowáŋ: A Zitkála-Šá Opera. It is the first opera to use Dakota language. Zitkala-Ša's legacy lives on as one of the most influential Native American activists of the 20th century. She left an influential theory of Indian resistance and a crucial model for reform. Through her activism, Zitkala-Ša was able to make crucial changes to education, health care, and legal standing for Native American people and the preservation of Indian culture. Zitkala-Ša will be an honoree on an American Women quarter in 2024. Writings by Zitkala-Ša Library resources about Zitkala-Sa Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries By Zitkala-Sa Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Old Indian Legends. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1985. American Indian Stories. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1985. Zitkála-Šá. "Why I Am a Pagan." Atlantic Monthly, 1902. Zitkála-Šá, Fabens, Charles H. and Matthew K. Sniffen. Oklahoma's Poor Rich Indians: An Orgy of Graft and Exploitation of the Five Civilized Tribes, Legalized Robbery. Philadelphia: Office of the Indian Rights Association, 1924. Zitkála-Šá. Dreams and Thunder: Stories, Poems, and The Sun Dance Opera. Edited by P. Jane Hafen. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2001. ISBN 0-8032-4918-7. Zitkála-Šá: Letters, Speeches, and Unpublished Writings, 1898–1929. Edited by Tadeusz Lewandowski. Leiden, Boston: Brill Press, 2018. ISBN 978-90-04-34210-1. Scores Hanson, William F., and Zitkala-Ša. The Sun Dance Opera (romantic American Indian opera, 1913, 1938). Photocopy of the original piano-vocal score, from microfilm (227 pp.). Library of Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah. See also Old Indian Legends I Remain Alive: the Sioux Literary Renaissance Zintkála Nuni References ^ Buechel & Manhart 2002. ^ a b c Baym 2007. ^ a b c Hafen 1998. ^ a b Giese 1996. ^ a b c d Tadeusz Lewandowski (2016). Red Bird, Red Power: The Life and Legacy of Zitkala-Ša. University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 18–21. ISBN 978-0-8061-5516-6. ^ Leeper 2013. ^ Zitkala-Ša 2009, pp. 15–20. ^ Capaldi 2011, p. 12. ^ a b Capaldi 2011, p. 15. ^ Staff (2020). "Zitkala-Ša (Red Bird / Gertrude Simmons Bonnin) (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Archived from the original on August 11, 2020. ^ a b c Peyer 2007. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Helen Rappaport (2001). Encyclopedia of Women Social Reformers. ABC-CLIO. pp. 100–101. ISBN 978-1-57607-101-4. ^ Capaldi 2011, p. 21. ^ Capaldi 2011. ^ Capaldi 2011, p. 22. ^ Campbell, Donna. "Professor and Director of Graduate Studies Department of English". Zitkála-Šá (Gertrude Simmons Bonnin) (Dakota Sioux) (1876–1938). Washington State University. Retrieved February 22, 2021. ^ a b c d e f g Agonito, Joseph (2016). Brave Hearts (EBOOk ed.). TwoDot. pp. 215–236. ISBN 9781493019069. ^ Enoch, Jessica (November 2002). "Resisting the Script of Indian Education: Zitkala Sa and the Carlisle Indian School". College English. 65 (2): 117–141. doi:10.2307/3250759. JSTOR 3250759 – via JSTOR. ^ Sarah R Robbins (May 31, 2017). Learning Legacies: Archive to Action through Women's Cross-Cultural Teaching. University of Michigan Press. p. 201. ISBN 978-0-472-12284-4. ^ Tadeusz Lewandowski (May 26, 2016). Red Bird, Red Power: The Life and Legacy of Zitkala-Ša. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 131. ISBN 978-0-8061-5515-9. ^ Zitkala-Ša 2001. ^ Zitkala-Ša 1900, pp. 381–386. ^ a b c d Register of the GRBC 1998. ^ Zitkala-Ša 1900, pp. 37–47. ^ Zitkala-Ša 1900, pp. 185–194. ^ Zitkala-Ša 1902a. ^ a b Zitkala-Ša 1902b. ^ a b Herzog. ^ a b c Zitkala-Ša 1921. ^ Dexter Fisher (January 1, 2005). "Zitkala-Šá: The Evolution of a Writer". In Willis Goth Regier (ed.). Masterpieces of American Indian Literature. U of Nebraska Press. pp. 198–202. ISBN 0-8032-8997-9. ^ Quoted in Peyer 2007, pp. 67–68 ^ Susag 1993. ^ Capaldi 2011, p. 28. ^ a b Capaldi 2011, p. 25. ^ Tadeusz Lewandowski (May 26, 2016). Red Bird, Red Power: The Life and Legacy of Zitkala-Ša. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 83. ISBN 978-0-8061-5515-9. ^ Vernal Express, February 28, 1913. ^ Wilkins & Stark 2018. ^ Gridley 1974. ^ "Voting Rights for Native Americans | The Right to Vote | Elections | Classroom Materials". Library of Congress, Washington, DC. ^ a b Capaldi 2011, p. 29. ^ "The Places of Zitkála-Šá (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. ^ "Burial Detail: Bonnin, Gertrude S". ANC Explorer. Section 2, Grave 4703 ^ IAU 2006. ^ NWHP 2010. ^ Hyatt, Brian (December 1, 2020). "Endorsement of renaming Henry Clay Park to "Zitkala-Ša Park"". County Board Agenda, Meeting of December 12, 2020. Arlington County, VA. Archived from the original on January 10, 2021 – via arlington.granicus.com. ^ "Henry Clay Park Set to Be Renamed for Indigenous Activist Who Lived Nearby". December 8, 2020. ^ "Composing for Melodia in 2018". Melodia Women's Choir blog. Retrieved December 20, 2020. ^ Zitkala-Sa Google Doodle in United States | Short Biography of Yankton Dakota writer on YouTube ^ "Zitkala-Sa's 145th Birthday". www.google.com. ^ "New Indigenous-Led Operatic Film Portrays the Life of Zitkála-Šá". Minnesota Women's Press. October 13, 2022. ^ Stone 2000. ^ Lewandowski 2016. ^ "2024 American Women Quarters™ Program Honorees Announced". United States Mint. Retrieved February 2, 2023. Bibliography Baym, Nina (2007), Norton Anthology of American Literature (7th ed.), Norton, ISBN 978-0-393-92993-5. IAU (October 1, 2006), "Bonnin on Venus", Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature, International Astronomical Union, retrieved February 15, 2019. Buechel, Eugene; Manhart, Paul (2002) , Lakota Dictionary: Lakota-English/English-Lakota (New Comprehensive ed.), Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, ISBN 0-8032-1305-0, OCLC 49312425. Capaldi, Gina (2011), Red Bird Sings: The Story of Zitkala-Sa, Native American Author, Musician, and Activist, Millbrook Press, ISBN 978-0-7613-5257-0. Fear-Segal, Jacqueline (August 1999), "Nineteenth-Century Indian Education: Universalism Versus Evolutionism", Journal of American Studies, 33 (2): 323–341, doi:10.1017/S002187589900612X. Fisher, Dexter (August 1979), "Zitkala Sa: The Evolution of a Writer", American Indian Quarterly, 5 (3): 229–238, doi:10.2307/1183520, JSTOR 1183520. Giese, Paula (July 4, 1996), "Gertrude Bonnin, Zitkala Sha, Yankton Nakota", Native Authors, retrieved February 13, 2019. Gridley, Marion E. (1974), American Indian Women, Dutton, ISBN 978-0-8015-0234-7. Hafen, P. Jane (Autumn 1997), "Zitkala Sa: Sentimentality and Sovereignty", Wíčazo Ša Review, 12 (2): 31–41, doi:10.2307/1409205, JSTOR 1409205. Hafen, P. Jane (April 1, 1998), "A Cultural Duet/ Zitkala Sa And the Sun Dance Opera", Great Plains Quarterly. Henderson, Melissa Renee; Curtwright, Lauren (August 14, 2004), Gertrude Simmons Bonnin (Zitkala-Ša), hdl:11299/166100. Herzog, Kristin, Gertrude Bonnin, retrieved February 13, 2019. "Honorees: 2010 National Women's History Month", Women's History Month, National Women's History Project, 2010, archived from the original on November 27, 2010, retrieved November 14, 2011. Leeper, Jean (November 5, 2013), "Josiah White and His White's Iowa Manual Labor Institute", Ancestry.com, retrieved February 13, 2019. Lewandowski, Tadeusz (2016), Red Bird, Red Power: the Life and Legacy of Zitkala-Sa, University of Oklahoma, ISBN 978-0-8061-5178-6. Peyer, Bernd, ed. (2007), American Indian nonfiction: an anthology of writings, 1760s–1930s, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, ISBN 978-0-8061-3798-8, OCLC 71004237. Peyer, Bernd C. (1997), The Tutored Mind: Indian Missionary-Writers in Antebellum America, Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press. Rappaport, Doreen (1997), The Flight of Red Bird: The Life of Zitkala-Ša, New York: Puffin, ISBN 978-0-8037-1438-0. Rappaport, Helen (2001), Encyclopedia of Women Social Reformers, vol. 1, ABC-CLIO, ISBN 1-57607-101-4. "Register of the Gertrude and Raymond Bonnin Collection, 1926–1938", L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Brigham Young University, December 1998, retrieved February 14, 2019. Smith, Catherine Parsons (January 2001), "An Operatic Skeleton on the Western Frontier: Zitkala-Ša, William F. Hanson, and the Sun Dance Opera", Women & Music. Stone, Tammy (2000), "Bonnin, Gertrude Simmons", American National Biography, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1500796, ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Susag, Dorothea (Winter 1993), "Zitkala-Sa (Gertrude Simmons Bonnin): A Power(full) Literary Voice", Studies in American Indian Literatures, 2, 5 (4): 3–24, JSTOR 20736763. Wilkins, David E.; Stark, Heidi Kiiwetinepinesiik (2018), American Indian Politics and the American Political System (4th ed.), Rowman & Littlefield, ISBN 978-1-4422-5265-3. Zitkala-Ša (1921), American Indian Stories, Washington, D.C.: Hayworth, retrieved February 13, 2019. Zitkala-Ša (2001), Hafen, P. Jane (ed.), Dreams and Thunder: Stories, Poems, and The Sun Dance Opera, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, ISBN 0-8032-4918-7. Zitkala-Ša (2009), The School Days of an Indian Girl, and An Indian Teacher Among Indians, Dodo Press, ISBN 978-1-4099-7860-2. Zitkala-Ša (1900), "Impressions of an Indian Childhood, School Days of an Indian Girl, An Indian Teacher among Indians", The Atlantic Monthly, 85: 37–47, 185–194, 381–386, hdl:2027/coo.31924079893750. Zitkala-Ša (1902a), "A Warrior's Daughter", Everybody's Magazine, 6: 346–352, hdl:2027/njp.32101013855539. Zitkala-Ša (1902b), "Why I am a Pagan", The Atlantic Monthly, 90: 801–803, hdl:2027/chi.78024087. External links Library resources about Zitkala-Sa Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries By Zitkala-Sa Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Wikimedia Commons has media related to Zitkala-Sa. Wikisource has original works by or about:Zitkala-Sa Wikiquote has quotations related to Zitkala-Sa. Works by Zitkala-Sa in eBook form at Standard Ebooks Works by Zitkala-Sa at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Zitkala-Sa at Internet Archive Works by or about Gertrude Simmons Bonnin at Internet Archive Works by Zitkala-Sa at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) Gertrude Bonnin -- Zitkala-Ša in Voices from the Gaps Portrait of Zitkala-Ša, by Gertrude Käsebier National Council of American Indians Records. Provo, Utah: L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Brigham Young University. Gertrude Simmons Bonnin at Find a Grave Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF National Norway Spain France BnF data Catalonia Germany Italy Israel United States Sweden Czech Republic Netherlands Poland Academics CiNii Other SNAC IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakota_language"},{"link_name":"Red Bird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_cardinal"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuechelManhart2002-1"},{"link_name":"Yankton Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yankton_Dakota"},{"link_name":"political activist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_activist"},{"link_name":"majority culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majority_culture"},{"link_name":"National Council of American Indians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Council_of_American_Indians"},{"link_name":"lobby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobbying"},{"link_name":"United States citizenship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_citizenship"},{"link_name":"civil rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_rights"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaym2007-2"},{"link_name":"Native American activists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_activism"},{"link_name":"William F. Hanson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_F._Hanson"},{"link_name":"libretto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libretto"},{"link_name":"The Sun Dance Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sun_Dance_Opera"},{"link_name":"American Indian opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Indian_opera"},{"link_name":"romantic musical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_music"},{"link_name":"Sioux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sioux"},{"link_name":"Ute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ute_people"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHafen1998-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiese1996-4"}],"text":"Zitkala-Ša, also Zitkála-Šá (Lakota: Zitkála-Šá, meaning Red Bird;[1] February 22, 1876 – January 26, 1938), was a Yankton Dakota writer, editor, translator, musician, educator, and political activist. She was also known by her Anglicized and married name, Gertrude Simmons Bonnin. She wrote several works chronicling her struggles with cultural identity, and the pull between the majority culture in which she was educated, and the Dakota culture into which she was born and raised. Her later books were among the first works to bring traditional Native American stories to a widespread white English-speaking readership.She was co-founder of the National Council of American Indians in 1926, which was established to lobby for Native people's right to United States citizenship and other civil rights they had long been denied. Zitkala-Ša served as the council's president until her death in 1938.[2] Zitkala-Ša has been noted as one of the most influential Native American activists of the 20th century. Working with American musician William F. Hanson, Zitkala-Ša wrote the libretto and songs for The Sun Dance Opera (1913), the first American Indian opera. It was composed in romantic musical style, and based on Sioux and Ute cultural themes.[3][4]","title":"Zitkala-Sa"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zitkala-Sa,_1898.jpg"},{"link_name":"violin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violin"},{"link_name":"Yankton Indian Reservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yankton_Indian_Reservation"},{"link_name":"South Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakota_language"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lewandowski2016-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lewandowski2016-5"},{"link_name":"missionaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missionaries"},{"link_name":"Quaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaker"},{"link_name":"Wabash, Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wabash,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lewandowski2016-5"},{"link_name":"Josiah White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josiah_White"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeper2013-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZitkala-%C5%A0a200915%E2%80%9320-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECapaldi201112-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECapaldi201115-9"},{"link_name":"women's rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_rights"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECapaldi201115-9"},{"link_name":"Earlham College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earlham_College"},{"link_name":"Richmond, Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NPS2020-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeyer2007-11"}],"text":"Zitkala-Ša with her violin in 1898Zitkala-Ša was born on February 22, 1876, on the Yankton Indian Reservation in South Dakota. She was raised by her mother, Ellen Simmons, whose Dakota name was Thaté Iyóhiwiŋ (Every Wind or Reaches for the Wind). Her father was a Frenchman named Felker, who abandoned the family when Zitkala-Ša was very young.[5]For her first eight years, Zitkala-Ša lived with her mother on the reservation. She later described those days as ones of freedom and happiness, safe in the care of her mother's people and tribe.[5] In 1884, when Zitkala-Ša was eight, missionaries came to the reservation. They recruited several Yankton children, including Zitkala-Ša, taking them to be educated at the White's Indiana Manual Labor Institute, a Quaker missionary boarding school in Wabash, Indiana.[5] This training school was founded by Josiah White for the education of \"poor children, white, colored, and Indian\" to help them advance in society.[6]Zitkala-Ša attended the school for three years until 1887. She later wrote about this period in her work, The School Days of an Indian Girl. She described the deep misery of having her heritage stripped away when she was forced to pray as a Quaker and to cut her traditionally long hair. By contrast, she took joy in learning to read, write, and play the violin.[7]In 1887, Zitkala-Ša returned to the Yankton Reservation to live with her mother. She spent three years there. She was dismayed to realize that, while she still longed for the native Yankton traditions, she no longer fully belonged to them. Besides, she thought that many on the reservation were conforming to the dominant white culture.[8]In 1891, wanting more education, Zitkala-Ša decided at age fifteen to return to the White's Indiana Manual Labor Institute. She planned to gain more through her education than becoming a housekeeper, a role the school anticipated most female students would pursue.[9] She studied piano and violin and started to teach music at White's after the music teacher resigned. In June 1895, when Zitkala-Ša was awarded her diploma, she gave a speech on the inequality of women's rights, which was praised highly by the local newspaper.[9]Though her mother wanted her to return home after graduation, Zitkala-Ša chose to attend Earlham College in Richmond, Indiana, where she had been offered a scholarship. While initially feeling isolated and uncertain among her predominantly white peers, she proved her oratorical talents with a speech titled \"Side by Side”. During this time, she began gathering traditional stories from a spectrum of Native tribes, translating them into Latin and English for children to read.[10] In 1897, six weeks before graduation, she was forced to leave Earlham College due to ill health and financial difficulties.[11]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Smithsonian_-_NPG_-_Zitkala-Sa_-_NPG.2006.10.jpg"},{"link_name":"Joseph Keiley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Keiley"},{"link_name":"New England Conservatory of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Conservatory_of_Music"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rappaport2001-12"},{"link_name":"Carlisle Indian Industrial School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlisle_Indian_Industrial_School"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECapaldi201121-13"},{"link_name":"Paris Exposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposition_Universelle_(1900)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECapaldi2011-14"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Monthly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Monthly"},{"link_name":"Harper's Monthly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harper%27s_Monthly"},{"link_name":"American Indian boarding school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Indian_boarding_school"},{"link_name":"deracination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deracination"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeyer2007-11"},{"link_name":"Richard Henry Pratt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Henry_Pratt"},{"link_name":"Yankton Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yankton_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Dawes Act of 1887","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawes_Act"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECapaldi201122-15"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rappaport2001-12"},{"link_name":"Harper's Monthly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harper%27s_Monthly"},{"link_name":"assimilationist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assimilationist"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-17"},{"link_name":"Standing Rock Indian Reservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_Rock_Indian_Reservation"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-17"}],"text":"Zitkala-Ša, 1898, by Joseph KeileyFrom 1897 to 1899 Zitkala-Ša studied and played the violin at the New England Conservatory of Music in Boston.[12] In 1899, she took a position at Carlisle Indian Industrial School in Pennsylvania, where she taught music to children. She also facilitated debates on the treatment of Native Americans.[13]At the 1900 Paris Exposition, she played violin with the school's Carlisle Indian Band.[14] In the same year, she began writing articles on Native American life, which were published in national periodicals such as Atlantic Monthly and Harper's Monthly. Her critical appraisal of the American Indian boarding school system and vivid portrayal of Indian deracination contrasted markedly to the more idealistic writings of most of her contemporaries.[11]Also in 1901, Zitkala-Ša was sent by Carlisle's founder, Colonel Richard Henry Pratt, to the Yankton Reservation to recruit students. It was her first visit in several years. She was troubled to find her mother's house in disrepair, her brother's family had fallen into poverty, and white settlers were beginning to occupy lands allotted to the Yankton Dakota under the Dawes Act of 1887.[15]Upon returning to the Carlisle School, Zitkala-Ša came into conflict with Pratt. She resented his rigid program to assimilate Native Americans into dominant white culture and the limitations of the curriculum. It prepared Native American children only for low-level manual work, assuming they would return to rural cultures.[12] That year she published an article in Harper's Monthly describing the profound loss of identity felt by a Native American boy after undergoing the assimilationist education at the school, a story called \"The Soft Hearted Sioux\", which Pratt called \"trash\". In 1901, Zitkala-Ša was dismissed from the Carlisle School.[16][17]Soon after, she took a job as a clerk at the Standing Rock Indian Reservation where she likely met Bonnin.[17]","title":"Music and teaching"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-17"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeyer2007-11"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"Ginn and Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginn_and_Company"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rappaport2001-12"},{"link_name":"Carlos Montezuma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Montezuma"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-17"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lewandowski2016-5"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Robbins2017-19"},{"link_name":"Uintah-Ouray reservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uintah_and_Ouray_Indian_Reservation"},{"link_name":"Ute people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ute_people"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-17"},{"link_name":"German Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lewandowski2016131-20"}],"text":"Zitkala-Ša returned to the Yankton Reservation after her time at the Carlisle School and cared for her ailing mother. Her relationship with her mother was strained after a disagreement over Zitkala-Ša's decision to continue her education.[17] She also spent this time gathering material for her collection of traditional Sioux stories\n[11] to publish in Old Indian Legends, commissioned by the Boston publisher Ginn and Company.[12]In early 1901, she was engaged to Carlos Montezuma, a Yavapi (Mohave-Apache) doctor and Indigenous activist. Her letters to Montezuma verify that the Carlisle school and its president and founder were a major cause of concern. In her letters, she repeatedly mentions Pratt and Carlisle, calling Pratt \"woefully small\" and \"bigoted\" (5 March 1901) and writing that she \"imagines Carlisle will rear up on its haunches\" after one of her stories is published (Summer 1901). Zitkala-Ša explains to Montezuma that even though she \"offends the Col.,\" she \"won't be another's mouthpiece-[she] will say just what [she] thinks\" (5 March 1901). It is both because of and through her rejection of Pratt and his educational plan that Zitkala-Ša inscribes her strategic rhetoric of pedagogical resistance.[18] She broke off her engagement and relationship with Montezuma by August. He had refused to give up his private medical practice in Chicago and relocate with her to the Yankton Indian Agency, where she wanted to return.[17]In 1902, she met and married Raymond Talephause Bonnin, who was of Yankton-European ancestry and culturally Yankton.[5][19] Soon after their marriage, Bonnin was assigned by the BIA to the Uintah-Ouray reservation in Utah. The couple lived and worked there with the Ute people for the next fourteen years. During this period, Zitkala-Ša gave birth to the couple's only child, Raymond Ohiya Bonnin.[17]Her husband, Bonnin, enlisted in the US Army in 1917 after the United States declared war against the German Empire during World War I. He was commissioned as a second lieutenant in 1918. He served in the Quarter Master Corps in Washington, D.C., and was honorably discharged with the rank of captain in 1920.[20]","title":"Marriage and family"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zitkala-%C5%A0a_(side_profile).jpg"},{"link_name":"Gertrude Käsebier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gertrude_K%C3%A4sebier"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaym2007-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiese1996-4"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZitkala-%C5%A0a2001-21"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Monthly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlantic"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZitkala-%C5%A0a1900381%E2%80%93386-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERegister_of_the_GRBC1998-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZitkala-%C5%A0a190037%E2%80%9347-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZitkala-%C5%A0a1900185%E2%80%93194-25"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERegister_of_the_GRBC1998-23"},{"link_name":"Harper's Monthly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harper%27s_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERegister_of_the_GRBC1998-23"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZitkala-%C5%A0a1902a-26"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERegister_of_the_GRBC1998-23"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Monthly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Monthly"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZitkala-%C5%A0a1902b-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZitkala-%C5%A0a1902b-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerzog-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZitkala-%C5%A0a1921-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Regier2005-30"},{"link_name":"Charles H. Fabens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_H._Fabens&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"American Indian Defense Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Indian_Defense_Association"},{"link_name":"Matthew K. Sniffen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_K._Sniffen"},{"link_name":"Indian Rights Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Rights_Association"},{"link_name":"Stella Mason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stella_Mason"},{"link_name":"General Federation of Women's Clubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Federation_of_Women%27s_Clubs"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rappaport2001-12"}],"text":"Zitkala-Ša, c. 1898, by Gertrude KäsebierZitkala-Ša had a fruitful writing career, with two major periods.[2] The first period was from 1900 to 1904, when she published legends collected from Native American culture, as well as autobiographical narratives. She continued to write during the following years, but she did not publish any of these writings. These unpublished writings, along with others including the libretto of the Sun Dance Opera,[4] were collected and published posthumously in 2001 as Dreams and Thunder: Stories, Poems, and the Sun Dance Opera.[21]Zitkala-Ša's articles in the Atlantic Monthly were published from 1900 to 1902. They included \"An Indian Teacher Among Indians\", published in Volume 85 in 1900. [22][23] Included in the same issue were \"Impressions of an Indian Childhood\"[24] and \"School Days of an Indian Girl\".[25][23] Zitkala-Ša's other articles were published in Harper's Monthly. \"Soft-Hearted Sioux\" appeared in the March 1901 issue, Volume 102, and \"The Trial Path\" in the October 1901 issue, Volume 103.[23] She also wrote \"A Warrior's Daughter\", published in 1902 in Volume 6 of Everybody's Magazine.[26][23] In 1902, Zitkala-Ša published \"Why I Am a Pagan\" in Atlantic Monthly, volume 90.[27] It was a treatise on her personal spiritual beliefs. She countered the contemporary trend that suggested Native Americans readily adopted and conformed to the Christianity forced on them in schools and public life.[27]Much of her work is characterized by its liminal nature: tensions between tradition and assimilation, and between literature and politics. This tension has been described as generating much of the dynamism of her work.[28]The second phase of her writing career was from 1916 to 1924. During this period, Zitkala-Ša concentrated on writing and publishing political works. She and her husband had moved to Washington, D.C., where she became politically active. She published some of her most influential writings, including American Indian Stories (1921) with the Hayworth Publishing House.[29][30]She co-authored Oklahoma's Poor Rich Indians: An Orgy of Graft and Exploitation of the Five Civilized Tribes, Legalized Robbery (1923), an influential pamphlet, with Charles H. Fabens of the American Indian Defense Association and Matthew K. Sniffen of the Indian Rights Association. Included in the Oklahoma's Poor Rich Indians publication was information about Stella Mason, as well as others. She also created the Indian Welfare Committee of the General Federation of Women's Clubs, working as a researcher for it through much of the 1920s.[12]","title":"Writing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zitkala-Sa.jpg"},{"link_name":"American Indian Stories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Indian_Stories"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZitkala-%C5%A0a1921-29"},{"link_name":"manual labor schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manual_labor_schools"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZitkala-%C5%A0a1921-29"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"American Indian Stories","text":"Zitkála-Šá, by Gertrude Käsebier, 1898American Indian Stories is a collection of childhood stories, allegorical fiction, and an essay, including several of Zitkala-Ša's articles that were originally published in Harper's Monthly and Atlantic Monthly.[29] First published in 1921, these stories told of the hardships which she and other Native Americans encountered at the missionary and manual labor schools designed to \"civilize\" them and assimilate them to majority culture. The autobiographical writings described her early life on the Yankton Reservation, her years as a student at White's Manual Labor Institute and Earlham College, and her time teaching at Carlisle Indian Industrial School. [29]Her autobiography contrasted the charm of her early life on the reservation with the \"iron routine\" which she found in the assimilation boarding schools. Zitkala-Ša wrote: \"Perhaps my Indian nature is the moaning wind which stirs them [schoolteachers] now for their present record. But, however tempestuous this is within me, it comes out as the low voice of a curiously colored seashell, which is only for those ears that are bent with compassion to hear it.\"[31]","title":"Writing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Old Indian Legends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Indian_Legends"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESusag1993-32"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rappaport2001-12"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaym2007-2"}],"sub_title":"Old Indian Legends","text":"Commissioned by the Boston publisher Ginn and Company, Old Indian Legends (1901) was a collection of stories including some that she learned as a child and others she had gathered from various tribes.[32][12] Directed primarily at children, the collection was an attempt both to preserve Native American traditions and stories in print and to garner respect and recognition for those from the dominant European-American culture. [2]","title":"Writing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indian Rights Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Rights_Association"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rappaport2001-12"},{"link_name":"Osage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osage_Nation"},{"link_name":"Indian Reorganization Act of 1934","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Reorganization_Act_of_1934"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECapaldi201128-33"}],"sub_title":"\"Oklahoma's Poor Rich Indians\"","text":"One of Zitkala-Ša's most influential pieces of political writing, \"Oklahoma's Poor Rich Indians”, was published in 1923 by the Indian Rights Association.[12] The article exposed several American corporations that had been working systematically, through such extra-legal means as robbery and even murder, to defraud Native American tribes, particularly the Osage. After oil was discovered on their lands, speculators and criminals tried to acquire their headrights to leasing fees from development of their oil-rich land in Oklahoma. During the 1920s, numerous Osage were murdered.The work influenced Congress to pass the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934, which encouraged tribes to re-establish self-government, including management of their lands. Under this act, the government returned some lands to them as communal property, which it had previously classified as surplus, so they could put together parcels that could be managed.[33]","title":"Writing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Society of American Indians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_American_Indians"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rappaport2001-12"},{"link_name":"Bureau of Indian Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Indian_Affairs"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerzog-28"}],"sub_title":"Articles for American Indian Magazine","text":"Zitkala-Ša was an active member of the Society of American Indians (SAI), which published American Indian Magazine. From 1918 to 1919 she served as editor of the magazine, as well as contributing numerous articles.[12] These were her most explicitly political writings, covering topics such as the contribution of Native American soldiers to World War I, issues of land allotment, and corruption within the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), the agency within the Department of Interior that oversaw American Indians. Many of her political writings have since been criticized for favoring assimilation. She called for recognition of Native American culture and traditions, while also advocating US citizenship rights to bring Native Americans into mainstream America. She believed this was the way that they could both gain political power and protect their cultures.[28]","title":"Writing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zitkala-sa-thesundance1913-newspaper-article.jpg"},{"link_name":"El Paso Herald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Paso_Herald-Post"},{"link_name":"William F. Hanson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_F._Hanson"},{"link_name":"Brigham Young University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigham_Young_University"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECapaldi201125-34"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-17"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHafen1998-3"},{"link_name":"Uintah and Ouray Indian Reservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uintah_and_Ouray_Indian_Reservation"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lewandowski201683-35"},{"link_name":"Vernal, Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernal,_Utah"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECapaldi201125-34"},{"link_name":"New York Light Opera Guild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_York_Light_Opera_Guild&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The Broadway Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Broadway_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHafen1998-3"}],"text":"Contemporary 1913 newspaper article in the El Paso Herald about The Sun Dance Opera, referring to the then-37-year-old Zitkala-Ša as \"girl\"While Zitkala-Ša lived on the Uintah-Ouray reservation in Utah, she met American composer William F. Hanson, who was a professor of music at Brigham Young University. Together, in 1910, they started their collaboration on the music for The Sun Dance Opera, for which Zitkala-Ša wrote the libretto and songs. She also played Sioux melodies on the violin and flute, and Hanson used this as the basis of his music composition.[34][17] She based it on the Lakota Sun Dance, which the federal government prohibited the Ute from performing on the reservation.[3]The opera premiered in Utah in February 1913, with dancing and some parts performed by the Ute from the nearby Uintah and Ouray Indian Reservation, and lead singing roles filled by non-natives. According to historian Tadeusz Lewandowski, it was the first Native opera.[35] It debuted at Orpheus Hall in Vernal, Utah, to high local praise and critical acclaim.[36] Few works of Native American opera since have dealt so exclusively with Native American themes. [34]In 1938, the New York Light Opera Guild presented The Sun Dance Opera at The Broadway Theatre as its opera of the year.[3]","title":"Making an opera"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zitkala-Sa_American_Indian_Stories.jpg"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rappaport2001-12"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinsStark2018-37"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rappaport2001-12"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-17"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rappaport2001-12"},{"link_name":"Indian Citizenship Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Citizenship_Act_of_1924"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGridley1974-38"},{"link_name":"Civil rights movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_rights_movement"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"National Council of American Indians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Council_of_American_Indians"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECapaldi201129-40"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rappaport2001-12"},{"link_name":"General Federation of Women's Clubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Federation_of_Women%27s_Clubs"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rappaport2001-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rappaport2001-12"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Curtis Bill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtis_Act_of_1898"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rappaport2001-12"}],"text":"Zitkala-Sa, c. 1921Zitkala-Ša was politically active throughout most of her adult life. During her time on the Uintah-Ouray reservation in Utah, she was involved with the Society of American Indians (SAI) which was dedicated to preserving the Native American way of life while lobbying for the right to full American citizenship.[12] The letterhead of the council stationery claimed that the overall goals for SAI was to \"help Indians help themselves in protecting their rights and properties\".[37] Zitkala-Ša served as SAI's secretary beginning in 1916. Since the late 20th century, activists have criticized SAI and Zitkala-Ša as misguided in their strong advocacy of citizenship and employment rights for Native Americans. Such critics believe that Native Americans have lost cultural identity as they have become more part of mainstream American society.[12]Zitkala-Ša and her family relocated to Washington, D.C., when the SAI appointed her as national secretary in 1916.[17] As the secretary for SAI, Zitkala-Ša corresponded with the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA). She began to criticize practices of the BIA, such as their attempt at the national boarding schools to prohibit Native American children from using their native languages and cultural practices. She reported incidents of abuse resulting from children's refusal to pray in a Christian manner.[12]From Washington, Zitkala-Ša began lecturing nationwide on behalf of SAI to promote greater awareness of the cultural and tribal identity of Native Americans. During the 1920s she promoted a pan-Indian movement to unite all of America's tribes in the cause of lobbying for citizenship rights. In 1924 the Indian Citizenship Act was passed, granting US citizenship rights to most Indigenous peoples who did not already have it.[38]While Native Americans now had citizenship, discrimination remained widespread. In some states their right to vote was denied, a situation not fully changed until the Civil rights movement of the 1960s.[39] In 1926, she and her husband founded the National Council of American Indians (NCAI), dedicated to the cause of uniting the tribes throughout the US in the cause of gaining full citizenship rights through suffrage.[40] From 1926 until she died in 1938, Zitkala-Ša served as president, major fundraiser, and speaker for the NCAI. Her early work was largely forgotten after the organization was revived in 1944 under male leadership.[12]Zitkala-Ša was also active in the 1920s in the movement for women's rights, joining the General Federation of Women's Clubs (GFWC) in 1921.[12] This grassroots organization was dedicated to diversity in its membership and to maintaining a public voice for women's concerns. Through the GFWC she created the Indian Welfare Committee in 1924. She helped initiate a government investigation into the exploitation of Native Americans in Oklahoma and the attempts being made to defraud them of drilling rights and leasing fees for their oil-rich lands.[12] She undertook a speaking tour across the country for the General Federation of Women's Clubs where she called for the abolition of the Bureau of Indian Affairs.[41]In addition to her other organizing, Zitkala-Ša also ran a voter registration drive among Native Americans. She encouraged them to support the Curtis Bill, which she believed would be favorable for Indians. Though the bill granted Native Americans US citizenship, it did not grant those living on reservations the right to vote in local and state elections. Zitkala-Ša continued to work for civil rights, and better access to health care and education for Native Americans until she died in 1938.[12]","title":"Political activism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arlington National Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECapaldi201129-40"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"University of Nebraska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Nebraska"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rappaport2001-12"},{"link_name":"Venusian crater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_craters_on_Venus"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIAU2006-43"},{"link_name":"Women's History Month","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_History_Month"},{"link_name":"National Women's History Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Women%27s_History_Project"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENWHP2010-44"},{"link_name":"Lyon Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyon_Park_Historic_District"},{"link_name":"Arlington County, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Henry Clay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Clay"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hyatt_2020-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Melodia Women's Choir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melodia_Women%27s_Choir"},{"link_name":"Cevanne Horrocks-Hopayian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cevanne_Horrocks-Hopayian"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Chris Pappan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Pappan"},{"link_name":"Google Doodle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Doodle"},{"link_name":"ledger art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ledger_art"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Mináǧi kiŋ dowáŋ: A Zitkála-Šá Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Min%C3%A1%C7%A7i_ki%C5%8B_dow%C3%A1%C5%8B:_A_Zitk%C3%A1la-%C5%A0%C3%A1_Opera"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-womenspress-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone2000-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewandowski2016-52"},{"link_name":"American Women quarter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Women_quarters"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"}],"text":"Zitkala-Ša died on January 26, 1938, in Washington, D.C., at the age of 61. She is buried as Gertrude Simmons Bonnin in Arlington National Cemetery[40] with her husband Raymond.[42] In the late 20th century, the University of Nebraska reissued many of her writings on Native American culture.[12]She has been recognized by the naming of a Venusian crater \"Bonnin\" in her honor.[43] In 1997 she was designated a Women's History Month Honoree by the National Women's History Project.[44] Zitkala-Ša lived part of her life in the Lyon Park neighborhood of Arlington County, Virginia, near Washington, DC. In 2020, a park in that neighborhood that had previously been named for Henry Clay was renamed in her honor.[45][46]In 2018, Melodia Women's Choir of New York City performed the world premiere of a commissioned work based on the story of Zitkala-Ša, Red Bird by Cevanne Horrocks-Hopayian.[47]Chris Pappan illustrated a Google Doodle that incorporated ledger art for use in the United States on February 22, 2021, to celebrate her 145th birthday.[48][49]In 2022 an opera based on her life and work was released: Mináǧi kiŋ dowáŋ: A Zitkála-Šá Opera. It is the first opera to use Dakota language.[50]Zitkala-Ša's legacy lives on as one of the most influential Native American activists of the 20th century.[51] She left an influential theory of Indian resistance and a crucial model for reform. Through her activism, Zitkala-Ša was able to make crucial changes to education, health care, and legal standing for Native American people and the preservation of Indian culture.[52]Zitkala-Ša will be an honoree on an American Women quarter in 2024.[53]","title":"Death and legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Library resources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library"},{"link_name":"Online books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=74088789&library=OLBP"},{"link_name":"Resources in your library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=74088789"},{"link_name":"Resources in other libraries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=74088789&library=0CHOOSE0"},{"link_name":"Online books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=74088789&library=OLBP"},{"link_name":"Resources in your library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=74088789"},{"link_name":"Resources in other libraries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=74088789&library=0CHOOSE0"},{"link_name":"Old Indian Legends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Indian_Legends"},{"link_name":"American Indian Stories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Indian_Stories"},{"link_name":"\"Why I Am a Pagan.\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110212153707/http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/toccer-new2?id=ZitPaga.sgm&images=images/modeng&data=/texts/english/modeng/parsed&tag=public&part=1&division=div1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8032-4918-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8032-4918-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-90-04-34210-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-34210-1"}],"text":"Library resources about Zitkala-Sa \n\nOnline books\nResources in your library\nResources in other libraries\n\nBy Zitkala-Sa\n\nOnline books\nResources in your library\nResources in other librariesOld Indian Legends. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1985.\nAmerican Indian Stories. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1985.\nZitkála-Šá. \"Why I Am a Pagan.\" Atlantic Monthly, 1902.\nZitkála-Šá, Fabens, Charles H. and Matthew K. Sniffen. Oklahoma's Poor Rich Indians: An Orgy of Graft and Exploitation of the Five Civilized Tribes, Legalized Robbery. Philadelphia: Office of the Indian Rights Association, 1924.\nZitkála-Šá. Dreams and Thunder: Stories, Poems, and The Sun Dance Opera. Edited by P. Jane Hafen. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2001. ISBN 0-8032-4918-7.\nZitkála-Šá: Letters, Speeches, and Unpublished Writings, 1898–1929. Edited by Tadeusz Lewandowski. Leiden, Boston: Brill Press, 2018. ISBN 978-90-04-34210-1.","title":"Writings by Zitkala-Ša"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brigham Young University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigham_Young_University"},{"link_name":"Provo, Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provo,_Utah"}],"text":"Hanson, William F., and Zitkala-Ša. The Sun Dance Opera (romantic American Indian opera, 1913, 1938). Photocopy of the original piano-vocal score, from microfilm (227 pp.). Library of Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah.","title":"Scores"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-393-92993-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-92993-5"},{"link_name":"IAU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union"},{"link_name":"\"Bonnin on Venus\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/816"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8032-1305-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8032-1305-0"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"49312425","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/49312425"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7613-5257-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7613-5257-0"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1017/S002187589900612X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1017%2FS002187589900612X"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/1183520","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F1183520"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1183520","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/1183520"},{"link_name":"\"Gertrude Bonnin, Zitkala Sha, Yankton Nakota\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.kstrom.net/isk/stories/authors/bonnin.html"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8015-0234-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8015-0234-7"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/1409205","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F1409205"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1409205","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/1409205"},{"link_name":"\"A Cultural Duet/ Zitkala Sa And the Sun Dance Opera\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3027&context=greatplainsquarterly"},{"link_name":"hdl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"11299/166100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hdl.handle.net/11299%2F166100"},{"link_name":"Gertrude Bonnin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//college.cengage.com/english/heath/syllabuild/iguide/bonnin.html"},{"link_name":"\"Honorees: 2010 National Women's History Month\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20101127124501/http://nwhp.org/whm/honorees.php"},{"link_name":"National Women's History Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Women%27s_History_Project"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//nwhp.org/whm/honorees.php"},{"link_name":"\"Josiah White and His White's Iowa Manual Labor 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Zitkala-Ša","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=rpuSzowmIkgC&q=bonnin"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8037-1438-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8037-1438-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-57607-101-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57607-101-4"},{"link_name":"\"Register of the Gertrude and Raymond Bonnin Collection, 1926–1938\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//files.lib.byu.edu/ead/XML/MSS1704.xml"},{"link_name":"\"Bonnin, Gertrude Simmons\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.anb.org/view/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.001.0001/anb-9780198606697-e-1500796"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1500796","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Fanb%2F9780198606697.article.1500796"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-860669-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860669-7"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"20736763","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/20736763"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4422-5265-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-5265-3"},{"link_name":"American Indian Stories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/americanindianst01zitk/"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8032-4918-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8032-4918-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4099-7860-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4099-7860-2"},{"link_name":"hdl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2027/coo.31924079893750","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fcoo.31924079893750"},{"link_name":"hdl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2027/njp.32101013855539","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fnjp.32101013855539"},{"link_name":"hdl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2027/chi.78024087","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fchi.78024087"}],"text":"Baym, Nina (2007), Norton Anthology of American Literature (7th ed.), Norton, ISBN 978-0-393-92993-5.\nIAU (October 1, 2006), \"Bonnin on Venus\", Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature, International Astronomical Union, retrieved February 15, 2019.\nBuechel, Eugene; Manhart, Paul (2002) [1970], Lakota Dictionary: Lakota-English/English-Lakota (New Comprehensive ed.), Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, ISBN 0-8032-1305-0, OCLC 49312425.\nCapaldi, Gina (2011), Red Bird Sings: The Story of Zitkala-Sa, Native American Author, Musician, and Activist, Millbrook Press, ISBN 978-0-7613-5257-0.\nFear-Segal, Jacqueline (August 1999), \"Nineteenth-Century Indian Education: Universalism Versus Evolutionism\", Journal of American Studies, 33 (2): 323–341, doi:10.1017/S002187589900612X.\nFisher, Dexter (August 1979), \"Zitkala Sa: The Evolution of a Writer\", American Indian Quarterly, 5 (3): 229–238, doi:10.2307/1183520, JSTOR 1183520.\nGiese, Paula (July 4, 1996), \"Gertrude Bonnin, Zitkala Sha, Yankton Nakota\", Native Authors, retrieved February 13, 2019.\nGridley, Marion E. (1974), American Indian Women, Dutton, ISBN 978-0-8015-0234-7.\nHafen, P. Jane (Autumn 1997), \"Zitkala Sa: Sentimentality and Sovereignty\", Wíčazo Ša Review, 12 (2): 31–41, doi:10.2307/1409205, JSTOR 1409205.\nHafen, P. Jane (April 1, 1998), \"A Cultural Duet/ Zitkala Sa And the Sun Dance Opera\", Great Plains Quarterly.\nHenderson, Melissa Renee; Curtwright, Lauren (August 14, 2004), Gertrude Simmons Bonnin (Zitkala-Ša), hdl:11299/166100.\nHerzog, Kristin, Gertrude Bonnin, retrieved February 13, 2019.\n\"Honorees: 2010 National Women's History Month\", Women's History Month, National Women's History Project, 2010, archived from the original on November 27, 2010, retrieved November 14, 2011.\nLeeper, Jean (November 5, 2013), \"Josiah White and His White's Iowa Manual Labor Institute\", Ancestry.com, retrieved February 13, 2019.\nLewandowski, Tadeusz (2016), Red Bird, Red Power: the Life and Legacy of Zitkala-Sa, University of Oklahoma, ISBN 978-0-8061-5178-6.\nPeyer, Bernd, ed. (2007), American Indian nonfiction: an anthology of writings, 1760s–1930s, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, ISBN 978-0-8061-3798-8, OCLC 71004237.\nPeyer, Bernd C. (1997), The Tutored Mind: Indian Missionary-Writers in Antebellum America, Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press.\nRappaport, Doreen (1997), The Flight of Red Bird: The Life of Zitkala-Ša, New York: Puffin, ISBN 978-0-8037-1438-0.\nRappaport, Helen (2001), Encyclopedia of Women Social Reformers, vol. 1, ABC-CLIO, ISBN 1-57607-101-4.\n\"Register of the Gertrude and Raymond Bonnin Collection, 1926–1938\", L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Brigham Young University, December 1998, retrieved February 14, 2019.\nSmith, Catherine Parsons (January 2001), \"An Operatic Skeleton on the Western Frontier: Zitkala-Ša, William F. Hanson, and the Sun Dance Opera\", Women & Music.\nStone, Tammy (2000), \"Bonnin, Gertrude Simmons\", American National Biography, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1500796, ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7.\nSusag, Dorothea (Winter 1993), \"Zitkala-Sa (Gertrude Simmons Bonnin): A Power(full) Literary Voice\", Studies in American Indian Literatures, 2, 5 (4): 3–24, JSTOR 20736763.\nWilkins, David E.; Stark, Heidi Kiiwetinepinesiik (2018), American Indian Politics and the American Political System (4th ed.), Rowman & Littlefield, ISBN 978-1-4422-5265-3.\nZitkala-Ša (1921), American Indian Stories, Washington, D.C.: Hayworth, retrieved February 13, 2019.\nZitkala-Ša (2001), Hafen, P. Jane (ed.), Dreams and Thunder: Stories, Poems, and The Sun Dance Opera, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, ISBN 0-8032-4918-7.\nZitkala-Ša (2009), The School Days of an Indian Girl, and An Indian Teacher Among Indians, Dodo Press, ISBN 978-1-4099-7860-2.\nZitkala-Ša (1900), \"Impressions of an Indian Childhood, School Days of an Indian Girl, An Indian Teacher among Indians\", The Atlantic Monthly, 85: 37–47, 185–194, 381–386, hdl:2027/coo.31924079893750.\nZitkala-Ša (1902a), \"A Warrior's Daughter\", Everybody's Magazine, 6: 346–352, hdl:2027/njp.32101013855539.\nZitkala-Ša (1902b), \"Why I am a Pagan\", The Atlantic Monthly, 90: 801–803, hdl:2027/chi.78024087.","title":"Bibliography"}]
[{"image_text":"Zitkala-Ša with her violin in 1898","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Zitkala-Sa%2C_1898.jpg/170px-Zitkala-Sa%2C_1898.jpg"},{"image_text":"Zitkala-Ša, 1898, by Joseph Keiley","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Smithsonian_-_NPG_-_Zitkala-Sa_-_NPG.2006.10.jpg/170px-Smithsonian_-_NPG_-_Zitkala-Sa_-_NPG.2006.10.jpg"},{"image_text":"Zitkala-Ša, c. 1898, by Gertrude Käsebier","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Zitkala-%C5%A0a_%28side_profile%29.jpg/170px-Zitkala-%C5%A0a_%28side_profile%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Zitkála-Šá, by Gertrude Käsebier, 1898","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Zitkala-Sa.jpg/170px-Zitkala-Sa.jpg"},{"image_text":"Contemporary 1913 newspaper article in the El Paso Herald about The Sun Dance Opera, referring to the then-37-year-old Zitkala-Ša as \"girl\"","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Zitkala-sa-thesundance1913-newspaper-article.jpg/170px-Zitkala-sa-thesundance1913-newspaper-article.jpg"},{"image_text":"Zitkala-Sa, c. 1921","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Zitkala-Sa_American_Indian_Stories.jpg/170px-Zitkala-Sa_American_Indian_Stories.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Old Indian Legends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Indian_Legends"},{"title":"I Remain Alive: the Sioux Literary Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Remain_Alive:_the_Sioux_Literary_Renaissance"},{"title":"Zintkála Nuni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zintk%C3%A1la_Nuni"}]
[{"reference":"Tadeusz Lewandowski (2016). Red Bird, Red Power: The Life and Legacy of Zitkala-Ša. University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 18–21. ISBN 978-0-8061-5516-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wwoaDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA18","url_text":"Red Bird, Red Power: The Life and Legacy of Zitkala-Ša"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-5516-6","url_text":"978-0-8061-5516-6"}]},{"reference":"Staff (2020). \"Zitkala-Ša (Red Bird / Gertrude Simmons Bonnin) (U.S. National Park Service)\". www.nps.gov. Archived from the original on August 11, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200811195528/https://www.nps.gov/people/zitkala-sa.htm","url_text":"\"Zitkala-Ša (Red Bird / Gertrude Simmons Bonnin) (U.S. National Park Service)\""},{"url":"https://www.nps.gov/people/zitkala-sa.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Helen Rappaport (2001). Encyclopedia of Women Social Reformers. ABC-CLIO. pp. 100–101. ISBN 978-1-57607-101-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Rappaport","url_text":"Helen Rappaport"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rpuSzowmIkgC&pg=PA101","url_text":"Encyclopedia of Women Social Reformers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-101-4","url_text":"978-1-57607-101-4"}]},{"reference":"Campbell, Donna. \"Professor and Director of Graduate Studies Department of English\". Zitkála-Šá (Gertrude Simmons Bonnin) (Dakota Sioux) (1876–1938). Washington State University. Retrieved February 22, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://public.wsu.edu/~campbelld/amlit/zitkala.htm","url_text":"\"Professor and Director of Graduate Studies Department of English\""}]},{"reference":"Agonito, Joseph (2016). Brave Hearts (EBOOk ed.). TwoDot. pp. 215–236. ISBN 9781493019069.","urls":[{"url":"https://public.ebookcentral.proquest.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=4636121&ppg=234","url_text":"Brave Hearts"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781493019069","url_text":"9781493019069"}]},{"reference":"Enoch, Jessica (November 2002). \"Resisting the Script of Indian Education: Zitkala Sa and the Carlisle Indian School\". College English. 65 (2): 117–141. doi:10.2307/3250759. JSTOR 3250759 – via JSTOR.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3250759","url_text":"\"Resisting the Script of Indian Education: Zitkala Sa and the Carlisle Indian School\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3250759","url_text":"10.2307/3250759"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3250759","url_text":"3250759"}]},{"reference":"Sarah R Robbins (May 31, 2017). Learning Legacies: Archive to Action through Women's Cross-Cultural Teaching. University of Michigan Press. p. 201. ISBN 978-0-472-12284-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-JlFDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA201","url_text":"Learning Legacies: Archive to Action through Women's Cross-Cultural Teaching"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-12284-4","url_text":"978-0-472-12284-4"}]},{"reference":"Tadeusz Lewandowski (May 26, 2016). Red Bird, Red Power: The Life and Legacy of Zitkala-Ša. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 131. ISBN 978-0-8061-5515-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nwoaDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT131","url_text":"Red Bird, Red Power: The Life and Legacy of Zitkala-Ša"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-5515-9","url_text":"978-0-8061-5515-9"}]},{"reference":"Dexter Fisher (January 1, 2005). \"Zitkala-Šá: The Evolution of a Writer\". In Willis Goth Regier (ed.). Masterpieces of American Indian Literature. U of Nebraska Press. pp. 198–202. ISBN 0-8032-8997-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5yrX06epuSAC&pg=PA198","url_text":"\"Zitkala-Šá: The Evolution of a Writer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8032-8997-9","url_text":"0-8032-8997-9"}]},{"reference":"Tadeusz Lewandowski (May 26, 2016). Red Bird, Red Power: The Life and Legacy of Zitkala-Ša. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 83. ISBN 978-0-8061-5515-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nwoaDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT83","url_text":"Red Bird, Red Power: The Life and Legacy of Zitkala-Ša"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-5515-9","url_text":"978-0-8061-5515-9"}]},{"reference":"\"Voting Rights for Native Americans | The Right to Vote | Elections | Classroom Materials\". Library of Congress, Washington, DC.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.loc.gov/classroom-materials/elections/right-to-vote/voting-rights-for-native-americans/","url_text":"\"Voting Rights for Native Americans | The Right to Vote | Elections | Classroom Materials\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Places of Zitkála-Šá (U.S. National Park Service)\". www.nps.gov.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/the-places-of-zitkala-sa.htm","url_text":"\"The Places of Zitkála-Šá (U.S. National Park Service)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Burial Detail: Bonnin, Gertrude S\". ANC Explorer. Section 2, Grave 4703","urls":[{"url":"https://ancexplorer.army.mil/publicwmv/#/arlington-national/search/results/1/CgZib25uaW4-/","url_text":"\"Burial Detail: Bonnin, Gertrude S\""}]},{"reference":"Hyatt, Brian (December 1, 2020). \"Endorsement of renaming Henry Clay Park to \"Zitkala-Ša Park\"\". County Board Agenda, Meeting of December 12, 2020. Arlington County, VA. Archived from the original on January 10, 2021 – via arlington.granicus.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://arlington.granicus.com/MetaViewer.php?view_id=2&event_id=1490&meta_id=199379","url_text":"\"Endorsement of renaming Henry Clay Park to \"Zitkala-Ša Park\"\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210110031538/https://arlington.granicus.com/MetaViewer.php?view_id=2&event_id=1490&meta_id=199379","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Henry Clay Park Set to Be Renamed for Indigenous Activist Who Lived Nearby\". December 8, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.arlnow.com/2020/12/08/henry-clay-park-set-to-be-renamed-for-indigenous-activist-who-lived-nearby/","url_text":"\"Henry Clay Park Set to Be Renamed for Indigenous Activist Who Lived Nearby\""}]},{"reference":"\"Composing for Melodia in 2018\". Melodia Women's Choir blog. Retrieved December 20, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://melodiawomenschoir.org/composing-for-melodia-in-2018/","url_text":"\"Composing for Melodia in 2018\""}]},{"reference":"\"Zitkala-Sa's 145th Birthday\". www.google.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://doodles.google/doodle/zitkala-sas-145th-birthday/","url_text":"\"Zitkala-Sa's 145th Birthday\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Indigenous-Led Operatic Film Portrays the Life of Zitkála-Šá\". Minnesota Women's Press. October 13, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.womenspress.com/new-indigenous-led-operatic-film-portrays-the-life-of-zitkala-sa/","url_text":"\"New Indigenous-Led Operatic Film Portrays the Life of Zitkála-Šá\""}]},{"reference":"\"2024 American Women Quarters™ Program Honorees Announced\". United States Mint. Retrieved February 2, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usmint.gov/news/press-releases/mint-announces-2024-american-women-quarters-program-honorees","url_text":"\"2024 American Women Quarters™ Program Honorees Announced\""}]},{"reference":"Baym, Nina (2007), Norton Anthology of American Literature (7th ed.), Norton, ISBN 978-0-393-92993-5","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-92993-5","url_text":"978-0-393-92993-5"}]},{"reference":"IAU (October 1, 2006), \"Bonnin on Venus\", Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature, International Astronomical Union, retrieved February 15, 2019","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union","url_text":"IAU"},{"url":"https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/816","url_text":"\"Bonnin on Venus\""}]},{"reference":"Buechel, Eugene; Manhart, Paul (2002) [1970], Lakota Dictionary: Lakota-English/English-Lakota (New Comprehensive ed.), Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, ISBN 0-8032-1305-0, OCLC 49312425","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8032-1305-0","url_text":"0-8032-1305-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/49312425","url_text":"49312425"}]},{"reference":"Capaldi, Gina (2011), Red Bird Sings: The Story of Zitkala-Sa, Native American Author, Musician, and Activist, Millbrook Press, ISBN 978-0-7613-5257-0","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7613-5257-0","url_text":"978-0-7613-5257-0"}]},{"reference":"Fear-Segal, Jacqueline (August 1999), \"Nineteenth-Century Indian Education: Universalism Versus Evolutionism\", Journal of American Studies, 33 (2): 323–341, doi:10.1017/S002187589900612X","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS002187589900612X","url_text":"10.1017/S002187589900612X"}]},{"reference":"Fisher, Dexter (August 1979), \"Zitkala Sa: The Evolution of a Writer\", American Indian Quarterly, 5 (3): 229–238, doi:10.2307/1183520, JSTOR 1183520","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1183520","url_text":"10.2307/1183520"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1183520","url_text":"1183520"}]},{"reference":"Giese, Paula (July 4, 1996), \"Gertrude Bonnin, Zitkala Sha, Yankton Nakota\", Native Authors, retrieved February 13, 2019","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kstrom.net/isk/stories/authors/bonnin.html","url_text":"\"Gertrude Bonnin, Zitkala Sha, Yankton Nakota\""}]},{"reference":"Gridley, Marion E. (1974), American Indian Women, Dutton, ISBN 978-0-8015-0234-7","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8015-0234-7","url_text":"978-0-8015-0234-7"}]},{"reference":"Hafen, P. Jane (Autumn 1997), \"Zitkala Sa: Sentimentality and Sovereignty\", Wíčazo Ša Review, 12 (2): 31–41, doi:10.2307/1409205, JSTOR 1409205","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1409205","url_text":"10.2307/1409205"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1409205","url_text":"1409205"}]},{"reference":"Hafen, P. Jane (April 1, 1998), \"A Cultural Duet/ Zitkala Sa And the Sun Dance Opera\", Great Plains Quarterly","urls":[{"url":"http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3027&context=greatplainsquarterly","url_text":"\"A Cultural Duet/ Zitkala Sa And the Sun Dance Opera\""}]},{"reference":"Henderson, Melissa Renee; Curtwright, Lauren (August 14, 2004), Gertrude Simmons Bonnin (Zitkala-Ša), hdl:11299/166100","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11299%2F166100","url_text":"11299/166100"}]},{"reference":"Herzog, Kristin, Gertrude Bonnin, retrieved February 13, 2019","urls":[{"url":"http://college.cengage.com/english/heath/syllabuild/iguide/bonnin.html","url_text":"Gertrude Bonnin"}]},{"reference":"\"Honorees: 2010 National Women's History Month\", Women's History Month, National Women's History Project, 2010, archived from the original on November 27, 2010, retrieved November 14, 2011","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101127124501/http://nwhp.org/whm/honorees.php","url_text":"\"Honorees: 2010 National Women's History Month\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Women%27s_History_Project","url_text":"National Women's History Project"},{"url":"http://nwhp.org/whm/honorees.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Leeper, Jean (November 5, 2013), \"Josiah White and His White's Iowa Manual Labor Institute\", Ancestry.com, retrieved February 13, 2019","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~ialqm/White'sInstitute.html","url_text":"\"Josiah White and His White's Iowa Manual Labor Institute\""}]},{"reference":"Lewandowski, Tadeusz (2016), Red Bird, Red Power: the Life and Legacy of Zitkala-Sa, University of Oklahoma, ISBN 978-0-8061-5178-6","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-5178-6","url_text":"978-0-8061-5178-6"}]},{"reference":"Peyer, Bernd, ed. (2007), American Indian nonfiction: an anthology of writings, 1760s–1930s, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, ISBN 978-0-8061-3798-8, OCLC 71004237","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-3798-8","url_text":"978-0-8061-3798-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/71004237","url_text":"71004237"}]},{"reference":"Peyer, Bernd C. (1997), The Tutored Mind: Indian Missionary-Writers in Antebellum America, Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Press","url_text":"University of Massachusetts Press"}]},{"reference":"Rappaport, Doreen (1997), The Flight of Red Bird: The Life of Zitkala-Ša, New York: Puffin, ISBN 978-0-8037-1438-0","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rpuSzowmIkgC&q=bonnin","url_text":"The Flight of Red Bird: The Life of Zitkala-Ša"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8037-1438-0","url_text":"978-0-8037-1438-0"}]},{"reference":"Rappaport, Helen (2001), Encyclopedia of Women Social Reformers, vol. 1, ABC-CLIO, ISBN 1-57607-101-4","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57607-101-4","url_text":"1-57607-101-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Register of the Gertrude and Raymond Bonnin Collection, 1926–1938\", L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Brigham Young University, December 1998, retrieved February 14, 2019","urls":[{"url":"http://files.lib.byu.edu/ead/XML/MSS1704.xml","url_text":"\"Register of the Gertrude and Raymond Bonnin Collection, 1926–1938\""}]},{"reference":"Smith, Catherine Parsons (January 2001), \"An Operatic Skeleton on the Western Frontier: Zitkala-Ša, William F. Hanson, and the Sun Dance Opera\", Women & Music","urls":[]},{"reference":"Stone, Tammy (2000), \"Bonnin, Gertrude Simmons\", American National Biography, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1500796, ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7","urls":[{"url":"https://www.anb.org/view/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.001.0001/anb-9780198606697-e-1500796","url_text":"\"Bonnin, Gertrude Simmons\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fanb%2F9780198606697.article.1500796","url_text":"10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1500796"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860669-7","url_text":"978-0-19-860669-7"}]},{"reference":"Susag, Dorothea (Winter 1993), \"Zitkala-Sa (Gertrude Simmons Bonnin): A Power(full) Literary Voice\", Studies in American Indian Literatures, 2, 5 (4): 3–24, JSTOR 20736763","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/20736763","url_text":"20736763"}]},{"reference":"Wilkins, David E.; Stark, Heidi Kiiwetinepinesiik (2018), American Indian Politics and the American Political System (4th ed.), Rowman & Littlefield, ISBN 978-1-4422-5265-3","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-5265-3","url_text":"978-1-4422-5265-3"}]},{"reference":"Zitkala-Ša (1921), American Indian Stories, Washington, D.C.: Hayworth, retrieved February 13, 2019","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/americanindianst01zitk/","url_text":"American Indian Stories"}]},{"reference":"Zitkala-Ša (2001), Hafen, P. Jane (ed.), Dreams and Thunder: Stories, Poems, and The Sun Dance Opera, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, ISBN 0-8032-4918-7","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8032-4918-7","url_text":"0-8032-4918-7"}]},{"reference":"Zitkala-Ša (2009), The School Days of an Indian Girl, and An Indian Teacher Among Indians, Dodo Press, ISBN 978-1-4099-7860-2","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4099-7860-2","url_text":"978-1-4099-7860-2"}]},{"reference":"Zitkala-Ša (1900), \"Impressions of an Indian Childhood, School Days of an Indian Girl, An Indian Teacher among Indians\", The Atlantic Monthly, 85: 37–47, 185–194, 381–386, hdl:2027/coo.31924079893750","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fcoo.31924079893750","url_text":"2027/coo.31924079893750"}]},{"reference":"Zitkala-Ša (1902a), \"A Warrior's Daughter\", Everybody's Magazine, 6: 346–352, hdl:2027/njp.32101013855539","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fnjp.32101013855539","url_text":"2027/njp.32101013855539"}]},{"reference":"Zitkala-Ša (1902b), \"Why I am a Pagan\", The Atlantic Monthly, 90: 801–803, hdl:2027/chi.78024087","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fchi.78024087","url_text":"2027/chi.78024087"}]},{"reference":"National Council of American Indians Records. Provo, Utah: L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Brigham Young University.","urls":[{"url":"http://archives.lib.byu.edu/repositories/14/resources/2086","url_text":"National Council of American Indians Records"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmood_Jr.
Junior Mehmood
["1 Life and career","2 Selected filmography","3 Television","4 References","5 External links"]
Indian actor (1956–2023) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Junior Mehmood" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Junior MehmoodBornNaeem Sayyed(1956-11-15)15 November 1956Bombay, Bombay State (now Mumbai, Maharashtra), IndiaDied8 December 2023(2023-12-08) (aged 67)Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, IndiaOther namesMohammed NaimOccupationsActorfilm directorproducersingerYears activec. 1966–2023 Naeem Sayyed (15 November 1956 – 8 December 2023), known professionally as Junior Mehmood, was an Indian actor, singer, Marathi film director, and producer. The name Junior Mehmood was given to him by Mehmood Ali. Life and career Sayyed acted in 265 films in 7 different languages and also produced and directed 6 Marathi movies. He died from stomach cancer on 8 December 2023, at the age of 67. Selected filmography Mohabbat Zindagi Hai (1966) Naunihal (1967) Vaasna (1968) Sunghursh (1968) Suhaag Raat (1968) Parivar (1968) Farishta (1968) Brahmachari (1968) Vishwas (1969) Simla Road (1969) Raja Saab (1969) Pyar Hi Pyar (1969) Nateeja (1969) Chanda Aur Bijli (1969) Balak (1969) Anjaana (1969) Do Raaste (1969) Yaadgaar (1970) Kati Patang (1970) Ghar Ghar Ki Kahani (1970) Bachpan (1970) Aan Milo Sajna (1970) Ustad Pedro (1971) Ramu Ustad (1971) Ladki Pasand Hai (1971) Johar Mehmood in Hong Kong (1971) Caravan (1971) Haathi Mere Saathi (1971) Chhoti Bahu (1971) Chingari (1971) Hungama (1971) "Khoj" (1971) Haré Raama Haré Krishna (1971) -1972 (Assamese) Maa Da Laadla (1973) as shotu in Punjabi movie Aap Ki Kasam (1974) Amir Garib (1974) Teri Meri Ik Jindri (1975) as Latoo in Punjabi Movie Romeo in Sikkam (1975) Aap Beati (1976) Geet Gaata Chal (1975) Aap To Aise Na The (1980) Farz Aur Pyar (1981) Apna Bana Lo (1982) Lovers (1983) Phulwari (1984) Karishma Kudrat Kaa (1985) Sadaa Suhagan (1986) Bistar (1986) Sasti Dulhan Mahenga Dulha (1986) Khel Mohabbat Ka (1986) Pati Paisa Aur Pyar (1987) Dadagiri (1987) Imaandaar (1987) Main Tere Liye (1988) Akhri Muqabla (1988) Mohabbat Ke Dushman (1988) Aag Ke Sholay (1988) Jaisi Karni Waisi Bharni (1989) Shehzaade (1989) Pyar Ka Karz (1990) Jawani Zindabad (1990) Baap Numbri Beta Dus Numbri (1990) Kasam Dhande Ki (1990) Aaj Ka Arjun (1990) Vasna (1991) Numbri Aadmi (1991) Khoon Ka Karz (1991) Karz Chukana Hai (1991) Ramgarh Ke Sholay (1991) Pyar Hua Chori Chori (1992) Daulat Ki Jung (1992) Gurudev (1993) Dharam Ka Insaaf (1993) Chauraha (1994) Bewafa Sanam (1995) Aazmayish (1995) Apne Dam Par (1996) Mafia (1996) Chhote Sarkar (1996) Judaai (1997) Mahaanta (1997) Aakhir Kaun Thi Woh (2000) Adla Badli (2008) Qatil Haseeno Ka (2001) Raat Ke Saudagar (2002) Yeh Kaisi Mohabbat (2002) Chalo Ishq Ladaayem (2002) Humein Tumse Pyar Ho Gaya Chupke Chupke (2003) Journey Bombay to Goa (2007) Jaana Pehchana (2011) The Rise of Sudarshan Chakra (2023) Television Pyaar Ka Dard Hai Meetha Meetha Pyaara Pyaara serial on Star Plus (2012–2014) as Shanky Ek Rishta Saajhedari ka (TV serial 2016–) on Sony SET. Tenali Rama TV Serial on SAB TV (2019) as Mulla Nasiruddin References ^ Patcy N. "Going back in time with Junior Mehmood". Rediff.com. Archived from the original on 4 October 2013. Retrieved 27 September 2013. ^ "The name Jr Mehmood transformed my life". Rediff.com. Archived from the original on 18 July 2013. Retrieved 27 September 2013. ^ "Junior Mehmood dies of stomach cancer at 67". Hindustan Times. ^ Jr., Mehmood. "Celebrity". bollymints.com. External links Official website Junior Mehmood at IMDb
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Pehchana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaana_Pehchana"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Junior_Mehmood&action=edit&section=3"},{"link_name":"Pyaar Ka Dard Hai Meetha Meetha Pyaara Pyaara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyaar_Ka_Dard_Hai_Meetha_Meetha_Pyaara_Pyaara"},{"link_name":"Ek Rishta Saajhedari ka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ek_Rishta_Saajhedari_ka&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tenali Rama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenali_Rama"}],"text":"Mohabbat Zindagi Hai (1966)\nNaunihal (1967)\nVaasna (1968)\nSunghursh (1968)\nSuhaag Raat (1968)\nParivar (1968)\nFarishta (1968)\nBrahmachari (1968)\nVishwas (1969)\nSimla Road (1969)\nRaja Saab (1969)\nPyar Hi Pyar (1969)\nNateeja (1969)\nChanda Aur Bijli (1969)\nBalak (1969)\nAnjaana (1969)\nDo Raaste (1969)\nYaadgaar (1970)\nKati Patang (1970)\nGhar Ghar Ki Kahani (1970)\nBachpan (1970)\nAan Milo Sajna (1970)\nUstad Pedro (1971)\nRamu Ustad (1971)\nLadki Pasand Hai (1971)\nJohar Mehmood in Hong Kong (1971)\nCaravan (1971)\nHaathi Mere Saathi (1971)\nChhoti Bahu (1971)\nChingari (1971)\nHungama (1971)\n\"Khoj\" (1971)\nHaré Raama Haré Krishna (1971)\n[Bhaiti]-1972 (Assamese)\nMaa Da Laadla (1973) as shotu in Punjabi movie\nAap Ki Kasam (1974)\nAmir Garib (1974)\nTeri Meri Ik Jindri (1975) as Latoo in Punjabi Movie\nRomeo in Sikkam (1975)\nAap Beati (1976)\nGeet Gaata Chal (1975)\nAap To Aise Na The (1980)\nFarz Aur Pyar (1981)\nApna Bana Lo (1982)\nLovers (1983)\nPhulwari (1984)\nKarishma Kudrat Kaa (1985)\nSadaa Suhagan (1986)\nBistar (1986)\nSasti Dulhan Mahenga Dulha (1986)\nKhel Mohabbat Ka (1986)\nPati Paisa Aur Pyar (1987)\nDadagiri (1987)\nImaandaar (1987)\nMain Tere Liye (1988)\nAkhri Muqabla (1988)\nMohabbat Ke Dushman (1988)\nAag Ke Sholay (1988)\nJaisi Karni Waisi Bharni (1989)\nShehzaade (1989)\nPyar Ka Karz (1990)\nJawani Zindabad (1990)\nBaap Numbri Beta Dus Numbri (1990)\nKasam Dhande Ki (1990)\nAaj Ka Arjun (1990)\nVasna (1991)\nNumbri Aadmi (1991)\nKhoon Ka Karz (1991)\nKarz Chukana Hai (1991)\nRamgarh Ke Sholay (1991)\nPyar Hua Chori Chori (1992)\nDaulat Ki Jung (1992)\nGurudev (1993)\nDharam Ka Insaaf (1993)\nChauraha (1994)\nBewafa Sanam (1995)\nAazmayish (1995)\nApne Dam Par (1996)\nMafia (1996)\nChhote Sarkar (1996)\nJudaai (1997)\nMahaanta (1997)\nAakhir Kaun Thi Woh (2000)\nAdla Badli (2008)\nQatil Haseeno Ka (2001)\nRaat Ke Saudagar (2002)\nYeh Kaisi Mohabbat (2002)\nChalo Ishq Ladaayem (2002)\nHumein Tumse Pyar Ho Gaya Chupke Chupke (2003)\nJourney Bombay to Goa (2007)\nJaana Pehchana (2011)\n The Rise of Sudarshan Chakra (2023)[4]\nTelevision[edit]\nPyaar Ka Dard Hai Meetha Meetha Pyaara Pyaara serial on Star Plus (2012–2014) as Shanky\nEk Rishta Saajhedari ka (TV serial 2016–) on Sony SET.\nTenali Rama TV Serial on SAB TV (2019) as Mulla Nasiruddin","title":"Selected filmography"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Patcy N. \"Going back in time with Junior Mehmood\". Rediff.com. Archived from the original on 4 October 2013. Retrieved 27 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-going-back-in-time-with-junior-mehmood/20120813.htm","url_text":"\"Going back in time with Junior Mehmood\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131004210403/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-going-back-in-time-with-junior-mehmood/20120813.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The name Jr Mehmood transformed my life\". Rediff.com. Archived from the original on 18 July 2013. Retrieved 27 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/jul/26jm.htm","url_text":"\"The name Jr Mehmood transformed my life\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130718204549/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/jul/26jm.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Junior Mehmood dies of stomach cancer at 67\". Hindustan Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/junior-mehmood-dies-of-stomach-cancer-at-67-101702000381856.html","url_text":"\"Junior Mehmood dies of stomach cancer at 67\""}]},{"reference":"Jr., Mehmood. \"Celebrity\". bollymints.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://bollymints.com/celebrities/junior-mehmood-jr-mehmood-mehmood-jr","url_text":"\"Celebrity\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casco_Hist%C3%B3rico_de_Vallecas
Casco Histórico de Vallecas
[]
Coordinates: 40°21′34″N 3°38′11″W / 40.35944°N 3.63639°W / 40.35944; -3.63639Ward of Madrid in SpainCasco Histórico de VallecasWard of MadridCountry SpainAut. community MadridMunicipality MadridDistrictVilla de Vallecas Casco Histórico de Vallecas is a ward (barrio) of Madrid belonging to the district of Villa de Vallecas. vteDistricts and wards of MadridArganzuela Atocha Imperial La Chopera Las Acacias Las Delicias Legazpi Palos de Moguer Barajas Aeropuerto Alameda de Osuna Casco Histórico de Barajas Corralejos Timón Carabanchel Abrantes Buenavista Comillas Opañel Puerta Bonita San Isidro Vista Alegre Centro Cortes Embajadores Justicia Universidad Palacio Sol Chamartín Castilla Ciudad Jardín El Viso Hispanoamérica Nueva España Prosperidad Chamberí Almagro Arapiles Gaztambide Ríos Rosas Trafalgar Vallehermoso Ciudad Lineal Atalaya Colina Concepción Pinar de Chamartín Pueblo Nuevo Quintana San Juan Bautista San Pascual Ventas Fuencarral-El Pardo Barrio del Pilar El Goloso El Pardo Fuentelarreina La Paz Mirasierra Peñagrande Valverde Hortaleza Apóstol Santiago Canillas Palomas Pinar del Rey Piovera Valdefuentes Latina Aluche Campamento Cuatro Vientos Las Águilas Lucero Los Cármenes Puerta del Ángel Moncloa-Aravaca Aravaca Argüelles Casa de Campo Ciudad Universitaria El Plantío Valdemarín Valdezarza Moratalaz Fontarrón Horcajo Marroquina Media Legua Pavones Vinateros Puente de Vallecas Entrevías Numancia Palomeras Bajas Palomeras Sureste Portazgo San Diego Retiro Adelfas Estrella Ibiza Jerónimos Niño Jesús Pacífico Salamanca Castellana Fuente del Berro Goya Guindalera Lista Recoletos San Blas-Canillejas Amposta Arcos Canillejas Hellín Rejas Rosas Salvador Simancas Tetuán Almenara Bellas Vistas Berruguete Castillejos Cuatro Caminos Valdeacederas Usera Almendrales Moscardó Orcasitas Orcasur Pradolongo San Fermín Zofío Vicálvaro Ambroz Casco Histórico de Vicálvaro Villa de Vallecas Casco Histórico de Vallecas Santa Eugenia Villaverde Butarque Los Ángeles Los Rosales San Cristóbal de los Ángeles Villaverde Alto Authority control databases International VIAF National Spain 40°21′34″N 3°38′11″W / 40.35944°N 3.63639°W / 40.35944; -3.63639 This article about a location in the Community of Madrid, Spain is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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Fermín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Ferm%C3%ADn_(Madrid)"},{"link_name":"Zofío","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zof%C3%ADo"},{"link_name":"Vicálvaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vic%C3%A1lvaro"},{"link_name":"Ambroz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambroz_(Madrid)"},{"link_name":"Casco Histórico de Vicálvaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casco_Hist%C3%B3rico_de_Vic%C3%A1lvaro"},{"link_name":"Villa de Vallecas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_de_Vallecas"},{"link_name":"Casco Histórico de Vallecas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Santa Eugenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Eugenia_(Madrid)"},{"link_name":"Villaverde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villaverde_(Madrid)"},{"link_name":"Butarque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butarque"},{"link_name":"Los Ángeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_%C3%81ngeles_(Madrid)"},{"link_name":"Los Rosales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Rosales_(Madrid)"},{"link_name":"San Cristóbal de los Ángeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Crist%C3%B3bal_de_los_%C3%81ngeles"},{"link_name":"Villaverde Alto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villaverde_Alto"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16544370#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/316733093"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX453265"},{"link_name":"40°21′34″N 3°38′11″W / 40.35944°N 3.63639°W / 40.35944; -3.63639","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Casco_Hist%C3%B3rico_de_Vallecas&params=40_21_34_N_3_38_11_W_type:city(150000)_region:ES"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_map_of_Madrid_(Community).svg"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Casco_Hist%C3%B3rico_de_Vallecas&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Madrid-geo-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Madrid-geo-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Madrid-geo-stub"}],"text":"Ward of Madrid in SpainCasco Histórico de Vallecas is a ward (barrio) of Madrid belonging to the district of Villa de Vallecas.vteDistricts and wards of MadridArganzuela\nAtocha\nImperial\nLa Chopera\nLas Acacias\nLas Delicias\nLegazpi\nPalos de Moguer\n Barajas\nAeropuerto\nAlameda de Osuna\nCasco Histórico de Barajas\nCorralejos\nTimón\nCarabanchel\nAbrantes\nBuenavista\nComillas\nOpañel\nPuerta Bonita\nSan Isidro\nVista Alegre\nCentro\nCortes\nEmbajadores\nJusticia\nUniversidad\nPalacio\nSol\nChamartín\nCastilla\nCiudad Jardín\nEl Viso\nHispanoamérica\nNueva España\nProsperidad\nChamberí\nAlmagro\nArapiles\nGaztambide\nRíos Rosas\nTrafalgar\nVallehermoso\nCiudad Lineal\nAtalaya\nColina\nConcepción\nPinar de Chamartín\nPueblo Nuevo\nQuintana\nSan Juan Bautista\nSan Pascual\nVentas\nFuencarral-El Pardo\nBarrio del Pilar\nEl Goloso\nEl Pardo\nFuentelarreina\nLa Paz\nMirasierra\nPeñagrande\nValverde\nHortaleza\nApóstol Santiago\nCanillas\nPalomas\nPinar del Rey\nPiovera\nValdefuentes\nLatina\nAluche\nCampamento\nCuatro Vientos\nLas Águilas\nLucero\nLos Cármenes\nPuerta del Ángel\nMoncloa-Aravaca\nAravaca\nArgüelles\nCasa de Campo\nCiudad Universitaria\nEl Plantío\nValdemarín\nValdezarza\nMoratalaz\nFontarrón\nHorcajo\nMarroquina\nMedia Legua\nPavones\nVinateros\nPuente de Vallecas\nEntrevías\nNumancia\nPalomeras Bajas\nPalomeras Sureste\nPortazgo\nSan Diego\nRetiro\nAdelfas\nEstrella\nIbiza\nJerónimos\nNiño Jesús\nPacífico\nSalamanca\nCastellana\nFuente del Berro\nGoya\nGuindalera\nLista\nRecoletos\nSan Blas-Canillejas\nAmposta\nArcos\nCanillejas\nHellín\nRejas\nRosas\nSalvador\nSimancas\nTetuán\nAlmenara\nBellas Vistas\nBerruguete\nCastillejos\nCuatro Caminos\nValdeacederas\nUsera\nAlmendrales\nMoscardó\nOrcasitas\nOrcasur\nPradolongo\nSan Fermín\nZofío\nVicálvaro\nAmbroz\nCasco Histórico de Vicálvaro\nVilla de Vallecas\nCasco Histórico de Vallecas\nSanta Eugenia\nVillaverde\nButarque\nLos Ángeles\nLos Rosales\nSan Cristóbal de los Ángeles\nVillaverde AltoAuthority control databases International\nVIAF\nNational\nSpain40°21′34″N 3°38′11″W / 40.35944°N 3.63639°W / 40.35944; -3.63639This article about a location in the Community of Madrid, Spain is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Casco Histórico de Vallecas"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinderkennzeichnungs-_und_Rindfleischetikettierungs%C3%BCberwachungsaufgaben%C3%BCbertragungsgesetz
Rinderkennzeichnungs- und Rindfleischetikettierungsüberwachungsaufgabenübertragungsgesetz
["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]
Repealed state law in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany Rinder­kennzeichnungs- und Rindfleisch­etikettierungs­überwachungs­aufgaben­übertragungs­gesetz (listenⓘ; RkReÜAÜG; literally, "Cattle marking and beef labeling supervision duties delegation law") was a law of the German state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern of 1999, repealed in 2013. It dealt with the supervision of the labeling of beef. The name of the law is a famous example of the virtually unlimited compounding of nouns that is possible in many Germanic languages. German orthography uses "closed" compounds, concatenating nouns to form one long word. This is unlike most English compounds, which are separated using spaces or hyphens. Strictly speaking, it is made up of two words, because a hyphen at the end of a word is used to show that the word will end in the same way as the following. Consequently, the two words would be Rinder­kennzeichnungs­überwachungs­aufgaben­übertragungs­gesetz and Rindfleisch­etikettierungs­überwachungs­aufgaben­übertragungs­gesetz, coming in at 58 and 63 letters, respectively. This is the official short title of the law; its full name is Gesetz zur Übertragung der Aufgaben für die Überwachung der Rinderkennzeichnung und Rindfleischetikettierung, corresponding to Law on delegation of duties for supervision of cattle marking and beef labeling. Most German laws have a short title consisting of a composite noun. Words this long are not very common in German. When the law was proposed in the state parliament, the members reacted with laughter and the responsible minister Till Backhaus apologized for the "possibly excessive length". In 1999, the Association for the German Language nominated Rindfleisch­etikettierungs­überwachungs­aufgaben­übertragungs­gesetz for its Word of the Year award, but it lost to das Millennium, a Latin word that gained in usage at the time, complementing the German word for millennium, Jahrtausend. In 2003, a decree was established that modified some real estate-related regulations; its name was longer than the above law: Grundstücks­verkehrs­genehmigungs­zuständigkeits­übertragungs­verordnung (long title: Verordnung zur Übertragung der Zuständigkeiten des Oberfinanzpräsidenten der Oberfinanzdirektion Berlin nach § 8 Satz 2 der Grundstücksverkehrsordnung auf das Bundesamt zur Regelung offener Vermögensfragen, GrundVZÜV), roughly Regulation on the delegation of authority concerning land conveyance permissions. At 67 letters, it surpassed the RkReÜAÜG, but was repealed in 2007. See also German compounds Taumata­whakatangihanga­koauau­o­tamatea­turi­pukaka­piki­maunga­horo­nuku­pokai­whenua­ki­tana­tahu Donau­dampfschiffahrts­elektrizitäten­haupt­betriebswerkbau­unterbeamten­gesellschaft Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysiliogogogoch Longest word in English Scriptio continua References ^ "Beschluss im Schweriner Landtag: Längstes Wort Deutschlands hat ausgedient" (in German). Hamburg: Der Spiegel. 3 June 2013. Archived from the original on 3 June 2013. Retrieved 3 June 2013. ^ Pleonast page on the law ^ Rindfleisch­etikettierungs­überwachungs­aufgaben­übertragungs­gesetz: Was ist das? ^ 1999 Word of the Year ^ Text of repeal at Buzer.de External links Look up RkReÜAÜG in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Listen to this article (2 minutes) This audio file was created from a revision of this article dated 9 July 2007 (2007-07-09), and does not reflect subsequent edits.(Audio help · More spoken articles) Gesetzestext (full text of the law) at the Wayback Machine (archived June 18, 2012) (in German) Official parliamentary record of the debate (pdf, in German) A choir singing the word.
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[{}]
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[{"Link":"http://www.spiegel.de/panorama/gesellschaft/laengstes-wort-der-deutschen-sprache-verschwindet-a-903370.html","external_links_name":"\"Beschluss im Schweriner Landtag: Längstes Wort Deutschlands hat ausgedient\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130603133729/http://www.spiegel.de/panorama/gesellschaft/laengstes-wort-der-deutschen-sprache-verschwindet-a-903370.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101127002335/http://pleonast.com/users/trx/entries/600186-rindfleischetikettierungs-berwachungsaufgaben-bertr","external_links_name":"Pleonast page on the law"},{"Link":"https://praxistipps.focus.de/rindfleischetikettierungsueberwachungsaufgabenuebertragungsgesetz-was-ist-das_95588","external_links_name":"Rindfleisch­etikettierungs­überwachungs­aufgaben­übertragungs­gesetz: Was ist das?"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170213002200/http://german.about.com/library/blwortjahr98-01.htm","external_links_name":"1999 Word of the Year"},{"Link":"http://www.buzer.de/gesetz/5188/","external_links_name":"Text of repeal at Buzer.de"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120618084558/http://mv.juris.de/mv/RkReUeAUeG_MV_rahmen.htm","external_links_name":"Gesetzestext (full text of the law)"},{"Link":"https://www.landtag-mv.de/fileadmin/media/Dokumente/Parlamentsdokumente/Plenarprotokolle/3_Wahlperiode/plpr03-0027.pdf","external_links_name":"Official parliamentary record of the debate (pdf, in German)"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Psq46MZjDYs","external_links_name":"A choir singing the word."}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partial_molar_Gibbs_free_energy
Partial molar property
["1 Definition","2 Applications","3 Relationship to thermodynamic potentials","4 Differential form of the thermodynamic potentials","5 Measuring partial molar properties","6 Relation to apparent molar quantities","7 See also","8 References","9 Further reading","10 External links"]
Change in a property of a mixture component with respect to amount This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Partial molar property" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this message) In thermodynamics, a partial molar property is a quantity which describes the variation of an extensive property of a solution or mixture with changes in the molar composition of the mixture at constant temperature and pressure. It is the partial derivative of the extensive property with respect to the amount (number of moles) of the component of interest. Every extensive property of a mixture has a corresponding partial molar property. Definition Water and ethanol always have negative excess volumes when mixed, indicating the partial molar volume of each component is less when mixed than its molar volume when pure. The partial molar volume is broadly understood as the contribution that a component of a mixture makes to the overall volume of the solution. However, there is more to it than this: When one mole of water is added to a large volume of water at 25 °C, the volume increases by 18 cm3. The molar volume of pure water would thus be reported as 18 cm3 mol−1. However, addition of one mole of water to a large volume of pure ethanol results in an increase in volume of only 14 cm3. The reason that the increase is different is that the volume occupied by a given number of water molecules depends upon the identity of the surrounding molecules. The value 14 cm3 is said to be the partial molar volume of water in ethanol. In general, the partial molar volume of a substance X in a mixture is the change in volume per mole of X added to the mixture. The partial molar volumes of the components of a mixture vary with the composition of the mixture, because the environment of the molecules in the mixture changes with the composition. It is the changing molecular environment (and the consequent alteration of the interactions between molecules) that results in the thermodynamic properties of a mixture changing as its composition is altered. If, by Z {\displaystyle Z} , one denotes a generic extensive property of a mixture, it will always be true that it depends on the pressure ( P {\displaystyle P} ), temperature ( T {\displaystyle T} ), and the amount of each component of the mixture (measured in moles, n). For a mixture with q components, this is expressed as Z = Z ( T , P , n 1 , n 2 , ⋯ , n q ) . {\displaystyle Z=Z(T,P,n_{1},n_{2},\cdots ,n_{q}).} Now if temperature T and pressure P are held constant, Z = Z ( n 1 , n 2 , ⋯ ) {\displaystyle Z=Z(n_{1},n_{2},\cdots )} is a homogeneous function of degree 1, since doubling the quantities of each component in the mixture will double Z {\displaystyle Z} . More generally, for any λ {\displaystyle \lambda } : Z ( λ n 1 , λ n 2 , ⋯ , λ n q ) = λ Z ( n 1 , n 2 , ⋯ , n q ) . {\displaystyle Z(\lambda n_{1},\lambda n_{2},\cdots ,\lambda n_{q})=\lambda Z(n_{1},n_{2},\cdots ,n_{q}).} By Euler's first theorem for homogeneous functions, this implies Z = ∑ i = 1 q n i Z i ¯ , {\displaystyle Z=\sum _{i=1}^{q}n_{i}{\bar {Z_{i}}},} where Z i ¯ {\displaystyle {\bar {Z_{i}}}} is the partial molar Z {\displaystyle Z} of component i {\displaystyle i} defined as: Z i ¯ = ( ∂ Z ∂ n i ) T , P , n j ≠ i . {\displaystyle {\bar {Z_{i}}}=\left({\frac {\partial Z}{\partial n_{i}}}\right)_{T,P,n_{j\neq i}}.} By Euler's second theorem for homogeneous functions, Z i ¯ {\displaystyle {\bar {Z_{i}}}} is a homogeneous function of degree 0 (i.e., Z i ¯ {\displaystyle {\bar {Z_{i}}}} is an intensive property) which means that for any λ {\displaystyle \lambda } : Z i ¯ ( λ n 1 , λ n 2 , ⋯ , λ n q ) = Z i ¯ ( n 1 , n 2 , ⋯ , n q ) . {\displaystyle {\bar {Z_{i}}}(\lambda n_{1},\lambda n_{2},\cdots ,\lambda n_{q})={\bar {Z_{i}}}(n_{1},n_{2},\cdots ,n_{q}).} In particular, taking λ = 1 / n T {\displaystyle \lambda =1/n_{T}} where n T = n 1 + n 2 + ⋯ {\displaystyle n_{T}=n_{1}+n_{2}+\cdots } , one has Z i ¯ ( x 1 , x 2 , ⋯ ) = Z i ¯ ( n 1 , n 2 , ⋯ ) , {\displaystyle {\bar {Z_{i}}}(x_{1},x_{2},\cdots )={\bar {Z_{i}}}(n_{1},n_{2},\cdots ),} where x i = n i n T {\displaystyle x_{i}={\frac {n_{i}}{n_{T}}}} is the concentration expressed as the mole fraction of component i {\displaystyle i} . Since the molar fractions satisfy the relation ∑ i = 1 q x i = 1 , {\displaystyle \sum _{i=1}^{q}x_{i}=1,} the xi are not independent, and the partial molar property is a function of only q − 1 {\displaystyle q-1} mole fractions: Z i ¯ = Z i ¯ ( x 1 , x 2 , ⋯ , x q − 1 ) . {\displaystyle {\bar {Z_{i}}}={\bar {Z_{i}}}(x_{1},x_{2},\cdots ,x_{q-1}).} The partial molar property is thus an intensive property - it does not depend on the size of the system. The partial volume is not the partial molar volume. Applications Partial molar properties are useful because chemical mixtures are often maintained at constant temperature and pressure and under these conditions, the value of any extensive property can be obtained from its partial molar property. They are especially useful when considering specific properties of pure substances (that is, properties of one mole of pure substance) and properties of mixing (such as the heat of mixing or entropy of mixing). By definition, properties of mixing are related to those of the pure substances by: Δ z M = z − ∑ i x i z i ∗ . {\displaystyle \Delta z^{M}=z-\sum _{i}x_{i}z_{i}^{*}.} Here ∗ {\displaystyle *} denotes a pure substance, M {\displaystyle M} the mixing property, and z {\displaystyle z} corresponds to the specific property under consideration. From the definition of partial molar properties, z = ∑ i x i Z i ¯ , {\displaystyle z=\sum _{i}x_{i}{\bar {Z_{i}}},} substitution yields: Δ z M = ∑ i x i ( Z i ¯ − z i ∗ ) . {\displaystyle \Delta z^{M}=\sum _{i}x_{i}({\bar {Z_{i}}}-z_{i}^{*}).} So from knowledge of the partial molar properties, deviation of properties of mixing from single components can be calculated. Relationship to thermodynamic potentials Partial molar properties satisfy relations analogous to those of the extensive properties. For the internal energy U, enthalpy H, Helmholtz free energy A, and Gibbs free energy G, the following hold: H i ¯ = U i ¯ + P V i ¯ , {\displaystyle {\bar {H_{i}}}={\bar {U_{i}}}+P{\bar {V_{i}}},} A i ¯ = U i ¯ − T S i ¯ , {\displaystyle {\bar {A_{i}}}={\bar {U_{i}}}-T{\bar {S_{i}}},} G i ¯ = H i ¯ − T S i ¯ , {\displaystyle {\bar {G_{i}}}={\bar {H_{i}}}-T{\bar {S_{i}}},} where P {\displaystyle P} is the pressure, V {\displaystyle V} the volume, T {\displaystyle T} the temperature, and S {\displaystyle S} the entropy. Differential form of the thermodynamic potentials The thermodynamic potentials also satisfy d U = T d S − P d V + ∑ i μ i d n i , {\displaystyle dU=TdS-PdV+\sum _{i}\mu _{i}dn_{i},\,} d H = T d S + V d P + ∑ i μ i d n i , {\displaystyle dH=TdS+VdP+\sum _{i}\mu _{i}dn_{i},\,} d A = − S d T − P d V + ∑ i μ i d n i , {\displaystyle dA=-SdT-PdV+\sum _{i}\mu _{i}dn_{i},\,} d G = − S d T + V d P + ∑ i μ i d n i , {\displaystyle dG=-SdT+VdP+\sum _{i}\mu _{i}dn_{i},\,} where μ i {\displaystyle \mu _{i}} is the chemical potential defined as (for constant nj with j≠i): μ i = ( ∂ U ∂ n i ) S , V = ( ∂ H ∂ n i ) S , P = ( ∂ A ∂ n i ) T , V = ( ∂ G ∂ n i ) T , P . {\displaystyle \mu _{i}=\left({\frac {\partial U}{\partial n_{i}}}\right)_{S,V}=\left({\frac {\partial H}{\partial n_{i}}}\right)_{S,P}=\left({\frac {\partial A}{\partial n_{i}}}\right)_{T,V}=\left({\frac {\partial G}{\partial n_{i}}}\right)_{T,P}.} This last partial derivative is the same as G i ¯ {\displaystyle {\bar {G_{i}}}} , the partial molar Gibbs free energy. This means that the partial molar Gibbs free energy and the chemical potential, one of the most important properties in thermodynamics and chemistry, are the same quantity. Under isobaric (constant P) and isothermal (constant T ) conditions, knowledge of the chemical potentials, μ i ( x 1 , x 2 , ⋯ , x m ) {\displaystyle \mu _{i}(x_{1},x_{2},\cdots ,x_{m})} , yields every property of the mixture as they completely determine the Gibbs free energy. Measuring partial molar properties To measure the partial molar property Z 1 ¯ {\displaystyle {\bar {Z_{1}}}} of a binary solution, one begins with the pure component denoted as 2 {\displaystyle 2} and, keeping the temperature and pressure constant during the entire process, add small quantities of component 1 {\displaystyle 1} ; measuring Z {\displaystyle Z} after each addition. After sampling the compositions of interest one can fit a curve to the experimental data. This function will be Z ( n 1 ) {\displaystyle Z(n_{1})} . Differentiating with respect to n 1 {\displaystyle n_{1}} will give Z 1 ¯ {\displaystyle {\bar {Z_{1}}}} . Z 2 ¯ {\displaystyle {\bar {Z_{2}}}} is then obtained from the relation: Z = Z 1 ¯ n 1 + Z 2 ¯ n 2 . {\displaystyle Z={\bar {Z_{1}}}n_{1}+{\bar {Z_{2}}}n_{2}.} Relation to apparent molar quantities The relation between partial molar properties and the apparent ones can be derived from the definition of the apparent quantities and of the molality. V 1 ¯ = ϕ V ~ 1 + b ∂ ϕ V ~ 1 ∂ b . {\displaystyle {\bar {V_{1}}}={}^{\phi }{\tilde {V}}_{1}+b{\frac {\partial {}^{\phi }{\tilde {V}}_{1}}{\partial b}}.} The relation holds also for multicomponent mixtures, just that in this case subscript i is required. See also Apparent molar property Ideal solution Excess molar quantity Partial specific volume Thermodynamic activity References ^ Wolfram Mathworld: Euler's homogeneous function theorem Further reading P. Atkins and J. de Paula, "Atkins' Physical Chemistry" (8th edition, Freeman 2006), chap.5 T. Engel and P. Reid, "Physical Chemistry" (Pearson Benjamin-Cummings 2006), p. 210 K.J. Laidler and J.H. Meiser, "Physical Chemistry" (Benjamin-Cummings 1982), p. 184-189 P. Rock, "Chemical Thermodynamics" (MacMillan 1969), chap.9 Ira Levine, "Physical Chemistry" (6th edition, McGraw Hill 2009), p. 125-128 External links Lecture notes from the University of Arizona detailing mixtures, partial molar quantities, and ideal solutions On-line calculator for densities and partial molar volumes of aqueous solutions of some common electrolytes and their mixtures, at temperatures up to 323.15 K.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"thermodynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamics"},{"link_name":"extensive property","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensive_and_extensive_properties"},{"link_name":"solution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solution_(chemistry)"},{"link_name":"mixture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixture"},{"link_name":"molar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mole_(unit)"},{"link_name":"constant temperature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isothermal_process"},{"link_name":"pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isobaric_process"},{"link_name":"partial derivative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partial_derivative"},{"link_name":"amount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amount_of_substance"}],"text":"In thermodynamics, a partial molar property is a quantity which describes the variation of an extensive property of a solution or mixture with changes in the molar composition of the mixture at constant temperature and pressure. It is the partial derivative of the extensive property with respect to the amount (number of moles) of the component of interest. Every extensive property of a mixture has a corresponding partial molar property.","title":"Partial molar property"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Excess_Volume_Mixture_of_Ethanol_and_Water.png"},{"link_name":"molar volume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molar_volume"},{"link_name":"ethanol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol"},{"link_name":"pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure"},{"link_name":"temperature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature"},{"link_name":"moles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mole_(unit)"},{"link_name":"homogeneous function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homogeneous_function"},{"link_name":"Euler's first theorem for homogeneous functions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homogeneous_function#Elementary_theorems"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Euler's second theorem for homogeneous functions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homogeneous_function#Elementary_theorems"},{"link_name":"concentration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentration"},{"link_name":"mole fraction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mole_fraction"},{"link_name":"intensive property","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensive_and_extensive_properties"}],"text":"Water and ethanol always have negative excess volumes when mixed, indicating the partial molar volume of each component is less when mixed than its molar volume when pure.The partial molar volume is broadly understood as the contribution that a component of a mixture makes to the overall volume of the solution. However, there is more to it than this:When one mole of water is added to a large volume of water at 25 °C, the volume increases by 18 cm3. The molar volume of pure water would thus be reported as 18 cm3 mol−1. However, addition of one mole of water to a large volume of pure ethanol results in an increase in volume of only 14 cm3. The reason that the increase is different is that the volume occupied by a given number of water molecules depends upon the identity of the surrounding molecules. The value 14 cm3 is said to be the partial molar volume of water in ethanol.In general, the partial molar volume of a substance X in a mixture is the change in volume per mole of X added to the mixture.The partial molar volumes of the components of a mixture vary with the composition of the mixture, because the environment of the molecules in the mixture changes with the composition. It is the changing molecular environment (and the consequent alteration of the interactions between molecules) that results in the thermodynamic properties of a mixture changing as its composition is altered.If, by \n \n \n \n Z\n \n \n {\\displaystyle Z}\n \n, one denotes a generic extensive property of a mixture, it will always be true that it depends on the pressure (\n \n \n \n P\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P}\n \n), temperature (\n \n \n \n T\n \n \n {\\displaystyle T}\n \n), and the amount of each component of the mixture (measured in moles, n). For a mixture with q components, this is expressed asZ\n =\n Z\n (\n T\n ,\n P\n ,\n \n n\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n n\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n ⋯\n ,\n \n n\n \n q\n \n \n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle Z=Z(T,P,n_{1},n_{2},\\cdots ,n_{q}).}Now if temperature T and pressure P are held constant, \n \n \n \n Z\n =\n Z\n (\n \n n\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n n\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n ⋯\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle Z=Z(n_{1},n_{2},\\cdots )}\n \n is a homogeneous function of degree 1, since doubling the quantities of each component in the mixture will double \n \n \n \n Z\n \n \n {\\displaystyle Z}\n \n. More generally, for any \n \n \n \n λ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\lambda }\n \n:Z\n (\n λ\n \n n\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n λ\n \n n\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n ⋯\n ,\n λ\n \n n\n \n q\n \n \n )\n =\n λ\n Z\n (\n \n n\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n n\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n ⋯\n ,\n \n n\n \n q\n \n \n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle Z(\\lambda n_{1},\\lambda n_{2},\\cdots ,\\lambda n_{q})=\\lambda Z(n_{1},n_{2},\\cdots ,n_{q}).}By Euler's first theorem for homogeneous functions, this implies[1]Z\n =\n \n ∑\n \n i\n =\n 1\n \n \n q\n \n \n \n n\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Z\n \n i\n \n \n ¯\n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle Z=\\sum _{i=1}^{q}n_{i}{\\bar {Z_{i}}},}where \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n Z\n \n i\n \n \n ¯\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\bar {Z_{i}}}}\n \n is the partial molar \n \n \n \n Z\n \n \n {\\displaystyle Z}\n \n of component \n \n \n \n i\n \n \n {\\displaystyle i}\n \n defined as:Z\n \n i\n \n \n ¯\n \n \n \n =\n \n \n (\n \n \n \n ∂\n Z\n \n \n ∂\n \n n\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n T\n ,\n P\n ,\n \n n\n \n j\n ≠\n i\n \n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\bar {Z_{i}}}=\\left({\\frac {\\partial Z}{\\partial n_{i}}}\\right)_{T,P,n_{j\\neq i}}.}By Euler's second theorem for homogeneous functions, \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n Z\n \n i\n \n \n ¯\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\bar {Z_{i}}}}\n \n is a homogeneous function of degree 0 (i.e., \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n Z\n \n i\n \n \n ¯\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\bar {Z_{i}}}}\n \nis an intensive property) which means that for any \n \n \n \n λ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\lambda }\n \n:Z\n \n i\n \n \n ¯\n \n \n \n (\n λ\n \n n\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n λ\n \n n\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n ⋯\n ,\n λ\n \n n\n \n q\n \n \n )\n =\n \n \n \n \n Z\n \n i\n \n \n ¯\n \n \n \n (\n \n n\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n n\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n ⋯\n ,\n \n n\n \n q\n \n \n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\bar {Z_{i}}}(\\lambda n_{1},\\lambda n_{2},\\cdots ,\\lambda n_{q})={\\bar {Z_{i}}}(n_{1},n_{2},\\cdots ,n_{q}).}In particular, taking \n \n \n \n λ\n =\n 1\n \n /\n \n \n n\n \n T\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\lambda =1/n_{T}}\n \n where \n \n \n \n \n n\n \n T\n \n \n =\n \n n\n \n 1\n \n \n +\n \n n\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n ⋯\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n_{T}=n_{1}+n_{2}+\\cdots }\n \n, one hasZ\n \n i\n \n \n ¯\n \n \n \n (\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n ⋯\n )\n =\n \n \n \n \n Z\n \n i\n \n \n ¯\n \n \n \n (\n \n n\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n n\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n ⋯\n )\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\bar {Z_{i}}}(x_{1},x_{2},\\cdots )={\\bar {Z_{i}}}(n_{1},n_{2},\\cdots ),}where \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n i\n \n \n =\n \n \n \n n\n \n i\n \n \n \n n\n \n T\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle x_{i}={\\frac {n_{i}}{n_{T}}}}\n \n is the concentration expressed as the mole fraction of component \n \n \n \n i\n \n \n {\\displaystyle i}\n \n.\nSince the molar fractions satisfy the relation∑\n \n i\n =\n 1\n \n \n q\n \n \n \n x\n \n i\n \n \n =\n 1\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sum _{i=1}^{q}x_{i}=1,}the xi are not independent, and the partial molar property is a function of only \n \n \n \n q\n −\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle q-1}\n \n mole fractions:Z\n \n i\n \n \n ¯\n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n \n Z\n \n i\n \n \n ¯\n \n \n \n (\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n ⋯\n ,\n \n x\n \n q\n −\n 1\n \n \n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\bar {Z_{i}}}={\\bar {Z_{i}}}(x_{1},x_{2},\\cdots ,x_{q-1}).}The partial molar property is thus an intensive property - it does not depend on the size of the system.The partial volume is not the partial molar volume.","title":"Definition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mixtures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixture"},{"link_name":"extensive property","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensive_and_extensive_properties"},{"link_name":"specific properties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_property"},{"link_name":"pure substances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pure_substance"},{"link_name":"heat of mixing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_of_mixing"},{"link_name":"entropy of mixing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy_of_mixing"}],"text":"Partial molar properties are useful because chemical mixtures are often maintained at constant temperature and pressure and under these conditions, the value of any extensive property can be obtained from its partial molar property. They are especially useful when considering specific properties of pure substances (that is, properties of one mole of pure substance) and properties of mixing (such as the heat of mixing or entropy of mixing). By definition, properties of mixing are related to those of the pure substances by:Δ\n \n z\n \n M\n \n \n =\n z\n −\n \n ∑\n \n i\n \n \n \n x\n \n i\n \n \n \n z\n \n i\n \n \n ∗\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Delta z^{M}=z-\\sum _{i}x_{i}z_{i}^{*}.}Here \n \n \n \n ∗\n \n \n {\\displaystyle *}\n \n denotes a pure substance, \n \n \n \n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M}\n \n the mixing property, and \n \n \n \n z\n \n \n {\\displaystyle z}\n \n corresponds to the specific property under consideration. From the definition of partial molar properties,z\n =\n \n ∑\n \n i\n \n \n \n x\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Z\n \n i\n \n \n ¯\n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle z=\\sum _{i}x_{i}{\\bar {Z_{i}}},}substitution yields:Δ\n \n z\n \n M\n \n \n =\n \n ∑\n \n i\n \n \n \n x\n \n i\n \n \n (\n \n \n \n \n Z\n \n i\n \n \n ¯\n \n \n \n −\n \n z\n \n i\n \n \n ∗\n \n \n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Delta z^{M}=\\sum _{i}x_{i}({\\bar {Z_{i}}}-z_{i}^{*}).}So from knowledge of the partial molar properties, deviation of properties of mixing from single components can be calculated.","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"internal energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_energy"},{"link_name":"enthalpy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthalpy"},{"link_name":"Helmholtz free energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmholtz_free_energy"},{"link_name":"Gibbs free energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibbs_free_energy"},{"link_name":"volume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volume"},{"link_name":"entropy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy"}],"text":"Partial molar properties satisfy relations analogous to those of the extensive properties. For the internal energy U, enthalpy H, Helmholtz free energy A, and Gibbs free energy G, the following hold:H\n \n i\n \n \n ¯\n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n \n U\n \n i\n \n \n ¯\n \n \n \n +\n P\n \n \n \n \n V\n \n i\n \n \n ¯\n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\bar {H_{i}}}={\\bar {U_{i}}}+P{\\bar {V_{i}}},}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n A\n \n i\n \n \n ¯\n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n \n U\n \n i\n \n \n ¯\n \n \n \n −\n T\n \n \n \n \n S\n \n i\n \n \n ¯\n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\bar {A_{i}}}={\\bar {U_{i}}}-T{\\bar {S_{i}}},}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n G\n \n i\n \n \n ¯\n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n \n H\n \n i\n \n \n ¯\n \n \n \n −\n T\n \n \n \n \n S\n \n i\n \n \n ¯\n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\bar {G_{i}}}={\\bar {H_{i}}}-T{\\bar {S_{i}}},}where \n \n \n \n P\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P}\n \n is the pressure, \n \n \n \n V\n \n \n {\\displaystyle V}\n \n the volume, \n \n \n \n T\n \n \n {\\displaystyle T}\n \n the temperature, and \n \n \n \n S\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S}\n \n the entropy.","title":"Relationship to thermodynamic potentials"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"chemical potential","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_potential"},{"link_name":"partial derivative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partial_derivative"},{"link_name":"Gibbs free energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibbs_free_energy"},{"link_name":"isobaric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isobaric_process"},{"link_name":"isothermal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isothermal_process"}],"text":"The thermodynamic potentials also satisfyd\n U\n =\n T\n d\n S\n −\n P\n d\n V\n +\n \n ∑\n \n i\n \n \n \n μ\n \n i\n \n \n d\n \n n\n \n i\n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle dU=TdS-PdV+\\sum _{i}\\mu _{i}dn_{i},\\,}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n d\n H\n =\n T\n d\n S\n +\n V\n d\n P\n +\n \n ∑\n \n i\n \n \n \n μ\n \n i\n \n \n d\n \n n\n \n i\n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle dH=TdS+VdP+\\sum _{i}\\mu _{i}dn_{i},\\,}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n d\n A\n =\n −\n S\n d\n T\n −\n P\n d\n V\n +\n \n ∑\n \n i\n \n \n \n μ\n \n i\n \n \n d\n \n n\n \n i\n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle dA=-SdT-PdV+\\sum _{i}\\mu _{i}dn_{i},\\,}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n d\n G\n =\n −\n S\n d\n T\n +\n V\n d\n P\n +\n \n ∑\n \n i\n \n \n \n μ\n \n i\n \n \n d\n \n n\n \n i\n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle dG=-SdT+VdP+\\sum _{i}\\mu _{i}dn_{i},\\,}where \n \n \n \n \n μ\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mu _{i}}\n \n is the chemical potential defined as (for constant nj with j≠i):μ\n \n i\n \n \n =\n \n \n (\n \n \n \n ∂\n U\n \n \n ∂\n \n n\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n S\n ,\n V\n \n \n =\n \n \n (\n \n \n \n ∂\n H\n \n \n ∂\n \n n\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n S\n ,\n P\n \n \n =\n \n \n (\n \n \n \n ∂\n A\n \n \n ∂\n \n n\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n T\n ,\n V\n \n \n =\n \n \n (\n \n \n \n ∂\n G\n \n \n ∂\n \n n\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n T\n ,\n P\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mu _{i}=\\left({\\frac {\\partial U}{\\partial n_{i}}}\\right)_{S,V}=\\left({\\frac {\\partial H}{\\partial n_{i}}}\\right)_{S,P}=\\left({\\frac {\\partial A}{\\partial n_{i}}}\\right)_{T,V}=\\left({\\frac {\\partial G}{\\partial n_{i}}}\\right)_{T,P}.}This last partial derivative is the same as \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n G\n \n i\n \n \n ¯\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\bar {G_{i}}}}\n \n, the partial molar Gibbs free energy. This means that the partial molar Gibbs free energy and the chemical potential, one of the most important properties in thermodynamics and chemistry, are the same quantity. Under isobaric (constant P) and isothermal (constant T ) conditions, knowledge of the chemical potentials, \n \n \n \n \n μ\n \n i\n \n \n (\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n ⋯\n ,\n \n x\n \n m\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mu _{i}(x_{1},x_{2},\\cdots ,x_{m})}\n \n, yields every property of the mixture as they completely determine the Gibbs free energy.","title":"Differential form of the thermodynamic potentials"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"small quantities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinitesimal"},{"link_name":"fit a curve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curve_fitting"}],"text":"To measure the partial molar property \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n Z\n \n 1\n \n \n ¯\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\bar {Z_{1}}}}\n \n of a binary solution, one begins with the pure component denoted as \n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 2}\n \n and, keeping the temperature and pressure constant during the entire process, add small quantities of component \n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 1}\n \n; measuring \n \n \n \n Z\n \n \n {\\displaystyle Z}\n \n after each addition. After sampling the compositions of interest one can fit a curve to the experimental data. This function will be \n \n \n \n Z\n (\n \n n\n \n 1\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle Z(n_{1})}\n \n.\nDifferentiating with respect to \n \n \n \n \n n\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle n_{1}}\n \n will give \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n Z\n \n 1\n \n \n ¯\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\bar {Z_{1}}}}\n \n.\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n Z\n \n 2\n \n \n ¯\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\bar {Z_{2}}}}\n \n is then obtained from the relation:Z\n =\n \n \n \n \n Z\n \n 1\n \n \n ¯\n \n \n \n \n n\n \n 1\n \n \n +\n \n \n \n \n Z\n \n 2\n \n \n ¯\n \n \n \n \n n\n \n 2\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle Z={\\bar {Z_{1}}}n_{1}+{\\bar {Z_{2}}}n_{2}.}","title":"Measuring partial molar properties"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The relation between partial molar properties and the apparent ones can be derived from the definition of the apparent quantities and of the molality.V\n \n 1\n \n \n ¯\n \n \n \n =\n \n \n\n \n \n ϕ\n \n \n \n \n \n \n V\n ~\n \n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n +\n b\n \n \n \n ∂\n \n \n\n \n \n ϕ\n \n \n \n \n \n \n V\n ~\n \n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n ∂\n b\n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\bar {V_{1}}}={}^{\\phi }{\\tilde {V}}_{1}+b{\\frac {\\partial {}^{\\phi }{\\tilde {V}}_{1}}{\\partial b}}.}The relation holds also for multicomponent mixtures, just that in this case subscript i is required.","title":"Relation to apparent molar quantities"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"P. Atkins and J. de Paula, \"Atkins' Physical Chemistry\" (8th edition, Freeman 2006), chap.5\nT. Engel and P. Reid, \"Physical Chemistry\" (Pearson Benjamin-Cummings 2006), p. 210\nK.J. Laidler and J.H. Meiser, \"Physical Chemistry\" (Benjamin-Cummings 1982), p. 184-189\nP. Rock, \"Chemical Thermodynamics\" (MacMillan 1969), chap.9\nIra Levine, \"Physical Chemistry\" (6th edition, McGraw Hill 2009), p. 125-128","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Water and ethanol always have negative excess volumes when mixed, indicating the partial molar volume of each component is less when mixed than its molar volume when pure.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Excess_Volume_Mixture_of_Ethanol_and_Water.png/220px-Excess_Volume_Mixture_of_Ethanol_and_Water.png"}]
[{"title":"Apparent molar property","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apparent_molar_property"},{"title":"Ideal solution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideal_solution"},{"title":"Excess molar quantity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excess_molar_quantity"},{"title":"Partial specific volume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partial_specific_volume"},{"title":"Thermodynamic activity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_activity"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_Rambaldo
Caroline Rambaldo
["1 References","2 External links"]
Dutch cricketer Caroline RambaldoPersonal informationFull nameCaroline H. RambaldoBorn (1971-01-07) 7 January 1971 (age 53)BattingLeft-handedBowlingRight-arm mediumRelationsHelmien Rambaldo (sister)International information National sideNetherlands (1997–2001)ODI debut (cap 40)6 July 1997 v DenmarkLast ODI21 April 2001 v Pakistan Career statistics Competition WODI Matches 23 Runs scored 106 Batting average 5.88 100s/50s 0/0 Top score 25 Balls bowled 896 Wickets 19 Bowling average 26.84 5 wickets in innings 0 10 wickets in match 0 Best bowling 2/10 Catches/stumpings 1/–Source: Cricinfo, 4 October 2015 Caroline H. Rambaldo (born 7 January 1971) is a former Dutch international cricketer whose career for the Netherlands national women's side spanned from 1997 to 2001. She played a total of 23 One Day International (ODI) matches, and appeared at the 1997 World Cup. Rambaldo made her international debut at the relatively late age of 26, appearing in the second match of a two-ODI series against Denmark, which was played in Germany in July 1997. Later in the year, she played another three ODIs against Sri Lanka, as part of the Netherlands' preparation for the 1997 World Cup in India. A right-arm medium-pacer, Rambaldo played only three of a possible five matches at the World Cup, but saved her best performance for her team's last match, taking 2/28 in the quarter-final loss to Australia. One of the older players in the squad, Rambaldo was a regular for the Netherlands throughout the rest of the decade (and into the first years of the 2000s), playing series against Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and Denmark, as well as the 1999 European Championship. She never took more than two wickets in a match, with her best figures being 2/10 from 10 overs against Denmark in July 1998. Despite this, Rambaldo finished her international career with 19 wickets from her 23 ODI matches. Her last international appearance came against Pakistan in April 2001, at Karachi's National Stadium. Rambaldo's younger sister, Helmien Rambaldo, also played internationally, and went on to captain the national team. Both sisters played their club cricket for Quick Haag (nl). References ^ a b c Women's ODI matches played by Caroline Rambaldo – CricketArchive. Retrieved 4 October 2015. ^ Australia Women v Netherlands Women, Hero Honda Women's World Cup 1997/98 (Quarter-Final) – CricketArchive. Retrieved 4 October 2015. ^ Denmark Women v Netherlands Women, Netherlands Women in Germany 1998 (1st ODI) – CricketArchive. Retrieved 4 October 2015. ^ Caroline Rambaldo – ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 October 2015. ^ Helmien Rambaldo – CricketArchive. Retrieved 29 June 2015. ^ Netherlands / Players / Helmien Rambaldo – ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 29 June 2015. External links Caroline Rambaldo at ESPNcricinfo vteNetherlands squad – 1997 Women's Cricket World Cup 1 de Fouw 2 Howard 3 Janss 4 Köster 5 Kottman 6 Oudolf 7 Payne 8 Rambaldo 9 Reynolds 10 Salomons 11 Schroeder 12 te Beest (c) 13 van Noortwijk 14 Zorab
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[]
null
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generating_function_(physics)
Generating function (physics)
["1 In canonical transformations","2 Example","3 See also","4 References","5 Further reading"]
Function used to generate other functions This article is about generating functions in physics. For generating functions in mathematics, see Generating function. In physics, and more specifically in Hamiltonian mechanics, a generating function is, loosely, a function whose partial derivatives generate the differential equations that determine a system's dynamics. Common examples are the partition function of statistical mechanics, the Hamiltonian, and the function which acts as a bridge between two sets of canonical variables when performing a canonical transformation. In canonical transformations There are four basic generating functions, summarized by the following table: Generating function Its derivatives F = F 1 ( q , Q , t ) {\displaystyle F=F_{1}(q,Q,t)\,\!} p =     ∂ F 1 ∂ q {\displaystyle p=~~{\frac {\partial F_{1}}{\partial q}}\,\!} and P = − ∂ F 1 ∂ Q {\displaystyle P=-{\frac {\partial F_{1}}{\partial Q}}\,\!} F = F 2 ( q , P , t ) = F 1 + Q P {\displaystyle F=F_{2}(q,P,t)=F_{1}+QP\,\!} p =     ∂ F 2 ∂ q {\displaystyle p=~~{\frac {\partial F_{2}}{\partial q}}\,\!} and Q =     ∂ F 2 ∂ P {\displaystyle Q=~~{\frac {\partial F_{2}}{\partial P}}\,\!} F = F 3 ( p , Q , t ) = F 1 − q p {\displaystyle F=F_{3}(p,Q,t)=F_{1}-qp\,\!} q = − ∂ F 3 ∂ p {\displaystyle q=-{\frac {\partial F_{3}}{\partial p}}\,\!} and P = − ∂ F 3 ∂ Q {\displaystyle P=-{\frac {\partial F_{3}}{\partial Q}}\,\!} F = F 4 ( p , P , t ) = F 1 − q p + Q P {\displaystyle F=F_{4}(p,P,t)=F_{1}-qp+QP\,\!} q = − ∂ F 4 ∂ p {\displaystyle q=-{\frac {\partial F_{4}}{\partial p}}\,\!} and Q =     ∂ F 4 ∂ P {\displaystyle Q=~~{\frac {\partial F_{4}}{\partial P}}\,\!} Example Sometimes a given Hamiltonian can be turned into one that looks like the harmonic oscillator Hamiltonian, which is H = a P 2 + b Q 2 . {\displaystyle H=aP^{2}+bQ^{2}.} For example, with the Hamiltonian H = 1 2 q 2 + p 2 q 4 2 , {\displaystyle H={\frac {1}{2q^{2}}}+{\frac {p^{2}q^{4}}{2}},} where p is the generalized momentum and q is the generalized coordinate, a good canonical transformation to choose would be P = p q 2  and  Q = − 1 q . {\displaystyle P=pq^{2}{\text{ and }}Q={\frac {-1}{q}}.\,} (1) This turns the Hamiltonian into H = Q 2 2 + P 2 2 , {\displaystyle H={\frac {Q^{2}}{2}}+{\frac {P^{2}}{2}},} which is in the form of the harmonic oscillator Hamiltonian. The generating function F for this transformation is of the third kind, F = F 3 ( p , Q ) . {\displaystyle F=F_{3}(p,Q).} To find F explicitly, use the equation for its derivative from the table above, P = − ∂ F 3 ∂ Q , {\displaystyle P=-{\frac {\partial F_{3}}{\partial Q}},} and substitute the expression for P from equation (1), expressed in terms of p and Q: p Q 2 = − ∂ F 3 ∂ Q {\displaystyle {\frac {p}{Q^{2}}}=-{\frac {\partial F_{3}}{\partial Q}}} Integrating this with respect to Q results in an equation for the generating function of the transformation given by equation (1): F 3 ( p , Q ) = p Q {\displaystyle F_{3}(p,Q)={\frac {p}{Q}}} To confirm that this is the correct generating function, verify that it matches (1): q = − ∂ F 3 ∂ p = − 1 Q {\displaystyle q=-{\frac {\partial F_{3}}{\partial p}}={\frac {-1}{Q}}} See also Hamilton–Jacobi equation Poisson bracket References ^ Goldstein, Herbert; Poole, C. P.; Safko, J. L. (2001). Classical Mechanics (3rd ed.). Addison-Wesley. p. 373. ISBN 978-0-201-65702-9. Further reading Goldstein, Herbert; Poole, C. P.; Safko, J. L. (2001). Classical Mechanics (3rd ed.). Addison-Wesley. ISBN 978-0-201-65702-9.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Generating function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generating_function"},{"link_name":"Hamiltonian mechanics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamiltonian_mechanics"},{"link_name":"partition function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_function_(statistical_mechanics)"},{"link_name":"canonical transformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canonical_transformation"}],"text":"This article is about generating functions in physics. For generating functions in mathematics, see Generating function.In physics, and more specifically in Hamiltonian mechanics, a generating function is, loosely, a function whose partial derivatives generate the differential equations that determine a system's dynamics. Common examples are the partition function of statistical mechanics, the Hamiltonian, and the function which acts as a bridge between two sets of canonical variables when performing a canonical transformation.","title":"Generating function (physics)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"There are four basic generating functions, summarized by the following table:[1]","title":"In canonical transformations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"harmonic oscillator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonic_oscillator"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#math_1"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#math_1"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#math_1"}],"text":"Sometimes a given Hamiltonian can be turned into one that looks like the harmonic oscillator Hamiltonian, which isH\n =\n a\n \n P\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n b\n \n Q\n \n 2\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle H=aP^{2}+bQ^{2}.}For example, with the HamiltonianH\n =\n \n \n 1\n \n 2\n \n q\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n +\n \n \n \n \n p\n \n 2\n \n \n \n q\n \n 4\n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle H={\\frac {1}{2q^{2}}}+{\\frac {p^{2}q^{4}}{2}},}where p is the generalized momentum and q is the generalized coordinate, a good canonical transformation to choose would beThis turns the Hamiltonian intoH\n =\n \n \n \n Q\n \n 2\n \n \n 2\n \n \n +\n \n \n \n P\n \n 2\n \n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle H={\\frac {Q^{2}}{2}}+{\\frac {P^{2}}{2}},}which is in the form of the harmonic oscillator Hamiltonian.The generating function F for this transformation is of the third kind,F\n =\n \n F\n \n 3\n \n \n (\n p\n ,\n Q\n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle F=F_{3}(p,Q).}To find F explicitly, use the equation for its derivative from the table above,P\n =\n −\n \n \n \n ∂\n \n F\n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n ∂\n Q\n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P=-{\\frac {\\partial F_{3}}{\\partial Q}},}and substitute the expression for P from equation (1), expressed in terms of p and Q:p\n \n Q\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n =\n −\n \n \n \n ∂\n \n F\n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n ∂\n Q\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {p}{Q^{2}}}=-{\\frac {\\partial F_{3}}{\\partial Q}}}Integrating this with respect to Q results in an equation for the generating function of the transformation given by equation (1):F\n \n 3\n \n \n (\n p\n ,\n Q\n )\n =\n \n \n p\n Q\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle F_{3}(p,Q)={\\frac {p}{Q}}}To confirm that this is the correct generating function, verify that it matches (1):q\n =\n −\n \n \n \n ∂\n \n F\n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n ∂\n p\n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n −\n 1\n \n Q\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle q=-{\\frac {\\partial F_{3}}{\\partial p}}={\\frac {-1}{Q}}}","title":"Example"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Goldstein, Herbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Goldstein"},{"link_name":"Poole, C. P.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_P._Poole&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-201-65702-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-201-65702-9"}],"text":"Goldstein, Herbert; Poole, C. P.; Safko, J. L. (2001). Classical Mechanics (3rd ed.). Addison-Wesley. ISBN 978-0-201-65702-9.","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
[{"title":"Hamilton–Jacobi equation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton%E2%80%93Jacobi_equation"},{"title":"Poisson bracket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poisson_bracket"}]
[{"reference":"Goldstein, Herbert; Poole, C. P.; Safko, J. L. (2001). Classical Mechanics (3rd ed.). Addison-Wesley. p. 373. ISBN 978-0-201-65702-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-201-65702-9","url_text":"978-0-201-65702-9"}]},{"reference":"Goldstein, Herbert; Poole, C. P.; Safko, J. L. (2001). Classical Mechanics (3rd ed.). Addison-Wesley. ISBN 978-0-201-65702-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Goldstein","url_text":"Goldstein, Herbert"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_P._Poole&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Poole, C. P."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-201-65702-9","url_text":"978-0-201-65702-9"}]}]
[]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Smi953
User talk:Smi953
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Dear Diaanna, The additions to the entry 'Atlas' were mainly taken from my own article Early printed atlases: shaping Plato's "Forms" into bibliographic descriptionsin the Journal of map & geography libraries : advances in geospatial information, collections & archives. I understand now that I have to get permission from Tailor & Francis to quote this text in Wikipedia. The quotes from Hodson, Winsor and Van der Kroft, however, were given with a source-description, as is usual in scientific articles. Maybe I can paraphrase my own text as I think it is important for people of this era to know that publishing practises in the past were different from what is usual nowadays! With kind regards, --Smi953 (talk) 09:52, 24 June 2020 (UTC) Welcome! Hello, Smi953, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few links to pages you might find helpful: Introduction and Getting started Contributing to Wikipedia The five pillars of Wikipedia How to edit a page and How to develop articles How to create your first article Simplified Manual of Style You may also want to complete the Wikipedia Adventure, an interactive tour that will help you learn the basics of editing Wikipedia. You can visit the Teahouse to ask questions or seek help. Please remember to sign your messages on talk pages by typing four tildes (~~~~); this will automatically insert your username and the date. If you need help, check out Wikipedia:Questions, ask me on my talk page, or ask for help on your talk page, and a volunteer should respond shortly. Again, welcome! Glen 04:35, 28 May 2020 (UTC) Wikipedia and copyright Hello Smi953, and welcome to Wikipedia. Your additions to Atlas have been removed in whole or in part, as they appear to have added copyrighted content without evidence that the source material is in the public domain or has been released by its owner or legal agent under a suitably-free and compatible copyright license. (To request such a release, see Wikipedia:Requesting copyright permission.) While we appreciate your contributions to Wikipedia, there are certain things you must keep in mind about using information from sources to avoid copyright and plagiarism issues. You can only copy/translate a small amount of a source, and you must mark what you take as a direct quotation with double quotation marks (") and cite the source using an inline citation. You can read about this at Wikipedia:Non-free content in the sections on "text". See also Help:Referencing for beginners, for how to cite sources here. Aside from limited quotation, you must put all information in your own words and structure, in proper paraphrase. Following the source's words too closely can create copyright problems, so it is not permitted here; see Wikipedia:Close paraphrasing. (There is a college-level introduction to paraphrase, with examples, hosted by the Online Writing Lab of Purdue.) Even when using your own words, you are still, however, asked to cite your sources to verify the information and to demonstrate that the content is not original research. Our primary policy on using copyrighted content is Wikipedia:Copyrights. You may also want to review Wikipedia:Copy-paste. If you own the copyright to the source you want to copy or are a legally designated agent, you may be able to license that text so that we can publish it here. Understand, though, that unlike many other sites, where a person can license their content for use there and retain non-free ownership, that is not possible at Wikipedia. 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If you want to copy or translate from another Wikipedia project or article, you must follow the copyright attribution steps in Wikipedia:Translation#How to translate. See also Wikipedia:Copying within Wikipedia. It's very important that contributors understand and follow these practices, as policy requires that people who persistently do not must be blocked from editing. If you have any questions about this, you are welcome to leave me a message on my talk page. Thank you. — Diannaa (talk) 12:24, 23 June 2020 (UTC) Rotterdam L.S., In this Wikipediapage the following sentence occurs: The city has its own orchestra, the Rotterdam Philharmonic Orchestra, with its well-regarded young music director Lahav Shani which plays at a large congress and concert building called De Doelen. Why is there a when 'Rotterdam Philharmonic Orchestra', 'Lahav Shani', and 'De Doelen' are all en.wikipedia lemma's? With kind regards, Jan Smits Ways to improve Depot Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen Hello, Smi953, Thank you for creating Depot Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen. I have tagged the page as having some issues to fix, as a part of our page curation process and note that: This article needs more references. The references should be significant coverage of the concept of depot and the depots mentioned. See WP:SIGCOV The tags can be removed by you or another editor once the issues they mention are addressed. If you have questions, leave a comment here and begin it with {{Re|Whiteguru}}. Remember to sign your reply with ~~~~. For broader editing help, please visit the Teahouse. Delivered via the Page Curation tool, on behalf of the reviewer. Whiteguru (talk) 21:54, 26 April 2022 (UTC) Dear Whiteguru, The how and why is in 'Reference 3' that refers to the English site of the architectural firm MVRDV concerning this project and in the 'Source' reference 'Depot'. There could be added a source reference to the Dutch Wikipedia page (oldid=61764796), but I cannot find the English equivalent. With kind regards, Smi953 (talk) 08:16, 27 April 2022 (UTC) Speedy deletion nomination of Cartifact If this is the first article that you have created, you may want to read the guide to writing your first article.You may want to consider using the Article Wizard to help you create articles. A tag has been placed on Cartifact requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section G4 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the page appears to be a repost of material that was previously deleted following a deletion discussion, at Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Cartifact. When a page has substantially identical content to that of a page deleted after a discussion, and any changes in the content do not address the reasons for which the material was previously deleted, it may be deleted at any time. If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. If the page is deleted, and you wish to retrieve the deleted material for future reference or improvement, then please contact the deleting administrator, or if you have already done so, you can place a request here. Robert McClenon (talk) 03:21, 9 June 2022 (UTC) External links Hello, I'm A loose necktie. I wanted to let you know that one or more external links you added to Cartifact have been removed because they seemed to be inappropriate for an encyclopedia. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on my talk page, or take a look at our guidelines about links. Thank you. A loose necktie (talk) 16:59, 11 June 2022 (UTC) Oceanium Maybe somebody can remove the stub-notice. With thanks, Smi953 (talk) 10:57, 21 June 2022 (UTC) Erasmus MC Sophia Thank you for this article, which looks fine with the additional references. The only improvement I'd suggest, when you have a moment, would be to add one more inline citation / footnote, for the paragraph beginning "In 1994...". Thanks again and best wishes, Ingratis (talk) 09:03, 2 July 2022 (UTC) Done Smi953 (talk) 09:21, 2 July 2022 (UTC) Ferdinand Jan Ormeling Sr. moved to draftspace An article you recently created, Ferdinand Jan Ormeling Sr., is not suitable as written to remain published. It needs more citations from reliable, independent sources. (?) Information that can't be referenced should be removed (verifiability is of central importance on Wikipedia). I've moved your draft to draftspace (with a prefix of "Draft:" before the article title) where you can incubate the article with minimal disruption. When you feel the article meets Wikipedia's general notability guideline and thus is ready for mainspace, please click on the "Submit your draft for review!" button at the top of the page. Onel5969 TT me 12:46, 8 October 2022 (UTC) I cannot really believe you moved this article to Draftspace. In his orbituary (https://icaci.org/ferdinand-jan-ormeling-1912-2002) on the homepage of the International Cartographi Association (ICA), that is mentioned under 'Literature' most of the contents is given. In the paragraph 'International' his functions and award within the ICA are given, which are clearly mentioned on the Wikipedia page of the ICA (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Cartographic_Association). And in the 'References' it is mentioned that part of the contents is translated from the Dutch Wikipedia. Under 'Cartgraphic collection' there is a Dutch link to the University of Leiden. Since 2013 he is mentioned on https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2321130 and his portret is since 2011 on https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ormeling_01.tif Smi953 (talk) 09:45, 9 October 2022 (UTC) I would think that references to the International Cartographic Association and the Leiden University are sufficient independent sources to authenticate the article. Smi953 (talk) 11:02, 20 October 2022 (UTC) Added: Naftali Kadmon. In memoriam, Ferdinand Jan Ormeling (1912-2002) . In: United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names. Information Bulletin, number 26, March 2003, p. 6-7. In this online-pdf of the United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names most of the information stated in the article is given. I would say this is sufficient independent source to qualify the article for publication. Smi953 (talk) 10:04, 29 November 2022 (UTC) Trammuseum Rotterdam moved to draftspace An article you recently created, Trammuseum Rotterdam, is not suitable as written to remain published. It needs more citations from reliable, independent sources. (?) Information that can't be referenced should be removed (verifiability is of central importance on Wikipedia). I've moved your draft to draftspace (with a prefix of "Draft:" before the article title) where you can incubate the article with minimal disruption. When you feel the article meets Wikipedia's general notability guideline and thus is ready for mainspace, please click on the "Submit your draft for review!" button at the top of the page. The article, as is, does not pass our original research policy as it seems to be completely based on personal observations rather than reliable sources. eviolite (talk) 13:17, 25 October 2022 (UTC) Your submission at Articles for creation: Trammuseum Rotterdam (October 25) Your recent article submission to Articles for Creation has been reviewed! Unfortunately, it has not been accepted at this time. The reason left by Asparagusus was: This submission is not adequately supported by reliable sources. Reliable sources are required so that information can be verified. If you need help with referencing, please see Referencing for beginners and Citing sources. Please check the submission for any additional comments left by the reviewer. You are encouraged to edit the submission to address the issues raised and resubmit after they have been resolved. If you would like to continue working on the submission, go to Draft:Trammuseum Rotterdam and click on the "Edit" tab at the top of the window. If you do not edit your draft in the next 6 months, it will be considered abandoned and may be deleted. If you need any assistance, or have experienced any untoward behavior associated with this submission, you can ask for help at the Articles for creation help desk, on the reviewer's talk page or use Wikipedia's real-time chat help from experienced editors. Asparagusus (interaction) 14:50, 25 October 2022 (UTC) Hello, Smi953! Having an article draft declined at Articles for Creation can be disappointing. If you are wondering why your article submission was declined, please post a question at the Articles for creation help desk. If you have any other questions about your editing experience, we'd love to help you at the Teahouse, a friendly space on Wikipedia where experienced editors lend a hand to help new editors like yourself! See you there! Asparagusus (interaction) 14:50, 25 October 2022 (UTC) Your submission at Articles for creation: Trammuseum Rotterdam (October 25) Your recent article submission to Articles for Creation has been reviewed! Unfortunately, it has not been accepted at this time. The reason left by Theroadislong was: This draft's references do not show that the subject qualifies for a Wikipedia article. In summary, the draft needs multiple published sources that are: in-depth (not just passing mentions about the subject) reliable secondary independent of the subject Make sure you add references that meet these criteria before resubmitting. Learn about mistakes to avoid when addressing this issue. If no additional references exist, the subject is not suitable for Wikipedia. The comment the reviewer left was: no sources? Please check the submission for any additional comments left by the reviewer. You are encouraged to edit the submission to address the issues raised and resubmit after they have been resolved. If you would like to continue working on the submission, go to Draft:Trammuseum Rotterdam and click on the "Edit" tab at the top of the window. If you do not edit your draft in the next 6 months, it will be considered abandoned and may be deleted. If you need any assistance, or have experienced any untoward behavior associated with this submission, you can ask for help at the Articles for creation help desk, on the reviewer's talk page or use Wikipedia's real-time chat help from experienced editors. Theroadislong (talk) 15:16, 25 October 2022 (UTC) November 2022 Hello. This is a message to let you know that one or more of your recent contributions, such as the edit(s) you made to Christina Scull, did not appear to be constructive and have been reverted. Please take some time to familiarise yourself with our policies and guidelines. You can find information about these at our welcome page which also provides further information about contributing constructively to this encyclopedia. If you only meant to make test edits, please use your sandbox for that. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you may leave a message on my talk page. Hi, we've been in discussion about this, so it is simply disruptive, not to mention grossly disrespectful, to ignore the discussion and to attempt to force through the disputed change into articles. Please stop; if you have a point to make, then state it on the talk page. Many thanks. Chiswick Chap (talk) 11:43, 12 November 2022 (UTC) I assume you hadn't seen this when you just did the same on the Wayne G. Hammond Page. Obviously the same applies. I've reverted the addition on this good-faith basis, without escalating the warning for now: I do hope that will not become necessary. All the best, Chiswick Chap (talk) 11:47, 12 November 2022 (UTC) I'm sorry for the fuss I made. As a retiree librarian I have the urgent need to perfect bibliographical links in order that users can find the resource mentioned. I hope to do better in future. Smi953 (talk) 10:40, 13 November 2022 (UTC) Many thanks. Chiswick Chap (talk) 11:40, 13 November 2022 (UTC) Your submission at Articles for creation: Trammuseum Rotterdam (November 13) Your recent article submission to Articles for Creation has been reviewed! Unfortunately, it has not been accepted at this time. The reason left by Doric Loon was: This submission is not adequately supported by reliable sources. Reliable sources are required so that information can be verified. If you need help with referencing, please see Referencing for beginners and Citing sources. The comment the reviewer left was: This article cannot be accepted as it has no sources. I notice that it was already rejected just a couple of weeks ago and has been resubmitted without the problem being addressed - please don't do that again, it wastes everybody's time. What you need to do here is to add footnotes giving reliable sources. To establish notability (the criterion for us having the article at all) you need INDEPENDENT reliable sources for the importance of the museum. Reviews in national newspapers would be a good start. Beyond that, you need reliable sources for all the information given. A museum catalogue would do as a reliable source for a lot of the details, but it would not count as independent, so it wouldn't contribute towards notability. I notice the Dutch Wikipedia has a far fuller article, so this could be expanded quite a bit from there. But the Dutch article is also unsourced - maybe the Dutch Wiki has a different policy about that? At any rate, please do not resubmit this until you have at least three significant citations. This looks like an interesting topic, and I would like to see it included, so I hope you will do this. Please check the submission for any additional comments left by the reviewer. You are encouraged to edit the submission to address the issues raised and resubmit after they have been resolved. If you would like to continue working on the submission, go to Draft:Trammuseum Rotterdam and click on the "Edit" tab at the top of the window. If you do not edit your draft in the next 6 months, it will be considered abandoned and may be deleted. If you need any assistance, or have experienced any untoward behavior associated with this submission, you can ask for help at the Articles for creation help desk, on the reviewer's talk page or use Wikipedia's real-time chat help from experienced editors. Doric Loon (talk) 19:01, 13 November 2022 (UTC) ArbCom 2022 Elections voter message Hello! 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MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 01:47, 29 November 2022 (UTC) Your submission at Articles for creation: Ferdinand Jan Ormeling Sr. (January 8) Your recent article submission to Articles for Creation has been reviewed! Unfortunately, it has not been accepted at this time. The reason left by Mattdaviesfsic was: This submission is not adequately supported by reliable sources. Reliable sources are required so that information can be verified. If you need help with referencing, please see Referencing for beginners and Citing sources. Please check the submission for any additional comments left by the reviewer. You are encouraged to edit the submission to address the issues raised and resubmit after they have been resolved. If you would like to continue working on the submission, go to Draft:Ferdinand Jan Ormeling Sr. and click on the "Edit" tab at the top of the window. If you do not edit your draft in the next 6 months, it will be considered abandoned and may be deleted. If you need any assistance, or have experienced any untoward behavior associated with this submission, you can ask for help at the Articles for creation help desk, on the reviewer's talk page or use Wikipedia's real-time chat help from experienced editors. Mattdaviesfsic (talk) 14:05, 8 January 2023 (UTC) Self promotion Please do not use Wikipedia to reference and link to your own works, this is considered self-promotion and spamming. Hello, I'm Canterbury Tail. I wanted to let you know that one or more external links you added have been removed because they seemed to be inappropriate for an encyclopedia. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on my talk page, or take a look at our guidelines about links. Thank you. Canterbury Tail talk 12:40, 17 January 2023 (UTC) Could you specify from which lemma you have removed external links? Smi953 (talk) 09:57, 18 January 2023 (UTC) February 2023 Hello, I'm I dream of horses. I wanted to let you know that I removed one or more external links you added to the main body of Dora Beets. Generally, any relevant external links should be listed in an "External links" section at the end of the article and meet the external links guidelines. Links within the body of an article should be internal Wikilinks. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on my talk page. Thank you. I dream of horses (Contribs) (Talk) 12:48, 26 February 2023 (UTC) Thank you, I created the external link. Further I remade een ongenoemde, see Books.Google. Smi953 (talk) 09:38, 27 February 2023 (UTC) AfC notification: Draft:Ferdinand Jan Ormeling Sr. has a new comment I've left a comment on your Articles for Creation submission, which can be viewed at Draft:Ferdinand Jan Ormeling Sr.. Thanks! InterstellarGamer12321 (talk | contribs) 10:05, 16 April 2023 (UTC) Your submission at Articles for creation: Ferdinand Jan Ormeling Sr. (May 1) Your recent article submission to Articles for Creation has been reviewed! Unfortunately, it has not been accepted at this time. The reasons left by DoubleGrazing were: This submission is not adequately supported by reliable sources. Reliable sources are required so that information can be verified. If you need help with referencing, please see Referencing for beginners and Citing sources.This submission does not appear to be written in the formal tone expected of an encyclopedia article. Entries should be written from a neutral point of view, and should refer to a range of independent, reliable, published sources. Please rewrite your submission in a more encyclopedic format. Please make sure to avoid peacock terms that promote the subject. The comment the reviewer left was: As mentioned before, the subject seems notable, but there is a lot of unsupported content, with many sections ending without a reference. Please ensure that every material statement is clearly supported. Also, the tone is quite promotional, please dial down the hagiography. Peacock expressions like "great national and international recognition", "once again able to use his organizational gifts", "highly productive team of diverse specialized and motivated employees", etc. are inappropriate for an encyclopaedia article. Please check the submission for any additional comments left by the reviewer. You are encouraged to edit the submission to address the issues raised and resubmit after they have been resolved. If you would like to continue working on the submission, go to Draft:Ferdinand Jan Ormeling Sr. and click on the "Edit" tab at the top of the window. If you do not edit your draft in the next 6 months, it will be considered abandoned and may be deleted. If you need any assistance, or have experienced any untoward behavior associated with this submission, you can ask for help at the Articles for creation help desk, on the reviewer's talk page or use Wikipedia's real-time chat help from experienced editors. DoubleGrazing (talk) 07:37, 1 May 2023 (UTC) Concern regarding Draft:Trammuseum Rotterdam Hello, Smi953. This is a bot-delivered message letting you know that Draft:Trammuseum Rotterdam, a page you created, has not been edited in at least 5 months. Drafts that have not been edited for six months may be deleted, so if you wish to retain the page, please edit it again or request that it be moved to your userspace. If the page has already been deleted, you can request it be undeleted so you can continue working on it. Thank you for your submission to Wikipedia. FireflyBot (talk) 17:13, 2 May 2023 (UTC) Your draft article, Draft:Trammuseum Rotterdam Hello, Smi953. It has been over six months since you last edited the Articles for Creation submission or Draft page you started, "Trammuseum Rotterdam". In accordance with our policy that Wikipedia is not for the indefinite hosting of material deemed unsuitable for the encyclopedia mainspace, the draft has been deleted. When you plan on working on it further and you wish to retrieve it, you can request its undeletion. An administrator will, in most cases, restore the submission so you can continue to work on it. Thanks for your submission to Wikipedia, and happy editing. Liz Read! Talk! 19:28, 19 May 2023 (UTC) Concern regarding Draft:Ferdinand Jan Ormeling Sr. Hello, Smi953. This is a bot-delivered message letting you know that Draft:Ferdinand Jan Ormeling Sr., a page you created, has not been edited in at least 5 months. Drafts that have not been edited for six months may be deleted, so if you wish to retain the page, please edit it again or request that it be moved to your userspace. If the page has already been deleted, you can request it be undeleted so you can continue working on it. Thank you for your submission to Wikipedia. FireflyBot (talk) 08:01, 1 October 2023 (UTC) November 2023 Thank you for your contributions to Wikipedia. It appears that you translated text from Draft:Ferdinand Jan Ormeling Sr. to another page. While you are welcome to translate Wikipedia content, here or elsewhere, Wikipedia's licensing requires that you provide attribution to the contributor(s) of the original article. When translating from a foreign-language Wikipedia article, this is supplied at a minimum in an edit summary on the page where you add translated content, identifying it as a translation and linking it to the source page. For example: Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. It is good practice, especially if translation is extensive, to also place a properly formatted {{translated page}} template on the talk pages of the destination article. If you have added translated content previously which was not attributed at the time it was added, please add attribution retrospectively for that also, even if it was a long time ago. You can read more about author attribution and the reasons for it at Wikipedia:Copying within Wikipedia. I see you've tried to add this message to the draft directly - the "see its edit history for attribution" bit needs to be in the edit summary, not the draft itself! asilvering (talk) 19:58, 1 November 2023 (UTC) Dear asilvering, Fortunately I got the message today that the page is accepted after more than a year on the English Wikipedia. I have used the addition ( Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Wikipedia article at fr:Exact name of French article; see its history for attribution.) very succinctly on diverse Wikipedia, but usually write the article myself. With kind regards, Smi953 (talk) 11:52, 2 November 2023 (UTC) ArbCom 2023 Elections voter message Hello! Voting in the 2023 Arbitration Committee elections is now open until 23:59 (UTC) on Monday, 11 December 2023. All eligible users are allowed to vote. Users with alternate accounts may only vote once. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to impose binding solutions to disputes between editors, primarily for serious conduct disputes the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the authority to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate in the 2023 election, please review the candidates and submit your choices on the voting page. If you no longer wish to receive these messages, you may add {{NoACEMM}} to your user talk page. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 00:59, 28 November 2023 (UTC) please use edit summaries Hello. I have noticed that you often edit without using an edit summary. Please do your best to always fill in the summary field. This helps your fellow editors use their time more productively, rather than spending it unnecessarily scrutinizing and verifying your work. Even a short summary is better than no summary, and summaries are particularly important for large, complex, or potentially controversial edits. To help yourself remember, you may wish to check the "prompt me when entering a blank edit summary" box in your preferences. Thanks! DoctorMatt (talk) 02:22, 18 December 2023 (UTC) external links Hello. I have removed some external links you have added to some articles, as external links should generally not be in the body of the article. Please add them either as part of a citation, or in the External Links section. Please see WP:EL for more on this. Please feel free to discuss this here. Cheers! DoctorMatt (talk) 02:29, 18 December 2023 (UTC) Thomes Just to let you know, when you moved the picture here you said "Thomes" not Thames. I fix for you! 198.102.151.242 (talk) 17:46, 23 January 2024 (UTC)
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bans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:BAN"},{"link_name":"topic bans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:TBAN"},{"link_name":"arbitration policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Arbitration/Policy"},{"link_name":"the candidates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Arbitration_Committee_Elections_December_2023/Candidates"},{"link_name":"voting page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:SecurePoll/vote/806"},{"link_name":"NoACEMM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:NoACEMM"},{"link_name":"MediaWiki message delivery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:MediaWiki_message_delivery"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:MediaWiki_message_delivery"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Smi953&action=edit&section=26"},{"link_name":"often","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//xtools.wmflabs.org/editsummary/en.wikipedia.org/Smi953"},{"link_name":"edit summary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Edit_summary"},{"link_name":"your preferences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing"},{"link_name":"DoctorMatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Doctormatt"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Doctormatt"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Smi953&action=edit&section=27"},{"link_name":"WP:EL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:EL"},{"link_name":"DoctorMatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Doctormatt"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Doctormatt"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Smi953&action=edit&section=28"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tecumseh&diff=1164215969&oldid=1163373071"},{"link_name":"198.102.151.242","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/198.102.151.242"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:198.102.151.242"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"}],"text":"Dear Diaanna,The additions to the entry 'Atlas' were mainly taken from my own article Early printed atlases: shaping Plato's \"Forms\" into bibliographic descriptionsin the Journal of map & geography libraries : advances in geospatial information, collections & archives. I understand now that I have to get permission from Tailor & Francis to quote this text in Wikipedia. The quotes from Hodson, Winsor and Van der Kroft, however, were given with a source-description, as is usual in scientific articles. Maybe I can paraphrase my own text as I think it is important for people of this era to know that publishing practises in the past were different from what is usual nowadays!With kind regards,--Smi953 (talk) 09:52, 24 June 2020 (UTC)[reply]Welcome![edit]Hello, Smi953, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few links to pages you might find helpful:Introduction and Getting started\nContributing to Wikipedia\nThe five pillars of Wikipedia\nHow to edit a page and How to develop articles\nHow to create your first article\nSimplified Manual of StyleYou may also want to complete the Wikipedia Adventure, an interactive tour that will help you learn the basics of editing Wikipedia. You can visit the Teahouse to ask questions or seek help.Please remember to sign your messages on talk pages by typing four tildes (~~~~); this will automatically insert your username and the date. If you need help, check out Wikipedia:Questions, ask me on my talk page, or ask for help on your talk page, and a volunteer should respond shortly. Again, welcome! Glen 04:35, 28 May 2020 (UTC)[reply]Wikipedia and copyright[edit]Hello Smi953, and welcome to Wikipedia. Your additions to Atlas have been removed in whole or in part, as they appear to have added copyrighted content without evidence that the source material is in the public domain or has been released by its owner or legal agent under a suitably-free and compatible copyright license. (To request such a release, see Wikipedia:Requesting copyright permission.) While we appreciate your contributions to Wikipedia, there are certain things you must keep in mind about using information from sources to avoid copyright and plagiarism issues.You can only copy/translate a small amount of a source, and you must mark what you take as a direct quotation with double quotation marks (\") and cite the source using an inline citation. You can read about this at Wikipedia:Non-free content in the sections on \"text\". See also Help:Referencing for beginners, for how to cite sources here.\nAside from limited quotation, you must put all information in your own words and structure, in proper paraphrase. Following the source's words too closely can create copyright problems, so it is not permitted here; see Wikipedia:Close paraphrasing. (There is a college-level introduction to paraphrase, with examples, hosted by the Online Writing Lab of Purdue.) Even when using your own words, you are still, however, asked to cite your sources to verify the information and to demonstrate that the content is not original research.\nOur primary policy on using copyrighted content is Wikipedia:Copyrights. You may also want to review Wikipedia:Copy-paste.\nIf you own the copyright to the source you want to copy or are a legally designated agent, you may be able to license that text so that we can publish it here. Understand, though, that unlike many other sites, where a person can license their content for use there and retain non-free ownership, that is not possible at Wikipedia. Rather, the release of content must be irrevocable, to the world, into the public domain (PD) or under a suitably-free and compatible copyright license. Such a release must be done in a verifiable manner, so that the authority of the person purporting to release the copyright is evidenced. See Wikipedia:Donating copyrighted materials.\nIn very rare cases (that is, for sources that are PD or compatibly licensed) it may be possible to include greater portions of a source text. However, please seek help at Wikipedia:Media copyright questions, the help desk or the Teahouse before adding such content to the article. 99.9% of sources may not be added in this way, so it is necessary to seek confirmation first. If you do confirm that a source is public domain or compatibly licensed, you will still need to provide full attribution; see Wikipedia:Plagiarism for the steps you need to follow.\nAlso note that Wikipedia articles may not be copied or translated without attribution. If you want to copy or translate from another Wikipedia project or article, you must follow the copyright attribution steps in Wikipedia:Translation#How to translate. See also Wikipedia:Copying within Wikipedia.It's very important that contributors understand and follow these practices, as policy requires that people who persistently do not must be blocked from editing. If you have any questions about this, you are welcome to leave me a message on my talk page. Thank you. — Diannaa (talk) 12:24, 23 June 2020 (UTC)[reply]Rotterdam[edit]L.S.,In this Wikipediapage the following sentence occurs:The city has its own orchestra, the Rotterdam Philharmonic Orchestra, with its well-regarded young music director Lahav Shani which plays at a large congress and concert building called De Doelen.[citation needed]Why is there a [citation needed] when 'Rotterdam Philharmonic Orchestra', 'Lahav Shani', and 'De Doelen' are all en.wikipedia lemma's?With kind regards,Jan SmitsWays to improve Depot Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen[edit]Hello, Smi953,Thank you for creating Depot Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen.I have tagged the page as having some issues to fix, as a part of our page curation process and note that:This article needs more references. The references should be significant coverage of the concept of depot and the depots mentioned. See WP:SIGCOVThe tags can be removed by you or another editor once the issues they mention are addressed. If you have questions, leave a comment here and begin it with {{Re|Whiteguru}}. Remember to sign your reply with ~~~~. For broader editing help, please visit the Teahouse.Delivered via the Page Curation tool, on behalf of the reviewer.Whiteguru (talk) 21:54, 26 April 2022 (UTC)[reply]Dear Whiteguru,\nThe how and why is in 'Reference 3' that refers to the English site of the architectural firm MVRDV concerning this project and in the 'Source' reference 'Depot'.\nThere could be added a source reference to the Dutch Wikipedia page (oldid=61764796), but I cannot find the English equivalent.\nWith kind regards,\nSmi953 (talk) 08:16, 27 April 2022 (UTC)[reply]Speedy deletion nomination of Cartifact[edit]If this is the first article that you have created, you may want to read the guide to writing your first article.You may want to consider using the Article Wizard to help you create articles.A tag has been placed on Cartifact requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section G4 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the page appears to be a repost of material that was previously deleted following a deletion discussion, at Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Cartifact. When a page has substantially identical content to that of a page deleted after a discussion, and any changes in the content do not address the reasons for which the material was previously deleted, it may be deleted at any time.If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled \"Contest this speedy deletion\". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. If the page is deleted, and you wish to retrieve the deleted material for future reference or improvement, then please contact the deleting administrator, or if you have already done so, you can place a request here. Robert McClenon (talk) 03:21, 9 June 2022 (UTC)[reply]External links[edit]Hello, I'm A loose necktie. I wanted to let you know that one or more external links you added to Cartifact have been removed because they seemed to be inappropriate for an encyclopedia. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on my talk page, or take a look at our guidelines about links. Thank you. A loose necktie (talk) 16:59, 11 June 2022 (UTC)[reply]Oceanium[edit]Maybe somebody can remove the stub-notice.With thanks,Smi953 (talk) 10:57, 21 June 2022 (UTC)[reply]Erasmus MC Sophia[edit]Thank you for this article, which looks fine with the additional references. The only improvement I'd suggest, when you have a moment, would be to add one more inline citation / footnote, for the paragraph beginning \"In 1994...\". Thanks again and best wishes, Ingratis (talk) 09:03, 2 July 2022 (UTC)[reply]Done\nSmi953 (talk) 09:21, 2 July 2022 (UTC)[reply]Ferdinand Jan Ormeling Sr. moved to draftspace[edit]An article you recently created, Ferdinand Jan Ormeling Sr., is not suitable as written to remain published. It needs more citations from reliable, independent sources. (?) Information that can't be referenced should be removed (verifiability is of central importance on Wikipedia). I've moved your draft to draftspace (with a prefix of \"Draft:\" before the article title) where you can incubate the article with minimal disruption. When you feel the article meets Wikipedia's general notability guideline and thus is ready for mainspace, please click on the \"Submit your draft for review!\" button at the top of the page. Onel5969 TT me 12:46, 8 October 2022 (UTC)[reply]I cannot really believe you moved this article to Draftspace. In his orbituary (https://icaci.org/ferdinand-jan-ormeling-1912-2002) on the homepage of the International Cartographi Association (ICA), that is mentioned under 'Literature' most of the contents is given. In the paragraph 'International' his functions and award within the ICA are given, which are clearly mentioned on the Wikipedia page of the ICA (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Cartographic_Association). And in the 'References' it is mentioned that part of the contents is translated from the Dutch Wikipedia. Under 'Cartgraphic collection' there is a Dutch link to the University of Leiden.\nSince 2013 he is mentioned on https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2321130 and his portret is since 2011 on https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ormeling_01.tifSmi953 (talk) 09:45, 9 October 2022 (UTC)[reply]I would think that references to the International Cartographic Association and the Leiden University are sufficient independent sources to authenticate the article.Smi953 (talk) 11:02, 20 October 2022 (UTC)[reply]Added:\nNaftali Kadmon. In memoriam, Ferdinand Jan Ormeling (1912-2002) . In: United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names. Information Bulletin, number 26, March 2003, p. 6-7.\nIn this online-pdf of the United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names most of the information stated in the article is given. I would say this is sufficient independent source to qualify the article for publication.\nSmi953 (talk) 10:04, 29 November 2022 (UTC)[reply]Trammuseum Rotterdam moved to draftspace[edit]An article you recently created, Trammuseum Rotterdam, is not suitable as written to remain published. It needs more citations from reliable, independent sources. (?) Information that can't be referenced should be removed (verifiability is of central importance on Wikipedia). I've moved your draft to draftspace (with a prefix of \"Draft:\" before the article title) where you can incubate the article with minimal disruption. When you feel the article meets Wikipedia's general notability guideline and thus is ready for mainspace, please click on the \"Submit your draft for review!\" button at the top of the page.The article, as is, does not pass our original research policy as it seems to be completely based on personal observations rather than reliable sources. eviolite (talk) 13:17, 25 October 2022 (UTC)[reply]Your submission at Articles for creation: Trammuseum Rotterdam (October 25)[edit]Your recent article submission to Articles for Creation has been reviewed! Unfortunately, it has not been accepted at this time. The reason left by Asparagusus was:\nThis submission is not adequately supported by reliable sources. Reliable sources are required so that information can be verified. If you need help with referencing, please see Referencing for beginners and Citing sources. Please check the submission for any additional comments left by the reviewer. You are encouraged to edit the submission to address the issues raised and resubmit after they have been resolved.\n\nIf you would like to continue working on the submission, go to Draft:Trammuseum Rotterdam and click on the \"Edit\" tab at the top of the window.\nIf you do not edit your draft in the next 6 months, it will be considered abandoned and may be deleted.\nIf you need any assistance, or have experienced any untoward behavior associated with this submission, you can ask for help at the Articles for creation help desk, on the reviewer's talk page or use Wikipedia's real-time chat help from experienced editors.\nAsparagusus (interaction) 14:50, 25 October 2022 (UTC)[reply]Your submission at Articles for creation: Trammuseum Rotterdam (October 25)[edit]Your recent article submission to Articles for Creation has been reviewed! Unfortunately, it has not been accepted at this time. The reason left by Theroadislong was:\nThis draft's references do not show that the subject qualifies for a Wikipedia article. In summary, the draft needs multiple published sources that are: \nin-depth (not just passing mentions about the subject)\nreliable\nsecondary\nindependent of the subject \nMake sure you add references that meet these criteria before resubmitting. Learn about mistakes to avoid when addressing this issue. If no additional references exist, the subject is not suitable for Wikipedia. The comment the reviewer left was:\nno sources? Please check the submission for any additional comments left by the reviewer. You are encouraged to edit the submission to address the issues raised and resubmit after they have been resolved.\n\nIf you would like to continue working on the submission, go to Draft:Trammuseum Rotterdam and click on the \"Edit\" tab at the top of the window.\nIf you do not edit your draft in the next 6 months, it will be considered abandoned and may be deleted.\nIf you need any assistance, or have experienced any untoward behavior associated with this submission, you can ask for help at the Articles for creation help desk, on the reviewer's talk page or use Wikipedia's real-time chat help from experienced editors.\nTheroadislong (talk) 15:16, 25 October 2022 (UTC)[reply]November 2022[edit]Hello. This is a message to let you know that one or more of your recent contributions, such as the edit(s) you made to Christina Scull, did not appear to be constructive and have been reverted. Please take some time to familiarise yourself with our policies and guidelines. You can find information about these at our welcome page which also provides further information about contributing constructively to this encyclopedia. If you only meant to make test edits, please use your sandbox for that. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you may leave a message on my talk page. Hi, we've been in discussion about this, so it is simply disruptive, not to mention grossly disrespectful, to ignore the discussion and to attempt to force through the disputed change into articles. Please stop; if you have a point to make, then state it on the talk page. Many thanks. Chiswick Chap (talk) 11:43, 12 November 2022 (UTC)[reply]I assume you hadn't seen this when you just did the same on the Wayne G. Hammond Page. Obviously the same applies. I've reverted the addition on this good-faith basis, without escalating the warning for now: I do hope that will not become necessary. All the best, Chiswick Chap (talk) 11:47, 12 November 2022 (UTC)[reply]\nI'm sorry for the fuss I made. As a retiree librarian I have the urgent need to perfect bibliographical links in order that users can find the resource mentioned. I hope to do better in future.\nSmi953 (talk) 10:40, 13 November 2022 (UTC)[reply]\nMany thanks. Chiswick Chap (talk) 11:40, 13 November 2022 (UTC)[reply]Your submission at Articles for creation: Trammuseum Rotterdam (November 13)[edit]Your recent article submission to Articles for Creation has been reviewed! Unfortunately, it has not been accepted at this time. The reason left by Doric Loon was:\nThis submission is not adequately supported by reliable sources. Reliable sources are required so that information can be verified. If you need help with referencing, please see Referencing for beginners and Citing sources. The comment the reviewer left was:\nThis article cannot be accepted as it has no sources. I notice that it was already rejected just a couple of weeks ago and has been resubmitted without the problem being addressed - please don't do that again, it wastes everybody's time. What you need to do here is to add footnotes giving reliable sources. To establish notability (the criterion for us having the article at all) you need INDEPENDENT reliable sources for the importance of the museum. Reviews in national newspapers would be a good start. Beyond that, you need reliable sources for all the information given. A museum catalogue would do as a reliable source for a lot of the details, but it would not count as independent, so it wouldn't contribute towards notability. I notice the Dutch Wikipedia has a far fuller article, so this could be expanded quite a bit from there. But the Dutch article is also unsourced - maybe the Dutch Wiki has a different policy about that? At any rate, please do not resubmit this until you have at least three significant citations. This looks like an interesting topic, and I would like to see it included, so I hope you will do this. Please check the submission for any additional comments left by the reviewer. You are encouraged to edit the submission to address the issues raised and resubmit after they have been resolved.\n\nIf you would like to continue working on the submission, go to Draft:Trammuseum Rotterdam and click on the \"Edit\" tab at the top of the window.\nIf you do not edit your draft in the next 6 months, it will be considered abandoned and may be deleted.\nIf you need any assistance, or have experienced any untoward behavior associated with this submission, you can ask for help at the Articles for creation help desk, on the reviewer's talk page or use Wikipedia's real-time chat help from experienced editors.\nDoric Loon (talk) 19:01, 13 November 2022 (UTC)[reply]ArbCom 2022 Elections voter message[edit]Hello! 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MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 01:47, 29 November 2022 (UTC)[reply]Your submission at Articles for creation: Ferdinand Jan Ormeling Sr. (January 8)[edit]Your recent article submission to Articles for Creation has been reviewed! Unfortunately, it has not been accepted at this time. The reason left by Mattdaviesfsic was:\nThis submission is not adequately supported by reliable sources. Reliable sources are required so that information can be verified. If you need help with referencing, please see Referencing for beginners and Citing sources. Please check the submission for any additional comments left by the reviewer. You are encouraged to edit the submission to address the issues raised and resubmit after they have been resolved.\n\nIf you would like to continue working on the submission, go to Draft:Ferdinand Jan Ormeling Sr. and click on the \"Edit\" tab at the top of the window.\nIf you do not edit your draft in the next 6 months, it will be considered abandoned and may be deleted.\nIf you need any assistance, or have experienced any untoward behavior associated with this submission, you can ask for help at the Articles for creation help desk, on the reviewer's talk page or use Wikipedia's real-time chat help from experienced editors.\nMattdaviesfsic (talk) 14:05, 8 January 2023 (UTC)[reply]Self promotion[edit]Please do not use Wikipedia to reference and link to your own works, this is considered self-promotion and spamming.Hello, I'm Canterbury Tail. I wanted to let you know that one or more external links you added have been removed because they seemed to be inappropriate for an encyclopedia. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on my talk page, or take a look at our guidelines about links. Thank you. Canterbury Tail talk 12:40, 17 January 2023 (UTC)[reply]Could you specify from which lemma you have removed external links?\nSmi953 (talk) 09:57, 18 January 2023 (UTC)[reply]February 2023[edit]Hello, I'm I dream of horses. I wanted to let you know that I removed one or more external links you added to the main body of Dora Beets. Generally, any relevant external links should be listed in an \"External links\" section at the end of the article and meet the external links guidelines. Links within the body of an article should be internal Wikilinks. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on my talk page. Thank you. I dream of horses (Contribs) (Talk) 12:48, 26 February 2023 (UTC)[reply]Thank you, I created the external link. Further I remade een ongenoemde, see Books.Google.\nSmi953 (talk) 09:38, 27 February 2023 (UTC)[reply]AfC notification: Draft:Ferdinand Jan Ormeling Sr. has a new comment[edit]I've left a comment on your Articles for Creation submission, which can be viewed at Draft:Ferdinand Jan Ormeling Sr.. Thanks! InterstellarGamer12321 (talk | contribs) 10:05, 16 April 2023 (UTC)[reply]Your submission at Articles for creation: Ferdinand Jan Ormeling Sr. (May 1)[edit]Your recent article submission to Articles for Creation has been reviewed! Unfortunately, it has not been accepted at this time. The reasons left by DoubleGrazing were:\nThis submission is not adequately supported by reliable sources. Reliable sources are required so that information can be verified. If you need help with referencing, please see Referencing for beginners and Citing sources.This submission does not appear to be written in the formal tone expected of an encyclopedia article. Entries should be written from a neutral point of view, and should refer to a range of independent, reliable, published sources. Please rewrite your submission in a more encyclopedic format. Please make sure to avoid peacock terms that promote the subject. The comment the reviewer left was:\nAs mentioned before, the subject seems notable, but there is a lot of unsupported content, with many sections ending without a reference. Please ensure that every material statement is clearly supported.\nAlso, the tone is quite promotional, please dial down the hagiography. Peacock expressions like \"great national and international recognition\", \"once again able to use his organizational gifts\", \"highly productive team of diverse specialized and motivated employees\", etc. are inappropriate for an encyclopaedia article. Please check the submission for any additional comments left by the reviewer. You are encouraged to edit the submission to address the issues raised and resubmit after they have been resolved.\n\nIf you would like to continue working on the submission, go to Draft:Ferdinand Jan Ormeling Sr. and click on the \"Edit\" tab at the top of the window.\nIf you do not edit your draft in the next 6 months, it will be considered abandoned and may be deleted.\nIf you need any assistance, or have experienced any untoward behavior associated with this submission, you can ask for help at the Articles for creation help desk, on the reviewer's talk page or use Wikipedia's real-time chat help from experienced editors.\nDoubleGrazing (talk) 07:37, 1 May 2023 (UTC)[reply]Concern regarding Draft:Trammuseum Rotterdam[edit]Hello, Smi953. This is a bot-delivered message letting you know that Draft:Trammuseum Rotterdam, a page you created, has not been edited in at least 5 months. Drafts that have not been edited for six months may be deleted, so if you wish to retain the page, please edit it again or request that it be moved to your userspace.If the page has already been deleted, you can request it be undeleted so you can continue working on it.Thank you for your submission to Wikipedia. FireflyBot (talk) 17:13, 2 May 2023 (UTC)[reply]Your draft article, Draft:Trammuseum Rotterdam[edit]Hello, Smi953. It has been over six months since you last edited the Articles for Creation submission or Draft page you started, \"Trammuseum Rotterdam\".In accordance with our policy that Wikipedia is not for the indefinite hosting of material deemed unsuitable for the encyclopedia mainspace, the draft has been deleted. When you plan on working on it further and you wish to retrieve it, you can request its undeletion. An administrator will, in most cases, restore the submission so you can continue to work on it.Thanks for your submission to Wikipedia, and happy editing. Liz Read! Talk! 19:28, 19 May 2023 (UTC)[reply]Concern regarding Draft:Ferdinand Jan Ormeling Sr.[edit]Hello, Smi953. This is a bot-delivered message letting you know that Draft:Ferdinand Jan Ormeling Sr., a page you created, has not been edited in at least 5 months. Drafts that have not been edited for six months may be deleted, so if you wish to retain the page, please edit it again or request that it be moved to your userspace.If the page has already been deleted, you can request it be undeleted so you can continue working on it.Thank you for your submission to Wikipedia. FireflyBot (talk) 08:01, 1 October 2023 (UTC)[reply]November 2023[edit]Thank you for your contributions to Wikipedia. It appears that you translated text from Draft:Ferdinand Jan Ormeling Sr. to another page. While you are welcome to translate Wikipedia content, here or elsewhere, Wikipedia's licensing requires that you provide attribution to the contributor(s) of the original article. When translating from a foreign-language Wikipedia article, this is supplied at a minimum in an edit summary on the page where you add translated content, identifying it as a translation and linking it to the source page. For example: Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Wikipedia article at [[:fr:Exact name of French article]]; see its history for attribution. It is good practice, especially if translation is extensive, to also place a properly formatted {{translated page}} template on the talk pages of the destination article. If you have added translated content previously which was not attributed at the time it was added, please add attribution retrospectively for that also, even if it was a long time ago. You can read more about author attribution and the reasons for it at Wikipedia:Copying within Wikipedia. I see you've tried to add this message to the draft directly - the \"see its edit history for attribution\" bit needs to be in the edit summary, not the draft itself! asilvering (talk) 19:58, 1 November 2023 (UTC)[reply]Dear asilvering,\nFortunately I got the message today that the page is accepted after more than a year on the English Wikipedia. I have used the addition ( Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Wikipedia article at fr:Exact name of French article; see its history for attribution.) very succinctly on diverse Wikipedia, but usually write the article myself.\nWith kind regards, Smi953 (talk) 11:52, 2 November 2023 (UTC)[reply]ArbCom 2023 Elections voter message[edit]Hello! Voting in the 2023 Arbitration Committee elections is now open until 23:59 (UTC) on Monday, 11 December 2023. All eligible users are allowed to vote. Users with alternate accounts may only vote once.\nThe Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to impose binding solutions to disputes between editors, primarily for serious conduct disputes the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the authority to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail.\nIf you wish to participate in the 2023 election, please review the candidates and submit your choices on the voting page. If you no longer wish to receive these messages, you may add {{NoACEMM}} to your user talk page. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 00:59, 28 November 2023 (UTC)[reply]please use edit summaries[edit]Hello. I have noticed that you often edit without using an edit summary. Please do your best to always fill in the summary field. This helps your fellow editors use their time more productively, rather than spending it unnecessarily scrutinizing and verifying your work. Even a short summary is better than no summary, and summaries are particularly important for large, complex, or potentially controversial edits. To help yourself remember, you may wish to check the \"prompt me when entering a blank edit summary\" box in your preferences. Thanks! DoctorMatt (talk) 02:22, 18 December 2023 (UTC)[reply]external links[edit]Hello. I have removed some external links you have added to some articles, as external links should generally not be in the body of the article. Please add them either as part of a citation, or in the External Links section. Please see WP:EL for more on this. Please feel free to discuss this here. Cheers! DoctorMatt (talk) 02:29, 18 December 2023 (UTC)[reply]Thomes[edit]Just to let you know, when you moved the picture here [1] you said \"Thomes\" not Thames. I fix for you! 198.102.151.242 (talk) 17:46, 23 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]","title":"User talk:Smi953"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pont_des_Invalides
Pont des Invalides
["1 History","2 Access","3 References","4 External links"]
Coordinates: 48°51′49″N 02°18′37″E / 48.86361°N 2.31028°E / 48.86361; 2.31028Bridge in Paris, France Pont des InvalidesPont des InvalidesCoordinates48°51′49″N 02°18′37″E / 48.86361°N 2.31028°E / 48.86361; 2.31028CrossesSeineLocaleParis, FranceOfficial namePont des InvalidesMaintained byCivil ServiceNext upstreamPont Alexandre IIINext downstreamPont de l'AlmaCharacteristicsDesignArch bridgeTotal length152 m (499 ft)Width18 m (59 ft)HistoryOpened1855 (current structure)Location The Pont des Invalides is the lowest bridge traversing the Seine in Paris. History The story of this bridge started in 1821, when engineer Claude Navier conceived a technologically revolutionary bridge that crossed the Seine in one single reach without any point of support in between. The proposed suspension bridge, the construction of which started in 1824, was meant to be erected opposite to the Hotel des Invalides on the site of the current Pont Alexandre III. Navier failed to leave a safety margin on top of his calculations, and the contract to build the bridge was unusually rigid. After Navier's plan had been approved by the private investment company, the contractor could not make changes without approval, and there was no authorization to suggest improvements. The bridge became unsafe after cracking of the anchorages due to natural settling and additional movement after a water main break near the buttresses. The bridge had to be dismantled, and Navier was chastised by a government committee for relying too much on mathematics. He was even compared unfavorably to the accomplishments of (French rival) British bridge builders. After a settlement between the contractor and investors was reached, the raw materials were reused for other bridges, with designs to be provided by the head investor Alain Desjardins, which were widely seen as less elegant. The 1829 bridge In response to complaints from the defenders of the Invalides perspective, the Public Services decided to shift the bridge site downriver. Therefore, in 1829, two engineers, de Verges and Bayard de la Vingtrie, completed the construction of a proper suspension bridge supported by two piers in the Seine and three porticos, each 20 m in height. Unfortunately, due to rapidly growing wear on the bridge, its access had to be regulated in 1850. The bridge illuminated at night In 1854, the bridge was demolished to be replaced by a new one in time for the upcoming Exposition Universelle (1855) in Paris. Paul-Martin Gallocher de Lagalisserie and Jules Savarin used the existing piers of the former suspension bridge and a newly added central pier to build an arch bridge in masonry on the same site. The new pier was adorned with sculptures in two allegorical themes: the Land Victory by Victor Vilain upriver; the Maritime Victory by Georges Diébolt downstream, whereas the two old piers were adorned with sculptures of military trophies bearing the imperial coat of arms, both the work of Astyanax-Scévola Bosio. Despite being stronger, the new bridge still sustained a subsidence between 25 and 30 cm in 1878, and lost two arches during the winter of 1880 (restored by the end of the year). The bridge has been quite secure since then and the only modification made in the 20th century was the expansion of its pavement in 1956. Access Location on the Seine ___ Located near the Métro station: Champs-Élysées - Clemenceau. ___ Located near the Métro station: La Tour-Maubourg. ___ Located near the Métro station: Alma - Marceau. References ^ a b The Paris Bridge That Never Was ^ Engines of our Ingenuity No. 2832: Claude-Louis Navier ^ Drewry, Charles Stewart (1832). A Memoir of Suspension Bridges: Comprising The History Of Their Origin And Progress. London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green & Longman. pp. 102–105. Retrieved 2009-06-13. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pont des Invalides. (in French) Bridge history (in French) More bridge history vte7th arrondissement of ParisNeighbourhoods Faubourg Saint-Germain Quartier du Gros-Caillou Primary and secondary schools Lycée et collège Victor Duruy Établissement La Rochefoucauld Institut de l'Alma Lycée-collège Paul-Claudel Lycée d'Hulst Lycée Sainte-Jeanne Elisabeth Lycée Saint-Thomas-d'Aquin Lycée Thérèse-Chappuis Istituto Statale Italiano Leonardo Da Vinci Colleges and universities American University of Paris Sciences Po Landmarks American Church in Paris Eiffel Tower Hôtel de Boisgelin Hôtel Matignon Les Invalides Musée de l'Armée Musée des Plans-Reliefs Musée d'Histoire Contemporaine Musée Maillol Musée de la Légion d'honneur Musée de l'Ordre de la Libération Musée du quai Branly Musée Rodin Musée Valentin Haüy Pont de l'Alma Pont des Invalides Taipei Representative Office in France Paris Métro stations Assemblée Nationale Champ de Mars Duroc École Militaire Invalides La Tour-Maubourg Rue du Bac Saint-François-Xavier Ségur Sèvres – Babylone Solférino Vaneau Varenne Paris RER stations Invalides vte8th arrondissement of ParisNeighbourhoods Quartier des Champs-Élysées Quartier du Faubourg-du-Roule Quartier de la Madeleine Quartier de l'Europe Primary and secondary schools Lycée Chaptal Lycée Racine Cours Hattemer Lycée Fénelon Sainte-Marie Colleges and universities Intégrale : Institut d'enseignement supérieur privé Landmarks Arc de Triomphe (partial) Armenian Cathedral of St. John the Baptist Avenue Hoche Champs-Élysées Petit Palais Grand Palais Élysée Palace Four Seasons Hotel George V Hôtel de Crillon Hôtel de Marigny Hôtel de la Marine La Madeleine Musée Bouilhet-Christofle (closed) Musée Cernuschi Musée Jacquemart-André Musée Nissim de Camondo Alexander Nevsky Cathedral Palais de la Découverte Parc Monceau Pinacothèque de Paris (closed) Place Charles de Gaulle Place de la Concorde Luxor Obelisk Pont Alexandre III Pont de l'Alma Pont de la Concorde Pont des Invalides Saint-Augustin The Scots Kirk Théâtre des Champs-Élysées Théâtre du Rond-Point Paris Métro stations Alma–Marceau Champs-Élysées–Clemenceau Charles de Gaulle–Étoile Concorde Courcelles Europe George V Liège Madeleine Miromesnil Monceau Place de Clichy Rome Saint-Augustin Saint-Lazare Saint-Philippe du Roule Ternes Villiers SNCF station Gare Saint-Lazare
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Seine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seine"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"}],"text":"Bridge in Paris, FranceThe Pont des Invalides is the lowest bridge traversing the Seine in Paris.","title":"Pont des Invalides"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Claude Navier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Navier"},{"link_name":"suspension bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspension_bridge"},{"link_name":"Hotel des Invalides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel_des_Invalides"},{"link_name":"Pont Alexandre III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pont_Alexandre_III"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fields-1"},{"link_name":"buttresses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buttress"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-engines-2"},{"link_name":"Alain Desjardins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alain_Desjardins&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fields-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ancien_Pont_des_Invalides_(1828-1829).jpg"},{"link_name":"the Invalides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Invalides"},{"link_name":"de Verges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=De_Verges&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bayard de la Vingtrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bayard_de_la_Vingtrie&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"piers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pier_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"porticos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portico"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pont_des_Invalides_et_Tour_Eiffel_-_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Exposition Universelle (1855)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposition_Universelle_(1855)"},{"link_name":"Paul-Martin Gallocher de Lagalisserie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul-Martin_Gallocher_de_Lagalisserie"},{"link_name":"Jules Savarin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jules_Savarin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"arch bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arch_bridge"},{"link_name":"masonry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masonry"},{"link_name":"Victor Vilain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Victor_Vilain&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Georges Diébolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Di%C3%A9bolt"},{"link_name":"Astyanax-Scévola Bosio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Astyanax-Sc%C3%A9vola_Bosio&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"subsidence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsidence"},{"link_name":"pavement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidewalk"}],"text":"The story of this bridge started in 1821, when engineer Claude Navier conceived a technologically revolutionary bridge that crossed the Seine in one single reach without any point of support in between. The proposed suspension bridge, the construction of which started in 1824, was meant to be erected opposite to the Hotel des Invalides on the site of the current Pont Alexandre III. Navier failed to leave a safety margin on top of his calculations, and the contract to build the bridge was unusually rigid. After Navier's plan had been approved by the private investment company, the contractor could not make changes without approval, and there was no authorization to suggest improvements.[1] The bridge became unsafe after cracking of the anchorages due to natural settling and additional movement after a water main break near the buttresses. The bridge had to be dismantled, and Navier was chastised by a government committee for relying too much on mathematics. He was even compared unfavorably to the accomplishments of (French rival) British bridge builders.[2] After a settlement between the contractor and investors was reached, the raw materials were reused for other bridges, with designs to be provided by the head investor Alain Desjardins, which were widely seen as less elegant.[1]The 1829 bridgeIn response to complaints from the defenders of the Invalides perspective, the Public Services decided to shift the bridge site downriver. Therefore, in 1829, two engineers, de Verges and Bayard de la Vingtrie, completed the construction of a proper suspension bridge supported by two piers in the Seine and three porticos, each 20 m in height.[3] Unfortunately, due to rapidly growing wear on the bridge, its access had to be regulated in 1850.The bridge illuminated at nightIn 1854, the bridge was demolished to be replaced by a new one in time for the upcoming Exposition Universelle (1855) in Paris. Paul-Martin Gallocher de Lagalisserie and Jules Savarin used the existing piers of the former suspension bridge and a newly added central pier to build an arch bridge in masonry on the same site. The new pier was adorned with sculptures in two allegorical themes: the Land Victory by Victor Vilain upriver; the Maritime Victory by Georges Diébolt downstream, whereas the two old piers were adorned with sculptures of military trophies bearing the imperial coat of arms, both the work of Astyanax-Scévola Bosio.Despite being stronger, the new bridge still sustained a subsidence between 25 and 30 cm in 1878, and lost two arches during the winter of 1880 (restored by the end of the year). The bridge has been quite secure since then and the only modification made in the 20th century was the expansion of its pavement in 1956.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paris-Ponts-Invalides.png"}],"text":"Location on the Seine","title":"Access"}]
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null
[{"reference":"Drewry, Charles Stewart (1832). A Memoir of Suspension Bridges: Comprising The History Of Their Origin And Progress. London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green & Longman. pp. 102–105. Retrieved 2009-06-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/amemoirsuspensi01drewgoog","url_text":"A Memoir of Suspension Bridges: Comprising The History Of Their Origin And Progress"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/amemoirsuspensi01drewgoog/page/n120","url_text":"102"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._G._Allen_Steam_Station
G. G. Allen Steam Station
["1 Environmental impact","1.1 1995–2001 data","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
Coordinates: 35°11′25″N 81°0′30″W / 35.19028°N 81.00833°W / 35.19028; -81.00833Coal-fired electricity generating facility located in Gaston County, North Carolina G. G. Allen Steam StationAllen Steam Station in 2013CountryUnited StatesLocationSouth Point Township, Gaston County, North CarolinaCoordinates35°11′25″N 81°0′30″W / 35.19028°N 81.00833°W / 35.19028; -81.00833StatusOperationalCommission date1957Owner(s)Duke EnergyThermal power station Primary fuelCoalPower generation Units operational2 × 165 MWe 3 × 275 MWeNameplate capacity1,148.4 MW435.2 MW G. G. Allen Steam Station is a 1.140 GW coal-fired electricity generating facility, located in South Point Township, Gaston County, North Carolina, on man-made Lake Wylie (part of the Catawba River). Units 1 and 2 (165 MW each) began operating in 1957; units 3, 4, and 5 (275 MW each) in 1959, 1960, and 1961 respectively. Named for George Garland Allen, a former president and first chairman of the board for Duke Power, the Allen facility is the only Duke Energy station with five units under one roof. The plant is equipped with a flue-gas desulfurization system, completed in 2009, that decreases the air emissions coming from the plant. In February 2021, Duke Energy in a filing to the North Carolina Utilities Commission advanced their planned closure for Unit 3 from December 31, 2021 to March 31, 2021. Environmental impact G. G. Allen Steam Station is still a major air and water polluter in the region. The G G Allen Steam Plant scrubber 1995–2001 data Nitrous Oxide, Sulfur Dioxide, and Carbon Dioxide emissions, in tons per year. Year NOx SO2 CO2 2001 10,673 37,027 5,487,331 2000 13,054 34,058 5,914,264 1999 12,087 32,169 5,619,742 1998 9,655 25,224 4,508,312 1997 14,090 40,083 6,627,324 1996 15,184 35,291 5,545,956 1995 10,976 21,274 3,661,778 Toxic release inventory from G. G. Allen Steam Station for 2000. All quantities are in pounds. Pollutant Air Land Water Total on-site releases Ammonia 1,605 1,500 3,105 Arsenic compounds 1,105 49,005 3,200 53,310 Barium compounds 4,305 480,005 8,400 492,710 Chromium compounds 995 84,005 600 85,600 Cobalt compounds 205 32,005 1,500 33,710 Copper compounds 605 87,005 2,200 89,810 Hydrochloric acid 5,300,005 5,300,005 Hydrogen fluoride 340,005 340,005 Lead compounds 795 34,005 120 34,920 Manganese compounds 1,205 100,005 4,200 105,410 Mercury compounds 200 110 3 313 Nickel compounds 735 55,005 300 56,040 Sulfuric acid 340,005 340,005 Vanadium compounds 1,005 99,005 750 100,760 Zinc compounds 1,005 60,005 750 61,760 TOTAL 5,993,780 1,080,160 23,523 7,097,463 See also United States portalEnergy portal List of power stations Global warming References ^ "Existing Electric Generating Units in the United States, 2006" (Excel). Energy Information Administration, U.S. Department of Energy. 2006. Retrieved 2008-07-14. ^ "Duke Energy to Retire Unit 3 of its Allen Coal Plant in March". Sierra Club. February 2, 2021. Retrieved April 20, 2021. ^ "RE: Duke Energy Carolinas, LLC Update to Allen Unit 3 Retirement Date Docket No. E-100, Sub 165" (PDF). Duke Energy. February 2, 2021. Retrieved April 20, 2021. ^ a b "Comment on the proposed Title V permit for G. G. Allen electric power station" (PDF). Blue Ridge Environmental Defense League. 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-02-03. Retrieved 2008-07-21. External links Allen Steam Station, Duke Energy website.
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[{"reference":"\"Existing Electric Generating Units in the United States, 2006\" (Excel). Energy Information Administration, U.S. Department of Energy. 2006. Retrieved 2008-07-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/page/capacity/capacity.html","url_text":"\"Existing Electric Generating Units in the United States, 2006\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_Information_Administration","url_text":"Energy Information Administration"}]},{"reference":"\"Duke Energy to Retire Unit 3 of its Allen Coal Plant in March\". Sierra Club. February 2, 2021. Retrieved April 20, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sierraclub.org/press-releases/2021/02/duke-energy-retire-unit-3-its-allen-coal-plant-march","url_text":"\"Duke Energy to Retire Unit 3 of its Allen Coal Plant in March\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Club","url_text":"Sierra Club"}]},{"reference":"\"RE: Duke Energy Carolinas, LLC Update to Allen Unit 3 Retirement Date Docket No. E-100, Sub 165\" (PDF). Duke Energy. February 2, 2021. Retrieved April 20, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://starw1.ncuc.net/NCUC/ViewFile.aspx?Id=c089e35f-4a36-46aa-b175-768670ff48a6","url_text":"\"RE: Duke Energy Carolinas, LLC Update to Allen Unit 3 Retirement Date Docket No. E-100, Sub 165\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_Energy","url_text":"Duke Energy"}]},{"reference":"\"Comment on the proposed Title V permit for G. G. Allen electric power station\" (PDF). Blue Ridge Environmental Defense League. 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-02-03. Retrieved 2008-07-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070203162747/http://www.bredl.org/pdf/Allen_TV_commentsLZ19may03.pdf","url_text":"\"Comment on the proposed Title V permit for G. G. Allen electric power station\""},{"url":"http://www.bredl.org/pdf/Allen_TV_commentsLZ19may03.pdf","url_text":"the original"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF","url_text":"PDF"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_Rescue
Police Rescue
["1 Cast","1.1 Main","1.2 Recurring minor cast","1.3 Guests","2 Episodes","2.1 Pilot movie","2.2 Season 1 (1991)","2.3 Season 2 (1992)","2.4 Season 3 (1993)","2.5 Feature Film and TV Special (1994)","2.6 Season 4 (1995)","2.7 Season 5 (1996)","3 Home Media","4 VHS Releases","5 DVD Releases","6 Online Streaming","7 Police Rescue Collectibles","8 References","9 External links"]
Australian television series This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Police Rescue" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Police RescueAlso known asPolice Rescue – Gefährlicher Einsatz (Germany), "Noodroep" (Afrikaans – South Africa), Polizia Squadra Soccorso (Italy)Sydney Police (France)Záchranáři (Czech Republic)Written byChristopher LeeDebra OswaldPhilip CornfordDirected byPeter Fisk (1989–1993)Michael Carson (1991–1993)Scott Hartford-Davis (1995–1996)StarringGary SweetSonia ToddSteve BastoniJohn ClaytonTammy MacIntoshBelinda CotterillJeremy CallaghanDoug ScroopeSteve BisleyFrank HoldenMarshall NapierTim McKenziePeter BrowneAda NicodemouSalvatore CocoLeah PurcellComposersMartin ArmigerGarry HardmanCountry of originAustraliaOriginal languageEnglishNo. of series5No. of episodes61 + pilotProductionExecutive producersPenny ChapmanKim WilliamsErrol SullivanProducersJohn EdwardsSandra LevyProduction locationsNew South Wales, AustraliaCinematographySteve ArnoldRussell BaconStephen WindonEditorVariousRunning time50 minutes90 minutes (pilot)Production companiesAustralian Broadcasting CorporationBritish Broadcasting CorporationSouthern Star XanaduOriginal releaseNetworkABCRelease15 March 1989 (1989-03-15) –22 November 1996 (1996-11-22) Police Rescue is an Australian television series which originally aired on ABC TV between 1989 and 1996. It was produced by ABC and Southern Star Xanadu in association with the BBC. Apart from the 61 episodes, there was a 90-minute pilot episode (first screened in 1989) as well as a feature film in 1994, starring Zoe Carides. The series dealt with the New South Wales Police Rescue Squad based in Sydney and their work attending to various incidents from road accidents to train crashes. The show was very well received for the first four series, however a decline in ratings by the commencement of the 1996 series saw the cancellation of the show, following an almost epitaph in the final three episodes. Police Rescue was shown in the United Kingdom first on BBC1 and later on Sky One, in the Czech Republic as Záchranáři on TV Nova, in South Africa as "Noodroep" (dubbed in Afrikaans), in parts of Italy as Polizia Squadra Soccorso on T9, in France on TF1 as Sydney Police, in Germany on VOX as Police Rescue – Gefährlicher Einsatz, in Norway, Sweden, the Netherlands and Denmark on the United Kingdom-based TV3, and in the Republic of Ireland on RTÉ. Cast Main Actor/actress Character Rank Tenure Episodes Gary Sweet Steve "Mickey" McClintock Sergeant 1989–1996 01–61 + Pilot Episode & Feature Film Sonia Todd Georgia Rattray Constable/Senior Constable/Sergeant 1989-1996 01–61 + Pilot Episode & Feature Film Tim McKenzie Peter "Ridgy" Ridgeway Sergeant 1989-1990 01-13 + Pilot Episode John Clayton Bill Adams Inspector 1989–1996 01–61 + Pilot Episode & Feature Film Marshall Napier Fred "Frog" Catteau Sergeant 1989–1992 01-19 + Pilot Episode Peter Browne Trevor "Sootie" Coledale Constable 1989–1990 01-14 + Pilot Episode Doug Scroope Percy "Ptomaine" Warren Constable 1989-1993 01-32 + Pilot Episode Steve Bastoni Yiannis "Angel" Angelopoulos Constable/Senior Constable 1990-1996 01-61 + Feature Film Steve Bisley Kevin "Nipper" Harris Senior Sergeant 1992-1995 14-42 Belinda Cotterill Sharyn Elliott 1992–1994, 1996 14-39, 53-61 + Feature Film Tammy MacIntosh Kathy Orland Constable 1992-1995 14-52 + Feature Film Jeremy Callaghan Brian Morley Constable 1992-1995 19-52 + Feature Film Ada Nicodemou Anastasia Skouras 1994-1995 40-52 Frank Holden Glenn "Spider" Webb Senior Sergeant 1994-1996 43-61 Zoe Carides Lorrie "Flash" Gordon Constable 1994 Feature Film Only Salvatore Coco Joe Cardillo Constable 1996 53-61 Leah Purcell Tracy Davis Constable 1996 53-61 Recurring minor cast Actor/actress Character Rank Tenure Episodes Kerry Armstrong Des McClintock Mickey Ex-Wife 1990-1991 Deborah Kennedy Bronwyn Catteau 1990-1992 3 episodes Harold Hopkins Tony Fuller NARC Detective 1990-1992 Gia Carides Helena Angelopoulos 1992-1993 7 episodes Justin Rosniak Sam 1993-1996 Seasons 3–5, 4 episodes Lani John Tupu David Goldberg 1992 Season 2 Daniel Rigney Constable Lohmeier Constable 1993 Season 3 Guests Actor/actress Character Tenure Episodes Anne Tenney Katie McCarthy 1991 Season 1, episode 9 :"One for Dad" Bec Cartwright Emma 1992 Season 2, episode 9: "Reasons to Live" Ben Mendelsohn Dean Forman 1995 Season 4, episode 13: "Wild Card" Cate Blanchett Mrs Haines / Vivian 1993 Season 3. episode 5: "The Loaded Boy" & TV movie: "Police Rescue In Action" Celia Ireland Lachlan's mother 1992 Season 2, episode 2: "Sugar" Claudia Black Julia 1993 Season 3, episode: "Double Illusion" Colleen Anne Fitzpatrick Fay McClintock 1992-93 Season 2-3, 2 episodes Colin Friels Lew Campbell 1992 Season 2, 1 episode Damian de Montemas Greg 1995 Season 4, 1 episode Darren Gilshenan Nick 1993 Season 3, episode: "Wild Goose Chase" David Field Paul 1992 Season 2, 1 episode Debra Byrne Maria Mellick / Tricia Mellick 1991; 1992 Season 1-2, 2 episodes Joel Edgerton Andy 1995 Season 4, episode 13: "Wild Card" John Jarratt Dave 1994 Season 4, episode 9: "Public Mischief" John Noble Sergeant 1991 Season 1, episode 10: "Hostage" Judith McGrath Hazel 1995 Season 4, 1 episode Justin Rosniak Sam 1993-96 Season 3-5, 4 episodes Marnie Reece-Wilmore Danni 1995 Season 4, 1 episode Melissa Jaffer Gwen 1995 Season 4, 1 episode Melissa Tkautz Helen Catteau 1991 Season 1, 1 episode Michael Denkha First Mate 1996 Season 5, 1 episode Miranda Otto Amanda 1995 Season 4, episode: "On the Outer" Nash Edgerton Alex's mate 1994 TV movie: "Police Rescue in Action" Richard Carter Vic Wilson 1991 Season 1, 1 episode Ritchie Singer Daryl 1989 Pilot Rob Carlton Young Prisoner 1992 Season 1, 1 episode Robert Mammone Truck Driver 1992 Season 2, 1 episode Roy Billing Myer 1991 Season 1, 1 episode Russell Crowe Constable Tom 'Bomber' Young 1992 Season 2, episode 1: "The Right Stuff" Sharyn Hodgson Kerry 1998 1 episode Simon Lyndon Matt 1996 Season 5, 1 episode Steve Le Marquand Youth 1993 Season 3, 1 episode Susan Prior Debra 1996 Season 5, 1 episode Tara Morice Jenny 1991 Season 1, 1 episode Tim Campbell Hugo 1996 Season 5 , 1 episode Tony Bonner Paul 1992 Season 2, 1 episode Wynn Roberts Anthony Mason 1991 Season 1, 1 episode Zoe Carides Constable Lorrie 'Flash' Gordon 1994 TV movie: "Police Rescue in Action" Episodes Pilot movie In mid-1989, Southern Star Xanadu broadcast the pilot episode of Police Rescue via the Australian Broadcasting Corporation. The 90-minute telemovie established the background of the protagonist of the series, Sergeant "Mickey" McClintock (Gary Sweet). Several issues were raised in the pilot, such as women's discrimination, sexism and street violence. The plot evolved around the entrance of the first woman member to the Police Rescue Squad, Constable Georgia Rattray (Sonia Todd) and then the search for a missing boy in Sydney's sewer system. Numberin series Numberin season Title Directed by Written by Original air date PilotPilot"Rescue"Peter FiskEverett De Roche15 March 1989 (1989-03-15) The 90-minute telemovie established the background of the protagonist of the series, Sergeant "Mickey" McClintock. Several issues were raised in the pilot, such as women's discrimination, sexism and street violence. The plot evolved around the entrance of the first woman member to the Police Rescue Squad, Constable Georgia Rattray and then the search for a missing boy in Sydney's sewer system. Season 1 (1991) The telemovie was well received and spawned the series of Police Rescue, which carried on shortly after the pilot. Numberin series Numberin season Title Directed by Written by Original air date 11"Mates"Michael CarsonPeter Schreck14 February 1991 (1991-02-14) A highly successful businessman who threatens suicide, makes Mickey realize how lucky he really is. 22"Angel After Hours"UnknownUnknown21 February 1991 (1991-02-21) A visiting psychologist learns to respect the RESCUE team when he joins them for a rugged night shift and angel is forced to share his family crisis with Mickey. 33"LPG"UnknownUnknown28 February 1991 (1991-02-28) LPG A liquid petroleum gas tanker crashes with another vehicle trapping one driver and his young son, as the tankers are parted for rescue to begin its noticed that there are chlorine pellets on the floor which if they get wet will have cause a thermal explosion. To make matters worse a LPG plant is just down the road the whole area is cordoned of as rescue set about extracting the driver and his son. Meanwhile back at base, one of the team struggles with past addictions due to the death of his beloved pet dog. 44"The Cosmic Lightbeam"UnknownUnknown7 March 1991 (1991-03-07) A lock-out, a break-in, and a police trainee spell trouble for 'Mickey'. 55"Mad Dog"UnknownUnknown14 March 1991 (1991-03-14) A prison guard strike leads to the male members of the squad being sent to substitute and an escape. 66"Saturday Night"UnknownUnknown21 March 1991 (1991-03-21) On a fishing trip Ridgy gets washed ashore while trying to rescue another man from drowning. 77"Reunion with Snake"UnknownUnknown28 March 1991 (1991-03-28) Two boys gets chemical burns after playing in a tunnel. 88"Raid"UnknownUnknown11 April 1991 (1991-04-11) While 'Mickey' and 'Angel' are in competition for the new hire's attention, the squad is tasked to work with Special Operations to go after a gangster for murder. 99"One for Dad"UnknownUnknown18 April 1991 (1991-04-18) Mickey and Frog spends a long night in a swamp while looking for a missing girl. 1010"Hostage"UnknownUnknown25 April 1991 (1991-04-25) Mickey and Georgia get caught up in a shoot out by a bank robber who has taken a hostage. 1111"Up a Tree"UnknownUnknown2 May 1991 (1991-05-02) Animal rescue to riot control – a typical day for the Police Rescue Squad,,,or is it? 1212"Saving the Princess"UnknownUnknown16 May 1991 (1991-05-16) Mickey stands by Georgia when she makes an unpopular decision on an MVA call. 1313"By the Book"UnknownUnknown13 June 1991 (1991-06-13) The squad gets called out to free a man trapped during a building demolition but end up finding Romeo and Juliet. Season 2 (1992) Numberin series Numberin season Title Directed by Written by Original air date 114"The Right Stuff"UnknownUnknown3 September 1992 (1992-09-03) Constable Tom 'Bomber' Young (Russell Crowe), a footy hero, joins the squad with disastrous results. 215"Off the Track"UnknownUnknown10 September 1992 (1992-09-10) When a car and commuter train collide, it's an emotionally and physically draining shift for the entire squad. 316"The Hard Way"UnknownUnknown17 September 1992 (1992-09-17) Georgia finds a car crash involving a couple suspicious and wonder if the woman tried to kill her husband. 417"The Big Canary"UnknownUnknown24 September 1992 (1992-09-24) Fraud Squad Head Superintendent Tony Daniels, ask Bill Adams if Rescue can guard a Dr Baldwin - in a secret operation. Mickey's the man for the job. 518"Judgement Day"UnknownUnknown1 October 1992 (1992-10-01) Frog seems to be running out of luck: first while trying to save a girl in a demolished building, then when a man kills his whole family and finally climbing down a cliff to rescue a boy. 619"Stakeout"UnknownUnknown15 October 1992 (1992-10-15) When on an assignment with a crashed truck, Mickey and Georgia unintentionally disturb a drug squad stakeout. 720"Sugar"UnknownUnknown22 October 1992 (1992-10-22) After the death of Kathy's brother, she is maybe to quickly back at work and struggles to deal with handling a car crash and an accident at a sugar refinery. 821"With a Vengeance"UnknownUnknown29 October 1992 (1992-10-29) The team is searching for a small missing airplane and finds it hanging on a ledge with two young men trapped inside. 922"Reasons to Live"UnknownUnknown8 November 1992 (1992-11-08) Mickey and Angel rescue prominent artist, Lew Campbell, who has been trapped in his studio by a gas explosion. His wife, Holly, and their two young daughters have escaped unhurt. 1023"From This Day Forward"UnknownUnknown15 November 1992 (1992-11-15) At the pub where Angel is having his bucks night, Nipper runs into an old contact, Johnny Blackett, who's just been released from a six-year jail sentence. There's obviously bad blood between them. 1124"Angel's Devils"UnknownUnknown22 November 1992 (1992-11-22) Angel is having martial problems. When he sees Helena getting out of a sportscar outside her office then kissing the driver goodbye, Angel suspects that she is having an affair. 1225"The Real Meaning"UnknownUnknown26 November 1992 (1992-11-26) Mickey baulks when Paramedic Tricia Mellick, tells him she is going to abseil down a skyscraper to help him rescue an unconscious man caught on a gantry between the 34th and 33rd floor. 1326"Heartbeat"UnknownUnknown3 December 1992 (1992-12-03) Georgina is struggling with wedding planning. When the team is sent into a cave to rescue archaeologists caught in a flood, Mickey suddenly vanishes. Season 3 (1993) Numberin series Numberin season Title Directed by Written by Original air date 127"Lifeline"UnknownUnknown10 June 1993 (1993-06-10) A girl calls the rescue team telling she is locked up in a room but she don't know where. A race against time begins for the team to find the girl before her father does. 228"Wild Goose Chase"UnknownUnknown17 June 1993 (1993-06-17) Georgina has cancelled her wedding. The team is searching for a missing man but it feels like a wild goose chase. 329"On a Roll"UnknownUnknown24 June 1993 (1993-06-24) Angel's getting hooked on horse race gambling. 430"Prodigal Daughter"UnknownUnknown4 July 1993 (1993-07-04) ... 531"The Loaded Boy"UnknownUnknown8 July 1993 (1993-07-08) A truck with chemical waste crashes and a can with the possible deadly material goes missing. 632"Good Buddy"UnknownUnknown15 July 1993 (1993-07-15) Brian becomes friends with one of Nippers old mates, private investigater Temple, who isn't who he seems to be. 733"Rush Hour"Ian BarryChristopher Lee22 July 1993 (1993-07-22) Brian gets challenged with his phobia, when the rescue squad has to search for missing persons in the subway tunnels. 834"Speeding"UnknownUnknown29 July 1993 (1993-07-29) Mickey gets worried about his son after a car with drugged teenagers crashes. 935"Lift Sixteen"UnknownUnknown5 August 1993 (1993-08-05) Nipper gets stuck in an elevator that breaks down due to an earthquake. 1036"Whirlwind"UnknownUnknown19 August 1993 (1993-08-19) Kathy gets a little too involved with an adrenalin junkie. 1137"Cold Snap"UnknownUnknown26 August 1993 (1993-08-26) Angel's had enough of the rivalry between Mickey and him. After a big row with Mickey, he leaves Police Rescue. He is transferred to Special Operations. 2 Youngsters are stuck on a cliff. One of them is rescued by Georgia by helicopter. Mickey stays with the other one till the chopper returns for them to pick them up. They wait for hours and hours. The weather conditions get worse. The helicopter cannot fly anymore because there is too much fog. It is impossible for Mickey to climb down, because the other guy is too badly injured. The only way to get out of there is ... 1238"Double Illusion"UnknownUnknown2 September 1993 (1993-09-02) A man lying at the base of a cliff leads Mickey to pursue two crooked detectives. 1339"The Last to Know"UnknownUnknown8 September 1993 (1993-09-08) Mickey has anger management issues after his father has a heart attack. Feature Film and TV Special (1994) Numberin series Numberin season Title Directed by Written by Release Dates 11"Police Rescue: In Action"Scott FeeneyUnknown9 March 1994 (1994-03-09) (TV Airing) special hosted by John Edwards and Sandra Levy that aired to promote the series, and 1994 feature film. It featured interviews with cast members, Gary Sweet, Sonia Todd, Steve Bastoni and Zoe Carides. 22"Police Rescue: The Movie"Michael CarsonDebra Oswald17 March 1994 (1994-03-17) (Cinema Release) Constable Laurie Gordon transfers from the Drugs Squad to Sydney's elite Police Rescue squad after her partner and lover is killed when a raid goes wrong. When allegations of corruption follow her to Rescue, Gordon must fight to regain the vital trust of the squad and Sgt. 'Mickey' McClintock. This trust is tested when a gunman takes a teacher and kids hostage at a child care centre, and the Rescue Squad is called in to assist. Season 4 (1995) Numberin series Numberin season Title Directed by Written by Original air date 140"On the Outer"UnknownUnknown27 April 1995 (1995-04-27) Brian is struggling with fitting in and ends up in a couple of dangerous situations. 241"Conduct Endangering Life"UnknownUnknown4 May 1995 (1995-05-04) A bank robbery goes wrong and Nipper's wife ends up as a hostage. 342"Wrong Side of the Road"UnknownUnknown11 May 1995 (1995-05-11) By chance Mickey and Nipper are first on site when a bus is found crashed on the side of a mountain road which makes the rescue of the passengers more difficult. 443"Something's Got to Give"UnknownUnknown18 May 1995 (1995-05-18) Senior sergeant Webb's first day on the job isn't without difficulties. Nor for Georgia who hoped for the promotion after Nipper left. 544"Guardian Angel"UnknownUnknown25 May 1995 (1995-05-25) While having problems with his love life, Angel finds relief in taking a young boy under his wing. 645"Double Jeopardy"UnknownUnknown1 June 1995 (1995-06-01) A gas explosion leaves people trapped in the basement of a building. The rescue squad attempt gets even more difficult and dangerous with poisonous fumes and the risk of another explosion. 746"Crossing the Line"UnknownUnknown8 June 1995 (1995-06-08) Georgina tries to help a woman with drug problems and her two young children. 847"Damage Control"UnknownUnknown15 June 1995 (1995-06-15) Kathy has a hard time dealing with a drying man's last words spoken to her in belief she is his wife. 948"Public Mischief"Julie MoneyGreg Millin22 June 1995 (1995-06-22) Mickey gets hooked up with a couple living life dangerous as base jumpers, while Georgia looks into a factory with a little too many work accidents. 1049"Breaking Strain"UnknownUnknown29 June 1995 (1995-06-29) Angel tries to help his old friend, a tow truck driver. 1150"The Sharp End"UnknownUnknown6 July 1995 (1995-07-06) When a demolition team gets ready to take down a building, something goes wrong and they get trapped in a really dangerous situation. 1251"Rescue Me"UnknownUnknown13 July 1995 (1995-07-13) Angel has difficulties coping with his hated father's death. Meanwhile Georgia tries to help a friend and her daughter after they were hurt in a gas explosion. 1352"Wild Card"UnknownUnknown20 July 1995 (1995-07-20) A cold blooded killer (Ben Mendelsohn) blames Mickey for the death of his brother and wants revenge. Season 5 (1996) Numberin series Numberin season Title Directed by Written by Original air date 153"The Ultimate"UnknownUnknown20 September 1996 (1996-09-20) The rescue squads three new recruits gets tested to the limit while performing a rescue on a skyscraper. 254"Nobby's Place"UnknownUnknown27 September 1996 (1996-09-27) An old man keeps fishing in a dangerous place and Mickey soon loses his patience. 355"The Getting of Wisdom"UnknownUnknown4 October 1996 (1996-10-04) Joe, the new guy, rescues a woman with psychological problems and gets a little too involved with her. 456"The River"UnknownUnknown11 October 1996 (1996-10-11) Errol and his son Robbie, both big fans of flying, crash into the wilderness. During the search for the victims, Angel falls down into the ravine. The rest of the squad immediately start looking for him. But when it gets too dark, they have to go back to base camp and wait till the next day. They have no other choice than to leave him behind. 557"The Ship"UnknownUnknown18 October 1996 (1996-10-18) An apparent accidental explosion on a ship turns to an act of terrorism putting Police Rescue in grave danger. 658"Flash the Descent"UnknownUnknown25 October 1996 (1996-10-25) The team is sent out to rescue a couple of climbers stuck on a mountain wall. 759"The Holliman Kid"UnknownUnknown1 November 1996 (1996-11-01) When a little girl disappear every one wonders what happened to her. Meanwhile Georgia learn she's pregnant. 860"Tomorrow Never Knows"UnknownUnknown8 November 1996 (1996-11-08) When Angel's younger brother gets killed in a car accident, Angel takes his anger out on the drunk driver, who caused the crash. 961"The Only Constant"Scott Hartford-DavisChristopher Lee22 November 1996 (1996-11-22) The team race against time to rescue two little girls trapped in a storm drain which is quickly filling up with water. Meanwhile Angel's taking his leave and Georgia is pondering to do the same. Home Media Between 1993-1994 Village Roadshow Released Selected Episodes on VHS. In 1994 CIC-TAFT Video Released Police Rescue (The Movie) on VHS. The First Police Rescue DVD Release was in November 2006 With Season One Released. The Following year Warner Vision Released Seasons 2 and 2 in April 2007 and In July 2007 the Final Seasons 4 and 5 were Released. The Second Police Rescue DVD Release was in November 2017 with Via Vision Entertainment Re-Releasing Police Rescue as a Complete Boxset (Seasons 1-5 + Pilot Movie) As Of 13 Nov 2023 - Police Rescue: The Movie (1994) is still not available on DVD. As Of 13 Nov 2023 - Police Rescue: In Action is still not available on DVD. In July 2019, the Seven Network released the complete first season and second season of Police Rescue via video on demand on 7plus. VHS Releases Title Format Ep # Tapes Region (Australia) Special Features Distributors Mates and Hostages VHS Series 1, Episode 1&10 01 1993 None Village Roadshow Mad Dog and By The Book VHS Series 1, Episode 5&13 01 - None Village Roadshow Judgement Day and Reasons to Live VHS Series 2, Episodes 5&9 01 - None Village Roadshow Police Rescue: The Movie VHS Film 01 1994 None CIC-TAFT Home Video DVD Releases Title Format Ep # Discs/Tapes Region 4 (Australia) Special Features Distributors Police Rescue: Season One DVD 13 4 26 November 2006 90-minute pilot episode Warner Vision Police Rescue: Season Two DVD 13 4 9 April 2007 None Warner Vision Police Rescue: Season Three DVD 13 4 9 April 2007 None Warner Vision Police Rescue: Season Four (Part 1) DVD 11 3 9 July 2007 None Warner Vision Police Rescue: Season Four (Part 2) DVD 11 3 9 July 2007 None Warner Vision Police Rescue: The Complete Collection DVD 61 18 22 November 2017 90-minute pilot episode Via Vision Entertainment Online Streaming Police Rescue is currently streaming on multiple streaming around the world. 7plus Australia - Streaming Police Rescue Seasons 01-05. 10Play Australia - Streaming Police Rescue Season 01-05. Amazon Prime - Streaming Police Rescue Seasons 01-05. Title Format Episodes # Broadcast Streaming Status Feature Length Pilot Streaming Pilot N/A Not Available Police Rescue (Season 01) Streaming Episodes 13 7plus (Australia) 10Play (Australia) Amazon Prime (Worldwide) Currently Streaming Police Rescue (Season 02) Streaming Episodes 13 7plus (Australia) 10Play (Australia) Amazon Prime (Worldwide) Currently Streaming Police Rescue (Season 03) Streaming Episodes 13 7plus (Australia) 10Play (Australia) Amazon Prime (Worldwide) Currently Streaming Police Rescue (Season 04) Streaming Episodes 22 7plus (Australia) 10Play (Australia) Amazon Prime (Worldwide) Currently Streaming Police Rescue Collectibles Title Author Format Content # Australia Release Bonus Content Police Rescue 1 Bill Green Book Novelisation of Series 1, Episodes 1, 4, 5 1992 None Police Rescue 2 Bill Green Book Novelisation of Series 1, Episodes 8, 10, 11 1992 TBA Police Rescue 3 Jack Bridson Book Novelisation of Series 2, Episodes 5, 11, 13 1993 TBA Police Rescue: Omnibus- Edition Bill Green, Jack Bridson Book (combines Police Rescue 1, 2, 3) 1993 Cast Photo Police Rescue: Souvenir Special Nic Place (editor) Magazine Behind the Scenes 1993 Cast Posters and Cast Photos. Police Rescue: The Movie Bill Green Book Novelisation of the Feature Film 1994 TBA Police Rescue: Trading Card Trading Card Featuring Gary Sweet N/A None References ^ "Police Rescue – By the Book". AustralianScreen.com.au. ^ Ed. Scott Murray, "Australia on the Small Screen 1970–1995", Oxford Uni Press, 1996 p130. ^ "Police Rescue". 7plus. Retrieved 30 July 2019. Police Rescue at Internet Movie Database Police Rescue: The Movie at Internet Movie Database WarnerVision Police Rescue at epguides External links Police Rescue at IMDb Police Rescue at the National Film and Sound Archive Police Rescue – "By the Book" at Australian Screen Online Police Rescue – "Mates" at Australian Screen Online Police Rescue: The Film at Oz Movies Rescue Bahawalpur – "By urdu Wikipedia" at Pakistan Screen Online vteTelevision programming of Endemol AustraliaChildren's and family Hi-5 Foreign Exchange The Adventures of Sam Blue Water High Raggs The Sleepover Club Tracey McBean Ketchup: Cats Who Cook The Adventures of Bottle Top Bill and His Best Friend Corky The Toothbrush Family Magic Mountain Oscar and Friends Prime-time drama All Saints Bed of Roses Blue Heelers City Homicide Home and Away Love My Way McLeod's Daughters Murder Call Offspring Packed to the Rafters Police Rescue Rescue: Special Ops Rush The Secret Life of Us The Surgeon Tangle Water Rats Factual Forensic Investigators Strictly Speaking Game show and reality Balls of Steel Australia Beauty and the Geek Australia Big Brother Australia Don't Tell the Bride Undercover Boss Australia RPA
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television"},{"link_name":"ABC TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_TV_(Australian_TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Southern Star Xanadu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Star_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"pilot episode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_pilot"},{"link_name":"Zoe Carides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoe_Carides"},{"link_name":"New South Wales Police Rescue Squad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Protection_Group"},{"link_name":"Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney"},{"link_name":"epitaph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epitaph"},{"link_name":"Sky One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_One"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"TV Nova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Nova_(Czech_Republic)"},{"link_name":"TF1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TF1"},{"link_name":"VOX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VOX_(German_TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"TV3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV3_(Viasat)"},{"link_name":"Republic of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"RTÉ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RT%C3%89_One"}],"text":"Police Rescue is an Australian television series which originally aired on ABC TV between 1989 and 1996. It was produced by ABC and Southern Star Xanadu in association with the BBC.[1]Apart from the 61 episodes, there was a 90-minute pilot episode (first screened in 1989) as well as a feature film in 1994, starring Zoe Carides.The series dealt with the New South Wales Police Rescue Squad based in Sydney and their work attending to various incidents from road accidents to train crashes. The show was very well received for the first four series, however a decline in ratings by the commencement of the 1996 series saw the cancellation of the show, following an almost epitaph in the final three episodes.Police Rescue was shown in the United Kingdom first on BBC1 and later on Sky One, in the Czech Republic as Záchranáři on TV Nova, in South Africa as \"Noodroep\" (dubbed in Afrikaans), in parts of Italy as Polizia Squadra Soccorso on T9, in France on TF1 as Sydney Police, in Germany on VOX as Police Rescue – Gefährlicher Einsatz, in Norway, Sweden, the Netherlands and Denmark on the United Kingdom-based TV3, and in the Republic of Ireland on RTÉ.","title":"Police Rescue"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Main","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Recurring minor cast","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Guests","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Southern Star Xanadu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Star_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Australian Broadcasting Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation"},{"link_name":"telemovie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_movie"},{"link_name":"Gary Sweet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Sweet"},{"link_name":"Sonia Todd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonia_Todd"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scott-2"}],"sub_title":"Pilot movie","text":"In mid-1989, Southern Star Xanadu broadcast the pilot episode of Police Rescue via the Australian Broadcasting Corporation. The 90-minute telemovie established the background of the protagonist of the series, Sergeant \"Mickey\" McClintock (Gary Sweet). Several issues were raised in the pilot, such as women's discrimination, sexism and street violence. The plot evolved around the entrance of the first woman member to the Police Rescue Squad, Constable Georgia Rattray (Sonia Todd) and then the search for a missing boy in Sydney's sewer system.[2]","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Season 1 (1991)","text":"The telemovie was well received and spawned the series of Police Rescue, which carried on shortly after the pilot.","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Season 2 (1992)","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Season 3 (1993)","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Feature Film and TV Special (1994)","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Season 4 (1995)","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Season 5 (1996)","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Seven Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Network"},{"link_name":"video on demand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_on_demand"},{"link_name":"7plus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7plus"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Between 1993-1994 Village Roadshow Released Selected Episodes on VHS.In 1994 CIC-TAFT Video Released Police Rescue (The Movie) on VHS.The First Police Rescue DVD Release was in November 2006 With Season One Released. The Following year Warner Vision Released Seasons 2 and 2 in April 2007 and In July 2007 the Final Seasons 4 and 5 were Released.The Second Police Rescue DVD Release was in November 2017 with Via Vision Entertainment Re-Releasing Police Rescue as a Complete Boxset (Seasons 1-5 + Pilot Movie)As Of 13 Nov 2023 - Police Rescue: The Movie (1994) is still not available on DVD.As Of 13 Nov 2023 - Police Rescue: In Action is still not available on DVD.In July 2019, the Seven Network released the complete first season and second season of Police Rescue via video on demand on 7plus.[3]","title":"Home Media"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"VHS Releases"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"DVD Releases"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Police Rescue is currently streaming on multiple streaming around the world.7plus Australia - Streaming Police Rescue Seasons 01-05.10Play Australia - Streaming Police Rescue Season 01-05.Amazon Prime - Streaming Police Rescue Seasons 01-05.","title":"Online Streaming"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Police Rescue Collectibles"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scillitan_Martyrs
Scillitan Martyrs
["1 The account","2 Veneration","3 See also","4 Notes","5 References","6 Further reading","7 External links","7.1 Videography"]
Christians executed by Romans in present-day Tunisia (180 AD) Scillitan MartyrsBorn2nd-century, North AfricaDied17 July 180, Scillium, Africa Proconsularis; Now within Kasserine Governorate, TunisiaMartyred byVigellius SaturninusVenerated inCatholic ChurchEastern Orthodox ChurchCanonizedPre-congregationFeast17 July The Scillitan Martyrs were a company of twelve North African Christians who were executed for their beliefs on 17 July 180 AD. The martyrs take their name from Scilla (or Scillium), a town in Numidia. The Acts of the Scillitan Martyrs are considered to be the earliest documents of the church of Africa and also the earliest specimen of Christian Latin. It was the last of the persecutions during the reign of Marcus Aurelius, which is best known from the sufferings of the churches of Vienne and Lyon in South Gaul. Marcus Aurelius died on 17 March of the year in question, and persecution ceased sometime after the accession of his son Commodus. A group of sufferers called the Madaurian martyrs seems to belong to the same period; in the correspondence of St Augustine, Namphamo, one of their number, is spoken of as an "archimartyr," which appears to mean a protomartyr of Africa. The account The Acts of their martyrdom are of interest, as being among the most ancient Acts extant for the Roman Province of Africa. The martyrs' trial and execution took place in Carthage under the proconsul Publius Vigellius Saturninus, whom Tertullian declares to have been the first persecutor of Christians in Africa. The trial is notable among the trials of early martyrs inasmuch as the accused were not subjected to torture. The Scillitan sufferers were twelve in all—seven men and five women. Their names were Speratus, Nartzalus, Cintinus (Cittinus), Veturius, Felix, Aquilinus, Laetantius, Januaria, Generosa, Vestia, Donata, and Secunda. Two of these bear Punic names (Nartzalus, Cintinus), but the rest are Latin names. Six had already been tried: of the remainder, to whom these Acta primarily relate, Speratus was the principal spokesman. He claimed for himself and his companions that they had lived a quiet and moral life, paying their dues and doing no wrong to their neighbors. But when called upon to swear by the name of the emperor, he replied "I recognize not the empire of this world; but rather do I serve that God whom no man hath seen, nor with these eyes can see." The response was a reference to the language of 1 Tim. vi. 16. In reply to the question, "What are the things in your satchel?", he said "Books and letters of Paul, a just man." The dialogue between the Proconsul and the martyrs shows that the former entertained no prejudices against the Christians. He exhorts them to comply with the law, and when they decline he suggests that they take time to think on the matter. The martyrs were offered a delay of 30 days to reconsider their decision, which they all refused. They were then put to death by the sword. The fame of the martyrs led to the building of a basilica in their honor at Carthage and their annual commemoration required that the brevity and obscurity of their Acta should be supplemented and explained to make them suitable for public recitation. Veneration Agobard, archbishop of Lyons (c. 779–840) stated that the relics of Speratus, and those of Cyprian, were translated by Charlemagne's orders from Carthage to Lyons. The historical questions connected with these martyrs were addressed by bishop Joseph Barber Lightfoot in Epistles of Ignatius and Polycarp, 1885. See also Libellus San Sperate Notes ^ a b c Smith, Clyde Curry (2004). "Speratus". Dictionary of African Christian Biography. Retrieved 11 October 2020. ^ a b c Hassett, Maurice. "Martyrs of Scillium." The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 13. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912. 12 March 2021 This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. ^ Smith, Clyde Curry (2004). "Aquilinus". Dictionary of African Christian Biography. Retrieved 12 October 2020. ^ "Church Fathers: The Passion of the Scillitan Martyrs". Newadvent.org. Retrieved 17 July 2013. ^ "Scillitan Martyrs, in North Africa", Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese ^ An English translation with bibliography can be found in Stevenson, J. (1987). W.H. Frend (ed.). A New Eusebius: Documents illustrating the history of the Church to AD 337. London: SPCK. pp. 44–45. ISBN 9780281042685. References  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Scillitan Martyrs". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 404.  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Martyrs of Scillium". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Further reading Stokes, G.T., "Scillitan Martyrs", Dictionary of Christian Biography, (Henry Wace ed.), John Murray, London, 1911 H. Musurillo, trans., "The Acts of the Scillitan Martyrs" in The Acts of the Christian Martyrs (Oxford: University Press, 1972). External links The Passion of the Scillitan Martyrs , translated by Schaff, Philip, T. & T. Clark, 1897 . The Passion of the Scillitan Martyrs at Early Christian Writings Parallel Latin and English texts of Act Videography Lost Legacy Reclaimed, Season 1: Episode 1. The Scillitan Martyrs (2019) documentary. "Lost Legacy Reclaimed – Season One | Prime Video". Amazon.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scillium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scillium"},{"link_name":"Numidia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numidia"},{"link_name":"Acts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles_(genre)"},{"link_name":"church of Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Africa"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-smith-1"},{"link_name":"Marcus Aurelius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius"},{"link_name":"Vienne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienne,_Is%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"Lyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyon"},{"link_name":"Gaul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaul"},{"link_name":"Commodus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodus"},{"link_name":"St Augustine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo"},{"link_name":"protomartyr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protomartyr"}],"text":"The Scillitan Martyrs were a company of twelve North African Christians who were executed for their beliefs on 17 July 180 AD. The martyrs take their name from Scilla (or Scillium), a town in Numidia. The Acts of the Scillitan Martyrs are considered to be the earliest documents of the church of Africa and also the earliest specimen of Christian Latin.[1]It was the last of the persecutions during the reign of Marcus Aurelius, which is best known from the sufferings of the churches of Vienne and Lyon in South Gaul. Marcus Aurelius died on 17 March of the year in question, and persecution ceased sometime after the accession of his son Commodus. A group of sufferers called the Madaurian martyrs seems to belong to the same period; in the correspondence of St Augustine, Namphamo, one of their number, is spoken of as an \"archimartyr,\" which appears to mean a protomartyr of Africa.","title":"Scillitan Martyrs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hassett-2"},{"link_name":"Carthage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carthage"},{"link_name":"proconsul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proconsul"},{"link_name":"Publius Vigellius Saturninus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publius_Vigellius_Saturninus"},{"link_name":"Tertullian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertullian"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hassett-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Punic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punic_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-smith-1"},{"link_name":"1 Tim.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Epistle_to_Timothy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hassett-2"},{"link_name":"basilica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica"},{"link_name":"Carthage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carthage"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The Acts of their martyrdom are of interest, as being among the most ancient Acts extant for the Roman Province of Africa.[2]The martyrs' trial and execution took place in Carthage under the proconsul Publius Vigellius Saturninus, whom Tertullian declares to have been the first persecutor of Christians in Africa. The trial is notable among the trials of early martyrs inasmuch as the accused were not subjected to torture.[2]The Scillitan sufferers were twelve in all—seven men and five women. Their names were Speratus, Nartzalus, Cintinus (Cittinus), Veturius, Felix, Aquilinus,[3] Laetantius, Januaria, Generosa, Vestia, Donata, and Secunda.[4] Two of these bear Punic names (Nartzalus, Cintinus), but the rest are Latin names. Six had already been tried: of the remainder, to whom these Acta primarily relate, Speratus was the principal spokesman. He claimed for himself and his companions that they had lived a quiet and moral life, paying their dues and doing no wrong to their neighbors. But when called upon to swear by the name of the emperor, he replied \"I recognize not the empire of this world; but rather do I serve that God whom no man hath seen, nor with these eyes can see.\"[1] The response was a reference to the language of 1 Tim. vi. 16. In reply to the question, \"What are the things in your satchel?\", he said \"Books and letters of Paul, a just man.\"The dialogue between the Proconsul and the martyrs shows that the former entertained no prejudices against the Christians. He exhorts them to comply with the law, and when they decline he suggests that they take time to think on the matter.[2] The martyrs were offered a delay of 30 days to reconsider their decision, which they all refused. They were then put to death by the sword.The fame of the martyrs led to the building of a basilica in their honor at Carthage[5] and their annual commemoration required that the brevity and obscurity of their Acta should be supplemented and explained to make them suitable for public recitation.","title":"The account"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Agobard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agobard"},{"link_name":"archbishop of Lyons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Lyons"},{"link_name":"translated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation_(relics)"},{"link_name":"Charlemagne's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlemagne"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-smith-1"},{"link_name":"Joseph Barber Lightfoot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Barber_Lightfoot"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Agobard, archbishop of Lyons (c. 779–840) stated that the relics of Speratus, and those of Cyprian, were translated by Charlemagne's orders from Carthage to Lyons.[1]The historical questions connected with these martyrs were addressed by bishop Joseph Barber Lightfoot in Epistles of Ignatius and Polycarp, 1885.[6]","title":"Veneration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-smith_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-smith_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-smith_1-2"},{"link_name":"Dictionary of African Christian Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//dacb.org/stories/tunisia/speratus/"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hassett_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hassett_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hassett_2-2"},{"link_name":"Hassett, Maurice. \"Martyrs of Scillium.\" The Catholic Encyclopedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.newadvent.org/cathen/13609b.htm"},{"link_name":"public domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Dictionary of African Christian Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//dacb.org/stories/tunisia/aquilinus/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"Church Fathers: The Passion of the Scillitan Martyrs\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.newadvent.org/fathers/1013.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Scillitan Martyrs, in North Africa\", Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.antiochian.org/content/scillitan-martyrs-north-africa"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780281042685","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780281042685"}],"text":"^ a b c Smith, Clyde Curry (2004). \"Speratus\". Dictionary of African Christian Biography. Retrieved 11 October 2020.\n\n^ a b c Hassett, Maurice. \"Martyrs of Scillium.\" The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 13. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912. 12 March 2021 This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.\n\n^ Smith, Clyde Curry (2004). \"Aquilinus\". Dictionary of African Christian Biography. Retrieved 12 October 2020.\n\n^ \"Church Fathers: The Passion of the Scillitan Martyrs\". Newadvent.org. Retrieved 17 July 2013.\n\n^ \"Scillitan Martyrs, in North Africa\", Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese\n\n^ An English translation with bibliography can be found in Stevenson, J. (1987). W.H. Frend (ed.). A New Eusebius: Documents illustrating the history of the Church to AD 337. London: SPCK. pp. 44–45. ISBN 9780281042685.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Scillitan Martyrs\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ccel.org/ccel/wace/biodict.html?term=Scillitan%20Martyrs"}],"text":"Stokes, G.T., \"Scillitan Martyrs\", Dictionary of Christian Biography, (Henry Wace ed.), John Murray, London, 1911\nH. Musurillo, trans., \"The Acts of the Scillitan Martyrs\" in The Acts of the Christian Martyrs (Oxford: University Press, 1972).","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
[{"title":"Libellus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libellus"},{"title":"San Sperate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Sperate"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lawrence
Lawrence Massacre
["1 Background","2 Motivations","2.1 Retaliation for Jayhawker attacks","2.2 Collapse of the Women's Prison in Kansas City","3 Attack","4 Aftermath","5 In popular culture","6 See also","7 References","8 Further reading","9 External links"]
Not to be confused with the Sacking of Lawrence. Raid in the American Civil War Lawrence MassacrePart of the American Civil WarAn artist's depiction of the destruction of the city of Lawrence, Kansas, and the massacre of its inhabitants by Confederate guerrillas on August 21, 1863LocationLawrence, Douglas County, KansasDateAugust 21, 1863 (1863-08-21)Deaths164 (plus 40 Confederate raiders)VictimsCivilian population of LawrenceUnmustered Union recruitsPerpetratorsConfederate States Army Quantrill's Raiders William C. Quantrill Assailants300–400 raiders vteQuantrill's Raid into Kansas Lawrence Massacre Brooklyn Paola Big Creek Hopewell The Lawrence Massacre (also known as Quantrill's Raid) was an attack during the American Civil War (1861–65) by Quantrill's Raiders, a Confederate guerrilla group led by William Quantrill, on the Unionist town of Lawrence, Kansas, killing around 150 unarmed men and boys. The attack, on the morning of Friday August 21, 1863, targeted Lawrence due to the town's long support of abolition and its reputation as a center for the Jayhawkers, who were free-state militia and vigilante groups known for attacking plantations in pro-slavery Missouri's western counties. Background By 1863, Kansas had long been the center of strife and warfare over the admission of slave states versus free states. In the summer of 1856, the first sacking of Lawrence sparked a guerrilla war in Kansas that lasted for years. John Brown might be the best-known participant in the violence of the late 1850s, participating on the abolitionist or Jayhawker side, but numerous groups fought for each side during the "Bleeding Kansas" period. By the beginning of the American Civil War, Lawrence was already a target for pro-slavery ire, having been seen as the anti-slavery stronghold in the state and, more importantly, a staging area for Unionist and Jayhawker incursions into Missouri. Initially, the town and surrounding area were extremely vigilant and reacted strongly to rumors that enemy forces might be advancing on the town. By the summer of 1863, none of the threats had materialized, so citizen fears had declined, and defense preparations were relaxed. Motivations Retaliation for Jayhawker attacks Lawrence was a headquarters for a band of Jayhawkers (sometimes called "Red Legs"), who had initiated a campaign in late March 1863 with the purported objective to eliminate civilian support for the Confederate guerrillas. In describing the activities of these soldiers, U.S. Army General Blunt stated, "A reign of terror was inaugurated, and no man's property was safe, nor was his life worth much if he opposed them in their schemes of plunder and robbery." Indeed, many Jayhawker leaders like Charles "Doc" Jennison, James Montgomery, and George Henry Hoyt terrorized Western Missouri, angering both pro-slavery and anti-slavery civilians and politicians alike. The historian Albert Castel thus concludes that revenge was the primary motive, followed by a desire to plunder. The survivors confirmed the retaliatory nature of the attack on Lawrence. According to Castel, "The universal testimony of all the ladies and others who talked with the butchers of the 21st ult. is that these demons claimed they were here to revenge the wrongs done their families by our men under Lane, Jennison, Anthony and Co." Charles L. Robinson, the first Governor of Kansas and an eyewitness to the raid, also characterized the attack as an act of vengeance: "Before this raid the entire border counties of Missouri had experienced more terrible outrages than ever the Quantrill raid at Lawrence... There was no burning of feet and torture by hanging in Lawrence as there was in Missouri, neither were women and children outraged." Robinson explained that Quantrill targeted Lawrence because Jayhawkers had attacked Missouri "as soon as war broke out" and Lawrence was "headquarters for the thieves and their plunder." Quantrill said his motivation for the attack was "to plunder, and destroy the town in retaliation for Osceola." That was a reference to the Union's attack on Osceola, Missouri in September 1861, led by Senator James H. Lane. Osceola was plundered, and nine men were given a drumhead court-martial trial and executed. Collapse of the Women's Prison in Kansas City The collapse of the Women's Prison in Kansas City is also often believed to have inspired some to join in on the attack. In a bid to put down the Missouri guerrilla raiders operating in Kansas, General Thomas Ewing, Jr. issued in April 1863 "General Order No. 10," which ordered the arrest of anyone giving aid or comfort to Confederate guerrillas. This meant chiefly women or girls who were relatives of the guerrillas. Ewing confined those arrested in makeshift prisons in Kansas City. The women were sequentially housed in two buildings which were considered either too small or too unsanitary, before being moved to an empty property at 1425 Grand. This structure was part of the estate of the deceased Robert S. Thomas, George Caleb Bingham's father-in-law. In 1861 Bingham and his family were living in the structure, but in early 1862 after being appointed treasurer of the state of Missouri, he and his family relocated to Jefferson City. Bingham had added a third story to the existing structure to use as a studio. At least ten women or girls, all under the age of 20, were incarcerated in the building when it collapsed on August 13, 1863, killing four: Charity McCorkle Kerr, Susan Crawford Vandever, Armenia Crawford Selvey, and Josephine Anderson—the 15-year-old sister of William T. "Bloody Bill" Anderson. A few days later, Nannie Harris died from her wounds. Survivors of the collapse included Jenny Anderson (crippled by the accident), Susan Anne Mundy Womacks, Martha "Mattie" Mundy, Lucinda "Lou" Mundy Gray, Elizabeth Harris (later married to Deal), and Mollie Grindstaff. Anderson's 13-year-old sister, who was shackled to a ball-and-chain inside the jail, suffered multiple injuries including two broken legs. Rumors circulated (later promulgated by Bingham who held a personal grudge against Ewing and who would seek financial compensation for the loss of the building) that the guards undermined the structure to cause its collapse. A 1995 study of the events and affidavits surrounding the collapse concludes this is "the least plausible of the theories." Instead, testimony indicated that alterations to the first floor of the adjoining Cockrell structure for use as a barracks caused the common wall to buckle. The weight of the third story on the former Bingham residence contributed to the resultant collapse. Even before the collapse of the jail, the arrest and planned deportation of the girls had enraged Quantrill's guerrillas; George Todd left a note for General Ewing threatening to burn Kansas City unless the girls were freed. While Quantrill's raid on Lawrence was planned before the collapse of the jail, the deaths of the guerrillas' female relatives undoubtedly added to their thirst for revenge and blood lust during the raid. Attack The attack was the product of careful planning. Quantrill had gained the confidence of many of the leaders of independent Bushwhacker groups and chose the day and time of the attack well in advance. Different Missouri rider groups approached Lawrence from the east in several independent columns. They converged with well-timed precision in the final miles before Lawrence during the pre-dawn hours of the chosen day. Many of the men had been riding for over 24 hours to make the rendezvous and had lashed themselves to their saddles to keep riding if they fell asleep. Almost all were armed with multiple six-shot revolvers. Lawrence in ruins as illustrated in Harper's Weekly. The charred remains of the Eldridge House are in the foreground. Henry Thompson, a black servant from Hesper, attempted to run on foot to Lawrence to warn the town of hundreds of raiders making their way toward Lawrence. Thompson made it as far as Eudora, Kansas before stopping from exhaustion. An unidentified man riding a chaise nearby rode by to ask Thompson if he needed help. Thompson replied that he had run from Hesper and needed to warn Lawrence. While Thompson and the man on the chaise were able to gather some Eudorans to ride into Lawrence to warn the city to the west, none of them made it in time. Around 450 guerrillas arrived on the outskirts of Lawrence shortly after 5 a.m. A small squad was dispatched to the summit of Mount Oread to serve as lookouts, and the remainder rode into town. One of the first deaths was the pastor and lieutenant of the 2nd Kansas Colored Regiment, Samuel S. Snyder, who was outside milking his cows when he was shot by the passing raiders, who were making their way into town. Snyder's death was witnessed by his longtime friend Reverend Hugh Fisher. Their initial focus was the Eldridge House, a large brick hotel in the heart of Lawrence. After gaining control of the building (which then served as Quantrill's headquarters during the raid), Quantrill's force broke into smaller groups that fanned out throughout the town. Over four hours, the raiders pillaged and burned a quarter of the buildings in Lawrence, including all but two businesses. They looted most of the banks and stores in town and killed over 150 people, all of them men and boys. According to an 1897 account, among the dead, were 18 of 23 unmustered army recruits. By 9 a.m., the raiders were on their way out of town, evading the few units that came in pursuit, and eventually splitting up to avoid Union pursuit of a unified column into Missouri. Some families attempted to make the run towards Mount Oread in a last-ditch flight for safety. The raid was less of a battle and more of a mass execution. Two weeks before the attack, a Lawrence newspaper had boasted, "Lawrence has ready for any emergency over five hundred fighting men...every one of who would like to see ". However, a squad of soldiers temporarily stationed in Lawrence had returned to Fort Leavenworth, and due to the surprise, swiftness, and fury of the initial assault, the local militia was unable to assemble and mount a defense. Most of those Quantrill and his raiders killed were not carrying any weapon. Before the Lawrence Massacre, a previous attack on Lawrence, the Sacking of Lawrence, saw the pro-slavery attackers, led by Samuel J. Jones, a pro-slavery Missourian who served as Sheriff of Douglas County, demanding that the citizens of Lawrence give up their firearms to the raiders. Many citizens initially refused, but by the end of the sacking itself, many in Lawrence were left without a weapon of any sort, which, along with the swiftness of the Lawrence Massacre later on, saw Lawrence left defenseless against the attack. Because revenge was a principal motive for the attack, Quantrill's raiders entered Lawrence with lists of men to be killed and buildings to be burned. Senator James H. Lane was at the top of the list. Lane was a military leader and chief political proponent of the jayhawking raids that had cut a swath of death, plundering, and arson through western Missouri (including the destruction of Osceola) in the early months of the Civil War. Lane escaped death by racing through a cornfield in his nightshirt. John Speer, who Lane had put into the newspaper business, was one of Lane's chief political backers and was also on the list. Speer likewise escaped execution, but two of his sons were killed in the raid. (One of Speer's sons may have been the same John L. Speer that appeared on a list of Red Legs previously issued by the Union military.) Speer's youngest son, 15-year-old Billy, may have been included on the death lists, but Quantrill's men released him after he gave them a false name. (Billy Speer later shot one of the raiders during their exit from Lawrence, causing one of the few casualties among Quantrill's command while in Lawrence.) Charles L. Robinson, first governor of Kansas and a prominent abolitionist, may also have been on the list, although he was not killed. This according to Richard Cordley, a minister in Lawrence and a survivor of the attack: Ex-Governor Charles Robinson was an object of special search among them. He was one of the men they particularly wanted. During the whole time they were in town he was in his large stone barn on the hillside. He had just gone to the barn to get his team to drive out into the country, when he saw them come in and saw them make their first charge. He concluded to remain where he was. The barn overlooked the whole town, and he saw the affair from beginning to end. Gangs of raiders came by several times and looked at the barn and went round it, but it looked so much like a fort, that they kept out of range. Cordley was also on the list of men Quantrill wanted to kill. In some of his writings, Quantrill later lamented that he did not kill Cordley, "The Abolition Preacher." While many of the victims had been specifically targeted beforehand, executions were more indiscriminate among segments of the raiders, particularly Todd's band that operated in the western part of Lawrence. The men and boys riding with "Bloody Bill" Anderson also accounted for a disproportionate number of the Lawrence dead. The raid devolved into extreme brutality; according to witnesses, the raiders murdered a group of men and their sons who had surrendered under assurances of safety, murdered a father who was in a field with his son, shot a defenseless man who was lying sick in bed, killed an injured man who was being held by his pleading wife, and bound a pair of men and forced them into a burning building where they slowly burned to death. Another dramatic story was told in a letter written on September 7, 1863, by H.M. Simpson, whose entire family narrowly escaped death by hiding in a nearby cornfield as the massacre raged all around them: My father was very slow to get into the cornfield. He was so indignant at the ruffians that he was unwilling to retreat before them. My little children were in the field three hours. They seemed to know that if they cried the noise would betray their parents whereabouts, and so they kept as still as mice. The baby was very hungry & I gave her an ear of raw green corn which she ate ravenously. Many have characterized Quantrill's decision to kill young boys alongside adult men as a particularly reprehensible aspect of the raid. Bobbie Martin is generally cited as being the youngest victim; some histories of the raid state he could have been as young as ten to twelve years old, while others state he was fourteen. Most accounts state he was wearing a Union soldier uniform or clothing made from his father's uniform; some state he was carrying a musket and cartridges. (For perspective on the age of participants in the conflict, it has been estimated that about 800,000 Union soldiers were seventeen years of age or younger, with about 100,000 of those being fifteen or younger.) Most of Quantrill's guerrilla fighters were teenagers. One of the youngest was Riley Crawford, who was 13 when taken by his mother to Quantrill after her husband was shot and her home burned by Union soldiers. Aftermath Once the confederates withdrew to the southeast, Lane led a small group of survivors of the massacre in pursuit of Quantrill's men and was joined by a force of about 200 U.S. Army cavalrymen, commanded by Major Preston B. Plumb. They overtook the raiders south of the town of Brooklyn, Kansas and fought the first of several engagements, beginning with the Skirmish near Brooklyn, Kansas. The Lawrence massacre was one of the bloodiest events in the history of Kansas. The Plymouth Congregational Church in Lawrence survived the attack, but a number of its members were killed and records destroyed. Cordley, the pastor at Plymouth, said to his congregation a few days after the attack, "My friends, Lawrence may seem dead, but she will rise again in a more glorious resurrection. Our ranks have been thinned by death, but let us 'close-up' and hold the ground . The conflict may not be ended, but the victory must be ours. We may perish but the principles for which we contend will live." A day after the attack, some of the surviving citizens of Lawrence lynched a member of Quantrill's Raiders who was caught in the town. On August 25, General Ewing authorized General Order No. 11 (not to be confused with Grant's infamous General Order of the same name) evicting thousands of Missourians in four counties from their homes near the Kansas border. Virtually everything in these counties was then systematically burned to the ground. The action was carried out by the infamous Jayhawker, Charles "Doc" Jennison. Jennison's raids into Missouri were thorough and indiscriminate. They left four counties in western Missouri wasted, save for the standing brick chimneys of the two-story period houses, which are still called "Jennison Monuments" in those parts. George Miller, a Missouri abolitionist and preacher, described the role of the Lawrence Massacre in the region's descent into the horror of total war on the civilian populations of both eastern Kansas and western Missouri: Viewed in any light, the Lawrence Raid will continue to be held, as the most infamous event of the uncivil war! The work of destruction did not stop in Kansas. The cowardly criminality of this spiteful reciprocity lay in the fact that each party knew, but did not care, that the consequences of their violent acts would fall most heavily upon their own helpless friends. Jenison in 1861 rushed into Missouri when there was no one to resist, and robbed and killed and sneaked away with his spoils and left the union people of Missouri to bear the vengeance of his crimes. Quantrell in 1863 rushed into Lawrence, Kansas, when there was no danger, and killed and robbed and sneaked off with his spoils, leaving helpless women and children of his own side to bear the dreadful vengeance invoked by that raid. So the Lawrence raid was followed by swift and cruel retribution, falling, as usual in this border warfare, upon the innocent and helpless, rather than the guilty ones. Quantrell left Kansas with the loss of one man. The Kansas troops followed him, at a respectful distance, and visited dire vengeance on all western Missouri. Unarmed old men and boys were accused and shot down, and homes with their now meagre comforts were burned, and helpless women and children turned out with no provision for the approaching winter. The number of those killed was never reported, as they were scattered all over western Missouri. After the attack, Quantrill led his men south to Texas for the winter. By the next year, the raiders had disintegrated as a unified force and could not achieve similar successes. Quantrill died of wounds he received in Kentucky in 1865, with only a few staunch supporters left. Among those who remained by his side were Frank James and his younger brother, Jesse James. After Quantrill's attack, the U.S. Army erected several military posts on Mount Oread (of which a few were named Camp Ewing, Camp Lookout, and Fort Ulysses) to keep guard over the rebuilt city. No further attacks were made on Lawrence, and these installations were eventually abandoned and dismantled after the war. In popular culture This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article may contain irrelevant references to popular culture. Please remove the content or add citations to reliable and independent sources. (May 2018) The Lawrence massacre is a central episode in Wildwood Boys (William Morrow: New York, 2000), a biographical novel about Bloody Bill Anderson by James Carlos Blake. The battle is also depicted in the Steven Spielberg-produced 2005 miniseries Into the West and in Ang Lee's 1999 film Ride with the Devil, as well as the Audie Murphy western Kansas Raiders (1950). The 1940 film Dark Command, based on a novel of the same name, is a fictionalized account of the events in much more of a classic B-movie western style. The film bore no resemblance to the events of history. The 1979 TV movie The Legend of the Golden Gun was about chasing down Quantrill and had some fiction in about Custer. There is a section in Charles Portis's 1968 book, True Grit in which the characters Marshal Rooster Cogburn and Texas Ranger LaBoeuf argue about Quantrill. LaBoeuf calls him a murderer; Cogburn, who "rode with" Quantrill, calls him a patriot. LaBoeuf ends the argument after Cogburn refers to "Captain Quantrill," ridiculing the title: "Captain of what?" This conversation later appeared in the 1969 and 2010 films. In Telltale's 2012 video game The Walking Dead, Quantrill's raid is mentioned as two characters, Lee and Omid, bond over Civil War history. In "Weekend Warriors" the 6th episode of season 1 of Psych, originally aired August 11, 2006, a reenactment of the battle in Lawrence, KS, where Quantrill is killed is the scene for the murder that is the focus of the episode. The 1968 movie Bandolero! references the event. See also American Civil War portal Bushwhacking a form of guerrilla warfare common during the American Revolutionary War, American Civil War George and Annie Bell House List of battles fought in Kansas List of massacres in Kansas References ^ Castel, Albert (1997). Civil War Kansas. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. pp. 124–126. ^ Blunt, James G. (May 1932). "General Blunt's Account of His Civil War Experiences". Kansas Historical Quarterly. 1 (3): 239. ^ Goodrich, Thomas (1992). Bloody Dawn: The Story of the Lawrence Massacre. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press. pp. 4–6. ISBN 978-0873384766. ^ a b Castel, Albert E. (1999). William Clarke Quantrill: His Life and Times. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. p. 142. ^ Castel, Albert (1997). Civil War Kansas. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. p. 136. ^ a b "Governor Robinson's Speech". Lawrence Daily Journal and Evening Tribune. August 23, 1892. p. 4. Archived from the original on July 3, 2018. Retrieved July 3, 2018. The article provided a synopsis of the speech that Robinson had given in Lawrence on the twenty-ninth anniversary of the raid. Despite being a truncated paraphrase of the original speech, the article had been approved by Robinson for publication (p. 2). ^ Spurgeon, Ian (2009). Man of Douglas, Man of Lincoln: The Political Odyssey of James Henry Lane. Columbia, Missouri: University of Missouri Press. pp. 185–188. ^ Petersen, Paul R. (2003). Quantrill of Missouri: The Making of a Guerrilla Warrior – The Man, the Myth, the Soldier. Nashville, Tennessee: Cumberland House Publishing. p. 61. ^ Epps, Kristen (2014). "Quantrill's Raid on Lawrence". Civil War on the Western Border. Kansas City Public Library. Archived from the original on June 29, 2018. Retrieved June 1, 2018. ^ Frazier, Harriet C. (2004). Runaway and Freed Missouri Slaves and Those Who Helped Them, 1763–1865. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. p. 214. ^ Harris, Charles F. (April 1995). "Catalyst for Terror: The Collapse of the Women's Prison In Kansas City". Missouri Historical Review: 294, 295. ^ Harris, Charles F. (April 1995). "Catalyst for Terror: The Collapse of the Women's Prison In Kansas City". Missouri Historical Review: 296, 297. ^ Paul R. Petersen (2011). "Knee Deep in Blood". Quantrill at Lawrence: The Untold Story. New Orleans, Louisiana: Pelican Publishing Company. pp. 24, 30. ... Guerrilla Bill Anderson had just removed his sisters from Kansas where for a year they had lived at various places, stopping finally with the Mundy family on the Missouri side of the line near Little Santa Fe. The parents of the Mundy family were dead. One of their sons was in General Sterling Price's Southern army, and three daughters were at home: Susan Mundy Womacks, Martha Mundy, and Mrs. Lou Mundy Gray, whose husband was probably with the guerrillas. The Mundy girls and the three Anderson sisters were arrested as spies. They were confined in a building that served as a jail. ... Guerrilla Nathan Kerr's wife Charity was killed. Brothers William, Marshall, Marion, and Riley Crawford lost two sisters killed. Guerrilla Thomas Harris's sister Nannie was mangled in the jail collapse. Guerrilla James E. Mundy's sisters Susan and Martha, and his married sister Mrs. Lou Mundy Gray, were imprisoned along with William Grindstaff's sister Mollie, but somehow each of them miraculously survived. ^ LeeAnn Whites (March 2011). "Forty Shirts and a Wagonload of Wheat: Women, the Domestic Supply Line, and the Civil War on the Western Border". The Journal of the Civil War Era. 1 (1). Archived from the original on February 22, 2016. Retrieved February 22, 2016. ^ Nichols, Bruce (2004). Guerrilla Warfare in Western Missouri, 1861. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. p. 210. ^ Bingham, George Caleb (March 9, 1878). "Article". The Washington Sentinel. ^ Harris, Charles F. (April 1995). "Catalyst for Terror: The Collapse of the Women's Prison In Kansas City". Missouri Historical Review: 302, 303. ^ Nichols, Bruce (2004). Guerrilla Warfare in Western Missouri, 1861. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. p. 209. ^ Leslie, Edward E. (1998). The Devil Knows How to Ride. Boston, Massachusetts: Da Capo Press. pp. 193–195. ^ Mach, Tom. "Little-known facts about Quantrill's Raid". Lawrence Journal-World. Archived from the original on September 10, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018. ^ Paul R. Petersen (August 21, 2010). "Lawrence Raid 08/21/63 Roster of the Victims of the Lawrence Raid Published on the 147th Anniversary". Retrieved June 5, 2020. ^ Kristen Epps. "Quantrill's Raid on Lawrence". The Kansas City Public Library. Retrieved June 5, 2020. ^ Alec Miller. "The Lawrence Massacre, Part One". University of Kansas Kenneth Spencer Research Library. Archived from the original on October 25, 2002. Retrieved June 5, 2020. ^ Pringle, Heather (April 2010). "Digging the Scorched Earth". Archaeology. 63 (2): 21. ^ Fisher, H.D. (1902). The Gun and the Gospel: Early Kansas and Chaplain Fisher. Kansas City, MO: Hudson-Kimberly Publishing Company. p. 194. Archived from the original on October 20, 2008. ^ Goodrich, Thomas (1991). Blood Dawn: The Story of the Lawrence Massacre. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press. pp. 43–45. ^ Castel, Albert (1959). "Kansas Jayhawking Raids into Western Missouri in 1861". Archived from the original on March 14, 2014. Retrieved August 3, 2013. ^ Castel, Albert (1997). Civil War Kansas. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. p. 28. ^ "Blunt, General Orders-No. 1., Headquarter District of Kansas, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, November 15, 1862". The Missouri in the Civil War Message Board. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved October 2, 2017. ^ Leslie, Edward E. (1998). The Devil Knows How to Ride. Boston: Da Capo Press. pp. 224–234. ^ Robinson, Charles (1892). The Kansas Conflict. New York: Harper and Brother. p. 447. ^ a b Cordley, Richard (1895). "Chapter XV". A History of Lawrence Kansas, from the Earliest Settlement to the Close of the Rebellion. Lawrence: Lawrence Journal Press. Archived from the original on October 24, 2018. Retrieved October 2, 2017. ^ Castel, Albert (1997). Civil War Kansas. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. p. 130. ^ Castel, Albert E. (1999). William Clarke Quantrill: His Life and Times. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 129–131. ^ Simpson, H.M. (September 7, 1863). "H.M. Simpson to Hiram Hill". Kansas Memory. Kansas Historical Society. Archived from the original on February 26, 2014. Retrieved February 19, 2014. ^ Schultz, Duane (1997). Quantrill's War: The Life and Times of William Clarke Quantrill, 1837–1865. New York: St. Martin's Press. Chapter 9 is entitled, "Kill Every Man Big Enough to Carry a Gun", an alleged Quantrill quote. ^ Connelley, William Elsey (1910). Quantrill and the Border Wars. Cedar Rapids, Iowa: The Torch Press. pp. 362–363. Archived from the original on September 22, 2016. Retrieved November 2, 2019. ^ Leslie, Edward E. (1996). The Devil Knows How to Ride: The True Story of William Clarke Quantrill and his Confederate Raiders. Boston: Da Capo Press. p. 226. ^ Goodrich, Thomas (1991). Blood Dawn: The Story of the Lawrence Massacre. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press. p. 104. ^ "Boys in the Civil War!". CivilWarHome. February 15, 2002. Archived from the original on October 23, 2017. Retrieved October 2, 2017. ^ Petersen, Paul R. (2003). Quantrill of Missouri: The Making of a Guerrilla Warrior – The Man, the Myth, the Soldier. Nashville, Tennessee: Cumberland House Publishing. p. 226. ^ Sellen, Al. "A Brief Outline of Plymouth's History". Plymouth Congregational Church. Archived from the original on May 28, 2010. Retrieved September 27, 2010. ^ Kerby, Robert L. Kirby Smith's Confederacy: The Trans-Mississippi South, 1863– 1865. Tuscaloosa and London: The University of Alabama Press, Reprint. Originally published New York: Columbia University Press, 1972. ISBN 978-0-8173-0546-8. p. 210. ^ Miller, George (1898). "Quantrill's Raid on Lawrence, 'Order No. 11' and Attendant Horrors; Desolation Ends All". Missouri's Memorable Decade, 1860–1870. Columbia, MO: E.W. Stephens. pp. 100–101. ISBN 978-0722207130. Retrieved May 29, 2018. ^ Wellman, Paul I. (1961). A Dynasty of Western Outlaws. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. p. 61. ^ Pollard, Jr, William C. (1992). "Kansas Forts During the Civil War". Kansas History. Archived from the original on April 3, 2018. Retrieved May 29, 2018. ^ Bisel, Debra Goodrich; Martin, Michelle M. (2013). "Camp Ewing: 1864–1865". Kansas Forts & Bases: Sentinels on the Prairie. Charleston, SC: The History Press. ISBN 978-1614238683. ^ "Kansas Raiders (1950) – Plot Summary". IMDb. Retrieved May 15, 2020. Further reading Albert E. Castel. Civil War Kansas: Reaping the Whirlwind (1997) Albert E. Castel. William Clarke Quantrill: His Life and Times (1999) excerpt and text search Thomas Goodrich, Bloody Dawn: The Story of the Lawrence Massacre (1992) Paul I. Wellman. A Dynasty of Western Outlaws (1961). (On the formative background of the Kansas-Missouri border wars on the post-war western outlaws, notably the James-Younger gang.) Richard F. Sunderwirth, "'The Burning' Of Osceola Missouri" (2007) External links National Park Service battle description Tour and photos of Lawrence Quantrill's Raid sites Other reports that mention Quantrill's Raid and the Lawrence Massacre Civil War history site article on Quantrill Rev. R. Cordley's Description of the Massacre (published in 1865) {Partial list of killed/wounded/missing} 1897 account "Guns and the Gospel" with a listing of Lawrence Massacre Victims at the end of Chapter 22 Monument to victims of William C. Quantrill vteKansas in the American Civil WarOrigins Kansas–Nebraska Act Bleeding Kansas Wakarusa War Lawrence Pottawatomie Spurs Black Jack Franklin Fort Titus Osawatomie Marais des Cygnes Combatants Union Campaigns Missouri Battles1861 Osceola 1863 Lawrence Brooklyn Baxter Springs 1864 Marais des Cygnes Mine Creek Related topics General Order 11 Category Authority control databases National Israel United States Other NARA
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sacking of Lawrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacking_of_Lawrence"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Quantrill%27s_Raid_into_Kansas"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Quantrill%27s_Raid_into_Kansas"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Quantrill%27s_Raid_into_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Lawrence Massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skirmish_near_Brooklyn,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Quantrill's Raiders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantrill%27s_Raiders"},{"link_name":"Confederate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America"},{"link_name":"guerrilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare"},{"link_name":"William Quantrill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Quantrill"},{"link_name":"Unionist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)"},{"link_name":"Lawrence, Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"abolition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Jayhawkers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayhawkers"},{"link_name":"militia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militia"},{"link_name":"vigilante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigilante"},{"link_name":"Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri"}],"text":"Not to be confused with the Sacking of Lawrence.Raid in the American Civil WarvteQuantrill's Raid into Kansas\nLawrence Massacre\nBrooklyn\nPaola\nBig Creek\nHopewellThe Lawrence Massacre (also known as Quantrill's Raid) was an attack during the American Civil War (1861–65) by Quantrill's Raiders, a Confederate guerrilla group led by William Quantrill, on the Unionist town of Lawrence, Kansas, killing around 150 unarmed men and boys.The attack, on the morning of Friday August 21, 1863, targeted Lawrence due to the town's long support of abolition and its reputation as a center for the Jayhawkers, who were free-state militia and vigilante groups known for attacking plantations in pro-slavery Missouri's western counties.","title":"Lawrence Massacre"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Kansas"},{"link_name":"sacking of Lawrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacking_of_Lawrence"},{"link_name":"John Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Brown_(abolitionist)"},{"link_name":"Jayhawker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayhawker"},{"link_name":"Bleeding Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"By 1863, Kansas had long been the center of strife and warfare over the admission of slave states versus free states.In the summer of 1856, the first sacking of Lawrence sparked a guerrilla war in Kansas that lasted for years. John Brown might be the best-known participant in the violence of the late 1850s, participating on the abolitionist or Jayhawker side, but numerous groups fought for each side during the \"Bleeding Kansas\" period.By the beginning of the American Civil War, Lawrence was already a target for pro-slavery ire, having been seen as the anti-slavery stronghold in the state and, more importantly, a staging area for Unionist and Jayhawker incursions into Missouri. Initially, the town and surrounding area were extremely vigilant and reacted strongly to rumors that enemy forces might be advancing on the town. By the summer of 1863, none of the threats had materialized, so citizen fears had declined, and defense preparations were relaxed.[1]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Motivations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jayhawkers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayhawker"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Charles \"Doc\" Jennison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_R._Jennison"},{"link_name":"James Montgomery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Montgomery_(colonel)"},{"link_name":"George Henry Hoyt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Henry_Hoyt"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Albert Castel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_E._Castel"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-castel142-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Charles L. Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_L._Robinson"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-speech-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-speech-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-castel142-4"},{"link_name":"attack on Osceola, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacking_of_Osceola"},{"link_name":"James H. Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Henry_Lane_(Indiana_and_Kansas)"},{"link_name":"drumhead court-martial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drumhead_court-martial"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Retaliation for Jayhawker attacks","text":"Lawrence was a headquarters for a band of Jayhawkers (sometimes called \"Red Legs\"), who had initiated a campaign in late March 1863 with the purported objective to eliminate civilian support for the Confederate guerrillas. In describing the activities of these soldiers, U.S. Army General Blunt stated,\"A reign of terror was inaugurated, and no man's property was safe, nor was his life worth much if he opposed them in their schemes of plunder and robbery.\"[2]Indeed, many Jayhawker leaders like Charles \"Doc\" Jennison, James Montgomery, and George Henry Hoyt terrorized Western Missouri, angering both pro-slavery and anti-slavery civilians and politicians alike.[3] The historian Albert Castel thus concludes that revenge was the primary motive, followed by a desire to plunder.[4]\nThe survivors confirmed the retaliatory nature of the attack on Lawrence. According to Castel,\"The universal testimony of all the ladies and others who talked with the butchers of the 21st ult. is that these demons claimed they were here to revenge the wrongs done their families by our men under Lane, Jennison, Anthony and Co.\"[5]Charles L. Robinson, the first Governor of Kansas and an eyewitness to the raid, also characterized the attack as an act of vengeance:\"Before this raid the entire border counties of Missouri had experienced more terrible outrages than ever the Quantrill raid at Lawrence... There was no burning of feet and torture by hanging in Lawrence as there was in Missouri, neither were women and children outraged.\"[6]Robinson explained that Quantrill targeted Lawrence because Jayhawkers had attacked Missouri \"as soon as war broke out\" and Lawrence was \"headquarters for the thieves and their plunder.\"[6]Quantrill said his motivation for the attack was \"to plunder, and destroy the town in retaliation for Osceola.\"[4] That was a reference to the Union's attack on Osceola, Missouri in September 1861, led by Senator James H. Lane. Osceola was plundered, and nine men were given a drumhead court-martial trial and executed.[7][8]","title":"Motivations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qr_kpl-9"},{"link_name":"Thomas Ewing, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Ewing,_Jr."},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Kansas City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"George Caleb Bingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Caleb_Bingham"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"William T. \"Bloody Bill\" Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_T._Anderson"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-QuantrillAtLawrence2011-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CivilWarJournal2011-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Collapse of the Women's Prison in Kansas City","text":"The collapse of the Women's Prison in Kansas City is also often believed to have inspired some to join in on the attack.[9] In a bid to put down the Missouri guerrilla raiders operating in Kansas, General Thomas Ewing, Jr. issued in April 1863 \"General Order No. 10,\" which ordered the arrest of anyone giving aid or comfort to Confederate guerrillas.[10] This meant chiefly women or girls who were relatives of the guerrillas. Ewing confined those arrested in makeshift prisons in Kansas City. The women were sequentially housed in two buildings which were considered either too small or too unsanitary, before being moved to an empty property at 1425 Grand.[11] This structure was part of the estate of the deceased Robert S. Thomas, George Caleb Bingham's father-in-law. In 1861 Bingham and his family were living in the structure, but in early 1862 after being appointed treasurer of the state of Missouri, he and his family relocated to Jefferson City. Bingham had added a third story to the existing structure to use as a studio.[12]At least ten women or girls, all under the age of 20, were incarcerated in the building when it collapsed on August 13, 1863, killing four: Charity McCorkle Kerr, Susan Crawford Vandever, Armenia Crawford Selvey, and Josephine Anderson—the 15-year-old sister of William T. \"Bloody Bill\" Anderson. A few days later, Nannie Harris died from her wounds. Survivors of the collapse included Jenny Anderson (crippled by the accident), Susan Anne Mundy Womacks, Martha \"Mattie\" Mundy, Lucinda \"Lou\" Mundy Gray, Elizabeth Harris (later married to Deal), and Mollie Grindstaff.[13][14] Anderson's 13-year-old sister, who was shackled to a ball-and-chain inside the jail, suffered multiple injuries including two broken legs.[15] Rumors circulated (later promulgated by Bingham who held a personal grudge against Ewing and who would seek financial compensation for the loss of the building) that the guards undermined the structure to cause its collapse.[16] A 1995 study of the events and affidavits surrounding the collapse concludes this is \"the least plausible of the theories.\" Instead, testimony indicated that alterations to the first floor of the adjoining Cockrell structure for use as a barracks caused the common wall to buckle. The weight of the third story on the former Bingham residence contributed to the resultant collapse.[17]Even before the collapse of the jail, the arrest and planned deportation of the girls had enraged Quantrill's guerrillas; George Todd left a note for General Ewing threatening to burn Kansas City unless the girls were freed.[18] While Quantrill's raid on Lawrence was planned before the collapse of the jail, the deaths of the guerrillas' female relatives undoubtedly added to their thirst for revenge and blood lust during the raid.[19]","title":"Motivations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bushwhacker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushwhacker"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lawrence_massacre_ruins.jpg"},{"link_name":"Harper's Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harper%27s_Weekly"},{"link_name":"Eldridge House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eldridge_Hotel"},{"link_name":"Eudora, Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eudora,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"chaise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaise"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Mount Oread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Oread"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Eldridge House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eldridge_Hotel"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Mount Oread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Oread"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Sacking of Lawrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacking_of_Lawrence"},{"link_name":"James H. Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Henry_Lane_(Union_general)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Charles L. Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_L._Robinson"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Richard Cordley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Cordley"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-revchapter15-32"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-revchapter15-32"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"text":"The attack was the product of careful planning. Quantrill had gained the confidence of many of the leaders of independent Bushwhacker groups and chose the day and time of the attack well in advance. Different Missouri rider groups approached Lawrence from the east in several independent columns. They converged with well-timed precision in the final miles before Lawrence during the pre-dawn hours of the chosen day. Many of the men had been riding for over 24 hours to make the rendezvous and had lashed themselves to their saddles to keep riding if they fell asleep. Almost all were armed with multiple six-shot revolvers.Lawrence in ruins as illustrated in Harper's Weekly. The charred remains of the Eldridge House are in the foreground.Henry Thompson, a black servant from Hesper, attempted to run on foot to Lawrence to warn the town of hundreds of raiders making their way toward Lawrence. Thompson made it as far as Eudora, Kansas before stopping from exhaustion. An unidentified man riding a chaise nearby rode by to ask Thompson if he needed help. Thompson replied that he had run from Hesper and needed to warn Lawrence. While Thompson and the man on the chaise were able to gather some Eudorans to ride into Lawrence to warn the city to the west, none of them made it in time.[20]Around 450 guerrillas arrived on the outskirts of Lawrence shortly after 5 a.m. A small squad was dispatched to the summit of Mount Oread to serve as lookouts, and the remainder rode into town. One of the first deaths was the pastor and lieutenant of the 2nd Kansas Colored Regiment,[21] Samuel S. Snyder, who was outside milking his cows when he was shot by the passing raiders, who were making their way into town.[22][23] Snyder's death was witnessed by his longtime friend Reverend Hugh Fisher. Their initial focus was the Eldridge House, a large brick hotel in the heart of Lawrence. After gaining control of the building (which then served as Quantrill's headquarters during the raid), Quantrill's force broke into smaller groups that fanned out throughout the town. Over four hours, the raiders pillaged and burned a quarter of the buildings in Lawrence, including all but two businesses. They looted most of the banks and stores in town and killed over 150 people, all of them men and boys.[24] According to an 1897 account, among the dead, were 18 of 23 unmustered army recruits.[25] By 9 a.m., the raiders were on their way out of town, evading the few units that came in pursuit, and eventually splitting up to avoid Union pursuit of a unified column into Missouri.Some families attempted to make the run towards Mount Oread in a last-ditch flight for safety.The raid was less of a battle and more of a mass execution. Two weeks before the attack, a Lawrence newspaper had boasted, \"Lawrence has ready for any emergency over five hundred fighting men...every one of who would like to see [Quantrill's raiders]\".[26] However, a squad of soldiers temporarily stationed in Lawrence had returned to Fort Leavenworth, and due to the surprise, swiftness, and fury of the initial assault, the local militia was unable to assemble and mount a defense. Most of those Quantrill and his raiders killed were not carrying any weapon. Before the Lawrence Massacre, a previous attack on Lawrence, the Sacking of Lawrence, saw the pro-slavery attackers, led by Samuel J. Jones, a pro-slavery Missourian who served as Sheriff of Douglas County, demanding that the citizens of Lawrence give up their firearms to the raiders. Many citizens initially refused, but by the end of the sacking itself, many in Lawrence were left without a weapon of any sort, which, along with the swiftness of the Lawrence Massacre later on, saw Lawrence left defenseless against the attack.Because revenge was a principal motive for the attack, Quantrill's raiders entered Lawrence with lists of men to be killed and buildings to be burned. Senator James H. Lane was at the top of the list. Lane was a military leader and chief political proponent of the jayhawking raids that had cut a swath of death, plundering, and arson through western Missouri (including the destruction of Osceola) in the early months of the Civil War.[27] Lane escaped death by racing through a cornfield in his nightshirt. John Speer, who Lane had put into the newspaper business, was one of Lane's chief political backers and was also on the list.[28] Speer likewise escaped execution, but two of his sons were killed in the raid. (One of Speer's sons may have been the same John L. Speer that appeared on a list of Red Legs previously issued by the Union military.[29]) Speer's youngest son, 15-year-old Billy, may have been included on the death lists, but Quantrill's men released him after he gave them a false name. (Billy Speer later shot one of the raiders during their exit from Lawrence, causing one of the few casualties among Quantrill's command while in Lawrence.)[30] Charles L. Robinson, first governor of Kansas and a prominent abolitionist, may also have been on the list, although he was not killed.[31] This according to Richard Cordley, a minister in Lawrence and a survivor of the attack:Ex-Governor Charles Robinson was an object of special search among them. He was one of the men they particularly wanted. During the whole time they were in town he was in his large stone barn on the hillside. He had just gone to the barn to get his team to drive out into the country, when he saw them come in and saw them make their first charge. He concluded to remain where he was. The barn overlooked the whole town, and he saw the affair from beginning to end. Gangs of raiders came by several times and looked at the barn and went round it, but it looked so much like a fort, that they kept out of range.[32]Cordley was also on the list of men Quantrill wanted to kill. In some of his writings, Quantrill later lamented that he did not kill Cordley, \"The Abolition Preacher.\"[citation needed]While many of the victims had been specifically targeted beforehand, executions were more indiscriminate among segments of the raiders, particularly Todd's band that operated in the western part of Lawrence.[33] The men and boys riding with \"Bloody Bill\" Anderson also accounted for a disproportionate number of the Lawrence dead. The raid devolved into extreme brutality; according to witnesses, the raiders murdered a group of men and their sons who had surrendered under assurances of safety, murdered a father who was in a field with his son, shot a defenseless man who was lying sick in bed, killed an injured man who was being held by his pleading wife, and bound a pair of men and forced them into a burning building where they slowly burned to death.[34][32] Another dramatic story was told in a letter written on September 7, 1863, by H.M. Simpson, whose entire family narrowly escaped death by hiding in a nearby cornfield as the massacre raged all around them:My father was very slow to get into the cornfield. He was so indignant at the ruffians that he was unwilling to retreat before them. My little children were in the field three hours. They seemed to know that if they cried the noise would betray their parents whereabouts, and so they kept as still as mice. The baby was very hungry & I gave her an ear of raw green corn which she ate ravenously.[35]Many have characterized Quantrill's decision to kill young boys alongside adult men as a particularly reprehensible aspect of the raid.[36] Bobbie Martin is generally cited as being the youngest victim; some histories of the raid state he could have been as young as ten to twelve years old,[37] while others state he was fourteen.[38] Most accounts state he was wearing a Union soldier uniform or clothing made from his father's uniform; some state he was carrying a musket and cartridges.[39] (For perspective on the age of participants in the conflict, it has been estimated that about 800,000 Union soldiers were seventeen years of age or younger, with about 100,000 of those being fifteen or younger.)[40] Most of Quantrill's guerrilla fighters were teenagers. One of the youngest was Riley Crawford, who was 13 when taken by his mother to Quantrill after her husband was shot and her home burned by Union soldiers.[41]","title":"Attack"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Preston B. Plumb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preston_B._Plumb"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn, Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn,_Kansas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Skirmish near Brooklyn, Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skirmish_near_Brooklyn,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Plymouth Congregational Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth_Congregational_Church_(Lawrence,_Kansas)"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Plymouth-History-42"},{"link_name":"lynched","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynching"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"General Order No. 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Order_No._11_(1863)"},{"link_name":"General Order of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Order_No._11_(1862)"},{"link_name":"Charles \"Doc\" Jennison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_%22Doc%22_Jennison"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"total war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_war"},{"link_name":"Jenison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_R._Jennison"},{"link_name":"sic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sic"},{"link_name":"sic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sic"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Frank James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_James"},{"link_name":"Jesse James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_James"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"military posts on Mount Oread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Oread_Civil_War_posts"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"}],"text":"Once the confederates withdrew to the southeast, Lane led a small group of survivors of the massacre in pursuit of Quantrill's men and was joined by a force of about 200 U.S. Army cavalrymen, commanded by Major Preston B. Plumb. They overtook the raiders south of the town of Brooklyn, Kansas and fought the first of several engagements, beginning with the Skirmish near Brooklyn, Kansas.The Lawrence massacre was one of the bloodiest events in the history of Kansas. The Plymouth Congregational Church in Lawrence survived the attack, but a number of its members were killed and records destroyed.[42] Cordley, the pastor at Plymouth, said to his congregation a few days after the attack, \"My friends, Lawrence may seem dead, but she will rise again in a more glorious resurrection. Our ranks have been thinned by death, but let us 'close-up' and hold the ground [of Kansas]. The conflict may not be ended, but the victory must be ours. We may perish but the principles for which we contend will live.\"A day after the attack, some of the surviving citizens of Lawrence lynched a member of Quantrill's Raiders who was caught in the town.[43] On August 25, General Ewing authorized General Order No. 11 (not to be confused with Grant's infamous General Order of the same name) evicting thousands of Missourians in four counties from their homes near the Kansas border. Virtually everything in these counties was then systematically burned to the ground. The action was carried out by the infamous Jayhawker, Charles \"Doc\" Jennison. Jennison's raids into Missouri were thorough and indiscriminate. They left four counties in western Missouri wasted, save for the standing brick chimneys of the two-story period houses, which are still called \"Jennison Monuments\" in those parts.[citation needed]George Miller, a Missouri abolitionist and preacher, described the role of the Lawrence Massacre in the region's descent into the horror of total war on the civilian populations of both eastern Kansas and western Missouri:Viewed in any light, the Lawrence Raid will continue to be held, as the most infamous event of the uncivil war! The work of destruction did not stop in Kansas. The cowardly criminality of this spiteful reciprocity lay in the fact that each party knew, but did not care, that the consequences of their violent acts would fall most heavily upon their own helpless friends. Jenison in 1861 rushed into Missouri when there was no one to resist, and robbed and killed and sneaked away with his spoils and left the union people of Missouri to bear the vengeance of his crimes. Quantrell [sic] in 1863 rushed into Lawrence, Kansas, when there was no danger, and killed and robbed and sneaked off with his spoils, leaving helpless women and children of his own side to bear the dreadful vengeance invoked by that raid. So the Lawrence raid was followed by swift and cruel retribution, falling, as usual in this border warfare, upon the innocent and helpless, rather than the guilty ones. Quantrell [sic] left Kansas with the loss of one man. The Kansas troops followed him, at a respectful distance, and visited dire vengeance on all western Missouri. Unarmed old men and boys were accused and shot down, and homes with their now meagre comforts were burned, and helpless women and children turned out with no provision for the approaching winter. The number of those killed was never reported, as they were scattered all over western Missouri.[44]After the attack, Quantrill led his men south to Texas for the winter. By the next year, the raiders had disintegrated as a unified force and could not achieve similar successes. Quantrill died of wounds he received in Kentucky in 1865, with only a few staunch supporters left. Among those who remained by his side were Frank James and his younger brother, Jesse James.[45]After Quantrill's attack, the U.S. Army erected several military posts on Mount Oread (of which a few were named Camp Ewing, Camp Lookout, and Fort Ulysses) to keep guard over the rebuilt city. No further attacks were made on Lawrence, and these installations were eventually abandoned and dismantled after the war.[46][47]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"biographical novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_novel"},{"link_name":"James Carlos Blake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Carlos_Blake"},{"link_name":"Steven Spielberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Spielberg"},{"link_name":"Into the West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Into_the_West_(TV_miniseries)"},{"link_name":"Ang Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ang_Lee"},{"link_name":"Ride with the Devil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ride_with_the_Devil_(film)"},{"link_name":"Audie Murphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audie_Murphy"},{"link_name":"Kansas Raiders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_Raiders"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Dark Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Command"},{"link_name":"The Legend of the Golden Gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Legend_of_the_Golden_Gun"},{"link_name":"Custer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Armstrong_Custer"},{"link_name":"Charles Portis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Portis"},{"link_name":"True Grit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_Grit_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Rooster Cogburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooster_Cogburn_(character)"},{"link_name":"1969","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_Grit_(1969_film)"},{"link_name":"2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_Grit_(2010_film)"},{"link_name":"Telltale's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telltale_Games"},{"link_name":"The Walking Dead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Walking_Dead_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Psych","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psych"},{"link_name":"Bandolero!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandolero!"}],"text":"The Lawrence massacre is a central episode in Wildwood Boys (William Morrow: New York, 2000), a biographical novel about Bloody Bill Anderson by James Carlos Blake.\nThe battle is also depicted in the Steven Spielberg-produced 2005 miniseries Into the West and in Ang Lee's 1999 film Ride with the Devil, as well as the Audie Murphy western Kansas Raiders (1950).[48]\nThe 1940 film Dark Command, based on a novel of the same name, is a fictionalized account of the events in much more of a classic B-movie western style. The film bore no resemblance to the events of history.\nThe 1979 TV movie The Legend of the Golden Gun was about chasing down Quantrill and had some fiction in about Custer.\nThere is a section in Charles Portis's 1968 book, True Grit in which the characters Marshal Rooster Cogburn and Texas Ranger LaBoeuf argue about Quantrill. LaBoeuf calls him a murderer; Cogburn, who \"rode with\" Quantrill, calls him a patriot. LaBoeuf ends the argument after Cogburn refers to \"Captain Quantrill,\" ridiculing the title: \"Captain of what?\" This conversation later appeared in the 1969 and 2010 films.\nIn Telltale's 2012 video game The Walking Dead, Quantrill's raid is mentioned as two characters, Lee and Omid, bond over Civil War history.\nIn \"Weekend Warriors\" the 6th episode of season 1 of Psych, originally aired August 11, 2006, a reenactment of the battle in Lawrence, KS, where Quantrill is killed is the scene for the murder that is the focus of the episode.\nThe 1968 movie Bandolero! references the event.","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN missing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"excerpt and text search","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.amazon.com/William-Clarke-Quantrill-Life-Times/dp/0806130814/"},{"link_name":"ISBN missing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"ISBN missing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"ISBN missing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"}],"text":"Albert E. Castel. Civil War Kansas: Reaping the Whirlwind (1997) [ISBN missing]\nAlbert E. Castel. William Clarke Quantrill: His Life and Times (1999) excerpt and text search\nThomas Goodrich, Bloody Dawn: The Story of the Lawrence Massacre (1992) [ISBN missing]\nPaul I. Wellman. A Dynasty of Western Outlaws (1961). (On the formative background of the Kansas-Missouri border wars on the post-war western outlaws, notably the James-Younger gang.) [ISBN missing]\nRichard F. Sunderwirth, \"'The Burning' Of Osceola Missouri\" (2007) [ISBN missing]","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Lawrence in ruins as illustrated in Harper's Weekly. The charred remains of the Eldridge House are in the foreground.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Lawrence_massacre_ruins.jpg/220px-Lawrence_massacre_ruins.jpg"}]
[{"title":"American Civil War portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:American_Civil_War"},{"title":"Bushwhacking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushwhacker"},{"title":"guerrilla warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare"},{"title":"American Revolutionary War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War"},{"title":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"title":"George and Annie Bell House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_and_Annie_Bell_House"},{"title":"List of battles fought in Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_fought_in_Kansas"},{"title":"List of massacres in Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Kansas"}]
[{"reference":"Castel, Albert (1997). Civil War Kansas. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. pp. 124–126.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence,_KS","url_text":"Lawrence, KS"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Press_of_Kansas","url_text":"University Press of Kansas"}]},{"reference":"Blunt, James G. (May 1932). \"General Blunt's Account of His Civil War Experiences\". Kansas Historical Quarterly. 1 (3): 239.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_Historical_Society","url_text":"Kansas Historical Quarterly"}]},{"reference":"Goodrich, Thomas (1992). Bloody Dawn: The Story of the Lawrence Massacre. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press. pp. 4–6. ISBN 978-0873384766.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent,_Ohio","url_text":"Kent, OH"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_State_University_Press","url_text":"Kent State University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0873384766","url_text":"978-0873384766"}]},{"reference":"Castel, Albert E. (1999). William Clarke Quantrill: His Life and Times. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. p. 142.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman,_Oklahoma","url_text":"Norman, Oklahoma"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oklahoma_Press","url_text":"University of Oklahoma Press"}]},{"reference":"Castel, Albert (1997). Civil War Kansas. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. p. 136.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence,_KS","url_text":"Lawrence, KS"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Press_of_Kansas","url_text":"University Press of Kansas"}]},{"reference":"\"Governor Robinson's Speech\". Lawrence Daily Journal and Evening Tribune. August 23, 1892. p. 4. Archived from the original on July 3, 2018. Retrieved July 3, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://kansashistoricalopencontent.newspapers.com/image/59722890","url_text":"\"Governor Robinson's Speech\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180703220834/http://kansashistoricalopencontent.newspapers.com/image/59722890/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Spurgeon, Ian (2009). Man of Douglas, Man of Lincoln: The Political Odyssey of James Henry Lane. Columbia, Missouri: University of Missouri Press. pp. 185–188.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia,_Missouri","url_text":"Columbia, Missouri"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Missouri_Press","url_text":"University of Missouri Press"}]},{"reference":"Petersen, Paul R. (2003). Quantrill of Missouri: The Making of a Guerrilla Warrior – The Man, the Myth, the Soldier. Nashville, Tennessee: Cumberland House Publishing. p. 61.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee","url_text":"Nashville, Tennessee"}]},{"reference":"Epps, Kristen (2014). \"Quantrill's Raid on Lawrence\". Civil War on the Western Border. Kansas City Public Library. Archived from the original on June 29, 2018. Retrieved June 1, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.civilwaronthewesternborder.org/encyclopedia/quantrill%E2%80%99s-raid-lawrence","url_text":"\"Quantrill's Raid on Lawrence\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City_Public_Library","url_text":"Kansas City Public Library"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180629070034/http://www.civilwaronthewesternborder.org/encyclopedia/quantrill%E2%80%99s-raid-lawrence","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Frazier, Harriet C. (2004). Runaway and Freed Missouri Slaves and Those Who Helped Them, 1763–1865. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. p. 214.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson,_North_Carolina","url_text":"Jefferson, North Carolina"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McFarland_%26_Company","url_text":"McFarland & Company"}]},{"reference":"Harris, Charles F. (April 1995). \"Catalyst for Terror: The Collapse of the Women's Prison In Kansas City\". Missouri Historical Review: 294, 295.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Harris, Charles F. (April 1995). \"Catalyst for Terror: The Collapse of the Women's Prison In Kansas City\". Missouri Historical Review: 296, 297.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Paul R. Petersen (2011). \"Knee Deep in Blood\". Quantrill at Lawrence: The Untold Story. New Orleans, Louisiana: Pelican Publishing Company. pp. 24, 30. ... Guerrilla Bill Anderson had just removed his sisters from Kansas where for a year they had lived at various places, stopping finally with the Mundy family on the Missouri side of the line near Little Santa Fe. The parents of the Mundy family were dead. One of their sons was in General Sterling Price's Southern army, and three daughters were at home: Susan Mundy Womacks, Martha Mundy, and Mrs. Lou Mundy Gray, whose husband was probably with the guerrillas. The Mundy girls and the three Anderson sisters were arrested as spies. They were confined in a building that served as a jail. ... Guerrilla Nathan Kerr's wife Charity was killed. Brothers William, Marshall, Marion, and Riley Crawford lost two sisters killed. Guerrilla Thomas Harris's sister Nannie was mangled in the jail collapse. Guerrilla James E. Mundy's sisters Susan and Martha, and his married sister Mrs. Lou Mundy Gray, were imprisoned along with William Grindstaff's sister Mollie, but somehow each of them miraculously survived.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans,_Louisiana","url_text":"New Orleans, Louisiana"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelican_Publishing_Company","url_text":"Pelican Publishing Company"}]},{"reference":"LeeAnn Whites (March 2011). \"Forty Shirts and a Wagonload of Wheat: Women, the Domestic Supply Line, and the Civil War on the Western Border\". The Journal of the Civil War Era. 1 (1). Archived from the original on February 22, 2016. Retrieved February 22, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/journal_of_the_civil_war_era/v001/1.1.whites.html","url_text":"\"Forty Shirts and a Wagonload of Wheat: Women, the Domestic Supply Line, and the Civil War on the Western Border\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160222001457/http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/journal_of_the_civil_war_era/v001/1.1.whites.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Nichols, Bruce (2004). Guerrilla Warfare in Western Missouri, 1861. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. p. 210.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson,_North_Carolina","url_text":"Jefferson, North Carolina"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McFarland_%26_Company","url_text":"McFarland & Company"}]},{"reference":"Bingham, George Caleb (March 9, 1878). \"Article\". The Washington Sentinel.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Harris, Charles F. (April 1995). \"Catalyst for Terror: The Collapse of the Women's Prison In Kansas City\". Missouri Historical Review: 302, 303.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Nichols, Bruce (2004). Guerrilla Warfare in Western Missouri, 1861. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. p. 209.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson,_North_Carolina","url_text":"Jefferson, North Carolina"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McFarland_%26_Company","url_text":"McFarland & Company"}]},{"reference":"Leslie, Edward E. (1998). The Devil Knows How to Ride. Boston, Massachusetts: Da Capo Press. pp. 193–195.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts","url_text":"Boston, Massachusetts"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da_Capo_Press","url_text":"Da Capo Press"}]},{"reference":"Mach, Tom. \"Little-known facts about Quantrill's Raid\". Lawrence Journal-World. Archived from the original on September 10, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www2.ljworld.com/news/2011/aug/19/little-known-facts-about-quantrills-raid/","url_text":"\"Little-known facts about Quantrill's Raid\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Journal-World","url_text":"Lawrence Journal-World"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180910014617/http://www2.ljworld.com/news/2011/aug/19/little-known-facts-about-quantrills-raid/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Paul R. Petersen (August 21, 2010). \"Lawrence Raid 08/21/63 Roster of the Victims of the Lawrence Raid Published on the 147th Anniversary\". Retrieved June 5, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://quantrillsguerrillas.com/en/articles/126-t-charles-edwin-wells.html","url_text":"\"Lawrence Raid 08/21/63 Roster of the Victims of the Lawrence Raid Published on the 147th Anniversary\""}]},{"reference":"Kristen Epps. \"Quantrill's Raid on Lawrence\". The Kansas City Public Library. Retrieved June 5, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://civilwaronthewesternborder.org/encyclopedia/quantrills-raid-lawrence","url_text":"\"Quantrill's Raid on Lawrence\""}]},{"reference":"Alec Miller. \"The Lawrence Massacre, Part One\". University of Kansas Kenneth Spencer Research Library. Archived from the original on October 25, 2002. Retrieved June 5, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20021025065731/http://www.kancoll.org/books/cordley_massacre/quantrel.raid.html","url_text":"\"The Lawrence Massacre, Part One\""},{"url":"http://www.kancoll.org/books/cordley_massacre/quantrel.raid.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Pringle, Heather (April 2010). \"Digging the Scorched Earth\". Archaeology. 63 (2): 21.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Fisher, H.D. (1902). The Gun and the Gospel: Early Kansas and Chaplain Fisher. Kansas City, MO: Hudson-Kimberly Publishing Company. p. 194. Archived from the original on October 20, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081020052312/http://www.bartonccc.edu/library/digibks/fisher/Fisher~Gun.htm","url_text":"The Gun and the Gospel: Early Kansas and Chaplain Fisher"},{"url":"http://www.bartonccc.edu/library/digibks/fisher/Fisher~Gun.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Goodrich, Thomas (1991). Blood Dawn: The Story of the Lawrence Massacre. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press. pp. 43–45.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent,_Ohio","url_text":"Kent, Ohio"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_State_University_Press","url_text":"Kent State University Press"}]},{"reference":"Castel, Albert (1959). \"Kansas Jayhawking Raids into Western Missouri in 1861\". Archived from the original on March 14, 2014. Retrieved August 3, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.civilwarstlouis.com/History2/casteljayhawking.htm","url_text":"\"Kansas Jayhawking Raids into Western Missouri in 1861\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140314004005/http://www.civilwarstlouis.com/History2/casteljayhawking.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Castel, Albert (1997). Civil War Kansas. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. p. 28.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Press_of_Kansas","url_text":"University Press of Kansas"}]},{"reference":"\"Blunt, General Orders-No. 1., Headquarter District of Kansas, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, November 15, 1862\". The Missouri in the Civil War Message Board. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved October 2, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://history-sites.com/cgi-bin/bbs62x/mocwmb/webbbs_config.pl?md=read;id=17048","url_text":"\"Blunt, General Orders-No. 1., Headquarter District of Kansas, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, November 15, 1862\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084116/http://history-sites.com/cgi-bin/bbs62x/mocwmb/webbbs_config.pl?md=read;id=17048","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Leslie, Edward E. (1998). The Devil Knows How to Ride. Boston: Da Capo Press. pp. 224–234.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da_Capo_Press","url_text":"Da Capo Press"}]},{"reference":"Robinson, Charles (1892). The Kansas Conflict. New York: Harper and Brother. p. 447.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/cu31924083921332","url_text":"The Kansas Conflict"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harper_(publisher)","url_text":"Harper and Brother"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/cu31924083921332/page/n474","url_text":"447"}]},{"reference":"Cordley, Richard (1895). \"Chapter XV\". A History of Lawrence Kansas, from the Earliest Settlement to the Close of the Rebellion. Lawrence: Lawrence Journal Press. Archived from the original on October 24, 2018. Retrieved October 2, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kancoll.org/books/cordley_history/ch_ch15.htm","url_text":"A History of Lawrence Kansas, from the Earliest Settlement to the Close of the Rebellion"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181024203935/http://www.kancoll.org/books/cordley_history/ch_ch15.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Castel, Albert (1997). Civil War Kansas. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. p. 130.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Press_of_Kansas","url_text":"University Press of Kansas"}]},{"reference":"Castel, Albert E. (1999). William Clarke Quantrill: His Life and Times. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 129–131.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oklahoma_Press","url_text":"University of Oklahoma Press"}]},{"reference":"Simpson, H.M. (September 7, 1863). \"H.M. Simpson to Hiram Hill\". Kansas Memory. Kansas Historical Society. Archived from the original on February 26, 2014. Retrieved February 19, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kansasmemory.org/item/213271","url_text":"\"H.M. Simpson to Hiram Hill\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140226232227/http://www.kansasmemory.org/item/213271","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Schultz, Duane (1997). Quantrill's War: The Life and Times of William Clarke Quantrill, 1837–1865. New York: St. Martin's Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press","url_text":"St. Martin's Press"}]},{"reference":"Connelley, William Elsey (1910). Quantrill and the Border Wars. Cedar Rapids, Iowa: The Torch Press. pp. 362–363. Archived from the original on September 22, 2016. Retrieved November 2, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/quantrillborderw00connuoft","url_text":"Quantrill and the Border Wars"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedar_Rapids,_Iowa","url_text":"Cedar Rapids, Iowa"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160922032250/https://archive.org/details/quantrillborderw00connuoft","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Leslie, Edward E. (1996). The Devil Knows How to Ride: The True Story of William Clarke Quantrill and his Confederate Raiders. Boston: Da Capo Press. p. 226.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da_Capo_Press","url_text":"Da Capo Press"}]},{"reference":"Goodrich, Thomas (1991). Blood Dawn: The Story of the Lawrence Massacre. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press. p. 104.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent,_Ohio","url_text":"Kent, Ohio"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_State_University_Press","url_text":"Kent State University Press"}]},{"reference":"\"Boys in the Civil War!\". CivilWarHome. February 15, 2002. Archived from the original on October 23, 2017. Retrieved October 2, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.civilwarhome.com/boysinwar.htm","url_text":"\"Boys in the Civil War!\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171023204010/http://www.civilwarhome.com/boysinwar.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Petersen, Paul R. (2003). Quantrill of Missouri: The Making of a Guerrilla Warrior – The Man, the Myth, the Soldier. Nashville, Tennessee: Cumberland House Publishing. p. 226.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee","url_text":"Nashville, Tennessee"}]},{"reference":"Sellen, Al. \"A Brief Outline of Plymouth's History\". Plymouth Congregational Church. Archived from the original on May 28, 2010. Retrieved September 27, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100528051934/http://www.plymouthlawrence.com/who/history/","url_text":"\"A Brief Outline of Plymouth's History\""},{"url":"http://www.plymouthlawrence.com/who/history/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Miller, George (1898). \"Quantrill's Raid on Lawrence, 'Order No. 11' and Attendant Horrors; Desolation Ends All\". Missouri's Memorable Decade, 1860–1870. Columbia, MO: E.W. Stephens. pp. 100–101. ISBN 978-0722207130. Retrieved May 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=57EdAQAAMAAJ&q=Viewed+in+any+light%2C+the+Lawrence+Raid+will+continue+to+be+held%2C+as+the+most+infamous+event+of+the+uncivil+war&pg=PA100","url_text":"\"Quantrill's Raid on Lawrence, 'Order No. 11' and Attendant Horrors; Desolation Ends All\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia,_MO","url_text":"Columbia, MO"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0722207130","url_text":"978-0722207130"}]},{"reference":"Wellman, Paul I. (1961). A Dynasty of Western Outlaws. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. p. 61.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Nebraska_Press","url_text":"University of Nebraska Press"}]},{"reference":"Pollard, Jr, William C. (1992). \"Kansas Forts During the Civil War\". Kansas History. Archived from the original on April 3, 2018. Retrieved May 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vlib.us/old_west/forts1865.html","url_text":"\"Kansas Forts During the Civil War\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180403212357/http://www.vlib.us/old_west/forts1865.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bisel, Debra Goodrich; Martin, Michelle M. (2013). \"Camp Ewing: 1864–1865\". Kansas Forts & Bases: Sentinels on the Prairie. Charleston, SC: The History Press. ISBN 978-1614238683.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston,_SC","url_text":"Charleston, SC"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcadia_Publishing","url_text":"The History Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1614238683","url_text":"978-1614238683"}]},{"reference":"\"Kansas Raiders (1950) – Plot Summary\". IMDb. Retrieved May 15, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0042629/plotsummary?ref_=tt_stry_pl","url_text":"\"Kansas Raiders (1950) – Plot Summary\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb","url_text":"IMDb"}]}]
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Simpson to Hiram Hill\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140226232227/http://www.kansasmemory.org/item/213271","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/quantrillborderw00connuoft","external_links_name":"Quantrill and the Border Wars"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160922032250/https://archive.org/details/quantrillborderw00connuoft","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.civilwarhome.com/boysinwar.htm","external_links_name":"\"Boys in the Civil War!\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171023204010/http://www.civilwarhome.com/boysinwar.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100528051934/http://www.plymouthlawrence.com/who/history/","external_links_name":"\"A Brief Outline of Plymouth's History\""},{"Link":"http://www.plymouthlawrence.com/who/history/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=57EdAQAAMAAJ&q=Viewed+in+any+light%2C+the+Lawrence+Raid+will+continue+to+be+held%2C+as+the+most+infamous+event+of+the+uncivil+war&pg=PA100","external_links_name":"\"Quantrill's Raid on Lawrence, 'Order No. 11' and Attendant Horrors; Desolation Ends All\""},{"Link":"http://www.vlib.us/old_west/forts1865.html","external_links_name":"\"Kansas Forts During the Civil War\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180403212357/http://www.vlib.us/old_west/forts1865.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0042629/plotsummary?ref_=tt_stry_pl","external_links_name":"\"Kansas Raiders (1950) – Plot Summary\""},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.com/William-Clarke-Quantrill-Life-Times/dp/0806130814/","external_links_name":"excerpt and text search"},{"Link":"https://www.nps.gov/civilwar/search-battles-detail.htm?battleCode=KS001","external_links_name":"National Park Service battle description"},{"Link":"http://www.kansastravel.org/quantrillslawrenceraid.htm","external_links_name":"Tour and photos of Lawrence Quantrill's Raid sites"},{"Link":"http://stellar-one.com/guerilla/","external_links_name":"Other reports that mention Quantrill's Raid and the Lawrence Massacre"},{"Link":"http://www.civilwarhistory.com/quantrill/quantrill.htm","external_links_name":"Civil War history site article on Quantrill"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20021025065731/http://www.kancoll.org/books/cordley_massacre/quantrel.raid.html","external_links_name":"Rev. R. Cordley's Description of the Massacre (published in 1865)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191023172108/http://xroads.virginia.edu/~HYPER/HNS/Kansas/fisher3.html","external_links_name":"1897 account \"Guns and the Gospel\" with a listing of Lawrence Massacre Victims at the end of Chapter 22"},{"Link":"https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/10285","external_links_name":"Monument to victims of William C. Quantrill"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007549927305171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2009007362","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10675838","external_links_name":"NARA"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balinder_Johal
Balinder Johal
["1 Filmography","2 References","3 External links"]
Balinder JohalBornPunjab, IndiaOccupationActressYears active1992–present Balinder Johal is an Indo-Canadian actress. She is best known for her roles in the films of Deepa Mehta, including Heaven on Earth, for which she was a Leo Award nominee for Best Supporting Actress in 2009, and Beeba Boys, for which she garnered a Canadian Screen Award nomination as Best Supporting Actress at the 4th Canadian Screen Awards in 2016. Originally from Punjab, Johal was educated in India before moving to Canada to pursue a master's degree in education at the University of British Columbia. As a stage actress, her most noted performances included Here and Now, a forum theatre play about urban gang violence in Vancouver, and Anosh Irani's play My Granny the Goldfish. She has also performed in guest appearances in the television series The Chris Isaak Show, Da Vinci's Inquest, 49th & Main, Aliens in America, Psych, Smallville and Sanctuary, and minor roles in the films Freddy Got Fingered, Josie and the Pussycats, No Men Beyond This Point and Donkeyhead. Filmography Year Title Role Notes 1992 Northwood TV Series 1995 Wings of Courage 1995 Gunfighter's Moon Elana 2000 Becoming Dick TV Series 2001 Josie and the Pussycats 2001 Freddy Got Fingered 2001 The Chris Isaak Show TV Series 1 Episode 2004 Pink Ludoos 2004 Da Vinci's Inquest TV Series 1 Episode 2005 The Collector Ina TV Series 1 Episode 2005 Murder Unveiled 2006 49th & Main Mrs Grewal TV Series 4 Episodes 2006 Abridge 2007 American Venus 2008 Aliens in America Huma TV Series 1 Episode 2008 Psych Hadewych TV Series 1 Episode 2008 Heaven on Earth Maji Dhillon 2008 Passengers 2008 Of Gold and God 2008 Sweet Amerika 2009 Smallville TV Series 1 Episode 2010 Sanctuary Bibi TV Series 3 Episodes 2012 Jatt & Juliet Kathy 2014 Jatt & Juliet 2 Pooja's grandmother 2013 Best of Luck 2014 Once Upon a Time in Wonderland Healer TV Series 1 Episode 2015 No Men Beyond This Point 2016 Beeba Boys Mrs Johar 2016 Book of Love 2016 Killer Punjabi 2016 Travelers TV Series 2017 Jindua 2017 Prison Break TV Series 2017 Crash Pad Muumuu 2017 Ghost Wars TV Series 2019 The 410 Nani TV Series 2019 Fusion Generation Pritam Dhaliwal 2019 Supergirl Old lady TV Series 1 Episode 2019 Two Sentence Horror Stories TV Series 2021 Honsla Rakh Jamin's grandmother 2021 Love Hard 2021 Yellowjackets Mrs Singh TV Series 1 Episode 2022 Donkeyhead 2022 Babe Bhangra Paunde Ne 2022 Arranged Marriage References ^ a b c "Monster-in-law, India style; Vancouver's Balinder Johal finds a well of astonishing villainy as a controlling matriarch in Deepa Mehta's Heaven on Earth". Vancouver Sun, 31 October 2008. ^ "Stargate, Stone of Destiny lead B.C.'s Leo Award nominations". The Georgia Straight, 6 April 2009. ^ "Performers proud of diversity in Canadian Screen Award noms". Telegraph-Journal, 21 January 2016. ^ "Real-life local crisis transforms to genuinely gripping theatre". Vancouver Sun, 19 November 2005. ^ "Gaggle of giggles keeps new comedy afloat". Vancouver Sun, 23 April 2010. External links Balinder Johal at IMDb This article about a Canadian actor is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braid_(band)
Braid (band)
["1 History","1.1 Formation: 1993","1.2 First recordings and national tour: 1994–1997","1.3 Frame and Canvas: 1998","1.4 Final recordings and disbandment: 1998–1999","1.5 First reunion: 2004","1.6 Second reunion and No Coast: 2011–present","2 Awards","3 Members","4 Discography","5 References","6 External links"]
For the 21st-century Canadian art rock band, see Braids (band). American emo band This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Braid" band – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) BraidBraid performing at Shinjuku ACB, 30 March 2024; From left to right: Bob Nanna, Todd Bell, Damon Atkinson, Chris BroachBackground informationOriginChampaign, Illinois, U.S.Genres Emo post-hardcore indie rock math rock Years active1993–1999, 2004, 2011–presentLabelsEnclave, Divot, Mud, New Granada, Grand Theft Autumn, Tree, Polyvinyl, DeSoto, Snuffy Smile, Glue Factory, No Sleep, TopshelfSpinoffsHey MercedesMembersBob NannaTodd BellChris BroachDamon AtkinsonPast membersJay RyanRoy EwingPete HavranekKate ReussWebsitebraid.bandcamp.com Braid is an American emo band from Champaign, Illinois, formed in 1993. Following several early line-up changes, the band eventually settled on Bob Nanna on guitar and vocals, Todd Bell on bass, Chris Broach on guitar and vocals, and Roy Ewing on drums until he was replaced in 1997 by new drummer Damon Atkinson. In 1998 the group released their third album, Frame & Canvas, to critical acclaim and is considered a staple of the late 1990s emo movement. Despite Frame & Canvas's success, Braid disbanded in 1999. Nanna, Bell, and Atkinson formed the more melodic Hey Mercedes, while Broach would dedicate more time to The Firebird Band which was previously a side project. The band reunited shortly from June to August 2004, before disbanding again. In 2011, Braid reunited permanently, playing their 600th show and releasing a new album, No Coast. Braid have cited numerous bands as influences, including Gauge, Shudder to Think, Fugazi, Jawbreaker, Jawbox, Samiam, Hoover, and Indian Summer. History Formation: 1993 In fall 1993, Bob Nanna was playing drums in a Chicago band called Friction who toured locally and opened for prominent bands like Jawbreaker. As Friction prepared to record their first album, Nanna left for college at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign and was soon looking for another band as a side project. Nanna met drummer Roy Ewing when he placed an ad in Maximumrocknroll, looking for someone to trade live concert tapes with. Ewing played with Nanna's high school friend, guitarist Pete Havranek, and Nanna became their singer and guitarist, with Jay Ryan joining them on bass and Kate Reuss on lead vocals. Nanna suggested the name Braid. Shortly after forming, Ryan left the band for various reasons and was replaced by Todd Bell, who had played with Ewing in a band called Lowercase N. Braid played their first show December 10, 1993, in Danville, Illinois. Two months later, Reuss left the band after they played their second show. Braid decided not to replace her, leaving Nanna as the lead singer. Nanna's main band, Friction, broke up in July 1994 after a short tour, turning Braid from a side project into his main focus. With Nanna wary about his singing, Braid started looking for a new singer. They met Chris Broach when he attended one of their shows and invited him to sing with the band. Around this time the rest of the band decided to fire Havranek, citing creative differences, so Broach was moved guitar and second vocals. First recordings and national tour: 1994–1997 In September, Braid recorded three songs for their first release. The "Rainsnowmatch" 7-inch came out in December on Enclave Records. While Rainsnowmatch was being released, the band began recording their debut album. Frankie Welfare Boy Age 5 was released in June 1995 on Divot Records. With a huge backlog of written material, Braid continued to write and record songs for various compilation appearances and 7-inch releases. Starting in July 1995, Braid began their first national tour. They played traditional venues, such as bars and clubs, but also booked shows in the homes of fans and VFW halls. Whenever there was a break in touring, Braid booked recording sessions and began work on their second album. In July 1996, "The Age of Octeen' was released on Mud Records. Also in 1996, the "I'm Afraid of Everything" 7-inch was released on the band's own label, Grand Theft Autumn. By 1997, touring schedules had begun to take their toll on Ewing, who in March decided to leave the band. With Ewing's blessing, Damon Atkinson became the band's drummer and joined them on their spring tour. That spring also saw Nanna graduate from college, allowing them to become a full-time band. Braid celebrated their new freedom by going on a headlining tour of Europe, with their friends The Get Up Kids opening. However, after the first night, the two bands decided to switch the playing order because of the popularity of The Get Up Kids in Europe. After the European tour, Braid returned to the North America for another tour of the U.S. and Canada. Frame and Canvas: 1998 In late 1997, Braid recorded their third LP Frame & Canvas at Inner Ear Studios with producer J. Robbins. The album was released by Polyvinyl Records in April 1998, receiving critical acclaim and brought Braid greater exposure, eventually being regarded as one of the most influential bands of the 1990s emo movement. With the release of Frame & Canvas, they embarked on a new tour of the East Coast with Compound Red, and a Midwest/West Coast tour with The Get Up Kids. The band also played a number of dates with All and Less Than Jake. After tours of the contiguous US, Braid also toured Japan and Hawaii in April 1999. Final recordings and disbandment: 1998–1999 Shortly after the release of Frame & Canvas, the effects of non-stop touring and recording were pulling the band members apart, including stress over money, poor conditions on the road, and disagreements over the band's direction. In mid-1999, Braid entered the studio to record a new demo, but after the session was completed Nanna, Broach, Bell, and Atkinson decided to call it quits. Braid decided to hold four final concerts in August to say goodbye to their fans. They scheduled one show in Milwaukee, two in Chicago at The Metro, and the final concert was held in their home town of Champaign where Roy Ewing played a few songs with the band. After their final show, Braid had several post-breakup releases in 2000. A recording of their final four shows called "Killing a Camera" was released on VHS. A live album, from the final show at The Metro called "Lucky to Be Alive" was also released. Polyvinyl released a double-disc collection of non-album tracks called Movie Music, Vol. 1 and 2. Following the disbandment, the members played in new musical projects. Shortly after Braid's break up, Nanna, Bell, and Atkinson reunited to form the pop rock band Hey Mercedes with Mark Dawursk on guitar. In addition to this, Nanna started a solo project under the name The City on Film. Chris Broach worked with his brother Riley in The Firebird Band, previously a side-project, and in 2001 he would also play with L'Spaerow and start Lucid Records. First reunion: 2004 In 2004, Hey Mercedes suffered problems with tour cancellations and Chris Broach was in between projects. In February 2004, Braid decided to reunite to coincide with the DVD release of Killing a Camera was reissued on DVD in May 2004. They went on a tour of the US in June and July, with Minus the Bear, Murder by Death, Recover, and Mock Orange. Following, they went by a short tour of Japan for the rest of August. After these tours were completed, Braid amicably disbanded again. Second reunion and No Coast: 2011–present On January 25, 2011 it was announced on Punknews.org that Braid were reuniting permanently to record a new 12-inch for Polyvinyl Records. On May 4, 2011, the band announced their first comeback show since 2004 at the Metro on August 27, 2011 and would also play at Pygmalion Music Festival on September 24, 2011, part of the Polyvinyl Records fifteenth anniversary celebration. On June 10, 2011, the band released a song titled "The Right Time", the first from their forthcoming EP, and gave the entire EP to people who pre-ordered on the Polyvinyl web store. The new EP titled Closer to Closed, their first release in 11 years, was released on August 16, 2011, to mixed reviews. December 22, 2011 was Braid's 600th show. The event, held at Turner Hall Ballroom in Milwaukee, was a Toys for Tots benefit show. Event-goers who brought a new, unwrapped toy would receive a commemorative poster. Braid shared the night with Smoking Popes and in addition to announcing further touring, a new release was announced. On April 6, 2012, the band announced that they were going to play at the Gainesville, Florida acclaimed festival, The Fest. On August 10, 2012, Braid played at Union Transfer in Philadelphia, PA with polyvinyl label mate Owen. On November 3, 2012, Braid played two shows as a part of the 2012 Fun Fun Fun Fest in Austin, Texas. On September 18, 2013, Braid announced that they had signed with Topshelf Records as well as the release of a new studio album in 2014. It was revealed on March 24, 2014 that the album was mastered and completed. The album, No Coast, was released on July 8, 2014 (their first LP in 16 years) to positive reviews. Though they did not formally disband again, the band went inactive until February 2023 when they announced a 25th-anniversary remaster of Frame & Canvas and an accompanying U.S. tour with the album being played in full, mostly taking place in September. Awards SESAC award Alternative Press top 10 Emo album all-time for Frame & Canvas. Members Current Bob Nanna – vocals, guitar (1993–1999, 2004, 2011–present) Todd Bell – bass guitar (1993–1999, 2004, 2011–present) Chris Broach – vocals, guitar (1994–1999, 2004, 2011–present) Damon Atkinson – drums (1997–1999, 2004, 2011–present) Former Roy Ewing – drums (1993–1997) Pete Havranek – guitar (1993–1994) Jay Ryan – bass guitar (1993) Kate Reuss – vocals (1993–1994) Timeline Discography Main article: Braid discography Studio albums Frankie Welfare Boy Age 5 (1995) The Age of Octeen (1996) Frame & Canvas (1998) No Coast (2014) References ^ a b Payne, Chris (March 30, 2017). "Sunset Premieres Will Yip-Produced Indie Rock-Meets-Electro Album 'Turn Out the Lights'". Billboard. Retrieved February 12, 2022. ^ a b Butler, Blake. "Frame & Canvas - Braid | Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. Retrieved February 12, 2022. ^ Jacks, Kelso (March 6, 2000). "Record News". CMJ. Vol. 61, no. 656. CMJ Network, Inc. p. 8. Retrieved February 12, 2022. ^ Zaleski, Annie (March 9, 2011). "In The Studio: Braid". Alternative Press. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved July 11, 2014. ^ "Braid Tour Dates 2014 – Braid Concert Dates and Tickets". Songkick. Retrieved July 11, 2014. ^ "Braid | Official Site". Braidcentral.com. June 11, 2013. Retrieved July 11, 2014. ^ DeRogatis, Jim (1999). "Emo (The Genre That Dare Not Speak Its Name)". jimdero.com. Archived from the original on March 10, 2023. Retrieved May 18, 2023. ^ "Bob Nanna". Song on Song. October 28, 2016. Archived from the original on May 18, 2023. Retrieved May 18, 2023. ^ a b c "BRAID". Reggies Chicago. May 18, 2023. Archived from the original on May 18, 2023. Retrieved May 18, 2023. ^ "Braid's Bob Nanna Talks Favorite Memories from Riot Fest & His Favorite Venues in Chicago". Riot Fest. September 7, 2023. Archived from the original on September 29, 2023. Retrieved January 29, 2024. ...but I'll say in 1998 when we opened for Less Than Jake... ^ Heisel, Scott (February 23, 2004). "Braid to reunite this summer". Punknews.org. Retrieved March 23, 2021. ^ Heisel, Scott (January 29, 2004). "Braid's Killing a Camera DVD out May 11th". Punknews.org. Retrieved March 22, 2021. ^ Heisel, Scott (April 26, 2004). "Full Braid reunion tour itinerary posted". Punknews.org. Retrieved March 30, 2021. ^ Conoley, Ben (January 25, 2011). "Braid to reunite for new release". Punknews.org. Retrieved July 11, 2014. ^ Yancey, Bryne (May 4, 2011). "Braid plan first show in 7 years". Punknews.org. Retrieved July 11, 2014. ^ "Braid, Deerhoof, Japandroids at Polyvinyl 15th anniversary". Punknews.org. September 14, 2011. Retrieved July 11, 2014. ^ "BRAID - Turner Hall Ballroom w/ Smoking Popes in Milwaukee, WI | Events bei Myspace". Archived from the original on September 4, 2012. ^ Wolf, Erin. "Concert Review :: Braid / Smoking Popes @Turner Hall Ballroom". Shepherd Express. Archived from the original on January 4, 2012. Retrieved January 5, 2012. ^ Trivett, Ben (April 7, 2023). "Braid Reminisce on 25 Years of 'Frame & Canvas' as Album Released as Anniversary Reissue (Exclusive)". People. Retrieved May 18, 2023. External links Official website Braid artist page at Polyvinyl Braid Interview – History, Reunion, Re-Issues Archived July 3, 2011, at the Wayback Machine and Braid Interview – New EP with Chris Broach Archived August 13, 2011, at the Wayback Machine – both by Kevin Corazza Bob Nanna's Website Chris Broach's Website vteBraid Bob Nanna Todd Bell Chris Broach Damon Atkinson Jay Ryan Roy Ewing Pete Havranek Kate Reuss Studio albums The Age of Octeen Frame & Canvas No Coast EPs The Get Up Kids / Braid Related articles Discography Hey Mercedes Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National United States Artists MusicBrainz
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Despite Frame & Canvas's success, Braid disbanded in 1999. Nanna, Bell, and Atkinson formed the more melodic Hey Mercedes, while Broach would dedicate more time to The Firebird Band which was previously a side project.The band reunited shortly from June to August 2004, before disbanding again. In 2011, Braid reunited permanently, playing their 600th show and releasing a new album, No Coast.[4][5][6]Braid have cited numerous bands as influences, including Gauge, Shudder to Think,[7] Fugazi, Jawbreaker, Jawbox, Samiam, Hoover, and Indian Summer.[8]","title":"Braid (band)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jawbreaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawbreaker_(band)"},{"link_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Urbana-Champaign"},{"link_name":"Maximumrocknroll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximumrocknroll"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-9"},{"link_name":"Jay Ryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Ryan_(artist)"},{"link_name":"Danville, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danville,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"shows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concert"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-9"}],"sub_title":"Formation: 1993","text":"In fall 1993, Bob Nanna was playing drums in a Chicago band called Friction who toured locally and opened for prominent bands like Jawbreaker. As Friction prepared to record their first album, Nanna left for college at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign and was soon looking for another band as a side project. Nanna met drummer Roy Ewing when he placed an ad in Maximumrocknroll, looking for someone to trade live concert tapes with.[9] Ewing played with Nanna's high school friend, guitarist Pete Havranek, and Nanna became their singer and guitarist, with Jay Ryan joining them on bass and Kate Reuss on lead vocals. Nanna suggested the name Braid.Shortly after forming, Ryan left the band for various reasons and was replaced by Todd Bell, who had played with Ewing in a band called Lowercase N. Braid played their first show December 10, 1993, in Danville, Illinois. Two months later, Reuss left the band after they played their second show. Braid decided not to replace her, leaving Nanna as the lead singer. Nanna's main band, Friction, broke up in July 1994 after a short tour, turning Braid from a side project into his main focus.With Nanna wary about his singing, Braid started looking for a new singer. They met Chris Broach when he attended one of their shows and invited him to sing with the band.[9] Around this time the rest of the band decided to fire Havranek, citing creative differences, so Broach was moved guitar and second vocals.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"VFW halls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterans_of_Foreign_Wars"},{"link_name":"The Age of Octeen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Age_of_Octeen"},{"link_name":"The Get Up Kids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Get_Up_Kids"}],"sub_title":"First recordings and national tour: 1994–1997","text":"In September, Braid recorded three songs for their first release. The \"Rainsnowmatch\" 7-inch came out in December on Enclave Records. While Rainsnowmatch was being released, the band began recording their debut album. Frankie Welfare Boy Age 5 was released in June 1995 on Divot Records. With a huge backlog of written material, Braid continued to write and record songs for various compilation appearances and 7-inch releases.Starting in July 1995, Braid began their first national tour. They played traditional venues, such as bars and clubs, but also booked shows in the homes of fans and VFW halls. Whenever there was a break in touring, Braid booked recording sessions and began work on their second album. In July 1996, \"The Age of Octeen' was released on Mud Records. Also in 1996, the \"I'm Afraid of Everything\" 7-inch was released on the band's own label, Grand Theft Autumn.By 1997, touring schedules had begun to take their toll on Ewing, who in March decided to leave the band. With Ewing's blessing, Damon Atkinson became the band's drummer and joined them on their spring tour. That spring also saw Nanna graduate from college, allowing them to become a full-time band. Braid celebrated their new freedom by going on a headlining tour of Europe, with their friends The Get Up Kids opening. However, after the first night, the two bands decided to switch the playing order because of the popularity of The Get Up Kids in Europe. After the European tour, Braid returned to the North America for another tour of the U.S. and Canada.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frame & Canvas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame_%26_Canvas"},{"link_name":"J. Robbins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Robbins"},{"link_name":"Polyvinyl Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyvinyl_Records"},{"link_name":"emo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emo"},{"link_name":"All","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_(band)"},{"link_name":"Less Than Jake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Less_Than_Jake"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"contiguous US","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contiguous_US"}],"sub_title":"Frame and Canvas: 1998","text":"In late 1997, Braid recorded their third LP Frame & Canvas at Inner Ear Studios with producer J. Robbins. The album was released by Polyvinyl Records in April 1998, receiving critical acclaim and brought Braid greater exposure, eventually being regarded as one of the most influential bands of the 1990s emo movement. With the release of Frame & Canvas, they embarked on a new tour of the East Coast with Compound Red, and a Midwest/West Coast tour with The Get Up Kids.The band also played a number of dates with All and Less Than Jake.[10] After tours of the contiguous US, Braid also toured Japan and Hawaii in April 1999.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-9"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee"},{"link_name":"The Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Chicago"},{"link_name":"Champaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champaign,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"VHS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHS"},{"link_name":"Hey Mercedes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hey_Mercedes"},{"link_name":"The City on Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_City_on_Film"},{"link_name":"The Firebird Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Firebird_Band"},{"link_name":"L'Spaerow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Spaerow"},{"link_name":"Lucid Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucid_Records"}],"sub_title":"Final recordings and disbandment: 1998–1999","text":"Shortly after the release of Frame & Canvas, the effects of non-stop touring and recording were pulling the band members apart,[9] including stress over money, poor conditions on the road, and disagreements over the band's direction. In mid-1999, Braid entered the studio to record a new demo, but after the session was completed Nanna, Broach, Bell, and Atkinson decided to call it quits.Braid decided to hold four final concerts in August to say goodbye to their fans. They scheduled one show in Milwaukee, two in Chicago at The Metro, and the final concert was held in their home town of Champaign where Roy Ewing played a few songs with the band.After their final show, Braid had several post-breakup releases in 2000. A recording of their final four shows called \"Killing a Camera\" was released on VHS. A live album, from the final show at The Metro called \"Lucky to Be Alive\" was also released. Polyvinyl released a double-disc collection of non-album tracks called Movie Music, Vol. 1 and 2.Following the disbandment, the members played in new musical projects. Shortly after Braid's break up, Nanna, Bell, and Atkinson reunited to form the pop rock band Hey Mercedes with Mark Dawursk on guitar. In addition to this, Nanna started a solo project under the name The City on Film. Chris Broach worked with his brother Riley in The Firebird Band, previously a side-project, and in 2001 he would also play with L'Spaerow and start Lucid Records.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Minus the Bear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minus_the_Bear"},{"link_name":"Murder by Death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_by_Death_(band)"},{"link_name":"Recover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recover_(band)"},{"link_name":"Mock Orange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mock_Orange_(band)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"First reunion: 2004","text":"In 2004, Hey Mercedes suffered problems with tour cancellations and Chris Broach was in between projects. In February 2004, Braid decided to reunite[11] to coincide with the DVD release of Killing a Camera was reissued on DVD in May 2004.[12] They went on a tour of the US in June and July, with Minus the Bear, Murder by Death, Recover, and Mock Orange.[13] Following, they went by a short tour of Japan for the rest of August. After these tours were completed, Braid amicably disbanded again.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Polyvinyl Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyvinyl_Records"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Pygmalion Music Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pygmalion_Music_Festival"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee"},{"link_name":"Toys for Tots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toys_for_Tots"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Smoking Popes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoking_Popes"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"The Fest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fest"},{"link_name":"Fun Fun Fun Fest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fun_Fun_Fun_Fest"},{"link_name":"Austin, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin,_Texas"},{"link_name":"No Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Coast"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Second reunion and No Coast: 2011–present","text":"On January 25, 2011 it was announced on Punknews.org that Braid were reuniting permanently to record a new 12-inch for Polyvinyl Records.[14] On May 4, 2011, the band announced their first comeback show since 2004 at the Metro on August 27, 2011[15] and would also play at Pygmalion Music Festival on September 24, 2011, part of the Polyvinyl Records fifteenth anniversary celebration.[16]On June 10, 2011, the band released a song titled \"The Right Time\", the first from their forthcoming EP, and gave the entire EP to people who pre-ordered on the Polyvinyl web store. The new EP titled Closer to Closed, their first release in 11 years, was released on August 16, 2011, to mixed reviews.December 22, 2011 was Braid's 600th show. The event, held at Turner Hall Ballroom in Milwaukee, was a Toys for Tots benefit show. Event-goers who brought a new, unwrapped toy would receive a commemorative poster.[17] Braid shared the night with Smoking Popes and in addition to announcing further touring, a new release was announced.[18]On April 6, 2012, the band announced that they were going to play at \nthe Gainesville, Florida acclaimed festival, The Fest. On August 10, 2012, Braid played at Union Transfer in Philadelphia, PA with polyvinyl label mate Owen. On November 3, 2012, Braid played two shows as a part of the 2012 Fun Fun Fun Fest in Austin, Texas.On September 18, 2013, Braid announced that they had signed with Topshelf Records as well as the release of a new studio album in 2014. It was revealed on March 24, 2014 that the album was mastered and completed. The album, No Coast, was released on July 8, 2014 (their first LP in 16 years) to positive reviews.Though they did not formally disband again, the band went inactive until February 2023 when they announced a 25th-anniversary remaster of Frame & Canvas and an accompanying U.S. tour with the album being played in full, mostly taking place in September.[19]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SESAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SESAC"},{"link_name":"Alternative Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_Press_(music_magazine)"},{"link_name":"Emo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emo_(music)"},{"link_name":"Frame & Canvas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame_%26_Canvas"}],"text":"SESAC award\nAlternative Press top 10 Emo album all-time for Frame & Canvas.","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bob Nanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Nanna"},{"link_name":"Chris Broach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Broach"},{"link_name":"Damon Atkinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damon_Atkinson"},{"link_name":"Jay Ryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Ryan_(artist)"}],"text":"Current\nBob Nanna – vocals, guitar (1993–1999, 2004, 2011–present)\nTodd Bell – bass guitar (1993–1999, 2004, 2011–present)\nChris Broach – vocals, guitar (1994–1999, 2004, 2011–present)\nDamon Atkinson – drums (1997–1999, 2004, 2011–present)\n\n\nFormer\nRoy Ewing – drums (1993–1997)\nPete Havranek – guitar (1993–1994)\nJay Ryan – bass guitar (1993)\nKate Reuss – vocals (1993–1994)Timeline","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Age of Octeen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Age_of_Octeen"},{"link_name":"Frame & Canvas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame_%26_Canvas"},{"link_name":"No Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Coast"}],"text":"Studio albumsFrankie Welfare Boy Age 5 (1995)\nThe Age of Octeen (1996)\nFrame & Canvas (1998)\nNo Coast (2014)","title":"Discography"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Payne, Chris (March 30, 2017). \"Sunset Premieres Will Yip-Produced Indie Rock-Meets-Electro Album 'Turn Out the Lights'\". Billboard. Retrieved February 12, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/music/rock/sunset-turn-off-the-lights-premiere-stream-will-yip-braid-7744241/","url_text":"\"Sunset Premieres Will Yip-Produced Indie Rock-Meets-Electro Album 'Turn Out the Lights'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"Butler, Blake. \"Frame & Canvas - Braid | Songs, Reviews, Credits\". AllMusic. Retrieved February 12, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/frame-canvas-mw0000262680","url_text":"\"Frame & Canvas - Braid | Songs, Reviews, Credits\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"Jacks, Kelso (March 6, 2000). \"Record News\". CMJ. Vol. 61, no. 656. CMJ Network, Inc. p. 8. Retrieved February 12, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4gMQjQ5CbgcC&pg=PA8","url_text":"\"Record News\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMJ","url_text":"CMJ"}]},{"reference":"Zaleski, Annie (March 9, 2011). \"In The Studio: Braid\". Alternative Press. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved July 11, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304082056/https://www.altpress.com/features/entry/in_the_studio_braid/","url_text":"\"In The Studio: Braid\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_Press_(magazine)","url_text":"Alternative Press"},{"url":"http://www.altpress.com/features/entry/in_the_studio_braid/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Braid Tour Dates 2014 – Braid Concert Dates and Tickets\". Songkick. Retrieved July 11, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.songkick.com/artists/466267-braid","url_text":"\"Braid Tour Dates 2014 – Braid Concert Dates and Tickets\""}]},{"reference":"\"Braid | Official Site\". Braidcentral.com. June 11, 2013. Retrieved July 11, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://braidcentral.com/","url_text":"\"Braid | Official Site\""}]},{"reference":"DeRogatis, Jim (1999). \"Emo (The Genre That Dare Not Speak Its Name)\". jimdero.com. Archived from the original on March 10, 2023. Retrieved May 18, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jimdero.com/OtherWritings/Other%20emo.htm","url_text":"\"Emo (The Genre That Dare Not Speak Its Name)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230310204542/http://www.jimdero.com/OtherWritings/Other%20emo.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Bob Nanna\". Song on Song. October 28, 2016. Archived from the original on May 18, 2023. Retrieved May 18, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://songonsong.wordpress.com/2016/10/28/bob-nanna/","url_text":"\"Bob Nanna\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230518151321/https://songonsong.wordpress.com/2016/10/28/bob-nanna/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"BRAID\". Reggies Chicago. May 18, 2023. Archived from the original on May 18, 2023. Retrieved May 18, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reggieslive.com/band/braid/","url_text":"\"BRAID\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230518150928/https://www.reggieslive.com/band/braid/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Braid's Bob Nanna Talks Favorite Memories from Riot Fest & His Favorite Venues in Chicago\". Riot Fest. September 7, 2023. Archived from the original on September 29, 2023. Retrieved January 29, 2024. ...but I'll say in 1998 when we opened for Less Than Jake...","urls":[{"url":"https://riotfest.org/2023/09/07/braids-bob-nanna-talks-favorite-memories-from-riot-fest-his-favorite-venues-in-chicago/","url_text":"\"Braid's Bob Nanna Talks Favorite Memories from Riot Fest & His Favorite Venues in Chicago\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riot_Fest","url_text":"Riot Fest"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230929093237/https://riotfest.org/2023/09/07/braids-bob-nanna-talks-favorite-memories-from-riot-fest-his-favorite-venues-in-chicago/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Heisel, Scott (February 23, 2004). \"Braid to reunite this summer\". Punknews.org. Retrieved March 23, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.punknews.org/article/8464/tours-braid-to-reunite-this-summer","url_text":"\"Braid to reunite this summer\""}]},{"reference":"Heisel, Scott (January 29, 2004). \"Braid's Killing a Camera DVD out May 11th\". Punknews.org. Retrieved March 22, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.punknews.org/article/8216/braids-killing-a-camera-dvd-out-may-11th","url_text":"\"Braid's Killing a Camera DVD out May 11th\""}]},{"reference":"Heisel, Scott (April 26, 2004). \"Full Braid reunion tour itinerary posted\". Punknews.org. Retrieved March 30, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.punknews.org/article/9021/tours-full-braid-reunion-tour-itinerary-posted","url_text":"\"Full Braid reunion tour itinerary posted\""}]},{"reference":"Conoley, Ben (January 25, 2011). \"Braid to reunite for new release\". Punknews.org. Retrieved July 11, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.punknews.org/article/41338/braid-to-reunite-for-new-release","url_text":"\"Braid to reunite for new release\""}]},{"reference":"Yancey, Bryne (May 4, 2011). \"Braid plan first show in 7 years\". Punknews.org. Retrieved July 11, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.punknews.org/article/42502/braid-plan-first-show-in-7-years","url_text":"\"Braid plan first show in 7 years\""}]},{"reference":"\"Braid, Deerhoof, Japandroids at Polyvinyl 15th anniversary\". Punknews.org. September 14, 2011. Retrieved July 11, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.punknews.org/article/44370","url_text":"\"Braid, Deerhoof, Japandroids at Polyvinyl 15th anniversary\""}]},{"reference":"\"BRAID - Turner Hall Ballroom w/ Smoking Popes in Milwaukee, WI | Events bei Myspace\". Archived from the original on September 4, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120904121743/http://www.myspace.com/events/View/12109307/BRAID/Braid--Turner-Hall-Ballroom","url_text":"\"BRAID - Turner Hall Ballroom w/ Smoking Popes in Milwaukee, WI | Events bei Myspace\""},{"url":"http://www.myspace.com/events/View/12109307/BRAID/Braid--Turner-Hall-Ballroom","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Wolf, Erin. \"Concert Review :: Braid / Smoking Popes @Turner Hall Ballroom\". Shepherd Express. Archived from the original on January 4, 2012. Retrieved January 5, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120104121832/http://www.expressmilwaukee.com/article-17204-braid-smoking-popes-a-turner-hall-ballroom.html","url_text":"\"Concert Review :: Braid / Smoking Popes @Turner Hall Ballroom\""},{"url":"http://www.expressmilwaukee.com/article-17204-braid-smoking-popes-a-turner-hall-ballroom.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Trivett, Ben (April 7, 2023). \"Braid Reminisce on 25 Years of 'Frame & Canvas' as Album Released as Anniversary Reissue (Exclusive)\". People. Retrieved May 18, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://people.com/music/braid-frame-canvas-25th-anniversary-remaster-exclusive-interview/","url_text":"\"Braid Reminisce on 25 Years of 'Frame & Canvas' as Album Released as Anniversary Reissue (Exclusive)\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Stewart_(Jacobite)
Allan Breck Stewart
["1 Life and the Appin murder","2 In popular culture","3 The Alan Breck's Prestonpans Volunteer Regiment","4 References","5 Sources","6 External links"]
Scottish soldier and Jacobite Statue of Allan Stewart (left) and the fictional David Balfour (right), from Robert Louis Stevenson's Kidnapped. Allan Breck Stewart (Gaelic: Ailean Breac Stiùbhart; c. 1722 – c. 1791) was a Scottish soldier and Jacobite. He was also a central figure in a murder case that inspired novels by Sir Walter Scott and Robert Louis Stevenson. Life and the Appin murder See also: Appin Murder This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) In accordance with the fosterage customs of the Highland clans, Allan Stewart and his brothers grew up under the care of their relative James of the Glen in Appin. His nickname, Breck, came from the Gaelic for "spotted", as his face bore scars from smallpox. Stewart enlisted in the British Army of George II in 1745, just before the Jacobite rising of that year. He fought at the Battle of Prestonpans, but deserted to the Highland Jacobites. He subsequently fought for the Jacobites, but after they were defeated at the Battle of Culloden, he fled to France, accompanying his commander and clan captain, Colonel Charles Stewart of Ardshiel (Ardshiel was not the chief of the Appin Stewarts, but took command in the absence of the chief). After joining one of the Scottish regiments serving in the French Army, Stewart was sent back to Scotland to collect rents for the exiled clan leaders and to recruit soldiers for the French crown. On 14 May 1752, Colin Campbell of Glenure, the royal agent collecting rents from the Ardshiel Stewarts, was murdered. As Allan Stewart had previously publicly threatened Glenure and had enquired about his schedule for the day in question, a warrant was issued for his arrest. However, he evaded capture. He was tried in absentia and sentenced to death. His foster father, James, was convicted as an accessory to the murder and hanged. Later assessments of the evidence have reached mixed conclusions as to whether Allan Stewart was in fact the murderer, and to whether James Stewart had any involvement. In the murder of Glenure, the British government saw the potential danger of Jacobite assassinations of their agents in the Highlands, on the one hand, and also a potential renewal of a Campbell/Stewart feud, on the other. The execution of James of the Glen increased the Stewarts' discontent. Locally, especially after he was immortalised in fiction, Allan Breck Stewart was portrayed as a romantic figure. Some time after the murder Stewart escaped to France, where he continued his military career, being awarded the prestigious Military Merit Cross before retiring from the army in 1777. The last records of him were two sightings in Paris in the late 1780s, at which time he still maintained that he was not the murderer of Glenure. In popular culture Stewart appears as a leading character in Robert Louis Stevenson's 1886 novel Kidnapped, which dramatises the Appin murder. In Stevenson's version of events the fictionalised Alan Breck Stewart witnesses Glenure's murder along with the protagonist David Balfour, but he is not the murderer. Kidnapped has been widely adapted for radio, screen and the stage; actors to have portrayed Alan Breck Stewart include Peter Finch (Kidnapped (1960 film)), Michael Caine (Kidnapped (1971 film)), Armand Assante (Kidnapped (1995 film)), Iain Glen (Kidnapped (2005 TV series)), Michael Nardone (BBC Radio, 2016) and Malcolm Cumming (Kidnapped (play)). The Alan Breck's Prestonpans Volunteer Regiment Founded in 2007, the Alan Breck's Prestonpans Volunteer Regiment is a living history and battle re-enactment society focusing on the 1745 Rising and associated histories. Half of the society portray redcoat soldiers and half Jacobites, in recognition of Stewart's service on both sides of the conflict, and is accordingly named after him. The society is based in Prestonpans, East Lothian, but performs at events around the country and has members from across Scotland. References ^ Auslan Cramb (14 November 2008). "18th Century murder conviction 'should be quashed'". The Daily Telegraph. ^ Carney, Seamus (1989). The Killing of the Red Fox: An Investigation into the Appin Murder. Moffat: Lochar Publishing Ltd. ISBN 0948403152. ^ "Episode 1, Robert Louis Stevenson: Kidnapped, Drama – BBC Radio 4". BBC. Archived from the original on 14 August 2017. Retrieved 30 December 2023. ^ "Alan Breck's Volunteer Regiment". Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Sources Nicholson, Eirwen E. C. "Allan Stewart", in Matthew, H.C.G. and Brian Harrison, eds. The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. vol. 52, 628. London: OUP, 2004. Nimmo, Ian (2005). Walking with Murder: On the Kidnapped Trail. Birlinn Ltd. Paperback. Gibson, Rosemary. "The Appin Murder: In Their Own Words" History Scotland. Vol.3 No.1 January/February 2003 MacArthur, Lt. Gen. Sir William: 'The Appin Murder and the Trial of James Stewart' (1960) JMP Publishing. Hunter, Professor James.'Culloden and the Last Clansman' External links The Scotsman article on James of the Glen's death The Appin Murder in Pictures, from the BBC
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Statue_of_Alan_Breck_and_David_Balfour_-_geograph.org.uk_-_929081.jpg"},{"link_name":"Robert Louis Stevenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson"},{"link_name":"Kidnapped","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidnapped_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Gaelic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic"},{"link_name":"Jacobite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobitism"},{"link_name":"Sir Walter Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Walter_Scott"},{"link_name":"Robert Louis Stevenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Appin-1"}],"text":"Statue of Allan Stewart (left) and the fictional David Balfour (right), from Robert Louis Stevenson's Kidnapped.Allan Breck Stewart (Gaelic: Ailean Breac Stiùbhart; c. 1722 – c. 1791) was a Scottish soldier and Jacobite. He was also a central figure in a murder case that inspired novels by Sir Walter Scott and Robert Louis Stevenson.[1]","title":"Allan Breck Stewart"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Appin Murder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appin_Murder"},{"link_name":"fosterage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosterage"},{"link_name":"James of the Glen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_of_the_Glen"},{"link_name":"Appin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appin"},{"link_name":"smallpox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallpox"},{"link_name":"British Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army"},{"link_name":"George II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"Jacobite rising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1745"},{"link_name":"Battle of Prestonpans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Prestonpans"},{"link_name":"Battle of Culloden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Culloden"},{"link_name":"Ardshiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardshiel"},{"link_name":"French Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Army"},{"link_name":"Colin Campbell of Glenure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Roy_Campbell_of_Glenure"},{"link_name":"tried in absentia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial_in_absentia"},{"link_name":"Military Merit Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Military_Merit_(France)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"See also: Appin MurderIn accordance with the fosterage customs of the Highland clans, Allan Stewart and his brothers grew up under the care of their relative James of the Glen in Appin. His nickname, Breck, came from the Gaelic for \"spotted\", as his face bore scars from smallpox. Stewart enlisted in the British Army of George II in 1745, just before the Jacobite rising of that year. He fought at the Battle of Prestonpans, but deserted to the Highland Jacobites. He subsequently fought for the Jacobites, but after they were defeated at the Battle of Culloden, he fled to France, accompanying his commander and clan captain, Colonel Charles Stewart of Ardshiel (Ardshiel was not the chief of the Appin Stewarts, but took command in the absence of the chief). After joining one of the Scottish regiments serving in the French Army, Stewart was sent back to Scotland to collect rents for the exiled clan leaders and to recruit soldiers for the French crown.On 14 May 1752, Colin Campbell of Glenure, the royal agent collecting rents from the Ardshiel Stewarts, was murdered. As Allan Stewart had previously publicly threatened Glenure and had enquired about his schedule for the day in question, a warrant was issued for his arrest. However, he evaded capture. He was tried in absentia and sentenced to death. His foster father, James, was convicted as an accessory to the murder and hanged. Later assessments of the evidence have reached mixed conclusions as to whether Allan Stewart was in fact the murderer, and to whether James Stewart had any involvement. In the murder of Glenure, the British government saw the potential danger of Jacobite assassinations of their agents in the Highlands, on the one hand, and also a potential renewal of a Campbell/Stewart feud, on the other. The execution of James of the Glen increased the Stewarts' discontent. Locally, especially after he was immortalised in fiction, Allan Breck Stewart was portrayed as a romantic figure.Some time after the murder Stewart escaped to France, where he continued his military career, being awarded the prestigious Military Merit Cross before retiring from the army in 1777. The last records of him were two sightings in Paris in the late 1780s, at which time he still maintained that he was not the murderer of Glenure.[2]","title":"Life and the Appin murder"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert Louis Stevenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson"},{"link_name":"Kidnapped","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidnapped_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Kidnapped (1960 film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidnapped_(1960_film)"},{"link_name":"Kidnapped (1971 film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidnapped_(1971_film)"},{"link_name":"Kidnapped (1995 film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidnapped_(1995_film)"},{"link_name":"Kidnapped (2005 TV series)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidnapped_(2005_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Kidnapped (play)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidnapped_(play)"}],"text":"Stewart appears as a leading character in Robert Louis Stevenson's 1886 novel Kidnapped, which dramatises the Appin murder. In Stevenson's version of events the fictionalised Alan Breck Stewart witnesses Glenure's murder along with the protagonist David Balfour, but he is not the murderer.Kidnapped has been widely adapted for radio, screen and the stage; actors to have portrayed Alan Breck Stewart include Peter Finch (Kidnapped (1960 film)), Michael Caine (Kidnapped (1971 film)), Armand Assante (Kidnapped (1995 film)), Iain Glen (Kidnapped (2005 TV series)), Michael Nardone (BBC Radio, 2016[3]) and Malcolm Cumming (Kidnapped (play)).","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alan_Breck's_Volunteer_Regiment-4"}],"text":"Founded in 2007, the Alan Breck's Prestonpans Volunteer Regiment is a living history and battle re-enactment society focusing on the 1745 Rising and associated histories.[4] Half of the society portray redcoat soldiers and half Jacobites, in recognition of Stewart's service on both sides of the conflict, and is accordingly named after him. The society is based in Prestonpans, East Lothian, but performs at events around the country and has members from across Scotland.","title":"The Alan Breck's Prestonpans Volunteer Regiment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography"},{"link_name":"OUP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press"}],"text":"Nicholson, Eirwen E. C. \"Allan Stewart\", in Matthew, H.C.G. and Brian Harrison, eds. The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. vol. 52, 628. London: OUP, 2004.\nNimmo, Ian (2005). Walking with Murder: On the Kidnapped Trail. Birlinn Ltd. Paperback.\nGibson, Rosemary. \"The Appin Murder: In Their Own Words\" History Scotland. Vol.3 No.1 January/February 2003\nMacArthur, Lt. Gen. Sir William: 'The Appin Murder and the Trial of James Stewart' (1960) JMP Publishing.\nHunter, Professor James.'Culloden and the Last Clansman'","title":"Sources"}]
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aziz_Bhatti_Park
Aziz Bhatti Park
["1 Gallery","2 See also","3 References"]
Coordinates: 24°54′50″N 67°05′42″E / 24.9138°N 67.0950°E / 24.9138; 67.0950Park in Karachi, Pakistan Aziz Bhatti Parkباغ عزیز بهٹیA view of Aziz Bhatti ParkTypeUrban parkLocationGulshan-e-Iqbal, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan.Area37 acres (150,000 m2)Created1972; 52 years ago (1972)Administered byKarachi Metropolitan Corporation The Aziz Bhatti Park (Urdu: باغ عزیز بهٹی) is located near Federal Urdu University on University Road in Gulshan-e-Iqbal, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. The Park named after Major Aziz Bhatti of Punjab Regiment, Pakistan Army. He defended Burki sector of Lahore on 6 September 1965, against an Indian attack during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965. The Aziz Bhatti Park was developed in 1972 by Karachi Development Authority and handed over to Karachi Metropolitan Corporation in 1992. The park has 37 acres land but only 7 to 8 acres area is developed as park and remaining is still plain ground. There is also a natural lake in park. Gallery Natural lake in Aziz Bhatti Park Benches and shed in the park A view of Aziz Bhatti Park A shed in the park Aziz Bhatti Park See also List of parks and gardens in Pakistan List of parks and gardens in Lahore List of parks and gardens in Karachi References ^ "Aziz Bhatti Park to be rebuilt". The News International (newspaper). 1 September 2012. Archived from the original on 2 September 2012. Retrieved 8 November 2022. ^ Hasan, Saad (28 August 2012). "Breathing spaces: KMC plans to rebuild Aziz Bhatti Park lake". The Express Tribune. Retrieved 20 September 2022. 24°54′50″N 67°05′42″E / 24.9138°N 67.0950°E / 24.9138; 67.0950 vteParks in Karachi Aziz Bhatti Park Bagh Ibne Qasim Bagh-e-Jinnah Burns Garden Boat Basin Park Hill Park Jahangir Park Jheel Park Kidney Hill Park Nishtar Park Polo Ground Safari Park Zamzama Park
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[]
[{"title":"List of parks and gardens in Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_parks_and_gardens_in_Pakistan"},{"title":"List of parks and gardens in Lahore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_parks_and_gardens_in_Lahore"},{"title":"List of parks and gardens in Karachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_parks_and_gardens_in_Karachi"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragomino
Dragomino
["1 Gameplay","2 Reception","3 References","4 External links"]
Children's tile-laying board game DragominoDesignersBruno Cathala, Marie Fort, Wilfried FortIllustratorsChristine Deschamps, Maëva da SilvaPublishersBlue Orange GamesPublication2020; 4 years ago (2020)Players2–4Playing time15–20 minutesAge range5+Websiteblueorangegames.eu/en/games/dragomino/ Dragomino is a children's tile-laying board game designed by Bruno Cathala, Marie Fort, and Wilfried Fort and published by Blue Orange Games. It is based on Kingdomino. It won the 2021 Kinderspiel des Jahres. Gameplay Each player is a dragon-rider scouting for dragons and begins the game with one base landscape tile consisting of desert terrain and snow terrain. The six types of landscape tiles are desert, forest, mountain, prairie, snow, and volcano. Each turn, the player executes two actions: visit a place, which requires the player to select one of four available tiles; and show a discovery, which requires the player to connect the new tile to their board. Once this is done, the player checks for connections between the edges of the new tile and those already part of the board. Those with different landscapes result in no action, whereas those with a matching landscape allow the player to take a dragon egg token of the corresponding type, denoted by the colour, for each match. The player then flips the dragon egg token to reveal either a baby dragon or an empty shell. This is then placed at the location of the match. A baby dragon is worth 1 point, whereas an empty shell has no value but allows the player to obtain the mother dragon token. This token grants the player the first action in the subsequent turn, but may be taken by another player in the same turn. Eggs differ in the probability of having a baby dragon, with red eggs (volcano) most likely and yellow eggs (desert) least likely. The game ends when all landscape tiles have been taken. Players count the number of baby dragons they have, and the player with the mother dragon token gets a bonus point. Reception In a review for Board Game Quest, Jason Kelm states that the game has "fantastic art", particularly for the unique dragons and their diversity. Naomi Laeuchli also stated that the "artwork ... is where the game truly shines" in her review for Casual Game Revolution, and specifically mentioned the "unique and adorable pictures for each dragon". Kelm also stated that young children may be confused by the two types of green tiles in the game, and the use of the mother dragon to change the starting player each round. References ^ a b c Mastrangeli, Tony (14 June 2021). "Dragomino Wins the Kinderspiel des Jahres 2021". Board Game Quest. Retrieved 24 November 2021. ^ a b c d e f g h i Elder, Jonathan (14 January 2021). "Dragomino Game Review: Gotta Hatch Them All!". Meeple Mountain. Retrieved 24 November 2021. ^ a b c d Law, Keith (29 December 2020). "Dragomino turns a beloved board game into a child-friendly treat". Paste. Retrieved 24 November 2021. ^ a b c Kelm, Jason (29 October 2020). "Dragomino Review". Board Game Quest. Retrieved 24 November 2021. ^ Laeuchli, Naomi (12 December 2020). "Dragomino Is a Kid-Friendly Version of Kingdomino, With a Twist". Casual Game Revolution. Retrieved 24 November 2021. External links Dragomino at BoardGameGeek Dragomino at Blue Orange
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tile-laying board game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tile-laying_board_game"},{"link_name":"Blue Orange Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Orange_Games"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mastrangeli-1"},{"link_name":"Kingdomino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdomino"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mastrangeli-1"},{"link_name":"Kinderspiel des Jahres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinderspiel_des_Jahres"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mastrangeli-1"}],"text":"Dragomino is a children's tile-laying board game designed by Bruno Cathala, Marie Fort, and Wilfried Fort and published by Blue Orange Games.[1] It is based on Kingdomino.[1]It won the 2021 Kinderspiel des Jahres.[1]","title":"Dragomino"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Elder-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Law-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Elder-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Elder-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Elder-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kelm-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Law-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Elder-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Law-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Elder-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Elder-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Law-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Elder-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Elder-2"}],"text":"Each player is a dragon-rider scouting for dragons[2] and begins the game with one base landscape tile consisting of desert terrain and snow terrain.[3] The six types of landscape tiles are desert, forest, mountain, prairie, snow, and volcano.[2] Each turn, the player executes two actions: visit a place, which requires the player to select one of four available tiles; and show a discovery, which requires the player to connect the new tile to their board.[2]Once this is done, the player checks for connections between the edges of the new tile and those already part of the board.[2] Those with different landscapes result in no action, whereas those with a matching landscape allow the player to take a dragon egg token of the corresponding type, denoted by the colour,[4] for each match.[3] The player then flips the dragon egg token to reveal either a baby dragon or an empty shell.[2] This is then placed at the location of the match.[3]A baby dragon is worth 1 point, whereas an empty shell has no value but allows the player to obtain the mother dragon token.[2] This token grants the player the first action in the subsequent turn, but may be taken by another player in the same turn.[2] Eggs differ in the probability of having a baby dragon, with red eggs (volcano) most likely and yellow eggs (desert) least likely.[3]The game ends when all landscape tiles have been taken.[2] Players count the number of baby dragons they have, and the player with the mother dragon token gets a bonus point.[2]","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kelm-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Laeuchli-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kelm-4"}],"text":"In a review for Board Game Quest, Jason Kelm states that the game has \"fantastic art\", particularly for the unique dragons and their diversity.[4] Naomi Laeuchli also stated that the \"artwork ... is where the game truly shines\" in her review for Casual Game Revolution, and specifically mentioned the \"unique and adorable pictures for each dragon\".[5]Kelm also stated that young children may be confused by the two types of green tiles in the game, and the use of the mother dragon to change the starting player each round.[4]","title":"Reception"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"Mastrangeli, Tony (14 June 2021). \"Dragomino Wins the Kinderspiel des Jahres 2021\". Board Game Quest. Retrieved 24 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.boardgamequest.com/dragomino-wins-the-kinderspiel-des-jahres-2021/","url_text":"\"Dragomino Wins the Kinderspiel des Jahres 2021\""}]},{"reference":"Elder, Jonathan (14 January 2021). \"Dragomino Game Review: Gotta Hatch Them All!\". Meeple Mountain. Retrieved 24 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.meeplemountain.com/reviews/dragomino/","url_text":"\"Dragomino Game Review: Gotta Hatch Them All!\""}]},{"reference":"Law, Keith (29 December 2020). \"Dragomino turns a beloved board game into a child-friendly treat\". Paste. Retrieved 24 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Law_(writer)","url_text":"Law, Keith"},{"url":"https://www.pastemagazine.com/games/board-games/dragomino-review/","url_text":"\"Dragomino turns a beloved board game into a child-friendly treat\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paste_(magazine)","url_text":"Paste"}]},{"reference":"Kelm, Jason (29 October 2020). \"Dragomino Review\". Board Game Quest. Retrieved 24 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.boardgamequest.com/dragomino-review/","url_text":"\"Dragomino Review\""}]},{"reference":"Laeuchli, Naomi (12 December 2020). \"Dragomino Is a Kid-Friendly Version of Kingdomino, With a Twist\". Casual Game Revolution. Retrieved 24 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://casualgamerevolution.com/blog/2020/12/dragomino-is-a-kid-friendly-version-of-kingdomino-with-a-twist","url_text":"\"Dragomino Is a Kid-Friendly Version of Kingdomino, With a Twist\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naqshbandi_Haqqani_Sufi_Order
Naqshbandi Haqqani Sufi Order
["1 Mission","2 Activities","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
Religious organization The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's general notability guideline. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: "Naqshbandi Haqqani Sufi Order" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The symbolic emblem of the Naqshbandi-Haqqani Sufi Order Part of a series on IslamSufismTomb of Abdul Qadir Gilani, Baghdad, Iraq Ideas Abdal Al-Insān al-Kāmil Baqaa Dervish Dhawq Fakir Fana Hal Haqiqa Ihsan Irfan Ishq Karamat Kashf Lataif Manzil Ma'rifa Maqam Murid Murshid Nafs Nūr Qalandar Qutb Silsila Sufi cosmology Sufi metaphysics Sufi philosophy Sufi poetry Sufi psychology Salik Tazkiah Wali Yaqeen Practices Anasheed Dhikr Haḍra Muraqabah Qawwali Sama Whirling Ziyarat Sufi orders Alians Ba 'Alawi Bektashi Qadiri Chishti Naqshbandi Shadhili Suhrawardi Rifa`i Khalwati Rahmani Badawi Desuqi Tijani Darqawi Idrisi Senusi Bayrami Jelveti Maizbhandari Malamati Mouridi Sülaymaniyya Salihiyya Azeemia Kubrawi Mevlevi Shattari Uwaisi Hurufi Ni'matullāhī Nuqtavi Qalandari Safavi Zahabiya Akbari Galibi Haqqani Anjuman Inayati Issawiyya Jerrahi Madari Mahdavi Noorbakshi Zahedi Zikri List of sufis Notable early Notable modern Singers Topics in Sufism Tawhid Sharia Tariqa Haqiqa Ma'rifa Art History Sufi music Persecution Ziyarat Islam portalvtePart of a series onIslam Beliefs Oneness of God Angels Revealed Books Prophets Day of Resurrection Predestination Practices Profession of Faith Prayer Almsgiving Fasting Pilgrimage TextsFoundations Quran Sunnah (Hadith, Sirah) Tafsir (exegesis) Aqidah (creed) Qisas al-Anbiya ("Stories of the Prophets") Mathnawi (Poems) Fiqh (jurisprudence) Sharia (law) History Timeline Muhammad Ahl al-Bayt Sahabah Rashidun Caliphate Imamate Medieval Islamic science Spread of Islam Succession to Muhammad Culture and society Academics Animals Art Association football Calendar Children Circumcision Demographics Diaspora Denominations Sunni Shia Economics Education Ethics Exorcism Feminism Festivals Finance Madrasa Moral teachings Mosque Music Mysticism Philosophy Poetry Politics Proselytizing Science Sexuality LGBT Slavery Social welfare Women Related topics Apostasy Criticism Muhammad Quran Hadith Arabic language Other religions Islamism Violence terrorism war Islamophobia Jihad Jihadism Laws of war Glossary Islam portalvte Naqshbandi Haqqani Sufi Order, stems from the Naqshbandi 'Aliyyah Tariqah. It takes the name "Haqqani" from the tariqah's revivor, Mawláná Shaykh Muḥammad Nazım 'Ádil al-Haqqani. The Naqshbandi-Haqqani Sufi Order of America (NQSOA) is an educational organization devoted to spreading the teachings of the Naqshbandi-Haqqani Sufi tariqah in America, under the guidance of the worldwide leader and master of the order Mehmet 'Ádil ar-Rabbani, Mawláná Shaykh Nazım's successor. Mission According to its official website: "The mission of the Naqshbandi-Haqqani Sufi Order of America is to spread the Sufi teachings of the brotherhood of mankind and the Unity of belief in God that is present in all religions and spiritual paths. Its efforts are directed at bringing the diverse spectrum of religions and spiritual paths into harmony and concord, in recognition of mankind's responsibility as caretaker of this fragile planet and of one another." Activities In spreading the Sufi teachings, NQSOA has employed a variety of means, including a strong web presence, a publications department, and ongoing teaching and worship activities at its 13 centers in America. See also Naqshbandi-Haqqani Golden Chain References ^ official website External links Naqshbandi website Naqshbandi-Haqqani Sufi Order website Naqshbandi Muhibeen website
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[{"title":"Naqshbandi-Haqqani Golden Chain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naqshbandi-Haqqani_Golden_Chain"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juman_Malouf
Juman Malouf
["1 Early life and education","2 Career","3 Personal life","4 References"]
Lebanese writer, illustrator and costume designer Juman MaloufBornBeirutNationalityLebanesePartnerWes AndersonChildren1ParentHanan al-Shaykh (mother) Juman Malouf is a Lebanese costume designer, artist, illustrator and author. Early life and education The daughter of a celebrated Lebanese novelist Hanan al-Shaykh, Malouf was born 1975 in Beirut, Lebanon. She was six months old when her family fled the Lebanese Civil War to London. They spent two years in London before moving to Saudi Arabia, where her father, construction engineer Fouad Malouf, was based. They spent six years in Khobar, before moving once again to London. Malouf attended Brown University where she received a Bachelor of Arts degree in Fine art and Art history. She later attended New York University Tisch School of the Arts and received an Master of Fine Arts degree in set and costume design. Career After graduation, Malouf started her knitwear line Charlotte Corday. She also worked as an assistant to the stylist Yvonne Sporre, before turning her full attention to illustration. Malouf's first book, The Trilogy of Two, is a children's fantasy novel published in 2018 by Pushkin Press. She worked on Trilogy for about six years, while also collaborating on Wes Anderson’s films The Grand Budapest Hotel and Moonrise Kingdom. Personal life Malouf met her partner, film director Wes Anderson, in 2009. The couple had their first child, Freya, in 2016. They live in London and occasionally New York. Malouf voiced a minor role in Anderson's Fantastic Mr. Fox. Malouf and Anderson also co-curated the exhibition Spitzmaus Mummy in a Coffin and other Treasures, at the Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, later published as a book. Her brother is Tarek Malouf, author and founder of Hummingbird Bakery. References ^ "I'm in love with Wes Anderson's partner Juman Malouf". The Irish Times. Retrieved 2023-10-31. ^ Carlos, Marjon. "This Illustrator Just Might Be The Real Life Gucci Muse". Vogue. Retrieved 2024-02-26. ^ "About". Juman Malouf. Retrieved 2023-10-31. ^ Madison, Bennett (2015-12-22). "Juman Malouf's 'The Trilogy of Two' and Edwidge Danticat's 'Untwine'". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-10-31. ^ Crocker, Lizzie (2015-11-08). "Meet Juman Malouf—Y.A. Fiction's New Spellbinder And Wes Anderson's Muse". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 2023-10-31. ^ Feldman, Max L. (2018-11-15). "Wes Anderson and Juman Malouf's Curatorial Debut in Vienna Relives the Moment of First Love". Frieze. Retrieved 2023-10-31. ^ "A book chronicling tiny, bizarre treasures curated by Wes Anderson and Juman Malouf". www.itsnicethat.com. Retrieved 2023-10-31.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"costume designer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costume_designer"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Juman Malouf is a Lebanese costume designer, artist, illustrator and author.[1]","title":"Juman Malouf"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hanan al-Shaykh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanan_al-Shaykh"},{"link_name":"Beirut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thedailybeast.com/meet-juman-maloufya-fictions-new-spellbinder-and-wes-andersons-muse"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"Khobar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khobar"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.harpersbazaararabia.com/fashion/style-files/juman-maloufs-world-of-infinite-possibilities"},{"link_name":"Brown University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_University"},{"link_name":"Art history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_history"},{"link_name":"New York University Tisch School of the Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_University_Tisch_School_of_the_Arts"},{"link_name":"Master of Fine Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Fine_Arts"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The daughter of a celebrated Lebanese novelist Hanan al-Shaykh, Malouf was born 1975 in Beirut, Lebanon.[1] She was six months old when her family fled the Lebanese Civil War to London. They spent two years in London before moving to Saudi Arabia, where her father, construction engineer Fouad Malouf, was based. They spent six years in Khobar, before moving once again to London.[2][2]Malouf attended Brown University where she received a Bachelor of Arts degree in Fine art and Art history. She later attended New York University Tisch School of the Arts and received an Master of Fine Arts degree in set and costume design.[3]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.vogue.com/article/wes-anderson-juman-malouf-interview-costume-design-gucci"},{"link_name":"children's fantasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_fantasy"},{"link_name":"Pushkin Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pushkin_Press"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"The Grand Budapest Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Grand_Budapest_Hotel"},{"link_name":"Moonrise Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonrise_Kingdom"}],"text":"After graduation, Malouf started her knitwear line Charlotte Corday. She also worked as an assistant to the stylist Yvonne Sporre, before turning her full attention to illustration.[3]Malouf's first book, The Trilogy of Two, is a children's fantasy novel published in 2018 by Pushkin Press.[4] She worked on Trilogy for about six years, while also collaborating on Wes Anderson’s films The Grand Budapest Hotel and Moonrise Kingdom.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wes Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wes_Anderson"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Fantastic Mr. Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantastic_Mr._Fox_(film)"},{"link_name":"Kunsthistorisches Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunsthistorisches_Museum"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thedailybeast.com/meet-juman-maloufya-fictions-new-spellbinder-and-wes-andersons-muse"}],"text":"Malouf met her partner, film director Wes Anderson, in 2009. The couple had their first child, Freya, in 2016. They live in London and occasionally New York.[5] Malouf voiced a minor role in Anderson's Fantastic Mr. Fox. Malouf and Anderson also co-curated the exhibition Spitzmaus Mummy in a Coffin and other Treasures, at the Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna,[6] later published as a book.[7]Her brother is Tarek Malouf, author and founder of Hummingbird Bakery. [4]","title":"Personal life"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"I'm in love with Wes Anderson's partner Juman Malouf\". The Irish Times. Retrieved 2023-10-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/Fashion/i-m-in-love-with-wes-anderson-s-partner-juman-malouf-1.3460892","url_text":"\"I'm in love with Wes Anderson's partner Juman Malouf\""}]},{"reference":"Carlos, Marjon. \"This Illustrator Just Might Be The Real Life Gucci Muse\". Vogue. Retrieved 2024-02-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vogue.com/article/wes-anderson-juman-malouf-interview-costume-design-gucci","url_text":"\"This Illustrator Just Might Be The Real Life Gucci Muse\""}]},{"reference":"\"About\". Juman Malouf. Retrieved 2023-10-31.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jumanmalouf.com/about-juman-malouf","url_text":"\"About\""}]},{"reference":"Madison, Bennett (2015-12-22). \"Juman Malouf's 'The Trilogy of Two' and Edwidge Danticat's 'Untwine'\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-10-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/17/books/review/juman-maloufs-the-trilogy-of-two-and-edwidge-danticats-untwine.html","url_text":"\"Juman Malouf's 'The Trilogy of Two' and Edwidge Danticat's 'Untwine'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"Crocker, Lizzie (2015-11-08). \"Meet Juman Malouf—Y.A. Fiction's New Spellbinder And Wes Anderson's Muse\". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 2023-10-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/11/08/meet-juman-malouf-y-a-fiction-s-new-spellbinder-and-wes-anderson-s-muse","url_text":"\"Meet Juman Malouf—Y.A. Fiction's New Spellbinder And Wes Anderson's Muse\""}]},{"reference":"Feldman, Max L. (2018-11-15). \"Wes Anderson and Juman Malouf's Curatorial Debut in Vienna Relives the Moment of First Love\". Frieze. Retrieved 2023-10-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.frieze.com/article/wes-anderson-and-juman-maloufs-curatorial-debut-vienna-relives-moment-first-love","url_text":"\"Wes Anderson and Juman Malouf's Curatorial Debut in Vienna Relives the Moment of First Love\""}]},{"reference":"\"A book chronicling tiny, bizarre treasures curated by Wes Anderson and Juman Malouf\". www.itsnicethat.com. Retrieved 2023-10-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.itsnicethat.com/articles/wes-anderson-juman-malouf-michael-rock-il-sarcofago-di-spitzmaus-e-altri-tesori-publication-081119","url_text":"\"A book chronicling tiny, bizarre treasures curated by Wes Anderson and Juman Malouf\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.thedailybeast.com/meet-juman-maloufya-fictions-new-spellbinder-and-wes-andersons-muse","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://www.harpersbazaararabia.com/fashion/style-files/juman-maloufs-world-of-infinite-possibilities","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"https://www.vogue.com/article/wes-anderson-juman-malouf-interview-costume-design-gucci","external_links_name":"[3]"},{"Link":"https://www.thedailybeast.com/meet-juman-maloufya-fictions-new-spellbinder-and-wes-andersons-muse","external_links_name":"[4]"},{"Link":"https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/Fashion/i-m-in-love-with-wes-anderson-s-partner-juman-malouf-1.3460892","external_links_name":"\"I'm in love with Wes Anderson's partner Juman Malouf\""},{"Link":"https://www.vogue.com/article/wes-anderson-juman-malouf-interview-costume-design-gucci","external_links_name":"\"This Illustrator Just Might Be The Real Life Gucci Muse\""},{"Link":"http://www.jumanmalouf.com/about-juman-malouf","external_links_name":"\"About\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/17/books/review/juman-maloufs-the-trilogy-of-two-and-edwidge-danticats-untwine.html","external_links_name":"\"Juman Malouf's 'The Trilogy of Two' and Edwidge Danticat's 'Untwine'\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/11/08/meet-juman-malouf-y-a-fiction-s-new-spellbinder-and-wes-anderson-s-muse","external_links_name":"\"Meet Juman Malouf—Y.A. Fiction's New Spellbinder And Wes Anderson's Muse\""},{"Link":"https://www.frieze.com/article/wes-anderson-and-juman-maloufs-curatorial-debut-vienna-relives-moment-first-love","external_links_name":"\"Wes Anderson and Juman Malouf's Curatorial Debut in Vienna Relives the Moment of First Love\""},{"Link":"https://www.itsnicethat.com/articles/wes-anderson-juman-malouf-michael-rock-il-sarcofago-di-spitzmaus-e-altri-tesori-publication-081119","external_links_name":"\"A book chronicling tiny, bizarre treasures curated by Wes Anderson and Juman Malouf\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balmoral,_New_Zealand
Balmoral, New Zealand
["1 Demographics","2 Notable buildings","3 Education","4 References","5 External links"]
Coordinates: 36°53′13″S 174°44′53″E / 36.887°S 174.748°E / -36.887; 174.748 Suburb in Auckland, New ZealandBalmoralSuburbCoordinates: 36°53′13″S 174°44′53″E / 36.887°S 174.748°E / -36.887; 174.748CountryNew ZealandCityAucklandLocal authorityAuckland CouncilElectoral wardAlbert-Eden-Puketāpapa wardLocal boardAlbert-Eden Local BoardArea • Land238 ha (588 acres)Population (June 2023) • Total10,040 Morningside Kingsland Mount Eden Balmoral Epsom Sandringham Mount Roskill Three Kings Balmoral (Māori: Pamorere) is a suburb of Auckland, New Zealand that is bordered by Mount Eden, Epsom, Mount Roskill and Sandringham and is located approximately 5 km from the centre of Auckland. It was named around the turn of the 20th century and derives its name from Balmoral Castle, the Scottish country residence of the Royal family. Much of the housing in the area is from the 1920s and 1930s, often in the Californian Bungalow style. Balmoral was part of Mount Eden Borough Council which became a part of Auckland City in 1989. In November 2010, the area was included into the Albert-Eden-Roskill ward (now Albert-Eden-Puketāpapa ward) of the new Auckland Council. A distinctive feature is the numerous Asian restaurants that are located in the Balmoral shopping area and the surrounding Dominion Road intersection. Demographics Balmoral covers 2.38 km2 (0.92 sq mi) and had an estimated population of 10,040 as of June 2023, with a population density of 4,218 people per km2. Historical populationYearPop.±% p.a.20069,387—    20139,720+0.50%201810,164+0.90%Source: Balmoral had a population of 10,164 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 444 people (4.6%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 777 people (8.3%) since the 2006 census. There were 3,276 households, comprising 5,058 males and 5,112 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.99 males per female, with 1,884 people (18.5%) aged under 15 years, 2,649 (26.1%) aged 15 to 29, 4,740 (46.6%) aged 30 to 64, and 897 (8.8%) aged 65 or older. Ethnicities were 66.9% European/Pākehā, 5.2% Māori, 4.5% Pacific peoples, 28.7% Asian, and 3.5% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity. The percentage of people born overseas was 37.8, compared with 27.1% nationally. Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 56.8% had no religion, 28.0% were Christian, 0.1% had Māori religious beliefs, 4.4% were Hindu, 1.5% were Muslim, 2.1% were Buddhist and 2.8% had other religions. Of those at least 15 years old, 3,828 (46.2%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 546 (6.6%) people had no formal qualifications. 2,418 people (29.2%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 4,716 (57.0%) people were employed full-time, 1,314 (15.9%) were part-time, and 276 (3.3%) were unemployed. Individual statistical areas Name Area (km2) Population Density (per km2) Households Median age Median income Balmoral 0.78 3,204 4,108 1,050 33.9 years $40,300 Maungawhau 0.73 3,009 4,122 960 32.4 years $44,600 Mount Eden South 0.87 3,951 4,541 1,266 34.2 years $43,200 New Zealand 37.4 years $31,800 Notable buildings This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Methodist Church - Dominion Road. Red Brick Gothic church built in 1915 to the designs of Arthur White. Symphonia Hall - Cnr Dominion Road and St Albans Avenue. Former Cinema now used as the headquarter of the Auckland Philamonia Orchestra. Mont-le-Grand Flats - Cnr Dominion and Mont le Grand Roads. A 1930s block of flats. Concrete construction with marsailles tile roof & metal Critical windows. St Albans Church. 443 Dominion Road. Anglican Church - part of a worldwide association of congregations associated with St Alban - one of the first Christian martyrs in Britain. The wooden portion of this structure was built in 1884, the brick portion was added in 1905. Several congregations worship here to help make up the twelve acts of public worship that occur throughout every week. These include Hindi speaking Anglicans in Tikanga Pasifika whose Parish is called Anugrah (Grace), also the Eritrean Orthodox originating from North Africa. Russian Orthodox Church of the Resurrection (ROCOR) 447A Dominion Rd, Mt Eden, Auckland, New Zealand. Small wooden structure distinguished by the onion dome typical of old Russian architecture. The Mount Eden War Memorial Hall - 489 Dominion Road. 1957 modernist building in cream brick. In December 2010, Auckland Theatre Company moved into the lower ground floor of the Hall, refitting it to include their offices and two rehearsal spaces. Potter's Park - corner of Dominion and Balmoral Roads. Named after Frederick Potter, one of Balmoral's Victorian landowners who gifted a piece of land for the community. The Christmas Tree House - 112 Balmoral Road. 19th century wooden house standing on a very large flat open property surrounded by scoria rock walls. This land is used to grow Xmas trees creating a slightly surreal effect of a white Victorian house in a perpetually unchanging monochrome green landscape. The last remaining example of the open 'empty' landscape which existed here before the 20th century suburban development swamped the area. Paddington Square - 149 - 157 Balmoral Road. 1970s development of town Houses on the site of an Edwardian Factory complex. The Capitol Picture Theatre - 614 Dominion Road. A 1920s cinema built in the neo-Greek style. During the 1980s it was one of Auckland's most popular art film venues, known as "Charlie Greys". In the late 1990s it was reduced in size and a portion of the auditorium became an indoor climbing venue. The rest of the building still operates as a cinema, and after years of screening mainly Indian films, it has been refurbished and is called the Capitol Cinema again. Balmoral Baptist Church. 682 Dominion Road. Cnr Dominion and Queens Road. 1960s modernist building in concrete and red brick. Brazier Bookshop. 714 Dominion Road. Bookshop run by the parents of Graham Brazier-New Zealand musician Church of the Nazarene. 675 Dominion Road. Cnr Dominion Road and Telford Avenue. Cheapside - 727 and 771 Dominion Road. A pair of 1920s block of shops in the Spanish Mission style. Education Balmoral School is a full primary school catering for years 1–8. It has 732 students. It started as Brixton School in 1926. Maungawhau School is a contributing primary school for years 1–6 and has a roll of 626. It was founded in 1912. Good Shepherd School is a state-integrated Catholic contributing primary school for years 1–6, with 188 students. It opened in 1912. Balmoral Seventh-day Adventist School is a state-integrated full primary school for years 1–8 run by the Seventh-dayAdventist church. It has a roll of 78. It was established in 1950 from the amalgamation of three earlier SDA schools. All these schools are coeducational. Rolls are as of April 2023. The local secondary schools are Mount Albert Grammar School, Marist College, Auckland Grammar School and St Peter's College. References ^ a b "ArcGIS Web Application". statsnz.maps.arcgis.com. Retrieved 15 July 2022. ^ a b "Population estimate tables - NZ.Stat". Statistics New Zealand. Retrieved 25 October 2023. ^ https://maoridictionary.co.nz/word/30628 ^ a b "Statistical area 1 dataset for 2018 Census". Statistics New Zealand. March 2020. Balmoral (138100), Maungawhau (139300) and Mount Eden South (139900). ^ 2018 Census place summary: Balmoral ^ 2018 Census place summary: Maungawhau ^ 2018 Census place summary: Mount Eden South ^ "Dominion Road Methodist Church". New Zealand Heritage List/Rārangi Kōrero. Heritage New Zealand. Retrieved 11 August 2020. ^ "Church of St Alban the Martyr (Anglican)". New Zealand Heritage List/Rārangi Kōrero. Heritage New Zealand. Retrieved 11 August 2020. ^ "Capitol Theatre". New Zealand Heritage List/Rārangi Kōrero. Heritage New Zealand. Retrieved 11 August 2020. ^ Education Counts: Balmoral School ^ "History". Balmoral School. Retrieved 11 August 2020. ^ Education Counts: Maungawhau School ^ "About our School". Maungawhau School. Retrieved 11 August 2020. ^ Education Counts: Good Shepherd School ^ "Some History". Good Shepherd School. Retrieved 11 August 2020. ^ Education Counts: Balmoral Seventh-day Adventist School ^ "Our History". Balmoral Seventh-day Adventist School. Retrieved 11 August 2020. ^ "New Zealand Schools Directory". New Zealand Ministry of Education. Retrieved 12 December 2022. External links Photographs of Balmoral held in Auckland Libraries' heritage collections. vteAlbert-Eden, Auckland, New ZealandPopulated places Balmoral Epsom Greenlane Greenwoods Corner Kingsland Morningside Mount Albert Mount Eden Ōwairaka Point Chevalier Sandringham St Lukes Waterview Geographic features Almorah Rock Forest Maungawhau / Mount Eden Meola Creek Oakley Creek Ōwairaka / Mount Albert Mount St John Facilities and attractions Alberton Dominion Road Eden Park Epsom Library Ferndale House Fowlds Park Gribblehirst Park Highwic Kiwitea Street New North Road New Zealand Trotting Hall of Fame St Barnabas Anglican Church Government Auckland Council Albert-Eden Local Board Albert-Eden-Puketāpapa ward Auckland City Council (defunct) Organisations Auckland City FC Central United F.C. Owairaka Athletic Club
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Suburb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suburb"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Riding_Into_Balmoral_Town_Centre_From_South_III.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Map/13/-36.887/174.748/en"},{"link_name":"36°53′13″S 174°44′53″E / 36.887°S 174.748°E / -36.887; 174.748","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Balmoral,_New_Zealand&params=36.887_S_174.748_E_region:NZ-AUK_type:city"},{"link_name":"City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Auckland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland"},{"link_name":"Local authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_authorities_of_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Auckland Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland_Council"},{"link_name":"Albert-Eden-Puketāpapa ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert-Eden-Puket%C4%81papa_ward"},{"link_name":"Albert-Eden Local Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert-Eden_Local_Board"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Area-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NZ_population_data_2023_SA2-2"},{"link_name":"Morningside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morningside,_Auckland"},{"link_name":"Kingsland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingsland,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Mount Eden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Eden"},{"link_name":"Epsom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsom,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Sandringham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandringham,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Mount Roskill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roskill"},{"link_name":"Three Kings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Kings,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Māori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"suburb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suburb"},{"link_name":"Auckland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Mount Eden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Eden"},{"link_name":"Epsom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsom,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Mount Roskill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roskill"},{"link_name":"Sandringham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandringham,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Balmoral Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balmoral_Castle"},{"link_name":"Royal family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_family"},{"link_name":"Californian Bungalow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californian_Bungalow"},{"link_name":"Albert-Eden-Puketāpapa ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert-Eden-Puket%C4%81papa_ward"},{"link_name":"Auckland Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland_Council"}],"text":"Suburb in Auckland, New ZealandBalmoralSuburbCoordinates: 36°53′13″S 174°44′53″E / 36.887°S 174.748°E / -36.887; 174.748CountryNew ZealandCityAucklandLocal authorityAuckland CouncilElectoral wardAlbert-Eden-Puketāpapa wardLocal boardAlbert-Eden Local BoardArea[1] • Land238 ha (588 acres)Population (June 2023)[2] • Total10,040\n\n\n\nMorningside\nKingsland\nMount Eden\n\n\n\n\nBalmoral\n\n\nEpsom\n\nSandringham\nMount Roskill\nThree KingsBalmoral (Māori: Pamorere)[3] is a suburb of Auckland, New Zealand that is bordered by Mount Eden, Epsom, Mount Roskill and Sandringham and is located approximately 5 km from the centre of Auckland. It was named around the turn of the 20th century and derives its name from Balmoral Castle, the Scottish country residence of the Royal family. Much of the housing in the area is from the 1920s and 1930s, often in the Californian Bungalow style. Balmoral was part of Mount Eden Borough Council which became a part of Auckland City in 1989. In November 2010, the area was included into the Albert-Eden-Roskill ward (now Albert-Eden-Puketāpapa ward) of the new Auckland Council.A distinctive feature is the numerous Asian restaurants that are located in the Balmoral shopping area and the surrounding Dominion Road intersection.","title":"Balmoral, New Zealand"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Area-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NZ_population_data_2023_SA2-2"},{"link_name":"2018 New Zealand census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_New_Zealand_census"},{"link_name":"2013 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_New_Zealand_census"},{"link_name":"2006 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_New_Zealand_census"},{"link_name":"Pākehā","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%81keh%C4%81"},{"link_name":"Māori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people"},{"link_name":"Pacific peoples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasifika_New_Zealanders"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_New_Zealanders"},{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Māori religious beliefs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81ori_religion"},{"link_name":"Hindu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism_in_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Buddhist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2018-4"}],"text":"Balmoral covers 2.38 km2 (0.92 sq mi)[1] and had an estimated population of 10,040 as of June 2023,[2] with a population density of 4,218 people per km2.Balmoral had a population of 10,164 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 444 people (4.6%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 777 people (8.3%) since the 2006 census. There were 3,276 households, comprising 5,058 males and 5,112 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.99 males per female, with 1,884 people (18.5%) aged under 15 years, 2,649 (26.1%) aged 15 to 29, 4,740 (46.6%) aged 30 to 64, and 897 (8.8%) aged 65 or older.Ethnicities were 66.9% European/Pākehā, 5.2% Māori, 4.5% Pacific peoples, 28.7% Asian, and 3.5% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.The percentage of people born overseas was 37.8, compared with 27.1% nationally.Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 56.8% had no religion, 28.0% were Christian, 0.1% had Māori religious beliefs, 4.4% were Hindu, 1.5% were Muslim, 2.1% were Buddhist and 2.8% had other religions.Of those at least 15 years old, 3,828 (46.2%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 546 (6.6%) people had no formal qualifications. 2,418 people (29.2%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 4,716 (57.0%) people were employed full-time, 1,314 (15.9%) were part-time, and 276 (3.3%) were unemployed.[4]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Auckland Theatre Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland_Theatre_Company"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Indian films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_India"},{"link_name":"Graham Brazier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Brazier"}],"text":"Methodist Church - Dominion Road. Red Brick Gothic church built in 1915 to the designs of Arthur White.[8]\nSymphonia Hall - Cnr Dominion Road and St Albans Avenue. Former Cinema now used as the headquarter of the Auckland Philamonia Orchestra.\nMont-le-Grand Flats - Cnr Dominion and Mont le Grand Roads. A 1930s block of flats. Concrete construction with marsailles tile roof & metal Critical windows.\nSt Albans Church. 443 Dominion Road. Anglican Church - part of a worldwide association of congregations associated with St Alban - one of the first Christian martyrs in Britain. The wooden portion of this structure was built in 1884, the brick portion was added in 1905.[9] Several congregations worship here to help make up the twelve acts of public worship that occur throughout every week. These include Hindi speaking Anglicans in Tikanga Pasifika whose Parish is called Anugrah (Grace), also the Eritrean Orthodox originating from North Africa.\nRussian Orthodox Church of the Resurrection (ROCOR) 447A Dominion Rd, Mt Eden, Auckland, New Zealand. Small wooden structure distinguished by the onion dome typical of old Russian architecture.\nThe Mount Eden War Memorial Hall - 489 Dominion Road. 1957 modernist building in cream brick. In December 2010, Auckland Theatre Company moved into the lower ground floor of the Hall, refitting it to include their offices and two rehearsal spaces.\nPotter's Park - corner of Dominion and Balmoral Roads. Named after Frederick Potter, one of Balmoral's Victorian landowners who gifted a piece of land for the community.\nThe Christmas Tree House - 112 Balmoral Road. 19th century wooden house standing on a very large flat open property surrounded by scoria rock walls. This land is used to grow Xmas trees creating a slightly surreal effect of a white Victorian house in a perpetually unchanging monochrome green landscape. The last remaining example of the open 'empty' landscape which existed here before the 20th century suburban development swamped the area.\nPaddington Square - 149 - 157 Balmoral Road. 1970s development of town Houses on the site of an Edwardian Factory complex.\nThe Capitol Picture Theatre - 614 Dominion Road. A 1920s cinema built in the neo-Greek style.[10] During the 1980s it was one of Auckland's most popular art film venues, known as \"Charlie Greys\". In the late 1990s it was reduced in size and a portion of the auditorium became an indoor climbing venue. The rest of the building still operates as a cinema, and after years of screening mainly Indian films, it has been refurbished and is called the Capitol Cinema again.\nBalmoral Baptist Church. 682 Dominion Road. Cnr Dominion and Queens Road. 1960s modernist building in concrete and red brick.\nBrazier Bookshop. 714 Dominion Road. Bookshop run by the parents of Graham Brazier-New Zealand musician\nChurch of the Nazarene. 675 Dominion Road. Cnr Dominion Road and Telford Avenue.\nCheapside - 727 and 771 Dominion Road. A pair of 1920s block of shops in the Spanish Mission style.","title":"Notable buildings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Balmoral School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balmoral_School"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Maungawhau School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maungawhau_School"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NZ_school_roll_data-19"},{"link_name":"Mount Albert Grammar School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Albert_Grammar_School"},{"link_name":"Marist College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marist_College,_Auckland"},{"link_name":"Auckland Grammar School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland_Grammar_School"},{"link_name":"St Peter's College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Peter%27s_College,_Auckland"}],"text":"Balmoral School is a full primary school catering for years 1–8. It has 732 students.[11] It started as Brixton School in 1926.[12]Maungawhau School is a contributing primary school for years 1–6 and has a roll of 626.[13] It was founded in 1912.[14]Good Shepherd School is a state-integrated Catholic contributing primary school for years 1–6, with 188 students.[15] It opened in 1912.[16]Balmoral Seventh-day Adventist School is a state-integrated full primary school for years 1–8 run by the Seventh-dayAdventist church. It has a roll of 78.[17] It was established in 1950 from the amalgamation of three earlier SDA schools.[18]All these schools are coeducational. Rolls are as of April 2023.[19]The local secondary schools are Mount Albert Grammar School, Marist College, Auckland Grammar School and St Peter's College.","title":"Education"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"ArcGIS Web Application\". statsnz.maps.arcgis.com. Retrieved 15 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://statsnz.maps.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=6f49867abe464f86ac7526552fe19787","url_text":"\"ArcGIS Web Application\""}]},{"reference":"\"Population estimate tables - NZ.Stat\". Statistics New Zealand. Retrieved 25 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://nzdotstat.stats.govt.nz/wbos/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=TABLECODE7979","url_text":"\"Population estimate tables - NZ.Stat\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_New_Zealand","url_text":"Statistics New Zealand"}]},{"reference":"\"Statistical area 1 dataset for 2018 Census\". Statistics New Zealand. March 2020. Balmoral (138100), Maungawhau (139300) and Mount Eden South (139900).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stats.govt.nz/information-releases/statistical-area-1-dataset-for-2018-census-updated-march-2020","url_text":"\"Statistical area 1 dataset for 2018 Census\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dominion Road Methodist Church\". New Zealand Heritage List/Rārangi Kōrero. Heritage New Zealand. Retrieved 11 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.heritage.org.nz/list-details/2607/2607","url_text":"\"Dominion Road Methodist Church\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage_New_Zealand","url_text":"Heritage New Zealand"}]},{"reference":"\"Church of St Alban the Martyr (Anglican)\". New Zealand Heritage List/Rārangi Kōrero. Heritage New Zealand. Retrieved 11 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.heritage.org.nz/list-details/511/511","url_text":"\"Church of St Alban the Martyr (Anglican)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage_New_Zealand","url_text":"Heritage New Zealand"}]},{"reference":"\"Capitol Theatre\". New Zealand Heritage List/Rārangi Kōrero. Heritage New Zealand. Retrieved 11 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.heritage.org.nz/list-details/508/508","url_text":"\"Capitol Theatre\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage_New_Zealand","url_text":"Heritage New Zealand"}]},{"reference":"\"History\". Balmoral School. Retrieved 11 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.balmoral.school.nz/history/","url_text":"\"History\""}]},{"reference":"\"About our School\". Maungawhau School. Retrieved 11 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.maungawhau.school.nz/about-our-school/","url_text":"\"About our School\""}]},{"reference":"\"Some History\". Good Shepherd School. Retrieved 11 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.goodshepherd.school.nz/5/pages/2-some-history","url_text":"\"Some History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Our History\". Balmoral Seventh-day Adventist School. Retrieved 11 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.balmoralsda.school.nz/our-history","url_text":"\"Our History\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Zealand Schools Directory\". New Zealand Ministry of Education. Retrieved 12 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.educationcounts.govt.nz/data-services/directories/list-of-nz-schools","url_text":"\"New Zealand Schools Directory\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Balmoral,_New_Zealand&params=36.887_S_174.748_E_region:NZ-AUK_type:city","external_links_name":"36°53′13″S 174°44′53″E / 36.887°S 174.748°E / -36.887; 174.748"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Balmoral,_New_Zealand&params=36.887_S_174.748_E_region:NZ-AUK_type:city","external_links_name":"36°53′13″S 174°44′53″E / 36.887°S 174.748°E / -36.887; 174.748"},{"Link":"https://statsnz.maps.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=6f49867abe464f86ac7526552fe19787","external_links_name":"\"ArcGIS Web Application\""},{"Link":"http://nzdotstat.stats.govt.nz/wbos/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=TABLECODE7979","external_links_name":"\"Population estimate tables - NZ.Stat\""},{"Link":"https://maoridictionary.co.nz/word/30628","external_links_name":"https://maoridictionary.co.nz/word/30628"},{"Link":"https://www.stats.govt.nz/information-releases/statistical-area-1-dataset-for-2018-census-updated-march-2020","external_links_name":"\"Statistical area 1 dataset for 2018 Census\""},{"Link":"https://www.stats.govt.nz/tools/2018-census-place-summaries/balmoral","external_links_name":"2018 Census place summary: Balmoral"},{"Link":"https://www.stats.govt.nz/tools/2018-census-place-summaries/maungawhau","external_links_name":"2018 Census place summary: Maungawhau"},{"Link":"https://www.stats.govt.nz/tools/2018-census-place-summaries/mount-eden-south","external_links_name":"2018 Census place summary: Mount Eden South"},{"Link":"https://www.heritage.org.nz/list-details/2607/2607","external_links_name":"\"Dominion Road Methodist Church\""},{"Link":"https://www.heritage.org.nz/list-details/511/511","external_links_name":"\"Church of St Alban the Martyr (Anglican)\""},{"Link":"https://www.heritage.org.nz/list-details/508/508","external_links_name":"\"Capitol Theatre\""},{"Link":"https://www.educationcounts.govt.nz/find-school/school/profile?school=1219","external_links_name":"Education Counts: Balmoral School"},{"Link":"https://www.balmoral.school.nz/history/","external_links_name":"\"History\""},{"Link":"https://www.educationcounts.govt.nz/find-school/school/profile?school=1367","external_links_name":"Education Counts: Maungawhau School"},{"Link":"https://www.maungawhau.school.nz/about-our-school/","external_links_name":"\"About our School\""},{"Link":"https://www.educationcounts.govt.nz/find-school/school/profile?school=1297","external_links_name":"Education Counts: Good Shepherd School"},{"Link":"https://www.goodshepherd.school.nz/5/pages/2-some-history","external_links_name":"\"Some History\""},{"Link":"https://www.educationcounts.govt.nz/find-school/school/profile?school=4100","external_links_name":"Education Counts: Balmoral Seventh-day Adventist School"},{"Link":"https://www.balmoralsda.school.nz/our-history","external_links_name":"\"Our History\""},{"Link":"https://www.educationcounts.govt.nz/data-services/directories/list-of-nz-schools","external_links_name":"\"New Zealand Schools Directory\""},{"Link":"http://www.aucklandcity.govt.nz/dbtw-wpd/exec/dbtwpub.dll?AC=SEE_ALSO&QF0=Subjects&QI0==%22Balmoral%22&XC=/dbtw-wpd/exec/dbtwpub.dll&BU=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aucklandcity.govt.nz%2Fdbtw-wpd%2FHeritageImages%2Findex.htm&TN=heritageimages&SN=AUTO15486&SE=446&RN=0&MR=20&TR=0&TX=1000&ES=0&CS=1&XP=&RF=HIOReport&EF=&DF=HIORecord&RL=0&EL=0&DL=0&NP=2&ID=&MF=WPEngMsg.ini&MQ=&TI=0&DT=&ST=0&IR=318&NR=1&NB=0&SV=0&SS=0&BG=&FG=&QS=&OEX=ISO-8859-1&OEH=ISO-8859-1","external_links_name":"Photographs of Balmoral"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Patrick%27s_School,_Cork
St Patrick's School, Cork
["1 History","1.1 Saint Luke’s Cross","1.2 Gardiner's Hill","2 Notable pupils and staff","3 References","4 External links"]
School complex in Ireland Saint Patrick’s School is a campus of schools (St Patrick's infants school, St Patrick's Girls Primary, St Patrick's Boys Primary and Saint Patrick's College) in Cork, Ireland. Saint Patrick’s is situated on Gardiner's Hill and has a history dating to the 1820s. History The school began operations in October 1822 as Brickfields Male and Female Free School in rented premises in two private homes in Lower Glanmire Road, Cork. Students were not charged tuition, and funding for the school was provided by charitable donations and an annual fundraiser. The school became part of Ireland's National education system in 1833. At that point the school had two teachers and 100 students (60 boys and 40 girls). Saint Luke’s Cross In 1840, Brickfields Free School held its last lessons and in September 1841, its pupils and staff moved to a new purpose-built premises at Saint Luke’s Cross. The new school, which had space for many more students was called St. Patrick's School and in a fundraising letter written at the time of opening the school manager, Rev. Patrick William Coffey, described the new building as having two floors, with the boys using the upper floor and entering the building from the Ballyhooly Road (just above where the pedestrian crossing is now) and the girls using the lower floor and entering from Alexandra Road. Coffey described the interior as having been kitted out with desks, blackboards, lockers, and two fireplaces. At the time of its opening Saint Patrick's School had 300 pupils on the books, 174 boys and 126 girls. Most of the pupils paid 1d a month for their schooling but around 100 pupils paid no tuition. The founding school manager, Fr. Coffey died of typhus in June 1847 at the age of 42. A plaque was erected in his memory in the church. In 1863, St. Patrick's Infants' School was opened in a newly built schoolroom, using a donation from the estate of J. Murphy of Clifton, Montenotte. The school had 85 students (34 boys and 51 girls), most of whom had transferred from the existing Boys' and Girls' Schools. By 1873 the Infants' School had 300 students. In 1886, an evening school for adults was opened in St. Patrick's Male School. It operated from 19:00 to 21:00, Monday to Thursday. When the District Inspector from the Board of Education visited the night school, he found thirty students being taught (all male) and a further 47 on the books, he recommended that the school be funded. At the time of the First World War the writer Daniel Corkery was a teacher in Saint Patricks. He introduced Gaelic Games to the school in 1917. His pupils at the school included the sculptor Seamus Murphy and writer Frank O’Connor. Corkery resigned from Saint Patrick’s in 1921 after being passed over for a promotion to Headmaster. He would go on to have successful careers in academia and politics. Gardiner's Hill Saint Patrick’s School remained at Saint Luke’s for almost a hundred years. By the late 1930s however the site had become inadequate and it was decided to move to a new purpose-built school that would be built in the fields between the Ballyhooly Road and Gardiners Hill. On 29 November 1937 the 261 boys walked the few hundred yards to the new site on Gardiner's Hill. The new school was officially opened by the then Lord Mayor Jim Hickey. The girls remained at St Lukes until 1955 when they moved to their a new purpose-built school (designed by James Barrett) in the site adjoining the boys school. The new building also housed St. Patrick's Infants' School and allowed for a post-primary level school for girls, St Patrick's College, to be founded in 1958. In 1995, a new purpose-built school was built on the campus for St Patrick's College. St. Patrick's Infants' School and St. Patrick's Girls National School remained in the 1955 building. In 2007, an all-Polish weekend school was launched at Saint Patrick’s, based in the Boys National School (1937) building. Notable pupils and staff Daniel Corkery, Writer, Academic and Politician Frank O'Connor, Writer Seamus Murphy, Sculptor Alan Lotty, Hurler Jackie O'Driscoll, Footballer Joe Kelly, Hurler Donie O'Donovan, Gaelic Footballer Seán O'Brien, Hurler Michael Davitt, Poet Johnny Buckley, Hurler Donal Lenihan, Rugby player David Corkery, Rugby player Leon McSweeney, Footballer Tomás O'Leary, Rugby player References ^ a b c d e f "History". stpatricksboys.net. ^ a b c d e O'Donovan, Diarmuid. "St Patricks Boys National School, Brian Dillons Hurling and Football Club and their entwined history". dodonovan.com (Blog). ^ ^ "Two new all-Polish weekend schools launched". Education Matters. External links St. Patrick’s Infants National School – website St. Patrick’s Boys National School – website St. Patrick’s Girls National School – website St. Patrick’s College – website vteCork CityDistricts Ballinlough Ballintemple Ballyphehane Ballyvolane Bishopstown Blackpool Blackrock Douglas Glasheen The Glen Gurranabraher Knocknaheeny The Lough Mahon Mardyke Mayfield Montenotte Shandon South Parish Sunday's Well Tivoli Togher Turners Cross Wilton CultureEvents Cork Caucus Cork Jazz Festival Cork International Film Festival Cork International Choral Festival Frank O'Connor International Short Story Award Live at the Marquee SoundEye Festival Venues Cork Opera House Cork Public Museum Crawford Art Gallery Firkin Crane Centre Everyman Theatre Lewis Glucksman Gallery Public art Food halls English Market Marina Market EducationThird level Cork College of Commerce Cork Institute of Technology Griffith College Cork St. John's Central College University College Cork Secondary Bishopstown Community School Christian Brothers College Coláiste an Spioraid Naoimh Coláiste Chríost Rí Coláiste Stiofáin Naofa Douglas Community School North Monastery Mount Mercy College Presentation Brothers College Scoil Mhuire, Cork Hamblin and Porter's Grammar School Health Mater Private Hospital Cork University Hospital St. Finbarr's Hospital St. Mary's Health Campus Erinville Hospital North Infirmary History History of Cork Siege of Cork (1690) Irish Industrial Exhibition (1852) Cork International Exhibition (1902) Burning of Cork (1920) MediaPrint Cork Independent The Echo Irish Examiner Radio C103 Cork's 96FM Cork's Red FM Television Cork Community TV Parks andrecreational areas Bishop Lucey Park Fitzgerald's Park The Glen Kennedy Park The Lough Tramore Valley Park Religion Cathedral of St Mary and St Anne Church of St Anne Holy Trinity Church Honan Chapel The Red Abbey Saint Fin Barre's Cathedral SS Peter and Paul's Church Streets Grand Parade Oliver Plunkett Street Parnell Place Shandon Street St Patrick's Street South Mall Washington Street Wellington Road Water bodies River Lee The Lough Lough Mahon Other buildingsand structures Blackrock Castle Christ Church City Gate Mahon Collins Barracks Cork City Gaol Cork City Hall Cork County Hall Cork Kent railway station Cork Prison The Custom House Daly's Bridge Elizabeth Fort The Elysian English Market Jack Lynch Tunnel The Montenotte Hotel National Software Centre Parnell Place Bus Station Sir Henry's Skiddy's Almshouse St. Finbarr's Cemetery Two Working Men Railway stations Blackrock railway station Cork Albert Quay railway station Cork Albert Street railway station Cork Capwell railway station Cork City Park railway station Cork County Gaol Cork Victoria Road railway station Cork Western Road railway station Show Ground Halt railway station Victoria railway station Italics indicate proposed developments. Smaller font-size indicates locations or organizations that no longer exist.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cork_(city)"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"}],"text":"Saint Patrick’s School is a campus of schools (St Patrick's infants school, St Patrick's Girls Primary, St Patrick's Boys Primary and Saint Patrick's College) in Cork, Ireland. Saint Patrick’s is situated on Gardiner's Hill and has a history dating to the 1820s.","title":"St Patrick's School, Cork"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National education system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_school_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sullivan-1"}],"text":"The school began operations in October 1822 as Brickfields Male and Female Free School in rented premises in two private homes in Lower Glanmire Road, Cork. Students were not charged tuition, and funding for the school was provided by charitable donations and an annual fundraiser. The school became part of Ireland's National education system in 1833. At that point the school had two teachers and 100 students (60 boys and 40 girls).[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sullivan-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-donovan-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sullivan-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sullivan-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sullivan-1"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Daniel Corkery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Corkery_(author)"},{"link_name":"Seamus Murphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seamus_Murphy"},{"link_name":"Frank O’Connor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_O%E2%80%99Connor"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-donovan-2"}],"sub_title":"Saint Luke’s Cross","text":"In 1840, Brickfields Free School held its last lessons and in September 1841, its pupils and staff moved to a new purpose-built premises at Saint Luke’s Cross. The new school, which had space for many more students was called St. Patrick's School and in a fundraising letter written at the time of opening the school manager, Rev. Patrick William Coffey, described the new building as having two floors, with the boys using the upper floor and entering the building from the Ballyhooly Road (just above where the pedestrian crossing is now) and the girls using the lower floor and entering from Alexandra Road.[1][2] Coffey described the interior as having been kitted out with desks, blackboards, lockers, and two fireplaces.At the time of its opening Saint Patrick's School had 300 pupils on the books, 174 boys and 126 girls. Most of the pupils paid 1d a month for their schooling but around 100 pupils paid no tuition. The founding school manager, Fr. Coffey died of typhus in June 1847 at the age of 42. A plaque was erected in his memory in the church.[1]In 1863, St. Patrick's Infants' School was opened in a newly built schoolroom, using a donation from the estate of J. Murphy of Clifton, Montenotte. The school had 85 students (34 boys and 51 girls), most of whom had transferred from the existing Boys' and Girls' Schools. By 1873 the Infants' School had 300 students.[1]In 1886, an evening school for adults was opened in St. Patrick's Male School. It operated from 19:00 to 21:00, Monday to Thursday. When the District Inspector from the Board of Education visited the night school, he found thirty students being taught (all male) and a further 47 on the books, he recommended that the school be funded.[1]At the time of the First World War the writer Daniel Corkery was a teacher in Saint Patricks. He introduced Gaelic Games to the school in 1917. His pupils at the school included the sculptor Seamus Murphy and writer Frank O’Connor. Corkery resigned from Saint Patrick’s in 1921 after being passed over for a promotion to Headmaster. He would go on to have successful careers in academia and politics.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-donovan-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sullivan-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-donovan-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-donovan-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-design-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Polish-4"}],"sub_title":"Gardiner's Hill","text":"Saint Patrick’s School remained at Saint Luke’s for almost a hundred years. By the late 1930s however the site had become inadequate and it was decided to move to a new purpose-built school that would be built in the fields between the Ballyhooly Road and Gardiners Hill.[2]On 29 November 1937 the 261 boys walked the few hundred yards to the new site on Gardiner's Hill. The new school was officially opened by the then Lord Mayor Jim Hickey.[1][2]The girls remained at St Lukes until 1955 when they moved to their a new purpose-built school (designed by James Barrett) in the site adjoining the boys school.[2][3] The new building also housed St. Patrick's Infants' School and allowed for a post-primary level school for girls, St Patrick's College, to be founded in 1958.In 1995, a new purpose-built school was built on the campus for St Patrick's College. St. Patrick's Infants' School and St. Patrick's Girls National School remained in the 1955 building.In 2007, an all-Polish weekend school was launched at Saint Patrick’s, based in the Boys National School (1937) building.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Daniel Corkery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Corkery_(author)"},{"link_name":"Frank O'Connor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_O%27Connor"},{"link_name":"Seamus Murphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seamus_Murphy"},{"link_name":"Alan Lotty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Lotty"},{"link_name":"Jackie O'Driscoll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie_O%27Driscoll"},{"link_name":"Joe Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Kelly_(hurler)"},{"link_name":"Donie O'Donovan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donie_O%27Donovan"},{"link_name":"Seán O'Brien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_O%27Brien_(Cork_hurler)"},{"link_name":"Michael Davitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Davitt_(poet)"},{"link_name":"Johnny Buckley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Buckley_(Glen_Rovers_hurler)"},{"link_name":"Donal Lenihan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donal_Lenihan"},{"link_name":"David Corkery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Corkery"},{"link_name":"Leon McSweeney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_McSweeney"},{"link_name":"Tomás O'Leary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_O%27Leary"}],"text":"Daniel Corkery, Writer, Academic and Politician\nFrank O'Connor, Writer\nSeamus Murphy, Sculptor\nAlan Lotty, Hurler\nJackie O'Driscoll, Footballer\nJoe Kelly, Hurler\nDonie O'Donovan, Gaelic Footballer\nSeán O'Brien, Hurler\nMichael Davitt, Poet\nJohnny Buckley, Hurler\nDonal Lenihan, Rugby player\nDavid Corkery, Rugby player\nLeon McSweeney, Footballer\nTomás O'Leary, Rugby player","title":"Notable pupils and staff"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"History\". stpatricksboys.net.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stpatricksboys.net/history.html","url_text":"\"History\""}]},{"reference":"O'Donovan, Diarmuid. \"St Patricks Boys National School, Brian Dillons Hurling and Football Club and their entwined history\". dodonovan.com (Blog).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dodonovan.com/?p=657","url_text":"\"St Patricks Boys National School, Brian Dillons Hurling and Football Club and their entwined history\""}]},{"reference":"\"Two new all-Polish weekend schools launched\". Education Matters.","urls":[{"url":"http://educationmatters.ie/em_news/two-new-all-polish-weekend-schools-launched/","url_text":"\"Two new all-Polish weekend schools launched\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Beverley_(rugby_league,_born_1907)
Harry Beverley (rugby league, born 1907)
["1 Background","2 Playing career","2.1 International honours","2.2 County Honours","2.3 Challenge Cup Final appearances","2.4 County Cup Final appearances","3 Honoured at Halifax","4 References","5 External links"]
English RL coach and former GB & England international rugby league footballer Harry BeverleyPersonal informationFull nameHarry BeverleyBornthird ¼ 1907Hunslet district, Leeds, EnglandDied1982 (aged 74–75)Playing informationPositionLoose forward Club Years Team Pld T G FG P 1934–37 Hunslet 1937–41 Halifax 112 16 0 0 48 Total 112 16 0 0 48 Representative Years Team Pld T G FG P Yorkshire 2 1937 British Empire 1935–38 England 5 1 0 0 3 1936–37 Great Britain 6 1 0 0 3 Coaching information Club Years Team Gms W D L W% ≤1951–≥51 Wakefield Trinity 1962–63 Bradford Northern Total 0 0 0 0 Source: As of 13 June 2017 Harry Beverley (birth registered third ¼ 1907 – 1982) was an English professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1930s and 1940s, and coached in the 1950s and 1960s. He played at representative level for Great Britain, England, British Empire and Yorkshire, and at club level for Hunslet and Halifax, as a loose forward, and coached at club level for Wakefield Trinity and Bradford Northern. Background Beverley's birth was registered in Leeds, West Riding of Yorkshire, England, and he died aged 74–75. Playing career International honours Harry Beverley represented British Empire while at Halifax in 1937 against France, and won caps for England while at Hunslet in 1935 against Wales, in 1936 against France, in 1937 against France, in 1938 against Wales, and France, and won caps for Great Britain while at Hunslet in 1936 against Australia (3 matches), in 1937 against Australia, and while at Halifax in 1937 against Australia (2 matches). County Honours Harry Beverley won caps for Yorkshire while at Halifax. Challenge Cup Final appearances Harry Beverley played loose forward in Hunslet's 11–5 victory over Widnes in the 1933–34 Challenge Cup Final during the 1933–34 season at Wembley Stadium, London on Saturday 5 May 1934, played loose forward and was captain in Halifax's 20–3 victory over Salford in the 1938–39 Challenge Cup Final during the 1938–39 season at Wembley Stadium, London on Saturday 6 May 1939, and played loose forward in Halifax's 2–9 defeat by Leeds in the 1940–41 Challenge Cup Final during the 1940–41 season at Odsal, Bradford, in front of a crowd of 28,500. County Cup Final appearances Harry Beverley played left-centre in Hunslet FC's 7–13 defeat by Hull Kingston Rovers in the 1929–30 Yorkshire Cup Final during the 1929–30 season at Headingley, Leeds on Saturday 30 November 1929, in front of a crowd of 11,000. Honoured at Halifax Harry Beverley is a Halifax Hall Of Fame Inductee. References ^ a b "Statistics at rugbyleagueproject.org". rugbyleagueproject.org. 31 December 2017. Retrieved 1 January 2018. ^ a b "England Statistics at englandrl.co.uk". englandrl.co.uk. 31 December 2017. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 1 January 2018. ^ a b "Great Britain Statistics at englandrl.co.uk". englandrl.co.uk. 31 December 2017. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 1 January 2018. ^ "Coach Statistics at rugbyleagueproject.org". rugbyleagueproject.org. 31 December 2017. Retrieved 1 January 2018. ^ "Birth details at freebmd.org.uk". freebmd.org.uk. 31 December 2011. Retrieved 1 January 2012. ^ England & Wales, Death Index: 1916-2006 ^ a b "Halifax RLFC Hall of Fame". halifaxrlfc.co.uk. 31 December 2011. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 1 January 2012. ^ John Huxley (1992). "The Rugby League Challenge Cup ". Guinness Publishing. ISBN 0-85112-511-5 ^ Irvin Saxton (publish date tbc) "History of Rugby League – № 46 – 1940–41". Rugby Leaguer ISBN n/a ^ Irvin Saxton (publish date tbc) "History of Rugby League – № 35 – 1929–30". Rugby Leaguer ISBN n/a External links vteHunslet squad – 1933–34 Challenge Cup Final winners 1 Jack Walkington (c) 2 George Dennis 3 Cyril Morrell 4 Ernest Winter 5 George Broughton 6 George Todd 7 Billy Thornton 8 Len Smith 9 Leslie White 10 Mark Tolson 11 Hector Crowther 12 Harry Beverley 13 Frank Dawson vteHalifax squad – 1938–39 Challenge Cup Final winners 1 Hubert Lockwood 2 Jim Bevan 3 Charles Smith 4 Jack Treen 5 Arthur Bassett 6 George Todd 7 Jack Goodall 8 George Baynham 9 Harry Field 10 Hudson Irving 11 Jack Cox 12 John Chadwick 13 Harry Beverley (c) Coach: W. Bennett vte Great Britain squad – 1936 tour to Australia & New Zealand Jim Brough (c) Jack Arkwright Tommy Armitt Arthur Atkinson Billy Belshaw Harry Beverley Stan Brogden Gwyn Davies Alan Edwards Harold Ellerington Mick Exley Harry Field Fred Harris Martin Hodgson Barney Hudson Emlyn Jenkins Hal Jones Tommy McCue Jack Miller Jack Morley Gus Risman Nat Silcock Stanley Smith Alec Troup Billy Watkins Harry Woods Mr R. F. Anderton (manager) Mr W. Poppleton (manager) vteWakefield Trinity coaches Jim Croston (1945–47) Johnny Malpass (1947–48) Billy Stott (1948–49) Harry Beverley (1949–51) Jim Croston (1951–53) Bill Duffy (1953–54) Johnny Malpass (1954–58) Ken Traill (1958–70) Neil Fox (1970–74) Peter Fox (1974–76) Geoff Gunney (1976) Brian Lockwood (1976–78) Ian Brooke (1978–79) Bill Kirkbride (1979–80) Ray Batten (1980–81) Bill Ashurst (1981–82) Ray Batten (1982–83) Derek Turner (1983–84) Bob Haigh (1984) Geoffrey Wraith (1984) David Lamming (1984–85) Len Casey (1985–86) Tony Dean (1986) Trevor Bailey (1986–87) David Topliss (1987–94) David Hobbs (1994–95) Paul Harkin/Andy Kelly (1995–96) Mitch Brennan (1996–97) Andy Kelly (1997–2000) Tony Kemp (2000) John Harbin (2000–01) Peter Roe (2001–02) Shane McNally/Adrian Vowles (2002–03) Shane McNally (2003–05) Tony Smith (2005–06) John Kear (2006–11) Richard Agar (2011–14) James Webster (2014–15) Brian Smith (2015–16) Chris Chester (2016–21) Willie Poching (2021–22) Mark Applegarth (2023) Daryl Powell (2024–) vteBradford Bulls coaches Dai Rees (1936–60) Trevor Foster (1960–61) Doug Greenall (1961) Jimmy Ledgard (1961–62) Harry Beverley (1962–63) Jack Wilkinson (1963) Gus Risman (1964–71) Harry Street (1971–72) Ian Brooke (1973–75) Roy Francis (1975–77) Peter Fox (1977–85) Barry Seabourne (1985–89) Ron Willey (1989–90) David Hobbs (1990–91) Peter Fox (1991–95) Brian Smith (1995–96) Matthew Elliott (1996–00) Brian Noble (2001–06) Steve McNamara (2006–10) Lee St Hilaire (2010) Michael Potter (2011–12) Francis Cummins (2013–14) Matt Diskin (2014) James Lowes (2014–16) Rohan Smith (2016) Geoff Toovey (2017) John Kear (2018–22) Mark Dunning (2022–23) Lee Greenwood (interim) (2023) Eamon O'Carroll (2024–present) vteHalifax RLFC Hall of Fame Inductees Alvin Ackerley Chris Anderson Gordon Baker Arthur Bassett Jack Beames Harry Beverley John Burnett Arthur Daniels Ken Dean Colin Dixon Jimmy Dodd Albert Fearnley Terry Fogerty Johnny Freeman Karl Harrison Hudson Irving Ronnie James Stan Kielty George Langhorn Billy Little Hubert Lockwood Tommy Lynch John Martin Garfield Owen Dai Rees Charlie Renilson Archie Rigg Joe Riley Ken Roberts Asa Robinson Mick Scott Jack Scroby Charles Smith Cyril Stacey George Thomson John Thorley Frank Todd Jack Wilkinson
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Birth_details_at_freebmd.org.uk-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"rugby league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league"},{"link_name":"coached","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coach_(sport)"},{"link_name":"Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain_national_rugby_league_team"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_national_rugby_league_team"},{"link_name":"British Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire_XIII_rugby_league_team"},{"link_name":"Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_League_War_of_the_Roses"},{"link_name":"Hunslet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunslet_F.C._(1883)"},{"link_name":"Halifax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halifax_R.L.F.C."},{"link_name":"loose forward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league_positions#Loose_forward_/_Lock_forward"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Statistics_at_rugbyleagueproject.org-1"},{"link_name":"Wakefield Trinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakefield_Trinity"},{"link_name":"Bradford Northern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradford_Bulls"}],"text":"Harry Beverley (birth registered third ¼ 1907[5] – 1982)[6] was an English professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1930s and 1940s, and coached in the 1950s and 1960s. He played at representative level for Great Britain, England, British Empire and Yorkshire, and at club level for Hunslet and Halifax, as a loose forward,[1] and coached at club level for Wakefield Trinity and Bradford Northern.","title":"Harry Beverley (rugby league, born 1907)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds"},{"link_name":"West Riding of Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Riding_of_Yorkshire"}],"text":"Beverley's birth was registered in Leeds, West Riding of Yorkshire, England, and he died aged 74–75.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire_XIII_rugby_league_team"},{"link_name":"caps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cap_(sport)"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_national_rugby_league_team"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-England_Statistics_at_englandrl.co.uk-2"},{"link_name":"caps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cap_(sport)"},{"link_name":"Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain_national_rugby_league_team"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Great_Britain_Statistics_at_englandrl.co.uk-3"}],"sub_title":"International honours","text":"Harry Beverley represented British Empire while at Halifax in 1937 against France, and won caps for England while at Hunslet in 1935 against Wales, in 1936 against France, in 1937 against France, in 1938 against Wales, and France,[2] and won caps for Great Britain while at Hunslet in 1936 against Australia (3 matches), in 1937 against Australia, and while at Halifax in 1937 against Australia (2 matches).[3]","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"caps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cap_(sport)"},{"link_name":"Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_League_War_of_the_Roses"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Halifax_RLFC_Hall_of_Fame-7"}],"sub_title":"County Honours","text":"Harry Beverley won caps for Yorkshire while at Halifax.[7]","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"loose forward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league_positions#Loose_forward_/_Lock_forward"},{"link_name":"Hunslet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunslet_F.C._(1883)"},{"link_name":"Widnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widnes_Vikings"},{"link_name":"1933–34 Challenge Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1933%E2%80%9334_Challenge_Cup"},{"link_name":"1933–34 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1933%E2%80%9334_Northern_Rugby_Football_League_season"},{"link_name":"Wembley Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wembley_Stadium_(1923)"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"loose forward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league_positions#Loose_forward_/_Lock_forward"},{"link_name":"captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(sports)"},{"link_name":"Halifax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halifax_R.L.F.C."},{"link_name":"Salford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salford_Red_Devils"},{"link_name":"1938–39 Challenge Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1938%E2%80%9339_Challenge_Cup"},{"link_name":"1938–39 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1938%E2%80%9339_Northern_Rugby_Football_League_season"},{"link_name":"Wembley Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wembley_Stadium_(1923)"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"loose forward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league_positions#Loose_forward_/_Lock_forward"},{"link_name":"Halifax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halifax_R.L.F.C."},{"link_name":"Leeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_Rhinos"},{"link_name":"1940–41 Challenge Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1940%E2%80%9341_Challenge_Cup"},{"link_name":"1940–41 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1940%E2%80%9341_Northern_Rugby_Football_League_Wartime_Emergency_League_season#Challenge_Cup"},{"link_name":"Odsal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odsal_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Bradford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradford"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History_of_Rugby_League_%E2%80%93_%E2%84%96_46_%E2%80%93_1940%E2%80%9341-9"}],"sub_title":"Challenge Cup Final appearances","text":"Harry Beverley played loose forward in Hunslet's 11–5 victory over Widnes in the 1933–34 Challenge Cup Final during the 1933–34 season at Wembley Stadium, London on Saturday 5 May 1934, played loose forward and was captain in Halifax's 20–3 victory over Salford in the 1938–39 Challenge Cup Final during the 1938–39 season at Wembley Stadium, London on Saturday 6 May 1939,[8] and played loose forward in Halifax's 2–9 defeat by Leeds in the 1940–41 Challenge Cup Final during the 1940–41 season at Odsal, Bradford, in front of a crowd of 28,500.[9]","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league_positions#Centre"},{"link_name":"Hunslet FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunslet_F.C._(1883)"},{"link_name":"Hull Kingston Rovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hull_Kingston_Rovers"},{"link_name":"1929–30 Yorkshire Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1929%E2%80%9330_Yorkshire_Cup"},{"link_name":"1929–30 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1929%E2%80%9330_Northern_Rugby_Football_League_season"},{"link_name":"Headingley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headingley_Rugby_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Leeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History_of_Rugby_League_%E2%80%93_%E2%84%96_35_%E2%80%93_1929%E2%80%9330-10"}],"sub_title":"County Cup Final appearances","text":"Harry Beverley played left-centre in Hunslet FC's 7–13 defeat by Hull Kingston Rovers in the 1929–30 Yorkshire Cup Final during the 1929–30 season at Headingley, Leeds on Saturday 30 November 1929, in front of a crowd of 11,000.[10]","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Halifax_RLFC_Hall_of_Fame-7"}],"text":"Harry Beverley is a Halifax Hall Of Fame Inductee.[7]","title":"Honoured at Halifax"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angles,_Vend%C3%A9e
Angles, Vendée
["1 Geography","1.1 Climate","2 History","3 Population","4 Personalities","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
Coordinates: 46°24′26″N 1°24′22″W / 46.4071°N 1.4062°W / 46.4071; -1.4062Commune in Pays de la Loire, FranceAnglesCommuneThe church of Our Lady of the Angels, in Angles Coat of armsLocation of Angles AnglesShow map of FranceAnglesShow map of Pays de la LoireCoordinates: 46°24′26″N 1°24′22″W / 46.4071°N 1.4062°W / 46.4071; -1.4062CountryFranceRegionPays de la LoireDepartmentVendéeArrondissementLes Sables-d'OlonneCantonMareuil-sur-Lay-DissaisIntercommunalityVendée Grand LittoralGovernment • Mayor (2020–2026) Joël MonvoisinArea134.27 km2 (13.23 sq mi)Population (2021)2,926 • Density85/km2 (220/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)INSEE/Postal code85004 /85750Elevation1–22 m (3.3–72.2 ft) (avg. 9 m or 30 ft)1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. Angles (French pronunciation: ) is a commune in the Vendée department in the Pays de la Loire region in western France. Geography The river Lay forms all of the commune's eastern border. Angles is located to the south of the department between plains and marshes, 7 kilometres from the beaches of La Tranche sur Mer and Longeville sur Mer. The town is noted for its old alleys and its Romanesque and Gothic church. Climate Angles has a oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification Cfb). The average annual temperature in Angles is 13.2 °C (55.8 °F). The average annual rainfall is 869.3 mm (34.22 in) with November as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in July, at around 20.5 °C (68.9 °F), and lowest in January, at around 6.6 °C (43.9 °F). The highest temperature ever recorded in Angles was 41.0 °C (105.8 °F) on 7 August 2003; the coldest temperature ever recorded was −14.0 °C (6.8 °F) on 14 January 1987. Climate data for Angles (1991−2020 normals, extremes 1978−2020) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C (°F) 16.5(61.7) 21.5(70.7) 27.0(80.6) 29.0(84.2) 33.5(92.3) 39.0(102.2) 38.6(101.5) 41.0(105.8) 35.0(95.0) 31.2(88.2) 22.0(71.6) 17.0(62.6) 41.0(105.8) Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 10.0(50.0) 11.2(52.2) 14.5(58.1) 17.4(63.3) 20.9(69.6) 24.5(76.1) 26.7(80.1) 26.8(80.2) 23.7(74.7) 18.9(66.0) 13.8(56.8) 10.5(50.9) 18.2(64.8) Daily mean °C (°F) 6.6(43.9) 6.9(44.4) 9.5(49.1) 11.8(53.2) 15.4(59.7) 18.7(65.7) 20.5(68.9) 20.5(68.9) 17.7(63.9) 14.2(57.6) 9.8(49.6) 7.0(44.6) 13.2(55.8) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 3.2(37.8) 2.7(36.9) 4.5(40.1) 6.2(43.2) 9.8(49.6) 12.8(55.0) 14.4(57.9) 14.2(57.6) 11.6(52.9) 9.4(48.9) 5.7(42.3) 3.5(38.3) 8.2(46.8) Record low °C (°F) −14.0(6.8) −10.5(13.1) −10.5(13.1) −4.8(23.4) 0.0(32.0) 5.0(41.0) 7.0(44.6) 6.0(42.8) 3.0(37.4) −2.4(27.7) −6.5(20.3) −9.5(14.9) −14.0(6.8) Average precipitation mm (inches) 89.6(3.53) 70.5(2.78) 63.1(2.48) 62.5(2.46) 53.3(2.10) 44.0(1.73) 46.9(1.85) 49.1(1.93) 68.4(2.69) 101.8(4.01) 112.6(4.43) 107.5(4.23) 869.3(34.22) Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 13.9 11.8 10.6 10.1 9.0 7.2 7.0 7.0 8.1 12.4 14.0 15.1 126.2 Source: Météo-France History Georges Clemenceau, a resident of the nearby Saint-Vincent-sur-Jard, described Angles at the beginning of the century as "a small town located at the extreme edge of the grove at the exact point where the sea retreats from the vast plain of Vendeen green marsh and where livestock is the country's industry. The agricultural vocation has long been the economic engine of an entire region, but since the early writings of the Tigris, much has changed ... In the early eleventh century the area was subject to numerous Norman invasions, a concern that led to a significant depopulation during this period. However, the Tower of Moricq was constructed by local lords such as the Prince of Talmont in 1040 to safeguard the security of the area. They aimed to attract people to the area, especially the barons by providing real estate and financial resources to the development of agricultural activity and a church. In this context the city had its foundation around 1075 with the establishment, on the ruins of an ancient Gallo-Roman church of Sancta Maria Anglis (St. Mary of the Angels) by William son of Herbert. Tourism is a contributor to what is otherwise an agricultural economy and in the summer months tourists stay in Angles in campsites and cottages in the area. Population Historical populationYearPop.±% p.a.1968 923—    1975 964+0.62%1982 1,153+2.59%1990 1,314+1.65%1999 1,582+2.08%2007 2,095+3.57%2012 2,574+4.20%2017 2,816+1.81%Source: INSEE Personalities René-Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur Raoul Pacaud (1862–1932), Deputy of the Vendée (1914–1919, 1928–1932) Albert Deman (1927–1996) See also Communes of the Vendée department References ^ "Répertoire national des élus: les maires". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 2 December 2020. ^ "Populations légales 2021". The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023. ^ "Bienvenue à Angles..." www.angles.fr. Retrieved August 26, 2009. ^ "Fiche Climatologique Statistiques 1991-2020 et records" (PDF) (in French). Météo-France. Retrieved September 12, 2022. ^ a b c "Histoire". www.angles.fr. Retrieved August 26, 2009. ^ Population en historique depuis 1968, INSEE External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Angles (Vendée). Official site vteCommunes of the Vendée department Les Achards L'Aiguillon-la-Presqu'île L'Aiguillon-sur-Vie Aizenay Angles Antigny Apremont Aubigny-Les Clouzeaux Auchay-sur-Vendée Avrillé Barbâtre La Barre-de-Monts Bazoges-en-Paillers Bazoges-en-Pareds Beaufou Beaulieu-sous-la-Roche Beaurepaire Beauvoir-sur-Mer Bellevigny Benet Le Bernard La Bernardière Bessay Bois-de-Céné La Boissière-de-Montaigu La Boissière-des-Landes Bouillé-Courdault Bouin Le Boupère Bourneau Bournezeau Brem-sur-Mer Bretignolles-sur-Mer La Bretonnière-la-Claye Les Brouzils La Bruffière La Caillère-Saint-Hilaire Chaillé-les-Marais La Chaize-Giraud La Chaize-le-Vicomte Challans Champagné-les-Marais Le Champ-Saint-Père Chantonnay Chanverrie La Chapelle-Hermier La Chapelle-Palluau La Chapelle-Thémer Chasnais La Châtaigneraie Château-Guibert Châteauneuf Chauché Chavagnes-en-Paillers Chavagnes-les-Redoux Cheffois Coëx Commequiers La Copechagnière Corpe La Couture Cugand Curzon Damvix Doix-lès-Fontaines Dompierre-sur-Yon Les Epesses L'Épine Essarts-en-Bocage Falleron Faymoreau Le Fenouiller La Ferrière Fontenay-le-Comtesubpr Fougeré Foussais-Payré Froidfond La Garnache La Gaubretière La Genétouze Le Girouard Givrand Le Givre Grand'Landes Grosbreuil Grues Le Gué-de-Velluire La Guérinière L'Herbergement Les Herbiers L'Hermenault L'Île-d'Elle L'Île-d'Olonne L'Île-d'Yeu Jard-sur-Mer La Jaudonnière La Jonchère Lairoux Landeronde Les Landes-Genusson Landevieille Le Langon Liez Loge-Fougereuse Longèves Longeville-sur-Mer Luçon Les Lucs-sur-Boulogne Maché Les Magnils-Reigniers Maillé Maillezais Mallièvre Mareuil-sur-Lay-Dissais Marillet Marsais-Sainte-Radégonde Martinet Le Mazeau La Meilleraie-Tillay Menomblet La Merlatière Mervent Mesnard-la-Barotière Monsireigne Montaigu-Vendée Montournais Montreuil Montréverd Moreilles Mortagne-sur-Sèvre Mouchamps Mouilleron-le-Captif Mouilleron-Saint-Germain Moutiers-les-Mauxfaits Moutiers-sur-le-Lay Mouzeuil-Saint-Martin Nalliers Nesmy Nieul-le-Dolent Noirmoutier-en-l'Île Notre-Dame-de-Monts Notre-Dame-de-Riez L'Orbrie L'Oie Palluau Péault Le Perrier Petosse Les Pineaux Pissotte Le Poiré-sur-Vie Poiroux Pouillé Pouzauges Puy-de-Serre Puyravault La Rabatelière Réaumur La Réorthe Rives-d'Autise Rives de l'Yon Rives-du-Fougerais Rocheservière La Roche-sur-Yonpref Rochetrejoux Rosnay Les Sables-d'Olonnesubpr Saint-André-Goule-d'Oie Saint-Aubin-des-Ormeaux Saint-Aubin-la-Plaine Saint-Avaugourd-des-Landes Saint-Benoist-sur-Mer Saint-Christophe-du-Ligneron Saint-Cyr-des-Gâts Saint-Cyr-en-Talmondais Saint-Denis-du-Payré Saint-Denis-la-Chevasse Sainte-Cécile Sainte-Flaive-des-Loups Sainte-Florence Sainte-Foy Sainte-Gemme-la-Plaine Sainte-Hermine Sainte-Pexine Sainte-Radégonde-des-Noyers Saint-Étienne-de-Brillouet Saint-Étienne-du-Bois Saint-Fulgent Saint-Georges-de-Pointindoux Saint-Germain-de-Prinçay Saint-Gervais Saint-Gilles-Croix-de-Vie Saint-Hilaire-de-Riez Saint-Hilaire-des-Loges Saint-Hilaire-de-Voust Saint-Hilaire-la-Forêt Saint-Hilaire-le-Vouhis Saint-Jean-de-Beugné Saint-Jean-de-Monts Saint-Juire-Champgillon Saint-Julien-des-Landes Saint-Laurent-de-la-Salle Saint-Laurent-sur-Sèvre Saint-Maixent-sur-Vie Saint-Malô-du-Bois Saint-Mars-la-Réorthe Saint-Martin-de-Fraigneau Saint-Martin-des-Fontaines Saint-Martin-des-Noyers Saint-Martin-des-Tilleuls Saint-Martin-Lars-en-Sainte-Hermine Saint-Mathurin Saint-Maurice-des-Noues Saint-Maurice-le-Girard Saint-Mesmin Saint-Michel-en-l'Herm Saint-Michel-le-Cloucq Saint-Paul-en-Pareds Saint-Paul-Mont-Penit Saint-Philbert-de-Bouaine Saint-Pierre-du-Chemin Saint-Pierre-le-Vieux Saint-Prouant Saint-Révérend Saint-Sigismond Saint-Urbain Saint-Valérien Saint-Vincent-Sterlanges Saint-Vincent-sur-Graon Saint-Vincent-sur-Jard Sallertaine Sérigné Sèvremont Sigournais Soullans Le Tablier La Taillée Tallud-Sainte-Gemme Talmont-Saint-Hilaire Terval Thiré Thorigny Tiffauges La Tranche-sur-Mer Treize-Septiers Treize-Vents Triaize Vairé Les Velluire-sur-Vendée Venansault Vendrennes Vix Vouillé-les-Marais Vouvant Xanton-Chassenon pref: prefecture subpr: subprefecture Authority control databases: National France BnF data This Vendée geographical article is a stub. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[ɑ̃ɡl]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"commune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_France"},{"link_name":"Vendée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vend%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_France"},{"link_name":"Pays de la Loire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pays_de_la_Loire"},{"link_name":"region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_of_France"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"}],"text":"Commune in Pays de la Loire, FranceAngles (French pronunciation: [ɑ̃ɡl]) is a commune in the Vendée department in the Pays de la Loire region in western France.","title":"Angles, Vendée"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lay_(river)"},{"link_name":"La Tranche sur Mer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Tranche_sur_Mer"},{"link_name":"Longeville sur Mer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longeville_sur_Mer"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The river Lay forms all of the commune's eastern border. Angles is located to the south of the department between plains and marshes, 7 kilometres from the beaches of La Tranche sur Mer and Longeville sur Mer. The town is noted for its old alleys and its Romanesque and Gothic church.[3]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"oceanic climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanic_climate"},{"link_name":"Köppen climate classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"Météo-France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9t%C3%A9o-France"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"Angles has a oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification Cfb). The average annual temperature in Angles is 13.2 °C (55.8 °F). The average annual rainfall is 869.3 mm (34.22 in) with November as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in July, at around 20.5 °C (68.9 °F), and lowest in January, at around 6.6 °C (43.9 °F). The highest temperature ever recorded in Angles was 41.0 °C (105.8 °F) on 7 August 2003; the coldest temperature ever recorded was −14.0 °C (6.8 °F) on 14 January 1987.Climate data for Angles (1991−2020 normals, extremes 1978−2020)\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °C (°F)\n\n16.5(61.7)\n\n21.5(70.7)\n\n27.0(80.6)\n\n29.0(84.2)\n\n33.5(92.3)\n\n39.0(102.2)\n\n38.6(101.5)\n\n41.0(105.8)\n\n35.0(95.0)\n\n31.2(88.2)\n\n22.0(71.6)\n\n17.0(62.6)\n\n41.0(105.8)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n10.0(50.0)\n\n11.2(52.2)\n\n14.5(58.1)\n\n17.4(63.3)\n\n20.9(69.6)\n\n24.5(76.1)\n\n26.7(80.1)\n\n26.8(80.2)\n\n23.7(74.7)\n\n18.9(66.0)\n\n13.8(56.8)\n\n10.5(50.9)\n\n18.2(64.8)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n6.6(43.9)\n\n6.9(44.4)\n\n9.5(49.1)\n\n11.8(53.2)\n\n15.4(59.7)\n\n18.7(65.7)\n\n20.5(68.9)\n\n20.5(68.9)\n\n17.7(63.9)\n\n14.2(57.6)\n\n9.8(49.6)\n\n7.0(44.6)\n\n13.2(55.8)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n3.2(37.8)\n\n2.7(36.9)\n\n4.5(40.1)\n\n6.2(43.2)\n\n9.8(49.6)\n\n12.8(55.0)\n\n14.4(57.9)\n\n14.2(57.6)\n\n11.6(52.9)\n\n9.4(48.9)\n\n5.7(42.3)\n\n3.5(38.3)\n\n8.2(46.8)\n\n\nRecord low °C (°F)\n\n−14.0(6.8)\n\n−10.5(13.1)\n\n−10.5(13.1)\n\n−4.8(23.4)\n\n0.0(32.0)\n\n5.0(41.0)\n\n7.0(44.6)\n\n6.0(42.8)\n\n3.0(37.4)\n\n−2.4(27.7)\n\n−6.5(20.3)\n\n−9.5(14.9)\n\n−14.0(6.8)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n89.6(3.53)\n\n70.5(2.78)\n\n63.1(2.48)\n\n62.5(2.46)\n\n53.3(2.10)\n\n44.0(1.73)\n\n46.9(1.85)\n\n49.1(1.93)\n\n68.4(2.69)\n\n101.8(4.01)\n\n112.6(4.43)\n\n107.5(4.23)\n\n869.3(34.22)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)\n\n13.9\n\n11.8\n\n10.6\n\n10.1\n\n9.0\n\n7.2\n\n7.0\n\n7.0\n\n8.1\n\n12.4\n\n14.0\n\n15.1\n\n126.2\n\n\nSource: Météo-France[4]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Georges Clemenceau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Clemenceau"},{"link_name":"Saint-Vincent-sur-Jard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Vincent-sur-Jard"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-5"},{"link_name":"Norman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_people"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-5"}],"text":"Georges Clemenceau, a resident of the nearby Saint-Vincent-sur-Jard, described Angles at the beginning of the century as \"a small town located at the extreme edge of the grove at the exact point where the sea retreats from the vast plain of Vendeen green marsh and where livestock is the country's industry. The agricultural vocation has long been the economic engine of an entire region, but since the early writings of the Tigris, much has changed ...[5]In the early eleventh century the area was subject to numerous Norman invasions, a concern that led to a significant depopulation during this period. However, the Tower of Moricq was constructed by local lords such as the Prince of Talmont in 1040 to safeguard the security of the area.[5] They aimed to attract people to the area, especially the barons by providing real estate and financial resources to the development of agricultural activity and a church. In this context the city had its foundation around 1075 with the establishment, on the ruins of an ancient Gallo-Roman church of Sancta Maria Anglis (St. Mary of the Angels) by William son of Herbert.[5]Tourism is a contributor to what is otherwise an agricultural economy and in the summer months tourists stay in Angles in campsites and cottages in the area.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Population"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"René-Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9-Antoine_Ferchault_de_R%C3%A9aumur"},{"link_name":"Raoul Pacaud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raoul_Pacaud&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Albert Deman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albert_Deman&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"René-Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur\nRaoul Pacaud (1862–1932), Deputy of the Vendée (1914–1919, 1928–1932)\nAlbert Deman (1927–1996)","title":"Personalities"}]
[]
[{"title":"Communes of the Vendée department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_the_Vend%C3%A9e_department"}]
[{"reference":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 2 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503","url_text":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\""}]},{"reference":"\"Populations légales 2021\". The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/7725600?geo=COM-85004","url_text":"\"Populations légales 2021\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_national_de_la_statistique_et_des_%C3%A9tudes_%C3%A9conomiques","url_text":"The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies"}]},{"reference":"\"Bienvenue à Angles...\" www.angles.fr. Retrieved August 26, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.angles.fr/tourisme/tourisme.htm","url_text":"\"Bienvenue à Angles...\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fiche Climatologique Statistiques 1991-2020 et records\" (PDF) (in French). Météo-France. Retrieved September 12, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://donneespubliques.meteofrance.fr/FichesClim/FICHECLIM_85004001.pdf","url_text":"\"Fiche Climatologique Statistiques 1991-2020 et records\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9t%C3%A9o-France","url_text":"Météo-France"}]},{"reference":"\"Histoire\". www.angles.fr. Retrieved August 26, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.angles.fr/tourisme/local/histoire.htm","url_text":"\"Histoire\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Struble,_Jr.
Robert Struble Jr.
["1 Teaching","2 Politics","3 Ancestry, Education & Personal","4 Death","5 Some of Struble's Academic and literary publications","6 References","7 External links"]
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This biographical article is written like a résumé. Please help improve it by revising it to be neutral and encyclopedic. (November 2011) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's general notability guideline. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: "Robert Struble Jr." – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Bob Struble Jr., c. 1997 Robert Clayton Struble Jr. (June 7, 1943 - February 26, 2016) was a schoolteacher, historian, author and associate editor at Catholic Lane. Teaching Struble was a history/social studies teacher. During 17 years over the period 1981 to 2007, Struble taught in the public and private schools of Washington State. American football, soccer, and chess are among the extra-curricular activities that he had coached, including a student team to the Washington state chess championship of 1993. For two years in the mid-1980s he was the resident historian at Sea Pines Abroad, a private prep school in Faistenau bei Salzburg, Austria, a job which he described as his "belated grand tour." Politics In the election campaign prior to November 3, 2009, Struble was Protect Marriage Washington's spokesman on Referendum 71. His job included televised debates around the state against advocates for same sex marriage, or its equivalency. Struble's political career had included party politics. He served three biennial terms (1995–1998) as GOP Washington State committeeman from Kitsap County. In 2007, Struble became an independent, having resigned from the Republican Party over the issue of torture. He served also on the steering committee (1990–92) of LIMIT, which ran Initiative 573, the term limits law passed by the electorate of WA State in November, 1992. In 1993 he wrote a history of this campaign in, “Second Time A Charm: Term Limits in Washington State,” a paper delivered at the Annual Meeting of the Western Political Science Association, Pasadena, CA, 3/18/93. Ancestry, Education & Personal Struble was born June 7, 1943, to Ruth (Cowan) Struble and Bob Struble, Sr., then a Captain in the U.S. Army and later a recognized welfare reformer. He was also great-grandson of Iowa City pioneer, John T. Struble, and great-grandnephew of 19th century political leaders, Congressman Isaac Struble and Speaker of the Iowa House, George R. Struble. He attended parochial schools grades 1–12, graduating with honors from Blanchet High School in Seattle. During his senior year, Struble won a national essay contest and was named all conference quarterback for the Northwest Catholic football league. During his college years at San Diego State he served as graduate representative and administrative vice-president of the student body during the tumult of the 1960s; also as campus chairman of SMC, the student mobilization committee against the Vietnam War. At SDSU he was admitted to a chapter of Phi Alpha Theta, the honor society in History, and to another chapter of the same honor society at Eastern Washington University. At EWU he took his second BA (in Education). Bob & Jeryl Struble, 2008 Struble had traveled on every continent in the Northern Hemisphere. He enjoyed a variety of music, played piano, wrote poetry, and competed in the local chess club. His memberships included the Knights of Columbus, the Ft. Nisqually Foundation, the Washington Bluegrass Association, and the National Association of Scholars. In 1988 he married Jeryl (Bangs) Struble, a schoolteacher, singer, and Russian translator. Their three children are Kathryn (b. 1989), Daniel (b. 1993), and Michael (b. 1998). The family lives in Bremerton, Washington. Death Bob Struble Jr. died February 26, 2016, from liver cancer. Some of Struble's Academic and literary publications "House Turnover and the Principle of Rotation," Political Science Quarterly 94 (Winter 1979-80): 649-667. With Z.W. Jahre, "Rotation in Office: Rapid but Restricted to the House," PS: Political Science & Politics 24 (March 1991): 34-37. "Ádapting Term Limits to A Bicameral Congress," The Long Term View 1 (Winter, 1992): 12. Quarterly publication of the Massachusetts School of Law at Andover. "Toward a Structural Solution to Unemployment," International Journal of Social Economics 20, no. 11 (1993): 15-26. Published in UK, MCB University Press, Bradford, England. doi:10.1108/03068299310046063 "Second Time A Charm: Term Limits in Washington State," paper delivered at the 1993 Annual Meeting of the Western Political Science Association, Pasadena, CA, March 18, 1993. "My Quarrel with Libertarianism," Fidelity 15 (March 1996), pp. 17–19. Published by Ultramontaine Associates, South Bend, Indiana. "Of Heroes and the Rule of Law," National Catholic Register, (Oct. 12-18, 2003), p. 8. Knights of Columbus, Council 1379: Centennial, February 21, 1909 – 2009: A Brief History (57 page booklet) Articles on various subjects, in Catholic Exchange, the online daily, 2009-2010. Topics include the theory of resistance, with pertinence to an Article V Convention. Articles & poems on various topics in Catholic Lane, 2011-2013. References ^ "Editorial Staff | Catholic Lane". catholiclane.com. Archived from the original on 2012-08-12. ^ Struble's online resume. This source is the basis for much of this article. ^ "Ex-GOP Official Quits Party Over Torture," Kitsap Sun, 12/18/07, p. A12. ^ "Blanchet Pupil Top Essayist, Seattle Times, 5/19/1961. ^ "In Memoriam: Robert Struble, Jr". 16 March 2016. External links Tell-usa.org, Robert Struble's website
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bob_c1997.jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Bob Struble Jr., c. 1997Robert Clayton Struble Jr. (June 7, 1943 - February 26, 2016) was a schoolteacher, historian, author and associate editor at Catholic Lane.[1]","title":"Robert Struble Jr."},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Salzburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salzburg"},{"link_name":"grand tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_tour"}],"text":"Struble was a history/social studies teacher. During 17 years over the period 1981 to 2007, Struble taught in the public and private schools of Washington State. American football, soccer, and chess are among the extra-curricular activities that he had coached, including a student team to the Washington state chess championship of 1993.[2]For two years in the mid-1980s he was the resident historian at Sea Pines Abroad, a private prep school in Faistenau bei Salzburg, Austria, a job which he described as his \"belated grand tour.\"","title":"Teaching"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Protect Marriage Washington's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.protectmarriagewa.com/"},{"link_name":"Referendum 71","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referendum_71"},{"link_name":"Kitsap County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitsap_County"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"term limits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Term_limits"},{"link_name":"“Second Time A Charm: Term Limits in Washington State,”","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.tell-usa.org/totl/13-wpsa1993.htm"}],"text":"In the election campaign prior to November 3, 2009, Struble was Protect Marriage Washington's spokesman on Referendum 71. His job included televised debates around the state against advocates for same sex marriage, or its equivalency.Struble's political career had included party politics. He served three biennial terms (1995–1998) as GOP Washington State committeeman from Kitsap County. In 2007, Struble became an independent, having resigned from the Republican Party over the issue of torture.[3]He served also on the steering committee (1990–92) of LIMIT, which ran Initiative 573, the term limits law passed by the electorate of WA State in November, 1992. In 1993 he wrote a history of this campaign in, “Second Time A Charm: Term Limits in Washington State,” a paper delivered at the Annual Meeting of the Western Political Science Association, Pasadena, CA, 3/18/93.","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bob Struble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Struble"},{"link_name":"John T. Struble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_T._Struble"},{"link_name":"Isaac Struble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Struble"},{"link_name":"George R. Struble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_R._Struble"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Phi Alpha Theta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi_Alpha_Theta"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jeryl_%26_Bob_20th.JPG"}],"text":"Struble was born June 7, 1943, to Ruth (Cowan) Struble and Bob Struble, Sr., then a Captain in the U.S. Army and later a recognized welfare reformer. He was also great-grandson of Iowa City pioneer, John T. Struble, and great-grandnephew of 19th century political leaders, Congressman Isaac Struble and Speaker of the Iowa House, George R. Struble.He attended parochial schools grades 1–12, graduating with honors from Blanchet High School in Seattle. During his senior year, Struble won a national essay contest and was named all conference quarterback for the Northwest Catholic football league.[4] During his college years at San Diego State he served as graduate representative and administrative vice-president of the student body during the tumult of the 1960s; also as campus chairman of SMC, the student mobilization committee against the Vietnam War. At SDSU he was admitted to a chapter of Phi Alpha Theta, the honor society in History, and to another chapter of the same honor society at Eastern Washington University. At EWU he took his second BA (in Education).Bob & Jeryl Struble, 2008Struble had traveled on every continent in the Northern Hemisphere. He enjoyed a variety of music, played piano, wrote poetry, and competed in the local chess club. His memberships included the Knights of Columbus, the Ft. Nisqually Foundation, the Washington Bluegrass Association, and the National Association of Scholars.In 1988 he married Jeryl (Bangs) Struble, a schoolteacher, singer, and Russian translator. Their three children are Kathryn (b. 1989), Daniel (b. 1993), and Michael (b. 1998). The family lives in Bremerton, Washington.","title":"Ancestry, Education & Personal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Bob Struble Jr. died February 26, 2016, from liver cancer.[5]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"House Turnover and the Principle of Rotation,\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.tell-usa.org/totl/13-publications_files/PSQ_House_Turnover_1979.pdf"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1108/03068299310046063","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1108%2F03068299310046063"},{"link_name":"\"Second Time A Charm: Term Limits in Washington State,\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.tell-usa.org/totl/13-wpsa1993.htm"},{"link_name":"A Brief History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.kofcbremerton.org/KC_History_1379_final_Minuteman_Press_1_.pdf"},{"link_name":"Articles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//catholicexchange.com/author/struble/"},{"link_name":"Articles & poems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//catholiclane.com/author/struble/"}],"text":"\"House Turnover and the Principle of Rotation,\" Political Science Quarterly 94 (Winter 1979-80): 649-667.\nWith Z.W. Jahre, \"Rotation in Office: Rapid but Restricted to the House,\" PS: Political Science & Politics 24 (March 1991): 34-37.\n\"Ádapting Term Limits to A Bicameral Congress,\" The Long Term View 1 (Winter, 1992): 12. Quarterly publication of the Massachusetts School of Law at Andover.\n\"Toward a Structural Solution to Unemployment,\" International Journal of Social Economics 20, no. 11 (1993): 15-26. Published in UK, MCB University Press, Bradford, England. doi:10.1108/03068299310046063\n\"Second Time A Charm: Term Limits in Washington State,\" paper delivered at the 1993 Annual Meeting of the Western Political Science Association, Pasadena, CA, March 18, 1993.\n\"My Quarrel with Libertarianism,\" Fidelity 15 (March 1996), pp. 17–19. Published by Ultramontaine Associates, South Bend, Indiana.\n\"Of Heroes and the Rule of Law,\" National Catholic Register, (Oct. 12-18, 2003), p. 8.\nKnights of Columbus, Council 1379: Centennial, February 21, 1909 – 2009: A Brief History (57 page booklet)\nArticles on various subjects, in Catholic Exchange, the online daily, 2009-2010. Topics include the theory of resistance, with pertinence to an Article V Convention.\nArticles & poems on various topics in Catholic Lane, 2011-2013.","title":"Some of Struble's Academic and literary publications"}]
[{"image_text":"Bob Struble Jr., c. 1997","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Bob_c1997.jpg/220px-Bob_c1997.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bob & Jeryl Struble, 2008","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Jeryl_%26_Bob_20th.JPG/220px-Jeryl_%26_Bob_20th.JPG"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Editorial Staff | Catholic Lane\". catholiclane.com. Archived from the original on 2012-08-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120812000130/http://catholiclane.com/editors/","url_text":"\"Editorial Staff | Catholic Lane\""},{"url":"http://catholiclane.com/editors/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"In Memoriam: Robert Struble, Jr\". 16 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.catholiclane.com/in-memoriam-robert-struble-jr/","url_text":"\"In Memoriam: Robert Struble, Jr\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petersburg,_Madison_County,_North_Carolina
Petersburg, Madison County, North Carolina
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 35°49′19″N 82°36′41″W / 35.82194°N 82.61139°W / 35.82194; -82.61139 Unincorporated community in North Carolina, United StatesPetersburgUnincorporated communityPetersburgLocation within the state of North CarolinaCoordinates: 35°49′19″N 82°36′41″W / 35.82194°N 82.61139°W / 35.82194; -82.61139CountryUnited StatesStateNorth CarolinaCountyMadisonElevation1,991 ft (607 m)Time zoneUTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)ZIP code28753Area code828GNIS feature ID992096 Petersburg is an unincorporated community on North Carolina Highway 213, in south-central Madison County, North Carolina, United States. It lies at an elevation of 1991 feet (607 m). The community is part of the Asheville Metropolitan Statistical Area. References ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Petersburg, North Carolina ^ Madison County, North Carolina (PDF) (Map). Cartography by NCDOT. Raleigh: North Carolina Department of Transportation. September 2015. Retrieved April 7, 2016. vteMunicipalities and communities of Madison County, North Carolina, United StatesCounty seat: MarshallTowns Hot Springs Mars Hill Marshall Unincorporatedcommunities Barnard Barnes Branch Faust Hurricane Joe Luck Paint Rock Petersburg Revere Spring Creek Trust Walnut White Rock Wolf Laurel‡ North Carolina portal United States portal This article about a location in Madison County, North Carolina is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"unincorporated community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unincorporated_area"},{"link_name":"North Carolina Highway 213","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_Highway_213"},{"link_name":"Madison County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison_County,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Asheville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asheville,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Statistical Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asheville_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Unincorporated community in North Carolina, United StatesPetersburg is an unincorporated community on North Carolina Highway 213, in south-central Madison County, North Carolina, United States. It lies at an elevation of 1991 feet (607 m). The community is part of the Asheville Metropolitan Statistical Area.[2]","title":"Petersburg, Madison County, North Carolina"}]
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null
[{"reference":"Madison County, North Carolina (PDF) (Map). Cartography by NCDOT. Raleigh: North Carolina Department of Transportation. September 2015. Retrieved April 7, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://xfer.services.ncdot.gov/imgdot/DOTCountyMaps/PDFs/Madison_CountyMap_Sheet01_Final_web.pdf","url_text":"Madison County, North Carolina"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Maria_Incoronata,_Naples
Santa Maria Incoronata, Naples
["1 Interior","2 Bibliography","3 External links"]
Coordinates: 40°50′28″N 14°15′07″E / 40.841210°N 14.252063°E / 40.841210; 14.252063This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (February 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Church in Campania, ItalyChurch of Santa Maria IncoronataChiesa di Santa Maria IncoronataThe façade of Santa Maria Incoronata.40°50′28″N 14°15′07″E / 40.841210°N 14.252063°E / 40.841210; 14.252063LocationVia MedinaNaples Province of Naples, CampaniaCountryItalyDenominationRoman CatholicHistoryStatusActiveArchitectureArchitectural typeChurchGroundbreaking1352Completed1373AdministrationDioceseRoman Catholic Archdiocese of Naples Santa Maria dell'Incoronata is an ancient church on Via Medina in Naples, Italy. It is located just south of San Giorgio dei Genovesi and across the street from the Church of Pietà dei Turchini. Portico The church was built in the 14th century in Gotico Angioiano style as part of urban project around the Castel Nuovo, the royal palace of Charles II of Anjou. The church was founded in 1364, not as tradition holds, in memory of the coronation of Joanna I of Naples and her second marriage to Louis, Prince of Taranto, but to hold a precious relic, a spine from the thorny crown of Christ, which the queen had requested from Charles V of France, and whose portrait is kept in the entrance. The edification of the Palace chapel or cappella palatina outside of the Castle, was completed in a difficult moment for the Queen, after the death of her husband in 1362. In 1403 Ladislaus of Naples ordered the painting of a cycle of Saint Ladislaus' legend in the church (finished 1414). There the Hungarian king is depicted receiving the royal crown, also fighting against the pagans, and receiving the crown of Croatia. Originally a small hospital was constructed attached to the church, and the entire complex was under the jurisdiction of the Carthusian Monastery of San Martino, till the end of the 16th century. The church was reconsecrated in the 18th century, after years of disuse, and restored over the centuries. However the interior has been stripped on most of its former Baroque decoration. Interior Frescoes on arches Ladislaus venerates the relic of the crown The particular shape, consisting of two asymmetric naves, derives from the fact that part of this church was once a tribunal during the Angevin Era. The church floor is lower than the street level, since this area was raised using soil from the nearby earthenworks of the Castel Nuovo in times of Charles V. Fragments of frescoes dating likely from 1352 are visible in the first bay to the left of the entrance, they once depicted the Triumph of Faith and Seven Sacraments, attributed to Roberto d'Oderisio . Some attributions, without any documentation, have been made for some of the images on the frescoes; they remain highly speculative. In the end of the nave, left of the 17th century main altar is the Chapel of the Crucifix (Cappella del Crocifisso), that had 15th-century frescoes depicting Life of San Ladislao and commissioned by King Ladislaus of Naples in 1403. Fragments are now displayed in the main nave, and attributed to an unknown master. The ceiling of the chapel has frescoes on the subject of Life of the Virgin, and the chapel once had a polyptych, now in the Museum of Capodimonte, both of these were by the same artist. In the chapel was once a wooden crucifix made by Naccherino, long considered a work of Giovanni da Nola; the crucifix is now found in the Church of Santa Maria di Costantinopoli. Bibliography Celano, Chiarini, Notizie del bello, dell'antico e del curioso, Naples 1972. G.A. Galante, Napoli Sacra, Naples 1872. F.Navarro, Il maestro di San Ladislao, in "Dialoghi di Storia dell'arte", 7, 1998. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Santa Maria Incoronata (Naples). The church di Santa Maria Incoronata su Napoligrafia
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naples"},{"link_name":"San Giorgio dei Genovesi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Giorgio_dei_Genovesi,_Naples"},{"link_name":"Church of Pietà dei Turchini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Piet%C3%A0_dei_Turchini"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NapoliSantaMariaIncoronataPorticoEsterno.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gotico Angioiano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotico_Angioiano"},{"link_name":"Castel Nuovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castel_Nuovo"},{"link_name":"Charles II of Anjou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_of_Anjou"},{"link_name":"Joanna I of Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanna_I_of_Naples"},{"link_name":"Louis, Prince of Taranto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis,_Prince_of_Taranto"},{"link_name":"Charles V of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_V_of_France"},{"link_name":"Ladislaus of Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladislaus_of_Naples"},{"link_name":"Saint Ladislaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Ladislaus"},{"link_name":"Carthusian Monastery of San Martino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certosa_di_San_Martino"},{"link_name":"Baroque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque"}],"text":"Church in Campania, ItalySanta Maria dell'Incoronata is an ancient church on Via Medina in Naples, Italy. It is located just south of San Giorgio dei Genovesi and across the street from the Church of Pietà dei Turchini.PorticoThe church was built in the 14th century in Gotico Angioiano style as part of urban project around the Castel Nuovo, the royal palace of Charles II of Anjou. The church was founded in 1364, not as tradition holds, in memory of the coronation of Joanna I of Naples and her second marriage to Louis, Prince of Taranto, but to hold a precious relic, a spine from the thorny crown of Christ, which the queen had requested from Charles V of France, and whose portrait is kept in the entrance. The edification of the Palace chapel or cappella palatina outside of the Castle, was completed in a difficult moment for the Queen, after the death of her husband in 1362.In 1403 Ladislaus of Naples ordered the painting of a cycle of Saint Ladislaus' legend in the church (finished 1414). There the Hungarian king is depicted receiving the royal crown, also fighting against the pagans, and receiving the crown of Croatia.Originally a small hospital was constructed attached to the church, and the entire complex was under the jurisdiction of the Carthusian Monastery of San Martino, till the end of the 16th century. The church was reconsecrated in the 18th century, after years of disuse, and restored over the centuries. However the interior has been stripped on most of its former Baroque decoration.","title":"Santa Maria Incoronata, Naples"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chiesa_di_Santa_Maria_Incoronata_(Napoli)_008.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chiesa_di_Santa_Maria_Incoronata_(Napoli)_011.JPG"},{"link_name":"Castel Nuovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castel_Nuovo"},{"link_name":"Roberto d'Oderisio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roberto_d%27Oderisio&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_d%27Oderisio"},{"link_name":"San Ladislao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Ladislaus"},{"link_name":"Ladislaus of Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladislaus_of_Naples"},{"link_name":"polyptych","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyptych"},{"link_name":"Museum of Capodimonte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Capodimonte"},{"link_name":"Naccherino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelangelo_Naccherino"},{"link_name":"Giovanni da Nola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_da_Nola"},{"link_name":"Santa Maria di Costantinopoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Maria_di_Costantinopoli,_Naples"}],"text":"Frescoes on archesLadislaus venerates the relic of the crownThe particular shape, consisting of two asymmetric naves, derives from the fact that part of this church was once a tribunal during the Angevin Era. The church floor is lower than the street level, since this area was raised using soil from the nearby earthenworks of the Castel Nuovo in times of Charles V. Fragments of frescoes dating likely from 1352 are visible in the first bay to the left of the entrance, they once depicted the Triumph of Faith and Seven Sacraments, attributed to Roberto d'Oderisio [it]. Some attributions, without any documentation, have been made for some of the images on the frescoes; they remain highly speculative.In the end of the nave, left of the 17th century main altar is the Chapel of the Crucifix (Cappella del Crocifisso), that had 15th-century frescoes depicting Life of San Ladislao and commissioned by King Ladislaus of Naples in 1403. Fragments are now displayed in the main nave, and attributed to an unknown master. The ceiling of the chapel has frescoes on the subject of Life of the Virgin, and the chapel once had a polyptych, now in the Museum of Capodimonte, both of these were by the same artist.In the chapel was once a wooden crucifix made by Naccherino, long considered a work of Giovanni da Nola; the crucifix is now found in the Church of Santa Maria di Costantinopoli.","title":"Interior"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Celano, Chiarini, Notizie del bello, dell'antico e del curioso, Naples 1972.\nG.A. Galante, Napoli Sacra, Naples 1872.\nF.Navarro, Il maestro di San Ladislao, in \"Dialoghi di Storia dell'arte\", 7, 1998.","title":"Bibliography"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embassy_of_Nicaragua_in_Washington,_D.C.
Embassy of Nicaragua, Washington, D.C.
["1 Building","2 Services","2.1 Chancery","2.2 Press and Communications Office","2.3 The Cultural Service","3 Consulates","4 Previous Ambassadors","5 References","6 External links"]
Coordinates: 38°54′45.27″N 77°2′26.63″W / 38.9125750°N 77.0407306°W / 38.9125750; -77.0407306Nicaraguan embassy in the United States Embassy of Nicaragua, Washington, D.C.LocationWashington, D.C.Address1627 New Hampshire Avenue, N.W.Coordinates38°54′45.27″N 77°2′26.63″W / 38.9125750°N 77.0407306°W / 38.9125750; -77.0407306AmbassadorFrancisco Obadiah Campbell Hooker The Embassy of Nicaragua in Washington, D.C. is the Republic of Nicaragua's diplomatic mission to the United States. It's located at 1627 New Hampshire Avenue, Northwest, Washington, D.C., in the Dupont Circle neighborhood. The embassy also operates Consulates-General in Los Angeles, San Francisco, Houston, New Orleans, Miami, and New York City. The Ambassador is Francisco Obadiah Campbell Hooker. Building Dr. Louis C. Lehr (brother of Henry Symes Lehr) and his wife, Marie, were the original occupants of the building. It was designed and built by Clarke Waggaman in 1913–1914. Notable occupants of the building have included Norman H. Davis (while serving as Undersecretary of State), Raymond T. Baker (while serving as Director of the U.S. Mint), Joseph H. Himes (while serving in Congress), Roy D. Chapin (while serving as Secretary of Commerce), and Guillermo Sevilla-Sacasa (while serving as Nicaraguan ambassador). Services The embassy operates several services and offices, responsible for different areas of policy and liaising with the relevant American bodies, the most notable of whom are listed below. Chancery The Chancery is the main diplomatic and political body. It is responsible for coordination with the American government on matters, particularly foreign policy, that affect Nicaragua, however, the majority of the diplomacy is conducted by the ambassador, leaving the chancery to liaise with the Nicaraguan government and coordinate with the Press Service in matters of public policy. The diplomats of the chancery take responsibility for a specific policy area and may stand in for the ambassador in his absence. The Chancery has attaches based in each of the five regional consulates. Press and Communications Office The Press Service is responsible for events, as well as coordinating press releases and conferences, including the provision of designated spokesmen. The office also monitors American press coverage of issues pertaining to Nicaragua and reports back to the ambassador and to Managua. The Cultural Service The Cultural Services of the embassy is located at the embassy. Its responsibility is in facilitating "cultural exchange" between the two nations, a role that can be creative, informative or merely administrative. The duties of the service include promoting Nicaraguan creative works in cultural and academic institutions across Nicaragua, with the help of the attaches in regional consulates. Consulates The ambassador is also ultimately responsible for the five regional consulates: Apart from the embassy in Washington, Nicaragua's diplomatic operations in the United States include: a consulate general in Houston, Texas (Consul General Samuel Trejos-Córdoba) a consulate general in Los Angeles, California (Consul General Leopoldo Castrillo-Ramos) a consulate general in Miami, Florida (Consul General Leyla Cisneros Vega) a consulate general in New York City, (Consul General María Téllez-Velásquez) a consulate general in San Francisco, California (Consul General Denis Galeano-Cornejo) Previous Ambassadors Horacio Guzman May Ewing, Mrs Horacio Guzman 1895 Horacio Guzman 1898-1909 Luis Felipe Corea 1908-1909 Pedro González 1909-1909 Rodolfo Espinosa Ramírez 1909-1911 Chargé d'affaires Felipe Rodríguez 1911-1913 Chargé d'affaires Salvador Castrillo 1913-1917 Emiliano Chamorro Vargas 1917-1921 Chargé d'affaires Ramon Enriquez 1921-1923 Emiliano Chamorro Vargas 1923-1921 Chargé d'affaires 1929-1933 Chargé d'affaires Evaristo Carazo 1933-1933 Chargé d'affaires Luis Debayle 1933-1936 Henri Debayle 1937-1943 León Debayle 1943-1979 Guillermo Sevilla-Sacasa (Dean of the Diplomatic Corps in Washington D.C from January 1958 to July 16, 1979) 1979-1979 Acting Chargé d'affaires Adeline Gröns-Schindler de Argüello-Olivas 1979-1980 Interim Chargé d'affaires Adeline Gröns-Schindler de Argüello-Olivas and Francisco d'Escoto Brockmann 1980-1981 Chargé d'affaires Francisco d'Escoto Brockmann 1981-1982 Arturo J. Cruz 1982-1983 Francisco Fiallos-Navarro 1983-1983 Chargé d'affaires Manuel Cordero 1983-1984 Jose Jarquin-Lopez 1984-1988 Carlos Tunnermann Bernheim 1988-1990 No ambassador diplomatic relations severed 1990-1993 Ernesto Palazio 1993-1996 Roberto Mayorga-Cortes 1997-2000 Francisco Aguirre-Sacasa 2000-2002 Alfonso Ortega Urbina 2002-2003 Carlos Ulvert-Sanchez 2003-2007 Salvador Stadthagen-Icaza 2007-2009 Arturo Cruz Sequeira 2010–present Francisco Campbell-Hooker Chief of Protocol, Nicaragua References ^ "Embassy.org: The Embassy of the Republic of Nicaragua". www.embassy.org. ^ "Nicaragua Visa Requirements & Application | Nicaragua Travel Visa". ^ "Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores". Archived from the original on 2016-04-02. Retrieved 2016-01-21. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Embassy of Nicaragua (Washington, D.C.). vte Diplomatic missions of NicaraguaAmericas Peru United States Asia Japan  South Korea  Europe United Kingdom Defunct Republic of China (Taiwan)  vte Diplomatic missions in the United StatesAfrica Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Congo Côte d'Ivoire Egypt Equatorial Guinea Houston Eritrea Eswatini Ethiopia Gabon Ghana Guinea Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda Senegal Sierra Leone South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Americas Argentina Bahamas Barbados Belize Bolivia Brazil Canada Boston Chicago Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Dallas Portland Nicaragua Paraguay Peru Trinidad and Tobago Uruguay Venezuela Houston Asia Bahrain Bangladesh Brunei Cambodia China Los Angeles East Timor India Indonesia Chicago  Houston Los Angeles  New York San Francisco  Iraq Israel San Francisco Japan Atlanta Anchorage  Detroit Hagatna  Honolulu Houston Los Angeles  Miami  Nashville New York City  Saipan  San Francisco  Jordan Kazakhstan Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Chicago Honolulu Houston Los Angeles New York City San Francisco Qatar Saudi Arabia Singapore South Korea Honolulu  Los Angeles  New York City  San Francisco  Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Timor-Leste Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen Europe Albania Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Atlanta Miami New York City San Francisco Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Holy See Iceland Ireland Italy New York City Kosovo Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Monaco Montenegro Netherlands North Macedonia Norway Houston Poland Chicago New York City Portugal Romania Russia Houston New York City Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden New York City San Francisco Switzerland Chicago Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Oceania Australia Houston New York City Marshall Islands Federated States of Micronesia New Zealand Papua New Guinea De facto Artsakh Northern Cyprus Taiwan Atlanta Boston Chicago  Denver  Honolulu Houston Los Angeles Miami New York  San Francisco Seattle Iran Somaliland International organizations European Union Organizations of American States UN missions Afghanistan Armenia Bangladesh Canada  France India Japan  Mexico North Korea Russia Turkey United States Former (including legations) Afghanistan China Houston France Iran Korean Empire Russia San Francisco Russia/USSR Soviet Bureau Territories Bermuda Gibraltar Greenland Hong Kong  New York  San Francisco 
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Republic of Nicaragua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua"},{"link_name":"diplomatic mission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomatic_mission"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Northwest, Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest,_Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Dupont Circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dupont_Circle"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Consulates-General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consul_(representative)"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston"},{"link_name":"New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"Miami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Francisco Obadiah Campbell Hooker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Campbell"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Nicaraguan embassy in the United StatesThe Embassy of Nicaragua in Washington, D.C. is the Republic of Nicaragua's diplomatic mission to the United States. It's located at 1627 New Hampshire Avenue, Northwest, Washington, D.C., in the Dupont Circle neighborhood.[1] \nThe embassy also operates Consulates-General in Los Angeles, San Francisco, Houston, New Orleans, Miami, and New York City.The Ambassador is Francisco Obadiah Campbell Hooker.[2]","title":"Embassy of Nicaragua, Washington, D.C."},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henry Symes Lehr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Symes_Lehr"},{"link_name":"Clarke Waggaman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarke_Waggaman"},{"link_name":"Norman H. Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_H._Davis"},{"link_name":"Raymond T. Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_T._Baker"},{"link_name":"Joseph H. Himes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_H._Himes"},{"link_name":"Roy D. Chapin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_D._Chapin"},{"link_name":"Guillermo Sevilla-Sacasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillermo_Sevilla-Sacasa"}],"text":"Dr. Louis C. Lehr (brother of Henry Symes Lehr) and his wife, Marie, were the original occupants of the building. It was designed and built by Clarke Waggaman in 1913–1914. Notable occupants of the building have included Norman H. Davis (while serving as Undersecretary of State), Raymond T. Baker (while serving as Director of the U.S. Mint), Joseph H. Himes (while serving in Congress), Roy D. Chapin (while serving as Secretary of Commerce), and Guillermo Sevilla-Sacasa (while serving as Nicaraguan ambassador).","title":"Building"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The embassy operates several services and offices, responsible for different areas of policy and liaising with the relevant American bodies, the most notable of whom are listed below.","title":"Services"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Chancery","text":"The Chancery is the main diplomatic and political body. It is responsible for coordination with the American government on matters, particularly foreign policy, that affect Nicaragua, however, the majority of the diplomacy is conducted by the ambassador, leaving the chancery to liaise with the Nicaraguan government and coordinate with the Press Service in matters of public policy. The diplomats of the chancery take responsibility for a specific policy area and may stand in for the ambassador in his absence.\nThe Chancery has attaches based in each of the five regional consulates.","title":"Services"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Managua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Managua"}],"sub_title":"Press and Communications Office","text":"The Press Service is responsible for events, as well as coordinating press releases and conferences, including the provision of designated spokesmen. The office also monitors American press coverage of issues pertaining to Nicaragua and reports back to the ambassador and to Managua.","title":"Services"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"The Cultural Service","text":"The Cultural Services of the embassy is located at the embassy. Its responsibility is in facilitating \"cultural exchange\" between the two nations, a role that can be creative, informative or merely administrative. The duties of the service include promoting Nicaraguan creative works in cultural and academic institutions across Nicaragua, with the help of the attaches in regional consulates.","title":"Services"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ambassador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambassador"},{"link_name":"consulates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consulates"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Houston, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California"},{"link_name":"Miami, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami,_Florida"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"San Francisco, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco,_California"}],"text":"The ambassador is also ultimately responsible for the five regional consulates:[3]Apart from the embassy in Washington, Nicaragua's diplomatic operations in the United States include:a consulate general in Houston, Texas (Consul General Samuel Trejos-Córdoba)\na consulate general in Los Angeles, California (Consul General Leopoldo Castrillo-Ramos)\na consulate general in Miami, Florida (Consul General Leyla Cisneros Vega)\na consulate general in New York City, (Consul General María Téllez-Velásquez)\na consulate general in San Francisco, California (Consul General Denis Galeano-Cornejo)","title":"Consulates"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Horacio_Guzman.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:May_Ewing,_Mrs_Horacio_Guzman.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rodolfo Espinosa Ramírez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodolfo_Espinosa_Ram%C3%ADrez"},{"link_name":"Emiliano Chamorro Vargas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emiliano_Chamorro_Vargas"},{"link_name":"Emiliano Chamorro Vargas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emiliano_Chamorro_Vargas"},{"link_name":"Henri Debayle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henri_Debayle&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"León Debayle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Le%C3%B3n_Debayle&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Guillermo Sevilla-Sacasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillermo_Sevilla-Sacasa"},{"link_name":"Adeline Gröns-Schindler de Argüello-Olivas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adeline_Gr%C3%B6ns-Schindler_de_Arg%C3%BCello-Olivas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Adeline Gröns-Schindler de Argüello-Olivas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adeline_Gr%C3%B6ns-Schindler_de_Arg%C3%BCello-Olivas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Francisco d'Escoto Brockmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francisco_d%27Escoto_Brockmann&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Francisco d'Escoto Brockmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francisco_d%27Escoto_Brockmann&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Arturo J. Cruz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arturo_Cruz"},{"link_name":"Francisco Fiallos-Navarro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francisco_Fiallos-Navarro&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jose Jarquin-Lopez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jose_Jarquin-Lopez&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carlos Tunnermann Bernheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carlos_Tunnermann_Bernheim&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ernesto Palazio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernesto_Palazio&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Roberto Mayorga-Cortes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roberto_Mayorga-Cortes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Francisco Aguirre-Sacasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francisco_Aguirre-Sacasa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Alfonso Ortega Urbina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfonso_Ortega_Urbina&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carlos Ulvert-Sanchez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carlos_Ulvert-Sanchez&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Salvador Stadthagen-Icaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salvador_Stadthagen-Icaza&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Arturo Cruz Sequeira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arturo_Cruz_Sequeira"},{"link_name":"Francisco Campbell-Hooker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Campbell"},{"link_name":"Chief of Protocol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_Protocol"},{"link_name":"Nicaragua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//2001-2009.state.gov/s/cpr/94351.htm"}],"text":"Horacio GuzmanMay Ewing, Mrs Horacio Guzman1895 Horacio Guzman\n1898-1909 Luis Felipe Corea\n1908-1909 Pedro González\n1909-1909 Rodolfo Espinosa Ramírez\n1909-1911 Chargé d'affaires Felipe Rodríguez\n1911-1913 Chargé d'affaires Salvador Castrillo\n1913-1917 Emiliano Chamorro Vargas\n1917-1921 Chargé d'affaires Ramon Enriquez\n1921-1923 Emiliano Chamorro Vargas\n1923-1921 Chargé d'affaires\n1929-1933 Chargé d'affaires Evaristo Carazo\n1933-1933 Chargé d'affaires Luis Debayle\n1933-1936 Henri Debayle\n1937-1943 León Debayle\n1943-1979 Guillermo Sevilla-Sacasa (Dean of the Diplomatic Corps in Washington D.C from January 1958 to July 16, 1979)\n1979-1979 Acting Chargé d'affaires Adeline Gröns-Schindler de Argüello-Olivas\n1979-1980 Interim Chargé d'affaires Adeline Gröns-Schindler de Argüello-Olivas and Francisco d'Escoto Brockmann\n1980-1981 Chargé d'affaires Francisco d'Escoto Brockmann\n1981-1982 Arturo J. Cruz\n1982-1983 Francisco Fiallos-Navarro\n1983-1983 Chargé d'affaires Manuel Cordero\n1983-1984 Jose Jarquin-Lopez\n1984-1988 Carlos Tunnermann Bernheim\n1988-1990 No ambassador diplomatic relations severed\n1990-1993 Ernesto Palazio\n1993-1996 Roberto Mayorga-Cortes\n1997-2000 Francisco Aguirre-Sacasa\n2000-2002 Alfonso Ortega Urbina\n2002-2003 Carlos Ulvert-Sanchez\n2003-2007 Salvador Stadthagen-Icaza\n2007-2009 Arturo Cruz Sequeira\n2010–present Francisco Campbell-HookerChief of Protocol, Nicaragua","title":"Previous Ambassadors"}]
[{"image_text":"Horacio Guzman","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Horacio_Guzman.jpg/220px-Horacio_Guzman.jpg"},{"image_text":"May Ewing, Mrs Horacio Guzman","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/May_Ewing%2C_Mrs_Horacio_Guzman.jpg/220px-May_Ewing%2C_Mrs_Horacio_Guzman.jpg"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazu,_Tottori
Yazu
["1 Geography","1.1 Neighbouring municipalities","2 Climate","3 Demography","4 History","5 Government","6 Education","7 Transportation","7.1 Railway","7.2 Highways","8 Sister city relations","9 Local attractions","10 Noted people from Iwami","11 References","12 External links"]
Coordinates: 35°24′N 134°15′E / 35.400°N 134.250°E / 35.400; 134.250Town in Chūgoku, JapanYazu 八頭町TownYazu Town Hall FlagSealLocation of Yazu in Tottori PrefectureYazu Coordinates: 35°24′N 134°15′E / 35.400°N 134.250°E / 35.400; 134.250CountryJapanRegionChūgokuPrefectureTottori PrefectureDistrictYazuArea • Total206.71 km2 (79.81 sq mi)Population (November 30, 2022) • Total16,156 • Density78/km2 (200/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+9 (JST)Symbols • TreeDiospyros kaki• FlowerRhododendron indicumPhone number0858-76-0201Address493 Kōge, Yazu-chō, Yazu-gun, Tottori-ken 680-0493WebsiteOfficial website Oginosen Mountains Yazu (八頭町, Yazu-chō) is a town located in Yazu District, Tottori Prefecture, Japan. As of 30 November 2022, the town had an estimated population of 16,156 in 6140 households and a population density of 78 persons per km². The total area of the town is 206.71 square kilometres (79.81 sq mi). Geography Yazu is located to the far east of Tottori Prefecture. Its highest peak is Ōginosen (1,309.9 metres or 4,298 feet), which is located on the border of the city of Tottori, the towns of Misasa and Chizu, as well as Shin'onsen in Hyōgo Prefecture. Ōginosen is part of the Daisen Volcanic Belt. The mountain is part of Hyōnosen-Ushiroyama-Nagisan Quasi-National Park, and has facilities for skiing and camping. The Hattō River (39.1 metres (128 ft)), the largest tributary of the Sendai River, flows through Yazu, as does a smaller tributary, the Kisaichi River (28.1 metres (92 ft)), which traces its origin to Ōginosen. Neighbouring municipalities Tottori Prefecture Chizu Tottori Wakasa Climate Yazu has a Humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) characterized by warm summers and cool winters with moderate snowfall. The average annual temperature in Yazu is 13.3 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1851 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in January, at around 21.5 °C, and lowest in January, at around 2.1 °C. Demography Per Japanese census data, the population of Yazu has been as follows: Historical populationYearPop.±% 1920 22,088—     1930 23,220+5.1% 1940 22,208−4.4% 1950 20,519−7.6% 1960 26,658+29.9% 1970 25,562−4.1% 1980 22,142−13.4% 1990 21,091−4.7% 2000 20,245−4.0% 2010 18,428−9.0% History The area of Yazu was part of ancient Inaba Province, and is the setting of the Hare of Inaba legend. During the Edo period, the area was part of the holdings of Tottori Domain ruled by a branch of the Ikeda clan from their seat at Tottori Castle. Yazu District, Tottori was established after the Meiji restoration and divided into several villages with the creation of the modern municipalities system on April 1, 1896. The town of Yazu was formed on March 31, 2005, by the merger of the towns of Funaoka, Hattō and Kōge, all from Yazu District. villages. Government Yazu has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral town council of 18 members headed by a chairperson and vice-chairperson. Yazu, collectively with the other municipalities of Yazu District, contributes two members to the Tottori Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the town is part of Tottori 1st district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan. Education Yazu has four public elementary schools and one junior high school operated by the town government, and one public high school operated by the Tottori Prefectural Board of Education. Transportation Railway JR West - Inbi Line Higashi-Kōge - Kōge -Kawahara Wakasa Railway - Wakasa Line Kōge - Yazukōkōmae - Inabafunaoka - Hayabusa - Abe - Hattō - Tokumaru - Tampi Highways National Route 29 National Route 482 Sister city relations - Hoengseong County, Gangwon, Republic of Korea, friendship city since 1996 - Da'an, Jilin, China, friendship city since 1996 Local attractions Hyōnosen-Ushiroyama-Nagisan Quasi-National Park, founded on April 10, 1969, spans across Hyōgo Prefecture, Tottori Prefecture, and Okayama Prefecture. Much of the area of the town of Yazu is included in the quasi-national park. Noted people from Iwami Shigeru Ishiba, politician References ^ "Yazu town official statistics" (in Japanese). Japan. ^ "扇ノ山" . Nihon Daihyakka Zensho (Nipponika) (in Japanese). Tokyo: Shogakukan. 2012. OCLC 153301537. Retrieved 2012-05-28. ^ "Hattō River" . Nihon Rekishi Chimei Taikei (in Japanese). Tokyo: Shogakukan. 2012. OCLC 173191044. DLC 2009238904. Retrieved 2012-06-02. ^ "私都川" . Nihon Rekishi Chimei Taikei (in Japanese). Tokyo: Shogakukan. 2012. OCLC 173191044. DLC 2009238904. Retrieved 2012-06-02. ^ Yazu climate data ^ Yazu population statistics ^ "八頭町" . Nihon Daihyakka Zensho (Nipponika) (in Japanese). Tokyo: Shogakukan. 2012. OCLC 153301537. Retrieved 2012-05-28. ^ まちの概要 (in Japanese). Yazu, Tottori Prefecture: Yazu-Town. 2012. Retrieved July 18, 2012. ^ 町議会の仕組み・構成 (in Japanese). Yazu, Tottori Prefecture: Yazu-Town. 2012. Retrieved July 18, 2012. ^ "氷ノ山後山那岐山国定公園". Ministry of the Environment. Archived from the original on May 23, 2011. Retrieved 13 July 2019. ^ "丹後天橋立大江山／明治の森箕面／金剛生駒紀泉／氷ノ山後山那岐山". National Parks Association of Japan. Retrieved 10 May 2011. External links Media related to Yazu, Tottori at Wikimedia Commons Yazu official website (in Japanese) vte Tottori PrefectureTottori (capital)Core city Tottori Flag of Tottori PrefectureCities Kurayoshi Sakaiminato Yonago Districts Hino District Hino Kōfu Nichinan Iwami District Iwami Saihaku District Daisen Hiezu Hōki Nanbu Tōhaku District Hokuei Kotoura Misasa Yurihama Yazu District Chizu Wakasa Yazu List of mergers in Tottori Prefecture Authority control databases International VIAF National Japan Geographic MusicBrainz area
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E9%A2%A8%E3%81%AE%E5%BA%83%E5%A0%B4%E5%B1%95%E6%9C%9B%E5%8F%B0%E3%81%8B%E3%82%89%E6%89%87%E3%83%8E%E5%B1%B1%E3%82%92%E7%9C%BA%E3%82%81%E3%82%8B.jpg"},{"link_name":"town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_towns_in_Japan"},{"link_name":"Yazu District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazu_District,_Tottori"},{"link_name":"Tottori Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tottori_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yazu&action=edit"},{"link_name":"population","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yazu-hp-1"}],"text":"Town in Chūgoku, JapanOginosen MountainsYazu (八頭町, Yazu-chō) is a town located in Yazu District, Tottori Prefecture, Japan. As of 30 November 2022[update], the town had an estimated population of 16,156 in 6140 households and a population density of 78 persons per km².[1] The total area of the town is 206.71 square kilometres (79.81 sq mi).","title":"Yazu"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shin'onsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shin%27onsen,_Hy%C5%8Dgo"},{"link_name":"Hyōgo Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hy%C5%8Dgo_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Daisen Volcanic Belt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daisen_Volcanic_Belt&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hyōnosen-Ushiroyama-Nagisan Quasi-National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hy%C5%8Dnosen-Ushiroyama-Nagisan_Quasi-National_Park"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Hattō River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hatt%C5%8D_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"tributary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tributary"},{"link_name":"Sendai River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sendai_River"},{"link_name":"Kisaichi River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kisaichi_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Yazu is located to the far east of Tottori Prefecture. Its highest peak is Ōginosen (1,309.9 metres or 4,298 feet), which is located on the border of the city of Tottori, the towns of Misasa and Chizu, as well as Shin'onsen in Hyōgo Prefecture. Ōginosen is part of the Daisen Volcanic Belt. The mountain is part of Hyōnosen-Ushiroyama-Nagisan Quasi-National Park, and has facilities for skiing and camping.[2] The Hattō River (39.1 metres (128 ft)), the largest tributary of the Sendai River, flows through Yazu, as does a smaller tributary, the Kisaichi River (28.1 metres (92 ft)), which traces its origin to Ōginosen.[3][4]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tottori Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tottori_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Chizu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chizu,_Tottori"},{"link_name":"Tottori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tottori,_Tottori"},{"link_name":"Wakasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakasa,_Tottori"}],"sub_title":"Neighbouring municipalities","text":"Tottori PrefectureChizu\nTottori\nWakasa","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Humid subtropical climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Yazu has a Humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) characterized by warm summers and cool winters with moderate snowfall. The average annual temperature in Yazu is 13.3 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1851 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in January, at around 21.5 °C, and lowest in January, at around 2.1 °C.[5]","title":"Climate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Per Japanese census data,[6] the population of Yazu has been as follows:","title":"Demography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Inaba Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inaba_Province"},{"link_name":"Hare of Inaba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hare_of_Inaba"},{"link_name":"Edo period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edo_period"},{"link_name":"Tottori Domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tottori_Domain"},{"link_name":"Ikeda clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikeda_clan"},{"link_name":"Tottori Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tottori_Castle"},{"link_name":"Yazu District, Tottori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazu_District,_Tottori"},{"link_name":"Meiji restoration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiji_restoration"},{"link_name":"Funaoka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funaoka,_Tottori"},{"link_name":"Hattō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatt%C5%8D,_Tottori"},{"link_name":"Kōge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%8Dge,_Tottori"},{"link_name":"Yazu District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazu_District,_Tottori"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nipponika-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gaiyo-8"}],"text":"The area of Yazu was part of ancient Inaba Province, and is the setting of the Hare of Inaba legend. During the Edo period, the area was part of the holdings of Tottori Domain ruled by a branch of the Ikeda clan from their seat at Tottori Castle. Yazu District, Tottori was established after the Meiji restoration and divided into several villages with the creation of the modern municipalities system on April 1, 1896. The town of Yazu was formed on March 31, 2005, by the merger of the towns of Funaoka, Hattō and Kōge, all from Yazu District.[7][8] villages.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mayor-council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor-council"},{"link_name":"unicameral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicameral"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Tottori 1st district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tottori_1st_district"},{"link_name":"lower house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Diet of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diet_of_Japan"}],"text":"Yazu has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral town council of 18 members headed by a chairperson and vice-chairperson.[9] Yazu, collectively with the other municipalities of Yazu District, contributes two members to the Tottori Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the town is part of Tottori 1st district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.","title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"elementary schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_schools"},{"link_name":"junior high school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junior_high_school"},{"link_name":"high school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_school"}],"text":"Yazu has four public elementary schools and one junior high school operated by the town government, and one public high school operated by the Tottori Prefectural Board of Education.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JR_logo_(west).svg"},{"link_name":"JR West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Japan_Railway_Company"},{"link_name":"Inbi Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inbi_Line"},{"link_name":"Higashi-Kōge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higashi-K%C5%8Dge_Station"},{"link_name":"Kōge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%8Dge_Station"},{"link_name":"Kawahara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawahara_Station"},{"link_name":"Wakasa Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakasa_Railway"},{"link_name":"Wakasa Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakasa_Line"},{"link_name":"Kōge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%8Dge_Station"},{"link_name":"Yazukōkōmae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazuk%C5%8Dk%C5%8Dmae_Station"},{"link_name":"Inabafunaoka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inabafunaoka_Station"},{"link_name":"Hayabusa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayabusa_Station"},{"link_name":"Abe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abe_Station"},{"link_name":"Hattō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatt%C5%8D_Station"},{"link_name":"Tokumaru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokumaru_Station"},{"link_name":"Tampi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampi_Station"}],"sub_title":"Railway","text":"JR West - Inbi LineHigashi-Kōge - Kōge -KawaharaWakasa Railway - Wakasa LineKōge - Yazukōkōmae - Inabafunaoka - Hayabusa - Abe - Hattō - Tokumaru - Tampi","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Route 29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_National_Route_29"},{"link_name":"National Route 482","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_National_Route_482"}],"sub_title":"Highways","text":"National Route 29\n National Route 482","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea"},{"link_name":"Hoengseong County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoengseong_County"},{"link_name":"Gangwon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangwon_Province_(South_Korea)"},{"link_name":"Republic of Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Korea"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Da'an, Jilin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da%27an,_Jilin"}],"text":"- Hoengseong County, Gangwon, Republic of Korea, friendship city since 1996\n - Da'an, Jilin, China, friendship city since 1996","title":"Sister city relations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hyōnosen-Ushiroyama-Nagisan Quasi-National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hy%C5%8Dnosen-Ushiroyama-Nagisan_Quasi-National_Park"},{"link_name":"Hyōgo Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hy%C5%8Dgo_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Tottori Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tottori_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Okayama Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okayama_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"quasi-national park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Hyōnosen-Ushiroyama-Nagisan Quasi-National Park, founded on April 10, 1969, spans across Hyōgo Prefecture, Tottori Prefecture, and Okayama Prefecture. Much of the area of the town of Yazu is included in the quasi-national park.[10][11]","title":"Local attractions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shigeru Ishiba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shigeru_Ishiba"}],"text":"Shigeru Ishiba, politician","title":"Noted people from Iwami"}]
[{"image_text":"Oginosen Mountains","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/%E9%A2%A8%E3%81%AE%E5%BA%83%E5%A0%B4%E5%B1%95%E6%9C%9B%E5%8F%B0%E3%81%8B%E3%82%89%E6%89%87%E3%83%8E%E5%B1%B1%E3%82%92%E7%9C%BA%E3%82%81%E3%82%8B.jpg/270px-%E9%A2%A8%E3%81%AE%E5%BA%83%E5%A0%B4%E5%B1%95%E6%9C%9B%E5%8F%B0%E3%81%8B%E3%82%89%E6%89%87%E3%83%8E%E5%B1%B1%E3%82%92%E7%9C%BA%E3%82%81%E3%82%8B.jpg"},{"image_text":"Flag of Tottori Prefecture","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_Tottori_Prefecture.svg/60px-Flag_of_Tottori_Prefecture.svg.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Yazu town official statistics\" (in Japanese). Japan.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.town.yazu.tottori.jp/","url_text":"\"Yazu town official statistics\""}]},{"reference":"\"扇ノ山\" [Ōginosen]. Nihon Daihyakka Zensho (Nipponika) (in Japanese). Tokyo: Shogakukan. 2012. OCLC 153301537. Retrieved 2012-05-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://rekishi.jkn21.com/","url_text":"\"扇ノ山\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/153301537","url_text":"153301537"}]},{"reference":"\"Hattō River\" [Kisaichi River]. Nihon Rekishi Chimei Taikei (in Japanese). Tokyo: Shogakukan. 2012. OCLC 173191044. DLC 2009238904. Retrieved 2012-06-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://rekishi.jkn21.com/","url_text":"\"Hattō River\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/173191044","url_text":"173191044"}]},{"reference":"\"私都川\" [Kisaichi River]. Nihon Rekishi Chimei Taikei (in Japanese). Tokyo: Shogakukan. 2012. OCLC 173191044. DLC 2009238904. Retrieved 2012-06-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://rekishi.jkn21.com/","url_text":"\"私都川\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/173191044","url_text":"173191044"}]},{"reference":"\"八頭町\" [Yazu-chō]. Nihon Daihyakka Zensho (Nipponika) (in Japanese). Tokyo: Shogakukan. 2012. OCLC 153301537. Retrieved 2012-05-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://rekishi.jkn21.com/","url_text":"\"八頭町\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/153301537","url_text":"153301537"}]},{"reference":"まちの概要 [Overview of Yazu] (in Japanese). Yazu, Tottori Prefecture: Yazu-Town. 2012. Retrieved July 18, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.town.yazu.tottori.jp/dd.aspx?menuid=1002","url_text":"まちの概要"}]},{"reference":"町議会の仕組み・構成 [Structure and Organization of the Town Council] (in Japanese). Yazu, Tottori Prefecture: Yazu-Town. 2012. Retrieved July 18, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.town.yazu.tottori.jp/dd.aspx?menuid=1506","url_text":"町議会の仕組み・構成"}]},{"reference":"\"氷ノ山後山那岐山国定公園\". Ministry of the Environment. Archived from the original on May 23, 2011. Retrieved 13 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110523093412/http://www.biodic.go.jp/jpark/qnp/hyonosen.html","url_text":"\"氷ノ山後山那岐山国定公園\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Environment_(Japan)","url_text":"Ministry of the Environment"},{"url":"http://www.biodic.go.jp/jpark/qnp/hyonosen.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"丹後天橋立大江山／明治の森箕面／金剛生駒紀泉／氷ノ山後山那岐山\". National Parks Association of Japan. Retrieved 10 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.npaj.or.jp/parks/quasi-np/10.html#q40","url_text":"\"丹後天橋立大江山／明治の森箕面／金剛生駒紀泉／氷ノ山後山那岐山\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakers,_Food_and_Allied_Workers%27_Union
Bakers, Food and Allied Workers' Union
["1 History","2 Election results","3 Leadership","3.1 General secretaries","3.2 Presidents","4 References","5 Further reading","6 External links"]
UK trade union BFAWUBakers, Food and Allied Workers' UnionFounded1847HeadquartersStanborough House, Great North Road, Welwyn Garden CityLocationUnited KingdomMembers 14,259 (2022)Key peopleSarah Woolley, General SecretaryAffiliationsLabour Party (1902-2021), TUC, TUCG, ICTUWebsitewww.bfawu.org The Bakers, Food and Allied Workers' Union (BFAWU) is a trade union in the United Kingdom. Founded in 1847 in Manchester, it represents workers in the food industry. History The union dates its origin to 1847. The Manchester Friendly Association of Operative Bakers was established in 1849, and by 1854 it was led by Thomas Hodson. Under his leadership the union first expanded to represent bakers in Salford, becoming the first bakers' union in England to cover a wide area, though its membership remained below 200. In 1861 Hodson led the formation of the Amalgamated Union of Operative Bakers, bringing together unions in Bristol, Cheltenham, Hanley, Liverpool, London, Newcastle, Warrington and Wigan, along with his Manchester society. The new union gained prominence when its campaign for improvements in working conditions led to the Bakehouse Regulations Act 1863. In about 1870 the union relocated its headquarters to London, but the majority of its members were still in Lancashire. Other unions gradually joined, including the South Wales Federation of Journeymen Bakers in 1893. By 1891 the union had 4,000 members, nearly half of them in London. In 1902, the union officially affiliated to the Labour Party, which had been founded two years prior. For many years the union did not admit workers whom it considered unskilled. This led its London organiser, C. Mann, to form the rival National Union of Bakery Trade Workers in 1913. The following year the Operative Bakers agreed to accept all workers in the industry, and renamed itself as the Amalgamated Union of Operative Bakers, Confectioners and Allied Workers of Great Britain and Ireland. Mann's breakaway union was dissolved. In 1920 the union agreed to transfer its members in the milling industry to the rival Dock, Wharf and Riverside Workers' Union. The union focused its campaigns on shorter working hours, better pay and working conditions. In 1919 it led a major strike against night work, but this was unsuccessful. It recruited well in cooperative bakeries, but struggled elsewhere, until the Second World War. In 1935 it barred master bakers from holding office in the union. The union became more centralised in the 1950s. In 1964 it shortened its name to become the Bakers' Union. This was later lengthened to the present name. In July 2015 the BFAWU endorsed Jeremy Corbyn's campaign in the Labour Party leadership election. In 2017 members of the BFAWU staged the first strikes at McDonald's in the UK. During the Labour Party leadership election in 2020 the union backed Rebecca Long-Bailey. It also backed Richard Burgon for deputy leader. In November 2020 the union announced that it planned to consult its members on whether to remain affiliated to the Labour Party following the suspension of former party leader Jeremy Corbyn. In September 2021 it announced during Labour's annual conference that it would disaffiliate from the party, citing dissatisfaction with Keir Starmer's leadership. Election results The union sponsored Labour Party candidates in several Parliamentary elections, winning twice. Election Constituency Candidate Votes Percentage Position 1922 general election Fulham West Robert Mark Gentry 8,210 35.6 2 1932 by-election Wednesbury William Banfield 21,977 54.7 1 1935 general election Wednesbury William Banfield 22,683 53.3 1 Leadership General secretaries 1864: Thomas Hodson 1883: John Jenkins 1915: John William Banfield 1940: Joseph Thomasson 1952: Jock Halliday 1968: Stanley Gretton 1975: Sam Maddox 1979: Joe Marino 2010: Ronnie Draper 2020: Sarah Woolley Presidents 1910: A. F. Bentley 1914: J. H. Brown 1926: T. Ferris 1927: H. Keen 1946: Ernest Haynes 1969: Chris Childs 1977: Terry O'Neill 1995: Dennis Nash c.2000: Ronnie Draper 2010: Ian Hodson References ^ "BAKERS, FOOD & ALLIED WORKERS Form AR21 for year ended 31 December 2022" (PDF). GOV.UK. Retrieved 26 July 2023. ^ "TULO's member unions | Unions Together". Archived from the original on 11 March 2012. Retrieved 14 February 2012. ^ a b c d Arthur Marsh and John B. Smethurst, Historical Directory of Trade Unions, vol.5, pp.152-198 ^ "BFAWU disaffiliates from Labour". Politics.co.uk. 28 September 2021. ^ Syal, Rajeev (5 July 2015). "Jeremy Corbyn gets backing of Unite in Labour leadership race". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 July 2017. ^ Kollewe, Julia; Slawson, Nicola (4 September 2017). "McDonald's workers to go on strike in Britain for first time". The Guardian – via www.theguardian.com. ^ Rodgers, Sienna (17 January 2020). "Left-wing bakers' union nominates Long-Bailey and Burgon". LabourList. Retrieved 29 November 2020. ^ Rodgers, Sienna (20 November 2020). "Bakers' Union plans to consult members on staying affiliated to Labour". LabourList. Retrieved 29 November 2020. ^ "BREAKING NEWS: BFAWU disaffiliates from Labour". Politics.co.uk. Retrieved 28 September 2021. ^ Parker, James (2017). Trade unions and the political culture of the Labour Party, 1931-1940 (PDF). Exeter: University of Exeter. p. 125. ^ Labour Party, Report of the Twenty-second Annual Conference of the Labour Party, pp.255-272 ^ "Ronnie Draper is elected General Secretary" (PDF). Autumn 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 March 2012. Retrieved 1 September 2011. Further reading Arthur Marsh, Victoria Ryan and John B. Smethurst, Historical Directory of Trade Unions External links Organised labour portal Official website vteTrades Union CongressPositions General Secretary Deputy General Secretary Assistant General Secretary General Council President Bodies General Council Parliamentary Committee Wales TUC Affiliates Accord Advance Aegis AUE ASLEF AEP AFA BFAWU BALPA BDA BOSTU CSP CWU Community EIS Equity FDA FBU GMB HCSA MU Napo NAHT NARS NASUWT NEU NSEAD NUJ Nautilus NUM NGSU POA PFA Prospect PCS RCM RMT SCP SoR TSSA UCAC USDAW UNISON Unite URTU UCU WGGB  Category Commons vteIrish Congress of Trade UnionsGeneral Secretaries 1959: James Larkin Jnr 1960: Leo Crawford and Ruaidhri Roberts 1967: Ruaidhri Roberts 1982: Donal Nevin 1989: Peter Cassells 2001: David Begg 2015: Patricia King 2022: Owen Reidy Affiliates AHCPS AITM ASTI BFAWU BATU CSP CWU (Ireland) CWU (UK) Connect ESU Equity FDA FSU FBU Fórsa GMB GSU IFUT IMO INTO INMO Mandate MLSA NUJ NASUWT NIPSA RMT OPATSI POA Prospect PCS SIPTU TUI TSSA UTU USDAW UNISON Unite UCU VI VOA Predecessors Congress of Irish Unions Irish Trades Union Congress Authority control databases International VIAF National United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"trade union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester"},{"link_name":"food industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_industry"}],"text":"The Bakers, Food and Allied Workers' Union (BFAWU) is a trade union in the United Kingdom. Founded in 1847 in Manchester, it represents workers in the food industry.","title":"Bakers, Food and Allied Workers' Union"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Salford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salford"},{"link_name":"Bakehouse Regulations Act 1863","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bakehouse_Regulations_Act_1863&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-marsh-3"},{"link_name":"Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Dock, Wharf and Riverside Workers' Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dock,_Wharf_and_Riverside_Workers%27_Union"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-marsh-3"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-marsh-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-marsh-3"},{"link_name":"Jeremy Corbyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn"},{"link_name":"campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Jeremy_Corbyn_Labour_Party_leadership_campaign"},{"link_name":"Labour Party leadership election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Labour_Party_leadership_election_(UK)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-theguardian-5"},{"link_name":"McDonald's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonald%27s"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Labour Party leadership election in 2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Labour_Party_leadership_election_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Rebecca Long-Bailey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebecca_Long-Bailey"},{"link_name":"Richard Burgon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Burgon"},{"link_name":"deputy leader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Labour_Party_deputy_leadership_election"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"party leader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leader_of_the_Labour_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Jeremy Corbyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Keir Starmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keir_Starmer"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The union dates its origin to 1847. The Manchester Friendly Association of Operative Bakers was established in 1849, and by 1854 it was led by Thomas Hodson. Under his leadership the union first expanded to represent bakers in Salford, becoming the first bakers' union in England to cover a wide area, though its membership remained below 200. In 1861 Hodson led the formation of the Amalgamated Union of Operative Bakers, bringing together unions in Bristol, Cheltenham, Hanley, Liverpool, London, Newcastle, Warrington and Wigan, along with his Manchester society. The new union gained prominence when its campaign for improvements in working conditions led to the Bakehouse Regulations Act 1863.In about 1870 the union relocated its headquarters to London, but the majority of its members were still in Lancashire. Other unions gradually joined, including the South Wales Federation of Journeymen Bakers in 1893. By 1891 the union had 4,000 members, nearly half of them in London.[3] In 1902, the union officially affiliated to the Labour Party, which had been founded two years prior.[4]For many years the union did not admit workers whom it considered unskilled. This led its London organiser, C. Mann, to form the rival National Union of Bakery Trade Workers in 1913. The following year the Operative Bakers agreed to accept all workers in the industry, and renamed itself as the Amalgamated Union of Operative Bakers, Confectioners and Allied Workers of Great Britain and Ireland. Mann's breakaway union was dissolved. In 1920 the union agreed to transfer its members in the milling industry to the rival Dock, Wharf and Riverside Workers' Union.[3]The union focused its campaigns on shorter working hours, better pay and working conditions. In 1919 it led a major strike against night work, but this was unsuccessful. It recruited well in cooperative bakeries, but struggled elsewhere, until the Second World War. In 1935 it barred master bakers from holding office in the union.[3]The union became more centralised in the 1950s. In 1964 it shortened its name to become the Bakers' Union. This was later lengthened to the present name.[3]In July 2015 the BFAWU endorsed Jeremy Corbyn's campaign in the Labour Party leadership election.[5]In 2017 members of the BFAWU staged the first strikes at McDonald's in the UK.[6]During the Labour Party leadership election in 2020 the union backed Rebecca Long-Bailey. It also backed Richard Burgon for deputy leader.[7]In November 2020 the union announced that it planned to consult its members on whether to remain affiliated to the Labour Party following the suspension of former party leader Jeremy Corbyn.[8] In September 2021 it announced during Labour's annual conference that it would disaffiliate from the party, citing dissatisfaction with Keir Starmer's leadership.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"The union sponsored Labour Party candidates in several Parliamentary elections, winning twice.[10][11]","title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Leadership"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John William Banfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_William_Banfield"},{"link_name":"Stanley Gretton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Gretton"},{"link_name":"Sam Maddox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Maddox"},{"link_name":"Joe Marino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Marino"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ronnie_Draper-12"},{"link_name":"Sarah Woolley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Woolley"}],"sub_title":"General secretaries","text":"1864: Thomas Hodson\n1883: John Jenkins\n1915: John William Banfield\n1940: Joseph Thomasson\n1952: Jock Halliday\n1968: Stanley Gretton\n1975: Sam Maddox\n1979: Joe Marino\n2010: Ronnie Draper[12]\n2020: Sarah Woolley","title":"Leadership"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Presidents","text":"1910: A. F. Bentley\n1914: J. H. Brown\n1926: T. Ferris\n1927: H. Keen\n1946: Ernest Haynes\n1969: Chris Childs\n1977: Terry O'Neill\n1995: Dennis Nash\nc.2000: Ronnie Draper\n2010: Ian Hodson","title":"Leadership"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Arthur Marsh, Victoria Ryan and John B. Smethurst, Historical Directory of Trade Unions","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Russell,_Lady_Russell
Elizabeth Cooke, Lady Russell
["1 Life","2 Notes","3 References"]
English poet and noblewoman (1528–1609) For the English silversmith, see Elizabeth Cooke (silversmith). Portrait of Elizabeth Russell, hanging in the Great Hall at Bisham Abbey, Berkshire, UK. Sir Edward Hoby by an unknown artist, 1583 Elizabeth Russell, Lady Russell (née Cooke; formerly Hoby; 1528–1609) was an English poet and noblewoman. She was an influential member of Queen Elizabeth I's court and was known in her time for her refined poetry as well as her musical talent. In 1596, she was a vocal opponent of the reconstruction of Blackfriars Theatre in that London district. Life She was born at Gidea Hall, Essex, the third daughter of Anthony Cooke, who was tutor to Edward VI. Cooke educated his four daughters to a high level for his day. Her sister, Anne Bacon, became a notable scholar. Elizabeth was proficient in Latin and French. Elizabeth's first marriage was on 27 June 1558, to Thomas Hoby, of Bisham Abbey, Berkshire, noted as the translator of Baldassare Castiglione's The Book of the Courtier into English. In March 1566, he was knighted and became the English ambassador to France. The couple moved to Paris. Sir Thomas Hoby died there in July. Elizabeth received a touching letter of condolence from Queen Elizabeth I. Elizabeth had four children by Sir Thomas Hoby: Edward (1560–1617), two girls who both died in childhood in 1571, and then another boy born after her Thomas Hoby's death who was called Thomas Posthumus (1566–1640). She built a memorial chapel to her deceased husband in Bisham parish church in Berkshire. She was married again in 1574, to John, Lord Russell (d. 1584), eldest surviving son and heir to Francis Russell, 2nd Earl of Bedford. She had two daughters by this second marriage, Anne and Elizabeth. A legend says she also had a son whom she so mistreated because of his obstinance at his lessons and blotting his copy-books that he died as the result of her numerous beatings of him, but this cannot be verified. The legend claims her repentant ghost haunts Bisham Abbey. John Russell's death in 1584, before that of his father, robbed her of the possibility of becoming the countess of Bedford. Through her connections at court, her brother-in-law was William Cecil, Lord Burghley, and her nephew Robert Cecil, she became involved in litigation and disputes as she sought favours for herself and friends. Her son Thomas Posthumus became Burghley's protégé. She was for a time favoured by the queen and in the summer of 1592 she entertained the monarch at Bisham Abbey for six days. The Privy Council also met there. The queen was reputedly godmother to two of her children. By 1595, however, she found she could only see the queen at church. By June 1600, however, she had regained favour when the queen attended her daughter's wedding at Blackfriers. Elizabeth Cooke was known for her patronage of musicians, most notably of the composer John Dowland. She also translated A way of reconciliation touching the true nature and substance of the body and blood of Christ in the sacrament (printed in 1605) from the French and composed tomb inscriptions in Greek, Latin and English. She opposed the reconstruction of the Blackfriars Theatre in 1596, as she did not approve of live theatre, given that she was a devout Puritan. She then drew up a petition against the new theatre. As Chris Laoutaris notes in his description of the neighbourhood conflict, Blackfriars was an "upmarket" district. Some of her petition signatories were business colleagues of Shakespeare himself. Ultimately, her plan failed By all accounts, Russell also behaved in a similarly fractious manner toward perceived 'rival' property owners in Bedfordshire, who were sometimes kidnapped, hung by their heels, or subjected to document forgery. She seems to have been an ambitious woman, who was zealous in acquiring and protecting her own property, given that she was the first female keeper of her own castle in England Later in life, she became litigious and pursued grievances in law, not always successfully. Elizabeth died at her house at Bisham, Berkshire, and is buried in the 'Hoby Chapel' at All Saints Church, Bisham, where a magnificent monument was erected to her. Notes ^ a b c d e f g h Priestland – Oxford Dictionary of National Biography; The first edition of this text is available at Wikisource: "Hoby, Thomas" . Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900. ^ a b Hays – Female Biography ^ a b c d e Ford – Berkshire History ^ For 1873 Doidge's Western Counties Illustrated Annual A Miscellany of Useful, Instructive, & Entertaining Local and General Information ^ Chris Laoutaris: Shakespeare and the Countess: The battle that gave birth to the Globe: London: Fig Tree: 2014. ^ Laoutaris, 2014 References Ford, David Nash (2001). "Elizabeth Cooke, Lady Hoby (1528–1609)". Royal Berkshire History-04-24. Hays, Mary (1807). Female biography; or, Memoirs of illustrious and celebrated women, of all ages and countries: Alphabetically arranged. Fry and Kammerer. pp. 430–432. Zeman Kolkovich, Elizabeth (2009). "English Literary Renaissance 39.2". Lady Russell, Elizabeth I, and Female Political Alliances Through Performance. 39 (2): 290–314. doi:10.1111/j.1475-6757.2009.01048.x. S2CID 145384898.. Laoutaris, Chris (2014). Shakespeare and the Countess: The battle that gave birth to the Globe. London: Fig Tree. ISBN 978-1905490967. Elizabeth Cooke Hoby Russell (2011). Patricia Phillippy (ed.). The Writings of an English Sappho. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. Retrieved 31 July 2017. Priestland, Pamela (September 2004). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. pp. Russell , Elizabeth. Retrieved 31 July 2017. (subscription or free access with a UK library card number) Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF National France BnF data Germany Belgium United States Vatican People Deutsche Biographie Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Elizabeth Cooke (silversmith)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Cooke_(silversmith)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elizabeth_Hoby.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sir_Edward_Hoby_1583.jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-1"},{"link_name":"Queen Elizabeth I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_I"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hays-2"},{"link_name":"Blackfriars Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfriars_Theatre"}],"text":"For the English silversmith, see Elizabeth Cooke (silversmith).Portrait of Elizabeth Russell, hanging in the Great Hall at Bisham Abbey, Berkshire, UK.Sir Edward Hoby by an unknown artist, 1583Elizabeth Russell, Lady Russell (née Cooke; formerly Hoby; 1528–1609) was an English poet and noblewoman.[1] She was an influential member of Queen Elizabeth I's court and was known in her time for her refined poetry as well as her musical talent.[2] In 1596, she was a vocal opponent of the reconstruction of Blackfriars Theatre in that London district.","title":"Elizabeth Cooke, Lady Russell"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gidea Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gidea_Hall"},{"link_name":"Essex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex"},{"link_name":"Anthony Cooke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Cooke"},{"link_name":"Edward VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_VI"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bershire-3"},{"link_name":"Anne Bacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Bacon"},{"link_name":"Thomas Hoby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hoby"},{"link_name":"Bisham Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisham_Abbey"},{"link_name":"Baldassare Castiglione","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldassare_Castiglione"},{"link_name":"The Book of the Courtier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Book_of_the_Courtier"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bershire-3"},{"link_name":"Queen Elizabeth I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_I"},{"link_name":"Edward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Hoby"},{"link_name":"Thomas Posthumus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Posthumus_Hoby"},{"link_name":"Bisham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisham"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-1"},{"link_name":"Francis Russell, 2nd Earl of Bedford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Russell,_2nd_Earl_of_Bedford"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-1"},{"link_name":"William Cecil, Lord Burghley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Cecil,_Lord_Burghley"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bershire-3"},{"link_name":"Robert Cecil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Cecil,_1st_Earl_of_Salisbury"},{"link_name":"Thomas Posthumus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Posthumus_Hoby"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-1"},{"link_name":"Privy Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privy_Council"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bershire-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-1"},{"link_name":"John Dowland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dowland"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bershire-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hays-2"},{"link_name":"Blackfriars Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfriars_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Puritan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puritan"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donnington_Castle"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-1"},{"link_name":"Bisham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisham"},{"link_name":"Bisham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisham"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"She was born at Gidea Hall, Essex, the third daughter of Anthony Cooke, who was tutor to Edward VI. Cooke educated his four daughters to a high level for his day.[3] Her sister, Anne Bacon, became a notable scholar. Elizabeth was proficient in Latin and French. Elizabeth's first marriage was on 27 June 1558, to Thomas Hoby, of Bisham Abbey, Berkshire, noted as the translator of Baldassare Castiglione's The Book of the Courtier into English.[1] In March 1566, he was knighted and became the English ambassador to France. The couple moved to Paris.[3] Sir Thomas Hoby died there in July. Elizabeth received a touching letter of condolence from Queen Elizabeth I.Elizabeth had four children by Sir Thomas Hoby: Edward (1560–1617), two girls who both died in childhood in 1571, and then another boy born after her Thomas Hoby's death who was called Thomas Posthumus (1566–1640). She built a memorial chapel to her deceased husband in Bisham parish church in Berkshire.[1]She was married again in 1574, to John, Lord Russell (d. 1584), eldest surviving son and heir to Francis Russell, 2nd Earl of Bedford.[1] She had two daughters by this second marriage, Anne and Elizabeth. A legend says she also had a son whom she so mistreated because of his obstinance at his lessons and blotting his copy-books that he died as the result of her numerous beatings of him, but this cannot be verified.[4] The legend claims her repentant ghost haunts Bisham Abbey. John Russell's death in 1584, before that of his father, robbed her of the possibility of becoming the countess of Bedford.[1]Through her connections at court, her brother-in-law was William Cecil, Lord Burghley,[3] and her nephew Robert Cecil, she became involved in litigation and disputes as she sought favours for herself and friends. Her son Thomas Posthumus became Burghley's protégé.[1]She was for a time favoured by the queen and in the summer of 1592 she entertained the monarch at Bisham Abbey for six days. The Privy Council also met there.[3] The queen was reputedly godmother to two of her children. By 1595, however, she found she could only see the queen at church. By June 1600, however, she had regained favour when the queen attended her daughter's wedding at Blackfriers.[1]Elizabeth Cooke was known for her patronage of musicians, most notably of the composer John Dowland. She also translated A way of reconciliation touching the true nature and substance of the body and blood of Christ in the sacrament (printed in 1605)[3] from the French and composed tomb inscriptions in Greek, Latin and English.[2] She opposed the reconstruction of the Blackfriars Theatre in 1596, as she did not approve of live theatre, given that she was a devout Puritan. She then drew up a petition against the new theatre. As Chris Laoutaris notes in his description of the neighbourhood conflict, Blackfriars was an \"upmarket\" district. Some of her petition signatories were business colleagues of Shakespeare himself. Ultimately, her plan failed[5]By all accounts, Russell also behaved in a similarly fractious manner toward perceived 'rival' property owners in Bedfordshire, who were sometimes kidnapped, hung by their heels, or subjected to document forgery. She seems to have been an ambitious woman, who was zealous in acquiring and protecting her own property, given that she was the first female keeper of her own castle in England [6]Later in life, she became litigious and pursued grievances in law, not always successfully.[1] Elizabeth died at her house at Bisham, Berkshire, and is buried in the 'Hoby Chapel' at All Saints Church, Bisham, where a magnificent monument was erected to her.[citation needed]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ODNB_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ODNB_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ODNB_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ODNB_1-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ODNB_1-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ODNB_1-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ODNB_1-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ODNB_1-7"},{"link_name":"\"Hoby, Thomas\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Hoby,_Thomas"},{"link_name":"Dictionary of National Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hays_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hays_2-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Bershire_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Bershire_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Bershire_3-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Bershire_3-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Bershire_3-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"For 1873 Doidge's Western Counties Illustrated Annual A Miscellany of Useful, Instructive, & Entertaining Local and General Information","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=-iAOAAAAQAAJ&dq=Elizabeth+Cooke%2C+Lady+Russell+death+of+son+murder&pg=RA5-PA6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"}],"text":"^ a b c d e f g h Priestland – Oxford Dictionary of National Biography; The first edition of this text is available at Wikisource: \"Hoby, Thomas\" . Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.\n\n^ a b Hays – Female Biography\n\n^ a b c d e Ford – Berkshire History\n\n^ For 1873 Doidge's Western Counties Illustrated Annual A Miscellany of Useful, Instructive, & Entertaining Local and General Information\n\n^ Chris Laoutaris: Shakespeare and the Countess: The battle that gave birth to the Globe: London: Fig Tree: 2014.\n\n^ Laoutaris, 2014","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Portrait of Elizabeth Russell, hanging in the Great Hall at Bisham Abbey, Berkshire, UK.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Elizabeth_Hoby.JPG/250px-Elizabeth_Hoby.JPG"},{"image_text":"Sir Edward Hoby by an unknown artist, 1583","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Sir_Edward_Hoby_1583.jpg/250px-Sir_Edward_Hoby_1583.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Hoby, Thomas\" . Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Hoby,_Thomas","url_text":"\"Hoby, Thomas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Dictionary of National Biography"}]},{"reference":"Ford, David Nash (2001). \"Elizabeth Cooke, Lady Hoby (1528–1609)\". Royal Berkshire History-04-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.berkshirehistory.com/bios/ecooke.html","url_text":"\"Elizabeth Cooke, Lady Hoby (1528–1609)\""}]},{"reference":"Hays, Mary (1807). Female biography; or, Memoirs of illustrious and celebrated women, of all ages and countries: Alphabetically arranged. Fry and Kammerer. pp. 430–432.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/femalebiography04haysgoog","url_text":"Female biography; or, Memoirs of illustrious and celebrated women, of all ages and countries: Alphabetically arranged"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/femalebiography04haysgoog/page/n436","url_text":"430"}]},{"reference":"Zeman Kolkovich, Elizabeth (2009). \"English Literary Renaissance 39.2\". Lady Russell, Elizabeth I, and Female Political Alliances Through Performance. 39 (2): 290–314. doi:10.1111/j.1475-6757.2009.01048.x. S2CID 145384898.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1475-6757.2009.01048.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1475-6757.2009.01048.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145384898","url_text":"145384898"}]},{"reference":"Laoutaris, Chris (2014). Shakespeare and the Countess: The battle that gave birth to the Globe. London: Fig Tree. ISBN 978-1905490967.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1905490967","url_text":"978-1905490967"}]},{"reference":"Elizabeth Cooke Hoby Russell (2011). Patricia Phillippy (ed.). The Writings of an English Sappho. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. Retrieved 31 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia_Phillippy","url_text":"Patricia Phillippy"},{"url":"http://crrs.ca/publications/ov14/","url_text":"The Writings of an English Sappho"}]},{"reference":"Priestland, Pamela (September 2004). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. pp. Russell [née Cooke], Elizabeth. Retrieved 31 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/13411","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairfax,_Washington
Fairfax, Washington
["1 History","2 See also","3 References"]
Coordinates: 47°00′41″N 122°00′54″W / 47.01139°N 122.01500°W / 47.01139; -122.01500Ghost town in Washington (state) Ghost town in Washington, United StatesFairfax, WashingtonGhost townThe Farrell Bridge over the Carbon River near FairfaxFairfaxShow map of Washington (state)FairfaxShow map of the United StatesCoordinates: 47°00′41″N 122°00′54″W / 47.01139°N 122.01500°W / 47.01139; -122.01500CountryUnited StatesStateWashingtonCountyPierceTime zoneUTC-8 (Pacific (PST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-7 (PDT) Fairfax was a coal town in Pierce County in the U.S. state of Washington. The town was located on the Carbon River about 6 miles (10 km) south of Carbonado, Washington, on SR 165. Mining lasted only until the minerals ceased to be economically viable following World War I. Until the completion of the nearby 240 feet (73 m) high O'Farrell Bridge in 1921 (the highest bridge in the state at the time), the town was only accessible via railroad or pack train. History A clearing by the Carbon River remains the most visible remnant of FairfaxThe development of coal first began in 1896 when the Western American Company owned Section 26, T.18N., R.6E which was more commonly known as the Fairfax Mine, a railroad linked Carbonado, Washington to Fairfax with the first shipment of coal being sent out in 1899. Pierce County was one of the only counties in Washington state to produce a coke and in 1902 the Western American Company installed 35 coke ovens and Fairfax was helping lead the way in coke production in the county. In 1906 the Fairfax mine had a total output of 20,000 tons of coal during a nine-month period. During the other three months of 1906 the mine put out 1,858 tons of coal during a 35-day period. In total in 1906, the mine put out 21,858 tons of coal. In 1909 there was an ad that the mine was looking for a coal mine electrician. In 1910 the Manley, Moore Lumber Company was looking to add millwrights and was willing to pay them $3.50-$4 per day. They were also looking for common laborers and was offering them $2.25-$2.50 per day to come work in Fairfax. These ads show that between these years the mine was making enough money that the town was actively searching for new workers. The most productive years of the Fairfax mine was short lived but for a time was profitable. The town is now a destination for hikers and is considered a ghost town. After Fairfax was abandoned, the school swimming pool became the largest remaining element of the town See also Carbonado, Washington References ^ "Coal Mining in an east Pierce County area known as Pittsburg (1889-1909), Spiketon (1910-1916), and finally Morristown (1917-1927)". historylink.org. ^ "Fairfax Bridge". December 22, 2003. Archived from the original on December 22, 2003. Retrieved March 1, 2019. ^ Washington Division of Geology and Earth Resources. "Mining of Pierce County, Washington Coal Field, 1860-1962." Joseph Daniels. Report OF 79-1. 1979. http://www.dnr.wa.gov/Publications/ger_ofr79-1_mining_history_pierce_co.pdf ^ "Coal Output of Year: Mine Inspector’s Annual Report," Seattle Daily Times (Seattle, WA), February 25, 1902. ^ "1906 Record Year in Production of Coal," Seattle Daily Times (Seattle, WA), December 19, 1906. ^ "Cola Increase is 15 ½ Per Cent," Seattle Daily Times (Seattle, WA), February 2, 1907. ^ "WANTED-Experienced coal mine electrician," Seattle Daily Times (Seattle, WA), April 23, 1909. ^ "WANTED-Millwrights for new work," Seattle Daily Times (Seattle, WA), May 9, 1910. ^ Craig Hill, "Trail of the Week: Manley-Moore to Fairfax," The News Tribune (Tacoma, WA), August 11, 2016. vteMunicipalities and communities of Pierce County, Washington, United StatesCounty seat: TacomaCities Auburn‡ Bonney Lake Buckley DuPont Edgewood Enumclaw‡ Fife Fircrest Gig Harbor Lakewood Milton‡ Orting Pacific‡ Puyallup Roy Ruston Sumner Tacoma University Place Map of Washington highlighting Pierce CountyTowns Carbonado Eatonville South Prairie Steilacoom Wilkeson CDPs Alder Alderton Anderson Island Artondale Ashford Browns Point Canterwood Clear Lake Clover Creek Crocker Dash Point Elbe Elk Plain Fife Heights Fort Lewis Fox Island Frederickson Graham Greenwater Herron Island Home Kapowsin Ketron Island Key Center La Grande Lake Tapps Longbranch Maplewood McChord AFB McKenna McMillin Midland North Fort Lewis North Puyallup Parkland Prairie Heights Prairie Ridge Purdy Raft Island Rosedale South Creek South Hill Spanaway Stansberry Lake Summit Summit View Tehaleh Vaughn Waller Wauna Wollochet Othercommunities Burnett Cromwell Electron Glencove Lakebay Leber McNeil Island Paradise Reliance Indian reservation Muckleshoot‡ Puyallup Military bases Joint Base Lewis–McChord (Fort Lewis, McChord Field) Ghost towns Fairfax Hillhurst Melmont Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Washington portal United States portal
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"coal town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_town"},{"link_name":"Pierce County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierce_County_(Washington)"},{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_(state)"},{"link_name":"Carbon River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_River"},{"link_name":"Carbonado, Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonado,_Washington"},{"link_name":"SR 165","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_State_Route_165"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"pack train","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pack_train"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Ghost town in Washington (state)Ghost town in Washington, United StatesFairfax was a coal town in Pierce County in the U.S. state of Washington. The town was located on the Carbon River about 6 miles (10 km) south of Carbonado, Washington, on SR 165. Mining lasted only until the minerals ceased to be economically viable following World War I.[1] Until the completion of the nearby 240 feet (73 m) high O'Farrell Bridge in 1921 (the highest bridge in the state at the time), the town was only accessible via railroad or pack train.[2]","title":"Fairfax, Washington"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FairfaxAerialSouth.jpg"},{"link_name":"Carbon River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_River"},{"link_name":"Carbonado, Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonado,_Washington"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Pierce County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierce_County,_Washington"},{"link_name":"Washington state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_(state)"},{"link_name":"coke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coke_(fuel)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FairfaxSwimmingPoolTwo.jpg"}],"text":"A clearing by the Carbon River remains the most visible remnant of FairfaxThe development of coal first began in 1896 when the Western American Company owned Section 26, T.18N., R.6E which was more commonly known as the Fairfax Mine, a railroad linked Carbonado, Washington to Fairfax with the first shipment of coal being sent out in 1899.[3] Pierce County was one of the only counties in Washington state to produce a coke and in 1902 the Western American Company installed 35 coke ovens and Fairfax was helping lead the way in coke production in the county.[4] In 1906 the Fairfax mine had a total output of 20,000 tons of coal during a nine-month period.[5] During the other three months of 1906 the mine put out 1,858 tons of coal during a 35-day period. In total in 1906, the mine put out 21,858 tons of coal.[6] In 1909 there was an ad that the mine was looking for a coal mine electrician.[7] In 1910 the Manley, Moore Lumber Company was looking to add millwrights and was willing to pay them $3.50-$4 per day. They were also looking for common laborers and was offering them $2.25-$2.50 per day to come work in Fairfax.[8] These ads show that between these years the mine was making enough money that the town was actively searching for new workers. The most productive years of the Fairfax mine was short lived but for a time was profitable. The town is now a destination for hikers and is considered a ghost town.[9]After Fairfax was abandoned, the school swimming pool became the largest remaining element of the town","title":"History"}]
[{"image_text":"A clearing by the Carbon River remains the most visible remnant of Fairfax","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/FairfaxAerialSouth.jpg/220px-FairfaxAerialSouth.jpg"},{"image_text":"After Fairfax was abandoned, the school swimming pool became the largest remaining element of the town","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/FairfaxSwimmingPoolTwo.jpg/220px-FairfaxSwimmingPoolTwo.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map of Washington highlighting Pierce County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Map_of_Washington_highlighting_Pierce_County.svg/100px-Map_of_Washington_highlighting_Pierce_County.svg.png"}]
[{"title":"Carbonado, Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonado,_Washington"}]
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