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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko_Kha_district
Ko Kha district
["1 Geography","2 History","3 Administration","4 References","5 External links"]
Coordinates: 18°11′30″N 99°23′44″E / 18.19167°N 99.39556°E / 18.19167; 99.39556Wat Phra That Lampang Luang District in Lampang, ThailandKo Kha เกาะคาDistrictDistrict location in Lampang provinceCoordinates: 18°11′30″N 99°23′44″E / 18.19167°N 99.39556°E / 18.19167; 99.39556CountryThailandProvinceLampangSeatTha PhaArea • Total551.2 km2 (212.8 sq mi)Population (2005) • Total63,870 • Density115.9/km2 (300/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+7 (ICT)Postal code52130Geocode5203 Ko Kha (Thai: เกาะคา, pronounced ; Northern Thai: เก๋าะคา, pronounced ) is a district (amphoe) in the central part of Lampang province, northern Thailand. Geography Neighboring districts are (from the south clockwise): Sop Prap, Soem Ngam, Hang Chat, Mueang Lampang, Mae Tha of Lampang Province. The Khun Tan Range rises in the west and the Phi Pan Nam Range in the east of the district. History In 1917 the district was renamed from Sop Yao (สบยาว) to Ko Kha. Administration The district is divided into nine subdistricts (tambons), which are further subdivided into 73 villages (mubans). Ko Kha is a township (thesaban tambon) which covers parts of tambons Ko Kha, Sala, and Tha Pha. There are a further nine tambon administrative organizations (TAO). No. Name Thai name Villages Pop. 1. Lampang Luang ลำปางหลวง 12 9,965 2. Na Kaeo นาแก้ว 8 10,092 3. Lai Hin ไหล่หิน 6 5,657 4. Wang Phrao วังพร้าว 7 7,242 5. Sala ศาลา 7 8,732 6. Ko Kha เกาะคา 8 4,352 7. Na Saeng นาแส่ง 7 4,999 8. Tha Pha ท่าผา 9 7,423 9. Mai Phatthana ใหม่พัฒนา 9 5,408 References ^ ประกาศกระทรวงมหาดไทย เรื่อง เปลี่ยนชื่ออำเภอ (PDF). Royal Gazette (in Thai). 34 (ก): 40–68. April 29, 1917. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 7, 2011. External links amphoe.com (in Thai) vteDistricts of Lampang Mueang Lampang Mae Mo Ko Kha Soem Ngam Ngao Chae Hom Wang Nuea Thoen Mae Phrik Mae Tha Sop Prap Hang Chat Mueang Pan Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States This Lampang province location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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null
[{"reference":"ประกาศกระทรวงมหาดไทย เรื่อง เปลี่ยนชื่ออำเภอ (PDF). Royal Gazette (in Thai). 34 (ก): 40–68. April 29, 1917. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 7, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111107143904/http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2460/A/40.PDF","url_text":"ประกาศกระทรวงมหาดไทย เรื่อง เปลี่ยนชื่ออำเภอ"},{"url":"http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2460/A/40.PDF","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karur_Neelakanta_Pillai
Karoor Neelakanta Pillai
["1 Life and career","2 Bibliography","2.1 Short stories","2.2 Children's literature","2.3 Others","3 Notes","4 References"]
Karoor Neelakanta PillaiBorn(1898-02-22)22 February 1898Ettumanoor, TravancoreDied30 September 1975(1975-09-30) (aged 77)Pen nameKaroorOccupationWriter, teacherNationalityIndianGenreShort story, children's literature, novelSubjectSocialNotable awardsKerala Sahitya Akademi Award (1960, 1969) Karoor Neelakanta Pillai (Malayalam: കാരൂർ നീലകണ്ഠപ്പിള്ള) (22 February 1898 – 30 September 1975) was an Indian writer of Malayalam literature and one of the founders of Sahithya Pravarthaka Co-operative Society (Writers' Co-operative Society). Some of his works such as Poovan Pazham and Marappavakal are counted by many among the best short stories in Malayalam. He was a recipient of the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Children's Literature in 1960, which he received for his work Anakkaran, and the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Story in 1969, which he received for his short story Mothiram. Life and career Karoor Neelakanta Pillai was born on February 22, 1898, in Ettumanoor, in Kottayam district of the south Indian state of Kerala to Kunhiliyamma and Neelakanta Pillai. His formal education lasted only up to 7th standard though he was known to have been good at studies. He began his career as a school teacher at a local school in Kadappoor but quit his job when he got a government job as a teacher at the local school in Pothanikkad. While on job at various places such as Ettumanoor, Vemballi and Kanakkari, he pursued his studies and passed 9th standard in 1913 as well as the teachers' training examinations. Pillai became associated with the Adhyapaka Maha Sabha (teachers' union) in 1920 and two years later, he was elected as its secretary. He was involved in the teachers' meeting that discussed strike and though the matter was voted out by the meeting, the government dismissed all teachers who participated in the meeting; Pillai also lost his job. He worked as an assistant to a local ayurvedic physician at Ettumanoor till he was reinstated in his job by the government, with a posting at Namakkuzhi school. After holding the post for a while, he took long leave from job and became the secretary of Kottayam Co-operative Union. Moving to the village of Panmana, he started trading in coir products and it was in 1930, he married Gomathy Amma. When the coir industry went through a lean period during the World War II, he quit trading and returned to teaching, this time at the local school in Thazhava village. It was during this time, Pillai, along with M. P. Paul, worked towards forming a co-operative for writers and in 1945, with a capital of ₹ 120, they registered the Sahithya Pravarthaka Sahakarana Sangham (SPCS - Writers' Cooperative Society) with Paul and Pillai as the president and the secretary of the society, respectively. He held the position of the secretary for two decades and when he relinquished the position in 1965, the society had already made a mark in the publishing sector, with the integration of National Book Stall in 1949. He died in September 30th,1975, at the age of 77. Bibliography Pillai, Vaikom Muhammad Basheer and Uroob are considered to be the preeminent storytellers in Malayalam literature. His short stories often portray the plight of the middle class in a simple and straightforward manner. Many of his stories were translated into other Indian languages and English. The short story Anakkaran (The Mahout) was translated into English by Santa Ramesvara Rao. He wrote many stories for children and his story Anchu Kadalasu was later adapted for a film of the same name. He received the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Children's Literature in 1960 for Anakkaran and the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Story in 1969 for Mothiram. The following is a list of works published by Karoor Neelakanta Pillai. Short stories Year Title Title in English Publisher Notes 1945 Karoor Kathakal Stories by Karoor National Book Depot, Kottayam Collection of 8 storiesWith an introduction by M. V. Paul 1945 Melvilasom The Address N.B.S., Kottayam Collection of 8 stories 1946 Kochanujathi The Little Sister Mangalodayam, Trichur Collection of 8 stories 1946 Smarakam A Memorial Vellinezhi, Palghat Collection of 8 stories 1947 Astrologer Astrologer N.B.S., Kottayam Collection of 9 stories 1947 Iruttil In the Darkness Mangalodayam, Trichur Collection of 8 stories 1948 Thuppukaran The Sweeper Mangalodayam, Trichur Collection of 9 stories 1949 Grihanayika The Lady of the House S.P.C.S., Kottayam* Collection of 8 stories 1949 Poovan Pazham Poovan Banana N.B.S., Kottayam Collection of 10 stories 1950 Meenkari The Fisherwoman N.B.S., Kottayam Collection of 8 stories 1951 Tekkupattu N.B.S., Kottayam Collection of 10 stories 1952 Katha Kouthukam N.B.S., Kottayam Collection of 8 stories 1952 Oru Pidi Mannu A Fistful of Earth N.B.S., Kottayam* Collection of 9 stories 1954 Karayikkunna Chiri N.B.S., Kottayam Collection of 10 stories 1955 Ambalaparambil In the Temple Courtyard N.B.S., Kottayam Collection of 13 stories 1959 Pisachinte Kuppayam The Devil's Attire S.P.C.S., Kottayam 1963 Marappavakal The Wooden Dolls S.P.C.S., Kottayam Collection of 8 stories 1965 Tiranjedutha Kathakal Selected Stories S.P.C.S., Kottayam Collection of 51 storiesWith an introduction by G. Kumara Pillai 1966 Pathu Kathakal Ten Stories S.P.C.S., Kottayam Collection of 10 stories 1968 Mothiram The Ring S.P.C.S., Kottayam Collection of 8 stories 1970 Ee Sahayathil Charadund A Sting is Attached to this Help S.P.C.S., Kottayam Collection of 11 storiesWith an introduction by N. V. Krishna Warrier 1970 Tiranjedutha Kathakal II Selected Stories S.P.C.S., Kottayam Collections of 47 storiesWith an introduction by M. Achuthan 1973 Rahasyam The Secret S.P.C.S., Kottayam Collection of 9 stories 1975 Pothichoru Packed Rice S.P.C.S., Kottayam 1998 Karoorinte 33 Kathakal 33 Stories by Karoor DC Books, Kottayam 1999 Keezhadangal Surrender DC Books, Kottayam 2008 Karoor Kathakal Sampoornam Collected Stories H&C, Trichur Complete collection of stories Children's literature Year Title Title in English Publisher Notes 1950 Balachandran Balachandran S.P.C.S., Kottayam 1958 Anchu Kadalasu Five Papers S.P.C.S., Kottayam 1959 Anakkaran The Mahout S.P.C.S., Kottayam Illustrations by Bappu 1960 Azhakanum Poovaliyum Azhakan and Poovali S.P.C.S., Kottayam 1961 Enne Rajavakkanam Make Me the King S.P.C.S., Kottayam Illustrations by M. V. Devan 1962 Rajakumariyum Bhutavum The Princess and the Ghost S.P.C.S., Kottayam 1964 Sammanam The Gift S.P.C.S., Kottayam 1966 Olayum Narayavum The Leaf and the Stylus S.P.C.S., Kottayam Illustrations by Sankarankutty 1968 Bhrityan The Servant S.P.C.S., Kottayam Illustrations by Sankarankutty 1968 Manmayil Soil Peacock Bharatiya Sahitya Samiti 1983 Karoorinte Bala Kathakal Children's Stories S.P.C.S., Kottayam Others Year Title Title in English Publisher Notes 1945 Appuppan Grandfather N.B.S., Kottayam Two one-act plays 1951 Kathayalla Not a Story N.B.S., Kottayam Collection of 8 essays including "Njan Kathakaranaya Katha" 1967 Gauri Gauri S.P.C.S., Kottayam Novel 1967 Hari Hari S.P.C.S., Kottayam Novel 1975 Panjiyum Thuniyum Cotton and the Cloth S.P.C.S., Kottayam Novel Notes ^ Karoor was the family name of his mother, obtained through matrilineal succession References ^ a b c d "Biography on Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal" (in Malayalam). Kerala Sahitya Akademi. Archived from the original on 4 August 2016. Retrieved 17 February 2023. ^ "Karoor Neelakanta Pillai". Nairs.com. Retrieved 20 June 2009. ^ "Veethi profile". Veethi. 26 January 2019. Retrieved 26 January 2019. ^ "SPCS - About Us". www.spcsindia.com. 26 January 2019. Retrieved 26 January 2019. ^ "Remembering a visionary - Times of India". The Times of India. 13 July 2012. Retrieved 26 January 2019. ^ "JStor profile". Journal of South Asian Literature. 15 (1). 26 January 2019. JSTOR 40872325. ^ Suarez, Michael F; Woudhuysen, H. R, eds. (1 January 2010). Sahitya Pravarthaka Cooperative Society. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780198606536.001.0001. ISBN 9780198606536. Retrieved 26 January 2019. ^ Michigan State University, Asian Studies Center (1980). Journal of South Asian literature. ^ Amaresh Datta (1988). Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Devraj to Jyoti. Sahitya Akademi. pp. 1609–. ISBN 978-81-260-1194-0. ^ Indian literature. Sahitya Akademi. 1993. ^ "Karoor Neelakanda Pillai on Good Reads". www.goodreads.com. 26 January 2019. Retrieved 26 January 2019. ^ "A Bibliography of Malayalam literature in English translation". University of Washington Libraries. Archived from the original on 3 March 2009. Retrieved 18 July 2009. ^ "Karoorinte Balakathakal on Good Reads". www.goodreads.com. 26 January 2019. Retrieved 26 January 2019. ^ "Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Children's Literature" (in Malayalam). Kerala Sahitya Akademi. Archived from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 17 February 2023. ^ "Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Story" (in Malayalam). Kerala Sahitya Akademi. Archived from the original on 9 November 2013. Retrieved 17 February 2023. ^ K. M. Govi, ed. (1973). Malayala Grantha Soochi: A Retrospective Bibliography of Malayalam Books. Vol. 1. Kerala Sahitya Akademi. pp. 374, 497, 628, 629, 723, 724, 796. ^ K. M. Govi, ed. (1979). Malayala Grantha Soochi: A Retrospective Bibliography of Malayalam Books. Vol. 3. Kerala Sahitya Akademi. pp. 65, 93. ^ Karur Neelakanta Pillai. Karoor Kathakal Sampoornam. National Book Stall. p. 1558. ^ Karur Neelakanta Pillai. Aanakkaran. National Book Stall. ^ Karur Neelakanta Pillai. Enne Rajavakkanam. National Book Stall. ^ Karur Neelakanta Pillai. Karoorinte Balakathakal. National Book Stall. ^ Karur Neelakanta Pillai. Hari. Poorna Publications. ISBN 978-8130001531. ^ Karur Neelakanta Pillai (1972). Panjiyum Thuniyum. Poorna Publications. ISBN 9788130006680. vteMalayalam literatureOrganisations Kerala Sahitya Akademi Kerala Sasthra Sahithya Parishad Purogamana Kala Sahitya Sangham Sahithya Pravarthaka Co-operative Society Literary awards Abu Dhabi Sakthi Award Asan Smaraka Kavitha Puraskaram Cherukad Award Edasseri Award Ezhuthachan Puraskaram Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Biography and Autobiography Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Children's Literature Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Drama Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Humour Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Literary Criticism Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Miscellaneous Works Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Novel Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Overall Contributions Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Poetry Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Scholarly Literature Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Story Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Translation Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Travelogue Kerala Sahitya Akademi Fellowship Mathrubhumi Literary Award Muttathu Varkey Award O. N. V. Literary Award O. V. Vijayan Literary Award Odakkuzhal Award Padmarajan Award P. Kesavadev Literary Award Ulloor Award Vallathol Award Vayalar Award Fiction writers Ajijesh Pachat Akbar Kakkattil Anand Anita Nair Anoop Sasikumar Appu Nedungadi Ashitha Ashtamoorthi K. V. Aymanam John Babu Bharadwaj B. M. Suhara B. Sandhya C. Radhakrishnan C. V. Balakrishnan C. V. Raman Pillai C. V. Sreeraman Chandramathi Cherukad E. Harikumar E. Vasu G. R. Indugopan George Onakkoor Gracy I. K. K. Menon Jayasree Kalathil John Abraham Jose Panachippuram Joy J. Kaimaparamban K. J. Baby Arch Deacon Koshy K. L. Mohana Varma K. N. Ezhuthachan K. P. Nirmal Kumar K. P. Ramanunni K. R. Meera K. Rekha K. Surendran K. P. Joseph Kalarickal K. Thayat Kainikkara Padmanabha Pillai Kakkanadan Kamala Surayya Kanam EJ Karunakaran Karur Neelakanta Pillai Khadija Mumtaz Kottayam Pushpanath Kovilan K. V. Anoop Lajo Jose Lalithambika Antharjanam M. Govindan M. Mukundan M. Sukumaran M. T. Vasudevan Nair Madampu Kunjukuttan Madhupal Malayath Appunni Malayattoor Ramakrishnan Mallika Yunis Muttathu Varkey N. Mohanan N. N. Pisharody N. P. Chellappan Nair N. P. Mohammed N. S. Madhavan Nandanar Narayan O. V. Vijayan Omchery N. N. Pillai Oyyarathu Chandu Menon P. Ayyaneth P. Surendran P. F. Mathews P. K. Balakrishnan P. Kesavadev P. R. Nathan P. R. Shyamala P. Surendran P. Valsala Padmarajan Pamman Parappurath Pattathuvila Karunakaran Paul Chirakkarode Paul Zacharia Perumbadavam Sreedharan Ponjikkara Rafi Ponkunnam Varkey Punathil Kunjabdulla Raghunath Paleri S. Hareesh S. K. Pottekkatt Santhosh Echikkanam Sarah Joseph Sarah Thomas Savithri Rajeevan Socrates K. Valath Sudhakar Mangalodayam Sethu Shihabuddin Poythumkadavu Sohanlal Sreekrishnapuram Krishnankutty Subhash Chandran T. P. Rajeevan T. Padmanabhan T. V. Kochubava T. V. Varkey Tatapuram Sukumaran Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai Thikkodiyan Thomas Joseph U. A. Khader U. K. Kumaran Unnikrishnan Puthur Unnikrishnan Thiruvazhiyode Uroob V. K. N. V. P. Sivakumar Vaikom Muhammad Basheer Vallachira Madhavan Vengayil Kunhiraman Nayanar Vilasini Vinoy Thomas Poets A. Ayyappan A. C. Sreehari A. R. Raja Raja Varma Akkitham Achuthan Namboothiri Arnos Pathiri Attoor Ravi Varma Balachandran Chullikkadu Balamani Amma Bodheswaran Chandiroor Divakaran Changampuzha Krishna Pillai Cherukad Cherusseri Namboothiri D. Vinayachandran Edappalli Raghavan Pillai Edasseri Govindan Nair G. Shankara Kurup Irayimman Thampi K. Ayyappa Paniker K. C. Kesava Pillai K. V. Ramakrishnan Kadammanitta Ramakrishnan Kadathanat Madhavi Amma Kadavanad Kuttikrishnan Kamala Surayya Kattakayam Cherian Mappillai Kavitha Balakrishnan Kumaran Asan Kunchan Nambiar Kureepuzha Sreekumar Lalitha Lenin M. Govindan M. P. Appan M. S. Banesh Manoj Kuroor Mary John Thottam Mohanakrishnan Kaladi Moyinkutty Vaidyar N. N. Kakkad N. V. Krishna Warrier Nalapat Narayana Menon Nellikkal Muraleedharan Niranam poets O. N. V. Kurup Olappamanna Subramanian Namboothirippad P. Kunhiraman Nair P. P. Ramachandran Pala Narayanan Nair Poonthanam Namboothiri Pulikkottil Hyder Punaloor Balan Puthussery Ramachandran S. Joseph Satchidanandan Satyan Madakkara Savithri Rajeevan Sugathakumari Thirunalloor Karunakaran Tholan Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan Ulloor S. Parameswara Iyer Unnayi Variyar V. Madhusoodanan Nair V. C. Balakrishna Panicker V. M. Girija Vadakkumkur Rajarajavarmaraja Vallathol Narayana Menon Vayalar Ramavarma Veerankutty Vennikkulam Gopala Kurup Vijayalakshmi Vishnunarayanan Namboothiri V Madhusoodanan Nair Vyloppilli Sreedhara Menon Sreedevi Kakkad Playwrights C. J. Thomas C. L. Jose C. N. Sreekantan Nair Cherukad G. Sankara Pillai K. T. Muhammed M. Govindan Nalapat Narayana Menon S. L. Puram Sadanandan Thoppil Bhasi T. N. Gopinathan Nair V. T. Bhattathiripad Children's literature Malayath Appunni P. Narendranath Sumangala Shebaly Sippy Pallippuram Kiliroor Radhakrishnan Essayists/Critics Annie Thayyil C. N. Ahmad Moulavi C. S. Venkiteswaran Joseph Mundassery K. M. Daniel K. P. Appan K. P. Sankaran K. Damodaran K. M. George Kesari Balakrishna Pillai Kozhikodan Kuttikrishna Marar Kuttipuzha Krishna Pillai M. K. Sanu M. Krishnan Nair (author) M. Leelavathy M. N. Karassery M. N. Vijayan M. P. Paul M. R. Chandrasekharan Narendra Prasad O. V. Vijayan P. Surendran S. Guptan Nair S. Rajasekharan Sabeena Rafi Sanjayan Sukumar Azhikode V. C. Sreejan V. T. Bhattathiripad Vijayakrishnan V. V. K. Valath Scholars andGrammarians A. R. Raja Raja Varma Arnos Paathiri George Mathan Hermann Gundert Jyeṣṭhadeva Kerala Varma Valiya Koil Thampuran Kottarathil Sankunni Krishna Chaithanya R. Narayana Panickar Vadakkumkur Rajarajavarmaraja Translators Leela Devi M. K. Kumaran M. N. Sathyaardhi N. K. Damodaran Nileena Abraham Genre Champukkal Drama Kilippattu Manipravalam Novel Vadakkan Pattukal Venmani School Vanchippattu Novels Aalahayude Penmakkal Aalohari Anandam Aadujeevitham Aarachaar Akkapporinte Irupathu Nasrani Varshangal Anal Haq Anargha Nimisham Anuragathinte Dinangal Agnisakshi Ara Nazhika Neram Arabi Ponnu Arohanam Asuravithu Avakasikal Ayussinte Pusthakam Balyakalasakhi Barsa Chemmeen Cheviyorkkuka! Anthimakahalam Daivathinte Vikrithikal Delhi Gadhakal Enmakaje Ente Katha Ente Thankam Francis Itty Cora Gurusagaram Indulekha Kaalam Kayar Kesavante Vilapangal Khasakkinte Itihasam Kocharethi Kundalatha Manju (novel) Manushyanu Oru Aamukham Maranathinte Nizhalil Marthandavarma Mathilukal Maya Mayyazhippuzhayude Theerangalil Mucheettukalikkarante Makal Mullappoo Niramulla Pakalukal Muthassi Naadan Premam Naalukettu Nakshathrangale Kaaval Ntuppuppakkoranendarnnu Odayil Ninnu Ormayude Arakal Oru Desathinte Katha Oru Sankeerthanam Pole Oru Theruvinte Katha Othappu Paleri Manikyam: Oru Pathirakolapathakathinte Katha Pathummayude Aadu Peruvazhiyambalam Ponni Pravasam Premalekhanam Randamoozham Randidangazhi Rathinirvedam Sarada Shabdangal Smarakasilakal Sufi Paranja Katha Sundarikalum Sundaranmarum Thottiyude Makan Ummachu Vasanavikriti Vasanthathile Poomarangal Verukal Viddikalude Swargam Visappu Yakshi Yanthram Treatises Aithihyamala Alphabetum grandonico-malabaricum sive samscrudonicum Kerala Panineeyam Nātyakalpadrumam Sarvavijnanakosam State Institute of Encyclopaedic Publications Viswasahityavijnanakosam Yuktibhāṣā Poems Atmopadesa Śatakam Daiva Daśakaṁ Jnanappana Omanathinkal Kidavo Makarakoythu Puthen Pana Ramanan (play in verse) Rani (poem) Sree Bhoothanaathopakhyaanam Unnuneeli Sandesam Kuchelavritham Vanchippattu Krishnagatha Assorted articles Arabi Malayalam Arabi Malayalam script Chakara Malayalam grammar Malayalam poetry Mathrubhumi Yearbook Jewish copper plate Judeo-Malayalam Malayalam script Malayalam triumvirate poets Malayanma Mannan language Mappila dialect Mozhi (transliteration) Mullu Kurumba language Pandy Malayalam Romanisation of Malayalam Templates Category WikiProject India portal Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Israel United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Malayalam literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayalam_literature"},{"link_name":"Sahithya Pravarthaka Co-operative Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahithya_Pravarthaka_Co-operative_Society"},{"link_name":"Malayalam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayalam_literature"},{"link_name":"Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Children's Literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala_Sahitya_Akademi_Award_for_Children%27s_Literature"},{"link_name":"Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala_Sahitya_Akademi_Award_for_Story"}],"text":"Karoor Neelakanta Pillai (Malayalam: കാരൂർ നീലകണ്ഠപ്പിള്ള) (22 February 1898 – 30 September 1975) was an Indian writer of Malayalam literature and one of the founders of Sahithya Pravarthaka Co-operative Society (Writers' Co-operative Society). Some of his works such as Poovan Pazham and Marappavakal are counted by many among the best short stories in Malayalam. He was a recipient of the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Children's Literature in 1960, which he received for his work Anakkaran, and the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Story in 1969, which he received for his short story Mothiram.","title":"Karoor Neelakanta Pillai"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ettumanoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ettumanoor"},{"link_name":"Kottayam district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kottayam_district"},{"link_name":"Kerala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Biography_on_Kerala_Sahitya_Akademi_portal-1"},{"link_name":"[note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Kadappoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadappoor"},{"link_name":"Pothanikkad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pothanikkad"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Kanakkari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanakkari"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Veethi_profile-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Biography_on_Kerala_Sahitya_Akademi_portal-1"},{"link_name":"ayurvedic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurvedic"},{"link_name":"Panmana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panmana"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Thazhava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thazhava"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Biography_on_Kerala_Sahitya_Akademi_portal-1"},{"link_name":"M. P. Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._P._Paul"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SPCS_-_About_Us-5"},{"link_name":"Sahithya Pravarthaka Sahakarana Sangham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahithya_Pravarthaka_Co-operative_Society"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Remembering_a_visionary_-_Times_of_India-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JStor_profile-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sahitya_Pravarthaka_Cooperative_Society-8"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Biography_on_Kerala_Sahitya_Akademi_portal-1"}],"text":"Karoor Neelakanta Pillai was born on February 22, 1898, in Ettumanoor, in Kottayam district of the south Indian state of Kerala to Kunhiliyamma and Neelakanta Pillai.[1][note 1] His formal education lasted only up to 7th standard though he was known to have been good at studies. He began his career as a school teacher at a local school in Kadappoor but quit his job when he got a government job as a teacher at the local school in Pothanikkad.[2] While on job at various places such as Ettumanoor, Vemballi and Kanakkari, he pursued his studies and passed 9th standard in 1913 as well as the teachers' training examinations.[3]Pillai became associated with the Adhyapaka Maha Sabha (teachers' union) in 1920 and two years later, he was elected as its secretary.[1] He was involved in the teachers' meeting that discussed strike and though the matter was voted out by the meeting, the government dismissed all teachers who participated in the meeting; Pillai also lost his job. He worked as an assistant to a local ayurvedic physician at Ettumanoor till he was reinstated in his job by the government, with a posting at Namakkuzhi school. After holding the post for a while, he took long leave from job and became the secretary of Kottayam Co-operative Union. Moving to the village of Panmana, he started trading in coir products and it was in 1930, he married Gomathy Amma. When the coir industry went through a lean period during the World War II, he quit trading and returned to teaching, this time at the local school in Thazhava village.[1]It was during this time, Pillai, along with M. P. Paul, worked towards forming a co-operative for writers and in 1945, with a capital of ₹ 120,[4] they registered the Sahithya Pravarthaka Sahakarana Sangham (SPCS - Writers' Cooperative Society) with Paul and Pillai as the president[5] and the secretary of the society, respectively.[6] He held the position of the secretary for two decades and when he relinquished the position in 1965, the society had already made a mark in the publishing sector, with the integration of National Book Stall in 1949.[7]He died in September 30th,1975, at the age of 77.[1]","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vaikom Muhammad Basheer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaikom_Muhammad_Basheer"},{"link_name":"Uroob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uroob"},{"link_name":"Malayalam literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayalam_literature"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Datta1988-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Karoor_Neelakanda_Pillai_on_Good_Reads-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Karoorinte_Balakathakal_on_Good_Reads-14"},{"link_name":"Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Children's Literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala_Sahitya_Akademi_Award_for_Children%27s_Literature"},{"link_name":"Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala_Sahitya_Akademi_Award_for_Story"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kerala_Sahitya_Akademi_Award_for_Children's_Literature-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kerala_Sahitya_Akademi_Award_for_Story-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Pillai, Vaikom Muhammad Basheer and Uroob are considered to be the preeminent storytellers in Malayalam literature.[8][9] His short stories often portray the plight of the middle class in a simple and straightforward manner.[10] Many of his stories were translated into other Indian languages and English. The short story Anakkaran (The Mahout) was translated into English by Santa Ramesvara Rao.[11][12] He wrote many stories for children and his story Anchu Kadalasu was later adapted for a film of the same name.[13] He received the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Children's Literature in 1960 for Anakkaran and the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Story in 1969 for Mothiram.[14][15]The following is a list of works published by Karoor Neelakanta Pillai.[16][17]","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Short stories","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Children's literature","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Others","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"matrilineal succession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrilineal_succession"}],"text":"^ Karoor was the family name of his mother, obtained through matrilineal succession","title":"Notes"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Biography on Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal\" (in Malayalam). Kerala Sahitya Akademi. Archived from the original on 4 August 2016. Retrieved 17 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160804164803/https://keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/Profiles/Karoor/Html/Karoorgraphy.htm","url_text":"\"Biography on Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala_Sahitya_Akademi","url_text":"Kerala Sahitya Akademi"},{"url":"http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/Profiles/Karoor/Html/Karoorgraphy.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Karoor Neelakanta Pillai\". Nairs.com. Retrieved 20 June 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nairs.in/bio_n.htm","url_text":"\"Karoor Neelakanta Pillai\""}]},{"reference":"\"Veethi profile\". Veethi. 26 January 2019. Retrieved 26 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.veethi.com/india-people/karoor_neelakanda_pillai-profile-2238-25.htm","url_text":"\"Veethi profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"SPCS - About Us\". www.spcsindia.com. 26 January 2019. Retrieved 26 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.spcsindia.com/aboutus.php","url_text":"\"SPCS - About Us\""}]},{"reference":"\"Remembering a visionary - Times of India\". The Times of India. 13 July 2012. Retrieved 26 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/Remembering-a-visionary/articleshow/14856306.cms","url_text":"\"Remembering a visionary - Times of India\""}]},{"reference":"\"JStor profile\". Journal of South Asian Literature. 15 (1). 26 January 2019. JSTOR 40872325.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/40872325","url_text":"40872325"}]},{"reference":"Suarez, Michael F; Woudhuysen, H. R, eds. (1 January 2010). Sahitya Pravarthaka Cooperative Society. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780198606536.001.0001. ISBN 9780198606536. Retrieved 26 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198606536.001.0001/acref-9780198606536-e-4270","url_text":"Sahitya Pravarthaka Cooperative Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780198606536.001.0001","url_text":"10.1093/acref/9780198606536.001.0001"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198606536","url_text":"9780198606536"}]},{"reference":"Michigan State University, Asian Studies Center (1980). Journal of South Asian literature.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7jIzAAAAIAAJ&q=Karur+Neelakanta+Pillai","url_text":"Journal of South Asian literature"}]},{"reference":"Amaresh Datta (1988). Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Devraj to Jyoti. Sahitya Akademi. pp. 1609–. ISBN 978-81-260-1194-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&pg=PA1609","url_text":"Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Devraj to Jyoti"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-260-1194-0","url_text":"978-81-260-1194-0"}]},{"reference":"Indian literature. Sahitya Akademi. 1993.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WZZjAAAAMAAJ&q=Karur+Neelakanta+Pillai","url_text":"Indian literature"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahitya_Akademi","url_text":"Sahitya Akademi"}]},{"reference":"\"Karoor Neelakanda Pillai on Good Reads\". www.goodreads.com. 26 January 2019. Retrieved 26 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/6527412.Karoor_Neelakanda_Pillai","url_text":"\"Karoor Neelakanda Pillai on Good Reads\""}]},{"reference":"\"A Bibliography of Malayalam literature in English translation\". University of Washington Libraries. Archived from the original on 3 March 2009. Retrieved 18 July 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090303223648/http://lib.washington.edu/subject/southasia/guides/malayalam.html","url_text":"\"A Bibliography of Malayalam literature in English translation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Washington_Libraries","url_text":"University of Washington Libraries"},{"url":"http://www.lib.washington.edu/subject/southasia/guides/malayalam.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Karoorinte Balakathakal on Good Reads\". www.goodreads.com. 26 January 2019. Retrieved 26 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.goodreads.com/work/best_book/21800774-karoorinte-balakathakal","url_text":"\"Karoorinte Balakathakal on Good Reads\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Children's Literature\" (in Malayalam). Kerala Sahitya Akademi. Archived from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 17 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190327091212/http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/ksa/Awards/Endowments/Award_Balasahityam.htm","url_text":"\"Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Children's Literature\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala_Sahitya_Akademi","url_text":"Kerala Sahitya Akademi"},{"url":"http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/ksa/Awards/Endowments/Award_Balasahityam.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Story\" (in Malayalam). Kerala Sahitya Akademi. Archived from the original on 9 November 2013. Retrieved 17 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131109150057/https://keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/ksa/Awards/Stories.htm","url_text":"\"Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Story\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala_Sahitya_Akademi","url_text":"Kerala Sahitya Akademi"},{"url":"http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/ksa/Awards/Stories.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"K. M. Govi, ed. (1973). Malayala Grantha Soochi: A Retrospective Bibliography of Malayalam Books. Vol. 1. Kerala Sahitya Akademi. pp. 374, 497, 628, 629, 723, 724, 796.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala_Sahitya_Akademi","url_text":"Kerala Sahitya Akademi"}]},{"reference":"K. M. Govi, ed. (1979). Malayala Grantha Soochi: A Retrospective Bibliography of Malayalam Books. Vol. 3. Kerala Sahitya Akademi. pp. 65, 93.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala_Sahitya_Akademi","url_text":"Kerala Sahitya Akademi"}]},{"reference":"Karur Neelakanta Pillai. Karoor Kathakal Sampoornam. National Book Stall. p. 1558.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.goodreads.com/work/best_book/21775404-karoor-kathakal-sampoornam","url_text":"Karoor Kathakal Sampoornam"}]},{"reference":"Karur Neelakanta Pillai. Aanakkaran. National Book Stall.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.goodreads.com/work/best_book/21800779-aanakkaran","url_text":"Aanakkaran"}]},{"reference":"Karur Neelakanta Pillai. Enne Rajavakkanam. National Book Stall.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.goodreads.com/work/best_book/21800769-enne-rajavakkanam","url_text":"Enne Rajavakkanam"}]},{"reference":"Karur Neelakanta Pillai. Karoorinte Balakathakal. National Book Stall.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.goodreads.com/work/best_book/21800774-karoorinte-balakathakal","url_text":"Karoorinte Balakathakal"}]},{"reference":"Karur Neelakanta Pillai. Hari. Poorna Publications. ISBN 978-8130001531.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.goodreads.com/work/best_book/25966421-hari","url_text":"Hari"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8130001531","url_text":"978-8130001531"}]},{"reference":"Karur Neelakanta Pillai (1972). Panjiyum Thuniyum. Poorna Publications. ISBN 9788130006680.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.goodreads.com/work/best_book/21800392","url_text":"Panjiyum Thuniyum"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788130006680","url_text":"9788130006680"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Maria_a_Vico
Santa Maria a Vico
["1 History","2 Culture","3 Main sights","4 References"]
Coordinates: 41°2′N 14°29′E / 41.033°N 14.483°E / 41.033; 14.483Comune in Campania, ItalySanta Maria a VicoComuneComune di Santa Maria a VicoLocation of Santa Maria a Vico Santa Maria a VicoLocation of Santa Maria a Vico in ItalyShow map of ItalySanta Maria a VicoSanta Maria a Vico (Campania)Show map of CampaniaCoordinates: 41°2′N 14°29′E / 41.033°N 14.483°E / 41.033; 14.483CountryItalyRegionCampaniaProvinceCaserta (CE)FrazioniRuotoliGovernment • MayorAndrea PirozziArea • Total10.8 km2 (4.2 sq mi)Elevation83 m (272 ft)Population (31 August 2018) • Total14,023 • Density1,300/km2 (3,400/sq mi)DemonymSantamarianiTime zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal code81028Dialing code0823Patron saintSt. Nicholas of BariSaint dayDecember 6WebsiteOfficial website Santa Maria a Vico is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Caserta in the Italian region Campania, located about 30 kilometres (19 mi) northeast of Naples and about 13 kilometres (8 mi) southeast of Caserta. In the past it had a largely agricultural economy though today it is a flourishing commercial centre. Santa Maria a Vico is strategically positioned between Caserta, Benevento and Naples. History The town was founded as a military colony by the Romans during the Second Samnite War, as Vicus Novanensis. Later it was a stage on the ancient Appian Way, called Ad Novas. It was destroyed during the barbaric invasions, and later rebuilt, flourishing as a trade center under the Aragonese dynasty of the Kingdom of Naples. On 5 June 1498, Frederick of Naples granted the permission for the Mastro Mercato to the town of Santa Maria a Vico; before that date this privilege was only reserved to Bari, Cosenza, Lucera, Reggio and Taranto. This event brought to a further development of the town, which reached its commercial peak under the Aragonese dynasty. Up until 1927, when by order of the Fascist Regime the edict that established the borders of the provinces in Campania was suppressed and substituted with a new one, the town of Santa Maria a Vico was a province of Naples. The new edict, passed under the name of "Terra di Lavoro", has its roots in the project of King Francis I of the Two Sicilies, who in 1818 wanted to give more importance to the area of Caserta, which had been chosen as location to build the new Royal Palace. Starting from 1861, many towns and cities stopped being under the influence of Naples, to be redistributed into new districts. Culture This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Every year, in August, a celebration takes place to honour the Aragon Kingdom: people march all over the historical centre of the town dressed in medieval clothes, playing all the different roles of the Aragon society: among the others, there are people impersonating peasants, servants, knights, and the King and the Queen themselves. The town has many churches on its territory. In 1957, by decree of Pope Pius XII the Basilica of the Assumption of the Most Holy Mary was designated Minor Basilica. The importance of the church is determined by two main events: the first one dates back to the building of the religious edifice (1492), whereas the second one concerns a tradition handed down to this day. According to the legend the place where the church was built was chosen by Virgin Mary herself, who moved the bricks from their original position to the current one. She later appeared to the Queen Leonor de Alburquerque in a dream to confirm the new location of the church. The second event is connected to Virgin Mary as well: once every 25 years, the statue of the Virgin parades through the streets of the old parts of the town. This ceremony takes place on August 15, in order to celebrate the Assumption of Mary into Heaven. Main sights This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Basilica of the Assumption of the Most Holy Mary mentioned above is among the oldest monuments of the town: the original structure was realised in the Gothic style of the early 16th century; however, after the Baroque restoration of the church, which took place in the second half of the 1700s, only few Gothic elements survive, such as the bell tower and part of the facade. The cloister of the church stores up a marble replica of the Standards of the Aragon dynasty. After the earthquake of the 1730, the columns of the cloister were secured, with the addition of blocks to the original structure. Even though the church and the cloister were not built until 1492, the project of a church devoted to the Virgin Mary dates back to 1460, when Ferdinand I of Naples claimed that in case of victory over the Capetian House of Anjou, at the time set in Arienzo, he would have erect a church. In 1480 he renewed his vow, praying for the Virgin to grant him another victory: this time the battle took place in Apulia, where his army was fighting the Turk invasion. The Aragonese army won on this occasion as well, yet despite his vows, Ferdinand I did not order the construction until 12 years later. The Chiesa Parrocchiale di San Nicola Magno, the church dedicated to the patron saint of the town, was commissioned in 1762 by the then bishop of Sant'Agata de Goti, Sant'Alfonso de' Liguori, to replace the pre-existing church from the 17th century, Santa Maria la Nova. In Piazza Umberto I, a square placed in the historical centre of the town, a number of statues evoking and celebrating the old crafts can be found: the majority of them were placed in 1990s and have a private committee, but some date back to the 2010s, distancing themselves from the craft theme, and bearing the memory of the migration of many Italians in the post-war period. In 2019, street art recalling the history, main monuments and personalities of Santa Maria a Vico was completed. The piece was created in partnership with the students of the Giovanni XXIII institute, which also offered the wall used for the project. References ^ "Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019. ^ All demographics and other statistics: Italian statistical institute Istat. ^ Richard Talbert, Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World, (ISBN 0-691-03169-X), Map 44 and text. vteCampania · Comuni of the Province of Caserta Ailano Alife Alvignano Arienzo Aversa Baia e Latina Bellona Caianello Caiazzo Calvi Risorta Camigliano Cancello e Arnone Capodrise Capriati a Volturno Capua Carinaro Carinola Casagiove Casal di Principe Casaluce Casapesenna Casapulla Caserta Castel Campagnano Castel Morrone Castel Volturno Castel di Sasso Castello del Matese Cellole Cervino Cesa Ciorlano Conca della Campania Curti Dragoni Falciano del Massico Fontegreca Formicola Francolise Frignano Gallo Matese Galluccio Giano Vetusto Gioia Sannitica Grazzanise Gricignano di Aversa Letino Liberi Lusciano Macerata Campania Maddaloni Marcianise Marzano Appio Mignano Monte Lungo Mondragone Orta di Atella Parete Pastorano Piana di Monte Verna Piedimonte Matese Pietramelara Pietravairano Pignataro Maggiore Pontelatone Portico di Caserta Prata Sannita Pratella Presenzano Raviscanina Recale Riardo Rocca d'Evandro Roccamonfina Roccaromana Rocchetta e Croce Ruviano San Cipriano d'Aversa San Felice a Cancello San Gregorio Matese San Marcellino San Marco Evangelista San Nicola la Strada San Pietro Infine San Potito Sannitico San Prisco San Tammaro Sant'Angelo d'Alife Sant'Arpino Santa Maria Capua Vetere Santa Maria a Vico Santa Maria la Fossa Sessa Aurunca Sparanise Succivo Teano Teverola Tora e Piccilli Trentola-Ducenta Vairano Patenora Valle Agricola Valle di Maddaloni Villa Literno Villa di Briano Vitulazio Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat Geographic MusicBrainz area Pleiades
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"comune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comune"},{"link_name":"Province of Caserta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Caserta"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Campania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campania"},{"link_name":"Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naples"},{"link_name":"Caserta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caserta"}],"text":"Comune in Campania, ItalySanta Maria a Vico is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Caserta in the Italian region Campania, located about 30 kilometres (19 mi) northeast of Naples and about 13 kilometres (8 mi) southeast of Caserta.In the past it had a largely agricultural economy though today it is a flourishing commercial centre. Santa Maria a Vico is\nstrategically positioned between Caserta, Benevento and Naples.","title":"Santa Maria a Vico"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Romans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome"},{"link_name":"Second Samnite War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Samnite_War"},{"link_name":"Appian Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appian_Way"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Aragonese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Trast%C3%A1mara"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples"},{"link_name":"Frederick of Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_of_Naples"},{"link_name":"Fascist Regime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascism"},{"link_name":"Francis I of the Two Sicilies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_I_of_the_Two_Sicilies"}],"text":"The town was founded as a military colony by the Romans during the Second Samnite War, as Vicus Novanensis. Later it was a stage on the ancient Appian Way, called Ad Novas.[3]It was destroyed during the barbaric invasions, and later rebuilt, flourishing as a trade center under the Aragonese dynasty of the Kingdom of Naples.On 5 June 1498, Frederick of Naples granted the permission for the Mastro Mercato to the town of Santa Maria a Vico; before that date this privilege was only reserved to Bari, Cosenza, Lucera, Reggio and Taranto. This event brought to a further development of the town, which reached its commercial peak under the Aragonese dynasty.Up until 1927, when by order of the Fascist Regime the edict that established the borders of the provinces in Campania was suppressed and substituted with a new one, the town of Santa Maria a Vico was a province of Naples. The new edict, passed under the name of \"Terra di Lavoro\", has its roots in the project of King Francis I of the Two Sicilies, who in 1818 wanted to give more importance to the area of Caserta, which had been chosen as location to build the new Royal Palace. Starting from 1861, many towns and cities stopped being under the influence of Naples, to be redistributed into new districts.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pope Pius XII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII"},{"link_name":"Leonor de Alburquerque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonor_de_Alburquerque"},{"link_name":"Assumption of Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary"}],"text":"Every year, in August, a celebration takes place to honour the Aragon Kingdom: people march all over the historical centre of the town dressed in medieval clothes, playing all the different roles of the Aragon society: among the others, there are people impersonating peasants, servants, knights, and the King and the Queen themselves.The town has many churches on its territory. In 1957, by decree of Pope Pius XII the Basilica of the Assumption of the Most Holy Mary was designated Minor Basilica. The importance of the church is determined by two main events: the first one dates back to the building of the religious edifice (1492), whereas the second one concerns a tradition handed down to this day. According to the legend the place where the church was built was chosen by Virgin Mary herself, who moved the bricks from their original position to the current one. She later appeared to the Queen Leonor de Alburquerque in a dream to confirm the new location of the church. The second event is connected to Virgin Mary as well: once every 25 years, the statue of the Virgin parades through the streets of the old parts of the town. This ceremony takes place on August 15, in order to celebrate the Assumption of Mary into Heaven.","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ferdinand I of Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Naples"},{"link_name":"Capetian House of Anjou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capetian_House_of_Anjou"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"}],"text":"The Basilica of the Assumption of the Most Holy Mary mentioned above is among the oldest monuments of the town: the original structure was realised in the Gothic style of the early 16th century; however, after the Baroque restoration of the church, which took place in the second half of the 1700s, only few Gothic elements survive, such as the bell tower and part of the facade. \nThe cloister of the church stores up a marble replica of the Standards of the Aragon dynasty. After the earthquake of the 1730, the columns of the cloister were secured, with the addition of blocks to the original structure. \nEven though the church and the cloister were not built until 1492, the project of a church devoted to the Virgin Mary dates back to 1460, when Ferdinand I of Naples claimed that in case of victory over the Capetian House of Anjou, at the time set in Arienzo, he would have erect a church. In 1480 he renewed his vow, praying for the Virgin to grant him another victory: this time the battle took place in Apulia, where his army was fighting the Turk invasion. \nThe Aragonese army won on this occasion as well, yet despite his vows, Ferdinand I did not order the construction until 12 years later.The Chiesa Parrocchiale di San Nicola Magno, the church dedicated to the patron saint of the town, was commissioned in 1762 by the then bishop of Sant'Agata de Goti, Sant'Alfonso de' Liguori, to replace the pre-existing church from the 17th century, Santa Maria la Nova.In Piazza Umberto I, a square placed in the historical centre of the town, a number of statues evoking and celebrating the old crafts can be found: the majority of them were placed in 1990s and have a private committee,[clarification needed] but some date back to the 2010s, distancing themselves from the craft theme, and bearing the memory of the migration of many Italians in the post-war period.In 2019, street art recalling the history, main monuments and personalities of Santa Maria a Vico was completed. The piece was created in partnership with the students of the Giovanni XXIII institute, which also offered the wall used for the project.","title":"Main sights"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registration_statement
Registration statement
["1 See also","2 References"]
In the United States, a registration statement is a set of documents, including a prospectus, which a company must file with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission before it proceeds with a public offering. As of May 2022, the United States Supreme Court was considering the case of Slack Technologies, LLC v. Pirani, with regard to whether Sections 11 and 12(a)(2) of the Securities Act of 1933 require plaintiffs to plead and prove that they acquired shares of stock registered under and traceable to the registration statement they claim was misleading. See also Securities Act of 1933 Form S-3 References ^ "Registration Under the Securities Act of 1933". SEC. Retrieved 2010-06-19. ^ "IPO Basics: The Registration Statement". Inc. 1999-11-01. Retrieved 2010-06-19. ^ Eichenberger, Katten Muchin Rosenman LLP-Sarah; Zelichov, Richard H. (December 15, 2022). "Supreme Court to Weigh in on Securities Act of 1933 Standing in Slack Technologies Direct Listing Appeal". Lexology. ^ https://www.supremecourt.gov/DocketPDF/22/22-200/242285/20221003121846238_2022-10-03%20%20No.%2022-200%20Slack%20-%20Chamber%20Cert%20Amici%20Brief.pdf This finance-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
[{"title":"Securities Act of 1933","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Securities_Act_of_1933"},{"title":"Form S-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Form_S-3"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foellinger-Freimann_Botanical_Conservatory
Foellinger-Freimann Botanical Conservatory
["1 Gallery","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
Botanical gardens in Fort Wayne, Indiana, U.S. Foellinger-Freimann Botanical ConservatoryNearest cityFort Wayne, IndianaCoordinates41°04′32″N 85°8′22″W / 41.07556°N 85.13944°W / 41.07556; -85.13944 The Foellinger–Freimann Botanical Conservatory is an enclosed conservatory in downtown Fort Wayne, Indiana, United States. Opened in 1983, the conservatory contains a 25,000-square-foot (2,300 m2) seasonal showcase garden, a tropical oasis display, with a waterfall, Sonoran Desert display, and outdoor terrace and exploration garden, encompassing a total of 100,000-square-foot (9,300 m2). The gardens display over 1,200 plants of 502 different species and 72 types of cactus. Gallery A saguaro cactus in the Sonoran Desert display The Common orange in the Botanical Conservatory See also List of parks in Fort Wayne, Indiana List of botanical gardens and arboretums in Indiana References ^ "About the Conservatory". Fort Wayne Parks and Recreation. Retrieved 2013-02-12. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Foellinger-Freimann Botanical Conservatory. Official website vte City of Fort Wayne Buildings City Council Flag Fort Mayors Media Parks People Public art Neighborhoods Metropolitan area Region EconomyLargest employers Air National Guard Station BAE Systems BFGoodrich Dana General Motors Frontier Communications Harris Corporation Lincoln Financial Group Norfolk Southern Raytheon Systems SIRVA Headquarters Brotherhood Mutual Insurance Company Do it Best Franklin Electric Genteq Indiana Michigan Power K&K Insurance MedPro Group North American Van Lines Rea Magnet Wire Steel Dynamics Sweetwater Sound Vera Bradley Attractions Botanical Conservatory Children's Zoo Glenbrook Square Historic sites History Center Ikasucon Jefferson Pointe Johnny Appleseed Festival Johnny Appleseed Park Museum of Art Nickel Plate 765 Philharmonic Orchestra Public libraries Richardville House Science Central Three Rivers Festival Venues Allen County War Memorial Coliseum Arts United Center Embassy Theatre Grand Wayne Convention Center Hefner Soccer Complex Hilliard Gates Sports Center Mastodon Field Parkview Field EducationPublic schools East Allen Fort Wayne Community Northwest Allen Southwest Allen Higher education Concordia Theological Seminary Huntington Indiana Tech Indiana Wesleyan IU Fort Wayne Ivy Tech Manchester School of Pharmacy Purdue Fort Wayne Saint Francis Trine Private schools Lutheran Schools of Indiana Roman Catholic Diocese of Fort Wayne–South Bend Healthcare IU Health Lutheran Health Network Dupont Lutheran Parkview Health Sports Sports Derby Girls Komets TinCaps Indiana Tech Warriors Purdue Fort Wayne Mastodons Saint Francis Cougars Transportation Airport Expressway Baker Street Station Citilink International Airport Rivergreenway Smith Field I-69 I-469 US 24 US 27 US 30 US 33 SR 1 SR 3 SR 14 SR 37 SR 930 Category Commons Authority control databases: Geographic BGCI garden This article related to a protected area in Indiana is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article related to a garden in the United States is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Plateau_State_massacres
2022 Plateau State massacres
["1 Background","2 Attack","3 Casualties","4 See also","5 References"]
Coordinates: 9°18′N 10°00′E / 9.3°N 10°E / 9.3; 10 Mass murder and kidnapping in Nigeria 2022 Plateau State massacresPart of the Nigerian bandit conflictLocationKanam and Wase, Plateau State, NigeriaCoordinates9°18′N 10°00′E / 9.3°N 10°E / 9.3; 10DateApril 10, 2022 (2022-04-10)Attack typeMass shooting, mass kidnapping, arsonWeaponsAssault rifles, machine gunsDeaths150+PerpetratorsFulani bandits from Kaduna StateMotiveHerder–farmer conflict vteNigerian bandit conflict 2020 Katsina Sabon Birni Kankara Mahuta 2021 Kagara Zamfara Kaduna & Katsina Afaka Greenfield University Kebbi massacre Zurmi Kebbi kidnapping Chikun 2022 Zamfara Dankade Kebbi (Mar) Ganar Kiyawa Kaduna Bakura & Talata Mafara Birnin Gwari Plateau Kajuru Shiroro 2023 Yenagoa Tudun Biri Plateau 2024 Kuriga On 10 April 2022, a gang of bandits killed more than 150 people in a series of attacks in Plateau State, Nigeria. The attacks are linked to the ongoing Nigerian bandit conflict. About 70 people were also kidnapped in the attacks. Background Main article: Nigerian bandit conflict Nigerian bandits in 2021, with typical dress and weaponry Nigeria is badly affected by several low-intensity conflicts. These include the Boko Haram insurgency, which began in 2009, and the Nigerian bandit conflict, which began in 2011. In the early 2020s, bandit attacks increased. The week before the attack, bandits carried out a major attack on a military base in Kaduna State, killing 15 soldiers. An attack on a harvest festival that week killed 17. A few weeks before, an attack on a train heading to Kaduna killed upwards of 60 passengers. The day of the attack, bandits killed 15 people in an unrelated incident. The massacre happened in a village in Chikun, Kaduna State. Local community leader Isiaku Madaki, who had been installed less than a day before, was among the dead. Attack On the afternoon of 10 April 2022, a bandit gang, believed to be Fulani herdsmen, attacked nine villages in Plateau State. All the villages were in the Kanam and Wase local government areas. Gunmen killed at least 50 people and kidnapped about 70 others. They also torched and looted houses during the rampage. Victims who died in the attacks were buried in mass graves in Kanam. While Nigerian president Muhammadu Buhari vowed that there will be "no mercy" for the perpetrators of these attacks, leaders of the local communities called for his resignation for his failure to maintain order and security. Casualties Initial reports and authorities said that at least 50 had been killed. Witnesses told the Associated Press that the death toll was more than 100, with others placing the estimate as high as at least 130. On 11 April, Voice of America stated at least 70 had been slain. Vanguard reported at least 78 people had been killed in Kanam and 15 others in Chikun during the attacks. See also List of massacres in Nigeria References ^ a b c Carter, Sarah. "Nigeria leader vows "no mercy" for gunmen behind massacre that left more than 150 dead in country's north". CBS. ^ "Peace talks bring fragile truce in Nigeria 'bandit' conflict". news.yahoo.com. Retrieved 21 April 2022. ^ a b c d Dzirutwe, MacDonald (11 April 2022). "Gunmen attack kills at least 50 in Nigeria's Plateau state". Reuters. Retrieved 12 April 2022. ^ a b Obiezu, Timothy. "Police Deploy to Villages in Nigeria's Plateau State After Attacks Kill 70". Voice of America. Retrieved 12 April 2022. ^ Abe, Bankole (29 March 2022). "Train attack: Number of persons feared dead rises as Tinubu says 60 were killed". International Centre for Investigative Reporting. Retrieved 18 April 2022. ^ a b Nanlong, Marie-Therese; Hassan-Wuyo, Ibrahim; Abubakar, Shina (12 April 2022). "94 killed by terrorists, assassins in Plateau, Kaduna, Osun within 24 hrs". Vanguard News. Retrieved 12 April 2022. ^ a b Asadu, Chinedu (12 April 2022). "Gunmen kill more than 100 in Nigeria's north, say survivors". Associated Press. Retrieved 12 April 2022. ^ a b c "Nigeria: Gunmen attack kills at least 50 in Plateau state". Al Jazeera. 12 April 2022. Retrieved 12 April 2022. ^ a b "Victims Of Plateau Attacks Buried In Mass Grave". Channels Television. 12 April 2022. Retrieved 12 April 2022.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Nigerian_bandit_conflict"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Nigerian_bandit_conflict"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Nigerian_bandit_conflict"},{"link_name":"Nigerian bandit conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_bandit_conflict"},{"link_name":"Katsina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_2020_Katsina_attacks"},{"link_name":"Sabon Birni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabon_Birni_massacres"},{"link_name":"Kankara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kankara_kidnapping"},{"link_name":"Mahuta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahuta_kidnapping"},{"link_name":"Kagara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kagara_kidnapping"},{"link_name":"Zamfara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamfara_kidnapping"},{"link_name":"Kaduna & Katsina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_2021_Kaduna_and_Katsina_attacks"},{"link_name":"Afaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afaka_kidnapping"},{"link_name":"Greenfield University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenfield_University_kidnapping"},{"link_name":"Kebbi massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Kebbi_massacre"},{"link_name":"Zurmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zurmi_massacre"},{"link_name":"Kebbi kidnapping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebbi_kidnapping"},{"link_name":"Chikun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chikun_kidnapping"},{"link_name":"Zamfara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Zamfara_massacres"},{"link_name":"Dankade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dankade_massacre"},{"link_name":"Kebbi (Mar)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_2022_Kebbi_massacres"},{"link_name":"Ganar Kiyawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganar_Kiyawa_massacre"},{"link_name":"Kaduna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abuja%E2%80%93Kaduna_train_attack"},{"link_name":"Bakura & Talata Mafara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakura_and_Talata_Mafara_attacks"},{"link_name":"Birnin Gwari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birnin_Gwari_military_base_attack"},{"link_name":"Plateau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Kajuru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Kajuru_killings"},{"link_name":"Shiroro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiroro_ambush"},{"link_name":"Yenagoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yenagoa_train_station_kidnapping"},{"link_name":"Tudun Biri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tudun_Biri_drone_strike"},{"link_name":"Plateau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Plateau_State_massacres"},{"link_name":"Kuriga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuriga_kidnapping"},{"link_name":"Plateau State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plateau_State"},{"link_name":"Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Nigerian bandit conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_bandit_conflict"},{"link_name":"kidnapped","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidnapping_in_Nigeria"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-C-1"}],"text":"Mass murder and kidnapping in NigeriavteNigerian bandit conflict\n2020\nKatsina\nSabon Birni\nKankara\nMahuta\n\n2021\nKagara\nZamfara\nKaduna & Katsina\nAfaka\nGreenfield University\nKebbi massacre\nZurmi\nKebbi kidnapping\nChikun\n\n2022\nZamfara\nDankade\nKebbi (Mar)\nGanar Kiyawa\nKaduna\nBakura & Talata Mafara\nBirnin Gwari\nPlateau\nKajuru\nShiroro\n\n2023\nYenagoa\nTudun Biri\nPlateau\n\n2024\nKurigaOn 10 April 2022, a gang of bandits killed more than 150 people in a series of attacks in Plateau State, Nigeria. The attacks are linked to the ongoing Nigerian bandit conflict. About 70 people were also kidnapped in the attacks.[1]","title":"2022 Plateau State massacres"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigerianbandits2.png"},{"link_name":"low-intensity conflicts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-intensity_conflict"},{"link_name":"Boko Haram insurgency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boko_Haram_insurgency"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"military base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_base"},{"link_name":"Kaduna State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaduna_State"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-R-3"},{"link_name":"harvest festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvest_festival"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"attack on a train heading to Kaduna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abuja%E2%80%93Kaduna_train_attack"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacre"},{"link_name":"Chikun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chikun"},{"link_name":"Kaduna State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaduna_State"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"}],"text":"Nigerian bandits in 2021, with typical dress and weaponryNigeria is badly affected by several low-intensity conflicts. These include the Boko Haram insurgency, which began in 2009, and the Nigerian bandit conflict, which began in 2011.[2]In the early 2020s, bandit attacks increased. The week before the attack, bandits carried out a major attack on a military base in Kaduna State, killing 15 soldiers.[3] An attack on a harvest festival that week killed 17.[4] A few weeks before, an attack on a train heading to Kaduna killed upwards of 60 passengers.[5]The day of the attack, bandits killed 15 people in an unrelated incident. The massacre happened in a village in Chikun, Kaduna State. Local community leader Isiaku Madaki, who had been installed less than a day before, was among the dead.[6]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fulani herdsmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulani_herdsmen"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AP-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AJ-8"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-R-3"},{"link_name":"Kanam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanam,_Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Wase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wase,_Nigeria"},{"link_name":"local government areas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_government_areas_of_Nigeria"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AJ-8"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-R-3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AJ-8"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-R-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-C-1"},{"link_name":"mass graves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_grave"},{"link_name":"Kanam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanam,_Nigeria"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-9"},{"link_name":"Nigerian president","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_president"},{"link_name":"Muhammadu Buhari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammadu_Buhari"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-C-1"}],"text":"On the afternoon of 10 April 2022, a bandit gang, believed to be Fulani herdsmen,[7] attacked nine villages in Plateau State.[8][3] All the villages were in the Kanam and Wase local government areas.[9] Gunmen killed at least 50 people and kidnapped about 70 others.[8][3] They also torched and looted houses during the rampage.[8][3][1]Victims who died in the attacks were buried in mass graves in Kanam.[9]While Nigerian president Muhammadu Buhari vowed that there will be \"no mercy\" for the perpetrators of these attacks, leaders of the local communities called for his resignation for his failure to maintain order and security.[1]","title":"Attack"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Associated Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AP-7"},{"link_name":"Voice of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_of_America"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"Vanguard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanguard_(Nigeria)"},{"link_name":"Chikun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chikun"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"}],"text":"Initial reports and authorities said that at least 50 had been killed. Witnesses told the Associated Press that the death toll was more than 100, with others placing the estimate as high as at least 130.[7] On 11 April, Voice of America stated at least 70 had been slain.[4] Vanguard reported at least 78 people had been killed in Kanam and 15 others in Chikun during the attacks.[6]","title":"Casualties"}]
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[{"title":"List of massacres in Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Nigeria"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Women_Musicians
Society of Women Musicians
["1 Notes","2 References"]
The Society of Women Musicians was a British group founded in 1911 for mutual cooperation between women composers and performers, in response to the limited professional opportunities for women musicians at the time. The founders included Katharine Emily Eggar, a composer, Marion Scott, a musicologist, and Gertrude Eaton, a singer. 37 women came to the first meeting, held on 11 July 1911 at the Women's Institute, 92 Victoria Street, including Rebecca Helferich Clarke, Alma Haas, and Liza Lehmann, who later became the group's first president. The first concert was held on 25 January 1912 in the small room of Queen's Hall. Regular concerts followed at the same venue and at the Aeolian and Wigmore Halls. They featured premieres from women composers such as Ethel Barns, Rebecca Clarke, Katharine Eggar, Dorothy Howell, Liza Lehmann, Fiona McCleary (1900–1986), Marion Scott, Elna Sherman, and Ethel Smyth. In later years there were also premieres from Ruth Gipps, Elisabeth Lutyens, Elizabeth Maconchy and Elizabeth Poston. The group had a number of influential musicians as presidents, including Cécile Chaminade, Astra Desmond, Alma Goatley, Myra Hess, Rosa Newmarch, Evelyn Suart and Elizabeth Poston. The post of vice-president was largely honorary, and was held by woman musicians such as Nadia Boulanger, Imogen Holst, Elisabeth Lutyens, Elizabeth Maconchy and Fanny Waterman. Although the group was aimed at women, men were not excluded, and were included in the membership and attended conferences. Male members included Thomas Dunhill and Walter Willson Cobbett. Theodore Holland attended a concert of his recent songs held by the Society on 28 October 1947, the day before his death. Activities included collecting a library, starting a choir and orchestra which gave public and private concerts of works by members of the Society, lectures, and a composers conference. The Society was also active in advocating for professional women musicians in symphony orchestras. The Society disbanded in 1972, and its archives were given to the Royal College of Music. Notes ^ a b c d Sophie Fuller, Grove: "Society of Women Musicians" ^ Harold Darke Collection, 1897-1915 Concert Programmes.org, accessed 7 December 2021 ^ Marion Scott and the Society of Women Musicians www.musicweb-international.com, accessed 7 December 2021 ^ Obituary, Theodore Holland The Times, 31 October 1947, p7 References Sophie Fuller. "Society of Women Musicians", Grove Music Online, ed. L. Macy (accessed March 12, 2007), grovemusic.com Archived 2008-05-16 at the Wayback Machine (subscription access). Musicweb international on Marion Scott and the Society Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany
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They featured premieres from women composers such as Ethel Barns, Rebecca Clarke, Katharine Eggar, Dorothy Howell, Liza Lehmann, Fiona McCleary (1900–1986), Marion Scott, Elna Sherman, and Ethel Smyth. In later years there were also premieres from Ruth Gipps, Elisabeth Lutyens, Elizabeth Maconchy and Elizabeth Poston.The group had a number of influential musicians as presidents, including Cécile Chaminade, Astra Desmond, Alma Goatley, Myra Hess, Rosa Newmarch, Evelyn Suart and Elizabeth Poston. The post of vice-president was largely honorary, and was held by woman musicians such as Nadia Boulanger, Imogen Holst, Elisabeth Lutyens, Elizabeth Maconchy and Fanny Waterman.[1]Although the group was aimed at women, men were not excluded, and were included in the membership and attended conferences. Male members included Thomas Dunhill and Walter Willson Cobbett.[3] Theodore Holland attended a concert of his recent songs held by the Society on 28 October 1947, the day before his death.[4]Activities included collecting a library, starting a choir and orchestra which gave public and private concerts of works by members of the Society, lectures, and a composers conference. The Society was also active in advocating for professional women musicians in symphony orchestras.[1]The Society disbanded in 1972, and its archives were given to the Royal College of Music.[1]","title":"Society of Women Musicians"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Grove,_SWM_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Grove,_SWM_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Grove,_SWM_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Grove,_SWM_1-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Harold Darke Collection, 1897-1915","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.concertprogrammes.org.uk/html/search/verb/GetRecord/8192/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Marion Scott and the Society of Women Musicians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.musicweb-international.com/Scott/Scott_Women.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"}],"text":"^ a b c d Sophie Fuller, Grove: \"Society of Women Musicians\"\n\n^ Harold Darke Collection, 1897-1915 Concert Programmes.org, accessed 7 December 2021\n\n^ Marion Scott and the Society of Women Musicians www.musicweb-international.com, accessed 7 December 2021\n\n^ Obituary, Theodore Holland The Times, 31 October 1947, p7","title":"Notes"}]
[]
null
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ky%C3%B6sti_Karhila
Kyösti Karhila
["1 Biography","2 Aerial victories","3 References","4 External links"]
Finnish flying ace (1921–2009) This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (January 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Kyösti KarhilaNickname(s)KössiBorn(1921-05-02)May 2, 1921Rauma, FinlandDiedSeptember 16, 2009(2009-09-16) (aged 88)HelsinkiAllegiance FinlandService/branchFinnish Air ForceRankCaptainBattles/warsContinuation War Kyösti Karhila (May 2, 1921 – September 16, 2009) was a Finnish World War II fighter ace with 32¼ victories. He was born in Rauma, Finland. He began flying in Lentolaivue 32 and flew later in LeLv 30, LeLv 32, LeLv 34 and LeLv 24. He scored 13¼ of his victories with P-36 Hawks and 19 with Bf 109s. Biography After the war broke out on the 30 November 1939, Karhila was drafted and posted to Kauhava Air Base for training. On completion of training he was then posted to LeLv 24 at Siikakangas, equipped with the Fokker D.XXI. He was then posted to LeLv 30 on 20 June 1941. In mid-July the unit was re-equipped with the Curtiss P-36 Hawk. Karhila's first air combat was on 31 July 1941, against two Soviet Air Force I-153's. Karhila transferred to LeLv 34 based at Utti in March 1943, flying the Bf 109G-2. In March 1944 his flight was posted piecemeal into LeLv 30 at Malmi to defend Helsinki, although after the Soviet ground offensive commenced in June 1944 the flight returned to LeLv 34. After his air force career he flew airliners for Finnair, Aero O/Y and Spearair. He gathered 556 flying hours during the war (in 304 combat sorties) and 24,000 after the war. He died in Helsinki at the age of 88 as the last of the Finnish fighter aces. F18 Hornet of the Finnish Air Force performed a flypast over the city during the ceremony. Aerial victories Date Own aircraft Place Enemy aircraft August 1, 1941 CU-502 Jääski ⅓ balloon August 10, 1941 CU-567 Kirvu ½ Polikarpov I-16 August 13, 1941 CU-561 Kirvu ½ Polikarpov I-153 August 18, 1941 CU-570 Sintola 1 Polikarpov I-153 September 3, 1941 CU-566 Kuokkala 1 Polikarpov I-153 September 17, 1941 CU-552 Siestarjoki 1 MiG-3 September 19, 1941 CU-560 Ohalatva 1 MiG-1 June 15, 1942 CU-560 Mergino 1 Yak-1 June 28, 1942 CU-560 Vitele ½ Pe-2 July 5, 1942 CU-560 Sampotuksa 1 Polikarpov I-16 August 21, 1942 CU-560 Lyugovitcha 1 Polikarpov I-16bis September 29, 1942 CU-571 Saarimäki ½ Pe-2 November 9, 1942 CU-571 Mulberskoye ½ MiG-1 November 9, 1942 CU-571 Ylä-Sotkusha ¼ Pe-2 February 9, 1943 CU-560 Saarentaka 1 Pe-2 February 11, 1943 CU-560 Savijärvi ½ LaGG-3 February 11, 1943 CU-560 Novinka 1 LaGG-3 February 11, 1943 CU-560 Malkjärvi 1 U-2 May 4, 1943 MT-214 Ino 2 LaGG-3 May 21, 1943 MT-224 Lavansaari 1 La-5 July 19, 1943 MT-224 Pöytsaari 1 Pe-2 August 20, 1943 MT-229 Seiskari 1 La-5 May 28, 1944 MT-403 Kuusalu, Estonia 1 Pe-2 June 21, 1944 MT-405 Tienhaara 1 Il-2 June 30, 1944 MT-436 Perojoki 1 Yak-9 July 1, 1944 MT-461 Teikarsaari 1 Il-2 July 3, 1944 MT-461 Portinhoikka 1 Il-2 July 4, 1944 MT-460 Vatnouri 1 P-51 July 5, 1944 MT-461 Tuppuransaari 1 Yak-9 July 7, 1944 MT-461 Vatnouri 1 P-51 July 9, 1944 MT-461 Kylä-Paakkola 1 Il-2 July 10, 1944 MT-461 Terhonjärvi 1 La-5 July 10, 1944 MT-461 Uusikylä 1 Yak-9 July 11, 1944 MT-461 Hirvisaari 1 La-5 July 16, 1944 MT-460 Ritasaari 1 Yak-9 July 18, 1944 MT-460 Malkola 1 La-5 July 18, 1944 MT-460 Kylä-Paakkola 1 La-5 CU = P-36 Hawk, MT = Bf 109 References ^ "virtualpilots.fi: WW2History-KyostiKarhilaJuntunen.html". www.virtualpilots.fi. Retrieved 2022-08-18. External links Interview with Kyösti Karhila Kyosti Karhila in Dogfight Over Gulf of Finland Obituary, Helsingin Sanomat Interview in Finnish List of World War II aces from Finland Authority control databases International ISNI National Finland
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Finnish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Rauma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rauma,_Finland"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"Lentolaivue 32","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lentolaivue_32"},{"link_name":"LeLv 30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lentolaivue_30"},{"link_name":"LeLv 32","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lentolaivue_32"},{"link_name":"LeLv 34","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lentolaivue_34"},{"link_name":"LeLv 24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lentolaivue_24"},{"link_name":"P-36 Hawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-36_Hawk"},{"link_name":"Bf 109s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messerschmitt_Bf_109"}],"text":"Kyösti Karhila (May 2, 1921 – September 16, 2009) was a Finnish World War II fighter ace with 32¼ victories. He was born in Rauma, Finland. He began flying in Lentolaivue 32 and flew later in LeLv 30, LeLv 32, LeLv 34 and LeLv 24. He scored 13¼ of his victories with P-36 Hawks and 19 with Bf 109s.","title":"Kyösti Karhila"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"LeLv 24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lentolaivue_24"},{"link_name":"Siikakangas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siikakangas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"LeLv 34","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lentolaivue_34"},{"link_name":"Utti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utti"},{"link_name":"Finnair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnair"},{"link_name":"Aero O/Y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aero_O/Y"},{"link_name":"Spearair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spearair&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Helsinki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsinki"},{"link_name":"F18 Hornet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F18_Hornet"},{"link_name":"flypast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flypast"}],"text":"After the war broke out on the 30 November 1939, Karhila was drafted and posted to Kauhava Air Base for training.[1] On completion of training he was then posted to LeLv 24 at Siikakangas, equipped with the Fokker D.XXI. He was then posted to LeLv 30 on 20 June 1941. In mid-July the unit was re-equipped with the Curtiss P-36 Hawk. Karhila's first air combat was on 31 July 1941, against two Soviet Air Force I-153's.Karhila transferred to LeLv 34 based at Utti in March 1943, flying the Bf 109G-2. In March 1944 his flight was posted piecemeal into LeLv 30 at Malmi to defend Helsinki, although after the Soviet ground offensive commenced in June 1944 the flight returned to LeLv 34.After his air force career he flew airliners for Finnair, Aero O/Y and Spearair. He gathered 556 flying hours during the war (in 304 combat sorties) and 24,000 after the war. He died in Helsinki at the age of 88 as the last of the Finnish fighter aces. F18 Hornet of the Finnish Air Force performed a flypast over the city during the ceremony.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Aerial victories"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senior_Skip_Day
Skip Day
["1 Description","2 See also","3 References","4 Further reading"]
Day on which U.S. students skip school This article is about a tradition in schools. For the TV episode, see Skip Day (The Cleveland Show). This article possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (May 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Parking lot on Skip Day at Ward Melville High School on November 1, 2011. Skip Day (also called Senior Day, Senior Skip Day, Ditch Day, Senior Ditch Day, Cut Day, or Senior Cut Day) is a tradition in schools where students in the senior class skip school. Description It is commonly held the school day following senior prom, the Monday after the Super Bowl, on Halloween or other holidays in which students are not given the day off from school, or after another large event. Often, students will gather at an alternate location during skip day. School administration reactions can vary greatly in response to Skip Day. Some schools openly encourage the practice, helping the students pick a day to take off and advising teachers not to schedule exams on that day. There is no generally agreed-upon beginning to the tradition, but there are records of skip days as far back as the 1930s. The film Ferris Bueller's Day Off was a catalyst for several Senior Skip Days in the 1980s and mid 1990s. At Caltech, "Ditch Day" has become an annual tradition. The occasion was also notably depicted in Steven Spielberg's 2022 semi-autobiographical film The Fabelmans, in which the protagonist Sammy Fabelman films 16mm footage of his school's "Ditch Day" at the beach during a montage sequence set to James Darren's "Goodbye Cruel World." This culminates in a short film that Sammy then edits, highlighting the events of that day, which is presented at his school's prom. See also Inset day Senioritis References ^ Perle, Elizabeth (9 May 2013). "The Dos & Don'ts Of Senior Skip Day". Retrieved 12 May 2017 – via Huff Post. ^ "The Dos & Don'ts of Senior Skip Day". Her Campus. Retrieved 2018-04-12. ^ a b "Ditch Day! - Caltech". 24 May 2012. Retrieved 12 May 2017. ^ https://themerionite.org/3683/features/tradition-taken-too-far/#:~:text=The%20“Ditch%20Day”%20has%20been,classic%20Ferris%20Bueller%27s%20Day%20Off. ^ https://nextbestpicture.com/why-the-fabelmans-is-one-of-steven-spielbergs-greatest-films/ ^ https://www.slashfilm.com/1106368/the-fabelmans-and-nope-are-completely-different-movies-that-somehow-have-a-lot-in-common/ ^ Hammond, Pete (2022-09-11). "'The Fabelmans' Toronto Review: Steven Spielberg's Cinematic Memoir Becomes Glorious Tribute To Art And Family". Deadline. Retrieved 2022-11-08. Further reading Swasko, Mick; Gregory, Ted (May 6, 2011). "Ditch Day: Bonus senior ditch day irks administrators". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved May 12, 2017.
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[{"image_text":"Parking lot on Skip Day at Ward Melville High School on November 1, 2011.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Senior_Skip_Day-Ward_Melville.jpg/220px-Senior_Skip_Day-Ward_Melville.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Inset day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inset_day"},{"title":"Senioritis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senioritis"}]
[{"reference":"Perle, Elizabeth (9 May 2013). \"The Dos & Don'ts Of Senior Skip Day\". Retrieved 12 May 2017 – via Huff Post.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/05/09/the-dos-donts-of-senior-s_n_3246846.html","url_text":"\"The Dos & Don'ts Of Senior Skip Day\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Dos & Don'ts of Senior Skip Day\". Her Campus. Retrieved 2018-04-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hercampus.com/high-school/dos-don-ts-senior-skip-day","url_text":"\"The Dos & Don'ts of Senior Skip Day\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ditch Day! - Caltech\". 24 May 2012. Retrieved 12 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.caltech.edu/news/ditch-day-4277","url_text":"\"Ditch Day! - Caltech\""}]},{"reference":"Hammond, Pete (2022-09-11). \"'The Fabelmans' Toronto Review: Steven Spielberg's Cinematic Memoir Becomes Glorious Tribute To Art And Family\". Deadline. Retrieved 2022-11-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2022/09/the-fabelmans-toronto-review-steven-spielbergs-cinematic-memoir-1235114855/","url_text":"\"'The Fabelmans' Toronto Review: Steven Spielberg's Cinematic Memoir Becomes Glorious Tribute To Art And Family\""}]},{"reference":"Swasko, Mick; Gregory, Ted (May 6, 2011). \"Ditch Day: Bonus senior ditch day irks administrators\". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved May 12, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2011-05-06/news/ct-met-ditch-day-20110506_1_ditch-day-entire-senior-class-math-class","url_text":"\"Ditch Day: Bonus senior ditch day irks administrators\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune","url_text":"Chicago Tribune"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skip_Day&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve it"},{"Link":"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/05/09/the-dos-donts-of-senior-s_n_3246846.html","external_links_name":"\"The Dos & Don'ts Of Senior Skip Day\""},{"Link":"https://www.hercampus.com/high-school/dos-don-ts-senior-skip-day","external_links_name":"\"The Dos & Don'ts of Senior Skip Day\""},{"Link":"http://www.caltech.edu/news/ditch-day-4277","external_links_name":"\"Ditch Day! - Caltech\""},{"Link":"https://themerionite.org/3683/features/tradition-taken-too-far/#:~:text=The%20%E2%80%9CDitch%20Day%E2%80%9D%20has%20been,classic%20Ferris%20Bueller%27s%20Day%20Off","external_links_name":"https://themerionite.org/3683/features/tradition-taken-too-far/#:~:text=The%20“Ditch%20Day”%20has%20been,classic%20Ferris%20Bueller%27s%20Day%20Off"},{"Link":"https://nextbestpicture.com/why-the-fabelmans-is-one-of-steven-spielbergs-greatest-films/","external_links_name":"https://nextbestpicture.com/why-the-fabelmans-is-one-of-steven-spielbergs-greatest-films/"},{"Link":"https://www.slashfilm.com/1106368/the-fabelmans-and-nope-are-completely-different-movies-that-somehow-have-a-lot-in-common/","external_links_name":"https://www.slashfilm.com/1106368/the-fabelmans-and-nope-are-completely-different-movies-that-somehow-have-a-lot-in-common/"},{"Link":"https://deadline.com/2022/09/the-fabelmans-toronto-review-steven-spielbergs-cinematic-memoir-1235114855/","external_links_name":"\"'The Fabelmans' Toronto Review: Steven Spielberg's Cinematic Memoir Becomes Glorious Tribute To Art And Family\""},{"Link":"http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2011-05-06/news/ct-met-ditch-day-20110506_1_ditch-day-entire-senior-class-math-class","external_links_name":"\"Ditch Day: Bonus senior ditch day irks administrators\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanbrook
Stanbrook
["1 See also"]
Stanbrook is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: Clive Stanbrook (1948–2018), British barrister Ivor Stanbrook (1924–2004), British politician Roy Stanbrook (born 1957), Chief Executive of the Gibraltar Port Authority Stan Stanbrook (born 1972), Sedimentologist See also Stanbrook Abbey, former abbey in Worcestershire, England; community now moved to North Yorkshire Surname listThis page lists people with the surname Stanbrook. If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name(s) to the link.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clive Stanbrook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clive_Stanbrook"},{"link_name":"Ivor Stanbrook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivor_Stanbrook"},{"link_name":"Roy Stanbrook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Stanbrook"}],"text":"Clive Stanbrook (1948–2018), British barrister\nIvor Stanbrook (1924–2004), British politician\nRoy Stanbrook (born 1957), Chief Executive of the Gibraltar Port Authority\nStan Stanbrook (born 1972), Sedimentologist","title":"Stanbrook"}]
[]
[{"title":"Stanbrook Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanbrook_Abbey"},{"title":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"title":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Stanbrook&namespace=0"},{"title":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Linking"},{"title":"given name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Given_name"}]
[]
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Stanbrook&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982%E2%80%9383_1.Lig
1982–83 1.Lig
["1 Overview","2 League table","3 Results","4 References"]
25th season of top-tier Turkish football Football league season1.LigSeason1982–83ChampionsFenerbahçe10th titleRelegatedMersin İdman YurduSamsunsporGaziantepsporAltayEuropean CupFenerbahçeCup Winners' CupMersin İdman YurduUEFA CupTrabzonsporMatches played306Goals scored636 (2.08 per match)Top goalscorerSelçuk Yula(19 goals)← 1981–82 1983–84 → The following are the statistics of the Turkish First Football League in season 1982/1983. Overview It was contested by 18 teams, and Fenerbahçe S.K. won the championship. League table Pos Team Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts Qualification or relegation 1 Fenerbahçe (C) 34 18 13 3 43 20 +23 49 Qualification to European Cup first round 2 Trabzonspor 34 17 13 4 40 19 +21 47 Qualification to UEFA Cup first round 3 Galatasaray 34 17 10 7 50 33 +17 44 Invitation to Balkans Cup 4 Boluspor 34 16 9 9 39 23 +16 41 5 Beşiktaş 34 16 7 11 49 30 +19 39 6 MKE Ankaragücü 34 8 18 8 38 37 +1 34 7 Adana Demirspor 34 13 7 14 39 36 +3 33 8 Bursaspor 34 11 11 12 36 34 +2 33 9 Kocaelispor 34 10 13 11 34 37 −3 33 10 Adanaspor 34 11 10 13 32 35 −3 32 11 Sakaryaspor 34 13 6 15 37 43 −6 32 12 Sarıyer 34 8 15 11 35 43 −8 31 13 Zonguldakspor 34 9 12 13 31 35 −4 30 14 Antalyaspor 34 9 11 14 27 40 −13 29 15 Mersin İdman Yurdu (R) 34 10 9 15 19 32 −13 29 Cup Winners' Cup and relegation to Turkish Second Football League 16 Samsunspor (R) 34 10 8 16 37 49 −12 28 Relegation to Second Football League 17 Gaziantepspor (R) 34 9 9 16 23 35 −12 27 18 Altay (R) 34 7 7 20 27 55 −28 21 Source: Rules for classification: 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored.(C) Champions; (R) Relegated Results Home \ Away ADS ADA ALT ANT BJK BOL BUR FNB GAL GAZ KOC MİY AGÜ SAK SAM SAR TRA ZON Adana Demirspor 1–1 4–3 1–0 2–4 1–0 2–2 0–1 3–0 1–0 2–0 1–0 2–0 2–0 1–0 2–3 0–1 0–0 Adanaspor 0–1 0–0 2–1 1–0 0–0 1–1 0–0 2–1 3–0 1–0 2–0 4–2 1–0 1–0 3–0 1–3 0–0 Altay 0–4 1–0 0–1 0–1 1–2 0–0 1–0 1–1 1–0 1–0 1–2 3–3 0–1 1–0 2–1 0–1 2–1 Antalyaspor 1–1 0–0 5–2 2–0 0–0 0–1 1–1 0–1 1–0 2–2 1–1 1–0 1–0 2–0 1–1 2–1 0–0 Beşiktaş 2–1 2–0 4–1 6–0 1–1 3–1 0–1 0–1 4–1 1–0 3–0 1–1 1–0 1–0 4–1 0–2 3–0 Boluspor 1–0 5–1 1–0 4–0 2–1 0–1 0–0 0–1 1–0 1–1 1–0 1–0 3–0 2–1 1–2 0–0 3–0 Bursaspor 3–0 3–1 2–0 2–1 1–0 0–1 1–2 1–1 2–1 1–2 1–0 0–0 3–1 3–1 1–2 0–1 0–0 Fenerbahçe 2–0 0–1 2–0 1–1 1–1 1–1 1–1 1–0 1–0 2–0 3–0 0–1 3–0 1–0 2–1 4–2 2–1 Galatasaray 1–0 1–0 6–2 2–0 1–1 2–0 2–1 4–4 1–0 2–0 1–0 2–2 5–1 4–1 1–1 0–0 2–1 Gaziantepspor 1–0 1–0 0–0 1–0 1–0 0–0 1–1 0–1 2–1 0–0 2–0 0–0 3–2 3–0 0–0 1–0 1–1 Kocaelispor 1–0 1–1 1–0 2–1 0–1 0–1 1–0 1–1 1–1 2–2 2–0 4–1 2–2 1–1 2–1 1–1 2–0 Mersin İdman Yurdu 1–0 1–0 0–0 1–0 1–0 1–0 1–0 0–0 2–0 0–0 0–0 0–0 1–1 1–0 2–0 0–0 0–0 MKE Ankaragücü 2–2 1–1 4–0 0–0 1–1 1–0 3–1 0–1 0–0 3–1 2–0 3–2 2–2 1–1 0–0 0–0 0–1 Sakaryaspor 3–2 3–1 1–0 0–1 3–0 3–1 2–0 1–1 1–0 1–0 0–1 2–1 0–0 2–0 2–0 0–1 1–0 Samsunspor 1–0 2–1 2–1 2–0 2–2 2–1 1–1 1–2 1–1 3–1 3–0 2–0 2–2 2–0 2–0 0–0 1–1 Sarıyer 1–1 2–2 0–0 1–0 0–0 1–2 1–1 0–0 1–2 1–0 2–1 1–1 1–1 3–0 3–2 0–1 2–2 Trabzonspor 1–1 1–0 3–2 1–1 1–0 1–1 0–0 0–1 2–0 3–2 2–2 1–0 2–0 1–0 5–1 0–0 1–1 Zonguldakspor 0–1 1–0 2–1 3–0 0–1 0–2 1–0 0–0 1–2 1–0 1–1 2–1 1–2 3–1 4–0 2–2 0–1 Source: TFF, MackolikLegend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win. References Turkey - List of final tables (RSSSF) vteTop level Turkish football league seasonsTürkiye Futbol Şampiyonası 1924 1927 1932 1933 1934 1935 1940 1941 1942 1944 1945 1946 1947 1949 1950 1951 Millî Küme 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1950 Federasyon Kupası 1956–57 1957–58 Millî Lig 1959 1959–60 1960–61 1961–62 1962–63 1. Lig 1963–64 1964–65 1965–66 1966–67 1967–68 1968–69 1969–70 1970–71 1971–72 1972–73 1973–74 1974–75 1975–76 1976–77 1977–78 1978–79 1979–80 1980–81 1981–82 1982–83 1983–84 1984–85 1985–86 1986–87 1987–88 1988–89 1989–90 1990–91 1991–92 1992–93 1993–94 1994–95 1995–96 1996–97 1997–98 1998–99 1999–2000 2000–01 Süper Lig 2001–02 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 2024–25 Champions Fenerbahçe (28) Galatasaray (25) Beşiktaş (21) Trabzonspor (7) Harp Okulu (3) Gençlerbirliği (2) Muhafızgücü (1) İstanbulspor (1) Güneş (1) Eskişehir Demirspor (1) Ankara Demirspor (1) Ankaragücü (1) Göztepe (1) Bursaspor (1) Başakşehir (1) vteSüper Lig TFF Union of Clubs Millî Lig 1959 1959–60 1960–61 1961–62 1962–63 1. Lig 1963–64 1964–65 1965–66 1966–67 1967–68 1968–69 1969–70 1970–71 1971–72 1972–73 1973–74 1974–75 1975–76 1976–77 1977–78 1978–79 1979–80 1980–81 1981–82 1982–83 1983–84 1984–85 1985–86 1986–87 1987–88 1988–89 1989–90 1990–91 1991–92 1992–93 1993–94 1994–95 1995–96 1996–97 1997–98 1998–99 1999–2000 2000–01 Süper Lig 2001–02 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 2024–25 Champions Galatasaray (24) Fenerbahçe (19) Beşiktaş (16) Trabzonspor (7) Başakşehir (1) Bursaspor (1) Current teams Adana Demirspor Alanyaspor Antalyaspor Başakşehir Beşiktaş Bodrum Eyüpspor Fenerbahçe Galatasaray Gaziantep Göztepe Hatayspor Kasımpaşa Kayserispor Konyaspor Rizespor Samsunspor Sivasspor Trabzonspor Former clubs Adanaspor Adalet Akçaabat Sebatspor Akhisarspor Altay Altınordu Ankara Demirspor Ankaragücü Ankaraspor Aydınspor Bakırköyspor Balıkesirspor Beykozspor Beyoğlu Boluspor Bucaspor Bursaspor Çanakkale Dardanelspor Denizlispor Diyarbakırspor Elazığspor Erzurumspor Erzurumspor Eskişehirspor Fatih Karagümrük Feriköy Gaziantepspor Gençlerbirliği Giresunspor Hacettepe İstanbulspor İzmirspor Kahramanmaraşspor Karabükspor Karşıyaka Kayseri Erciyesspor Keçiörengücü MKE Kırıkkalespor Kocaelispor Malatyaspor Manisaspor Mersin İdman Yurdu Orduspor Pendikspor Petrolofisi PTT Sakaryaspor Sarıyer Siirtspor Şekerspor Ümraniyespor Vanspor Vefa Yeni Malatyaspor Yeşildirek Yozgatspor Zeytinburnuspor Zonguldakspor vte1982–83 in European football (UEFA) « 1981–82 1983–84 » Domestic leagues Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus Czechoslovakia Denmark '82 '83 England Faroe Islands '82 '83 Finland '82 '83 France East Germany West Germany Greece Hungary Iceland '82 '83 Israel Italy Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway '82 '83 Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania Scotland Soviet Union '82 '83 Spain Sweden '82 '83 Switzerland Turkey Yugoslavia Domestic cups Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus Czechoslovakia Denmark England Faroe Islands '82 '83 Finland '82 '83 France East Germany West Germany Greece Hungary Iceland '82 '83 Israel Italy Liechtenstein Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway '82 '83 Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania San Marino Scotland Soviet Union '82 '83 Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Wales Yugoslavia League cups England Republic of Ireland Scotland Spain UEFA competitions European Cup (Final) Cup Winners' Cup (Final) UEFA Cup (Final) Super Cup Non-UEFA competitions Intertoto Cup Balkans Cup
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Turkish First Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCper_Lig"}],"text":"Football league seasonThe following are the statistics of the Turkish First Football League in season 1982/1983.","title":"1982–83 1.Lig"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fenerbahçe S.K.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenerbah%C3%A7e_S.K."}],"text":"It was contested by 18 teams, and Fenerbahçe S.K. won the championship.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.turkfutbolu.net"}],"text":"Source: [1]Rules for classification: 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored.(C) Champions; (R) Relegated","title":"League table"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ADS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adana_Demirspor"},{"link_name":"ADA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adanaspor"},{"link_name":"ALT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altay_S.K."},{"link_name":"ANT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antalyaspor"},{"link_name":"BJK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be%C5%9Fikta%C5%9F_J.K."},{"link_name":"BOL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boluspor"},{"link_name":"BUR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bursaspor"},{"link_name":"FNB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenerbah%C3%A7e_S.K._(football)"},{"link_name":"GAL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galatasaray_S.K._(football)"},{"link_name":"GAZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaziantepspor"},{"link_name":"KOC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kocaelispor"},{"link_name":"MİY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mersin_%C4%B0dman_Yurdu"},{"link_name":"AGÜ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MKE_Ankarag%C3%BCc%C3%BC"},{"link_name":"SAK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakaryaspor"},{"link_name":"SAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsunspor"},{"link_name":"SAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sar%C4%B1yer_S.K."},{"link_name":"TRA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trabzonspor"},{"link_name":"ZON","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zonguldak_K%C3%B6m%C3%BCrspor"},{"link_name":"Adana Demirspor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adana_Demirspor"},{"link_name":"Adanaspor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adanaspor"},{"link_name":"Altay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altay_S.K."},{"link_name":"Antalyaspor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antalyaspor"},{"link_name":"Beşiktaş","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be%C5%9Fikta%C5%9F_J.K."},{"link_name":"Boluspor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boluspor"},{"link_name":"Bursaspor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bursaspor"},{"link_name":"Fenerbahçe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenerbah%C3%A7e_S.K._(football)"},{"link_name":"Galatasaray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galatasaray_S.K._(football)"},{"link_name":"Gaziantepspor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaziantepspor"},{"link_name":"Kocaelispor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kocaelispor"},{"link_name":"Mersin İdman Yurdu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mersin_%C4%B0dman_Yurdu"},{"link_name":"MKE 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perianal_cellulitis
Perianal cellulitis
["1 Signs and symptoms","2 Diagnosis","2.1 Differential diagnosis","3 Pathophysiology","3.1 Causes","3.2 Mechanism","4 Treatment","5 Prevention & Recurrence","6 Epidemiology","7 Etymology","8 See also","9 References","10 External links"]
Medical conditionPerianal cellulitisOther namesPerianitis, Perianal streptococcal dermatitis, Perianal dermatitis, Streptococcal anitis, Streptococcal perianitisSpecialtyDermatology SymptomsRedness, swelling, itching, painDurationTreatment ranges from 14 to 21 daysCausesGroup A Streptococci (Streptococcus pyogenes) (most common) Staphylococcus aureus Group B Streptococci (Streptococcus agalactiae)Diagnostic methodBacterial cultureDifferential diagnosisCandidiasis, irritant diaper dermatitis, pinworm infestation, chronic inflammatory bowel disease, seborrheic dermatitis, or even sexual abuse. Perianal cellulitis, also known as perianitis or perianal streptococcal dermatitis, is a bacterial infection affecting the lower layers of the skin (cellulitis) around the anus. It presents as bright redness in the skin and can be accompanied by pain, difficulty defecating, itching, and bleeding. This disease is considered a complicated skin and soft tissue infection (cSSTI) because of the involvement of the deeper soft tissues. Perianal cellulitis is most commonly caused by group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus bacteria (Streptococcus pyogenes), which resides normally ("in small numbers") in the human throat and on the human skin. Other less common causes may include infection with group B beta-hemolytic streptococci (Streptococcus agalactiae), a bacterium found in the human vagina of some, or Staphylococcus aureus, a common component of the bacterial community in the human nose and/or skin. Perianal cellulitis occurs mainly in male children between six months and 10 years of age, however, there are documented cases of perianal cellulitis in adults as well. Oral antibiotics are the first line treatment for perianal cellulitis and may be used in combination with topical antibiotics. Since the infection occurs within the deeper layers of skin, using a topical treatment by itself may not be effective. In about 20% of cases, recurrence of perianal streptococcal dermatitis infection occurs within 3.5 months. Routine hygiene practices should also be encouraged in children and adults in order to reduce the risk of recurrent infection. Signs and symptoms Perianal cellulitis manifests as multiple symptoms that are inconsistent with a systemic disease. The most notable feature is a very distinct redness around the anus, and other signs of inflammation which can include swelling and itching at the site. Other associated symptoms with perianal cellulitis include pain when defecating and bleeding. These symptoms can often be confused with other skin conditions, such as diaper rash, eczema, psoriasis, hemorrhoids, and more. These symptoms can cause extreme discomfort, especially in diaper-wearing infants, and serious complications can arise if left untreated. In about 10% of cases, balanitis or vulvovaginitis can develop concomitantly. In even rarer instances, tonsillopharyngitis can develop concomitantly as well. Complications most often occur when perianal cellulitis remains undiagnosed and untreated for an extended period of time. In cases where perianal cellulitis is left untreated, it can cause more serious symptoms such as abscess formation and rheumatic fever. Additionally, untreated perianal cellulitis poses a risk of transmission to other people, such as caretakers or family members. Perianal cellulitis can also cause post-streptococcal nephritis, which should be monitored with urinalysis to assess kidney function. Diagnosis Bacterial culture growth of Streptococcus pyogenes The diagnosis of perianal cellulitis is made either through a rapid strep test or by swabbing the affected areas for a bacterial culture indicating infection by group A β-hemolytic streptococci. In order to confirm diagnosis of perianal streptococcal dermatitis, the anus and genitalia require examination followed by bacterial swabbing of the exudate from the affected area is preferred. The swabs will be sent for microbiological analysis of the culture to confirm the growth of group A β-hemolytic streptococci. "The time to diagnosis of perianal streptococcal dermatitis is ≥3 weeks in 65% of cases." Because perianal cellulitis is commonly misdiagnosed, it is imperative that the proper diagnosing procedures are followed when encountering these symptoms, as delayed detection can result in severe complications. Within the pediatric population, it is common for the management of rashes to occur under the collaboration of an inter-professional team. Due to the diverse causes of rashes in the pediatric population, it may be necessary to refer pediatric patients to a pediatrician or a dermatologist to prevent misdiagnosis of perianal streptococcal dermatitis. Across the different disciplines of care, nurses have an opportunity to provide education on proper hygiene techniques to reduce the risk of recurrent infection. Pharmacists can provide patient and caretaker counseling on the selected medication therapy and improve medication adherence. By working together as an inter-professional team, all types of clinicians can improve patient health outcomes by raising awareness and reducing both time to diagnosis and the rate of recurrence of perianal streptococcal dermatitis infection. Differential diagnosis Due to the non-specific presentation of the symptoms of perianal streptococcal dermatitis, it is frequently misdiagnosed by clinicians. To reach the correct diagnosis of perianal streptococcal dermatitis often ranges from weeks to months and can extend to even longer. During this time, the patient can undergo treatment for a variety of differential diagnoses. Perianal streptococcal dermatitis imitates other common diseases in the anal region and therefore can be mistaken for "candidiasis, irritant diaper dermatitis, pinworm infestation, chronic inflammatory bowel disease, seborrheic dermatitis, or even sexual abuse." The delay in diagnosis of perianal streptococcal dermatitis can result in prolonged discomfort and additional symptoms of constipation, anal discharge or oozing, and anal fissures. Pathophysiology Causes In most cases of perianal streptococcal dermatitis in children, swab cultures indicate that infection is caused by the bacteria Streptococcus pyogenes, more specifically classified as group A beta-hemolytic streptococci (GAS). There have been reported cases, however, that have found perianal streptococcal cellulitis infections to be caused by group B beta-hemolytic streptococci (GBS) and, in rare cases, other groups of beta-hemolytic streptococci or Staphylococcus aureus. It is important to note, however, that in the rare adult cases of perianal streptococcal cellulitis that have been identified, the most common cause is by beta-hemolytic streptococci from group B specified as Streptococcus agalactiae.Streptococcus pyogenes under 900x magnification, viewed with Pappenheim's stain Streptococci are gram-positive bacteria that grow in chains, but they have no motility and do not generate spores. Group A streptococci and Group B streptococci are the two most common strains that are associated with pediatric cases. Infections caused by Group A streptococci are generally more mild than infections caused by Group B streptococci. The most common Group A streptococcus infections can range from strep throat to pneumonia to cellulitis. Group B streptococcus is more commonly found in the gastrointestinal and genital tracts, and can also be transmitted vertically from mother to child during vaginal labor. These newborn cases of infection often manifest as sepsis, pneumonia, and meningitis, among other presentations. Based on cases studied of children with perianal streptococcal dermatitis, there has been a pattern of perianal infection occurring after being diagnosed with previous streptococcal infections (i.e. "strep throat"). It is believed that bacteria from these infections may be introduced to the skin of the perianal region after touching the nose or mouth and then proceeding to use the toilet or touching the area for any other reason. While perianal streptococcal dermatitis is a treatable condition, there are serious consequences that may arise if left undiagnosed and/or untreated in patients with an infection. Failure to properly diagnose and treat perianal streptococcal dermatitis may lead to more serious infections that could result in injury or death. Mechanism Layers of normal human skin. Cellulitis indicates infection in the dermis and/or subcutaneous (fat) layer. Upon the initial exposure of Streptococcus pyogenes (group A beta-hemolytic streptocci) bacteria to the skin surrounding the perianal region, the bacteria adheres to the skin's surface with filaments on its cell wall surface called adhesins. An adhesin found in group A beta-hemolytic streptococci of particular importance is called the M protein, which utilizes complex mechanisms to recognize various receptors on human cell types for attachment. After attachment, colonization of Streptococcus pyogenes occurs and the bacteria release many toxins that are responsible for the manifestation of symptoms of perianal cellulitis such as inflammation, fever, and itching. Secretion of hyaluronidase, also known as "spreading factor", encourages the Streptococcus pyogenes bacterium to spread more easily throughout the lower layers of skin tissue (subcutaneous tissue). As the streptococci continue to colonize, the formation of a biofilm may arise and its protective properties may make it more difficult to treat the infection with antibiotics. In cases of perianal cellulitis infections that are not treated properly, group A beta-hemolytic streptococci may cross into the bloodstream through the epithelium of the perianal area to cause serious infections such as necrotizing fasciitis or toxic shock syndrome. The group A beta-hemolytic streptococci bacteria that enter the bloodstream are able to cause serious infections by overpowering natural immune responses and allowing bacteria to rapidly multiply to cause harm to the body. Treatment After the diagnosis of perianal streptococcal dermatitis has been confirmed, the most successful treatment regimens utilize a combination of topical and systemic antibiotics. Oral antibiotics are the recommended first-line treatment for perianal streptococcal dermatitis. Perianal streptococcal dermatitis does not resolve on its own. The treatment of choice for oral antibiotics include "penicillin V, azithromycin, clarithromycin, clindamycin, erythromycin, penicillinase-resistant penicillin, or cephalosporins." Oral antibiotics work best in combination with a topical antibiotic such as mupirocin, or an antiseptic such as chlorhexidine. Due to the effect that perianal streptococcal dermatitis has on the deeper layers of the skin, topical antimicrobial therapy alone appears to be poorly effective. Treatment duration ranges from 14 to 21 days and treatment success is determined by clinical examination and post-treatment swabbing of the affected area to confirm that the infection is no longer present. Prevention & Recurrence There is little data that currently exists on the prevention of perianal cellulitis. However, "approximately one-third of people with cellulitis suffer recurrent episodes and the only proven strategy for preventing this is long-term, low-dose oral penicillin." Performing post-treatment swabbing and confirming eradication of group A β-hemolytic streptococci infection reduces the chance of perianal streptococcal dermatitis recurrence. In about 20% of cases, recurrence of perianal streptococcal dermatitis infection occurs within 3.5 months. In the case of perianal cellulitis, maintaining the dryness of the site and addressing the infection with topical antifungal ointment is sufficient to prevent recurrent infection for a duration between 3 and 6 weeks. Potential risk factors for perianal streptococcal dermatitis include: poor living conditions, atopic dermatitis, and malnutrition. Routine hygiene practices should also be encouraged in children and adults in order to reduce the risk of recurrent infection. Prescribed antibiotic regimens should also be adhered to until completion, so as to avoid the risk of developing a multi-resistant strain of infection in the future. Proper screening measures should be followed as perianal cellulitis continues to be severely underdiagnosed. Perianal cellulitis is often misdiagnosed as other skin conditions, such as diaper rash (in infants), eczema, psoriasis, hemorrhoids, and more. Epidemiology The incidence of perianal streptococcal dermatitis in the pediatric population has not been determined. It is believed that the lack of data is due to the difficulty clinicians face recognizing perianal streptococcal dermatitis. Perianal streptococcal dermatitis most commonly affects children between 6 months and 10 years old, with males being more commonly affected than females. Results from a systematic literature review further supports this as a majority of childhood cases of perianal streptococcal cellulitis occurred in males younger than 7 years old. While traditionally thought to be a disease specific to children, there have been case reports of perianal streptococcal dermatitis in adults. Etymology The term perianal is made up of two components, peri- (Greek prefix meaning "about" or "around") and anal ("related to, or involving the anus"). Cellulitis describes a bacterial infection affecting the lower layers of the skin. Historically, perianal cellulitis may be referred to as perianal streptococcal dermatitis. However, perianal cellulitis is best understood to be a cellulitis, an infection of the inner layers of skin, rather than a dermatitis, which implies an irritation of the outermost layers of skin (the epidermis). See also List of cutaneous conditions CDC List of Group A Streptococcal Diseases References ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa Gualtieri R, Bronz G, Bianchetti MG, Lava SA, Giuliano E, Milani GP, Jermini LM (June 2021). "Perianal streptococcal disease in childhood: systematic literature review". European Journal of Pediatrics. 180 (6): 1867–1874. doi:10.1007/s00431-021-03965-9. PMC 8105195. PMID 33532889. ^ a b c d e f g Pennycook KM, McCready TA (2022). "Perianal Streptococcal Dermatitis". StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. PMID 31613443. Retrieved 2022-07-25. ^ Rrapi R, Chand S, Kroshinsky D (July 2021). "Cellulitis: A Review of Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Management". The Medical Clinics of North America. Dermatology. 105 (4): 723–735. doi:10.1016/j.mcna.2021.04.009. PMID 34059247. S2CID 235267530. ^ a b Boull C, Soutor C, Hordinsky M (2022). "Chapter 11: Bacterial Infections". Clinical Dermatology: Diagnosis and Management of Common Disorders (2nd ed.). McGraw Hill. ISBN 978-1-264-25737-9. ^ Leong HN, Kurup A, Tan MY, Kwa AL, Liau KH, Wilcox MH (2018). "Management of complicated skin and soft tissue infections with a special focus on the role of newer antibiotics". Infection and Drug Resistance. 11: 1959–1974. doi:10.2147/IDR.S172366. PMC 6208867. PMID 30464538. ^ a b Levinson, Warren; Chin-Hong, Peter; Joyce, Elizabeth A.; Nussbaum, Jesse; Schwartz, Brian (2022). "Summaries of Medically Important Bacteria". Review of Medical Microbiology & Immunology: A Guide to Clinical Infectious Diseases (17th ed.). McGraw Hill. ISBN 978-1-264-26708-8. OCLC 1286281364. ^ a b c Levinson, Warren (2022). "Chapter 15: Gram-Positive Cocci". Review of medical microbiology & immunology : a guide to clinical infectious diseases. Peter Chin-Hong, Elizabeth A. Joyce, Jesse Nussbaum, Brian S. Schwartz (17 ed.). New York. ISBN 9781264267088. OCLC 1286281364.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ^ a b c d Šterbenc A, Seme K, Lah LL, Točkova O, Kamhi Trop T, Švent-Kučina N, Pirš M (December 2016). "Microbiological characteristics of perianal streptococcal dermatitis: a retrospective study of 105 patients in a 10-year period". Acta Dermatovenerologica Alpina, Pannonica, et Adriatica. 25 (4): 73–76. doi:10.15570/actaapa.2016.21. PMID 28006879. ^ Brilliant LC (January 2000). "Perianal streptococcal dermatitis". American Family Physician. 61 (2): 391–3, 397. PMID 10670505. ^ Spear RM, Rothbaum RJ, Keating JP, Blaufuss MC, Rosenblum JL (October 1985). "Perianal streptococcal cellulitis". The Journal of Pediatrics. 107 (4): 557–559. doi:10.1016/S0022-3476(85)80019-6. PMID 4045605. ^ a b c d e Herbst R (2003). "Perineal streptococcal dermatitis/disease: recognition and management". American Journal of Clinical Dermatology. 4 (8): 555–560. doi:10.2165/00128071-200304080-00005. PMID 12862498. S2CID 40363518. ^ a b c d Santer M, Lalonde A, Francis NA, Smart P, Hooper J, Teasdale E, et al. (December 2018). "Management of cellulitis: current practice and research questions". The British Journal of General Practice. 68 (677): 595–596. doi:10.3399/bjgp18X700181. PMC 6255235. PMID 30498163. ^ a b c d Šterbenc A, Točkova O, Lah LL, Kamhi Trop T, Seme K, Švent-Kučina N, et al. (September 2021). "A retrospective analysis of clinical characteristics and management of perianal streptococcal dermatitis in children and adults". Acta Dermatovenerologica Alpina, Pannonica, et Adriatica. 30 (3): 99–104. doi:10.15570/actaapa.2021.25. PMID 34565124. S2CID 237944356. ^ Hon KL, Chow TC, Cheung TS, Lam WT, Hung LT, So KW, et al. (2020). "Severe Group A and Group B Streptococcus Diseases at a Pediatric ICU: Are they Still Sensitive to the Penicillins?". Current Clinical Pharmacology. 15 (2): 125–131. doi:10.2174/1574884714666190926124714. PMC 7579287. PMID 31556861. ^ "Perianal streptococcal cellulitis Information | Mount Sinai - New York". Mount Sinai Health System. 2021. Retrieved 2022-07-26. ^ Nibhanipudi K (2016). "Case Report: Perianal Streptococcal Infection". Emergency Medicine. 48 (1): 32–34. doi:10.12788/emed.2016.0003. ^ Smeesters PR, McMillan DJ, Sriprakash KS (June 2010). "The streptococcal M protein: a highly versatile molecule". Trends in Microbiology. 18 (6): 275–282. doi:10.1016/j.tim.2010.02.007. PMID 20347595. ^ "Streptococcal skin infections | DermNet NZ". dermnetnz.org. Retrieved 2022-07-28. ^ Hynes, Wayne; Sloan, Melanie (2016), Ferretti, Joseph J.; Stevens, Dennis L.; Fischetti, Vincent A. (eds.), "Secreted Extracellular Virulence Factors", Streptococcus pyogenes: Basic Biology to Clinical Manifestations, Oklahoma City (OK): University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, PMID 26866214, retrieved 2022-08-01 ^ Fiedler T, Riani C, Koczan D, Standar K, Kreikemeyer B, Podbielski A (February 2013). "Protective mechanisms of respiratory tract Streptococci against Streptococcus pyogenes biofilm formation and epithelial cell infection". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 79 (4): 1265–1276. Bibcode:2013ApEnM..79.1265F. doi:10.1128/AEM.03350-12. PMC 3568619. PMID 23241973. ^ a b Ploplis VA, Castellino FJ (2020). "Host Pathways of Hemostasis that Regulate Group A Streptococcus pyogenes Pathogenicity". Current Drug Targets. 21 (2): 193–201. doi:10.2174/1389450120666190926152914. PMC 7670306. PMID 31556853. ^ a b c d e Serban ED (October 2018). "Perianal infectious dermatitis: An underdiagnosed, unremitting and stubborn condition". World Journal of Clinical Pediatrics. 7 (4): 89–104. doi:10.5409/wjcp.v7.i4.89. PMC 6321840. PMID 30627524. External links ClassificationDICD-10: L03.3 vteBacterial skin diseaseGram +veBacillotaStaphylococcus Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome Impetigo Toxic shock syndrome Streptococcus Impetigo Cutaneous group B streptococcal infection Streptococcal intertrigo Cutaneous Streptococcus iniae infection Erysipelas / Chronic recurrent erysipelas Scarlet fever CorynebacteriumErythrasmaClostridium Gas gangrene Dermatitis gangrenosa Others Listeriosis Erysipeloid of Rosenbach Mycoplasma ActinomycetotaMycobacterium-related Aquarium granuloma Borderline lepromatous leprosy Borderline leprosy Borderline tuberculoid leprosy Buruli ulcer Erythema induratum Histoid leprosy Lepromatous leprosy Leprosy Lichen scrofulosorum Lupus vulgaris Miliary tuberculosis Mycobacterium avium–intracellulare complex infection Mycobacterium haemophilum infection Mycobacterium kansasii infection Papulonecrotic tuberculid Primary inoculation tuberculosis Rapid growing mycobacterium infection Scrofuloderma Tuberculosis cutis orificialis Tuberculosis verrucosa cutis Tuberculous cellulitis Tuberculous gumma Tuberculoid leprosy Others Cutaneous actinomycosis Nocardiosis Cutaneous diphtheria infection Arcanobacterium haemolyticum infection Group JK corynebacterium sepsis Gram -vePseudomonadotaAlpha Endemic typhus Epidemic typhus Scrub typhus North Asian tick typhus Queensland tick typhus Flying squirrel typhus Trench fever Bacillary angiomatosis African tick bite fever American tick bite fever Rickettsia aeschlimannii infection Rickettsialpox Rocky Mountain spotted fever Human granulocytotropic anaplasmosis Human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis Flea-borne spotted fever Japanese spotted fever Mediterranean spotted fever Flinders Island spotted fever Verruga peruana Brill–Zinsser disease Brucellosis Cat-scratch disease Oroya fever Ehrlichiosis ewingii infection Beta Gonococcemia/Gonorrhea/Primary gonococcal dermatitis Melioidosis Cutaneous Pasteurella hemolytica infection Meningococcemia Glanders Chromobacteriosis infection Gamma Pasteurellosis Tularemia Vibrio vulnificus Rhinoscleroma Haemophilus influenzae cellulitis Pseudomonal pyoderma / Pseudomonas hot-foot syndrome / Hot tub folliculitis / Ecthyma gangrenosum / Green nail syndrome Q fever Salmonellosis Shigellosis Plague Granuloma inguinale Chancroid Aeromonas infection Campylobacterota Helicobacter cellulitis Other Syphilid Syphilis Chancre Yaws Pinta Bejel Chlamydia infection Leptospirosis Rat-bite fever Lyme disease Lymphogranuloma venereum Gram-negative folliculitis Gram-negative toe web infection Unspecified pathogen Abscess Periapical abscess Boil/furuncle Hospital furunculosis Carbuncle Cellulitis Paronychia / Pyogenic paronychia Perianal cellulitis Acute lymphadenitis Pilonidal cyst Pyoderma Folliculitis Superficial pustular folliculitis Sycosis vulgaris Pimple Ecthyma Pitted keratolysis Trichomycosis axillaris Necrotizing fasciitis Gangrene Chronic undermining burrowing ulcer Fournier gangrene Elephantiasis nostras Blistering distal dactylitis Botryomycosis Malakoplakia Pyomyositis Blastomycosis-like pyoderma Bullous impetigo Chronic lymphangitis Recurrent toxin-mediated perineal erythema Tick-borne lymphadenopathy Tropical ulcer
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cellulitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulitis"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"streptococcus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptococcus"},{"link_name":"Streptococcus pyogenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptococcus_pyogenes"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-7"},{"link_name":"Streptococcus agalactiae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptococcus_agalactiae"},{"link_name":"Staphylococcus aureus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureus"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:32-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:32-8"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"Perianal cellulitis, also known as perianitis or perianal streptococcal dermatitis, is a bacterial infection affecting the lower layers of the skin (cellulitis) around the anus.[1][2][3] It presents as bright redness in the skin and can be accompanied by pain, difficulty defecating, itching, and bleeding.[4][1] This disease is considered a complicated skin and soft tissue infection (cSSTI) because of the involvement of the deeper soft tissues.[5]Perianal cellulitis is most commonly caused by group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus bacteria (Streptococcus pyogenes), which resides normally (\"in small numbers\") in the human throat and on the human skin.[6][7] Other less common causes may include infection with group B beta-hemolytic streptococci (Streptococcus agalactiae), a bacterium found in the human vagina of some, or Staphylococcus aureus, a common component of the bacterial community in the human nose and/or skin.[8][7]Perianal cellulitis occurs mainly in male children between six months and 10 years of age, however, there are documented cases of perianal cellulitis in adults as well.[8] Oral antibiotics are the first line treatment for perianal cellulitis and may be used in combination with topical antibiotics.[1] Since the infection occurs within the deeper layers of skin, using a topical treatment by itself may not be effective.[1] In about 20% of cases, recurrence of perianal streptococcal dermatitis infection occurs within 3.5 months.[1] Routine hygiene practices should also be encouraged in children and adults in order to reduce the risk of recurrent infection.[1]","title":"Perianal cellulitis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-4"},{"link_name":"defecating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defecation"},{"link_name":"eczema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eczema"},{"link_name":"psoriasis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psoriasis"},{"link_name":"hemorrhoids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemorrhoid"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-7"},{"link_name":"balanitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balanitis"},{"link_name":"vulvovaginitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaginitis"},{"link_name":"tonsillopharyngitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonsillopharyngitis"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-9"},{"link_name":"abscess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abscess"},{"link_name":"rheumatic fever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheumatic_fever"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"nephritis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephritis"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"Perianal cellulitis manifests as multiple symptoms that are inconsistent with a systemic disease. The most notable feature is a very distinct redness around the anus, and other signs of inflammation which can include swelling and itching at the site.[4] Other associated symptoms with perianal cellulitis include pain when defecating and bleeding. These symptoms can often be confused with other skin conditions, such as diaper rash, eczema, psoriasis, hemorrhoids, and more.[7] These symptoms can cause extreme discomfort, especially in diaper-wearing infants, and serious complications can arise if left untreated. In about 10% of cases, balanitis or vulvovaginitis can develop concomitantly. In even rarer instances, tonsillopharyngitis can develop concomitantly as well.[9]Complications most often occur when perianal cellulitis remains undiagnosed and untreated for an extended period of time. In cases where perianal cellulitis is left untreated, it can cause more serious symptoms such as abscess formation and rheumatic fever.[10] Additionally, untreated perianal cellulitis poses a risk of transmission to other people, such as caretakers or family members. Perianal cellulitis can also cause post-streptococcal nephritis, which should be monitored with urinalysis to assess kidney function.[1]","title":"Signs and symptoms"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Streptococcus_pyogenes_agar_sangre.jpg"},{"link_name":"bacterial culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_culture"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-11"},{"link_name":"exudate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exudate"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-11"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-12"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-2"}],"text":"Bacterial culture growth of Streptococcus pyogenesThe diagnosis of perianal cellulitis is made either through a rapid strep test or by swabbing the affected areas for a bacterial culture indicating infection by group A β-hemolytic streptococci.[1][11] In order to confirm diagnosis of perianal streptococcal dermatitis, the anus and genitalia require examination followed by bacterial swabbing of the exudate from the affected area is preferred.[2][1] The swabs will be sent for microbiological analysis of the culture to confirm the growth of group A β-hemolytic streptococci.[11] \"The time to diagnosis of perianal streptococcal dermatitis is ≥3 weeks in 65% of cases.\"[1] Because perianal cellulitis is commonly misdiagnosed, it is imperative that the proper diagnosing procedures are followed when encountering these symptoms, as delayed detection can result in severe complications.[12]Within the pediatric population, it is common for the management of rashes to occur under the collaboration of an inter-professional team.[2] Due to the diverse causes of rashes in the pediatric population, it may be necessary to refer pediatric patients to a pediatrician or a dermatologist to prevent misdiagnosis of perianal streptococcal dermatitis.[2] Across the different disciplines of care, nurses have an opportunity to provide education on proper hygiene techniques to reduce the risk of recurrent infection.[2] Pharmacists can provide patient and caretaker counseling on the selected medication therapy and improve medication adherence.[2] By working together as an inter-professional team, all types of clinicians can improve patient health outcomes by raising awareness and reducing both time to diagnosis and the rate of recurrence of perianal streptococcal dermatitis infection.[2]","title":"Diagnosis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%C5%A0terbenc_2021-13"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-11"},{"link_name":"candidiasis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candidiasis"},{"link_name":"pinworm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinworm_infection"},{"link_name":"inflammatory bowel disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflammatory_bowel_disease"},{"link_name":"seborrheic dermatitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seborrhoeic_dermatitis"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%C5%A0terbenc_2021-13"},{"link_name":"constipation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constipation"},{"link_name":"anal fissures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anal_fissure"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-11"}],"sub_title":"Differential diagnosis","text":"Due to the non-specific presentation of the symptoms of perianal streptococcal dermatitis, it is frequently misdiagnosed by clinicians.[13] To reach the correct diagnosis of perianal streptococcal dermatitis often ranges from weeks to months and can extend to even longer.[11] During this time, the patient can undergo treatment for a variety of differential diagnoses.[11] Perianal streptococcal dermatitis imitates other common diseases in the anal region and therefore can be mistaken for \"candidiasis, irritant diaper dermatitis, pinworm infestation, chronic inflammatory bowel disease, seborrheic dermatitis, or even sexual abuse.\"[13] The delay in diagnosis of perianal streptococcal dermatitis can result in prolonged discomfort and additional symptoms of constipation, anal discharge or oozing, and anal fissures.[11]","title":"Diagnosis"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Pathophysiology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Streptococcus pyogenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptococcus_pyogenes"},{"link_name":"Staphylococcus aureus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureus"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%C5%A0terbenc_2021-13"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:32-8"},{"link_name":"Streptococcus agalactiae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptococcus_agalactiae"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:32-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Streptococcus_pyogenes.jpg"},{"link_name":"Streptococci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptococcus"},{"link_name":"gram-positive bacteria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram-positive_bacteria"},{"link_name":"strep throat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptococcal_pharyngitis"},{"link_name":"pneumonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonia"},{"link_name":"cellulitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulitis"},{"link_name":"gastrointestinal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract"},{"link_name":"transmitted vertically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertical_transmission"},{"link_name":"sepsis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepsis"},{"link_name":"pneumonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonia"},{"link_name":"meningitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meningitis"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:23-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Causes","text":"In most cases of perianal streptococcal dermatitis in children, swab cultures indicate that infection is caused by the bacteria Streptococcus pyogenes, more specifically classified as group A beta-hemolytic streptococci (GAS). There have been reported cases, however, that have found perianal streptococcal cellulitis infections to be caused by group B beta-hemolytic streptococci (GBS) and, in rare cases, other groups of beta-hemolytic streptococci or Staphylococcus aureus.[13][8] It is important to note, however, that in the rare adult cases of perianal streptococcal cellulitis that have been identified, the most common cause is by beta-hemolytic streptococci from group B specified as Streptococcus agalactiae.[8]Streptococcus pyogenes under 900x magnification, viewed with Pappenheim's stainStreptococci are gram-positive bacteria that grow in chains, but they have no motility and do not generate spores. Group A streptococci and Group B streptococci are the two most common strains that are associated with pediatric cases. Infections caused by Group A streptococci are generally more mild than infections caused by Group B streptococci. The most common Group A streptococcus infections can range from strep throat to pneumonia to cellulitis. Group B streptococcus is more commonly found in the gastrointestinal and genital tracts, and can also be transmitted vertically from mother to child during vaginal labor. These newborn cases of infection often manifest as sepsis, pneumonia, and meningitis, among other presentations.[14]Based on cases studied of children with perianal streptococcal dermatitis, there has been a pattern of perianal infection occurring after being diagnosed with previous streptococcal infections (i.e. \"strep throat\"). It is believed that bacteria from these infections may be introduced to the skin of the perianal region after touching the nose or mouth and then proceeding to use the toilet or touching the area for any other reason.[15]While perianal streptococcal dermatitis is a treatable condition, there are serious consequences that may arise if left undiagnosed and/or untreated in patients with an infection. Failure to properly diagnose and treat perianal streptococcal dermatitis may lead to more serious infections that could result in injury or death.[16]","title":"Pathophysiology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:3D_medical_animation_skin_layers.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cellulitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulitis"},{"link_name":"Streptococcus pyogenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptococcus_pyogenes"},{"link_name":"adhesins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adhesins"},{"link_name":"M protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M_protein_(Streptococcus)"},{"link_name":"receptors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_(biochemistry)"},{"link_name":"cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"hyaluronidase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyaluronidase"},{"link_name":"subcutaneous tissue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subcutaneous_tissue"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-6"},{"link_name":"biofilm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofilm"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"epithelium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epithelium"},{"link_name":"necrotizing fasciitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necrotizing_fasciitis"},{"link_name":"toxic shock syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxic_shock_syndrome"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-21"}],"sub_title":"Mechanism","text":"Layers of normal human skin. Cellulitis indicates infection in the dermis and/or subcutaneous (fat) layer.Upon the initial exposure of Streptococcus pyogenes (group A beta-hemolytic streptocci) bacteria to the skin surrounding the perianal region, the bacteria adheres to the skin's surface with filaments on its cell wall surface called adhesins. An adhesin found in group A beta-hemolytic streptococci of particular importance is called the M protein, which utilizes complex mechanisms to recognize various receptors on human cell types for attachment.[17] After attachment, colonization of Streptococcus pyogenes occurs and the bacteria release many toxins that are responsible for the manifestation of symptoms of perianal cellulitis such as inflammation, fever, and itching.[18] Secretion of hyaluronidase, also known as \"spreading factor\", encourages the Streptococcus pyogenes bacterium to spread more easily throughout the lower layers of skin tissue (subcutaneous tissue).[19][6] As the streptococci continue to colonize, the formation of a biofilm may arise and its protective properties may make it more difficult to treat the infection with antibiotics.[20]In cases of perianal cellulitis infections that are not treated properly, group A beta-hemolytic streptococci may cross into the bloodstream through the epithelium of the perianal area to cause serious infections such as necrotizing fasciitis or toxic shock syndrome.[21] The group A beta-hemolytic streptococci bacteria that enter the bloodstream are able to cause serious infections by overpowering natural immune responses and allowing bacteria to rapidly multiply to cause harm to the body.[21]","title":"Pathophysiology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-22"},{"link_name":"cephalosporins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cephalosporin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"After the diagnosis of perianal streptococcal dermatitis has been confirmed, the most successful treatment regimens utilize a combination of topical and systemic antibiotics.[1] Oral antibiotics are the recommended first-line treatment for perianal streptococcal dermatitis.[1] Perianal streptococcal dermatitis does not resolve on its own.[22] The treatment of choice for oral antibiotics include \"penicillin V, azithromycin, clarithromycin, clindamycin, erythromycin, penicillinase-resistant penicillin, or cephalosporins.\"[1] Oral antibiotics work best in combination with a topical antibiotic such as mupirocin, or an antiseptic such as chlorhexidine.[1] Due to the effect that perianal streptococcal dermatitis has on the deeper layers of the skin, topical antimicrobial therapy alone appears to be poorly effective.[1] Treatment duration ranges from 14 to 21 days and treatment success is determined by clinical examination and post-treatment swabbing of the affected area to confirm that the infection is no longer present.[1]","title":"Treatment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cellulitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulitis"},{"link_name":"penicillin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillin"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-12"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"antifungal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifungal"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-12"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-22"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-12"},{"link_name":"diaper rash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaper_rash"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-22"}],"text":"There is little data that currently exists on the prevention of perianal cellulitis. However, \"approximately one-third of people with cellulitis suffer recurrent episodes and the only proven strategy for preventing this is long-term, low-dose oral penicillin.\"[12] Performing post-treatment swabbing and confirming eradication of group A β-hemolytic streptococci infection reduces the chance of perianal streptococcal dermatitis recurrence.[1] In about 20% of cases, recurrence of perianal streptococcal dermatitis infection occurs within 3.5 months.[1] In the case of perianal cellulitis, maintaining the dryness of the site and addressing the infection with topical antifungal ointment is sufficient to prevent recurrent infection for a duration between 3 and 6 weeks.[12] Potential risk factors for perianal streptococcal dermatitis include: poor living conditions, atopic dermatitis, and malnutrition.[22] Routine hygiene practices should also be encouraged in children and adults in order to reduce the risk of recurrent infection.[1] Prescribed antibiotic regimens should also be adhered to until completion, so as to avoid the risk of developing a multi-resistant strain of infection in the future.[12]Proper screening measures should be followed as perianal cellulitis continues to be severely underdiagnosed. Perianal cellulitis is often misdiagnosed as other skin conditions, such as diaper rash (in infants), eczema, psoriasis, hemorrhoids, and more.[22]","title":"Prevention & Recurrence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-22"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%C5%A0terbenc_2021-13"}],"text":"The incidence of perianal streptococcal dermatitis in the pediatric population has not been determined.[22] It is believed that the lack of data is due to the difficulty clinicians face recognizing perianal streptococcal dermatitis.[22] Perianal streptococcal dermatitis most commonly affects children between 6 months and 10 years old, with males being more commonly affected than females.[1] Results from a systematic literature review further supports this as a majority of childhood cases of perianal streptococcal cellulitis occurred in males younger than 7 years old.[1]While traditionally thought to be a disease specific to children, there have been case reports of perianal streptococcal dermatitis in adults.[13]","title":"Epidemiology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"peri-","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/peri-"},{"link_name":"anal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/anal"},{"link_name":"Cellulitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulitis"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"epidermis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidermis"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"The term perianal is made up of two components, peri- (Greek prefix meaning \"about\" or \"around\") and anal (\"related to, or involving the anus\"). Cellulitis describes a bacterial infection affecting the lower layers of the skin.[1]Historically, perianal cellulitis may be referred to as perianal streptococcal dermatitis.[1] However, perianal cellulitis is best understood to be a cellulitis, an infection of the inner layers of skin, rather than a dermatitis, which implies an irritation of the outermost layers of skin (the epidermis).[1]","title":"Etymology"}]
[{"image_text":"Bacterial culture growth of Streptococcus pyogenes","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Streptococcus_pyogenes_agar_sangre.jpg/220px-Streptococcus_pyogenes_agar_sangre.jpg"},{"image_text":"Streptococcus pyogenes under 900x magnification, viewed with Pappenheim's stain","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Streptococcus_pyogenes.jpg/257px-Streptococcus_pyogenes.jpg"},{"image_text":"Layers of normal human skin. Cellulitis indicates infection in the dermis and/or subcutaneous (fat) layer.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/3D_medical_animation_skin_layers.jpg/347px-3D_medical_animation_skin_layers.jpg"}]
[{"title":"List of cutaneous conditions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cutaneous_conditions"},{"title":"CDC List of Group A Streptococcal Diseases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.cdc.gov/groupastrep/index.html"}]
[{"reference":"Gualtieri R, Bronz G, Bianchetti MG, Lava SA, Giuliano E, Milani GP, Jermini LM (June 2021). \"Perianal streptococcal disease in childhood: systematic literature review\". European Journal of Pediatrics. 180 (6): 1867–1874. doi:10.1007/s00431-021-03965-9. PMC 8105195. PMID 33532889.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8105195","url_text":"\"Perianal streptococcal disease in childhood: systematic literature review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00431-021-03965-9","url_text":"10.1007/s00431-021-03965-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8105195","url_text":"8105195"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33532889","url_text":"33532889"}]},{"reference":"Pennycook KM, McCready TA (2022). \"Perianal Streptococcal Dermatitis\". StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. PMID 31613443. 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S2CID 235267530.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.mcna.2021.04.009","url_text":"10.1016/j.mcna.2021.04.009"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34059247","url_text":"34059247"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:235267530","url_text":"235267530"}]},{"reference":"Boull C, Soutor C, Hordinsky M (2022). \"Chapter 11: Bacterial Infections\". Clinical Dermatology: Diagnosis and Management of Common Disorders (2nd ed.). McGraw Hill. ISBN 978-1-264-25737-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-264-25737-9","url_text":"978-1-264-25737-9"}]},{"reference":"Leong HN, Kurup A, Tan MY, Kwa AL, Liau KH, Wilcox MH (2018). \"Management of complicated skin and soft tissue infections with a special focus on the role of newer antibiotics\". Infection and Drug Resistance. 11: 1959–1974. doi:10.2147/IDR.S172366. PMC 6208867. 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American Journal of Clinical Dermatology. 4 (8): 555–560. doi:10.2165/00128071-200304080-00005. PMID 12862498. S2CID 40363518.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2165%2F00128071-200304080-00005","url_text":"10.2165/00128071-200304080-00005"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12862498","url_text":"12862498"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:40363518","url_text":"40363518"}]},{"reference":"Santer M, Lalonde A, Francis NA, Smart P, Hooper J, Teasdale E, et al. (December 2018). \"Management of cellulitis: current practice and research questions\". The British Journal of General Practice. 68 (677): 595–596. doi:10.3399/bjgp18X700181. PMC 6255235. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etowah_River
Etowah River
["1 Tributaries","2 Places","3 References","4 External links"]
Coordinates: 34°15′14″N 85°10′36″W / 34.25389°N 85.17667°W / 34.25389; -85.17667River in Georgia, U.S. Railroad Bridge across Etowah River, circa 1865 Etowah River in Bartow County, Georgia The Etowah River is a 164-mile-long (264 km) waterway that rises northwest of Dahlonega, Georgia, north of Atlanta. On Matthew Carey's 1795 map the river was labeled "High Town River". On later maps, such as the 1839 Cass County map (Cass being the original name for Bartow County), it was referred to as "Hightower River", a name that was used in most early Cherokee records. The large Amicalola Creek (which flows over Amicalola Falls) is a primary tributary near the beginning of the river. The Etowah then flows west-southwest through Canton, Georgia, and soon forms Lake Allatoona. From the dam at the lake, it passes Cartersville and the Etowah Indian Mounds archaeological site. It then flows to Rome, Georgia, where it meets the Oostanaula River and forms the Coosa River at their confluence. The river is the northernmost portion of the Etowah-Coosa-Alabama-Mobile Waterway, stretching from the mountains of north Georgia to Mobile Bay in Alabama. The Little River is the largest tributary of the Etowah, their confluence now flooded by Lake Allatoona. Allatoona Creek is another major tributary, flowing north from Cobb County and forming the other major arm of the lake. The U.S. Board on Geographic Names officially named the river in 1897. The river ends at 571 feet (174 m) above mean sea level. The river is home to the Cherokee darter and Etowah darter, which are listed on the Endangered Species List. Country singer-songwriter Jerry Reed made the Etowah the home of the wild, misunderstood swamp dweller Ko-Ko Joe in the 1971 song "Ko-Ko Joe". The fictional character, who is reviled by respectable people but apparently dies a hero while saving a child's life, is alternately known as the "Etowah River Swamp Rat" in the song. Reed, a native of Atlanta, took some liberties with Georgia geography in the song, including the non-existent "Appaloosa County" and "Ko-Ko Ridge" as part of the song narrative’s setting. Tributaries Acworth Creek Allatoona Creek Amicalola River Big Dry Creek Boston Creek Butler Creek Cane Creek Canton Creek Clark Creek Downing Creek Dykes Creek Euharlee Creek Hall Creek Hickory Log Creek Illinois Creek Kellogg Creek Little Allatoona Creek Little River Long Swamp Creek McKaskey Creek Noonday Creek Owl Creek Petit Creek Proctor Creek Pumpkinvine Creek Raccoon Creek Rocky Creek Rubes Creek Shoal Creek Sixes Creek Settin Down Creek Stamp Creek Tanyard Creek Two Run Creek Places Lumpkin County, Georgia Dahlonega Dawson County, Georgia Dawsonville Forsyth County, Georgia Cherokee County, Georgia Canton Bartow County, Georgia Cartersville Floyd County, Georgia Rome References ^ U.S. Geological Survey. National Hydrography Dataset high-resolution flowline data. The National Map Archived 2012-03-29 at the Wayback Machine, accessed April 27, 2011 External links U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Etowah River vteSignificant waterways of GeorgiaLarger rivers Alapaha Alcovy Altamaha Apalachee Aucilla Broad Chattahoochee Chattooga (Coosa River) Chattooga (Tugaloo River) Canoochee Conasauga Coosa Etowah Flint Hiwassee Little (Oconee River) Little (Savannah River) Little (Withlacoochee River) Little Tallapoosa Little Tennessee Nottely Ochlockonee Ocmulgee Oconee Ogeechee River Ohoopee Satilla Savannah South (Ocmulgee River) St. Marys Suwannee Tallapoosa Toccoa/Ocoee Towaliga Withlacoochee Yellow Lakes Allatoona Banks Lake Blackshear Burton Carters Chatuge Chehaw George W. Andrews Goat Rock Harding Hartwell Jackson Lanier Nottely Oconee Oliver Rabun Richard B. Russell Seminole Sinclair Strom Thurmond Tugalo Walter F. George West Point Smaller rivers Alabaha Alapahoochee Black (Okefenokee Swamp) Cartecay Coleman Coosawattee Dog Ellijay Hudson Jacks Jerico Little (Etowah River) Little Ochlockonee Little Ogeechee (Hancock County) Little Satilla (Satilla River) Mulberry River New (Chattahoochee River) New (Withlacoochee River) Oostanaula Soque South Newport Tallulah Tugaloo Willacoochee Tidal rivers Bear Belfast Broro Brunswick Buffalo Bull Chestatee Crescent Crooked Cumberland Darien Duplin Frederica Halfmoon Hampton Herb Laurel View Little Ogechee (Chatham County) Little Satilla (Atlantic Ocean) Mackay Medway Mud North River (Darien River) North (St. Marys River) North Newport Odingsell Sapelo Shad Skidaway Sope Tivoli Turtle Vernon Wilmington Creeks andstreams Alligator (Little Ocmulgee River) Big Satilla Brasstown Ebenezer Euchee Ichawaynochaway Kettle Kinchafoonee Little Satilla Muckalee Noonday Okapilco Peachtree Rocky Comfort Spring (Flint River) Suwannoochee Sweetwater (Chattahoochee River) Tobesofkee Toccoa Walnut (South River) Walnut (Ocmulgee River) Williamson Swamp Canals Augusta Canal Brunswick–Altamaha Canal Savannah–Ogeechee Canal Suwannee Canal See also Grand Bay Intracoastal Waterway Okefenokee Swamp List of Georgia rivers Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States 34°15′14″N 85°10′36″W / 34.25389°N 85.17667°W / 34.25389; -85.17667
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coosaheadwatersmap.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Railroad_Bridge_across_Etowah_River,_Ga._(5614259756).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Etowah_River_in_Bartow_County_Georgia.JPG"},{"link_name":"Bartow County, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartow_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NHD-1"},{"link_name":"Dahlonega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahlonega,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)"},{"link_name":"Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta"},{"link_name":"Amicalola Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amicalola_Creek"},{"link_name":"Amicalola Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amicalola_Falls"},{"link_name":"tributary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tributary"},{"link_name":"Canton, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Lake Allatoona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Allatoona"},{"link_name":"Cartersville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartersville,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Etowah Indian Mounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etowah_Indian_Mounds"},{"link_name":"archaeological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeological"},{"link_name":"Rome, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Oostanaula River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oostanaula_River"},{"link_name":"Coosa River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coosa_River"},{"link_name":"confluence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confluence"},{"link_name":"Etowah-Coosa-Alabama-Mobile Waterway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACT_River_Basin"},{"link_name":"Mobile Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_Bay"},{"link_name":"Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama"},{"link_name":"Little River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_River_(northern_Georgia)"},{"link_name":"Allatoona Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Allatoona_Creek&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cobb County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobb_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"U.S. Board on Geographic Names","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Board_on_Geographic_Names"},{"link_name":"above mean sea level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Above_mean_sea_level"},{"link_name":"Cherokee darter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherokee_darter"},{"link_name":"Etowah darter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etowah_darter"},{"link_name":"Endangered Species List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List"},{"link_name":"Jerry Reed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Reed"},{"link_name":"Ko-Ko Joe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko-Ko_Joe"}],"text":"River in Georgia, U.S.Railroad Bridge across Etowah River, circa 1865Etowah River in Bartow County, GeorgiaThe Etowah River is a 164-mile-long (264 km)[1] waterway that rises northwest of Dahlonega, Georgia, north of Atlanta. On Matthew Carey's 1795 map the river was labeled \"High Town River\". On later maps, such as the 1839 Cass County map (Cass being the original name for Bartow County), it was referred to as \"Hightower River\", a name that was used in most early Cherokee records.The large Amicalola Creek (which flows over Amicalola Falls) is a primary tributary near the beginning of the river. The Etowah then flows west-southwest through Canton, Georgia, and soon forms Lake Allatoona. From the dam at the lake, it passes Cartersville and the Etowah Indian Mounds archaeological site. It then flows to Rome, Georgia, where it meets the Oostanaula River and forms the Coosa River at their confluence. The river is the northernmost portion of the Etowah-Coosa-Alabama-Mobile Waterway, stretching from the mountains of north Georgia to Mobile Bay in Alabama.The Little River is the largest tributary of the Etowah, their confluence now flooded by Lake Allatoona. Allatoona Creek is another major tributary, flowing north from Cobb County and forming the other major arm of the lake.The U.S. Board on Geographic Names officially named the river in 1897.The river ends at 571 feet (174 m) above mean sea level.The river is home to the Cherokee darter and Etowah darter, which are listed on the Endangered Species List.Country singer-songwriter Jerry Reed made the Etowah the home of the wild, misunderstood swamp dweller Ko-Ko Joe in the 1971 song \"Ko-Ko Joe\". The fictional character, who is reviled by respectable people but apparently dies a hero while saving a child's life, is alternately known as the \"Etowah River Swamp Rat\" in the song. Reed, a native of Atlanta, took some liberties with Georgia geography in the song, including the non-existent \"Appaloosa County\" and \"Ko-Ko Ridge\" as part of the song narrative’s setting.","title":"Etowah River"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Acworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acworth,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Canton Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton_Creek"},{"link_name":"Euharlee Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euharlee_Creek"},{"link_name":"Hickory Log Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hickory_Log_Creek"},{"link_name":"Little River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_River_(Etowah_River)"},{"link_name":"Long Swamp Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Swamp_Creek"},{"link_name":"Pumpkinvine Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumpkinvine_Creek"},{"link_name":"Raccoon Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raccoon_Creek_(Etowah_River_tributary)"},{"link_name":"Sixes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixes,_Georgia"}],"text":"Acworth Creek\nAllatoona Creek\nAmicalola River\nBig Dry Creek\nBoston Creek\nButler Creek\nCane Creek\nCanton Creek\nClark Creek\nDowning Creek\nDykes Creek\nEuharlee Creek\nHall Creek\nHickory Log Creek\nIllinois Creek\nKellogg Creek\nLittle Allatoona Creek\nLittle River\nLong Swamp Creek\nMcKaskey Creek\nNoonday Creek\nOwl Creek\nPetit Creek\nProctor Creek\nPumpkinvine Creek\nRaccoon Creek\nRocky Creek\nRubes Creek\nShoal Creek\nSixes Creek\nSettin Down Creek\nStamp Creek\nTanyard Creek\nTwo Run Creek","title":"Tributaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lumpkin County, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumpkin_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Dahlonega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahlonega,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Dawson County, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawson_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Dawsonville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawsonville,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Forsyth County, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forsyth_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Cherokee County, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherokee_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Canton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Bartow County, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartow_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Cartersville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartersville,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Floyd County, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floyd_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome,_Georgia"}],"text":"Lumpkin County, Georgia\nDahlonega\nDawson County, Georgia\nDawsonville\nForsyth County, Georgia\nCherokee County, Georgia\nCanton\nBartow County, Georgia\nCartersville\nFloyd County, Georgia\nRome","title":"Places"}]
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null
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Portrait_(Gogol_short_story)
The Portrait (short story)
["1 Plot summary","1.1 Part I","1.2 Part II","2 Influences","3 Themes","4 Relation to Petersburg Texts","5 Reception","6 Legacy","7 Adaptations","8 References","9 External links"]
Short story by Nikolai Gogol "The Portrait" (Russian: Портрет) is a short story by Russian author Nikolai Gogol, originally published in the short story collection Arabesques in 1835. It is one of Gogol's most demonic of tales, hinting at some of his earlier works such as "St. John's Eve" and "Viy". Plot summary "The Portrait" is the story of a young and penniless artist, Andrey Petrovich Chartkov, who stumbles upon a terrifyingly lifelike portrait in an art shop and is compelled to buy it. The painting is magical and offers him a dilemma — to struggle to make his own way in the world on the basis of his own talents or to accept the assistance of the magic painting to guaranteed riches and fame. He chooses to become rich and famous, but when he comes upon a portrait from another artist which is "pure, faultless, beautiful as a bride" he comes to realize that he has made the wrong choice. Eventually, he falls ill and dies from a fever. Part I The first part of the story takes place in nineteenth-century Saint Petersburg, Russia and follows a penniless yet talented young artist, Andrey Petrovich Chartkov. One day, Chartkov stumbles upon an old art shop, where he discovers a strikingly lifelike portrait of an old man whose eyes “stared even out of the portrait itself, as if destroying its harmony by their strange aliveness.” On an inexplicable impulse, Chartkov uses the last of his money to buy the portrait, which the art shop's dealer seems glad to be rid of. Chartkov returns to his shabby apartment and hangs up the painting, but is so haunted by the old man's stare he covers it with a bed sheet before going to bed. That night, Chartkov dreams the old man in the portrait comes alive and steps out of his frame with a sack of money. Twice Chartkov wakes up and realizes he is still dreaming, but on the third time he wakes for real and realizes he imagined both the portrait's movement and its money. However, “it seemed to him that amidst the dream there had been some terrible fragment of reality.” Shortly thereafter, Chartkov's landlord arrives with a police inspector, demanding the rent. Chartkov is at a loss for what to do until the clumsy inspector accidentally cracks open the portrait's frame, revealing a pouch filled with one thousand gold sovereigns. Dumbfounded, Chartkov pays what he owes and begins making grand plans for the projects he can complete with his newfound wealth, recalling the encouraging words of his old mentor to “ponder over every work” and nurse his talent, while ignoring the superficial, “fashionable” styles of the times. However, Chartkov's plans quickly go up in smoke, and instead he uses his riches on lavish items and an ad in the papers. He soon uses his new apartment on Nevsky Prospect to host the customers brought in by the ad. At first, Chartkov attempts to paint his subjects in his own style, as his mentor had advised, but he soon falls into more “fashionable” styles in order to keep his customers happy. Though his “doorbell was constantly ringing,” his art becomes choked, and he resorts to “the general color scheme that is given by rote.” His reputation spreads and he is showered with countless compliments and immense wealth, but as the narrator remarks: “fame cannot give pleasure to one who did not merit it but stole it.” Many years pass, and Chartkov achieves such a high reputation he is asked by the Academy of Arts to examine the work of another prominent artist, one who devoted his life to studying art in Italy. When Chartkov arrives at the gallery, he is struck by the painting, which he describes as “pure, immaculate, beautiful as a bride.” In this artist's work Chartkov realizes what he missed out on and is so struck he bursts into tears and flees the gallery. At home in his studio, Chartkov attempts to revive the old talent he once had but inevitably fails, and in a fit of anger rids himself of the portrait of the old man and begins buying up “all the best that art produced” and bringing it home to tear it to shreds. His madness eventually manifests itself into a physical illness, and Chartkov dies, haunted to the end by memories of the horrible portrait. Part II The second half of “The Portrait” opens several years after the events of Part I, at an art auction held at an old nobleman's house at which the sinister portrait is put up for sale. In the midst of the bids, a young man appears who claims he has “perhaps more right to this portrait than anyone else.” He promptly begins telling the audience his story. His father was an artist who worked in Kolomna, a tired, “ashen” part of St. Petersburg, which was also the home of a strange moneylender. This moneylender was rumored to be capable of providing “any sum to anyone,” but bizarre and terrible events always seemed to happen to those who borrowed from him. Specifically, his borrowers developed qualities contrary to their previous personalities: a sober man became a drunkard; a fine young nobleman turns on his wife and beats her. Many of his customers even died unnaturally early deaths. One day, the moneylender comes to the artist asking for his portrait to be painted, and the artist agrees, grateful for the chance to paint such a peculiar subject. However, as soon as he begins painting the moneylender's eyes, “there arose such a strange revulsion in his soul” he refused to paint any more. Despite the moneylender begging him to finish, the artist holds firm, and the moneylender dies shortly thereafter, leaving the portrait in the artist's possession. Inexplicably bizarre events begin happening in the artist's life. He becomes jealous of one of his pupils (revealed to be the young Chartkov), attempts to sabotage him, flies into rages, chases away his children and comes close to beating his wife. To make amends, the artist attempts to burn the portrait, but a friend stops him, taking the painting for his own instead. After witnessing its evil nature, his friend eventually passes the portrait to his nephew, who sells it to an art collector, who hawks it to someone else, and eventually the portrait's trail is lost. The artist feels immense guilt over the evil piece of art and makes his son promise to track it down and destroy it. This is the reason which brought the young man to the art auction. However, once he concludes his story and his audience turns to examine the portrait, they find it missing: someone must have taken it while they were listening to the young man's story. They wonder if they had seen it at all. Influences It has been argued that Gogol's influences can be traced to Western sources. That the plot of the demonic Kunstlernovelle seems largely derivative of Western authors such as E. T. A. Hoffmann, Edgar Allan Poe, Charles Robert Maturin or Washington Irving. Author Eva Guðmundsdóttir compares Poe with Gogol and places them both in a category of the fantastic. Washington Irving, E. T. A. Hoffmann and Charles Robert Maturin are also credited with influencing Gogol. This places him in a wider literary tradition and connects him with the work being produced in the West. Themes Simon Karlinsky labelled "The Portrait" as the ‘most conventional’ of Gogol's St Petersburg Tales and ‘the least satisfactory artistically.' This follows the general theme that is less humorous and more regarding artistic value. An explanation for this difference is offered in the hope of elevating the seriousness of the piece. That he forgoes the comic along with narrative polyphone in the interests of a high seriousness ‘which he would only later recognize might be available without such crippling sacrifice.' He is aware with the other Tales that the comic aspect is what makes them attainable and interesting to the reader and by losing this crucial part the story loses its relatability and consequently its interest. Moreover, Innokentii Annenski agrees with the assessment that this is the most conventional of Gogol’s tales. He claimed that in this tale ‘which he wrote twice, Gogol has put more of himself than in any of his other works.' A key theme of the short story is to express the corrupting influence of money on art. This reflects a general concern among Russian writers in the 1830s about the degradation of culture under the condition of a nascent market economy that came to replace the previous aristocratic patronage system. Indeed, as Robert Maguire has remarked, Chartkov ‘turns himself completely into money, and in spending the money, he spends himself. When it is gone, so is he.’ This speaks to two main themes of the story: the corruption of money and the destruction of illusion on reality. Chartkov's paintings are an ‘illusion of an illusion… as life imitates art and in turn is imitated by art, he becomes merely another version of each of the poses he renders.' Relation to Petersburg Texts In "The Portrait", Gogol deviates quite a bit from his conventional writing style; instead of adopting a humorous, even absurd style, he takes a fairly serious tone that is uncommon in his other works. Part of the reason for this change was the underlying purpose behind this piece; unlike his other stories, which had some serious elements but were generally defined by their amusing tone, "The Portrait" was written partly to serve a form of social commentary. The piece was published in a collection of stories called Arabesques; in addition to "The Portrait", Arabesques contained darker works including "Diary of a Madman". Loosely, scholars have grouped literary works that are focused on the failings of society (such as Arabesques) during the mid to late 1800s as Petersburg Texts. Dostoevsky is generally considered to be the most influential author of these texts, but many others contributed to them, including Gogol. Part of the reason Gogol felt the need to write stories showcasing the true nature of Saint Petersburg and the toxic atmosphere the city (and indeed, the country) bred was that he himself had lived there; he worked briefly there as a government clerk and was struck by “the utter lack of social interaction” among his colleagues at the time. Gogol disapproved of the way in which workers focused solely on advancing in the civil servant system and conveyed this disapproval through his writing: He uses the character of Andrey as a vehicle to highlight the vices posed by greed and fortune that is achieved without actually working for it. Though Andrey is able to attain immediate wealth and fame because of the agreement he makes with the painting, he is eventually driven mad by the talent of other artists and pays the price for his ruthless pursuit of societal advancement. In terms of the city itself, Gogol noted that Saint Petersburg was remarkably bare of organic feeling, and as a result his depiction of it differed from those of authors such as Pushkin in that there was very little geometry depicted in the city. Famous landmarks such as the city's parks and trees were absent in his portrayal of Saint Petersburg in "The Portrait" as Gogol instead emphasized the grim, crowded appearance of its stores and buildings. In terms of the structure of the piece, Gogol did adhere to a set of guidelines generally shared with other Petersburg texts. Most prominently, "The Portrait" was grounded in a theme that reflected an underlying social problem, in this case being greed and the desperate pursuit of advancement. In addition, by the end of the story we are able to at least partially sympathize with the main character. Andrey ultimately regretted his decision to make the deal with the portrait and expresses remorse over it. As he reaches the end of his life and his sanity gradually gives way, he begins to destroy artwork without discrimination, and our initial disgust for Andrey over his deal with the painting is at least partially replaced with pity. In this way, Gogol demonstrates that though individuals can be flawed, redemption is still possible, albeit in a manner that the reader may not have been expecting. Other Petersburg texts, such "Diary of a Madman" and Notes from Underground, followed similar patterns. Reception The Academic American Encyclopedia cited the work as an example of the "conflict between Gogol's idealistic strivings and his sad, cynical view of human propensities". First published in Arabesques, the story was received unfavorably by critics, and Gogol returned to the story, reworking it for the 1842 publication. Simon Karlinsky believes that the second version of the story, with its differing epilogue, works better within the context of the story, but writes that the work, while "a serious treatment of an important social problem", is "too slender a theme" to support the central thrust of the work, an attempt to portray "the great mystical concept of the Antichrist". Legacy Gogol's work has influenced the literature that followed. Adrian Wanner writes that Gary Shteyngart's work, ‘Shylock on the Neva’, is a modern-day writing of ‘The Portrait.' The main plot of ‘Shylock on the Neva’ is the same as that of ‘The Portrait’. There is a wealthy St Petersburg man who asks a painter to do his portrait in order to fulfill his desire to be immortalized in art. Some critics have argued that humor is lacking in ‘The Portrait’, Adrian Wanner argues that in rewriting the story, Shteyngart was attempting to ‘Gogolize’ his own tale. Adaptations A silent film from 1915 by Ladislas Starevich. The story was the basis of an opera by Mieczysław Weinberg, The Portrait, composed in 1980. The story was adapted for BBC Radio in 2002 as part of the BBC Radio 4 comedy series Three Ivans, Two Aunts and an Overcoat with the title "The Mysterious Portrait" and starred Stephen Moore. This adaptation concludes with Chartkov arrogantly defying the image in the painting and paying a terrible price. References ^ Gogol, Nikolai. “The Portrait.” The Collected Tales of Nikolai Gogol. Trans. Richard Pevear and Larissa Volokhonsky. New York: Vintage Books,1998. 340-393. Print. ^ Adrian Wanner Gogol's "Portrait" Repainted: On Gary Shteyngart's "Shylock on the Neva", Canadian Slavonic Papers, Vol. 51, No. 2/3,(June–September 2009), pp. 333-348 ^ Guðmundsdóttir 1980-, Auður Eva (Apr 28, 2009). A comparative study on short stories by Edgar Allan Poe and Nikolai Gogol (Thesis). Retrieved Sep 25, 2019 – via skemman.is.{{cite thesis}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ Proffer, C. R.. (1968). Washington Irving in Russia: Pushkin, Gogol, Marlinsky. Comparative Literature, 20(4), 329–342. http://doi.org/10.2307/1769981 ^ Krys, S.. (2009). Allusions to Hoffmann in Gogol's Early Ukrainian Horror Stories. Canadian Slavonic Papers, 51(2/3), 243–266. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/40871409 ^ Dina Khapeva, Nightmare: From literary experiments to cultural project ^ Simon Karlinsky, The Sexual Labyrinth of Nikolai Gogol (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1976)112 ^ Donald Fanger, The Creation of Nikolai Gogol (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1979) 114 ^ I.F.Annenskii, ‘Ploblema gogoevskogo iumora’, in Knigi otrazhenii I, II (Munich: Wilhelm Fink Verlag, 1969) 16 ^ See on this, Thomas Grob ‘Inflationäre Romantik: Kunst und Geld in der russischen Künstlererzählung der 1880er Jahre,’ Wiener Slawistischer Almanach 54 (2001): 45-65 ^ Robert Maguire, Exploring Gogol (Palo Alto: Stanford University Press, 1994) 152 ^ Robert Maguire, Exploring Gogol (Palo Alto: Stanford University Press, 1994) 150 ^ a b c d e f Basom, Ann Marie. “The Fantastic in Gogol's Two Versions of "portret"”. The Slavic and East European Journal38.3 (1994): 419–437. Web. ^ "Nikolay Gogol". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2016. Web. 2 Mar. 2016. ^ a b Shapiro, Gavriel. “Nikolai Gogol' and the Baroque Heritage”. Slavic Review 45.1 (1986): 95–104. Web. ^ Academic American Encyclopedia. Grolier Incorporated. 1994. p. 225. ISBN 0-7172-2053-2. ^ Simon Karlinsky (1992). The Sexual Labyrinth of Nikolai Gogol. University of Chicago Press. pp. 113–114. ISBN 0-226-42527-4. ^ Adrian Wanner Gogol's "Portrait" Repainted: On Gary Shteyngart's "Shylock on the Neva ", Canadian Slavonic Papers, Vol. 51, No. 2/3,(June–September 2009), pp. 333-348 ^ Adrian Wanner Gogol's "Portrait" Repainted: On Gary Shteyngart's "Shylock on the Neva", Canadian Slavonic Papers, Vol. 51, No. 2/3,(June–September 2009), pp. 333-348 ^ "BBC Radio 4 Extra - Nikolai Gogol - Three Ivans, Two Aunts and an Overcoat, The Mysterious Portrait". BBC. Retrieved Sep 25, 2019. External links Wikisource has original text related to this article: The Mysterious Portrait An omnibus collection of Gogol's short fiction at Standard Ebooks Портрет, Online text (Russian) from public-library.ru The Portrait - Official Film Website vteWorks by Nikolai Gogol Bibliography Novels Dead Souls Taras Bulba Plays The Government Inspector Marriage The Gamblers The Order of Vladimir, Third Class Short storycollections Evenings on a Farm Near Dikanka Mirgorod Arabesques Short stories Preface to Evenings on a Farm Near Dikanka "The Fair at Sorochyntsi" "St. John's Eve" "May Night, or the Drowned Maiden" "The Lost Letter: A Tale Told by the Sexton of the N...Church" "Christmas Eve" "A Terrible Vengeance" "Ivan Fyodorovich Shponka and His Aunt" "A Bewitched Place" "The Old World Landowners" "Viy" "The Tale of How Ivan Ivanovich Quarreled with Ivan Nikiforovich" "The Portrait" "Nevsky Prospekt" "Diary of a Madman" "The Nose" "The Carriage" "The Overcoat" Authority control databases International VIAF National France BnF data Germany United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"short story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_story"},{"link_name":"Nikolai Gogol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Gogol"},{"link_name":"Arabesques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabesques_(short_story_collection)"},{"link_name":"St. John's Eve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._John%27s_Eve_(short_story)"},{"link_name":"Viy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viy_(story)"}],"text":"\"The Portrait\" (Russian: Портрет) is a short story by Russian author Nikolai Gogol, originally published in the short story collection Arabesques in 1835. It is one of Gogol's most demonic of tales, hinting at some of his earlier works such as \"St. John's Eve\" and \"Viy\".","title":"The Portrait (short story)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"portrait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portrait"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"\"The Portrait\" is the story of a young and penniless artist, Andrey Petrovich Chartkov, who stumbles upon a terrifyingly lifelike portrait in an art shop and is compelled to buy it. The painting is magical and offers him a dilemma — to struggle to make his own way in the world on the basis of his own talents or to accept the assistance of the magic painting to guaranteed riches and fame. He chooses to become rich and famous, but when he comes upon a portrait from another artist which is \"pure, faultless, beautiful as a bride\" [1] he comes to realize that he has made the wrong choice. Eventually, he falls ill and dies from a fever.","title":"Plot summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saint Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg"}],"sub_title":"Part I","text":"The first part of the story takes place in nineteenth-century Saint Petersburg, Russia and follows a penniless yet talented young artist, Andrey Petrovich Chartkov. One day, Chartkov stumbles upon an old art shop, where he discovers a strikingly lifelike portrait of an old man whose eyes “stared even out of the portrait itself, as if destroying its harmony by their strange aliveness.” On an inexplicable impulse, Chartkov uses the last of his money to buy the portrait, which the art shop's dealer seems glad to be rid of. Chartkov returns to his shabby apartment and hangs up the painting, but is so haunted by the old man's stare he covers it with a bed sheet before going to bed.That night, Chartkov dreams the old man in the portrait comes alive and steps out of his frame with a sack of money. Twice Chartkov wakes up and realizes he is still dreaming, but on the third time he wakes for real and realizes he imagined both the portrait's movement and its money. However, “it seemed to him that amidst the dream there had been some terrible fragment of reality.” Shortly thereafter, Chartkov's landlord arrives with a police inspector, demanding the rent. Chartkov is at a loss for what to do until the clumsy inspector accidentally cracks open the portrait's frame, revealing a pouch filled with one thousand gold sovereigns. Dumbfounded, Chartkov pays what he owes and begins making grand plans for the projects he can complete with his newfound wealth, recalling the encouraging words of his old mentor to “ponder over every work” and nurse his talent, while ignoring the superficial, “fashionable” styles of the times.However, Chartkov's plans quickly go up in smoke, and instead he uses his riches on lavish items and an ad in the papers. He soon uses his new apartment on Nevsky Prospect to host the customers brought in by the ad. At first, Chartkov attempts to paint his subjects in his own style, as his mentor had advised, but he soon falls into more “fashionable” styles in order to keep his customers happy. Though his “doorbell was constantly ringing,” his art becomes choked, and he resorts to “the general color scheme that is given by rote.” His reputation spreads and he is showered with countless compliments and immense wealth, but as the narrator remarks: “fame cannot give pleasure to one who did not merit it but stole it.”Many years pass, and Chartkov achieves such a high reputation he is asked by the Academy of Arts to examine the work of another prominent artist, one who devoted his life to studying art in Italy. When Chartkov arrives at the gallery, he is struck by the painting, which he describes as “pure, immaculate, beautiful as a bride.” In this artist's work Chartkov realizes what he missed out on and is so struck he bursts into tears and flees the gallery.At home in his studio, Chartkov attempts to revive the old talent he once had but inevitably fails, and in a fit of anger rids himself of the portrait of the old man and begins buying up “all the best that art produced” and bringing it home to tear it to shreds. His madness eventually manifests itself into a physical illness, and Chartkov dies, haunted to the end by memories of the horrible portrait.","title":"Plot summary"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Part II","text":"The second half of “The Portrait” opens several years after the events of Part I, at an art auction held at an old nobleman's house at which the sinister portrait is put up for sale. In the midst of the bids, a young man appears who claims he has “perhaps more right to this portrait than anyone else.” He promptly begins telling the audience his story.His father was an artist who worked in Kolomna, a tired, “ashen” part of St. Petersburg, which was also the home of a strange moneylender. This moneylender was rumored to be capable of providing “any sum to anyone,” but bizarre and terrible events always seemed to happen to those who borrowed from him. Specifically, his borrowers developed qualities contrary to their previous personalities: a sober man became a drunkard; a fine young nobleman turns on his wife and beats her. Many of his customers even died unnaturally early deaths.One day, the moneylender comes to the artist asking for his portrait to be painted, and the artist agrees, grateful for the chance to paint such a peculiar subject. However, as soon as he begins painting the moneylender's eyes, “there arose such a strange revulsion in his soul” he refused to paint any more. Despite the moneylender begging him to finish, the artist holds firm, and the moneylender dies shortly thereafter, leaving the portrait in the artist's possession.Inexplicably bizarre events begin happening in the artist's life. He becomes jealous of one of his pupils (revealed to be the young Chartkov), attempts to sabotage him, flies into rages, chases away his children and comes close to beating his wife. To make amends, the artist attempts to burn the portrait, but a friend stops him, taking the painting for his own instead. After witnessing its evil nature, his friend eventually passes the portrait to his nephew, who sells it to an art collector, who hawks it to someone else, and eventually the portrait's trail is lost. The artist feels immense guilt over the evil piece of art and makes his son promise to track it down and destroy it.This is the reason which brought the young man to the art auction. However, once he concludes his story and his audience turns to examine the portrait, they find it missing: someone must have taken it while they were listening to the young man's story. They wonder if they had seen it at all.","title":"Plot summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"E. T. A. Hoffmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._T._A._Hoffmann"},{"link_name":"Edgar Allan Poe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe"},{"link_name":"Charles Robert Maturin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Maturin"},{"link_name":"Washington Irving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Irving"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"It has been argued that Gogol's influences can be traced to Western sources. That the plot of the demonic Kunstlernovelle seems largely derivative of Western authors such as E. T. A. Hoffmann, Edgar Allan Poe, Charles Robert Maturin or Washington Irving.[2] Author Eva Guðmundsdóttir compares Poe with Gogol and places them both in a category of the fantastic.[3] Washington Irving,[4] E. T. A. Hoffmann [5] and Charles Robert Maturin [6] are also credited with influencing Gogol. This places him in a wider literary tradition and connects him with the work being produced in the West.","title":"Influences"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Simon Karlinsky labelled \"The Portrait\" as the ‘most conventional’ of Gogol's St Petersburg Tales and ‘the least satisfactory artistically.' [7] This follows the general theme that is less humorous and more regarding artistic value. An explanation for this difference is offered in the hope of elevating the seriousness of the piece. That he forgoes the comic along with narrative polyphone in the interests of a high seriousness ‘which he would only later recognize might be available without such crippling sacrifice.' [8] He is aware with the other Tales that the comic aspect is what makes them attainable and interesting to the reader and by losing this crucial part the story loses its relatability and consequently its interest. Moreover, Innokentii Annenski agrees with the assessment that this is the most conventional of Gogol’s tales. He claimed that in this tale ‘which he wrote twice, Gogol has put more of himself than in any of his other works.' [9]A key theme of the short story is to express the corrupting influence of money on art. This reflects a general concern among Russian writers in the 1830s about the degradation of culture under the condition of a nascent market economy that came to replace the previous aristocratic patronage system.[10] Indeed, as Robert Maguire has remarked, Chartkov ‘turns himself completely into money, and in spending the money, he spends himself. When it is gone, so is he.’[11] This speaks to two main themes of the story: the corruption of money and the destruction of illusion on reality. Chartkov's paintings are an ‘illusion of an illusion… as life imitates art and in turn is imitated by art, he becomes merely another version of each of the poses he renders.' [12]","title":"Themes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-13"},{"link_name":"Arabesques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_nikolai_gogol"},{"link_name":"Diary of a Madman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diary_of_a_Madman_(Nikolai_Gogol)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Petersburg Texts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Petersburg_Texts&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dostoevsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoyevsky"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-15"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-13"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-15"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-13"},{"link_name":"Notes from Underground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notes_from_Underground"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-13"}],"text":"In \"The Portrait\", Gogol deviates quite a bit from his conventional writing style; instead of adopting a humorous, even absurd style, he takes a fairly serious tone that is uncommon in his other works. Part of the reason for this change was the underlying purpose behind this piece; unlike his other stories, which had some serious elements but were generally defined by their amusing tone, \"The Portrait\" was written partly to serve a form of social commentary.[13] The piece was published in a collection of stories called Arabesques; in addition to \"The Portrait\", Arabesques contained darker works including \"Diary of a Madman\".[14] Loosely, scholars have grouped literary works that are focused on the failings of society (such as Arabesques) during the mid to late 1800s as Petersburg Texts. Dostoevsky is generally considered to be the most influential author of these texts, but many others contributed to them, including Gogol.Part of the reason Gogol felt the need to write stories showcasing the true nature of Saint Petersburg and the toxic atmosphere the city (and indeed, the country) bred was that he himself had lived there; he worked briefly there as a government clerk and was struck by “the utter lack of social interaction” among his colleagues at the time.[15] Gogol disapproved of the way in which workers focused solely on advancing in the civil servant system and conveyed this disapproval through his writing: He uses the character of Andrey as a vehicle to highlight the vices posed by greed and fortune that is achieved without actually working for it.[13] Though Andrey is able to attain immediate wealth and fame because of the agreement he makes with the painting, he is eventually driven mad by the talent of other artists and pays the price for his ruthless pursuit of societal advancement.[13] In terms of the city itself, Gogol noted that Saint Petersburg was remarkably bare of organic feeling, and as a result his depiction of it differed from those of authors such as Pushkin in that there was very little geometry depicted in the city. Famous landmarks such as the city's parks and trees were absent in his portrayal of Saint Petersburg in \"The Portrait\" as Gogol instead emphasized the grim, crowded appearance of its stores and buildings.[13]In terms of the structure of the piece, Gogol did adhere to a set of guidelines generally shared with other Petersburg texts. Most prominently, \"The Portrait\" was grounded in a theme that reflected an underlying social problem, in this case being greed and the desperate pursuit of advancement.[15] In addition, by the end of the story we are able to at least partially sympathize with the main character. Andrey ultimately regretted his decision to make the deal with the portrait and expresses remorse over it. As he reaches the end of his life and his sanity gradually gives way, he begins to destroy artwork without discrimination, and our initial disgust for Andrey over his deal with the painting is at least partially replaced with pity.[13] In this way, Gogol demonstrates that though individuals can be flawed, redemption is still possible, albeit in a manner that the reader may not have been expecting. Other Petersburg texts, such \"Diary of a Madman\" and Notes from Underground, followed similar patterns.[13]","title":"Relation to Petersburg Texts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Antichrist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antichrist"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"The Academic American Encyclopedia cited the work as an example of the \"conflict between Gogol's idealistic strivings and his sad, cynical view of human propensities\".[16] First published in Arabesques, the story was received unfavorably by critics, and Gogol returned to the story, reworking it for the 1842 publication. Simon Karlinsky believes that the second version of the story, with its differing epilogue, works better within the context of the story, but writes that the work, while \"a serious treatment of an important social problem\", is \"too slender a theme\" to support the central thrust of the work, an attempt to portray \"the great mystical concept of the Antichrist\".[17]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Gogol's work has influenced the literature that followed. Adrian Wanner writes that Gary Shteyngart's work, ‘Shylock on the Neva’, is a modern-day writing of ‘The Portrait.'[18] The main plot of ‘Shylock on the Neva’ is the same as that of ‘The Portrait’. There is a wealthy St Petersburg man who asks a painter to do his portrait in order to fulfill his desire to be immortalized in art.[19] Some critics have argued that humor is lacking in ‘The Portrait’, Adrian Wanner argues that in rewriting the story, Shteyngart was attempting to ‘Gogolize’ his own tale.","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ladislas Starevich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladislas_Starevich"},{"link_name":"opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera"},{"link_name":"Mieczysław Weinberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mieczys%C5%82aw_Weinberg"},{"link_name":"The Portrait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Portrait_(opera)"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_4"},{"link_name":"Stephen Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Moore_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"A silent film from 1915 by Ladislas Starevich.\nThe story was the basis of an opera by Mieczysław Weinberg, The Portrait, composed in 1980.\nThe story was adapted for BBC Radio in 2002 as part of the BBC Radio 4 comedy series Three Ivans, Two Aunts and an Overcoat with the title \"The Mysterious Portrait\" and starred Stephen Moore.[20] This adaptation concludes with Chartkov arrogantly defying the image in the painting and paying a terrible price.","title":"Adaptations"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Guðmundsdóttir 1980-, Auður Eva (Apr 28, 2009). A comparative study on short stories by Edgar Allan Poe and Nikolai Gogol (Thesis). Retrieved Sep 25, 2019 – via skemman.is.","urls":[{"url":"https://skemman.is/handle/1946/2290","url_text":"A comparative study on short stories by Edgar Allan Poe and Nikolai Gogol"}]},{"reference":"Academic American Encyclopedia. Grolier Incorporated. 1994. p. 225. ISBN 0-7172-2053-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/academicamerican0018unse","url_text":"Academic American Encyclopedia"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/academicamerican0018unse/page/225","url_text":"225"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7172-2053-2","url_text":"0-7172-2053-2"}]},{"reference":"Simon Karlinsky (1992). The Sexual Labyrinth of Nikolai Gogol. University of Chicago Press. pp. 113–114. ISBN 0-226-42527-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-42527-4","url_text":"0-226-42527-4"}]},{"reference":"\"BBC Radio 4 Extra - Nikolai Gogol - Three Ivans, Two Aunts and an Overcoat, The Mysterious Portrait\". BBC. Retrieved Sep 25, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00nw3x9","url_text":"\"BBC Radio 4 Extra - Nikolai Gogol - Three Ivans, Two Aunts and an Overcoat, The Mysterious Portrait\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yusuke_Kishi
Yusuke Kishi
["1 Biography","2 Bibliography","2.1 Kei Enomoto series","2.2 Standalone novels","3 Adaptations","4 Awards","5 References","6 External links"]
Japanese author (born 1959) This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Yusuke Kishi" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Yusuke KishiBorn (1959-01-03) January 3, 1959 (age 65)Osaka, JapanOccupationNovelistKnown forThe Crimson LabyrinthFrom the New World Yusuke Kishi (貴志 祐介, Kishi Yūsuke, born January 3, 1959) is a Japanese author. He is a member of the Mystery Writers of Japan and the Honkaku Mystery Writers Club of Japan. Biography He graduated from Kyoto University with a degree in Economics. After working for a life insurance company for several years, Kishi started his writing career as a freelancer. He has twice won the Japan Horror Novel Award and has achieved a bestselling status in Japan with multiple works adapted to the screen. The Crimson Labyrinth marks his American debut. Bibliography Kei Enomoto series Novel The Glass Hammer (硝子のハンマー, Garasu no Hammā), 2004 Short story collections The House of Will-o'-the-Wisp (狐火の家, Kitsunebi no Ie), 2008 The Locked Room Murders (鍵のかかった部屋, Kagi no Kakatta Heya), 2011 Standalone novels Isola: Persona 13 (十三番目の人格 ISOLA, Jūsanban-me no Jinkaku: Isora), 1996 Black House (黒い家, Kuroi Ie), 1997 Chirping of Angels (天使の囀り, Tenshi no Saezuri), 1998 The Crimson Labyrinth (クリムゾンの迷宮, Kurimuzon no Meikyū), released in 1999 in Japan, published in English in 2006 by Vertical The Blue Flame (青の炎, Ao no Honō), 1999 From the New World (新世界より, Shinsekai Yori), 2008 Lesson of the Evil (悪の教典, Aku no Kyōten), 2010 Dark Zone (ダークゾーン, Dāku Zōn), 2011 The Wasp (雀蜂, Suzumebachi), 2013 Sinner's Choice (罪人の選択, Tsumibito no Sentaku), 2020 We Are All Alone (我々は、みな孤独である, Wareware Wa Mina Kodoku De Aru), 2020 Adaptations Japanese films Kuori le (1999) Isola: Persona 13 (2000) The Blue Light (2003) Lesson of the Evil (2012) (Aku no Kyōten) South Korean film Black House (2007) (Kuroi Ie) Anime From the New World (2012) Hong Kong film Legally Declared Dead 死因無可疑 (based on Black House) (2019) Manga Isola: Persona 13 (1999) The Blue Flame (2003) From the New World (2012-2014) Lesson of the Evil (2012-2015) The Crimson Labyrinth (2013-2014) Chirping of Angels (2020) Awards 1996 - 3th Japanese Horror Novel Award (ja): Isola 1997 - 4th Japanese Horror Novel Award (ja): Kuroi Ie (Black House) 2000 - 21st Yoshikawa Eiji Award Candidate (ja) and 13th Yamamoto Shugōrō Award Candidate (ja): Ao no Honō (The Blue Flame) 2005 - 58th Mystery Writers of Japan Award for Best Novel: Garasu no Hammā (The Glass Hammer ) 2008 - Japan SF Award (ja) and 30th Yoshikawa Eiji Award Candidate (ja) : From the New World 2010 - Yamada Futaro Award : Aku no Kyōten (Lesson of the Evil ) 2011 - The Best Japanese Crime Fiction of the Year (Kono Mystery ga Sugoi! 2011): Aku no Kyōten (Lesson of the Evil) References ^ "Yusuke Kishi (List of members)" (in Japanese). Mystery Writers of Japan, Inc. Retrieved August 13, 2015. ^ "Members of the Honkaku Mystery Writers Club of Japan" (in Japanese). Honkaku Mystery Writers Club of Japan. Retrieved August 13, 2015. ^ J'Lit | Publications : The Glass Hammer | Books from Japan (in English) ^ J'Lit | Publications : Lesson of the Evil | Books from Japan (in English) External links Yusuke Kishi at J'Lit Books from Japan (in English) Profile at Vertical, Inc. (in English) Powell's Books Biography Google Books List of Works Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Belgium United States Japan Korea Netherlands Academics CiNii Other IdRef This article about a Japanese writer, poet, or screenwriter is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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After working for a life insurance company for several years, Kishi started his writing career as a freelancer. He has twice won the Japan Horror Novel Award and has achieved a bestselling status in Japan with multiple works adapted to the screen. The Crimson Labyrinth marks his American debut.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Kei Enomoto series","text":"Novel\nThe Glass Hammer (硝子のハンマー, Garasu no Hammā), 2004\nShort story collections\nThe House of Will-o'-the-Wisp (狐火の家, Kitsunebi no Ie), 2008\nThe Locked Room Murders (鍵のかかった部屋, Kagi no Kakatta Heya), 2011","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Crimson Labyrinth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crimson_Labyrinth"},{"link_name":"Vertical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertical_(company)"},{"link_name":"From the New World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/From_the_New_World_(novel)"}],"sub_title":"Standalone novels","text":"Isola: Persona 13 (十三番目の人格 ISOLA, Jūsanban-me no Jinkaku: Isora), 1996\nBlack House (黒い家, Kuroi Ie), 1997\nChirping of Angels (天使の囀り, Tenshi no Saezuri), 1998\nThe Crimson Labyrinth (クリムゾンの迷宮, Kurimuzon no Meikyū), released in 1999 in Japan, published in English in 2006 by Vertical\nThe Blue Flame (青の炎, Ao no Honō), 1999\nFrom the New World (新世界より, Shinsekai Yori), 2008\nLesson of the Evil (悪の教典, Aku no Kyōten), 2010\nDark Zone (ダークゾーン, Dāku Zōn), 2011\nThe Wasp (雀蜂, Suzumebachi), 2013\nSinner's Choice (罪人の選択, Tsumibito no Sentaku), 2020\nWe Are All Alone (我々は、みな孤独である, Wareware Wa Mina Kodoku De Aru), 2020","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Blue Light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blue_Light_(2003_film)"},{"link_name":"Lesson of the Evil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesson_of_the_Evil"},{"link_name":"Black House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_House_(film)"},{"link_name":"From the New World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/From_the_New_World_(novel)"}],"text":"Japanese filmsKuori le (1999)\nIsola: Persona 13 (2000)\nThe Blue Light (2003)\nLesson of the Evil (2012) (Aku no Kyōten)South Korean filmBlack House (2007) (Kuroi Ie)AnimeFrom the New World (2012)Hong Kong filmLegally Declared Dead 死因無可疑 (based on Black House) (2019)MangaIsola: Persona 13 (1999)\nThe Blue Flame (2003)\nFrom the New World (2012-2014)\nLesson of the Evil (2012-2015)\nThe Crimson Labyrinth (2013-2014)\nChirping of Angels (2020)","title":"Adaptations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"3th Japanese Horror Novel Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=3th_Japanese_Horror_Novel_Award&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E3%83%9B%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E5%B0%8F%E8%AA%AC%E5%A4%A7%E8%B3%9E"},{"link_name":"4th Japanese Horror Novel Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=4th_Japanese_Horror_Novel_Award&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E3%83%9B%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E5%B0%8F%E8%AA%AC%E5%A4%A7%E8%B3%9E"},{"link_name":"21st Yoshikawa Eiji Award Candidate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=21st_Yoshikawa_Eiji_Award_Candidate&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%89%E5%B7%9D%E8%8B%B1%E6%B2%BB%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6%E6%96%B0%E4%BA%BA%E8%B3%9E"},{"link_name":"13th Yamamoto Shugōrō Award Candidate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=13th_Yamamoto_Shug%C5%8Dr%C5%8D_Award_Candidate&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E6%9C%AC%E5%91%A8%E4%BA%94%E9%83%8E%E8%B3%9E"},{"link_name":"58th Mystery Writers of Japan Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=58th_Mystery_Writers_of_Japan_Award&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Japan SF Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=29th_Nihon_SF_Taisho_Award&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%ACSF%E5%A4%A7%E8%B3%9E"},{"link_name":"30th Yoshikawa Eiji Award Candidate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=30th_Yoshikawa_Eiji_Award_Candidate&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%89%E5%B7%9D%E8%8B%B1%E6%B2%BB%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6%E6%96%B0%E4%BA%BA%E8%B3%9E"},{"link_name":"From the New World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/From_the_New_World_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Yamada Futaro Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yamada_Futaro_Award&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Kono Mystery ga Sugoi! 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kono_Mystery_ga_Sugoi!#2011"}],"text":"1996 - 3th Japanese Horror Novel Award (ja): Isola\n1997 - 4th Japanese Horror Novel Award (ja): Kuroi Ie (Black House)\n2000 - 21st Yoshikawa Eiji Award Candidate (ja) and 13th Yamamoto Shugōrō Award Candidate (ja): Ao no Honō (The Blue Flame)\n2005 - 58th Mystery Writers of Japan Award for Best Novel: Garasu no Hammā (The Glass Hammer [3])\n2008 - Japan SF Award (ja) and 30th Yoshikawa Eiji Award Candidate (ja) : From the New World\n2010 - Yamada Futaro Award : Aku no Kyōten (Lesson of the Evil [4])\n2011 - The Best Japanese Crime Fiction of the Year (Kono Mystery ga Sugoi! 2011): Aku no Kyōten (Lesson of the Evil)","title":"Awards"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_synagogue
Gaza synagogue
["1 History","2 Description","2.1 Mosaic floor","3 See also","4 References","5 Further reading","6 External links"]
Ancient synagogue in Gaza Strip You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Russian. (November 2023) Click for important translation instructions. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Russian Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|ru|Синагога Газы}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. The ancient synagogue of Gaza was built in 508 CE during the Byzantine period and was discovered in 1965. It was located in the ancient port city of Gaza, then known as " Maiumas", currently the Rimal district of Gaza City. History Section of the synagogue's mosaic floor In 1965, Egyptian archaeologists discovered the site and announced they had uncovered a church. Later a mosaic of King David wearing a crown and playing a lyre, labelled in Hebrew, was found. The mosaic was dated to 508-09 CE and measured 3 meters (9.8 ft) high by 1.9 meters (6.2 ft) wide. It was originally described as depicting a female saint playing the harp. The Egyptian archaeologists stated that the mosaic was in fact an Orpheus mosaic, Orpheus being a figure from Greek mythology who was commonly associated with Jesus or David and used in Byzantine art. Shortly after the mosaic's discovery, the main figure's face was gouged out. When Israel captured the Gaza Strip in the 1967 Six-Day War, the mosaic was transferred to the Israel Museum for restoration. The mosaic floor of the synagogue is on show at the Museum of the Good Samaritan, located on the Jerusalem-Jericho Road near the Israeli settlement of Ma'ale Adumim in the West Bank. Description Mosaic floor The best known panel of the mosaic floor shows King David, who is named in a Hebrew inscription reading "David" (דויד), while sitting and playing a lyre with a number of wild animals listening tamely in front of him. The iconography is a clear example of David being depicted in the posture of the legendary Greek musician Orpheus. See also Ancient synagogues in the Palestine region - covers entire Palestine region/Land of Israel Ancient synagogues in Israel - covers the modern State of Israel Hellenistic Judaism Jewish Christianity Synagogal Judaism Therapeutae References ^ Ancient synagogues. Dan Urman, Paul Virgil McCracken Flesher. pg. 368. ^ Connie Kestenbaum Green. King David’s Head from Gaza Synagogue Restored Archived 2013-12-13 at the Wayback Machine, Biblical Archaeology Review Magazine (Mar/Apr 1994). ^ Ancient synagogues. Dan Urman, Paul Virgil McCracken Flesher. p.73. ^ Geoffrey W. Bromiley. International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: E-J, p. 418. ^ King David’s Head from Gaza Synagogue Restored ^ a b Israel Museum ^ The Arab Campaign to Destroy Israel Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine, American Jewish Committee ^ Mosaic museum opens in the West Bank ^ a b James R. Russell, The Lyre of King David and the Greeks, note 18. Published in Judaica Petropolitana No. 8 Archived 2019-12-15 at the Wayback Machine (2017), pp. 12-33, ISSN 2307-9053 Further reading A. Ovadiah, "The Synagogue at Gaza," Qadmoniyot 1/4 (1968): 124-127, pls. c, d. A. Ovadiah, "Excavations in the Area of the Ancient Synagogue at Gaza (Preliminary Report)," Israel Exploration Journal 19 (1969): 193-198. A. Ovadiah, "Gaza Maiumas, 1976," Israel Exploration Journal 27 (1977): 176-178. A. Ovadiah, "The Synagogue at Gaza," pp. 129–132 in Ancient Synagogues Revealed, ed. L. I. Levine. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society, 1981. External links Mosaic from the floor of the ancient synagogue at Gaza Archived 2011-07-19 at the Wayback Machine Photos of the Gaza Synagogue at the Manar al-Athar photo archive vteGaza CityGaza History (Jews) Education Port of Gaza Neighborhoods Judeide Nasser Old City Zaytun Quarter Daraj Quarter Rimal Sabra Al-Saha (As-Saha) al-Shati Camp Sheikh Ijlin Sheikh Radwan Shuja'iyya Tel al-Hawa Tuffah Turukman Zeitoun Mosques Aybaki Mosque Great Mosque of Gaza (Great Omari Mosque) Ibn Marwan Mosque Ibn Uthman Mosque Katib al-Wilaya Mosque Mahkamah Mosque† Sayed al-Hashim Mosque Sham'ah Mosque Shaykh Zakariyya Mosque Churches Saint Porphyrius Orthodox Church Holy Family Catholic Church Gaza Baptist Church† Historic buildings and institutions Ancient Synagogue Hamam al-Sammara Qasr al-Basha Qissariya Market Palestinian Centre for Human Rights Palestinian Legislative Council Health care and education Al-Ahli Arab Hospital Al-Aqsa Hospital Al-Aqsa University Al-Azhar University Al-Rantisi Hospital Islamic University Al-Shifa Hospital Kamal Adwan Hospital Al-Awda Hospital Turkish-Palestinian Friendship Hospital Recreation and cultural centers Al-Bustan Bisan City Al-Deira Hotel Faisal Equestrian Club Gaza Mall Al-Andalusia mall Gaza Museum of Archaeology Palestine Stadium Rashad Shawa Cultural Center Roots Club As-Sadaka Gaza YMCA Streets and squares Ahmad Orabi Street Izz al-Din al-Qassam Street Jamal Abdel Nasser Street Omar Mukhtar Street Palestine Square Salah al-Din Road Suq Street Unknown Soldier's Square Wehda Street
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Byzantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine"},{"link_name":"discovered in 1965","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1965_in_archaeology"},{"link_name":"Maiumas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maiuma_(city)"},{"link_name":"Rimal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimal"},{"link_name":"Gaza City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_City"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The ancient synagogue of Gaza was built in 508 CE during the Byzantine period and was discovered in 1965. It was located in the ancient port city of Gaza, then known as \" Maiumas\", currently the Rimal district of Gaza City.[1]","title":"Gaza synagogue"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PikiWiki_Israel_15077_Mosaic_from_the_ancient_synagogue_in_Gaza.JPG"},{"link_name":"Egyptian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"King David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_David"},{"link_name":"lyre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyre"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Orpheus mosaic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orpheus_mosaic"},{"link_name":"Orpheus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orpheus"},{"link_name":"Greek mythology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_mythology"},{"link_name":"Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus"},{"link_name":"Byzantine art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_art"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IsraelMuseum-6"},{"link_name":"Gaza Strip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_Strip"},{"link_name":"Six-Day War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six-Day_War"},{"link_name":"Israel Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Museum"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IsraelMuseum-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Museum of the Good Samaritan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inn_of_the_Good_Samaritan"},{"link_name":"Israeli settlement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_settlement"},{"link_name":"Ma'ale Adumim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%27ale_Adumim"},{"link_name":"West Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bank"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Section of the synagogue's mosaic floorIn 1965, Egyptian archaeologists discovered the site and announced they had uncovered a church.[2] Later a mosaic of King David wearing a crown and playing a lyre, labelled in Hebrew, was found. The mosaic was dated to 508-09 CE and measured 3 meters (9.8 ft) high by 1.9 meters (6.2 ft) wide.[3][4] It was originally described as depicting a female saint playing the harp.[5] The Egyptian archaeologists stated that the mosaic was in fact an Orpheus mosaic, Orpheus being a figure from Greek mythology who was commonly associated with Jesus or David and used in Byzantine art.[6] Shortly after the mosaic's discovery, the main figure's face was gouged out. When Israel captured the Gaza Strip in the 1967 Six-Day War, the mosaic was transferred to the Israel Museum for restoration.[6][7]The mosaic floor of the synagogue is on show at the Museum of the Good Samaritan, located on the Jerusalem-Jericho Road near the Israeli settlement of Ma'ale Adumim in the West Bank.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Russell-9"},{"link_name":"Orpheus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orpheus"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Russell-9"}],"sub_title":"Mosaic floor","text":"The best known panel of the mosaic floor shows King David, who is named in a Hebrew inscription reading \"David\" (דויד), while sitting and playing a lyre with a number of wild animals listening tamely in front of him.[9] The iconography is a clear example of David being depicted in the posture of the legendary Greek musician Orpheus.[9]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"A. Ovadiah, \"The Synagogue at Gaza,\" Qadmoniyot 1/4 (1968): 124-127, pls. c, d.\nA. Ovadiah, \"Excavations in the Area of the Ancient Synagogue at Gaza (Preliminary Report),\" Israel Exploration Journal 19 (1969): 193-198.\nA. Ovadiah, \"Gaza Maiumas, 1976,\" Israel Exploration Journal 27 (1977): 176-178.\nA. Ovadiah, \"The Synagogue at Gaza,\" pp. 129–132 in Ancient Synagogues Revealed, ed. L. I. Levine. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society, 1981.","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Section of the synagogue's mosaic floor","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/PikiWiki_Israel_15077_Mosaic_from_the_ancient_synagogue_in_Gaza.JPG/220px-PikiWiki_Israel_15077_Mosaic_from_the_ancient_synagogue_in_Gaza.JPG"}]
[{"title":"Ancient synagogues in the Palestine region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_synagogues_in_the_Palestine_region"},{"title":"Palestine region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_region"},{"title":"Land of Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_of_Israel"},{"title":"Ancient synagogues in Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_synagogues_in_Israel"},{"title":"State of Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Israel"},{"title":"Hellenistic Judaism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism"},{"title":"Jewish Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Christianity"},{"title":"Synagogal Judaism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synagogal_Judaism"},{"title":"Therapeutae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapeutae"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Milo
Mike Milo
["1 References","2 External links"]
American film director This article is about the animator. For the fictional character, see Mike Milo (Cry Macho). This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Mike Milo" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Mike MiloBorn (1965-07-22) July 22, 1965 (age 58)Hackensack, New Jersey, U.S.NationalityAmericanOccupation(s)Animator, cartoon director, storyboard artist, writer, producerYears active1990–present Mike Milo (born July 22, 1965) is an American animator, director, storyboard artist, writer, and producer in the television industry. He is currently directing the new series Scooby-Doo and Guess Who? at Warner Bros. Animation. He was an animation director on Uncle Grandpa as well as Craig of the Creek, both for Cartoon Network. He was also a story artist on Curious George for Universal. In 2012, he worked as a storyboard artist for The Fairly OddParents, and developed a pilot with Butch Hartman. Before that, he directed the animated series Randy Cunningham: 9th Grade Ninja at Titmouse, Inc. for Disney XD. He is also known to have designed the characters for the Comedy Central series Brickleberry, although he is uncredited. Before that, he was a story artist on the show Phineas and Ferb for Disney Channel and co-wrote nine episodes for that series. Growing up in Old Tappan, New Jersey, he began his animation career in 1990 animating commercials for Broadcast Arts (later known as Curious Pictures) in New York City. Subsequently, he worked for Sierra On-Line and Warner Bros., again as an animator working on Tiny Toon Adventures, Animaniacs, Tazmania, Pinky and the Brain and Histeria!. He has also worked for Disney Television Animation, Frederator Studios, Film Roman, Hanna-Barbera, Universal Animation Studios, Nickelodeon, Cartoon Network Studios, DIC Entertainment, Saban, Mike Young Productions, and other smaller studios. His first directing job was at Film Roman, where he was the assistant director on Gracie Films' The Critic. He created and directed two shorts titled Bloo's Gang and The Ignoramooses for Cartoon Network's showcase series What a Cartoon!, and went on to direct numerous TV shows (some of which he had worked on earlier in his career) such as Animaniacs, Pinky and the Brain, and Xiaolin Showdown. He also did the first US pilot starring an east Indian boy called Swaroop for a WB/Cartoon Network co-production that ultimately ended up being in the "Big Pick" contest on The Cartoon Cartoon Show. From there, he went on to head up the animation department at 3DBob Productions on The Godman, a Christian feature distributed by Book of Hope International. He was creative producer and director on the WB show Generation O. He created and directed a cartoon for Nickelodeon and Frederator Studios called Flavio, which would be seen as part of the animated showcase series Random! Cartoons, in 2008. In 2007, he served as Director of Animation for Gigapix Studios headed by David Pritchard, and has directed episodes of the animated series Chowder for Cartoon Network. Milo graduated in 1983 from Northern Valley Regional High School at Old Tappan. Milo directed and animated three shorts called True Stories for Smosh, which to date have garnered over 30 million hits on YouTube. Most recently, he and his wife Laura Milo launched the website Animation Insider, which interviews animation artists around the world. References ^ Watson, John. "Cartoon hopes for good karma" Archived June 10, 2020, at the Wayback Machine, The Record, July 27, 2001. Accessed June 10, 2020. "But cartoonist Mike Milo hopes that will change just a bit with the Cartoon Network's premiere of his new animated short, Swaroop.... The look of the Shukla family is based on photos of Rao's family, and Milo, who grew up in Old Tappan and now lives in Los Angeles, used memories of his old New Jersey neighborhood to draw Swaroop's new suburban home." ^ "Youtube". YouTube. Archived from the original on March 20, 2007. Retrieved December 12, 2015. ^ Bookofhope.net Archived April 10, 2007, at the Wayback Machine ^ "Nickelodeon Games, Episodes, Shows & Characters - Nick.com". www.nick.com. Archived from the original on February 19, 2007. Retrieved June 28, 2022. ^ "Frederator". frederator.com. Archived from the original on August 20, 2006. Retrieved June 28, 2022. ^ "GigapixStudios.com". Archived from the original on June 2, 2013. Retrieved June 28, 2022. ^ Ivry, Bob. "'Toon boom shapes their lives" Archived June 10, 2020, at the Wayback Machine, The Record. October 14, 1996. Accessed June 10, 2020. "Milo, a 1983 graduate of Northern Valley High School at Old Tappan, has more experience than Moncrief, but the same aim." External links Official website Animation Insider – Interviews about animators by animators!
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Animation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros._Animation"},{"link_name":"Uncle Grandpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncle_Grandpa"},{"link_name":"Craig of the Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_of_the_Creek"},{"link_name":"Cartoon Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartoon_Network"},{"link_name":"Curious George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curious_George_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Universal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Animation_Studios"},{"link_name":"The Fairly OddParents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fairly_OddParents"},{"link_name":"Butch Hartman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butch_Hartman"},{"link_name":"Randy Cunningham: 9th Grade Ninja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy_Cunningham:_9th_Grade_Ninja"},{"link_name":"Titmouse, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titmouse,_Inc."},{"link_name":"Disney XD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney_XD"},{"link_name":"Comedy Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_Central"},{"link_name":"Brickleberry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brickleberry"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Phineas and Ferb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phineas_and_Ferb"},{"link_name":"Disney Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney_Channel"},{"link_name":"Old Tappan, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Tappan,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Curious Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curious_Pictures"},{"link_name":"Sierra On-Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_On-Line"},{"link_name":"Warner Bros.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros."},{"link_name":"Tiny Toon Adventures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiny_Toon_Adventures"},{"link_name":"Animaniacs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animaniacs"},{"link_name":"Tazmania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tazmania"},{"link_name":"Pinky and the Brain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinky_and_the_Brain"},{"link_name":"Histeria!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histeria!"},{"link_name":"Disney Television Animation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney_Television_Animation"},{"link_name":"Frederator Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederator_Studios"},{"link_name":"Film Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_Roman"},{"link_name":"Hanna-Barbera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanna-Barbera"},{"link_name":"Universal Animation Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Animation_Studios"},{"link_name":"Nickelodeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickelodeon_Animation_Studio"},{"link_name":"Cartoon Network Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartoon_Network_Studios"},{"link_name":"DIC Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DIC_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Saban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saban_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Mike Young Productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Young_Productions"},{"link_name":"Film Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_Roman"},{"link_name":"Gracie Films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gracie_Films"},{"link_name":"The Critic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Critic"},{"link_name":"Cartoon Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartoon_Network"},{"link_name":"What a Cartoon!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_a_Cartoon!"},{"link_name":"Pinky and the Brain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinky_and_the_Brain"},{"link_name":"Xiaolin Showdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiaolin_Showdown"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"The Cartoon Cartoon Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cartoon_Cartoon_Show"},{"link_name":"The Godman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Godman"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Generation O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generation_O!"},{"link_name":"Nickelodeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickelodeon"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Frederator Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederator_Studios"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Random! Cartoons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random!_Cartoons"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Chowder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chowder_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Cartoon Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartoon_Network"},{"link_name":"Northern Valley Regional High School at Old Tappan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Valley_Regional_High_School_at_Old_Tappan"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Smosh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smosh"}],"text":"This article is about the animator. For the fictional character, see Mike Milo (Cry Macho).Mike Milo (born July 22, 1965) is an American animator, director, storyboard artist, writer, and producer in the television industry. He is currently directing the new series Scooby-Doo and Guess Who? at Warner Bros. Animation. He was an animation director on Uncle Grandpa as well as Craig of the Creek, both for Cartoon Network. He was also a story artist on Curious George for Universal. In 2012, he worked as a storyboard artist for The Fairly OddParents, and developed a pilot with Butch Hartman. Before that, he directed the animated series Randy Cunningham: 9th Grade Ninja at Titmouse, Inc. for Disney XD. He is also known to have designed the characters for the Comedy Central series Brickleberry, although he is uncredited.[citation needed] Before that, he was a story artist on the show Phineas and Ferb for Disney Channel and co-wrote nine episodes for that series. Growing up in Old Tappan, New Jersey,[1] he began his animation career in 1990 animating commercials for Broadcast Arts (later known as Curious Pictures) in New York City. Subsequently, he worked for Sierra On-Line and Warner Bros., again as an animator working on Tiny Toon Adventures, Animaniacs, Tazmania, Pinky and the Brain and Histeria!. He has also worked for Disney Television Animation, Frederator Studios, Film Roman, Hanna-Barbera, Universal Animation Studios, Nickelodeon, Cartoon Network Studios, DIC Entertainment, Saban, Mike Young Productions, and other smaller studios.His first directing job was at Film Roman, where he was the assistant director on Gracie Films' The Critic. He created and directed two shorts titled Bloo's Gang and The Ignoramooses for Cartoon Network's showcase series What a Cartoon!, and went on to direct numerous TV shows (some of which he had worked on earlier in his career) such as Animaniacs, Pinky and the Brain, and Xiaolin Showdown. He also did the first US pilot starring an east Indian boy called Swaroop[2] for a WB/Cartoon Network co-production that ultimately ended up being in the \"Big Pick\" contest on The Cartoon Cartoon Show. From there, he went on to head up the animation department at 3DBob Productions on The Godman, a Christian feature distributed by Book of Hope International.[3] He was creative producer and director on the WB show Generation O. He created and directed a cartoon for Nickelodeon[4] and Frederator Studios[5] called Flavio, which would be seen as part of the animated showcase series Random! Cartoons, in 2008. In 2007, he served as Director of Animation for Gigapix Studios[6] headed by David Pritchard, and has directed episodes of the animated series Chowder for Cartoon Network.Milo graduated in 1983 from Northern Valley Regional High School at Old Tappan.[7]Milo directed and animated three shorts called True Stories for Smosh, which to date have garnered over 30 million hits on YouTube. Most recently, he and his wife Laura Milo launched the website Animation Insider, which interviews animation artists around the world.","title":"Mike Milo"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ghost_of_Blackwood_Hall
The Ghost of Blackwood Hall
["1 Plot summary","2 References","3 External links"]
Nancy Drew 25, published 1948 The Ghost of Blackwood Hall Original edition coverAuthorCarolyn KeeneCover artistRussell H. TandyLanguageEnglishSeriesNancy Drew Mystery StoriesGenreJuvenile literaturePublisherGrosset & DunlapPublication date1948Publication placeUnited StatesMedia typePrint (hardback & paperback)ISBN0-448-09525-4Preceded byThe Clue in the Old Album Followed byThe Clue of the Leaning Chimney  The Ghost of Blackwood Hall is the twenty-fifth volume in the Nancy Drew Mystery Stories series. It was first published in 1948 under the pseudonym Carolyn Keene. The actual author was ghostwriter Mildred Wirt Benson. Plot summary Nancy Drew's jeweler's customer Mrs. Putney asks Nancy and her friends to help recover her stolen jewels. The search for the thieves takes Nancy, Bess, and George to New Orleans. Mrs. Putney's odd behavior and two young women involve Nancy in a case involving a cruel hoax being perpetrated at the abandoned Blackwood Hall. Nancy's father, Carson Drew, also helps solve this mystery by contacting his workers, and helping him find the man that is connected to this mysterious affair. References ^ The Ghost of Blackwood Hall at WorldCat ^ Rehak, Melanie (2006). Girl Sleuth: Nancy Drew and the Women Who Created Her. Harcourt. pp. 222–223. ISBN 9780156030564. External links The Ghost of Blackwood Hall (1967 edition) at Faded Page (Canada) vteNancy Drew Stratemeyer Syndicate Carolyn Keene Edward Stratemeyer Characters Nancy Drew George Fayne Ned Nickerson Writers Mildred Benson Walter Karig Harriet Adams Susan Wittig Albert George Edward Stanley James D. Lawrence See also The Hardy Boys Tom Swift TV series The Dana Girls BooksNancy Drew Mystery Stories The Secret of the Old Clock (1930) The Hidden Staircase (1930) The Bungalow Mystery (1930) The Mystery at Lilac Inn (1931) The Secret at Shadow Ranch (1931) The Secret of Red Gate Farm (1931) The Clue in the Diary (1932) Nancy's Mysterious Letter (1932) The Sign of the Twisted Candles (1933) The Password to Larkspur Lane (1933) The Clue of the Broken Locket (1934) The Message in the Hollow Oak (1935) The Mystery of the Ivory Charm (1936) The Whispering Statue (1937) The Haunted Bridge (1937) The Clue of the Tapping Heels (1939) The Mystery of the Brass Bound Trunk (1940) The Mystery at the Moss-Covered Mansion (1941) The Quest of the Missing Map (1942) The Clue in the Jewel Box (1943) The Secret in the Old Attic (1944) The Clue in the Crumbling Wall (1945) The Mystery of the Tolling Bell (1946) The Clue in the Old Album (1947) The Ghost of Blackwood Hall (1948) The Clue of the Leaning Chimney (1949) The Secret of the Wooden Lady (1950) The Clue of the Black Keys (1951) The Mystery at the Ski Jump (1952) The Clue of the Velvet Mask (1953) The Ringmaster's Secret (1953) The Scarlet Slipper Mystery (1954) The Witch Tree Symbol (1955) The Hidden Window Mystery (1956) The Haunted Showboat (1957) The Secret of the Golden Pavilion (1959) The Clue in the Old Stagecoach (1960) The Mystery of the Fire Dragon (1961) The Clue of the Dancing Puppet (1962) The Moonstone Castle Mystery (1963) The Clue of the Whistling Bagpipes (1964) The Phantom of Pine Hill (1965) The Mystery of the 99 Steps (1966) The Clue in the Crossword Cipher (1967) The Spider Sapphire Mystery (1968) The Invisible Intruder (1969) The Mysterious Mannequin (1970) The Crooked Banister (1971) The Secret of Mirror Bay (1972) The Double Jinx Mystery (1973) Mystery of the Glowing Eye (1974) The Secret of the Forgotten City (1975) The Sky Phantom (1976) The Strange Message in the Parchment (1977) Mystery of Crocodile Island (1978) The Thirteenth Pearl (1979) The Triple Hoax (1979) The Flying Saucer Mystery (1980) The Secret in the Old Lace (1980) The Greek Symbol Mystery (1980) The Swami's Ring (1981) The Kachina Doll Mystery (1981) The Twin Dilemma (1981) Captive Witness (1981) Race Against Time (1982) The Broken Anchor (1983) The Mardi Gras Mystery (1988) The Case of the Rising Stars (1988) The Mystery of the Masked Rider (1992) The Treasure in the Royal Tower (1995) The Wedding Day Mystery (1997) The E-mail Mystery (1998) Whispers in the Fog (2000) The Legend of the Emerald Lady (2000) Mystery By Moonlight (2002) The Bike Tour Mystery (2002) The Mistletoe Mystery (2002) No Strings Attached (2003) The Riding Club Crime (2003) Danger on the Great Lakes (2003) Werewolf in a Winter Wonderland (2003) Other series The Nancy Drew Files (1986-97) Nancy Drew Notebooks (1993-2005) Nancy Drew on Campus (1995-98) Nancy Drew: Girl Detective (2004-12) Nancy Drew and the Clue Crew (2006-15) Nancy Drew Diaries (2013-present) Nancy Drew Clue Book (2015-present) Hardy Boys crossovers Be a Detective Mystery Stories (1984-85) Nancy Drew & Hardy Boys Supermystery (1988-98) Nancy Drew and the Hardy Boys Super Mystery (2007-12) Other mediaVideo games Secrets Can Kill (1998) (Remastered, 2010) Stay Tuned for Danger (1999) Message in a Haunted Mansion (2000) Treasure in the Royal Tower (2001) The Final Scene (2001) Secret of the Scarlet Hand (2002) Ghost Dogs of Moon Lake (2002) The Haunted Carousel (2003) Danger on Deception Island (2003) The Secret of Shadow Ranch (2004) Curse of Blackmoor Manor (2004) Secret of the Old Clock (2005) Last Train to Blue Moon Canyon (2005) Danger By Design (2006) The Creature of Kapu Cave (2006) The White Wolf of Icicle Creek (2007) Legend of the Crystal Skull (2007) The Phantom of Venice (2008) The Haunting of Castle Malloy (2008) Dossier: Lights, Camera, Curses (2008) Ransom of the Seven Ships (2009) Dossier: Resorting to Danger (2009) Warnings at Waverly Academy (2009) Trail of the Twister (2010) Shadow at the Water's Edge (2010) The Captive Curse (2011) Alibi in Ashes (2011) Tomb of the Lost Queen (2012) The Deadly Device (2012) Ghost of Thornton Hall (2013) The Silent Spy (2013) The Shattered Medallion (2014) Labyrinth of Lies (2014) Sea of Darkness (2015) Midnight in Salem (2019) Film and television Nancy Drew: Detective (1938 film) Nancy Drew: Reporter (1939 film) Nancy Drew: Trouble Shooter (1939 film) Nancy Drew and the Hidden Staircase (1939 film) The Hardy Boys/Nancy Drew Mysteries (1977 TV series) Nancy Drew (1995 TV series) Nancy Drew (2002 TV movie) Nancy Drew (2007 film) Nancy Drew and the Hidden Staircase (2019 film) Nancy Drew (2019 TV series) Children's literature portalNovels portal This article about a mystery novel for children first published in the 1940s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.See guidelines for writing about novels. Further suggestions might be found on the article's talk page.vte This article about a young adult novel of the 1940s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.See guidelines for writing about novels. Further suggestions might be found on the article's talk page.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_salad
Michigan salad
["1 See also","2 References"]
Michigan saladA Michigan salad with grilled shrimpTypeSaladPlace of originUnited StatesRegion or stateMichiganCreated byScott RossenMain ingredientsSalad greens, dried cherries or cranberries, blue cheese, vinaigrette; sometimes walnuts or pecans A Michigan salad is a type of green salad popular at restaurants in the Detroit area and other parts of Michigan. It is typically topped with dried cherries, blue cheese, and a vinaigrette dressing. Some recipes use dried cranberries instead of cherries, add other kinds of fruit such as apple or mandarin orange, omit or substitute the blue cheese, and/or add walnuts or pecans. In Western Michigan, a Michigan salad might include grapes, sliced apples, and walnuts or pecans. It often will have a mayonnaise and mustard based dressing, rather than a vinaigrette. See also Waldorf salad List of salads Food portal References ^ Fisher, Theresa (February 17, 2015). "Here's What Salad Looks Like Across America". Mic. Retrieved August 25, 2018. vteSaladsList of saladsSalads Acar Afghan salad Arab salad Asinan Bean salad Blunkett salad Burmese salads Buddha bowl Caesar salad Caprese salad Carrot salad Celery Victor Cheese slaw Chef salad Chicken salad Chilean salad Chinese chicken salad Çoban salatası Cobb salad Coleslaw Curtido Egg salad Esgarrat Fiambre Ful medames salad Gado-gado Glasswort salad Goma-ae Greek salad Ham salad Hummus salad Ispanakhi Matsvnit Israeli eggplant salad Israeli salad Kachumbari Kachumber Kangkung belacan Karedok Kinilnat Kısır Kosambari Kuluban Lalab Larb Lyutika Malfouf salad Masmouta salad Matbukha Mechouia salad Mercimek köftesi Mesclun Michigan salad Mizeria Morkovcha Nam khao Nam tok Nộm Nopalito Olivier salad Pantesca salad Pasembur Pecel Pico de gallo Piyaz Plecing kangkung Potato salad Raheb Red slaw Rojak Rosolli Rujak soto Sabzi khordan Şakşuka Salade cauchoise Salade niçoise Salată de boeuf Salmagundi Serbian salad Seven-layer salad Shalgam Shirazi salad Shopska salad Singju Snow White salad Spinach salad Stir fried water spinach Sweet potato salad Szałot Tabbouleh Taco salad Taktouka Tangpyeong-chae Texas caviar Thai salads Ulam Ummak huriyya Urap Urnebes Vinegret Wheat salad Wurstsalat Yam naem Yum sen lon Bread salads Cappon magro Dakos Fattoush Panzanella Dessert salads Ambrosia Cookie salad Frogeye salad Fruit salad Glorified rice Jello salad Seafoam salad Snickers salad Strawberry Delight Watergate salad Fish salads Buljol Crab Louie Dressed herring Golbaengi-muchim Herring salad Kinilaw Koi Kung chae nampla Lomi-lomi salmon Mimosa salad 'Ota 'ika Poke Rubiyan salad Shrimp Louie Tuna salad Yusheng Fruit salads Bionico Candle salad Charoset Green papaya salad Macedonia Sicilian orange salad Waldorf salad Noodle salads Khauk swè thoke Macaroni salad Mont di Nan gyi thohk Pasta salad Sōmen salad Related articles Burmese salads Crouton Eggplant salads and appetizers List of Arab salads Make a Salad Salad bar Salad bowl Salad days Salad spinner Thai salads  Category: Salads This American cuisine–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This Michigan-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C5%A1o_Broz
Mišo Broz
["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Personal life","4 References"]
Croatian diplomat This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Mišo Broz" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Aleksandar Mišo BrozAmbassador of Croatia to IndonesiaIn role2004–2009 Personal detailsBornAleksandar Broz (1941-05-21) 21 May 1941 (age 83)Zagreb, Independent State of Croatia(now Croatia)SpouseMira BrozChildren Aleksandra Saša Broz Andrej (born 1973) Parents Josip Broz Tito Herta Haas Alma materUniversity of ZagrebOccupationDiplomat Aleksandar "Mišo" Broz (Serbo-Croatian Cyrillic: Александар "Мишо" Броз; born c. 21 May 1941) is a Croatian retired diplomat. He is the youngest son of Yugoslav president and Marshal Josip Broz (1892–1980) and Herta Haas (1914–2010). Early life He was born on c. 21 May 1941 in Zagreb. He was given the name Aleksandar at birth, but during the war he was given the name Mišo, which he continued to use later. Mišo's father, Josip Broz Tito, met Mišo's mother Herta Haas in 1937. Their relationship lasted until 1941. Just before his birth, Nazi Germany invaded his home country of Yugoslavia. His father Josip Broz Tito, the secretary general of the then illegal Communist Party of Yugoslavia (KPJ), had to move to Belgrade a few days prior to his birth. Although the rules of the illegal revolutionary life at the time dictated that an illegitimate mother hand over her newborn child to a different family for care, so as not to expose herself and the child to the risk of arrest, his mother Herta Haas refused and at first took care of her son alone. Her mother Priska and Tito's friend Vladimir Velebit helped her take care of the child. When Herta Haas was threatened with arrest in November 1941, she gave her son Aleksandar, who was already six months old at the time, into the care of a family. He then became one of the youngest fugitives and took the illegal name Mišo. His mother was later arrested, and in 1943 she was exchanged for captured German officers and moved to the liberated territory. Until the end of the war, Mišo did not know his real parents - he saw his father for the first time in April 1945, and his mother in May of the same year. After the liberation of Yugoslavia, Mišo lived in Belgrade, in the immediate vicinity of his father, the prime minister of Yugoslavia. Mišo, and later his older brother's children from his first marriage – Josip Joška and Zlatica, were taken care of by cousin Marija, daughter of Tito's eldest brother Martin Broz. He finished elementary school and high school in Belgrade, and then moved to Zagreb, where he graduated from the University of Zagreb. Career After graduating from university, he worked in the economy. First, he worked at the "Prvomajska" machine tool factory, where he was the head of the export department and director of foreign trade. Later, he worked for the oil company INA, where he was the director of the import-export sector, and for the Government of the Socialist Republic of Croatia, where he was on the Committee for Foreign Relations. From 1983 to 1993, he held the highest positions in INA. After the independence of the Republic of Croatia, in 1991, at the suggestion of then president Franjo Tuđman, he moved to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, where he was first an advisor to the minister, and then plenipotentiary minister at the Croatian embassy in Russia and Egypt. His last duty was as ambassador to Indonesia, from 2004 to 2009. Personal life He is married to Mira Broz, born Kosinc, and has two children - daughter Aleksandra Saša (b. 1969) and son Andrej (b. 1973), as well as three grandchildren - Sara, Luka, and Zita. He lives in Zagreb. Broz has registered several trademarks related to his father. References ^ "'Kakav čovjek...moj tata', objavila je Titova unuka Saša Broz s rođendanske proslave svog oca Miše". Slobodna Dalmacija. 22 May 2021. Retrieved 26 January 2023. ^ "ROĐENDAN TITOVOG SINA: Mišo Broz slavio u krugu obitelji, a kći Saša objavila fotografije". Totalinfo.hr. 22 May 2021. Retrieved 26 January 2023. ^ "TITO'S SON MISO BROZ INTERVIEWED". East Europe Report, Political, Sociological and Military Affairs (1708). 17 August 1979. Titograd POBJEDA of 25 May 1979 on page 7 carries an interview with Tito's son Miso Broz by POBJEDA editor Slobodan Vukovic. The interview was held in the Zagreb apartment of Miso Broz, where he lives with his wife, Mira, who is a dentist, and two children. In the interview Miso Broz talks about his life, his hobbies and his work as a director of Inakomere work organization of INA enterprise which specializes in foreign trade. He also make brief comments about his father. The article also includes pictures of Miso Broz as a child (born in 1941 in Zagreb), as an adult with his father and at home with his wife and child. ^ "Intervju s Mišom Brozom". Pobjeda (in Serbo-Croatian). No. 4833. Titograd. 25 May 1979. p. 7. (subscription required) ^ "U 96. godini umrla bivša Titova supruga Herta Haas" . Večernji list. 9 March 2010. Retrieved 29 May 2024. ^ Dedijer, Vladimir (1 January 1981). Novi prilozi za biografiju Josipa Broza Tita. Liburnija, Rijeka. OCLC 8316924. Retrieved 5 September 2022 – via Worldcat. ^ "Mišo Broz prestaje biti veleposlanik u Indoneziji". Archived from the original on 7 September 2009. Retrieved 14 July 2009. ^ Kovačević, Rada. "Nasledio pudlice sad traži kuću". Revija 92. No. 590. Arena 92. Archived from the original on 17 January 2014. Retrieved 26 January 2023. Diplomatic posts Preceded byBoris Mitrović 00Ambassador of Croatia to Indonesia00 2004–2009 Succeeded byŽeljko Čimbur vteJosip Broz Tito President of Yugoslavia (1953–1980) Prime Minister of Yugoslavia (1944–1963) Leader of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia (1939–1980) Marshal of Yugoslavia (1943–1980) Life and politics Birthplace League of Communists of Yugoslavia Parliamentary elections 1945 1950 1953 1958 1963 1969 1974 1978 International trips Death and state funeral Premiership Titoism Tito–Šubašić Agreements Provisional Government Tito–Stalin split Informbiro period Presidency 1953 amendments Balkan Pact Non-Aligned Movement Reforms 1968 student demonstrations Croatian Spring 1974 Constitution Family Herta Haas (second wife) Jovanka Budisavljević (third wife) Aleksandar Broz (son) Joška Broz (grandson) Svetlana Broz (granddaughter) Legacy Relay of Youth House of Flowers List of places named after Josip Broz Tito Awards and decorations received by Josip Broz Tito "Josip Broz Tito" Art Gallery of the Nonaligned Countries ← Ivan Ribar Category Commons Lazar Koliševski → ← Ivan Šubašić Petar Stambolić → Authority control databases VIAF
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Serbo-Croatian Cyrillic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Cyrillic_alphabet"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Josip Broz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito"},{"link_name":"Herta Haas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herta_Haas"}],"text":"Aleksandar \"Mišo\" Broz (Serbo-Croatian Cyrillic: Александар \"Мишо\" Броз; born c. 21[citation needed] May 1941) is a Croatian retired diplomat. He is the youngest son of Yugoslav president and Marshal Josip Broz (1892–1980) and Herta Haas (1914–2010).","title":"Mišo Broz"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"invaded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"secretary general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_general"},{"link_name":"Communist Party of Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Belgrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Velebit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Velebit"},{"link_name":"fugitives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fugitive"},{"link_name":"prime minister of Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_minister_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"University of Zagreb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Zagreb"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"He was born on c. 21[citation needed] May 1941[1][2] in Zagreb.[3][4] He was given the name Aleksandar at birth, but during the war he was given the name Mišo, which he continued to use later.Mišo's father, Josip Broz Tito, met Mišo's mother Herta Haas in 1937. Their relationship lasted until 1941.[5] Just before his birth, Nazi Germany invaded his home country of Yugoslavia. His father Josip Broz Tito, the secretary general of the then illegal Communist Party of Yugoslavia (KPJ), had to move to Belgrade a few days prior to his birth. Although the rules of the illegal revolutionary life at the time dictated that an illegitimate mother hand over her newborn child to a different family for care, so as not to expose herself and the child to the risk of arrest, his mother Herta Haas refused and at first took care of her son alone. Her mother Priska and Tito's friend Vladimir Velebit helped her take care of the child.When Herta Haas was threatened with arrest in November 1941, she gave her son Aleksandar, who was already six months old at the time, into the care of a family. He then became one of the youngest fugitives and took the illegal name Mišo. His mother was later arrested, and in 1943 she was exchanged for captured German officers and moved to the liberated territory. Until the end of the war, Mišo did not know his real parents - he saw his father for the first time in April 1945, and his mother in May of the same year.After the liberation of Yugoslavia, Mišo lived in Belgrade, in the immediate vicinity of his father, the prime minister of Yugoslavia. Mišo, and later his older brother's children from his first marriage – Josip Joška and Zlatica, were taken care of by cousin Marija, daughter of Tito's eldest brother Martin Broz. He finished elementary school and high school in Belgrade, and then moved to Zagreb, where he graduated from the University of Zagreb.[6]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"INA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INA_d.d."},{"link_name":"Government of the Socialist Republic of Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Croatia"},{"link_name":"Franjo Tuđman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franjo_Tu%C4%91man"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"After graduating from university, he worked in the economy. First, he worked at the \"Prvomajska\" machine tool factory, where he was the head of the export department and director of foreign trade. Later, he worked for the oil company INA, where he was the director of the import-export sector, and for the Government of the Socialist Republic of Croatia, where he was on the Committee for Foreign Relations. From 1983 to 1993, he held the highest positions in INA.After the independence of the Republic of Croatia, in 1991, at the suggestion of then president Franjo Tuđman, he moved to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, where he was first an advisor to the minister, and then plenipotentiary minister at the Croatian embassy in Russia and Egypt. His last duty was as ambassador to Indonesia, from 2004 to 2009.[7]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"He is married to Mira Broz, born Kosinc, and has two children - daughter Aleksandra Saša (b. 1969) and son Andrej (b. 1973), as well as three grandchildren - Sara, Luka, and Zita. He lives in Zagreb.Broz has registered several trademarks related to his father.[8]","title":"Personal life"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"'Kakav čovjek...moj tata', objavila je Titova unuka Saša Broz s rođendanske proslave svog oca Miše\". Slobodna Dalmacija. 22 May 2021. Retrieved 26 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://slobodnadalmacija.hr/mozaik/panorama/kakav-covjek-moj-tata-objavila-je-titova-unuka-sasa-broz-s-rodendanske-proslave-svog-oca-mise-pogledajte-fotografije-koje-je-podijelila-1100557","url_text":"\"'Kakav čovjek...moj tata', objavila je Titova unuka Saša Broz s rođendanske proslave svog oca Miše\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slobodna_Dalmacija","url_text":"Slobodna Dalmacija"}]},{"reference":"\"ROĐENDAN TITOVOG SINA: Mišo Broz slavio u krugu obitelji, a kći Saša objavila fotografije\". Totalinfo.hr. 22 May 2021. Retrieved 26 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://totalinfo.hr/rodendan-titovog-sina-miso-broz-slavio-u-krugu-obitelji-a-kci-sasa-objavila-fotografije/","url_text":"\"ROĐENDAN TITOVOG SINA: Mišo Broz slavio u krugu obitelji, a kći Saša objavila fotografije\""}]},{"reference":"\"TITO'S SON MISO BROZ INTERVIEWED\". East Europe Report, Political, Sociological and Military Affairs (1708). 17 August 1979. [Editorial Report] Titograd POBJEDA of 25 May 1979 on page 7 carries an interview with Tito's son Miso Broz by POBJEDA editor Slobodan Vukovic. The interview was held in the Zagreb apartment of Miso Broz, where he lives with his wife, Mira, who is a dentist, and two children. In the interview Miso Broz talks about his life, his hobbies and his work as a director of Inakomere work organization of INA enterprise which specializes in foreign trade. He also make brief [favorable] comments about his father. The article also includes pictures of Miso Broz as a child (born in 1941 in Zagreb), as an adult with his father and at home with his wife and child.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/jprs-report_jprs-74037/page/52/mode/2up?q=%22mi%C5%A1o+broz%22&view=theater","url_text":"\"TITO'S SON MISO BROZ INTERVIEWED\""}]},{"reference":"\"Intervju s Mišom Brozom\". Pobjeda (in Serbo-Croatian). No. 4833. Titograd. 25 May 1979. p. 7.","urls":[{"url":"https://pobjeda.arhiva.me/listalice/pobjeda_1979-05-25/#strana_7","url_text":"\"Intervju s Mišom Brozom\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobjeda","url_text":"Pobjeda"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titograd","url_text":"Titograd"}]},{"reference":"\"U 96. godini umrla bivša Titova supruga Herta Haas\" [Tito's ex-wife Herta Haas died at the age of 96]. Večernji list. 9 March 2010. Retrieved 29 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vecernji.hr/vijesti/u-96-godini-umrla-bivsa-titova-supruga-herta-haas-108015","url_text":"\"U 96. godini umrla bivša Titova supruga Herta Haas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ve%C4%8Dernji_list","url_text":"Večernji list"}]},{"reference":"Dedijer, Vladimir (1 January 1981). Novi prilozi za biografiju Josipa Broza Tita. Liburnija, Rijeka. OCLC 8316924. Retrieved 5 September 2022 – via Worldcat.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/8316924","url_text":"Novi prilozi za biografiju Josipa Broza Tita"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/8316924","url_text":"8316924"}]},{"reference":"\"Mišo Broz prestaje biti veleposlanik u Indoneziji\". Archived from the original on 7 September 2009. Retrieved 14 July 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090907084313/http://www.javno.com/hr-hrvatska/miso-broz-prestaje-biti-veleposlanik-u-indoneziji_239254","url_text":"\"Mišo Broz prestaje biti veleposlanik u Indoneziji\""},{"url":"http://www.javno.com/hr-hrvatska/miso-broz-prestaje-biti-veleposlanik-u-indoneziji_239254","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kovačević, Rada. \"Nasledio pudlice sad traži kuću\". Revija 92. No. 590. Arena 92. Archived from the original on 17 January 2014. Retrieved 26 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20140117223211/http://www.revija92.rs/code/navigate.php?Id=463","url_text":"\"Nasledio pudlice sad traži kuću\""},{"url":"http://www.revija92.rs/code/navigate.php?Id=463","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_al-Hasan_al-Kalbi
Ahmad ibn al-Hasan al-Kalbi
["1 References","2 Sources"]
Ahmad ibn al-Hasan al-Kalbiﺍﺣﻤﺪ بن الحسن الكلبيEmir of SicilyIn office954–969MonarchAl-Mu'izz li-Din AllahPreceded byal-Hasan ibn Ali al-KalbiSucceeded byAli ibn al-Hasan al-Kalbi Personal detailsDied969EgyptMilitary serviceAllegianceFatimid CaliphateBattles/warsMuslim conquest of Sicily Siege of Rometta (963) Battle of the Straits (965) Siege of Taormina (962) Fatimid conquest of Egypt Ahmad ibn al-Hasan al-Kalbi (Arabic: ﺍﺣﻤﺪ بن الحسن الكلبي) was the second Kalbid Emir of Sicily. He was the son of the first Kalbid emir, al-Hasan ibn Ali al-Kalbi, who ruled the island on behalf of the Fatimid Caliphate. Ahmad succeeded his father in May 953 until 968, apart from a brief interruption in 958/9. In the 960s, he led the completion of the Muslim conquest of Sicily by capturing the last Byzantine strongholds of Taormina and Rometta and defeating a Byzantine relief expedition. He was recalled to Ifriqiya to participate in the upcoming Fatimid conquest of Egypt, and died there shortly after. References ^ PmbZ, Aḥmad b. al-Ḥasan b. ʻAlī al-Kalbī (#20188). Sources Brett, Michael (2001). The Rise of the Fatimids: The World of the Mediterranean and the Middle East in the Fourth Century of the Hijra, Tenth Century CE. The Medieval Mediterranean. Vol. 30. Leiden: BRILL. ISBN 9004117415. Halm, Heinz (1991). Das Reich des Mahdi: Der Aufstieg der Fatimiden (in German). Munich: C. H. Beck. ISBN 3-406-35497-1. Lev, Yaacov (1984). "The Fāṭimid Navy, Byzantium and the Mediterranean Sea, 909–1036 CE/297–427 AH". Byzantion: Revue internationale des études byzantines. 54 (1): 220–252. ISSN 0378-2506. JSTOR 44170866. Lilie, Ralph-Johannes; Ludwig, Claudia; Pratsch, Thomas; Zielke, Beate (2013). Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit Online. Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Nach Vorarbeiten F. Winkelmanns erstellt (in German). Berlin and Boston: De Gruyter. Metcalfe, Alex (2009), The Muslims of Medieval Italy, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, ISBN 978-0-7486-2008-1 Preceded byal-Hasan ibn Ali al-Kalbi Kalbid emir of Sicily(for the Fatimid Caliphate) 954–969 Succeeded byAbu'l-Qasim Ali ibn al-Hasan al-Kalbi
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Kalbid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalbid"},{"link_name":"Emir of Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emir_of_Sicily"},{"link_name":"al-Hasan ibn Ali al-Kalbi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hasan_ibn_Ali_al-Kalbi"},{"link_name":"Fatimid Caliphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate"},{"link_name":"Muslim conquest of Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Sicily"},{"link_name":"Taormina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taormina"},{"link_name":"Rometta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rometta"},{"link_name":"defeating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Straits"},{"link_name":"Ifriqiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifriqiya"},{"link_name":"Fatimid conquest of Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimid_conquest_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPmbZA%E1%B8%A5mad_b._al-%E1%B8%A4asan_b._%CA%BBAl%C4%AB_al-Kalb%C4%AB_(#20188)-1"}],"text":"Ahmad ibn al-Hasan al-Kalbi (Arabic: ﺍﺣﻤﺪ بن الحسن الكلبي) was the second Kalbid Emir of Sicily. He was the son of the first Kalbid emir, al-Hasan ibn Ali al-Kalbi, who ruled the island on behalf of the Fatimid Caliphate. Ahmad succeeded his father in May 953 until 968, apart from a brief interruption in 958/9. In the 960s, he led the completion of the Muslim conquest of Sicily by capturing the last Byzantine strongholds of Taormina and Rometta and defeating a Byzantine relief expedition. He was recalled to Ifriqiya to participate in the upcoming Fatimid conquest of Egypt, and died there shortly after.[1]","title":"Ahmad ibn al-Hasan al-Kalbi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Rise of the Fatimids: The World of the Mediterranean and the Middle East in the Fourth Century of the Hijra, Tenth Century CE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=BqCdfhW3nVwC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9004117415","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004117415"},{"link_name":"Halm, Heinz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz_Halm"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-406-35497-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-406-35497-1"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0378-2506","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0378-2506"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"44170866","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/44170866"},{"link_name":"Lilie, Ralph-Johannes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph-Johannes_Lilie"},{"link_name":"Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit Online. Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Nach Vorarbeiten F. Winkelmanns erstellt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.degruyter.com/view/db/pmbz"},{"link_name":"The Muslims of Medieval Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=VRXTzPOly-oC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7486-2008-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-2008-1"}],"text":"Brett, Michael (2001). The Rise of the Fatimids: The World of the Mediterranean and the Middle East in the Fourth Century of the Hijra, Tenth Century CE. The Medieval Mediterranean. Vol. 30. Leiden: BRILL. ISBN 9004117415.\nHalm, Heinz (1991). Das Reich des Mahdi: Der Aufstieg der Fatimiden [The Empire of the Mahdi: The Rise of the Fatimids] (in German). Munich: C. H. Beck. ISBN 3-406-35497-1.\nLev, Yaacov (1984). \"The Fāṭimid Navy, Byzantium and the Mediterranean Sea, 909–1036 CE/297–427 AH\". Byzantion: Revue internationale des études byzantines. 54 (1): 220–252. ISSN 0378-2506. JSTOR 44170866.\nLilie, Ralph-Johannes; Ludwig, Claudia; Pratsch, Thomas; Zielke, Beate (2013). Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit Online. Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Nach Vorarbeiten F. Winkelmanns erstellt (in German). Berlin and Boston: De Gruyter.\nMetcalfe, Alex (2009), The Muslims of Medieval Italy, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, ISBN 978-0-7486-2008-1","title":"Sources"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Brett, Michael (2001). The Rise of the Fatimids: The World of the Mediterranean and the Middle East in the Fourth Century of the Hijra, Tenth Century CE. The Medieval Mediterranean. Vol. 30. Leiden: BRILL. ISBN 9004117415.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=BqCdfhW3nVwC","url_text":"The Rise of the Fatimids: The World of the Mediterranean and the Middle East in the Fourth Century of the Hijra, Tenth Century CE"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004117415","url_text":"9004117415"}]},{"reference":"Halm, Heinz (1991). Das Reich des Mahdi: Der Aufstieg der Fatimiden [The Empire of the Mahdi: The Rise of the Fatimids] (in German). Munich: C. H. Beck. ISBN 3-406-35497-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz_Halm","url_text":"Halm, Heinz"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-406-35497-1","url_text":"3-406-35497-1"}]},{"reference":"Lev, Yaacov (1984). \"The Fāṭimid Navy, Byzantium and the Mediterranean Sea, 909–1036 CE/297–427 AH\". Byzantion: Revue internationale des études byzantines. 54 (1): 220–252. ISSN 0378-2506. JSTOR 44170866.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0378-2506","url_text":"0378-2506"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/44170866","url_text":"44170866"}]},{"reference":"Lilie, Ralph-Johannes; Ludwig, Claudia; Pratsch, Thomas; Zielke, Beate (2013). Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit Online. Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Nach Vorarbeiten F. Winkelmanns erstellt (in German). Berlin and Boston: De Gruyter.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph-Johannes_Lilie","url_text":"Lilie, Ralph-Johannes"},{"url":"https://www.degruyter.com/view/db/pmbz","url_text":"Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit Online. Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Nach Vorarbeiten F. Winkelmanns erstellt"}]},{"reference":"Metcalfe, Alex (2009), The Muslims of Medieval Italy, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, ISBN 978-0-7486-2008-1","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VRXTzPOly-oC","url_text":"The Muslims of Medieval Italy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-2008-1","url_text":"978-0-7486-2008-1"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christo_and_Jeanne_Claude
Christo and Jeanne-Claude
["1 Career","1.1 1970s","1.2 1980s","1.3 1990s","1.4 The Gates","1.5 Big Air Package","1.6 X-TO+J-C: Christo and Jeanne-Claude Featuring Works from the Bequest of David C. Copley","1.7 The Floating Piers","1.8 The London Mastaba","1.9 Over the River","1.10 L'Arc de Triomphe, Wrapped","2 Reception","3 Biographies","3.1 Christo","3.2 Jeanne-Claude","3.3 Marriage","4 See also","5 Notes","6 Bibliography","7 Further reading","7.1 The early work of Christo and Jeanne-Claude","7.2 Specific projects of Christo and Jeanne-Claude","7.3 Life and work of Christo and Jeanne-Claude","8 External links"]
Husband-and-wife environmental installation artist duo "Christo" redirects here. For other people with the name, see Christo (name). In this Bulgarian name, the patronymic is Vladimirov and the family name is Javacheff. Christo and Jeanne-ClaudeJeanne-Claude and Christo in 2009Known forEnvironmental artSite-specific land artNotable workRunning Fence (1972–1976)Wrapped Reichstag (1979–1995)The Gates (1979–2005)Surrounded Islands (1980-1983)The Floating Piers (2014–2016)L'Arc de Triomphe, Wrapped (1961–2021)MovementNouveau réalismeChildrenCyril ChristoChristo Vladimirov JavacheffBorn(1935-06-13)June 13, 1935Gabrovo, BulgariaDiedMay 31, 2020(2020-05-31) (aged 84)New York City, U.S.EducationSofia Academy of Fine Arts Vienna Academy of Fine Arts Jeanne-Claude Denat de GuillebonBorn(1935-06-13)June 13, 1935Casablanca, MoroccoDiedNovember 18, 2009(2009-11-18) (aged 74)New York City, U.S. Christo Vladimirov Javacheff (1935–2020) and Jeanne-Claude Denat de Guillebon (1935–2009), known as Christo and Jeanne-Claude, were artists noted for their large-scale, site-specific environmental installations, often large landmarks and landscape elements wrapped in fabric, including the Wrapped Reichstag, The Pont Neuf Wrapped, Running Fence in California, and The Gates in New York City's Central Park. Born in Bulgaria and Morocco, respectively, the pair met and married in Paris in the late 1950s. Originally working under Christo's name, they later credited their installations to both "Christo and Jeanne-Claude". Until his own death in 2020, Christo continued to plan and execute projects after Jeanne-Claude's death in 2009. Their work was typically large, visually impressive, and controversial, often taking years and sometimes decades of careful preparation – including technical solutions, political negotiation, permitting and environmental approval, hearings and public persuasion. The pair refused grants, scholarships, donations or public money, instead financing the work via the sale of their own artwork. Christo and Jeanne-Claude described the myriad elements that brought the projects to fruition as integral to the artwork itself, and said their projects contained no deeper meaning than their immediate aesthetic impact; their purpose being simply for joy, beauty, and new ways of seeing the familiar. Career Würth Rioja wrapped chairs Christo and Jeanne-Claude met in October 1958 when he was commissioned to paint a portrait of her mother, Précilda de Guillebon. Their first show, in Cologne, 1961, showcased the three types of artworks for which they would be known: wrapped items, oil barrels, and ephemeral, large-scale works. Near Christo's first solo show in Paris, in 1962, the pair blocked an alley with 240 barrels for several hours in a piece called Iron Curtain, a poetic reply to the Berlin Wall. They developed consistent, longtime terms of their collaboration. They together imagined projects, for which Christo would create sketches and preparatory works that were later sold to fund the resulting installation. Christo and Jeanne-Claude hired assistants to do the work of wrapping the object at hand. They originally worked under the name "Christo" to simplify dealings and their brand, given the difficulties of establishing an artist's reputation and the prejudices against female artists, but they would later retroactively credit their large-scale outdoor works to both "Christo and Jeanne-Claude". They eventually flew in separate planes such that, in case one crashed, the other could continue their work. The couple relocated to New York City, the new art world capital, in 1964. Christo began to make Store Fronts, wooden facades made to resemble shop windows, which he continued for four years. His largest piece was shown in the 1968 Documenta 4. In the mid-1960s, they also created Air Packages, inflated and wrapped research balloons. In 1969, at the invitation of the museum director Jan van der Marck they wrapped the Chicago Museum of Contemporary Art while it remained open. It was panned by the public and ordered to be undone by the fire department, which went unenforced. With the help of Australian collector John Kaldor, Christo and Jeanne-Claude and 100 volunteers wrapped the coast of Sydney's Little Bay as Wrapped Coast, the first piece for Kaldor Public Art Projects. 1970s Valley Curtain (1972) Within a year of Wrapped Coast, Christo began work on Valley Curtain: an orange curtain of fabric to be hung across the mountainous Colorado State Highway 325. They simultaneously worked on Wrapped Walk Ways (Tokyo and Holland) and Wrapped Island (South Pacific), neither of which came to fruition. The artists formed a corporation to benefit from tax and other liabilities, a form they used for later projects. Following a failed attempt to mount the curtain in late 1971, a new engineer and builder-contractor raised the fabric in August 1972. The work only stood for 28 hours before the wind again destroyed the fabric. This work, their most expensive to date and first to involve construction workers, was captured in a documentary by David and Albert Maysles. Christo's Valley Curtain was nominated for Best Documentary Short in the 1974 Academy Awards. The Maysles would film many of the artists' later projects. Inspired by a snow fence, in 1972, Christo and Jeanne-Claude began preparations for Running Fence: a 24.5-mile fence of white nylon, supported by steel posts and steel cables, running through the California landscape and into the ocean. In exchange for temporary use of ranch land, the artists agreed to offer payment and use of the deconstructed building materials. Others challenged its construction in 18 public hearings and three state court sessions. The fence began construction in April 1976 and the project culminated in a two-week display in September, after which it was deconstructed. Their 1978 Wrapped Walk Ways covered paths within Kansas City, Missouri's Loose Park in 12,540 square meters (135,000 square feet) of saffron-colored nylon fabric covering 4.4 kilometers (2.7 miles) of the park's formal garden walkways and jogging paths. 1980s Christo and Jeanne-Claude planned a project based on Jeanne-Claude's idea to surround eleven islands in Miami's Biscayne Bay with 603,850 m2 (6,499,800 sq ft) of pink polypropylene floating fabric. Surrounded Islands was completed on May 7, 1983, with the aid of 430 workers and could be admired for two weeks. The workers were outfitted with pink long sleeve shirts with pale blue text written on the back reading “Christo Surrounded Islands”, and then in acknowledging the garment's designer, "designed and produced by Willi Smith". Jeanne-Claude became an American citizen in March 1984. The couple received permission to wrap the Pont Neuf, a bridge in Paris, in August 1985. The bridge stayed wrapped for two weeks (22 Sep - 5 Oct 1985). The Pont Neuf Wrapped attracted three million visitors. Wrapping the Pont Neuf continued the tradition of transforming a sculptural dimension into a work of art. The fabric maintained the principal shapes of the Pont Neuf but it emphasized the details and the proportions. As with Surrounded Islands, workers who assisted with the installation and deinstallation of Pont Neuf Wrapped wore uniforms designed by Willi Smith. 1990s The Umbrellas (1991) Their 1991 The Umbrellas involved the simultaneous setup of blue and gold umbrellas in Japan and California, respectively. The 3,100-umbrella project cost US$26 million and attracted three million visitors. Christo closed the exhibition early after a woman was killed by a windblown umbrella in California. Separately, a worker was killed during the deconstruction of the Japanese exhibit. Christo and Jeanne-Claude wrapped the Berlin Reichstag building in 1995 following 24 years of governmental lobbying across six Bundestag presidents. Wrapped Reichstag's 100,000 square meters of silver fabric draped the building, fastened with blue rope. Christo described the Reichstag wrapping as autobiographical based on his Bulgarian upbringing. The wrapping became symbolic of unified Germany and marked Berlin's return as a world city. The Guardian posthumously described the work as their "most spectacular achievement". In 1998, the artists wrapped trees at the Beyeler Foundation and its nearby Berower Park. Prior attempts had failed to secure government support in St. Louis, Missouri, and Paris. The work was self-funded through sale of photographic documentation and preparatory works, as had become standard for the couple. The Gates Main article: The Gates The Gates (2005) Work began on the installation of the couple's most protracted project, The Gates, in New York City's Central Park in January 2005. Its full title, The Gates, Central Park, New York, 1979–2005, refers to the time elapsed between the year of the artists' initial proposal and the year they were allowed to proceed, having received permission from the newly elected mayor Michael R. Bloomberg. The Gates was open to the public from February 12–27, 2005. A total of 7,503 gates made of saffron-colored fabric were placed on paths in Central Park. They were five meters (16 ft) high and had a combined length of 37 km (23 mi). The mayor presented them with the Doris C. Freedman Award for public art. The project cost an estimated US$21 million, which the artists planned to recoup by selling project documentation. Big Air Package Christo filled the Gasometer Oberhausen from March 16 until December 30, 2013, with the installation Big Air Package. After The Wall (1999) as the final installation of the Emscher Park International Building Exhibition, Big Air Package was his second work of art in the Gasometer. The "Big Air Package – Project for Gasometer Oberhausen, Germany" was conceived by Christo in 2010 (for the first time without his wife Jeanne-Claude). The sculpture was set up in the interior of the industrial monument and was made of 20,350 m3 (719,000 cu ft) of translucent fabric and 4,500 m (14,800 ft) of rope. In the inflated state, the envelope, with a weight of 5.3 tonnes (5.8 short tons), reached a height of more than 90 m (300 ft), a diameter of 50 m (160 ft) and a volume of 177,000 m3 (6,300,000 cu ft). The monumental work of art was, temporarily, the largest self-supporting sculpture in the world. In the accessible interior of Big Air Package, the artist generated a unique experience of space, proportions, and light. X-TO+J-C: Christo and Jeanne-Claude Featuring Works from the Bequest of David C. Copley In 2014, the Museum of Contemporary Art San Diego presented the exhibit X-TO + J-C: Christo and Jeanne-Claude Featuring Works from the Bequest of David C. Copley, one of the museum's patrons and trustees who also had the largest collection of Christo and Jeanne-Claude's work in the United States. X-TO + J-C featured more than fifty works by Christo and Jeanne-Claude, including pieces such as Christo's evocative Package (1960), alongside drawings related to his early concealed objects: chairs, road signs, and other commonplace items. Christo himself gave a lecture in which he discussed two works that were in progress: Over the River, Project for the Arkansas River, Colorado, and The Mastaba, Project for the United Arab Emirates. The Floating Piers Main article: The Floating Piers The Floating Piers (2016) The Floating Piers were a series of walkways installed at Lake Iseo near Brescia, Italy. From June 18 to July 3, 2016, visitors were able to walk just above the surface of the water from the village of Sulzano on the mainland to the islands of Monte Isola and San Paolo. The floating walkways were made of around 200,000 polyethene cubes covered with 70,000 m2 (750,000 sq ft) of bright yellow fabric: 3 km (1.9 mi) of piers moved on the water; another 1.5 km (0.93 mi) of golden fabric continued along the pedestrian streets in Sulzano and Peschiera Maraglio. After the exhibition, all components were to be removed and recycled. The installation was facilitated by the Beretta family, owners of the oldest active manufacturer of firearm components in the world and the primary sidearm supplier of the U.S. Army. The Beretta family owns the island of San Paolo, which was surrounded by Floating Piers walkways. The work was a success with the Italian public and critics as well. The London Mastaba The London Mastaba (2018) The London Mastaba was a temporary floating installation exhibited from June to September 2018 on The Serpentine in London. The installation consisted of 7,506 oil barrels, in the shape of a mastaba, a form of an early bench, as well as a style of tomb, in use in ancient Mesopotamia, with a flat roof and inward sloping sides. It sat on a floating platform of high-density polyethene, held in place by 32 anchors. It was 20 m (66 ft) in height and weighed 600 tonnes (660 short tons). The vertical ends were painted in a mosaic of red, blue and mauve, whilst the sloping sides were in red with bands of white. Simultaneously with the display of The London Mastaba, the nearby Serpentine Gallery presented an exhibition of the artists' work, entitled Christo and Jeanne-Claude: Barrels and The Mastaba 1958–2018. The exhibition comprised sculptures, drawings, collages, scale-models and photographs from the last 60 years of the artists' work. Another Mastaba of over 400,000 oil barrels is intended to be built at Al Gharbia, 160 km (100 mi) from the city Abu Dhabi. Over the River Main article: Over the River Christo and Jeanne-Claude announced plans for a future project, titled Over The River, to be constructed on the Arkansas River between Salida, Colorado, and Cañon City, Colorado, on the eastern slope of the Rocky mountains. Plans for the project call for horizontally suspending 10.8 km (6.7 mi) of reflective, translucent fabric panels high above the water, on steel cables anchored into the river's banks. Project plans called for its installation for two weeks during the summer of 2015, at the earliest, and for the river to remain open to recreation during the installation. Reaction among area residents was intense, with supporters hoping for a tourist boom and opponents fearing that the project would ruin the visual appeal of the landscape and inflict damage on the river ecosystem. One local rafting guide compared the project to "hanging pornography in a church." The U.S. Bureau of Land Management released a Record of Decision approving the project on November 7, 2011. Work on the project cannot begin, however, until the Bureau of Land Management issues a Notice to Proceed. A lawsuit against Colorado Parks and Wildlife was filed on July 22, 2011, by Rags Over the Arkansas River (ROAR), a local group opposed to the project. The lawsuit is still awaiting a court date. Christo and Jeanne-Claude's inspiration for Over the River came in 1985 as they were wrapping the Pont-Neuf and a fabric panel was being elevated over the Seine. The artists began a three-year search for appropriate locations in 1992, considering some eighty-nine river locations. They chose the Arkansas River because its banks were high enough that recreational rafters could enjoy the river at the same time. Christo and Jeanne-Claude spent more than $6 million on environmental studies, design engineering, and wind tunnel testing of fabrics. As with past projects, Over The River would be financed entirely by Christo and Jeanne-Claude, through the sale of Christo's preparatory drawings, collages, scale models, and early works of the 1950s/1960s. On July 16, 2010, the U.S. Bureau of Land Management released its four-volume Draft Environmental Impact Statement, which reported many potentially serious types of adverse impact but also many proposed "mitigation" options. In January 2017, after the election of President Trump, Christo canceled the controversial project citing protest of the new administration as well as tiring from the hard-fought legal battle waged by local residents. L'Arc de Triomphe, Wrapped Main article: L'Arc de Triomphe, Wrapped Arc de Triomphe being prepared for Christo wrapping Continuing their series of monumental "wrapping" projects, the Arc de Triomphe in Paris was wrapped in 30,000 square meters of recyclable polypropylene fabric in silvery blue, and 7,000 meters (23,000 feet) of red rope. Originally scheduled for autumn of 2020, it was postponed a year to Saturday, September 18 to Sunday, October 3, 2021, due to the COVID-19 pandemic in France and its impact on the arts and cultural sector worldwide. Following Christo's death, his office stated that the project would nevertheless be completed. Several articles in the press cut the name of Jeanne-Claude on their coverage of the event leading to a debate about the suppression of the place of women in art history. Reception Christo and Jeanne-Claude's work is held by many major public collections. The artists received the 1995 Praemium Imperiale, the 2006 Vilcek Prize, and the 2004 International Sculpture Center's Lifetime Achievement in Contemporary Sculpture Award. Art critic David Bourdon described Christo's wrappings as a "revelation through concealment". Unto his critics Christo replied, "I am an artist, and I have to have courage ... Do you know that I don't have any artworks that exist? They all go away when they're finished. Only the preparatory drawings, and collages are left, giving my works an almost legendary character. I think it takes much greater courage to create things to be gone than to create things that will remain." Jeanne-Claude was a firm believer in the aesthetic beauty of works of art; she said, "'We want to create works of art of joy and beauty, which we will build because we believe it will be beautiful.'" In 2022, the Pérez Art Museum Miami presented Christo Drawings: A Gift from the Maria Bechily and Scott Hodes Collection, comprising drawings and project sketches produced by Christo and his life partner and artistic collaborator Jeane-Claude between the 1960s and the 2000s. Biographies Christo Young Christo Christo's signature Christo Vladimirov Javacheff (Bulgarian: Христо Владимиров Явашев, ) was born on June 13, 1935, in Gabrovo, Bulgaria, as the second of three sons to Tzveta Dimitrova, a Macedonian Bulgarian from Thessaloniki, and Vladimir Javacheff, who worked at a textile manufacturer. Christo was shy and had a predilection for art. He received private art instruction at a young age and the support of his parents, who invited visiting artists to their house. Christo was particularly affected by events from World War II and the country's fluid borders. During evacuations, he and his brothers stayed with a family in the rural hills outside town, where Christo connected with nature and handicraft. Christo pursued realistic painting through the mid-1950s, a period during which Western art was suppressed in Bulgaria. He was admitted into the Sofia Academy of Fine Arts in 1953 but found the school dull and stifling. Instead, he found inspiration in Skira art books, and visiting Russian professors who were older than him and once active in Russian modernism and the Soviet avant-garde. On the weekends, academy students were sent to paint propaganda and Christo unhappily participated. He found work as a location scout for the state cinema and served three tours of duty during summer breaks. In 1956, he used an academy connection to receive permission to visit family in Prague, where the theater of Emil František Burian reinvigorated him. Amid fears of further Russian suppression in Hungary, Christo decided to flee to Vienna as a railcar stowaway. He had little money after paying the bribe, did not speak the language, had deserted during his Bulgarian military service, and feared being trapped in a refugee camp. In Vienna, he stayed with a family friend (who had not expected him), studied at the Vienna Fine Arts Academy, and surrendered his passport to seek political asylum as a stateless person. There, he supported himself with commissions and briefly visited Italy with the academy, whose program he found equally unhappy as the one before it. At the behest of a friend relocated from Sofia, he saved up to visit Geneva in late 1957. In violation of his visa, he continued to pursue commissions (whose works he would sign with his family name, reserving his given name for more serious work) and was transformed after visiting the Kunstmuseum Basel and Kunsthaus Zürich. In January 1958, he first began to wrap things, as would become his trademark, starting with a paint can. His collection of wrapped household items would be known as his Inventory. In February 1958, Christo left for Paris, having received a visa with the assistance of a Sofia academy connection. In 1973, after 17 stateless years, Christo became a United States citizen. He died at his home in New York City on May 31, 2020, at 84. No cause of death was specified. L'Arc de Triomphe, Wrapped, a planned work by Christo and Jeanne-Claude, went ahead posthumously in Paris in September 2021. Jeanne-Claude Jeanne-Claude Denat de Guillebon (French: ) was born in Casablanca, Morocco, where her father, an army officer, was stationed. Her mother, Précilda, was 17 when she married Jeanne-Claude's father, Major Léon Denat. Précilda and Léon Denat divorced shortly after Jeanne-Claude was born, and Précilda remarried three times. Jeanne-Claude earned a baccalauréat in Latin and philosophy in 1952 from the University of Tunis. After Précilda married the General Jacques de Guillebon in 1947, the family lived in Bern (1948–1951) and Tunisia (1952–1957) before returning to Paris. Jeanne-Claude was described as "extroverted" and with natural organizational abilities. Her hair was dyed red, which she claimed was selected by her husband. She took responsibility for overseeing work crews and for raising funds. Jeanne-Claude died in New York City on November 18, 2009, from complications due to a brain aneurysm. Her body was to be donated to science, one of her final wishes. When she died, she and Christo were at work on Over the River and the United Arab Emirates project, The Mastaba. She said, "Artists don't retire. They die. That's all. When they stop being able to create art, they die." Marriage Christo and Jeanne-Claude met in October 1958 when he was commissioned to paint a portrait of her mother, Précilda de Guillebon. Initially, Christo was attracted to Jeanne-Claude's half-sister, Joyce. Jeanne-Claude was engaged to Philippe Planchon. Shortly before her wedding, Jeanne-Claude became pregnant by Christo. Although she married Planchon, Jeanne-Claude left him immediately after their honeymoon. Christo and Jeanne-Claude's son, Cyril, was born on May 11, 1960. See also Visual arts portal Land art Notes ^ "Artist Christo, known for wrapping exteriors of landmarks, dies at 84". Reuters. June 1, 2020. Archived from the original on June 8, 2020. Retrieved June 8, 2020. ^ a b Chernow 2002, pp. 60–61. ^ Fineberg 2004, p. 18. ^ Fineberg 2004, p. 19. ^ a b c d e Grimes, William (November 19, 2009). "Jeanne-Claude, Christo's Collaborator on Environmental Canvas, Is Dead at 74". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 25, 2017. 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Retrieved June 2, 2020. ^ a b c Fineberg 2004, p. 31. ^ a b c Fineberg 2004, p. 32. ^ Gates, Anita (March 6, 2015). "Albert Maysles, Pioneering Documentarian, Dies at 88". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on February 9, 2020. Retrieved June 1, 2020. ^ Hendry, Erica R. (June 2010). "Christo's California Dreamin'". Smithsonian Magazine. Archived from the original on June 18, 2020. Retrieved June 1, 2020. ^ Cowdy, Richard (1982). "Review of Christo: Wrapped Walk Ways. Loose Park, Kansas City, Missouri, 1977-78". Leonardo. 15 (1): 79. doi:10.2307/1574371. ISSN 0024-094X. JSTOR 1574371. ^ perezartmuseummiami (September 21, 2018). "Christo and Jeanne-Claude: Surrounded Islands, Biscayne Bay, Greater Miami, Florida, 1980–83 | A Documentary Exhibition". pammportraits.org. Retrieved February 21, 2023. ^ a b Earnest, Jarrett (2020). "Willi Smith in Pieces". In Cunningham Cameron, Alexandra (ed.). Willi Smith: Street Couture. New York: Rizzoli Electa. pp. 50–53. 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Archived from the original on July 9, 2017. Retrieved August 3, 2017. ^ "BLM Over The River Record of Decision". Bureau of Land Management. November 7, 2011. Archived from the original on February 1, 2012. ^ "News and Events". Rags Over the Arkansas River (ROAR). November 21, 2011. Archived from the original on November 11, 2011. ^ Blevins, Jason (July 27, 2011). "Foes of Christo's plan to cover Arkansas River with fabric sue state park board". The Denver Post. Archived from the original on November 12, 2011. Retrieved November 26, 2011. ^ Ericka, Kastner (November 1, 2011). "OTR lawsuit awaits court date". The Mountain Mail. Archived from the original on December 7, 2011. Retrieved November 26, 2011. ^ Cathy, Newman (November 2006). "Christo and Jeanne-Claude Unwrapped". National Geographic. ^ Johnson, Kirk (July 16, 2010). "Bureaucracy Meets Art, Delighting Christo". The New York Times July 17, 2010. Archived from the original on December 1, 2016. Retrieved February 6, 2017. ^ Crow, Kelly (September 10, 2010). "Christo vs. Colorado". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on November 6, 2018. Retrieved April 15, 2018 – via www.wsj.com. ^ Randy Kennedy, Christo, Trump and the Art World's Biggest Protest Yet Archived January 25, 2017, at the Wayback Machine The New York Times 2017/01/25 ^ Corey H. Jones, Artist Christo Calls Off Colorado Project After Long Legal Battle Archived January 25, 2017, at the Wayback Machine Colorado Public Radio January 25, 2017 ^ Lauter, Devoran (March 26, 2020). ""I Use the Capitalist System to the Very End": Christo on What It's Like to Achieve His Dream of Wrapping the Arc de Triomphe". artnet News. Archived from the original on July 1, 2020. Retrieved May 10, 2020. ^ "L'Arc de Triomphe, Wrapped". christojeanneclaude.net. Archived from the original on June 13, 2020. Retrieved May 10, 2020. ^ Artist Christo, famed for wrapping landmarks in cloth, dies at 84, France24, May 31, 2020, online: france24.com/... Archived June 4, 2020, at the Wayback Machine ^ Brugvin, Margaux (September 21, 2021). "Le triomphe de Christo et l'effacement de Jeanne-Claude". i-D (in French). Archived from the original on September 29, 2021. Retrieved September 29, 2021. ^ "Jeanne-Claude, the artist hidden behind the Arc de Triomphe packaged (not only by Christo)". News in 24 Lifestyle English. September 18, 2021. Retrieved September 29, 2021. ^ "Pourquoi l'installation de Christo et Jeanne-Claude sur l'Arc de triomphe fait débat ?". Konbini Arts - Photographie et arts sans filtre par Konbini (in French). September 14, 2021. Archived from the original on September 29, 2021. Retrieved September 29, 2021. ^ Rockefeller, Hall W. (September 22, 2021). "Give Jeanne-Claude Her Rightful Credit". Hyperallergic. Archived from the original on September 28, 2021. Retrieved September 29, 2021. ^ "Christo and Jeanne-Claude Biography". Artnet. Archived from the original on August 28, 2020. Retrieved June 1, 2020. ^ "Lloyd Webber Wins Prize". The New York Times. June 16, 1995. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved June 1, 2020. ^ Cash, Stephanie; Ebony, David (May 2006). "Awards & Grants". Art in America. Vol. 94, no. 5. p. 206. ISSN 0004-3214. ProQuest 219749045. ^ "ISC Board Meets in New York". Sculpture. 23: 80. 2004. ^ Bourdon, David: "Christo", Harry N. Abrams Publishers, Inc., New York City, 1970. ^ Gilbert, Rita; Getlein, Mark (2002). Gilbert's Living with Art. McGraw-Hill. p. 276. ISBN 978-0-07-231726-8. ^ "Christo Drawings: A Gift from the Maria Bechily and Scott Hodes Collection • Pérez Art Museum Miami". Pérez Art Museum Miami. Retrieved February 21, 2023. ^ a b Chernow 2002, p. 4. ^ Chernow 2002, p. 11. ^ Chernow 2002, p. 13. ^ Chernow 2002, p. 5–6. ^ Chernow 2002, p. 9. ^ Chernow 2002, p. 15. ^ Chernow 2002, p. 17. ^ Chernow 2002, p. 19. ^ Chernow 2002, p. 20. ^ Chernow 2002, p. 22. ^ Chernow 2002, p. 23. ^ Chernow 2002, p. 24. ^ Chernow 2002, p. 25. ^ Chernow 2002, pp. 46–48. ^ Chernow 2002, p. 49. ^ Chernow 2002, p. 50. ^ Chernow 2002, pp. 51–52. ^ Randy Kennedy (January 25, 2017). "Christo, Trump and the Art World's Biggest Protest Yet". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 25, 2017. Retrieved January 25, 2017. ^ "Christo, artist known for massive, fleeting displays, dies". Associated Press. May 31, 2020. Archived from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved May 31, 2020. ^ Needham, Alex (May 31, 2020). "Christo, artist who wrapped the Reichstag, dies aged 84". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on May 31, 2020. Retrieved June 1, 2020. ^ Chernow 2002, pp. 37–43. ^ Vogel, Carol (October 21, 2015). "Next From Christo: Art That Lets You Walk on Water". The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 14, 2018. Retrieved April 15, 2018. ^ "Artist Jeanne-Claude dies aged 74". BBC News. November 20, 2009. Archived from the original on November 23, 2009. Retrieved November 19, 2009. ^ Hoelterhoff, Manuela (November 20, 2009). "Jeanne-Claude – Christo's Dynamic Muse". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on January 18, 2013. Retrieved November 20, 2009. ^ Schudel, Matt (November 20, 2009). "Jeanne-Claude and Christo". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on September 13, 2012. Retrieved November 20, 2009. ^ Chernow 2002, pp. 69–70. ^ Chernow 2002, p. 75. ^ Bryan, Kate (2019). The Art of Love: The Romantic and Explosive Stories Behind Art's Greatest Couples. White Lion Publishing. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-7112-4032-2. Archived from the original on July 29, 2020. Retrieved June 1, 2020. Bibliography Baal-Teshuva, Jacob (2001). Christo and Jeanne-Claude. Taschen. ISBN 978-3-8228-5996-4. Chernow, Burt (2002). Christo and Jeanne-Claude: A Biography. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-312-28074-1. Fineberg, Jonathan David (2004). Christo and Jeanne-Claude: On the Way to The Gates, Central Park, New York City. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-10405-9. This article is based on a translation of the corresponding article from the German Wikipedia, accessed on May 3, 2005, with additional material on the Over the River project from the artists' website and newspapers. Further reading The early work of Christo and Jeanne-Claude Matthias Koddenberg, Christo: The Paris Sculptures 1961, Kettler Verlag, Bönen, Germany 2011 Matthias Koddenberg, Christo and Jeanne-Claude: Early Works 1958–64, Kettler Verlag, Bönen, Germany 2009 Matthias Koddenberg, "Christo and Jeanne-Claude: Realism's Newly Unveiled Face", in: Nouveau Réalisme, exh. cat. Museum Moderner Kunst Stiftung Ludwig Wien, Vienna, Austria 2005 David Bourdon, Christo, Harry N. Abrams, New York, 1971 Specific projects of Christo and Jeanne-Claude Wark, Wesley K., Christo: A New Work in Miami / An Imaginary Visit to Scotland, in Cencrastus No. 9, Summer 1982, pp. 10 – 12, ISSN 0264-0856 Anne L. Strauss, Christo and Jeanne-Claude: The Gates, Central Park, New York City, 1979–2005, Taschen Verlag, Cologne, Germany 2005 Christo: 5.600 Cubicmeter Package, Verlag Wort und Bild, Baierbrunn, Germany 1968 Five Films about Christo & Jeanne-Claude: A Maysles Films Production, New York: Plexifilm, 2004. Life and work of Christo and Jeanne-Claude Matthias Koddenberg, Christo and Jeanne-Claude: In/out Studio, D.A.P., New York, 2015 Christo and Jeanne-Claude: 40 Years – 12 Exhibitions, exh. cat. Annely Juda Fine Art, London, Great Britain 2011 Jacob Baal-Teshuva, Christo and Jeanne-Claude, Taschen Verlag, Cologne, Germany 2005 Burt Chernow, Christo and Jeanne-Claude: A Biography, St. Martin's Press, New York, 2002 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Christo and Jeanne-Claude. Official website vteChristo and Jeanne-Claude Wrapped Coast (1969) Valley Curtain (1972) Running Fence (1976) Surrounded Islands (1983) The Pont Neuf Wrapped (1985) The Umbrellas (1991) Wrapped Reichstag (1995) The Gates (2005) The Floating Piers (2016) L'Arc de Triomphe, Wrapped (2021) Over the River (unrealized) Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany Artists ULAN Christo South Australia France BnF data Deutsche Biographie Germany United States Victoria Australia Photographers' Identities RKD Artists Te Papa (New Zealand) Trove ULAN VIAF Jeanne-Claude South Australia France BnF data Deutsche Biographie Germany United States Australia Photographers' Identities RKD Artists Trove ULAN VIAF
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Christo (name)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christo_(name)"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_name"},{"link_name":"patronymic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patronymic"},{"link_name":"family name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"site-specific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Site-specific_art"},{"link_name":"environmental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_art"},{"link_name":"installations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_installations"},{"link_name":"Wrapped Reichstag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrapped_Reichstag"},{"link_name":"The Pont Neuf Wrapped","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pont_Neuf_Wrapped"},{"link_name":"Running Fence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Running_Fence"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"The Gates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gates"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Central Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Park"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"aesthetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aesthetic"}],"text":"\"Christo\" redirects here. For other people with the name, see Christo (name).In this Bulgarian name, the patronymic is Vladimirov and the family name is Javacheff.Christo Vladimirov Javacheff (1935–2020) and Jeanne-Claude Denat de Guillebon (1935–2009), known as Christo and Jeanne-Claude, were artists noted for their large-scale, site-specific environmental installations, often large landmarks and landscape elements wrapped in fabric, including the Wrapped Reichstag, The Pont Neuf Wrapped, Running Fence in California, and The Gates in New York City's Central Park.[1]Born in Bulgaria and Morocco, respectively, the pair met and married in Paris in the late 1950s. Originally working under Christo's name, they later credited their installations to both \"Christo and Jeanne-Claude\". Until his own death in 2020, Christo continued to plan and execute projects after Jeanne-Claude's death in 2009.Their work was typically large, visually impressive, and controversial, often taking years and sometimes decades of careful preparation – including technical solutions, political negotiation, permitting and environmental approval, hearings and public persuasion. The pair refused grants, scholarships, donations or public money, instead financing the work via the sale of their own artwork.Christo and Jeanne-Claude described the myriad elements that brought the projects to fruition as integral to the artwork itself, and said their projects contained no deeper meaning than their immediate aesthetic impact; their purpose being simply for joy, beauty, and new ways of seeing the familiar.","title":"Christo and Jeanne-Claude"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Agoncillo_-_W%C3%BCrth_Rioja,_Museo_30_-_Christo.JPG"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow200260%E2%80%9361-2"},{"link_name":"Cologne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFineberg200418-3"},{"link_name":"Berlin Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Wall"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFineberg200419-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_2009-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_2009-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WSJ-7"},{"link_name":"art world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_world"},{"link_name":"Documenta 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documenta_4"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaal-Teshuva200127-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaal-Teshuva200128-9"},{"link_name":"Jan van der Marck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_van_der_Marck"},{"link_name":"Chicago Museum of Contemporary Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Museum_of_Contemporary_Art"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaal-Teshuva200132-11"},{"link_name":"John Kaldor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kaldor"},{"link_name":"Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney"},{"link_name":"Little Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Bay"},{"link_name":"Wrapped Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrapped_Coast"},{"link_name":"Kaldor Public Art Projects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaldor_Public_Art_Projects"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Würth Rioja wrapped chairsChristo and Jeanne-Claude met in October 1958 when he was commissioned to paint a portrait of her mother, Précilda de Guillebon.[2] Their first show, in Cologne, 1961, showcased the three types of artworks for which they would be known: wrapped items, oil barrels, and ephemeral, large-scale works.[3] Near Christo's first solo show in Paris, in 1962, the pair blocked an alley with 240 barrels for several hours in a piece called Iron Curtain, a poetic reply to the Berlin Wall.[4]They developed consistent, longtime terms of their collaboration. They together imagined projects, for which Christo would create sketches and preparatory works that were later sold to fund the resulting installation. Christo and Jeanne-Claude hired assistants to do the work of wrapping the object at hand. They originally worked under the name \"Christo\" to simplify dealings and their brand,[5] given the difficulties of establishing an artist's reputation and the prejudices against female artists,[6] but they would later retroactively credit their large-scale outdoor works to both \"Christo and Jeanne-Claude\".[5] They eventually flew in separate planes such that, in case one crashed, the other could continue their work.[7]The couple relocated to New York City, the new art world capital, in 1964. Christo began to make Store Fronts, wooden facades made to resemble shop windows, which he continued for four years. His largest piece was shown in the 1968 Documenta 4. In the mid-1960s, they also created Air Packages,[8] inflated and wrapped research balloons.[9] In 1969, at the invitation of the museum director Jan van der Marck they wrapped the Chicago Museum of Contemporary Art while it remained open.[10] It was panned by the public and ordered to be undone by the fire department, which went unenforced.[11] With the help of Australian collector John Kaldor, Christo and Jeanne-Claude and 100 volunteers wrapped the coast of Sydney's Little Bay as Wrapped Coast, the first piece for Kaldor Public Art Projects.[12]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Christo_Rifle_Gap.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Valley Curtain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_Curtain"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFineberg200431-13"},{"link_name":"Colorado State Highway 325","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_State_Highway_325"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFineberg200432-14"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFineberg200431-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFineberg200431-13"},{"link_name":"David and Albert Maysles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_and_Albert_Maysles"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFineberg200432-14"},{"link_name":"Christo's Valley Curtain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christo%27s_Valley_Curtain"},{"link_name":"Best Documentary Short","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Documentary_Short_Subject"},{"link_name":"1974 Academy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/46th_Academy_Awards"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFineberg200432-14"},{"link_name":"Running Fence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Running_Fence"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Kansas City, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Loose Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loose_Park"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"1970s","text":"Valley Curtain (1972)Within a year of Wrapped Coast, Christo began work on Valley Curtain:[13] an orange curtain of fabric to be hung across the mountainous Colorado State Highway 325.[14] They simultaneously worked on Wrapped Walk Ways (Tokyo and Holland) and Wrapped Island (South Pacific), neither of which came to fruition.[13] The artists formed a corporation to benefit from tax and other liabilities, a form they used for later projects.[13] Following a failed attempt to mount the curtain in late 1971, a new engineer and builder-contractor raised the fabric in August 1972. The work only stood for 28 hours before the wind again destroyed the fabric. This work, their most expensive to date and first to involve construction workers, was captured in a documentary by David and Albert Maysles.[14] Christo's Valley Curtain was nominated for Best Documentary Short in the 1974 Academy Awards.[15] The Maysles would film many of the artists' later projects.[14]Inspired by a snow fence, in 1972, Christo and Jeanne-Claude began preparations for Running Fence: a 24.5-mile fence of white nylon, supported by steel posts and steel cables, running through the California landscape and into the ocean. In exchange for temporary use of ranch land, the artists agreed to offer payment and use of the deconstructed building materials. Others challenged its construction in 18 public hearings and three state court sessions. The fence began construction in April 1976 and the project culminated in a two-week display in September, after which it was deconstructed.[16]Their 1978 Wrapped Walk Ways covered paths within Kansas City, Missouri's Loose Park in 12,540 square meters (135,000 square feet) of saffron-colored nylon fabric covering 4.4 kilometers (2.7 miles) of the park's formal garden walkways and jogging paths.[17]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Biscayne Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biscayne_Bay"},{"link_name":"polypropylene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polypropylene"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Surrounded Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrounded_Islands"},{"link_name":"Willi Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willi_Smith"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-19"},{"link_name":"American citizen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizenship_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2002312-20"},{"link_name":"Pont Neuf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pont_Neuf"},{"link_name":"The Pont Neuf Wrapped","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pont_Neuf_Wrapped"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFineberg200442-21"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-19"}],"sub_title":"1980s","text":"Christo and Jeanne-Claude planned a project based on Jeanne-Claude's idea to surround eleven islands in Miami's Biscayne Bay with 603,850 m2 (6,499,800 sq ft) of pink polypropylene floating fabric.[18] Surrounded Islands was completed on May 7, 1983, with the aid of 430 workers and could be admired for two weeks. The workers were outfitted with pink long sleeve shirts with pale blue text written on the back reading “Christo Surrounded Islands”, and then in acknowledging the garment's designer, \"designed and produced by Willi Smith\".[19]Jeanne-Claude became an American citizen in March 1984.[20] The couple received permission to wrap the Pont Neuf, a bridge in Paris, in August 1985. The bridge stayed wrapped for two weeks (22 Sep - 5 Oct 1985). The Pont Neuf Wrapped attracted three million visitors.[21] Wrapping the Pont Neuf continued the tradition of transforming a sculptural dimension into a work of art. The fabric maintained the principal shapes of the Pont Neuf but it emphasized the details and the proportions. As with Surrounded Islands, workers who assisted with the installation and deinstallation of Pont Neuf Wrapped wore uniforms designed by Willi Smith.[19]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Umbrella_Project1991_10_27.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Umbrellas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Umbrellas_(Christo_and_Jeanne-Claude)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFineberg200444-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Reichstag building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichstag_building"},{"link_name":"Bundestag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundestag"},{"link_name":"Wrapped Reichstag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrapped_Reichstag"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Beyeler Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyeler_Foundation"},{"link_name":"St. Louis, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"1990s","text":"The Umbrellas (1991)Their 1991 The Umbrellas involved the simultaneous setup of blue and gold umbrellas in Japan and California, respectively. The 3,100-umbrella project cost US$26 million and attracted three million visitors.[22] Christo closed the exhibition early after a woman was killed by a windblown umbrella in California.[23] Separately, a worker was killed during the deconstruction of the Japanese exhibit.[24]Christo and Jeanne-Claude wrapped the Berlin Reichstag building in 1995 following 24 years of governmental lobbying across six Bundestag presidents. Wrapped Reichstag's 100,000 square meters of silver fabric draped the building, fastened with blue rope.[25] Christo described the Reichstag wrapping as autobiographical based on his Bulgarian upbringing.[26] The wrapping became symbolic of unified Germany and marked Berlin's return as a world city.[27] The Guardian posthumously described the work as their \"most spectacular achievement\".[28]In 1998, the artists wrapped trees at the Beyeler Foundation and its nearby Berower Park. Prior attempts had failed to secure government support in St. Louis, Missouri, and Paris. The work was self-funded through sale of photographic documentation and preparatory works, as had become standard for the couple.[29]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Gates,_a_site-specific_work_of_art_by_Christo_and_Jeanne-Claude_in_Central_Park,_New_York_City_LCCN2011633978.tif"},{"link_name":"The Gates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gates"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Central Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Park"},{"link_name":"Michael R. Bloomberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_R._Bloomberg"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Doris C. Freedman Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doris_C._Freedman_Award"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ARTINFO-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"The Gates","text":"The Gates (2005)Work began on the installation of the couple's most protracted project, The Gates, in New York City's Central Park in January 2005. Its full title, The Gates, Central Park, New York, 1979–2005, refers to the time elapsed between the year of the artists' initial proposal and the year they were allowed to proceed, having received permission from the newly elected mayor Michael R. Bloomberg.[30] The Gates was open to the public from February 12–27, 2005. A total of 7,503 gates made of saffron-colored fabric were placed on paths in Central Park. They were five meters (16 ft) high and had a combined length of 37 km (23 mi). The mayor presented them with the Doris C. Freedman Award for public art.[31] The project cost an estimated US$21 million, which the artists planned to recoup by selling project documentation.[32]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gasometer Oberhausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasometer_Oberhausen"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"sub_title":"Big Air Package","text":"Christo filled the Gasometer Oberhausen from March 16 until December 30, 2013, with the installation Big Air Package. After The Wall (1999) as the final installation of the Emscher Park International Building Exhibition, Big Air Package was his second work of art in the Gasometer. The \"Big Air Package – Project for Gasometer Oberhausen, Germany\" was conceived by Christo in 2010 (for the first time without his wife Jeanne-Claude).\nThe sculpture was set up in the interior of the industrial monument and was made of 20,350 m3 (719,000 cu ft) of translucent fabric and 4,500 m (14,800 ft) of rope. In the inflated state, the envelope, with a weight of 5.3 tonnes (5.8 short tons), reached a height of more than 90 m (300 ft), a diameter of 50 m (160 ft) and a volume of 177,000 m3 (6,300,000 cu ft). The monumental work of art was, temporarily, the largest self-supporting sculpture in the world. In the accessible interior of Big Air Package, the artist generated a unique experience of space, proportions, and light.[33]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Museum of Contemporary Art San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Contemporary_Art_San_Diego"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"sub_title":"X-TO+J-C: Christo and Jeanne-Claude Featuring Works from the Bequest of David C. Copley","text":"In 2014, the Museum of Contemporary Art San Diego presented the exhibit X-TO + J-C: Christo and Jeanne-Claude Featuring Works from the Bequest of David C. Copley, one of the museum's patrons and trustees who also had the largest collection of Christo and Jeanne-Claude's work in the United States.[34] X-TO + J-C featured more than fifty works by Christo and Jeanne-Claude, including pieces such as Christo's evocative Package (1960), alongside drawings related to his early concealed objects: chairs, road signs, and other commonplace items.[35] Christo himself gave a lecture in which he discussed two works that were in progress: Over the River, Project for the Arkansas River, Colorado, and The Mastaba, Project for the United Arab Emirates.[36]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Floating_Piers_from_Rocca_di_Monte_Isola_-_P1000799_straighten.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lake Iseo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Iseo"},{"link_name":"Brescia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brescia"},{"link_name":"Sulzano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulzano"},{"link_name":"Monte Isola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Isola"},{"link_name":"Peschiera Maraglio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peschiera_Maraglio"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Beretta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beretta"},{"link_name":"sidearm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidearm_(weapon)"},{"link_name":"U.S. Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Army"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"sub_title":"The Floating Piers","text":"The Floating Piers (2016)The Floating Piers were a series of walkways installed at Lake Iseo near Brescia, Italy. From June 18 to July 3, 2016, visitors were able to walk just above the surface of the water from the village of Sulzano on the mainland to the islands of Monte Isola and San Paolo. The floating walkways were made of around 200,000 polyethene cubes covered with 70,000 m2 (750,000 sq ft) of bright yellow fabric: 3 km (1.9 mi) of piers moved on the water; another 1.5 km (0.93 mi) of golden fabric continued along the pedestrian streets in Sulzano and Peschiera Maraglio. After the exhibition, all components were to be removed and recycled.[37] The installation was facilitated by the Beretta family, owners of the oldest active manufacturer of firearm components in the world and the primary sidearm supplier of the U.S. Army.[38] The Beretta family owns the island of San Paolo, which was surrounded by Floating Piers walkways.[39]\nThe work was a success with the Italian public and critics as well.[40][41][42]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%22The_Mastaba%22_massive_sculpture,_floating_in_the_Serpentine_(geograph_5815024).jpg"},{"link_name":"The Serpentine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Serpentine"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"mastaba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastaba"},{"link_name":"high-density polyethene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-density_polyethene"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Serpentine Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpentine_Gallery"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"oil barrels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_barrel"},{"link_name":"Al Gharbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Gharbia,_Abu_Dhabi"},{"link_name":"Abu Dhabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Dhabi"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"}],"sub_title":"The London Mastaba","text":"The London Mastaba (2018)The London Mastaba was a temporary floating installation exhibited from June to September 2018 on The Serpentine in London. The installation consisted of 7,506 oil barrels, in the shape of a mastaba, a form of an early bench, as well as a style of tomb, in use in ancient Mesopotamia, with a flat roof and inward sloping sides. It sat on a floating platform of high-density polyethene, held in place by 32 anchors. It was 20 m (66 ft) in height and weighed 600 tonnes (660 short tons). The vertical ends were painted in a mosaic of red, blue and mauve, whilst the sloping sides were in red with bands of white.[43]Simultaneously with the display of The London Mastaba, the nearby Serpentine Gallery presented an exhibition of the artists' work, entitled Christo and Jeanne-Claude: Barrels and The Mastaba 1958–2018. The exhibition comprised sculptures, drawings, collages, scale-models and photographs from the last 60 years of the artists' work.[44]Another Mastaba of over 400,000 oil barrels is intended to be built at Al Gharbia, 160 km (100 mi) from the city Abu Dhabi.[45][46]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arkansas River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas_River"},{"link_name":"Salida, Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salida,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Cañon City, Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ca%C3%B1on_City,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"ecosystem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem"},{"link_name":"U.S. Bureau of Land Management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Bureau_of_Land_Management"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Colorado Parks and Wildlife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Parks_and_Wildlife"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Seine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seine"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-natgeo112006-53"},{"link_name":"wind tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_tunnel"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTimes100717-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"election of President Trump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election_of_President_Trump"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"}],"sub_title":"Over the River","text":"Christo and Jeanne-Claude announced plans for a future project, titled Over The River, to be constructed on the Arkansas River between Salida, Colorado, and Cañon City, Colorado, on the eastern slope of the Rocky mountains. Plans for the project call for horizontally suspending 10.8 km (6.7 mi) of reflective, translucent fabric panels high above the water, on steel cables anchored into the river's banks. Project plans called for its installation for two weeks during the summer of 2015, at the earliest, and for the river to remain open to recreation during the installation. Reaction among area residents was intense, with supporters hoping for a tourist boom and opponents fearing that the project would ruin the visual appeal of the landscape and inflict damage on the river ecosystem. One local rafting guide compared the project to \"hanging pornography in a church.\" The U.S. Bureau of Land Management released a Record of Decision approving the project on November 7, 2011.[47][48][49] Work on the project cannot begin, however, until the Bureau of Land Management issues a Notice to Proceed.[50] A lawsuit against Colorado Parks and Wildlife was filed on July 22, 2011, by Rags Over the Arkansas River (ROAR), a local group opposed to the project.[51] The lawsuit is still awaiting a court date.[52]Christo and Jeanne-Claude's inspiration for Over the River came in 1985 as they were wrapping the Pont-Neuf and a fabric panel was being elevated over the Seine. The artists began a three-year search for appropriate locations in 1992, considering some eighty-nine river locations. They chose the Arkansas River because its banks were high enough that recreational rafters could enjoy the river at the same time.[53]Christo and Jeanne-Claude spent more than $6 million on environmental studies, design engineering, and wind tunnel testing of fabrics. As with past projects, Over The River would be financed entirely by Christo and Jeanne-Claude, through the sale of Christo's preparatory drawings, collages, scale models, and early works of the 1950s/1960s. On July 16, 2010, the U.S. Bureau of Land Management released its four-volume Draft Environmental Impact Statement, which reported many potentially serious types of adverse impact but also many proposed \"mitigation\" options.[54][55]In January 2017, after the election of President Trump, Christo canceled the controversial project citing protest of the new administration as well as tiring from the hard-fought legal battle waged by local residents.[56][57]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arc_de_Triomphe_being_prepared_for_Christo_wrapping.jpg"},{"link_name":"Arc de Triomphe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arc_de_Triomphe"},{"link_name":"polypropylene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polypropylene"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic in France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_France"},{"link_name":"its impact on the arts and cultural sector worldwide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_arts_and_cultural_heritage"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"}],"sub_title":"L'Arc de Triomphe, Wrapped","text":"Arc de Triomphe being prepared for Christo wrappingContinuing their series of monumental \"wrapping\" projects, the Arc de Triomphe in Paris was wrapped in 30,000 square meters of recyclable polypropylene fabric in silvery blue, and 7,000 meters (23,000 feet) of red rope. Originally scheduled for autumn of 2020,[58] it was postponed a year to Saturday, September 18 to Sunday, October 3, 2021, due to the COVID-19 pandemic in France and its impact on the arts and cultural sector worldwide.[59] Following Christo's death, his office stated that the project would nevertheless be completed.[60]Several articles in the press cut the name of Jeanne-Claude on their coverage of the event leading to a debate about the suppression of the place of women in art history.[61][62][63][64]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"Praemium Imperiale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praemium_Imperiale"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"Vilcek Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilcek_Prize"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"International Sculpture Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Sculpture_Center"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_2009-5"},{"link_name":"Pérez Art Museum Miami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9rez_Art_Museum_Miami"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"}],"text":"Christo and Jeanne-Claude's work is held by many major public collections.[65] The artists received the 1995 Praemium Imperiale,[66] the 2006 Vilcek Prize,[67] and the 2004 International Sculpture Center's Lifetime Achievement in Contemporary Sculpture Award.[68]Art critic David Bourdon described Christo's wrappings as a \"revelation through concealment\".[69] Unto his critics Christo replied, \"I am an artist, and I have to have courage ... Do you know that I don't have any artworks that exist? They all go away when they're finished. Only the preparatory drawings, and collages are left, giving my works an almost legendary character. I think it takes much greater courage to create things to be gone than to create things that will remain.\"[70] Jeanne-Claude was a firm believer in the aesthetic beauty of works of art; she said, \"'We want to create works of art of joy and beauty, which we will build because we believe it will be beautiful.'\"[5]In 2022, the Pérez Art Museum Miami presented Christo Drawings: A Gift from the Maria Bechily and Scott Hodes Collection, comprising drawings and project sketches produced by Christo and his life partner and artistic collaborator Jeane-Claude between the 1960s and the 2000s.[71]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Biographies"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Christo_by_Erling_Mandelmann.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Christo_signature.svg"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_language"},{"link_name":"[xrisˈtɔ vlɐˈdimirof jaˈvaʃɛf]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Bulgarian"},{"link_name":"Gabrovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabrovo"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Macedonian Bulgarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_Bulgarians"},{"link_name":"Thessaloniki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thessaloniki"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow20024-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow200211-73"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow20024-72"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow200213-74"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow20025%E2%80%936-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow20029-76"},{"link_name":"Western art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_painting"},{"link_name":"Sofia Academy of Fine Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofia_Academy_of_Fine_Arts"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow200215-77"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow200217-78"},{"link_name":"Skira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skira_(publisher)"},{"link_name":"avant-garde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avant-garde"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow200219-79"},{"link_name":"location scout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Location_scout"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow200220-80"},{"link_name":"Prague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow200222-81"},{"link_name":"Emil František Burian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Franti%C5%A1ek_Burian"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow200223-82"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow200224-83"},{"link_name":"Vienna Fine Arts Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna_Fine_Arts_Academy"},{"link_name":"political asylum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_asylum"},{"link_name":"stateless person","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stateless_person"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow200225-84"},{"link_name":"Geneva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow200246%E2%80%9348-85"},{"link_name":"Kunstmuseum Basel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunstmuseum_Basel"},{"link_name":"Kunsthaus Zürich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunsthaus_Z%C3%BCrich"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow200249-86"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow200250-87"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow200251%E2%80%9352-88"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AP-obit-90"},{"link_name":"L'Arc de Triomphe, Wrapped","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Arc_de_Triomphe,_Wrapped"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"}],"sub_title":"Christo","text":"Young ChristoChristo's signatureChristo Vladimirov Javacheff (Bulgarian: Христо Владимиров Явашев, [xrisˈtɔ vlɐˈdimirof jaˈvaʃɛf]) was born on June 13, 1935, in Gabrovo, Bulgaria, as the second of three sons to Tzveta Dimitrova, a Macedonian Bulgarian from Thessaloniki, and Vladimir Javacheff, who worked at a textile manufacturer.[72] Christo was shy[73] and had a predilection for art. He received private art instruction at a young age and the support of his parents,[72] who invited visiting artists to their house.[74] Christo was particularly affected by events from World War II and the country's fluid borders.[75] During evacuations, he and his brothers stayed with a family in the rural hills outside town, where Christo connected with nature and handicraft.[76]Christo pursued realistic painting through the mid-1950s, a period during which Western art was suppressed in Bulgaria. He was admitted into the Sofia Academy of Fine Arts in 1953[77] but found the school dull and stifling.[78] Instead, he found inspiration in Skira art books, and visiting Russian professors who were older than him and once active in Russian modernism and the Soviet avant-garde. On the weekends, academy students were sent to paint propaganda and Christo unhappily participated.[79] He found work as a location scout for the state cinema and served three tours of duty during summer breaks.[80] In 1956, he used an academy connection to receive permission to visit family in Prague,[81] where the theater of Emil František Burian reinvigorated him.[82] Amid fears of further Russian suppression in Hungary, Christo decided to flee to Vienna as a railcar stowaway. He had little money after paying the bribe, did not speak the language, had deserted during his Bulgarian military service, and feared being trapped in a refugee camp.[83]In Vienna, he stayed with a family friend (who had not expected him), studied at the Vienna Fine Arts Academy, and surrendered his passport to seek political asylum as a stateless person.[84] There, he supported himself with commissions and briefly visited Italy with the academy, whose program he found equally unhappy as the one before it. At the behest of a friend relocated from Sofia, he saved up to visit Geneva in late 1957.[85] In violation of his visa, he continued to pursue commissions (whose works he would sign with his family name, reserving his given name for more serious work) and was transformed after visiting the Kunstmuseum Basel and Kunsthaus Zürich.[86] In January 1958, he first began to wrap things, as would become his trademark, starting with a paint can.[87] His collection of wrapped household items would be known as his Inventory. In February 1958, Christo left for Paris, having received a visa with the assistance of a Sofia academy connection.[88]In 1973, after 17 stateless years, Christo became a United States citizen.[89] He died at his home in New York City on May 31, 2020, at 84. No cause of death was specified.[90] L'Arc de Triomphe, Wrapped, a planned work by Christo and Jeanne-Claude, went ahead posthumously in Paris in September 2021.[91]","title":"Biographies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[ʒan klod dəna də gijəbɔ̃]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"Casablanca, Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casablanca,_Morocco"},{"link_name":"baccalauréat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baccalaur%C3%A9at"},{"link_name":"University of Tunis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunis_University"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_2009-5"},{"link_name":"Bern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bern"},{"link_name":"Tunisia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow200237%E2%80%9343-92"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WSJ-7"},{"link_name":"brain aneurysm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_aneurysm"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hoelterhoff-95"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_2009-5"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"}],"sub_title":"Jeanne-Claude","text":"Jeanne-Claude Denat de Guillebon (French: [ʒan klod dəna də gijəbɔ̃]) was born in Casablanca, Morocco, where her father, an army officer, was stationed. Her mother, Précilda, was 17 when she married Jeanne-Claude's father, Major Léon Denat. Précilda and Léon Denat divorced shortly after Jeanne-Claude was born, and Précilda remarried three times. Jeanne-Claude earned a baccalauréat in Latin and philosophy in 1952 from the University of Tunis.[5] After Précilda married the General Jacques de Guillebon in 1947, the family lived in Bern (1948–1951) and Tunisia (1952–1957) before returning to Paris.[92]Jeanne-Claude was described as \"extroverted\" and with natural organizational abilities. Her hair was dyed red, which she claimed was selected by her husband.[93] She took responsibility for overseeing work crews and for raising funds.[7]Jeanne-Claude died in New York City on November 18, 2009, from complications due to a brain aneurysm. Her body was to be donated to science, one of her final wishes.[94] When she died, she and Christo were at work on Over the River[95] and the United Arab Emirates project, The Mastaba.[5] She said, \"Artists don't retire. They die. That's all. When they stop being able to create art, they die.\"[96]","title":"Biographies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow200260%E2%80%9361-2"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow200269%E2%80%9370-97"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow200275-98"},{"link_name":"Cyril","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_Christo"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bryan2019-99"}],"sub_title":"Marriage","text":"Christo and Jeanne-Claude met in October 1958 when he was commissioned to paint a portrait of her mother, Précilda de Guillebon.[2] Initially, Christo was attracted to Jeanne-Claude's half-sister, Joyce. Jeanne-Claude was engaged to Philippe Planchon.[97] Shortly before her wedding, Jeanne-Claude became pregnant by Christo. Although she married Planchon, Jeanne-Claude left him immediately after their honeymoon.[98] Christo and Jeanne-Claude's son, Cyril, was born on May 11, 1960.[99]","title":"Biographies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Artist Christo, known for wrapping exteriors of landmarks, dies at 84\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.reuters.com/article/us-art-christo-idUSKBN2370U9"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20200608123358/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-art-christo-idUSKBN2370U9"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChernow200260%E2%80%9361_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChernow200260%E2%80%9361_2-1"},{"link_name":"Chernow 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFChernow2002"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFineberg200418_3-0"},{"link_name":"Fineberg 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Reuters. June 1, 2020. Archived from the original on June 8, 2020. Retrieved June 8, 2020.\n\n^ a b Chernow 2002, pp. 60–61.\n\n^ Fineberg 2004, p. 18.\n\n^ Fineberg 2004, p. 19.\n\n^ a b c d e Grimes, William (November 19, 2009). \"Jeanne-Claude, Christo's Collaborator on Environmental Canvas, Is Dead at 74\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 25, 2017. Retrieved February 6, 2017.\n\n^ Lewis, Richard, and Susan Lewis. \"Cengage Advantage Books: The Power of Art.\" Google Books. Cengage Learning, January 23, 2008. Web. March 4, 2015.\n\n^ a b Miller, Stephen; Crow, Kelly (November 20, 2009). \"Part of a Creative Powerhouse Behind Ephemeral Artworks\". The Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones. Archived from the original on July 7, 2015. Retrieved November 20, 2009.\n\n^ Baal-Teshuva 2001, p. 27.\n\n^ Baal-Teshuva 2001, p. 28.\n\n^ Grimes, William (May 8, 2010). \"Jan van der Marck, Museum Administrator, Dies at 80 (Published 2010)\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on February 8, 2021. Retrieved January 30, 2021.\n\n^ Baal-Teshuva 2001, p. 32.\n\n^ Blake, Elissa (June 1, 2020). \"Christo's Wrapped Coast: how the monumental Australian work was made – and changed art history\". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on June 2, 2020. Retrieved June 2, 2020.\n\n^ a b c Fineberg 2004, p. 31.\n\n^ a b c Fineberg 2004, p. 32.\n\n^ Gates, Anita (March 6, 2015). \"Albert Maysles, Pioneering Documentarian, Dies at 88\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on February 9, 2020. Retrieved June 1, 2020.\n\n^ Hendry, Erica R. (June 2010). \"Christo's California Dreamin'\". Smithsonian Magazine. Archived from the original on June 18, 2020. Retrieved June 1, 2020.\n\n^ Cowdy, Richard (1982). \"Review of Christo: Wrapped Walk Ways. Loose Park, Kansas City, Missouri, 1977-78\". Leonardo. 15 (1): 79. doi:10.2307/1574371. ISSN 0024-094X. JSTOR 1574371.\n\n^ perezartmuseummiami (September 21, 2018). \"Christo and Jeanne-Claude: Surrounded Islands, Biscayne Bay, Greater Miami, Florida, 1980–83 | A Documentary Exhibition\". pammportraits.org. Retrieved February 21, 2023.\n\n^ a b Earnest, Jarrett (2020). \"Willi Smith in Pieces\". In Cunningham Cameron, Alexandra (ed.). Willi Smith: Street Couture. New York: Rizzoli Electa. pp. 50–53. ISBN 978-0-8478-6819-3.\n\n^ Chernow 2002, p. 312.\n\n^ Fineberg 2004, p. 42.\n\n^ Fineberg 2004, p. 44.\n\n^ \"Christo Umbrella Crushes Woman\". The New York Times. The Associated Press. October 28, 1991. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on February 5, 2017. Retrieved February 6, 2017.\n\n^ \"2d Person Is Killed in Christo Art Project\". The New York Times. The Associated Press. November 1, 1991. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 13, 2017. Retrieved February 6, 2017.\n\n^ da Silva, José (June 1, 2020). \"Christo and Jeanne-Claude's greatest hits\". The Art Newspaper. Archived from the original on June 2, 2020. Retrieved June 2, 2020.\n\n^ Artner, Alan G. (April 6, 1986). \"Christo Finds the Going Getting Rougher as He Wraps His Way Around the World\". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on June 13, 2022. Retrieved June 2, 2020.\n\n^ Warde-Aldam, Digby (June 19, 2018). \"Understanding Christo and Jeanne-Claude through 6 Pivotal Artworks\". Artsy. Archived from the original on June 13, 2020. Retrieved June 2, 2020.\n\n^ Needham, Alex (May 31, 2020). \"Christo, artist who wrapped the Reichstag, dies aged 84\". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on June 1, 2020. Retrieved June 1, 2020.\n\n^ Greenberger, Alex (April 3, 2020). \"Enormous Wrappings by Christo and Jeanne-Claude, Ranked by Size: From Covered Monuments to Mountainside Curtains\". ARTnews.com. Archived from the original on June 3, 2020. Retrieved June 2, 2020.\n\n^ Tompkins, Calvin. \"The Gates to the City. How the Christos plan to transform Central Park\". The New Yorker. No. March 29, 2004. pp. 74–85. Archived from the original on November 27, 2009. Retrieved August 6, 2019.\n\n^ \"2005: Art World Year-in-Review\". Artinfo. December 25, 2005. Archived from the original on October 14, 2012. Retrieved April 17, 2008.\n\n^ McIntire, Mike (March 5, 2005). \"Enough About 'Gates' as Art; Let's Talk About That Price Tag\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 3, 2020. Retrieved June 1, 2020.\n\n^ NoFavorite. \"Projects – Big Air Package\". www.christojeanneclaude.net. Archived from the original on June 23, 2018. Retrieved April 15, 2018.\n\n^ \"Christo Lectures At MCASD To Open Exhibit\". KPBS Public Media. January 31, 2014. Archived from the original on January 24, 2022. Retrieved January 24, 2022.\n\n^ \"XTO + J-C: Christo and Jeanne-Claude exhibition opens at the Museum of Contemporary Art San Diego\". artdaily.cc. Archived from the original on January 24, 2022. Retrieved January 24, 2022.\n\n^ \"MUSEUM OF CONTEMPORARY ART SAN DIEGO (MCASD) PRESENTS X-TO + J-C: CHRISTO AND JEANNE-CLAUDE FEATURING WORKS FROM THE BEQUEST OF DAVID C. COPLEY\". Museum of Contemporary Art San Diego. January 13, 2014. Archived from the original on January 24, 2022. Retrieved January 24, 2022.\n\n^ \"Christo: The Floating Piers, Project for Lake Iseo, Italy\". christojeanneclaude.net. Archived from the original on September 30, 2015. Retrieved September 7, 2015.\n\n^ \"Esplora il significant del termine: La signora Beretta e l'isola di Famiglia nell'opera di Christo da 15 million di euroLa signora Beretta e l'isola di Famiglia nell'opera di Christo da 15 milioni di euro\". corriere.it. Archived from the original on June 13, 2022. Retrieved April 8, 2016.\n\n^ Mesco, Manuela (June 18, 2016). \"Christo Walks on Water With New Italian Installation\". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on July 24, 2016. Retrieved July 19, 2016.\n\n^ \"I 10 tipi da The Floating Piers Analisi ironica di un successo\". July 7, 2016. Archived from the original on July 28, 2020. Retrieved May 31, 2020.\n\n^ \"The Floating Piers, Christo: \"E' stato un successo\"\". ilgiorno.it. ilgiorno.it. July 13, 2016. Archived from the original on July 28, 2020. Retrieved May 31, 2020.\n\n^ \"Christo. Riflessioni finali su The Floating Piers\". darsmagazine.it. July 4, 2016. Archived from the original on September 19, 2020. Retrieved May 31, 2020.\n\n^ Block, India (June 18, 2018). \"Christo unveils floating Serpentine sculpture made from 7,506 barrels\". De Zeen. Archived from the original on June 18, 2018. Retrieved June 18, 2018.\n\n^ \"Christo and Jeanne-Claude: Barrels and The Mastaba 1958–2018\". Serpentine Gallery. Archived from the original on June 22, 2018. Retrieved June 22, 2018.\n\n^ \"The Mastaba\". Christo and Jeanne-Claude. Archived from the original on January 26, 2017. Retrieved January 27, 2017.\n\n^ Ng, David (November 26, 2012). \"Will Christo's oil-barrel pyramid 'Mastaba' finally rise?\". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on March 6, 2013. Retrieved March 12, 2013.\n\n^ Blevins, Jason (August 22, 2010). \"Local viewpoints wide apart on Christo's plan to drape fabric over Arkansas River\". The Denver Post. Archived from the original on July 28, 2020. Retrieved June 2, 2020.\n\n^ Crow, Kelly (September 10, 2010). \"Christo vs. Colorado\". The Wall Street Journal September 10, 2010. Archived from the original on July 9, 2017. Retrieved August 3, 2017.\n\n^ \"BLM Over The River Record of Decision\". Bureau of Land Management. November 7, 2011. Archived from the original on February 1, 2012.\n\n^ \"News and Events\". Rags Over the Arkansas River (ROAR). November 21, 2011. Archived from the original on November 11, 2011.\n\n^ Blevins, Jason (July 27, 2011). \"Foes of Christo's plan to cover Arkansas River with fabric sue state park board\". The Denver Post. Archived from the original on November 12, 2011. Retrieved November 26, 2011.\n\n^ Ericka, Kastner (November 1, 2011). \"OTR lawsuit awaits court date\". The Mountain Mail. Archived from the original on December 7, 2011. Retrieved November 26, 2011.\n\n^ Cathy, Newman (November 2006). \"Christo and Jeanne-Claude Unwrapped\". National Geographic.\n\n^ Johnson, Kirk (July 16, 2010). \"Bureaucracy Meets Art, Delighting Christo\". The New York Times July 17, 2010. Archived from the original on December 1, 2016. Retrieved February 6, 2017.\n\n^ Crow, Kelly (September 10, 2010). \"Christo vs. Colorado\". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on November 6, 2018. Retrieved April 15, 2018 – via www.wsj.com.\n\n^ Randy Kennedy, Christo, Trump and the Art World's Biggest Protest Yet Archived January 25, 2017, at the Wayback Machine The New York Times 2017/01/25\n\n^ Corey H. Jones, Artist Christo Calls Off Colorado Project After Long Legal Battle Archived January 25, 2017, at the Wayback Machine Colorado Public Radio January 25, 2017\n\n^ Lauter, Devoran (March 26, 2020). \"\"I Use the Capitalist System to the Very End\": Christo on What It's Like to Achieve His Dream of Wrapping the Arc de Triomphe\". artnet News. Archived from the original on July 1, 2020. Retrieved May 10, 2020.\n\n^ \"L'Arc de Triomphe, Wrapped\". christojeanneclaude.net. Archived from the original on June 13, 2020. Retrieved May 10, 2020.\n\n^ Artist Christo, famed for wrapping landmarks in cloth, dies at 84, France24, May 31, 2020, online: france24.com/... Archived June 4, 2020, at the Wayback Machine\n\n^ Brugvin, Margaux (September 21, 2021). \"Le triomphe de Christo et l'effacement de Jeanne-Claude\". i-D (in French). Archived from the original on September 29, 2021. Retrieved September 29, 2021.\n\n^ \"Jeanne-Claude, the artist hidden behind the Arc de Triomphe packaged (not only by Christo)\". News in 24 Lifestyle English. September 18, 2021. Retrieved September 29, 2021.\n\n^ \"Pourquoi l'installation de Christo et Jeanne-Claude sur l'Arc de triomphe fait débat ?\". Konbini Arts - Photographie et arts sans filtre par Konbini (in French). September 14, 2021. Archived from the original on September 29, 2021. Retrieved September 29, 2021.\n\n^ Rockefeller, Hall W. (September 22, 2021). \"Give Jeanne-Claude Her Rightful Credit\". Hyperallergic. Archived from the original on September 28, 2021. Retrieved September 29, 2021.\n\n^ \"Christo and Jeanne-Claude Biography\". Artnet. Archived from the original on August 28, 2020. Retrieved June 1, 2020.\n\n^ \"Lloyd Webber Wins Prize\". The New York Times. June 16, 1995. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. Retrieved June 1, 2020.\n\n^ Cash, Stephanie; Ebony, David (May 2006). \"Awards & Grants\". Art in America. Vol. 94, no. 5. p. 206. ISSN 0004-3214. ProQuest 219749045.\n\n^ \"ISC Board Meets in New York\". Sculpture. 23: 80. 2004.\n\n^ Bourdon, David: \"Christo\", Harry N. Abrams Publishers, Inc., New York City, 1970.\n\n^ Gilbert, Rita; Getlein, Mark (2002). Gilbert's Living with Art. McGraw-Hill. p. 276. ISBN 978-0-07-231726-8.\n\n^ \"Christo Drawings: A Gift from the Maria Bechily and Scott Hodes Collection • Pérez Art Museum Miami\". Pérez Art Museum Miami. Retrieved February 21, 2023.\n\n^ a b Chernow 2002, p. 4.\n\n^ Chernow 2002, p. 11.\n\n^ Chernow 2002, p. 13.\n\n^ Chernow 2002, p. 5–6.\n\n^ Chernow 2002, p. 9.\n\n^ Chernow 2002, p. 15.\n\n^ Chernow 2002, p. 17.\n\n^ Chernow 2002, p. 19.\n\n^ Chernow 2002, p. 20.\n\n^ Chernow 2002, p. 22.\n\n^ Chernow 2002, p. 23.\n\n^ Chernow 2002, p. 24.\n\n^ Chernow 2002, p. 25.\n\n^ Chernow 2002, pp. 46–48.\n\n^ Chernow 2002, p. 49.\n\n^ Chernow 2002, p. 50.\n\n^ Chernow 2002, pp. 51–52.\n\n^ Randy Kennedy (January 25, 2017). \"Christo, Trump and the Art World's Biggest Protest Yet\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 25, 2017. Retrieved January 25, 2017.\n\n^ \"Christo, artist known for massive, fleeting displays, dies\". Associated Press. May 31, 2020. Archived from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved May 31, 2020.\n\n^ Needham, Alex (May 31, 2020). \"Christo, artist who wrapped the Reichstag, dies aged 84\". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on May 31, 2020. Retrieved June 1, 2020.\n\n^ Chernow 2002, pp. 37–43.\n\n^ Vogel, Carol (October 21, 2015). \"Next From Christo: Art That Lets You Walk on Water\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 14, 2018. Retrieved April 15, 2018.\n\n^ \"Artist Jeanne-Claude dies aged 74\". BBC News. November 20, 2009. Archived from the original on November 23, 2009. Retrieved November 19, 2009.\n\n^ Hoelterhoff, Manuela (November 20, 2009). \"Jeanne-Claude – Christo's Dynamic Muse\". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on January 18, 2013. Retrieved November 20, 2009.\n\n^ Schudel, Matt (November 20, 2009). \"Jeanne-Claude and Christo\". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on September 13, 2012. Retrieved November 20, 2009.\n\n^ Chernow 2002, pp. 69–70.\n\n^ Chernow 2002, p. 75.\n\n^ Bryan, Kate (2019). The Art of Love: The Romantic and Explosive Stories Behind Art's Greatest Couples. White Lion Publishing. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-7112-4032-2. Archived from the original on July 29, 2020. Retrieved June 1, 2020.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Taschen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taschen"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-8228-5996-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8228-5996-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-312-28074-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-28074-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-300-10405-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10405-9"},{"link_name":"corresponding article","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christo_und_Jeanne-Claude"}],"text":"Baal-Teshuva, Jacob (2001). Christo and Jeanne-Claude. Taschen. ISBN 978-3-8228-5996-4.\nChernow, Burt (2002). Christo and Jeanne-Claude: A Biography. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-312-28074-1.\nFineberg, Jonathan David (2004). Christo and Jeanne-Claude: On the Way to The Gates, Central Park, New York City. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-10405-9.\nThis article is based on a translation of the corresponding article from the German Wikipedia, accessed on May 3, 2005, with additional material on the Over the River project from the artists' website and newspapers.","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Further reading"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"The early work of Christo and Jeanne-Claude","text":"Matthias Koddenberg, Christo: The Paris Sculptures 1961, Kettler Verlag, Bönen, Germany 2011\nMatthias Koddenberg, Christo and Jeanne-Claude: Early Works 1958–64, Kettler Verlag, Bönen, Germany 2009\nMatthias Koddenberg, \"Christo and Jeanne-Claude: Realism's Newly Unveiled Face\", in: Nouveau Réalisme, exh. cat. Museum Moderner Kunst Stiftung Ludwig Wien, Vienna, Austria 2005\nDavid Bourdon, Christo, Harry N. Abrams, New York, 1971","title":"Further reading"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wark, Wesley K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wesley_K._Wark"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Cencrastus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cencrastus"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0264-0856","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0264-0856"}],"sub_title":"Specific projects of Christo and Jeanne-Claude","text":"Wark, Wesley K., Christo: A New Work in Miami / An Imaginary Visit to Scotland, in Cencrastus No. 9, Summer 1982, pp. 10 – 12, ISSN 0264-0856\nAnne L. Strauss, Christo and Jeanne-Claude: The Gates, Central Park, New York City, 1979–2005, Taschen Verlag, Cologne, Germany 2005\nChristo: 5.600 Cubicmeter Package, Verlag Wort und Bild, Baierbrunn, Germany 1968\nFive Films about Christo & Jeanne-Claude: A Maysles Films Production, New York: Plexifilm, 2004.","title":"Further reading"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Life and work of Christo and Jeanne-Claude","text":"Matthias Koddenberg, Christo and Jeanne-Claude: In/out Studio, D.A.P., New York, 2015\nChristo and Jeanne-Claude: 40 Years – 12 Exhibitions, exh. cat. Annely Juda Fine Art, London, Great Britain 2011\nJacob Baal-Teshuva, Christo and Jeanne-Claude, Taschen Verlag, Cologne, Germany 2005\nBurt Chernow, Christo and Jeanne-Claude: A Biography, St. Martin's Press, New York, 2002","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Würth Rioja wrapped chairs","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Agoncillo_-_W%C3%BCrth_Rioja%2C_Museo_30_-_Christo.JPG/220px-Agoncillo_-_W%C3%BCrth_Rioja%2C_Museo_30_-_Christo.JPG"},{"image_text":"Valley Curtain (1972)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Christo_Rifle_Gap.jpeg/220px-Christo_Rifle_Gap.jpeg"},{"image_text":"The Umbrellas (1991)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Umbrella_Project1991_10_27.jpg/220px-Umbrella_Project1991_10_27.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Gates (2005)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/The_Gates%2C_a_site-specific_work_of_art_by_Christo_and_Jeanne-Claude_in_Central_Park%2C_New_York_City_LCCN2011633978.tif/lossy-page1-220px-The_Gates%2C_a_site-specific_work_of_art_by_Christo_and_Jeanne-Claude_in_Central_Park%2C_New_York_City_LCCN2011633978.tif.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Floating Piers (2016)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/The_Floating_Piers_from_Rocca_di_Monte_Isola_-_P1000799_straighten.jpg/220px-The_Floating_Piers_from_Rocca_di_Monte_Isola_-_P1000799_straighten.jpg"},{"image_text":"The London Mastaba (2018)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/%22The_Mastaba%22_massive_sculpture%2C_floating_in_the_Serpentine_%28geograph_5815024%29.jpg/220px-%22The_Mastaba%22_massive_sculpture%2C_floating_in_the_Serpentine_%28geograph_5815024%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Arc de Triomphe being prepared for Christo wrapping","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Arc_de_Triomphe_being_prepared_for_Christo_wrapping.jpg/220px-Arc_de_Triomphe_being_prepared_for_Christo_wrapping.jpg"},{"image_text":"Young Christo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Christo_by_Erling_Mandelmann.jpg/220px-Christo_by_Erling_Mandelmann.jpg"},{"image_text":"Christo's signature","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Christo_signature.svg/220px-Christo_signature.svg.png"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Artist Christo, known for wrapping exteriors of landmarks, dies at 84\". Reuters. June 1, 2020. Archived from the original on June 8, 2020. Retrieved June 8, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-art-christo-idUSKBN2370U9","url_text":"\"Artist Christo, known for wrapping exteriors of landmarks, dies at 84\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200608123358/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-art-christo-idUSKBN2370U9","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Grimes, William (November 19, 2009). \"Jeanne-Claude, Christo's Collaborator on Environmental Canvas, Is Dead at 74\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 25, 2017. Retrieved February 6, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/20/arts/design/20jeanne-claude.html","url_text":"\"Jeanne-Claude, Christo's Collaborator on Environmental Canvas, Is Dead at 74\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170625051704/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/20/arts/design/20jeanne-claude.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Miller, Stephen; Crow, Kelly (November 20, 2009). \"Part of a Creative Powerhouse Behind Ephemeral Artworks\". The Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones. Archived from the original on July 7, 2015. Retrieved November 20, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB125868344992956721","url_text":"\"Part of a Creative Powerhouse Behind Ephemeral Artworks\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal","url_text":"The Wall Street Journal"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150707002243/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB125868344992956721","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Grimes, William (May 8, 2010). \"Jan van der Marck, Museum Administrator, Dies at 80 (Published 2010)\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on February 8, 2021. 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Retrieved June 1, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/christos-california-dreamin-90869/","url_text":"\"Christo's California Dreamin'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Magazine","url_text":"Smithsonian Magazine"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200618200527/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/christos-california-dreamin-90869/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Cowdy, Richard (1982). \"Review of Christo: Wrapped Walk Ways. Loose Park, Kansas City, Missouri, 1977-78\". Leonardo. 15 (1): 79. doi:10.2307/1574371. ISSN 0024-094X. JSTOR 1574371.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1574371","url_text":"10.2307/1574371"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0024-094X","url_text":"0024-094X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1574371","url_text":"1574371"}]},{"reference":"perezartmuseummiami (September 21, 2018). \"Christo and Jeanne-Claude: Surrounded Islands, Biscayne Bay, Greater Miami, Florida, 1980–83 | A Documentary Exhibition\". pammportraits.org. Retrieved February 21, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://pammportraits.org/2018/09/21/christo-history/","url_text":"\"Christo and Jeanne-Claude: Surrounded Islands, Biscayne Bay, Greater Miami, Florida, 1980–83 | A Documentary Exhibition\""}]},{"reference":"Earnest, Jarrett (2020). \"Willi Smith in Pieces\". In Cunningham Cameron, Alexandra (ed.). Willi Smith: Street Couture. New York: Rizzoli Electa. pp. 50–53. ISBN 978-0-8478-6819-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8478-6819-3","url_text":"978-0-8478-6819-3"}]},{"reference":"\"Christo Umbrella Crushes Woman\". The New York Times. The Associated Press. October 28, 1991. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on February 5, 2017. 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ISBN 978-0-07-231726-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-231726-8","url_text":"978-0-07-231726-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Christo Drawings: A Gift from the Maria Bechily and Scott Hodes Collection • Pérez Art Museum Miami\". Pérez Art Museum Miami. Retrieved February 21, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pamm.org/en/exhibition/christo-drawings-a-gift-from-the-maria-bechily-and-scott-hodes-collection/","url_text":"\"Christo Drawings: A Gift from the Maria Bechily and Scott Hodes Collection • Pérez Art Museum Miami\""}]},{"reference":"Randy Kennedy (January 25, 2017). \"Christo, Trump and the Art World's Biggest Protest Yet\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 25, 2017. Retrieved January 25, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/25/arts/design/christo-protest-donald-trump-colorado-artwork.html","url_text":"\"Christo, Trump and the Art World's Biggest Protest Yet\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170125205036/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/25/arts/design/christo-protest-donald-trump-colorado-artwork.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Christo, artist known for massive, fleeting displays, dies\". Associated Press. May 31, 2020. Archived from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved May 31, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://apnews.com/c62953312b2a915582eb896ed8f747a0","url_text":"\"Christo, artist known for massive, fleeting displays, dies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"Associated Press"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210308085014/https://apnews.com/c62953312b2a915582eb896ed8f747a0","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Needham, Alex (May 31, 2020). \"Christo, artist who wrapped the Reichstag, dies aged 84\". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on May 31, 2020. 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Retrieved April 15, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/25/arts/design/art-that-lets-you-walk-on-water.html","url_text":"\"Next From Christo: Art That Lets You Walk on Water\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180814004858/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/25/arts/design/art-that-lets-you-walk-on-water.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Artist Jeanne-Claude dies aged 74\". BBC News. November 20, 2009. Archived from the original on November 23, 2009. Retrieved November 19, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/8369993.stm","url_text":"\"Artist Jeanne-Claude dies aged 74\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091123091017/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/8369993.stm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hoelterhoff, Manuela (November 20, 2009). \"Jeanne-Claude – Christo's Dynamic Muse\". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on January 18, 2013. Retrieved November 20, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130118060623/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=agEeAUIHTR8o","url_text":"\"Jeanne-Claude – Christo's Dynamic Muse\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_News","url_text":"Bloomberg News"},{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601088&sid=agEeAUIHTR8o","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Schudel, Matt (November 20, 2009). \"Jeanne-Claude and Christo\". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on September 13, 2012. Retrieved November 20, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://voices.washingtonpost.com/postmortem/2009/11/jeanne-claude-and-christo.html","url_text":"\"Jeanne-Claude and Christo\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120913060034/http://voices.washingtonpost.com/postmortem/2009/11/jeanne-claude-and-christo.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bryan, Kate (2019). The Art of Love: The Romantic and Explosive Stories Behind Art's Greatest Couples. White Lion Publishing. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-7112-4032-2. Archived from the original on July 29, 2020. Retrieved June 1, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8eaaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA32","url_text":"The Art of Love: The Romantic and Explosive Stories Behind Art's Greatest Couples"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7112-4032-2","url_text":"978-0-7112-4032-2"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200729125406/https://books.google.com/books?id=8eaaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA32","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Baal-Teshuva, Jacob (2001). Christo and Jeanne-Claude. Taschen. ISBN 978-3-8228-5996-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taschen","url_text":"Taschen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8228-5996-4","url_text":"978-3-8228-5996-4"}]},{"reference":"Chernow, Burt (2002). Christo and Jeanne-Claude: A Biography. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-312-28074-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-28074-1","url_text":"978-0-312-28074-1"}]},{"reference":"Fineberg, Jonathan David (2004). Christo and Jeanne-Claude: On the Way to The Gates, Central Park, New York City. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-10405-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10405-9","url_text":"978-0-300-10405-9"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Sabin_Butrick
Daniel Sabin Butrick
["1 Indian Antiquities","2 Manuscripts","3 Modern relevance","4 See also","5 Notes","6 References"]
Rev. Daniel Sabin ButrickBornDaniel Sabin Butrick(1789-08-25)August 25, 1789Windsor, MassachusettsDiedJune 8, 1851(1851-06-08) (aged 61)Dwight Mission, Oklahoma, Indian TerritoryNationalityEuro-AmericanOther namesDaniel Sabin ButtrickOccupation(s)Minister, Cherokee DefenderKnown forA.B.C.F.M missionary to the Cherokee Nation, 1817-1851SpouseElizabeth Proctor Butrick (1783–1847?) Rev. Daniel Sabin Butrick (or Buttrick) (August 25, 1789 – June 8, 1851) was commissioned in 1817 as a minister of the Word of God, in the service of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (ABCFM). His subsequent 25 years were marked with personal failure and relational conflict as he sought to realize his mission to the Cherokee Nation, although his recorded observations concerning the Cherokee removal crisis and Trail of Tears established a legacy. His decision to champion Christian salvation over political advocacy resulted in the creation of an invaluable resource on Indian culture. Indian Antiquities Butrick wrote "Indian Antiquities" in response to the Indian Removal efforts that threatened his mission to the Cherokee Nation in the 1830s. His effort to prove that the ancestors of the Cherokee were the lost ten tribes of Israel became an obsession to correct, or at least to spotlight, the injustices which the natives suffered at the hands of the Americans. He interviewed informants and planned to have their perspectives published by his editor John Howard Payne (June 9, 1791 - April 10, 1852) on behalf of their nation. Butrick's Evangelicalism drove him beyond the ethnocentrism of his fellows and into an obsession to demonstrate the Jewish ancestry of the Cherokee. He undertook the "Indian Antiquities" project as an expression of his faith that the Cherokee were heirs to the promises of the God of ancient Israel. He hoped that the Cherokees would find restoration in Jesus Christ amidst the forced relocation wrought upon them by the Americans. "Indian Antiquities" was Butrick's attempt to reconcile his theological tradition with Cherokee folkways as he sought to live out an Indian-centered worldview. An abbreviated version of the "Indian Antiquities" manuscript (ca. 1840) is accessible by way of its posthumous publication, entitled Antiquities of the Cherokee Indians (1884). The 1884 edition was the product of Butrick's relationships with his Cherokee informants, particularly Thomas Nu:tsa:wi. These relationships bring attention to the role which Cherokee Christians played in the creation of the John Howard Payne Papers while offering insight into the complexities of Butrick's engagement with the Indians as he undertook his project. The "Indian Antiquities" manuscripts remained unpublished during Butrick's lifetime. Payne published some of Butrick's research in an article, "The Ancient Cherokee Traditions and Religious Rites" (1849).The editors of Payne-Butrick Papers speculated that Payne's article was intended "to drum up interest in his project." Butrick's collaboration with Payne concluded in the early 1840s. During this era, Butrick wrote with an emotional tone ranging from disillusionment and grief during the early 1840s (after the Trail of Tears) to a feeling of hopeful optimism that he had gained shortly before his death in 1851. The historian David James Tackett argued that Butrick began to realize his hoped-for restitution as he took to heart the encouragement of his wife (Elizabeth Proctor Butrick, 1783-1847?), forgave his brethren at the Brainerd Mission for their shortcomings, and attempted to revive his spiritual ministry among the Five Civilized Tribes. Manuscripts "Indian Antiquities" refers specifically to the edited manuscript bearing that title in the John Howard Payne Papers of Chicago's Newberry Library. Payne undertook the difficult work of compiling and editing Butrick's "Indian Antiquities", although they were not published until 160 years later, when his successors issued them as The Payne-Butrick Papers (2010). In 1849 Payne published an article on Butrick's "Indian Antiquities." In the introduction, Payne wrote, "It has cost us no brief study to discover what their first creed was." The size and scope of his source material on Indian folkways was certainly formidable to sort out. Concerning the task of publishing it, the editors of The Payne-Butrick Papers (2010) wrote, "Editing and annotating the Payne-Butrick manuscript has been an intellectually stimulating endeavor. It has also been challenging ... ." Other documents in addition to the "Indian Antiquities" manuscript preserved Butrick's thoughts regarding the project. In the John Howard Payne Papers, Butrick's personal correspondence on "Indian Antiquities" are grouped as follows: a first grouping of Butrick's letters, containing information about his research methodology and the character of his informants; a second grouping of Butrick's letters, covering the difficulties he had citing and submitting his source material. These letters also detail Cherokee political affairs; "Indian Antiquities" is the 125-page rough draft which Payne created from Butrick's source material. It contains Cherokee sayings and traditions; "Notes on Cherokee Customs and Antiquities" is Payne's 104-page polished manuscript. It contains two chapters with multiple subsections. Likewise, the Papers of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions in the Houghton Library archive contains a voluminous record of Butrick's theological and political thought in his " "Jews and Indians" manuscript, public and private journals, and correspondence with his mission board, the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions. Of these thousands of pages of documents, the "Jews and Indians" manuscript was the key to unlocking the theological intention of "Indian Antiquities." It is likely that the ABCFM received it in the mid-to-late 1840s shortly after Butrick's collaboration with Payne concluded. Two published works resulted from the Payne-Butrick collaboration. In 1849 Payne published an article about Cherokee antiquities in the Quarterly Register and Magazine, entitled "The Ancient Cherokee Traditions and Religious Rites." In 1884 an unnamed writer published Butrick's "Antiquities of the Cherokee Indians". Twentieth-century author Thomas Mails's (1920–2001) observation about the ethnological material contained in "Indian Antiquities" provides a suitable transition into the importance of this topic. He believed that these materials: are unique and of considerable length, and they are known to all who research Cherokee History. Virtually every published book on the tribe mentions the manuscript in one way or another and in particular refers to its material on ancient festivals as the most voluminous and worthwhile extant. Modern relevance Most researchers of Cherokee history or traditions are familiar with Butrick's manuscripts and journals. Considering the many monographs that have contained Butrick's perspectives, it is ironic that he asked of John Howard Payne: Please, let none of this manuscript go from your hands; and if you think it will, on the whole conduce to evil more than good, you will oblige me by burning the whole instead of publishing it. Let none of it be published in any newspaper, or periodical of any kind, but destroy it unless you wish it for your own work. Butrick apparently did not appreciate the wealth of material his collaboration with Payne produced, nor the importance it would hold for future generations of academic researchers. The Historian David James Tackett argued: Daniel Butrick's "Indian Antiquities" contributes to the ongoing discussion about Cherokee Indians and Protestant missions by bringing attention to the intended meaning of his research. For two centuries the researchers who engaged the "Indian Antiquities" manuscript have valued the objective facts of its content, while dismissing the intentions of its author. Butrick's narrative was an expression of his love for his informants and the story of his interpersonal struggles with his compatriots, ABCFM missionaries, and Cherokee Indians. Butrick collected the oral traditions of Thomas Nu:tsa:wi and other Cherokee informants and systematized their stories. By modern standards this material is shortsighted. He identified Indians as Jews. Nevertheless, many historians have appreciated "Indian Antiquities" for its facts concerning native culture. Others turned to it for its amalgamated Christian Cherokee narratives. The Historian David James Tackett argued that "Indian Antiquities" should also be valued for the preservation of Butrick's privileged perspective. See also Cherokee Nation American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions Brainerd Mission John Howard Payne Samuel Worcester Ten Tribes Israelites Evangelical Christian Mission (Christianity) Newberry Library Houghton Library Notes ^ An "informant" is a general term to describe an individual who provided information (directly or indirectly) to another person on behalf of a research project. The term "antiquitarian" refers specifically to the elders of the Cherokee Nation who provided antiquities for Butrick's specific inquiries into their folkways. References ^ Tackett, David James (2011). Abstract to "Rev. Daniel S. Butrick's "Indian Antiquities": his mission to the Cherokee nation and obsession to prove that they are the lost ten tribes of Israel." MA Thesis, Trinity Evangelical Divinity School. ^ Tackett, David James (2011). Introduction to "Rev. Daniel S. Butrick's "Indian Antiquities": his mission to the Cherokee nation and obsession to prove that they are the lost ten tribes of Israel" MA Thesis, Trinity Evangelical Divinity School. pp. 1-2 ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Tackett, David James (2011). Research Methods to "Rev. Daniel S. Butrick's "Indian Antiquities": his mission to the Cherokee nation and obsession to prove that they are the lost ten tribes of Israel." MA Thesis, Trinity Evangelical Divinity School. pp. 12-18 ^ a b c d Buttrick, Daniel S. (1884) (1849). Antiquities of the Cherokee Indians. Indian Chieftain Newspaper, Published at Vinita, Indian Territory. Retrieved 1 March 2012.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ Buttrick, Daniel S. (1884). "Antiquities of the Cherokee Indians ". American Native Press Archives and Sequoyah Research Center. Archived from the original on 2 May 2012. Retrieved 1 March 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ a b c "Indian Antiquities," Ayer Manuscript Collection, vols. 1, 3, 4 and 9 of John Howard Payne Papers, TSS, CD-R, Newberry Library, Chicago. ^ a b Payne, John Howard; et al. (2010). John Howard Payne et al., The Payne-Butrick Papers, 2 vols. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. p. 928. ISBN 978-0-8032-3020-0. ^ a b c Payne, John Howard et al. (2010). "Notes on Cherokee Customs and Antiquities" to Payne-Butrick Papers, vol. 1. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. pp. xix, 5. ^ a b Payne, John Howard (1849). The Ancient Cherokee Traditions and Religious Rites. Philadelphia. ^ Payne, John Howard et al. (2010). Acknowledgments to Payne-Butrick Papers, vol. 1. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. p. ix. ^ Butrick, Daniel S. "Jews and Indians," Papers of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, MSS, Houghton Library, Harvard University, vol. 3 of ABC 18.3.3. ^ Mails, Thomas E. (1992). The Cherokee People: The Story of the Cherokees from Earliest Origins to Contemporary Times. Tulsa, Oklahoma: Council Oak Books. p. 368. ISBN 978-0-933031-45-6.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Word of God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible"},{"link_name":"American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (ABCFM)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Board_of_Commissioners_for_Foreign_Missions"},{"link_name":"Cherokee Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherokee_Nation_(19th_century)"},{"link_name":"Cherokee removal crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_removal#Cherokee"},{"link_name":"Trail of Tears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trail_of_Tears"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-multiple-1"}],"text":"Rev. Daniel Sabin Butrick (or Buttrick) (August 25, 1789 – June 8, 1851) was commissioned in 1817 as a minister of the Word of God, in the service of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (ABCFM). His subsequent 25 years were marked with personal failure and relational conflict as he sought to realize his mission to the Cherokee Nation, although his recorded observations concerning the Cherokee removal crisis and Trail of Tears established a legacy. His decision to champion Christian salvation over political advocacy resulted in the creation of an invaluable resource on Indian culture.[1]","title":"Daniel Sabin Butrick"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Howard Payne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Howard_Payne"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-multiple2-2"},{"link_name":"Evangelicalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelicalism#19th_century"},{"link_name":"Jesus Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_Christ"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-multiple3-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-multiple4-4"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-multiple3-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-multiple4-4"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"[notes 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-multiple5-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-multiple6-8"},{"link_name":"The editors of Payne-Butrick Papers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Carolina_University"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-multiple3-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-multiple4-4"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-multiple7-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-multiple9-10"},{"link_name":"Brainerd Mission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brainerd_Mission"},{"link_name":"Five Civilized Tribes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Civilized_Tribes"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-multiple3-3"}],"text":"Butrick wrote \"Indian Antiquities\" in response to the Indian Removal efforts that threatened his mission to the Cherokee Nation in the 1830s. His effort to prove that the ancestors of the Cherokee were the lost ten tribes of Israel became an obsession to correct, or at least to spotlight, the injustices which the natives suffered at the hands of the Americans. He interviewed informants and planned to have their perspectives published by his editor John Howard Payne (June 9, 1791 - April 10, 1852) on behalf of their nation.[2]Butrick's Evangelicalism drove him beyond the ethnocentrism of his fellows and into an obsession to demonstrate the Jewish ancestry of the Cherokee. He undertook the \"Indian Antiquities\" project as an expression of his faith that the Cherokee were heirs to the promises of the God of ancient Israel. He hoped that the Cherokees would find restoration in Jesus Christ amidst the forced relocation wrought upon them by the Americans. \"Indian Antiquities\" was Butrick's attempt to reconcile his theological tradition with Cherokee folkways as he sought to live out an Indian-centered worldview.[3]An abbreviated version of the \"Indian Antiquities\" manuscript (ca. 1840) is accessible by way of its posthumous publication, entitled Antiquities of the Cherokee Indians (1884).[4][page needed][5] The 1884 edition was the product of Butrick's relationships with his Cherokee informants, particularly Thomas Nu:tsa:wi. These relationships bring attention to the role which Cherokee Christians played in the creation of the John Howard Payne Papers while offering insight into the complexities of Butrick's engagement with the Indians as he undertook his project.[3][4][page needed][notes 1][6][7]The \"Indian Antiquities\" manuscripts remained unpublished during Butrick's lifetime. Payne published some of Butrick's research in an article, \"The Ancient Cherokee Traditions and Religious Rites\" (1849).The editors of Payne-Butrick Papers speculated that Payne's article was intended \"to drum up [public] interest in his project.\"[3][4][page needed][8][9]Butrick's collaboration with Payne concluded in the early 1840s. During this era, Butrick wrote with an emotional tone ranging from disillusionment and grief during the early 1840s (after the Trail of Tears) to a feeling of hopeful optimism that he had gained shortly before his death in 1851. The historian David James Tackett argued that Butrick began to realize his hoped-for restitution as he took to heart the encouragement of his wife (Elizabeth Proctor Butrick, 1783-1847?), forgave his brethren at the Brainerd Mission for their shortcomings, and attempted to revive his spiritual ministry among the Five Civilized Tribes.[3]","title":"Indian Antiquities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Howard Payne Papers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.newberry.org/"},{"link_name":"Newberry Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newberry_Library"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-multiple3-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-multiple5-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-multiple6-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-multiple7-9"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-multiple3-3"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-multiple3-3"},{"link_name":"Papers of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160906092924/http://oasis.lib.harvard.edu/oasis/deliver/~hou01467"},{"link_name":"Houghton Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houghton_Library"},{"link_name":"public and private journals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books/about/The_journal_of_Rev_Daniel_S_Butrick.html?id=IF-zpwAACAAJ"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-multiple3-3"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-multiple3-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-multiple4-4"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-multiple7-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-multiple9-10"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"\"Indian Antiquities\" refers specifically to the edited manuscript bearing that title in the John Howard Payne Papers of Chicago's Newberry Library. Payne undertook the difficult work of compiling and editing Butrick's \"Indian Antiquities\", although they were not published until 160 years later, when his successors issued them as The Payne-Butrick Papers (2010).[3][6][7]In 1849 Payne published an article on Butrick's \"Indian Antiquities.\" In the introduction, Payne wrote, \"It has cost us no brief study to discover what their first creed was.\"[8] The size and scope of his source material on Indian folkways was certainly formidable to sort out. Concerning the task of publishing it, the editors of The Payne-Butrick Papers (2010) wrote, \"Editing and annotating the Payne-Butrick manuscript has been an intellectually stimulating endeavor. It has also been challenging ... .\"[3][10]Other documents in addition to the \"Indian Antiquities\" manuscript preserved Butrick's thoughts regarding the project. In the John Howard Payne Papers, Butrick's personal correspondence on \"Indian Antiquities\" are grouped as follows:a first grouping of Butrick's letters, containing information about his research methodology and the character of his informants;\na second grouping of Butrick's letters, covering the difficulties he had citing and submitting his source material. These letters also detail Cherokee political affairs;\n\"Indian Antiquities\" is the 125-page rough draft which Payne created from Butrick's source material. It contains Cherokee sayings and traditions;\n\"Notes on Cherokee Customs and Antiquities\" is Payne's 104-page polished manuscript. It contains two chapters with multiple subsections.[3]Likewise, the Papers of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions in the Houghton Library archive contains a voluminous record of Butrick's theological and political thought in his \"\n\"Jews and Indians\" manuscript, public and private journals, and correspondence with his mission board, the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions. Of these thousands of pages of documents, the \"Jews and Indians\" manuscript was the key to unlocking the theological intention of \"Indian Antiquities.\" It is likely that the ABCFM received it in the mid-to-late 1840s shortly after Butrick's collaboration with Payne concluded.[3][11]Two published works resulted from the Payne-Butrick collaboration. In 1849 Payne published an article about Cherokee antiquities in the Quarterly Register and Magazine, entitled \"The Ancient Cherokee Traditions and Religious Rites.\" In 1884 an unnamed writer published Butrick's \"Antiquities of the Cherokee Indians\".[3][4][page needed][8][9]Twentieth-century author Thomas Mails's (1920–2001) observation about the ethnological material contained in \"Indian Antiquities\" provides a suitable transition into the importance of this topic. He believed that these materials:are unique and of considerable length, and they are known to all who research Cherokee History. Virtually every published book on the tribe mentions the manuscript in one way or another and in particular refers to its material on ancient festivals as the most voluminous and worthwhile extant.[12]","title":"Manuscripts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-multiple3-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-multiple5-7"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-multiple3-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-multiple3-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-multiple3-3"}],"text":"Most researchers of Cherokee history or traditions are familiar with Butrick's manuscripts and journals. Considering the many monographs that have contained Butrick's perspectives, it is ironic that he asked of John Howard Payne:[3]Please, let none of this manuscript go from your hands; and if you think it will, on the whole conduce to evil more than good, you will oblige me by burning the whole instead of publishing it. Let none of it be published in any newspaper, or periodical of any kind, but destroy it unless you wish it for your own work.[6]Butrick apparently did not appreciate the wealth of material his collaboration with Payne produced, nor the importance it would hold for future generations of academic researchers.[3]The Historian David James Tackett argued:Daniel Butrick's \"Indian Antiquities\" contributes to the ongoing discussion about Cherokee Indians and Protestant missions by bringing attention to the intended meaning of his research. For two centuries the researchers who engaged the \"Indian Antiquities\" manuscript have valued the objective facts of its content, while dismissing the intentions of its author. Butrick's narrative was an expression of his love for his informants and the story of his interpersonal struggles with his compatriots, ABCFM missionaries, and Cherokee Indians.[3]Butrick collected the oral traditions of Thomas Nu:tsa:wi and other Cherokee informants and systematized their stories. By modern standards this material is shortsighted. He identified Indians as Jews. Nevertheless, many historians have appreciated \"Indian Antiquities\" for its facts concerning native culture. Others turned to it for its amalgamated Christian Cherokee narratives. The Historian David James Tackett argued that \"Indian Antiquities\" should also be valued for the preservation of Butrick's privileged perspective.[3]","title":"Modern relevance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"}],"text":"^ An \"informant\" is a general term to describe an individual who provided information (directly or indirectly) to another person on behalf of a research project. The term \"antiquitarian\" refers specifically to the elders of the Cherokee Nation who provided antiquities for Butrick's specific inquiries into their folkways.","title":"Notes"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Grid
Super grid
["1 History","2 Concept","2.1 Mega grid","2.2 Superior grid","3 Technology","4 Government policy","4.1 Significant scale","4.2 Energy independence","4.3 Permits for corridors","5 Business interests","5.1 Siting","5.2 Technology preferences","5.3 Competition","6 Proposals","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]
Wide-area electricity transmission network "Supergrid" redirects here. For other uses, see Super grid (disambiguation). One conceptual plan of a super grid linking renewable sources across North Africa, the Middle East and Europe. (DESERTEC) A super grid or supergrid is a wide-area transmission network, generally trans-continental or multinational, that is intended to make possible the trade of high volumes of electricity across great distances. It is sometimes also referred to as a "mega grid". Super grids typically are proposed to use high-voltage direct current (HVDC) to transmit electricity long distances. The latest generation of HVDC power lines can transmit energy with losses of only 1.6% per 1,000 km. Super grids could support a global energy transition by smoothing local fluctuations of wind energy and solar energy. In this context they are considered as a key technology to mitigate global warming. History The idea of creating long-distance transmission lines in order to take advantage of renewable sources distantly located is not new. In the US in the 1950s, a proposal was made to ship hydroelectric power from dams being constructed in the Pacific Northwest to consumers in Southern California, but it was opposed and scrapped. In 1961, U.S. president John F. Kennedy authorized a large public works project using new high-voltage, direct current technology from Sweden. The project was undertaken as a close collaboration between General Electric of the U.S. and ASEA of Sweden, and the system was commissioned in 1970. With several upgrades of the converter stations in the intervening decades, the system now has a capacity of 3,100 MW and is known as the Pacific DC Intertie. The concept of a "super grid" dates back to the 1960s and was used to describe the emerging unification of the Great Britain grid. In the code that governs the British Grid, the Grid Code, the Supergrid is currently defined – and has been since this code was first written, in 1990 – as referring to those parts of the British electricity transmission system that are connected at voltages in excess of 200 kV (200,000 volts). British power system planners and operational staff therefore invariably speak of the Supergrid in this context; in practice the definition used captures all of the equipment owned by the National Grid company in England and Wales, and no other equipment. What has changed during the past 40 years is the scale of energy and distances that are imagined possible in a super grid. Europe began unifying its grids in the 1950s and its largest unified grid is the synchronous grid of Continental Europe serving 24 countries. Serious work is being conducted on unification of this synchronous European grid (previously known as the UCTE grid), with the neighboring synchronous transmission grid of some CIS countries, the IPS/UPS grid. If completed, the resulting massive grid would span 13 time zones stretching from the Atlantic to the Pacific. While such grids cover great distances, the capacity to transmit large volumes of electricity remains limited due to congestion and control issues. The SuperSmart Grid (Europe) and the Unified Smart Grid (US) specify major technological upgrades that proponents claim are necessary to assure the practical operation and promised benefits of such transcontinental mega grids. Concept In current usage, "super grid" has two senses – one of being a superstructure layer overlaid or super-imposed upon existing regional transmission grid or grids, and the second of having some set of superior abilities exceeding those of even the most advanced grids. Mega grid In the "overlay", or "superstructure" meaning, a super grid is a very long-distance equivalent of a wide area synchronous network capable of large-scale transmission of renewable electricity. In some conceptions, a transmission grid of HVDC transmission lines forms a layer that is distinctly separate in the way that a superhighway system is separate from the system of city streets and regional highways. In more conventional conceptions such as the proposed unification of the synchronous European grid UCTE and the IPS/UPS system of the CIS, such a mega grid is no different from typical wide area synchronous transmission systems where electricity takes an ad hoc transit route directly through local utility transmission lines or HVDC lines as required. Studies for such continental sized systems report there are scaling problems as a result of network complexity, transmission congestion, and the need for rapid diagnostic, coordination and control systems. Such studies observe that transmission capacity would need to be significantly higher than current transmission systems in order to promote unimpeded energy trading across distances unbounded by state, regional or national, or even continental borders. As a practical matter, it has become necessary to incorporate smart grid features such as wide area sensor networks (WAMS) into even modest-sized regional grids in order to avert major power outages such as the Northeast Blackout of 2003. Dynamic interactions between power generation groups are increasingly complex, and transient disturbances that cascade across neighboring utilities can be sudden, large and violent, accompanied by abrupt changes in the network topology as operators attempt to manually stabilize the network. Superior grid In the second sense of an advanced grid, the super grid is superior not only because it is a wide area mega grid, but also because it is highly coordinated from a macro level spanning nations and continents, all the way down to the micro-level scheduling low priority loads like water heaters and refrigeration. In the European SuperSmart Grid proposal and the US Unified Smart Grid concept, such super grids have intelligence features in the wide-area transmission layer which integrate the local smart grids into a single wide-area super grid. This is similar to how the Internet bound together multiple small networks into a single ubiquitous network. Wide area transmission can be viewed as a horizontal extension of the smart grid. In a paradigm shift, the distinction between transmission and distribution blurs with the integration as energy flow becomes bidirectional. For example, distribution grids in rural areas might generate more energy than they use, turning the local smart grid into a virtual power plant, or a city's fleet of one million electric vehicles could be used to trim peaks in transmission supply by integrating them to the smart grid using vehicle to grid technology. A 765 kV AC transmission grid designed to carry 400 GW of wind power to cities from Midwest at a cost of $60 billion. One advantage of such a geographically dispersed and dynamically balanced system is that the need for baseload generation is significantly reduced since intermittency of some sources such as ocean, solar, and wind can be smoothed. A series of detailed modeling studies by Dr. Gregor Czisch, which looked at the European-wide adoption of renewable energy and interlinking power grids using HVDC cables, indicates that Europe's entire power usage could come from renewables, with 70% total energy from wind at the same level of cost or lower as at present. To some critics, such a wide area transmission layer is not novel; they point out that the technology has little difference from that used for regional and national power transmission networks. Proponents respond that beyond the qualitative smart grid features that allow instantaneous coordination and balancing of intermittent power sources across international boundaries, the quantitative comprehensiveness has a quality all its own. The claim is made that super grids open up markets. In the same way that freeways revolutionized interstate transport and the Internet revolutionized online commerce when comprehensive high-capacity networks were built, it is argued that a high capacity super grid must be built in order to provide a distribution network so comprehensive and with such available capacity that energy trading is only limited by how much electricity entrepreneurs can bring to market. Technology Wide area super grids plans typically call for bulk transmission using high voltage direct current lines. Europe's SuperSmart Grid proposal relies on HVDC, and in the US, key decision makers such as Steven Chu favor a national long distance DC grid system. There are industry advocates of high voltage alternating current (HVAC). Although flexible alternating current transmission systems (FACTS) have drawbacks for long distances, American Electric Power has championed a 765 kV super grid they call I-765 that would provide 400 GW of extra transmission capacity required for producing 20% of US energy from wind farms based in the midwest. (See figure above). Advocates of HVAC systems point out that HVDC systems are oriented for point to point bulk transmission and multiple connections to them would require expensive complex communication and control equipment as opposed to the simple step up transformers needed if AC lines were used. Currently, there is only one multipoint long distance HVDC transmission system. In the more distant future, the voltage loss of current methods could be avoided using experimental superconducting "SuperGrid" technology where the transmission cable is cooled by a liquid hydrogen pipeline which is also used to move energy nationwide. The energy losses for creating, containing, and re-cooling liquid hydrogen need to be accounted for. Coordination and control of the network would use smart grid technologies such as phasor measurement units to rapidly detect imbalances in the network caused by fluctuating renewable energy sources and potentially respond instantaneously with programmed automatic protection schemes to reroute, reduce load, or reduce generation in response to network disturbances. Government policy China supports the idea of a global, intercontinental super grid. For a super grid in the US, a study estimated an 80% reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in combination with the installation of renewable energy, currently in planning stage. Significant scale One study for a European super grid estimates that as much as 750 GW of extra transmission capacity would be required – capacity that would be accommodated in increments of 5 GW with HVDC lines. A recent proposal by Transcanada priced a 1,600-km, 3 GW HVDC line at US$3 billion; it would require a corridor 60 meters wide. In India, a recent 6 GW, 1,850-km proposal was priced at $790 million and would require a 69 meter wide right of way. With 750 GW of new HVDC transmission capacity required for a European super grid, the land and money needed for new transmission lines would be considerable. Energy independence In Europe, the energy security implication of a super grid has been discussed as a way in part to prevent Russian energy hegemony. In the US, advocates such as T. Boone Pickens have promoted the idea of a national transmission grid in order to promote United States energy independence. Al Gore advocates the Unified Smart Grid which has comprehensive super grid capabilities. Gore and other advocates such as James E. Hansen believe super grids are essential for the eventual complete replacement of the greenhouse gas producing fossil fuel use that feeds global warming. Permits for corridors Large amounts of land would be required for the electricity transmission corridors used by the new transmission lines of a super grid. There can be significant opposition to the siting of power lines out of concerns about visual impact, anxiety over perceived health issues, and environmental concerns. The US has a process of designating National Interest Electric Transmission Corridors, and it is likely that this process would be used to specify the pathways for a super grid in that country. In the EU, permits for new overhead lines can easily reach 10 years. In some cases, this has made underground cable more expedient. Since land required can be one fifth than that for overhead and the permit process can be significantly faster, underground cable can be more attractive despite its weaknesses of being more expensive, lower capacity, shorter-lived, and suffering significantly longer downtimes. Business interests Siting Just as superhighways change valuations of land due to the proximity to the ability to transport valuable commodities, businesses are strongly motivated to influence the siting of a super grid to their benefit. The cost of alternative power is the delivered price of electricity, and if the production of electricity from North Dakota wind or Arizona solar is to be competitive, the distance of the connection from the wind farm to the interstate transmission grid must not be great. This is because the feeder line from the generator to the transmission lines is usually paid for by the owner of the generation. Some localities will help pay for the cost of these lines, at the cost of local regulation such as that of a public utilities commission. T. Boone Pickens' project has chosen to pay for the feeder lines privately. Some localities, such as Texas give such projects the power of eminent domain which allows companies to seize land in the path of the planned construction. Technology preferences Energy producers are interested in whether the super grid employs HVDC technology, or uses AC, because the cost of connection to an HVDC line is generally greater than that if the AC is used. The Pickens plan favors 765 kV AC transmission, which is considered to be less efficient for long-distance transmission. Competition In the 1960s, private California power companies opposed the Pacific Intertie project with a set of technical objections that were overruled. When the project was completed, consumers in Los Angeles saved approximately U.S. $600,000 per day by use of electric power from projects on the Columbia River rather than local power companies burning more expensive fossil fuel. Proposals Asian Super Grid DESERTEC Electrical interconnector Europe: European super grid SuperSmart Grid Global Energy Interconnection One Sun, One World, One Grid High voltage direct current (HVDC) Hydrogen economy List of energy storage projects North Sea Offshore Grid Pickens plan Smart grid SuperGrid Unified Smart Grid See also Energy portal V2G References ^ "UHV Grid". Global Energy Interconnection (GEIDCO). Retrieved 26 January 2020. ^ Alan Shaw (29 September 2005). "Issues for Scotland's Energy Supply" (PDF). Letter to Marc Rands. Edinburgh, Scotland: Royal Society of Edinburgh. p. 10. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 March 2009. Retrieved 7 December 2008. In 1965 the first 400 kV line was inaugurated, running for 150 miles from Sundon, Bedfordshire to West Burton in the Midlands. The two new 275 kV and 400 kV systems running in parallel with each other became known as the Supergrid. ^ "the British Grid Code". Archived from the original on 14 February 2010. ^ Sergey Kouzmin (5 April 2006). Synchronous Interconnection of IPS/UPS with UCTE - Study Overview (PDF). Black Sea Energy Conference Bucharest, Romania. Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Romania. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 March 2009. Retrieved 7 December 2008. ^ Sergei Lebed (20 April 2005). IPS//UPS Overview (PDF). Brussels: Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Romania. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 March 2009. Retrieved 27 November 2008. ^ UCTE-IPS/UPS Study Group (7 December 2008). Feasibility Study: Synchronous Interconnection of the IPS/UPS with the UCTE (Report). TEN-Energy programme of the European Commission. p. 15,16. ^ John F. Hauer; William Mittelstadt; Ken Martin; Jim Burns; Harry Lee (2007). "Integrated Dynamic Information for the Western Power System: WAMS analysis in 2005". In Leonard L. Grigsby (ed.). Power System Stability and Control (Electric Power Engineering Handbook). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. pp. 14–4. ISBN 978-0-8493-9291-7. Retrieved 6 December 2008. ^ 20% Wind Energy by 2030: Increasing Wind Energy's Contribution to US Electrical Supply. United States Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (Report). 20 May 2008. p. 15. Retrieved 11 December 2008. ^ a b c "Interstate Transmission Vision for Wind Integration" (PDF). American Electric Power Inc. 25 June 2007. p. 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 January 2009. Retrieved 11 December 2008. ^ "The power of multiples: Connecting wind farms can make a more reliable and cheaper power source". 21 November 2007. ^ Czisch, Gregor; Gregor Giebel. "Realisable Scenarios for a Future Electricity Supply based 100% on Renewable Energies" (PDF). Institute for Electrical Engineering – Efficient Energy Conversion. University of Kassel, Germany and Risø National Laboratory, Technical University of Denmark. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 July 2014. Retrieved 15 October 2008. ^ Gregor Czisch (24 October 2008). "Low Cost but Totally Renewable Electricity Supply for a Huge Supply Area – a European/Trans-European Example –" (PDF). 2008 Claverton Energy Conference. Bath, UK: University of Kassel. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2009. Retrieved 16 July 2008. Gregor Czisch (16 October 2008). "Affordable and Renewable Electricity Supply for Europe and its Neighbourhood". Claverton Energy (Press release). ^ Archer, C. L.; Jacobson, M. Z. (2007). "Supplying Baseload Power and Reducing Transmission Requirements by Interconnecting Wind Farms" (PDF). Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology. 46 (11). American Meteorological Society: 1701–1717. Bibcode:2007JApMC..46.1701A. doi:10.1175/2007JAMC1538.1. ^ Peter Fairley (15 March 2006). "A Supergrid for Europe". Technology Review. Retrieved 20 January 2008. ^ Steven Chu (23 October 2008). "The World's Energy Problem and What We Can Do About It" (PDF). California State Air Pollution Seminar Series. California EPA Air Resources Board. p. 52. Retrieved 12 December 2008. A video of the presentation may also be found at the ARB site. ^ "HVDC multi-terminal system". ABB Asea Brown Boveri. Archived from the original on 2 December 2010. Retrieved 20 August 2010. ^ "GEIDCO development strategy". Global Energy Interconnection (GEIDCO). Retrieved 26 January 2020. ^ "North American Supergrid" (PDF). Climate Institute (USA). Retrieved 26 January 2020. ^ Fairley, Peter (20 August 2020). "Trump appointees short-circuited grid modernization to help the coal industry". InvestigateWest. Archived from the original on 23 August 2020. ^ Gregor Czisch (24 October 2008). "Low Cost but Totally Renewable Electricity Supply for a Huge Supply Area – a European/Trans-European Example –" (PDF). 2008 Claverton Energy Conference. University of Kassel: 12. Archived from the original (pd) on 4 March 2009. Retrieved 16 July 2008. The paper was presented at the Claverton Energy conference in Bath, 24 October 2008. Paper Synopsis ^ "Zephyr and Chinook Power Transmission Lines". TransCanada Corp. Retrieved 27 December 2008. ^ POWERGRID Corporation of India Limited (August 2007). "National Power Grid Development Investment Program (Facility Concept): Resettlement Planning Document" (PDF). Asian Development Bank. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 March 2009. Retrieved 27 December 2008. Projected 38,236 rupee cost = US$790 million as of 2008-12-27. ^ David Charter (13 November 2008). "Power supergrid plan to protect Europe from Russian threat to choke off energy". The Times. Retrieved 21 November 2008. ^ James E. Hansen (23 June 2008). "Global Warming Twenty Years Later: Tipping Points Near". Testimony to House Committee on Energy Independence and Global Warming. Columbia University. Retrieved 17 November 2008. ^ Kai Schlegelmilch, ed. (20 March 2008). "Market Introduction Perspectives of Innovative Technologies Supporting Integration of RES-E" (PDF). Federal Ministry for Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety. p. 18. Retrieved 12 December 2008. ^ Dori Glanz (29 August 2008). "Meet Pickens' World Wind Capital". News21. Carnegie Foundation and Knight Foundation. Retrieved 12 December 2008. External links Friends of the Supergrid Internal N2 SuperGrid vteModernizing the electrical gridProposals EU Smartgrids Technology Platform SuperSmart Grid USA Electranet Pickens Plan super grid Unified Smart Grid Efficient energy use Demand management Demand response Dynamic demand Negawatts Nonintrusive load monitoring Smart grid Smart meter Other technologies/concepts Flexible AC transmission system HVDC bulk transmission Load following Load management Peak demand Phasor measurement unit Power-line communication Power-to-X Policies Carbon capture and storage Feed-in tariff Net metering Renewable Energy Certificates Renewable Energy Payments Renewable energy policy Soft energy path Related issues Electrification Energy crisis Energy security Peak oil Renewable energy commercialization Rural electrification United States energy independence Categories Electricity economics Energy policy Portals Energy Renewable energy vteElectricity deliveryConcepts Automatic generation control Backfeeding Base load Demand factor Droop speed control Electric power Electric power quality Electrical fault Energy demand management Energy return on investment Grid code Grid energy storage Grid strength Home energy storage Load-following Merit order Nameplate capacity Peak demand Power factor Power-flow study Repowering Utility frequency Variability Vehicle-to-grid SourcesNon-renewable Fossil fuel power station Coal Natural gas Oil shale Petroleum Nuclear Renewable Biofuel Biogas Biomass Geothermal Hydro Marine Current Osmotic Thermal Tidal Wave Solar Sustainable biofuel Wind Generation AC power Cogeneration Combined cycle Cooling tower Induction generator Micro CHP Microgeneration Rankine cycle Three-phase electric power Virtual power plant Transmissionand distribution Demand response Distributed generation Dynamic demand Electric power distribution Electric power system Electric power transmission Electrical busbar system Electrical grid Electrical substation Electricity retailing High-voltage direct current High-voltage shore connection Interconnector Load management Mains electricity by country Overhead power line Power station Pumped hydro Single-wire earth return Smart grid Super grid Transformer Transmission system operator (TSO) Transmission tower Utility pole Failure modes Black start Brownout Cascading failure Power outage Rolling blackout Protectivedevices Arc-fault circuit interrupter Circuit breaker Earth-leakage Sulfur hexafluoride Generator interlock kit Numerical relay Power system protection Protective relay Residual-current device (GFI) Economicsand policies Availability factor Capacity factor Carbon offsets and credits Cost of electricity by source Energy subsidies Environmental tax Feed-in tariff Fossil fuel phase-out Load factor Net metering Pigouvian tax Renewable Energy Certificates Renewable energy commercialization Renewable Energy Payments Spark/Dark/Quark/Bark spread Statistics andproduction Electric energy consumption List of electricity sectors Category
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Super grid (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_grid_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TREC-Map-en.jpg"},{"link_name":"DESERTEC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DESERTEC"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_(electricity)"},{"link_name":"high-voltage direct current","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-voltage_direct_current"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"energy transition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_transition"},{"link_name":"wind energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_energy"},{"link_name":"solar energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy"},{"link_name":"mitigate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation"},{"link_name":"global warming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming"}],"text":"\"Supergrid\" redirects here. For other uses, see Super grid (disambiguation).One conceptual plan of a super grid linking renewable sources across North Africa, the Middle East and Europe. (DESERTEC)[citation needed]A super grid or supergrid is a wide-area transmission network, generally trans-continental or multinational, that is intended to make possible the trade of high volumes of electricity across great distances. It is sometimes also referred to as a \"mega grid\". Super grids typically are proposed to use high-voltage direct current (HVDC) to transmit electricity long distances. The latest generation of HVDC power lines can transmit energy with losses of only 1.6% per 1,000 km.[1]Super grids could support a global energy transition by smoothing local fluctuations of wind energy and solar energy. In this context they are considered as a key technology to mitigate global warming.","title":"Super grid"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hydroelectric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectric"},{"link_name":"Pacific Northwest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Northwest"},{"link_name":"Southern California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_California"},{"link_name":"John F. Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy"},{"link_name":"high-voltage, direct current","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HVDC"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"General Electric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Electric"},{"link_name":"ASEA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASEA"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Pacific DC Intertie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_DC_Intertie"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RSE-1-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"unified grid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_area_synchronous_grid"},{"link_name":"synchronous grid of Continental Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronous_grid_of_Continental_Europe"},{"link_name":"IPS/UPS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPS/UPS"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IPSUPS-2-4"},{"link_name":"SuperSmart Grid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SuperSmart_Grid"},{"link_name":"Unified Smart Grid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Smart_Grid"}],"text":"The idea of creating long-distance transmission lines in order to take advantage of renewable sources distantly located is not new. In the US in the 1950s, a proposal was made to ship hydroelectric power from dams being constructed in the Pacific Northwest to consumers in Southern California, but it was opposed and scrapped. In 1961, U.S. president John F. Kennedy authorized a large public works project using new high-voltage, direct current technology from Sweden. The project was undertaken as a close collaboration between General Electric of the U.S. and ASEA of Sweden, and the system was commissioned in 1970. With several upgrades of the converter stations in the intervening decades, the system now has a capacity of 3,100 MW and is known as the Pacific DC Intertie.The concept of a \"super grid\" dates back to the 1960s and was used to describe the emerging unification of the Great Britain grid.[2]\nIn the code that governs the British Grid, the Grid Code,[3] the Supergrid is currently defined – and has been since this code was first written, in 1990 – as referring to those parts of the British electricity transmission system that are connected at voltages in excess of 200 kV (200,000 volts). British power system planners and operational staff therefore invariably speak of the Supergrid in this context; in practice the definition used captures all of the equipment owned by the National Grid company in England and Wales, and no other equipment.What has changed during the past 40 years is the scale of energy and distances that are imagined possible in a super grid. Europe began unifying its grids in the 1950s and its largest unified grid is the synchronous grid of Continental Europe serving 24 countries. Serious work is being conducted on unification of this synchronous European grid (previously known as the UCTE grid), with the neighboring synchronous transmission grid of some CIS countries, the IPS/UPS grid. If completed, the resulting massive grid would span 13 time zones stretching from the Atlantic to the Pacific.[4]While such grids cover great distances, the capacity to transmit large volumes of electricity remains limited due to congestion and control issues. The SuperSmart Grid (Europe) and the Unified Smart Grid (US) specify major technological upgrades that proponents claim are necessary to assure the practical operation and promised benefits of such transcontinental mega grids.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"In current usage, \"super grid\" has two senses – one of being a superstructure layer overlaid or super-imposed upon existing regional transmission grid or grids, and the second of having some set of superior abilities exceeding those of even the most advanced grids.","title":"Concept"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"wide area synchronous network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_area_synchronous_grid"},{"link_name":"UCTE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCTE"},{"link_name":"IPS/UPS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPS/UPS"},{"link_name":"CIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States"},{"link_name":"wide area synchronous transmission systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_area_synchronous_grid"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IPSUPS-5"},{"link_name":"transmission congestion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_congestion"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IPSUPS-3-6"},{"link_name":"smart grid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_grid"},{"link_name":"wide area sensor networks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phasor_measurement_unit#Phasor_networks"},{"link_name":"power outages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_outage"},{"link_name":"Northeast Blackout of 2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Blackout_of_2003"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Mega grid","text":"In the \"overlay\", or \"superstructure\" meaning, a super grid is a very long-distance equivalent of a wide area synchronous network capable of large-scale transmission of renewable electricity. In some conceptions, a transmission grid of HVDC transmission lines forms a layer that is distinctly separate in the way that a superhighway system is separate from the system of city streets and regional highways. In more conventional conceptions such as the proposed unification of the synchronous European grid UCTE and the IPS/UPS system of the CIS, such a mega grid is no different from typical wide area synchronous transmission systems where electricity takes an ad hoc transit route directly through local utility transmission lines or HVDC lines as required.[5]\nStudies for such continental sized systems report there are scaling problems as a result of network complexity, transmission congestion, and the need for rapid diagnostic, coordination and control systems. Such studies observe that transmission capacity would need to be significantly higher than current transmission systems in order to promote unimpeded energy trading across distances unbounded by state, regional or national, or even continental borders.[6]\nAs a practical matter, it has become necessary to incorporate smart grid features such as wide area sensor networks (WAMS) into even modest-sized regional grids in order to avert major power outages such as the Northeast Blackout of 2003. Dynamic interactions between power generation groups are increasingly complex, and transient disturbances that cascade across neighboring utilities can be sudden, large and violent, accompanied by abrupt changes in the network topology as operators attempt to manually stabilize the network.[7]","title":"Concept"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Internet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet"},{"link_name":"virtual power plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_power_plant"},{"link_name":"vehicle to grid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V2G"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AWEA_proposed_765KV_AC_super_grid_for_US_wind.jpg"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AEP1-9"},{"link_name":"baseload","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseload"},{"link_name":"intermittency of some sources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermittent_power_source"},{"link_name":"ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_energy"},{"link_name":"solar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy"},{"link_name":"wind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_energy"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-connecting_wind_farms-10"},{"link_name":"HVDC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HVDC"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Czisch100Renew-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Archer2007-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Superior grid","text":"In the second sense of an advanced grid, the super grid is superior not only because it is a wide area mega grid, but also because it is highly coordinated from a macro level spanning nations and continents, all the way down to the micro-level scheduling low priority loads like water heaters and refrigeration. In the European SuperSmart Grid proposal and the US Unified Smart Grid concept, such super grids have intelligence features in the wide-area transmission layer which integrate the local smart grids into a single wide-area super grid. This is similar to how the Internet bound together multiple small networks into a single ubiquitous network.Wide area transmission can be viewed as a horizontal extension of the smart grid. In a paradigm shift, the distinction between transmission and distribution blurs with the integration as energy flow becomes bidirectional. For example, distribution grids in rural areas might generate more energy than they use, turning the local smart grid into a virtual power plant, or a city's fleet of one million electric vehicles could be used to trim peaks in transmission supply by integrating them to the smart grid using vehicle to grid technology.A 765 kV AC transmission grid designed to carry 400 GW of wind power to cities from Midwest at a cost of $60 billion.[8][9]One advantage of such a geographically dispersed and dynamically balanced system is that the need for baseload generation is significantly reduced since intermittency of some sources such as ocean, solar, and wind can be smoothed.[10]\nA series of detailed modeling studies by Dr. Gregor Czisch, which looked at the European-wide adoption of renewable energy and interlinking power grids using HVDC cables, indicates that Europe's entire power usage could come from renewables, with 70% total energy from wind at the same level of cost or lower as at present.[11][12][13]To some critics, such a wide area transmission layer is not novel; they point out that the technology has little difference from that used for regional and national power transmission networks. Proponents respond that beyond the qualitative smart grid features that allow instantaneous coordination and balancing of intermittent power sources across international boundaries, the quantitative comprehensiveness has a quality all its own. The claim is made that super grids open up markets.[14]\nIn the same way that freeways revolutionized interstate transport and the Internet revolutionized online commerce when comprehensive high-capacity networks were built, it is argued that a high capacity super grid must be built in order to provide a distribution network so comprehensive and with such available capacity that energy trading is only limited by how much electricity entrepreneurs can bring to market.","title":"Concept"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"high voltage direct current","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_voltage_direct_current"},{"link_name":"Steven Chu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Chu"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"alternating current","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_current"},{"link_name":"FACTS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flexible_AC_transmission_system"},{"link_name":"American Electric Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Electric_Power"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AEP1-9"},{"link_name":"transformers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer"},{"link_name":"AC lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AC_line&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"SuperGrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SuperGrid"},{"link_name":"smart grid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_grid"},{"link_name":"phasor measurement units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phasor_measurement_unit"},{"link_name":"renewable energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy"}],"text":"Wide area super grids plans typically call for bulk transmission using high voltage direct current lines. Europe's SuperSmart Grid proposal relies on HVDC, and in the US, key decision makers such as Steven Chu favor a national long distance DC grid system.[15]\nThere are industry advocates of high voltage alternating current (HVAC). Although flexible alternating current transmission systems (FACTS) have drawbacks for long distances, American Electric Power has championed a 765 kV super grid they call I-765 that would provide 400 GW of extra transmission capacity required for producing 20% of US energy from wind farms based in the midwest. (See figure above).[9] Advocates of HVAC systems point out that HVDC systems are oriented for point to point bulk transmission and multiple connections to them would require expensive complex communication and control equipment as opposed to the simple step up transformers needed if AC lines were used. Currently, there is only one multipoint long distance HVDC transmission system.[16]\nIn the more distant future, the voltage loss of current methods could be avoided using experimental superconducting \"SuperGrid\" technology where the transmission cable is cooled by a liquid hydrogen pipeline which is also used to move energy nationwide. The energy losses for creating, containing, and re-cooling liquid hydrogen need to be accounted for.Coordination and control of the network would use smart grid technologies such as phasor measurement units to rapidly detect imbalances in the network caused by fluctuating renewable energy sources and potentially respond instantaneously with programmed automatic protection schemes to reroute, reduce load, or reduce generation in response to network disturbances.","title":"Technology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"greenhouse gas emissions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions"},{"link_name":"renewable energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"China supports the idea of a global, intercontinental super grid.[17] For a super grid in the US, a study estimated an 80% reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in combination with the installation of renewable energy,[18] currently in planning stage.[19]","title":"Government policy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"Significant scale","text":"One study for a European super grid estimates that as much as 750 GW of extra transmission capacity would be required – capacity that would be accommodated in increments of 5 GW with HVDC lines.[20]\nA recent proposal by Transcanada priced a 1,600-km, 3 GW HVDC line at US$3 billion; it would require a corridor 60 meters wide.[21]\nIn India, a recent 6 GW, 1,850-km proposal was priced at $790 million and would require a 69 meter wide right of way.[22]\nWith 750 GW of new HVDC transmission capacity required for a European super grid, the land and money needed for new transmission lines would be considerable.","title":"Government policy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"energy security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_security"},{"link_name":"Russian energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazprom"},{"link_name":"hegemony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegemony"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"T. Boone Pickens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pickens_plan"},{"link_name":"United States energy independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_energy_independence"},{"link_name":"Al Gore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Gore"},{"link_name":"Unified Smart Grid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Smart_Grid"},{"link_name":"James E. Hansen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_E._Hansen"},{"link_name":"greenhouse gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas"},{"link_name":"global warming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Energy independence","text":"In Europe, the energy security implication of a super grid has been discussed as a way in part to prevent Russian energy hegemony.[23]\nIn the US, advocates such as T. Boone Pickens have promoted the idea of a national transmission grid in order to promote United States energy independence. Al Gore advocates the Unified Smart Grid which has comprehensive super grid capabilities. Gore and other advocates such as James E. Hansen believe super grids are essential for the eventual complete replacement of the greenhouse gas producing fossil fuel use that feeds global warming.[24]","title":"Government policy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"electricity transmission corridors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_transmission_corridor"},{"link_name":"National Interest Electric Transmission Corridors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Interest_Electric_Transmission_Corridor"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Permits for corridors","text":"Large amounts of land would be required for the electricity transmission corridors used by the new transmission lines of a super grid. There can be significant opposition to the siting of power lines out of concerns about visual impact, anxiety over perceived health issues, and environmental concerns. The US has a process of designating National Interest Electric Transmission Corridors, and it is likely that this process would be used to specify the pathways for a super grid in that country. In the EU, permits for new overhead lines can easily reach 10 years.[25]\nIn some cases, this has made underground cable more expedient. Since land required can be one fifth than that for overhead and the permit process can be significantly faster, underground cable can be more attractive despite its weaknesses of being more expensive, lower capacity, shorter-lived, and suffering significantly longer downtimes.[citation needed]","title":"Government policy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Business interests"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"public utilities commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_utilities_commission"},{"link_name":"project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pickens_plan"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"eminent domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eminent_domain"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"Siting","text":"Just as superhighways change valuations of land due to the proximity to the ability to transport valuable commodities, businesses are strongly motivated to influence the siting of a super grid to their benefit. The cost of alternative power is the delivered price of electricity, and if the production of electricity from North Dakota wind or Arizona solar is to be competitive, the distance of the connection from the wind farm to the interstate transmission grid must not be great. This is because the feeder line from the generator to the transmission lines is usually paid for by the owner of the generation. Some localities will help pay for the cost of these lines, at the cost of local regulation such as that of a public utilities commission. T. Boone Pickens' project has chosen to pay for the feeder lines privately. Some localities, such as Texas give such projects the power of eminent domain which allows companies to seize land in the path of the planned construction.[26]","title":"Business interests"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AEP1-9"}],"sub_title":"Technology preferences","text":"Energy producers are interested in whether the super grid employs HVDC technology, or uses AC, because the cost of connection to an HVDC line is generally greater than that if the AC is used. The Pickens plan favors 765 kV AC transmission,[9] which is considered to be less efficient for long-distance transmission.","title":"Business interests"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pacific Intertie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Intertie"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Columbia River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_River"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Competition","text":"In the 1960s, private California power companies opposed the Pacific Intertie project with a set of technical objections that were overruled. When the project was completed, consumers in Los Angeles saved approximately U.S. $600,000 per day by use of electric power from projects on the Columbia River rather than local power companies burning more expensive fossil fuel.[citation needed]","title":"Business interests"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Asian Super Grid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Super_Grid"},{"link_name":"DESERTEC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DESERTEC"},{"link_name":"Electrical interconnector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_interconnector"},{"link_name":"European super grid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_super_grid"},{"link_name":"SuperSmart Grid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SuperSmart_Grid"},{"link_name":"Global Energy Interconnection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Energy_Interconnection"},{"link_name":"One Sun, One World, One Grid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Grids_Initiative_%E2%80%94_One_Sun,_One_World,_One_Grid"},{"link_name":"High voltage direct current","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_voltage_direct_current"},{"link_name":"Hydrogen economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_economy"},{"link_name":"List of energy storage projects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_energy_storage_projects"},{"link_name":"North Sea Offshore Grid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea_Offshore_Grid"},{"link_name":"Pickens plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pickens_plan"},{"link_name":"Smart grid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_grid"},{"link_name":"SuperGrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SuperGrid"},{"link_name":"Unified Smart Grid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Smart_Grid"}],"text":"Asian Super Grid\nDESERTEC\nElectrical interconnector\nEurope:\nEuropean super grid\nSuperSmart Grid\nGlobal Energy Interconnection\nOne Sun, One World, One Grid\nHigh voltage direct current (HVDC)\nHydrogen economy\nList of energy storage projects\nNorth Sea Offshore Grid\nPickens plan\nSmart grid\nSuperGrid\nUnified Smart Grid","title":"Proposals"}]
[{"image_text":"One conceptual plan of a super grid linking renewable sources across North Africa, the Middle East and Europe. (DESERTEC)[citation needed]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/TREC-Map-en.jpg/250px-TREC-Map-en.jpg"},{"image_text":"A 765 kV AC transmission grid designed to carry 400 GW of wind power to cities from Midwest at a cost of $60 billion.[8][9]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/AWEA_proposed_765KV_AC_super_grid_for_US_wind.jpg/250px-AWEA_proposed_765KV_AC_super_grid_for_US_wind.jpg"}]
[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crystal_energy.svg"},{"title":"Energy portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Energy"},{"title":"V2G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V2G"}]
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Retrieved 7 December 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090318232735/http://www.bsecenergy.ro/prezentari/Energy%20Policies%20and%20Strategies/Sergey%20Kouzmin/IPSUPS-UCTE.pdf","url_text":"Synchronous Interconnection of IPS/UPS with UCTE - Study Overview"},{"url":"http://www.bsecenergy.ro/prezentari/Energy%20Policies%20and%20Strategies/Sergey%20Kouzmin/IPSUPS-UCTE.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sergei Lebed (20 April 2005). IPS//UPS Overview (PDF). Brussels: Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Romania. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 March 2009. 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In Leonard L. Grigsby (ed.). Power System Stability and Control (Electric Power Engineering Handbook). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. pp. 14–4. ISBN 978-0-8493-9291-7. Retrieved 6 December 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8Jy6XfBBZvIC&q=%22WACS%E2%80%94Wide-Area+Stability+and+Voltage%22&pg=PT184","url_text":"\"Integrated Dynamic Information for the Western Power System: WAMS analysis in 2005\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-9291-7","url_text":"978-0-8493-9291-7"}]},{"reference":"20% Wind Energy by 2030: Increasing Wind Energy's Contribution to US Electrical Supply. United States Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (Report). 20 May 2008. p. 15. 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Hansen (23 June 2008). \"Global Warming Twenty Years Later: Tipping Points Near\". Testimony to House Committee on Energy Independence and Global Warming. Columbia University. Retrieved 17 November 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_E._Hansen","url_text":"James E. Hansen"},{"url":"http://www.dg.history.vt.edu/ch4/powermgmt.html","url_text":"\"Global Warming Twenty Years Later: Tipping Points Near\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_Select_Committee_on_Energy_Independence_and_Global_Warming","url_text":"House Committee on Energy Independence and Global Warming"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University","url_text":"Columbia University"}]},{"reference":"Kai Schlegelmilch, ed. (20 March 2008). \"Market Introduction Perspectives of Innovative Technologies Supporting Integration of RES-E\" (PDF). Federal Ministry for Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety. p. 18. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raptor_Cove
Golden Cove
["1 History and features","2 Improvements","3 Products","4 Raptor Cove","5 See also","6 References"]
CPU microarchitecture by Intel Golden CoveGeneral informationLaunchedNovember 4, 2021; 2 years ago (November 4, 2021)Designed byIntelCommon manufacturerIntelPerformanceMax. CPU clock rate1.0 GHz to 5.5 GHzCacheL1 cache80 KB per core: 32 KB instructions48 KB dataL2 cachePer core:1.25 MB (client)2 MB (server)Architecture and classificationTechnology nodeIntel 7 (previously known as 10ESF)Instruction setx86, x86-64ExtensionsAES-NI, CLMUL, RDRAND, SHA, TXT, MMX, SSE, SSE2, SSE3, SSSE3, SSE4, SSE4.1, SSE4.2, AVX, AVX2, FMA3, AVX-512, AVX-VNNI, TSX, VT-x, VT-dProducts, models, variantsProduct code namesAlder Lake (client)Sapphire Rapids (server, workstation)HistoryPredecessorsSunny Cove, 1S and 2S servers, 10 nmSkylake, 4S and 8S servers, 14 nmWillow Cove, mobile, 10 nmCypress Cove, desktop, 14 nmSuccessorRaptor Cove Golden Cove is a codename for a CPU microarchitecture developed by Intel and released in November 2021. It succeeds four microarchitectures: Sunny Cove, Skylake, Willow Cove, and Cypress Cove. It is fabricated using Intel's Intel 7 process node, previously referred to as 10 nm Enhanced SuperFin (10ESF). The microarchitecture is used in the high-performance cores (P-core) of the 12th-generation Intel Core processors (codenamed "Alder Lake") and fourth-generation Xeon Scalable server processors (codenamed "Sapphire Rapids"). History and features Intel first unveiled Golden Cove during their Architecture Day 2020, with further details released at the same event in August 2021. Similar to Skylake, Golden Cove was described by Intel as a major update to the core microarchitecture, with Intel stating that it would "allow performance for the next decade of compute". Intel also described Golden Cove as the largest microarchitectural upgrade to the Core family in a decade, touting a 19% increase in instructions per cycle (IPC) over Cypress Cove. At the event in 2021, Intel revealed the Gracemont and Golden Cove architectures would both be bundled in a hybrid architecture into its Alder Lake CPUs for desktops and laptops. It was described as "the successor to Intel's 10-nm Sunny Cove microarchitecture." It was also announced that the Golden Cove cores would support hyper-threading, which allows two threads to run on one core. "P-cores" based on Golden Cove stand for "performance", while "E-cores" based on Gracemont stand for "efficient." In August 2021, Golden Cove design followed "the Willow Cove core in Tiger Lake, the Sunny Cove core in Ice Lake, and the derivative Cypress Cove core in Rocket Lake." Succeeding Willow Cove, in 2021 the Golden Cove was described as competing against AMD's Zen 3 and Zen 4-based processors. Golden Cove is based on the 10 nm Enhanced SuperFin node by Intel, which was later renamed to Intel 7. When modifying Willow Cove, writes Hardware Times, Intel announced in 2021 that both Golden Cove and Gracemont "expanded the back and front-end, improved the out-of-order execution (OoO) capabilities, and focused more on power efficiency and real-world performance." In January 2022, TechRadar noted that the upcoming Intel Alder Lake-P processors, mobile variants of Alder Lake with Golden Cove, could possibly use up to "six Golden Cove cores with 12 threads alongside eight Gracemont cores with eight threads," noting other permutations were also possible. In April 2022, it was reported that Raptor Lake, a "refresh" of Alder Lake, might utilize the Golden Cove and Gracemont cores. It was also reported in April 2022 that Sapphire Rapids would utilize Golden Cove cores. Improvements According to AnandTech in August 2021, "Intel sees the Golden Cove as a major step-function update, with massive revamps of the fundamental building blocks of the CPU, going as far as calling it as allowing performance for the next decade of compute. AnandTech in August 2021 also wrote that the last similar level of upgrades to Intel's "core front-end" was Sunny Cove, as compared to Willow Cove and Cypress Cove, which unlike Golden Cove "were more iterative designs focusing on the memory subsystem." Golden Cove was described as having "gigantic changes to the microarchitecture’s front-end", with Intel describing those changes as the largest upgrades to microarchitecture in a decade, since Skylake. The P-core Golden Cove microarchitecture supports six-wide decode, higher than the prior four, and has split the execution ports to allow for more operations to execute at once, enabling higher IPC and ILP from workflow that can take advantage. Usually a wider decode consumes a lot more power, but Intel says that its micro-op cache (now 4K) and front-end are improved enough that the decode engine spends 80% of its time power gated." Intel describes a number of improvements over its predecessor, Sunny Cove. New 6-wide partial instruction decoder (from 4-wide in previous microarchitectures) with the ability to fetch up to 32 bytes of instructions per cycle (from 16) Wider 6-wide microarchitecture but removed complex decoder (compared to previous 5-wide 4:1:1:1:1 design) μOP cache size increased to 4K entries (up from 2.25K) 12 execution ports (up from 10) Larger out-of-order instruction window compared to Sunny Cove, with the re-order buffer (ROB) size increased from 352 to 512 entries Larger vector/floating-point register file, which was increased from 224 to 332 entries 192 load and 114 store queues (from 128 and 72 in Sunny Cove) 1.25 MB per core L2 cache size for consumer processors and 2 MiB per core for server variants 3MB per core L3 cache, shared among all the cores including E-cores on Alder Lake Dedicated floating-point adders New instruction set extensions: PTWRITE User-mode wait (WAITPKG): TPAUSE, UMONITOR, UMWAIT Architectural last branch records (LBRs) Hypervisor-managed linear address translation (HLAT) SERIALIZE Enhanced Hardware Feedback Interface (EHFI) and HRESET AVX-VNNI AVX-512 with AVX512-FP16 In server Sapphire Rapids CPUs: CLDEMOTE TSX with TSXLDTRK Products Main articles: Alder Lake and Sapphire Rapids The microarchitecture is used in the high-performance cores of the 12th generation of Intel Core hybrid processors (codenamed "Alder Lake") and the fourth generation of Xeon scalable processors (codenamed "Sapphire Rapids"). Raptor Cove Raptor CoveGeneral informationLaunchedOctober 22, 2022; 19 months ago (2022-10-22)Marketed byIntelDesigned byIntelCommon manufacturerIntelPerformanceMax. CPU clock rate1.2 GHz to 6.2 GHzCacheL1 cache80 KB per core: 32 KB instructions48 KB dataL2 cache2 MB per coreL3 cache3 MB per coreArchitecture and classificationTechnology nodeIntel 7 (previously known as 10ESF)Instruction setx86, x86-64ExtensionsAES-NI, CLMUL, RDRAND, SHA, TXT, MMX, SSE, SSE2, SSE3, SSSE3, SSE4, SSE4.1, SSE4.2, AVX, AVX2, FMA3, AVX-512, AVX-VNNI, TSX, VT-x, VT-dPhysical specificationsCores1-64Products, models, variantsCore namesRaptor Lake (client)Emerald Rapids (server)HistoryPredecessorGolden CoveSuccessorRedwood Cove Raptor Cove, released on October 20, 2022 with Raptor Lake processors, is a refresh of the Golden Cove microarchitecture with the following changes: Boost frequency up to 6.2 GHz 2 MB L2 cache, up from 1.25 MB on the mainstream desktop variant of Golden Cove. The server variant of the previous Golden Cove core already had 2 MB L2 cache per core. New dynamic prefetch algorithm Raptor Cove is also used in the Emerald Rapids server processors. Since Raptor Cove is basically identical to Golden Cove, 13th Gen Core models come with B0 stepping use Raptor Cove exclusively while others with different steppings (such as C0, H0, J0 and Q0) still use Golden Cove. Notably, some models come with multiple steppings (such as i5-13400F and i7-13700HX) are using a different microarchitecture but they are selling at the same time. See also List of Intel CPU microarchitectures References ^ Cutress, Ian (October 27, 2021). "Intel 12th Gen Core Alder Lake for Desktops: Top SKUs Only, Coming November 4th". AnandTech. Retrieved November 27, 2022. ^ Dexter, Alan (April 6, 2021). "Intel Alder Lake CPUs: What are they, when will they launch, and how fast will they be?". PC Gamer. Retrieved April 7, 2021. ^ Mujtaba, Hassan (May 21, 2019). "Intel Xeon Roadmap Leak, 10nm Ice Lake, Sapphire Rapids CPU Detailed". Wccftech. Retrieved March 14, 2020. ^ a b Shilov, Anton (27 October 2020). "Intel: Alder Lake Sampling, Sapphire Rapids Samples in Q4". Tom's Hardware. Retrieved November 27, 2022. ^ Pirzada, Usman (October 7, 2020). "Intel Sapphire Rapids: MCM Design, 56 Golden Cove Cores, 64GB HBM2 On-Board Memory, Massive IPC Improvement and 400 Watt TDP". Wccftech. Retrieved April 6, 2021. ^ Cutress, Ian (August 14, 2020). "Intel Alder Lake: Confirmed x86 Hybrid with Golden Cove and Gracemont for 2021". AnandTech. Retrieved February 15, 2021. ^ a b c d Cutress, Ian; Frumusanu, Andrei (August 19, 2021). "Intel Architecture Day 2021: Alder Lake, Golden Cove, and Gracemont Detailed". AnandTech. Retrieved August 21, 2021. ^ Morra, James (August 25, 2021). "Intel Enters New Era With Golden Cove and Gracemont Cores". Electronic Design. Retrieved May 21, 2022. ^ Alcorn, Paul (19 August 2021). "Intel Architecture Day 2021: Alder Lake Chips, Golden Cove and Gracemont Cores". Tom's Hardware. Retrieved May 21, 2022. ^ Stobing, Chris (November 4, 2021). "Intel Core i9-12900K Review". PCMag. Retrieved May 26, 2022. ^ a b c Cutress, Ian; Frumusanu, Andrew (August 19, 2021). "Intel Architecture Day 2021: Alder Lake, Golden Cove, and Gracemont Detailed". AnandTech. Retrieved May 24, 2022. ^ a b "Intel Golden Cove Core Architecture Deep Dive: vs Zen 3 and Sunny Cove". Hardware Times. November 8, 2021. Retrieved May 22, 2022. ^ Loeffler, John (January 28, 2022). "Intel Alder Lake Release Date - Specs and Price, Everything We Know". TechRadar. Retrieved May 26, 2022. ^ Nguyen, Chuong (April 18, 2022). "Intel Raptor Lake CPUs: Everything we know about the 13th-gen processors". Digital Trends. Retrieved May 21, 2022. ^ Spadafora, Anthony (April 19, 2022). "Intel Sapphire Rapids leak offers sneak peek at specs and performance". TechRadar. Retrieved May 22, 2022. ^ Cutress, Ian; Frumusanu, Andrew (November 4, 2021). "The Intel 12th Gen Core i9-12900K Review: Hybrid Performance Brings Hybrid Complexity". AnandTech. Retrieved May 24, 2022. ^ a b "Popping the Hood on Golden Cove". Chips and Cheese. December 2, 2021. Retrieved December 28, 2021. ^ "Intel® Architecture Instruction Set Extensions and Future Features: Programming Reference" (PDF). Intel. September 2022. Retrieved November 27, 2022. ^ "Intel 13th Gen Core "Raptor Lake" Desktop Processors Launched: +15% ST, +41% MT Uplift". TechPowerUp. September 27, 2022. Retrieved November 27, 2022. vteIntel processorsLists Processors Atom Celeron Pentium Pro II III 4 D M Core 2 i3 i5 i7 i9 M Xeon Quark Itanium Microarchitectures Chipsets MicroarchitecturesIA-32 (32-bit x86) P5 P6 P6 variant (Pentium M) P6 variant (Enhanced Pentium M) NetBurst x86-64 (64-bit) Core Penryn Nehalem Westmere Sandy Bridge Ivy Bridge Haswell Broadwell Skylake Cannon Lake Sunny Cove Cypress Cove Willow Cove Golden Cove x86 ULV Bonnell Saltwell Silvermont Goldmont Goldmont Plus Tremont Gracemont Current productsx86-64 (64-bit) Atom Celeron Pentium Core 10th gen 11th gen 12th gen 13th gen 14th gen Xeon DiscontinuedBCD oriented (4-bit) 4004 (1971) 4040 (1974) pre-x86 (8-bit) 8008 (1972) 8080 (1974) 8085 (1977) Early x86 (16-bit) 8086 (1978) 8088 (1979) 80186 (1982) 80188 (1982) 80286 (1982) x87 (external FPUs) 8/16-bit databus 8087 (1980) 16-bit databus 80C187 80287 80387SX 32-bit databus 80387DX 80487 IA-32 (32-bit x86) i386 SX 376 EX i486 SX DX2 DX4 SL RapidCAD OverDrive A100/A110 Atom CE SoC Celeron (1998) M D (2004) Pentium Original i586 OverDrive Pro II III 4 M Dual-Core Core Xeon P6-based NetBurst-based Core-based Quark Tolapai x86-64 (64-bit) Atom SoC CE Celeron D Dual-Core Pentium 4 D Extreme Edition Dual-Core Core 2 1st gen 2nd gen 3rd gen 4th gen 5th gen 6th gen 7th gen 8th gen 9th gen 10th gen 11th gen M Xeon Nehalem-based Sandy Bridge-based Ivy Bridge-based Haswell-based Broadwell-based Skylake-based Other CISC iAPX 432 EPIC Itanium RISC i860 i960 StrongARM XScale Related Tick–tock model Process–architecture–optimization model Intel GPUs GMA Intel HD, UHD, and Iris Graphics Xe Arc PCHs SCHs ICHs PIIXs Stratix Codenames Larrabee vteIntel CPU core roadmaps from P6 to Lunar Lake Atom (ULV) Feature size Pentium/Core Microarch. Step Microarch. Step 600 nm P6 Pentium Pro(133 MHz) 500 nm Pentium Pro(150 MHz) 350 nm Pentium Pro(166–200 MHz) Klamath 250 nm Deschutes Katmai NetBurst 180 nm Coppermine Willamette 130 nm Tualatin Northwood Pentium M Banias NetBurst(HT) NetBurst(×2) 90 nm Dothan Prescott ⇨ Prescott‑2M ⇨ Smithfield Tejas → ⇩ → Cedarmill (Tejas) 65 nm Yonah Nehalem (NetBurst) Cedar Mill ⇨ Presler Core Merom 4 cores on mainstream desktop, DDR3 introduced Bonnell Bonnell 45 nm Penryn Nehalem Nehalem HT reintroduced, integrated MC, PCHL3-cache introduced, 256KB L2-cache/core Saltwell 32 nm Westmere Introduced GPU on same package and AES-NI Sandy Bridge Sandy Bridge On-die ring bus, no more non-UEFI motherboards Silvermont Silvermont 22 nm Ivy Bridge Haswell Haswell Fully integrated voltage regulator Airmont 14 nm Broadwell Skylake Skylake DDR4 introduced on mainstream desktop Goldmont Goldmont Kaby Lake Coffee Lake 6 cores on mainstream desktop Amber Lake Mobile-only Goldmont Plus Goldmont Plus Whiskey Lake Mobile-only Coffee Lake Refresh 8 cores on mainstream desktop Comet Lake 10 cores on mainstream desktop Sunny Cove Cypress Cove (Rocket Lake) Backported Sunny Cove microarchitecture for 14nm Tremont Tremont "10 nm"(~7 nm) Skylake Palm Cove (Cannon Lake) Mobile-only Sunny Cove Sunny Cove (Ice Lake) 512 KB L2-cache/core Willow Cove (Tiger Lake) Xe graphics engine Gracemont Gracemont 7 nm Golden Cove Golden Cove (Alder Lake) Hybrid, DDR5, PCIe 5.0 Raptor Cove (Raptor Lake) Crestmont Crestmont 4 nm Redwood Cove Meteor Lake Mobile-onlyNPU, chiplet architecture Skymont Skymont 3 nm Lion Cove Lunar Lake Low power mobile only (9-30W) 2 nm Arrow Lake Darkmont Darkmont Cougar Cove Panther Lake Strike-through indicates cancelled processors Bold names are microarchitectures Italic names are future processors
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It succeeds four microarchitectures: Sunny Cove, Skylake, Willow Cove, and Cypress Cove.[2][3][4] It is fabricated using Intel's Intel 7 process node, previously referred to as 10 nm Enhanced SuperFin (10ESF).The microarchitecture is used in the high-performance cores (P-core) of the 12th-generation Intel Core processors (codenamed \"Alder Lake\") and fourth-generation Xeon Scalable server processors (codenamed \"Sapphire Rapids\").[4][5]","title":"Golden Cove"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"},{"link_name":"Skylake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skylake_(microarchitecture)"},{"link_name":"instructions per cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instructions_per_cycle"},{"link_name":"Cypress Cove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypress_Cove_(microarchitecture)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"},{"link_name":"Gracemont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gracemont_(microarchitecture)"},{"link_name":"Alder Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alder_Lake"},{"link_name":"Sunny Cove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunny_Cove"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Src2_2021-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Src3_2021-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Src12_2021-10"},{"link_name":"Willow Cove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willow_Cove"},{"link_name":"Tiger Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger_Lake"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Src14_2021-11"},{"link_name":"Willow Cove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willow_Cove"},{"link_name":"Zen 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zen_3"},{"link_name":"Zen 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zen_4"},{"link_name":"Intel 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7_nm_process"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Src4_2021-12"},{"link_name":"out-of-order execution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out-of-order_execution"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Src4_2021-12"},{"link_name":"TechRadar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechRadar"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Src11_2022-13"},{"link_name":"Raptor Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raptor_Lake"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Src6_2022-14"},{"link_name":"Sapphire Rapids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapphire_Rapids"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Src7_2022-15"}],"text":"Intel first unveiled Golden Cove during their Architecture Day 2020,[6] with further details released at the same event in August 2021.[7] Similar to Skylake, Golden Cove was described by Intel as a major update to the core microarchitecture, with Intel stating that it would \"allow performance for the next decade of compute\". Intel also described Golden Cove as the largest microarchitectural upgrade to the Core family in a decade, touting a 19% increase in instructions per cycle (IPC) over Cypress Cove.[7] At the event in 2021, Intel revealed the Gracemont and Golden Cove architectures would both be bundled in a hybrid architecture into its Alder Lake CPUs for desktops and laptops. It was described as \"the successor to Intel's 10-nm Sunny Cove microarchitecture.\"[8] It was also announced that the Golden Cove cores would support hyper-threading, which allows two threads to run on one core.[9] \"P-cores\" based on Golden Cove stand for \"performance\", while \"E-cores\" based on Gracemont stand for \"efficient.\"[10]In August 2021, Golden Cove design followed \"the Willow Cove core in Tiger Lake, the Sunny Cove core in Ice Lake, and the derivative Cypress Cove core in Rocket Lake.\"[11]Succeeding Willow Cove, in 2021 the Golden Cove was described as competing against AMD's Zen 3 and Zen 4-based processors. Golden Cove is based on the 10 nm Enhanced SuperFin node by Intel, which was later renamed to Intel 7.[12] When modifying Willow Cove, writes Hardware Times, Intel announced in 2021 that both Golden Cove and Gracemont \"expanded the back and front-end, improved the out-of-order execution (OoO) capabilities, and focused more on power efficiency and real-world performance.\"[12]In January 2022, TechRadar noted that the upcoming Intel Alder Lake-P processors, mobile variants of Alder Lake with Golden Cove, could possibly use up to \"six Golden Cove cores with 12 threads alongside eight Gracemont cores with eight threads,\" noting other permutations were also possible.[13] In April 2022, it was reported that Raptor Lake, a \"refresh\" of Alder Lake, might utilize the Golden Cove and Gracemont cores.[14] It was also reported in April 2022 that Sapphire Rapids would utilize Golden Cove cores.[15]","title":"History and features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AnandTech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AnandTech"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Src14_2021-11"},{"link_name":"Sunny Cove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunny_Cove"},{"link_name":"Skylake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skylake_(microarchitecture)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Src14_2021-11"},{"link_name":"IPC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instructions_per_cycle"},{"link_name":"ILP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instruction-level_parallelism"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Src8_2021-16"},{"link_name":"Sunny Cove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunny_Cove_(microarchitecture)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"AVX-VNNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Vector_Extensions#AVX-VNNI"},{"link_name":"AVX-512","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AVX-512"},{"link_name":"AVX512-FP16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AVX-512#FP16"},{"link_name":"Sapphire Rapids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapphire_Rapids"},{"link_name":"TSX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transactional_Synchronization_Extensions"},{"link_name":"TSXLDTRK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transactional_Synchronization_Extensions#TSX_Suspend_Load_Address_Tracking"}],"text":"According to AnandTech in August 2021, \"Intel sees the Golden Cove as a major step-function update, with massive revamps of the fundamental building blocks of the CPU, going as far as calling it as allowing performance for the next decade of compute.[11] AnandTech in August 2021 also wrote that the last similar level of upgrades to Intel's \"core front-end\" was Sunny Cove, as compared to Willow Cove and Cypress Cove, which unlike Golden Cove \"were more iterative designs focusing on the memory subsystem.\" Golden Cove was described as having \"gigantic changes to the microarchitecture’s front-end\", with Intel describing those changes as the largest upgrades to microarchitecture in a decade, since Skylake.[11]The P-core Golden Cove microarchitecture supports six-wide decode, higher than the prior four, and has split the execution ports to allow for more operations to execute at once, enabling higher IPC and ILP from workflow that can take advantage. Usually a wider decode consumes a lot more power, but Intel says that its micro-op cache (now 4K) and front-end are improved enough that the decode engine spends 80% of its time power gated.\"[16]Intel describes a number of improvements over its predecessor, Sunny Cove.New 6-wide partial instruction decoder (from 4-wide in previous microarchitectures) with the ability to fetch up to 32 bytes of instructions per cycle (from 16)[7]\nWider 6-wide microarchitecture but removed complex decoder (compared to previous 5-wide 4:1:1:1:1 design)\nμOP cache size increased to 4K entries (up from 2.25K)\n12 execution ports (up from 10)[7]\nLarger out-of-order instruction window compared to Sunny Cove, with the re-order buffer (ROB) size increased from 352 to 512 entries\nLarger vector/floating-point register file, which was increased from 224 to 332 entries[17]\n192 load and 114 store queues (from 128 and 72 in Sunny Cove)[17]\n1.25 MB per core L2 cache size for consumer processors and 2 MiB per core for server variants\n3MB per core L3 cache, shared among all the cores including E-cores on Alder Lake\nDedicated floating-point adders\nNew instruction set extensions:[18]\nPTWRITE\nUser-mode wait (WAITPKG): TPAUSE, UMONITOR, UMWAIT\nArchitectural last branch records (LBRs)\nHypervisor-managed linear address translation (HLAT)\nSERIALIZE\nEnhanced Hardware Feedback Interface (EHFI) and HRESET\nAVX-VNNI\nAVX-512 with AVX512-FP16\nIn server Sapphire Rapids CPUs:\nCLDEMOTE\nTSX with TSXLDTRK","title":"Improvements"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The microarchitecture is used in the high-performance cores of the 12th generation of Intel Core hybrid processors (codenamed \"Alder Lake\") and the fourth generation of Xeon scalable processors (codenamed \"Sapphire Rapids\").","title":"Products"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Raptor Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raptor_Lake"},{"link_name":"L2 cache","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPU_cache"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"prefetch algorithm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cache_prefetching"},{"link_name":"Emerald Rapids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerald_Rapids"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Raptor Cove, released on October 20, 2022 with Raptor Lake processors, is a refresh of the Golden Cove microarchitecture with the following changes:Boost frequency up to 6.2 GHz\n2 MB L2 cache,[19] up from 1.25 MB on the mainstream desktop variant of Golden Cove. The server variant of the previous Golden Cove core already had 2 MB L2 cache per core.\nNew dynamic prefetch algorithmRaptor Cove is also used in the Emerald Rapids server processors.Since Raptor Cove is basically identical to Golden Cove, 13th Gen Core models come with B0 stepping use Raptor Cove exclusively while others with different steppings (such as C0, H0, J0 and Q0) still use Golden Cove. Notably, some models come with multiple steppings (such as i5-13400F and i7-13700HX) are using a different microarchitecture but they are selling at the same time.[citation needed]","title":"Raptor Cove"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of Intel CPU microarchitectures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_CPU_microarchitectures"}]
[{"reference":"Cutress, Ian (October 27, 2021). \"Intel 12th Gen Core Alder Lake for Desktops: Top SKUs Only, Coming November 4th\". AnandTech. Retrieved November 27, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.anandtech.com/show/16959/intel-innovation-alder-lake-november-4th","url_text":"\"Intel 12th Gen Core Alder Lake for Desktops: Top SKUs Only, Coming November 4th\""}]},{"reference":"Dexter, Alan (April 6, 2021). \"Intel Alder Lake CPUs: What are they, when will they launch, and how fast will they be?\". PC Gamer. Retrieved April 7, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pcgamer.com/intel-alder-lake-release-date-specs-performance-price/","url_text":"\"Intel Alder Lake CPUs: What are they, when will they launch, and how fast will they be?\""}]},{"reference":"Mujtaba, Hassan (May 21, 2019). \"Intel Xeon Roadmap Leak, 10nm Ice Lake, Sapphire Rapids CPU Detailed\". Wccftech. Retrieved March 14, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://wccftech.com/intel-xeon-roadmap-leak-10nm-ice-lake-sp-2020-sapphire-rapids-sp-2021/","url_text":"\"Intel Xeon Roadmap Leak, 10nm Ice Lake, Sapphire Rapids CPU Detailed\""}]},{"reference":"Shilov, Anton (27 October 2020). \"Intel: Alder Lake Sampling, Sapphire Rapids Samples in Q4\". Tom's Hardware. Retrieved November 27, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tomshardware.com/news/intel-alder-lake-sampling-sapphire-rapids","url_text":"\"Intel: Alder Lake Sampling, Sapphire Rapids Samples in Q4\""}]},{"reference":"Pirzada, Usman (October 7, 2020). \"Intel Sapphire Rapids: MCM Design, 56 Golden Cove Cores, 64GB HBM2 On-Board Memory, Massive IPC Improvement and 400 Watt TDP\". Wccftech. Retrieved April 6, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://wccftech.com/intel-sapphire-rapids-mcm-design-56-golden-cove-cores-64gb-hbm2-on-board-memory-massive-ipc-improvement-and-400-watt-tdp/","url_text":"\"Intel Sapphire Rapids: MCM Design, 56 Golden Cove Cores, 64GB HBM2 On-Board Memory, Massive IPC Improvement and 400 Watt TDP\""}]},{"reference":"Cutress, Ian (August 14, 2020). \"Intel Alder Lake: Confirmed x86 Hybrid with Golden Cove and Gracemont for 2021\". AnandTech. Retrieved February 15, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.anandtech.com/show/15979/intel-alder-lake-confirmed-x86-hybrid-with-golden-cove-and-gracemont-for-2021","url_text":"\"Intel Alder Lake: Confirmed x86 Hybrid with Golden Cove and Gracemont for 2021\""}]},{"reference":"Cutress, Ian; Frumusanu, Andrei (August 19, 2021). \"Intel Architecture Day 2021: Alder Lake, Golden Cove, and Gracemont Detailed\". AnandTech. Retrieved August 21, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.anandtech.com/show/16881/a-deep-dive-into-intels-alder-lake-microarchitectures","url_text":"\"Intel Architecture Day 2021: Alder Lake, Golden Cove, and Gracemont Detailed\""}]},{"reference":"Morra, James (August 25, 2021). \"Intel Enters New Era With Golden Cove and Gracemont Cores\". Electronic Design. Retrieved May 21, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.electronicdesign.com/technologies/embedded-revolution/article/21172912/electronic-design-intel-enters-new-era-of-golden-cove-and-gracemont-cpu-cores","url_text":"\"Intel Enters New Era With Golden Cove and Gracemont Cores\""}]},{"reference":"Alcorn, Paul (19 August 2021). \"Intel Architecture Day 2021: Alder Lake Chips, Golden Cove and Gracemont Cores\". Tom's Hardware. Retrieved May 21, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tomshardware.com/features/intel-architecture-day-2021-intel-unveils-alder-lake-golden-cove-and-gracemont-cores","url_text":"\"Intel Architecture Day 2021: Alder Lake Chips, Golden Cove and Gracemont Cores\""}]},{"reference":"Stobing, Chris (November 4, 2021). \"Intel Core i9-12900K Review\". PCMag. Retrieved May 26, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pcmag.com/reviews/intel-core-i9-12900k","url_text":"\"Intel Core i9-12900K Review\""}]},{"reference":"Cutress, Ian; Frumusanu, Andrew (August 19, 2021). \"Intel Architecture Day 2021: Alder Lake, Golden Cove, and Gracemont Detailed\". AnandTech. Retrieved May 24, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.anandtech.com/show/16881/a-deep-dive-into-intels-alder-lake-microarchitectures/3","url_text":"\"Intel Architecture Day 2021: Alder Lake, Golden Cove, and Gracemont Detailed\""}]},{"reference":"\"Intel Golden Cove Core Architecture Deep Dive: vs Zen 3 and Sunny Cove\". Hardware Times. November 8, 2021. Retrieved May 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hardwaretimes.com/intel-golden-cove-core-architecture-deep-dive-vs-zen-3-and-sunny-cove/","url_text":"\"Intel Golden Cove Core Architecture Deep Dive: vs Zen 3 and Sunny Cove\""}]},{"reference":"Loeffler, John (January 28, 2022). \"Intel Alder Lake Release Date - Specs and Price, Everything We Know\". TechRadar. Retrieved May 26, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.techradar.com/news/intel-alder-lake-release-date-specs-and-price-everything-we-know","url_text":"\"Intel Alder Lake Release Date - Specs and Price, Everything We Know\""}]},{"reference":"Nguyen, Chuong (April 18, 2022). \"Intel Raptor Lake CPUs: Everything we know about the 13th-gen processors\". Digital Trends. Retrieved May 21, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.digitaltrends.com/computing/intel-raptor-lake-cpu-rumors-news-specs/","url_text":"\"Intel Raptor Lake CPUs: Everything we know about the 13th-gen processors\""}]},{"reference":"Spadafora, Anthony (April 19, 2022). \"Intel Sapphire Rapids leak offers sneak peek at specs and performance\". TechRadar. Retrieved May 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.techradar.com/news/intel-sapphire-rapids-leak-offers-sneak-peek-at-specs-and-performance","url_text":"\"Intel Sapphire Rapids leak offers sneak peek at specs and performance\""}]},{"reference":"Cutress, Ian; Frumusanu, Andrew (November 4, 2021). \"The Intel 12th Gen Core i9-12900K Review: Hybrid Performance Brings Hybrid Complexity\". AnandTech. Retrieved May 24, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.anandtech.com/show/17047/the-intel-12th-gen-core-i912900k-review-hybrid-performance-brings-hybrid-complexity/5","url_text":"\"The Intel 12th Gen Core i9-12900K Review: Hybrid Performance Brings Hybrid Complexity\""}]},{"reference":"\"Popping the Hood on Golden Cove\". Chips and Cheese. December 2, 2021. Retrieved December 28, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://chipsandcheese.com/2021/12/02/popping-the-hood-on-golden-cove/","url_text":"\"Popping the Hood on Golden Cove\""}]},{"reference":"\"Intel® Architecture Instruction Set Extensions and Future Features: Programming Reference\" (PDF). Intel. September 2022. Retrieved November 27, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://software.intel.com/content/dam/develop/external/us/en/documents-tps/architecture-instruction-set-extensions-programming-reference.pdf","url_text":"\"Intel® Architecture Instruction Set Extensions and Future Features: Programming Reference\""}]},{"reference":"\"Intel 13th Gen Core \"Raptor Lake\" Desktop Processors Launched: +15% ST, +41% MT Uplift\". TechPowerUp. September 27, 2022. Retrieved November 27, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.techpowerup.com/299288/intel-13th-gen-core-raptor-lake-desktop-processors-launched-15-st-41-mt-uplift","url_text":"\"Intel 13th Gen Core \"Raptor Lake\" Desktop Processors Launched: +15% ST, +41% MT Uplift\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.anandtech.com/show/16959/intel-innovation-alder-lake-november-4th","external_links_name":"\"Intel 12th Gen Core Alder Lake for Desktops: Top SKUs Only, Coming November 4th\""},{"Link":"https://www.pcgamer.com/intel-alder-lake-release-date-specs-performance-price/","external_links_name":"\"Intel Alder Lake CPUs: What are they, when will they launch, and how fast will they be?\""},{"Link":"https://wccftech.com/intel-xeon-roadmap-leak-10nm-ice-lake-sp-2020-sapphire-rapids-sp-2021/","external_links_name":"\"Intel Xeon Roadmap Leak, 10nm Ice Lake, Sapphire Rapids CPU Detailed\""},{"Link":"https://www.tomshardware.com/news/intel-alder-lake-sampling-sapphire-rapids","external_links_name":"\"Intel: Alder Lake Sampling, Sapphire Rapids Samples in Q4\""},{"Link":"https://wccftech.com/intel-sapphire-rapids-mcm-design-56-golden-cove-cores-64gb-hbm2-on-board-memory-massive-ipc-improvement-and-400-watt-tdp/","external_links_name":"\"Intel Sapphire Rapids: MCM Design, 56 Golden Cove Cores, 64GB HBM2 On-Board Memory, Massive IPC Improvement and 400 Watt TDP\""},{"Link":"https://www.anandtech.com/show/15979/intel-alder-lake-confirmed-x86-hybrid-with-golden-cove-and-gracemont-for-2021","external_links_name":"\"Intel Alder Lake: Confirmed x86 Hybrid with Golden Cove and Gracemont for 2021\""},{"Link":"https://www.anandtech.com/show/16881/a-deep-dive-into-intels-alder-lake-microarchitectures","external_links_name":"\"Intel Architecture Day 2021: Alder Lake, Golden Cove, and Gracemont Detailed\""},{"Link":"https://www.electronicdesign.com/technologies/embedded-revolution/article/21172912/electronic-design-intel-enters-new-era-of-golden-cove-and-gracemont-cpu-cores","external_links_name":"\"Intel Enters New Era With Golden Cove and Gracemont Cores\""},{"Link":"https://www.tomshardware.com/features/intel-architecture-day-2021-intel-unveils-alder-lake-golden-cove-and-gracemont-cores","external_links_name":"\"Intel Architecture Day 2021: Alder Lake Chips, Golden Cove and Gracemont Cores\""},{"Link":"https://www.pcmag.com/reviews/intel-core-i9-12900k","external_links_name":"\"Intel Core i9-12900K Review\""},{"Link":"https://www.anandtech.com/show/16881/a-deep-dive-into-intels-alder-lake-microarchitectures/3","external_links_name":"\"Intel Architecture Day 2021: Alder Lake, Golden Cove, and Gracemont Detailed\""},{"Link":"https://www.hardwaretimes.com/intel-golden-cove-core-architecture-deep-dive-vs-zen-3-and-sunny-cove/","external_links_name":"\"Intel Golden Cove Core Architecture Deep Dive: vs Zen 3 and Sunny Cove\""},{"Link":"https://www.techradar.com/news/intel-alder-lake-release-date-specs-and-price-everything-we-know","external_links_name":"\"Intel Alder Lake Release Date - Specs and Price, Everything We Know\""},{"Link":"https://www.digitaltrends.com/computing/intel-raptor-lake-cpu-rumors-news-specs/","external_links_name":"\"Intel Raptor Lake CPUs: Everything we know about the 13th-gen processors\""},{"Link":"https://www.techradar.com/news/intel-sapphire-rapids-leak-offers-sneak-peek-at-specs-and-performance","external_links_name":"\"Intel Sapphire Rapids leak offers sneak peek at specs and performance\""},{"Link":"https://www.anandtech.com/show/17047/the-intel-12th-gen-core-i912900k-review-hybrid-performance-brings-hybrid-complexity/5","external_links_name":"\"The Intel 12th Gen Core i9-12900K Review: Hybrid Performance Brings Hybrid Complexity\""},{"Link":"https://chipsandcheese.com/2021/12/02/popping-the-hood-on-golden-cove/","external_links_name":"\"Popping the Hood on Golden Cove\""},{"Link":"https://software.intel.com/content/dam/develop/external/us/en/documents-tps/architecture-instruction-set-extensions-programming-reference.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Intel® Architecture Instruction Set Extensions and Future Features: Programming Reference\""},{"Link":"https://www.techpowerup.com/299288/intel-13th-gen-core-raptor-lake-desktop-processors-launched-15-st-41-mt-uplift","external_links_name":"\"Intel 13th Gen Core \"Raptor Lake\" Desktop Processors Launched: +15% ST, +41% MT Uplift\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samantha_Quek
Sam Quek
["1 Early life","2 Career","2.1 Hockey career","2.2 Potential football career","2.3 Media appearances and current work","3 Personal life","4 References","5 External links"]
British field hockey player, and television personality Sam QuekMBEQuek in 2023Personal informationBirth nameSamantha Ann QuekBorn (1988-10-18) 18 October 1988 (age 35)Liverpool, EnglandHeight1.62 m (5 ft 4 in)Weight62 kg (9 st 11 lb)SportCountry England United KingdomSportField hockey Medal record Representing  Great Britain Olympic Games 2016 Rio de Janeiro Team Representing  England European Championship 2015 London 2013 Boom Commonwealth Games 2014 Glasgow Team Samantha Ann Quek, MBE (born 18 October 1988) is an English television personality and former field hockey player. She played as a defender for both the England and Great Britain teams, wearing squad number 13, and won gold as part of the British team at the 2016 Summer Olympics. Quek has presented various television sports shows, including American football on the BBC, rugby union on Channel 5, field hockey on BT Sport, and football for Channel 4 and LFC TV. She has appeared as a contestant on shows including I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! in 2016 and Celebrity Masterchef in 2020, where she reached the final three. In 2021, Quek became a team captain on the BBC One sports panel show, Question of Sport. Early life Quek was born on 18 October 1988 at Mill Road Hospital, Liverpool, to an English mother, Marilyn Quek (née Higgins), and Singaporean Chinese father, Albert Quek. She has a twin brother. The family moved from Coniston Street in Liverpool to the suburb of West Derby when she was about a month old, and to the Wirral Peninsula when she was five. She attended Hillside Primary School on the Wirral for a year before moving to Birkenhead High School and going on to sixth form at Calday Grange Grammar School in West Kirby. She then studied at Leeds Metropolitan University, where she earned a BSc (Hons) in Sport & Exercise Science. Quek started playing hockey whilst at Birkenhead High School, and attended trials for the Wirral under-12 team. She was selected to play for Wirral County at the Merseyside Youth Games, and the team won the tournament. She was selected again the following year, when the team was victorious once more. She then joined a team called Mini Panthers, where she was coached by the team organiser Peter Cartmel, who had earlier selected her for the Wirral County team. Career Hockey career Quek played as a defender and went on to represent both the England and Great Britain teams, wearing squad number 13. In 2005, Quek was part of the England team that won the Girl's (Under-18s) Four Nations Invitational Tournament by defeating Holland on penalties after a 1–1 draw in the final. She won gold as part of the Great Britain Team for the 2007 Australian Youth Olympic Festival. She was also part of the team that were runners-up to Germany at the 2006 Women's EuroHockey Junior Championship. She won her first Great Britain international cap, aged 19 and whilst still at university, featuring in a goalless draw against Argentina 2007. She made her England debut the following year. She was not selected for the Great Britain squad for the London 2012 Olympic Games, but did play for England at the 2013 Women's EuroHockey Nations Championship, at the 2014 Women's Hockey World Cup (where the England team finished eleventh of twelve, their worst-ever placing), and at the 2014 Commonwealth Games where the team won silver. Quek (on the right) playing against Argentina in 2016 In the absence of Kate Richardson-Walsh, Quek captained the England team during the 2014 Champions Trophy in Mendoza, Argentina. She played in every game of the tournament despite, unknown to Quek at the time, breaking two ribs on her right side in their opening game. Quek was also part of the England hockey team who won gold at the European Championships in August 2015 in London. She won Man of the Match in the final against the Netherlands, who were reigning world and Olympic champions at the time. In August 2016, Quek competed in the Rio Olympic Games. In the group stage, the team won all five of their matches, defeating Australia 2–1, India 3–0, Argentina 3–2, Japan 2–0 and the United States 2–1. A 3–1 quarter-final win over Spain and a 3–0 defeat of New Zealand saw Great Britain reach the final. The team defeated the Netherlands on penalties after a 3–3 draw, winning the first women's hockey gold medal in the Olympics for Great Britain. Quek won her 50th cap for Great Britain during the competition, taking her to more than 125 combined for both England and Great Britain. In September 2016, a group of Russian hackers calling themselves "Fancy Bears" hacked into the WADA database and revealed that Quek, along with many of her fellow Team GB members, had been granted a Therapeutic Use Exemption (TUE) for various medical prescriptions. Her TUE specifically related to the use of an inhaler in 2008, when she was a teenager. She responded to the leak, stating that not only had she operated within all sporting guidelines, but that she was primarily concerned that the nature of these hacks could stigmatise the future use of TUEs to the detriment of future athletes, describing TUEs as "potentially life-saving practices". The hacks have since been widely discredited by numerous industry professionals and worldwide media outlets. Potential football career Quek was signed to Tranmere Rovers F.C. as a junior. She revealed in an interview with The Guardian that she had to make the choice at the age of 16 between pursuing a professional career in hockey or football, as splitting her time between the two sports was hindering her progress in both. She elected to pursue a career in hockey. On 23 March 2018, Quek was selected to play in an All-Stars team versus FA People's Cup challengers in a 12-hour fundraising match for Sport Relief. She was offered a trial with the Liverpool Ladies FA Women's Super League team by their manager Vicky Jepson, but had not taken the offer up as of April 2020. Media appearances and current work In May 2016, Quek appeared with her husband Tom Mairs on BBC One's game show For What It's Worth, where they won the show's jackpot of £2,500. A few months later, in November, she took part in the sixteenth series of I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! She made it to the final four before being voted out on the penultimate day and finishing in fourth place. In March 2017, Quek appeared as a guest panellist on the ITV sports panel game show Play to the Whistle and BBC's A Question of Sport. She also took part in a celebrity edition of The Chase, and appeared alongside Greg Rusedski in Series 11 of Pointless Celebrities. Quek has been a presenter on sports shows, including for The NFL Show, rugby union on Channel 5, field hockey on BT Sport, and football for Channel 4 and LFC TV. In 2017, she became a sports columnist for the Metro newspaper, and in 2018 wrote a piece for the BBC about the challenges that women face in the media's portrayal of female athletes on and off the field. She also became a weekly sport columnist for the Daily Mirror newspaper. In August 2019, she began hosting the BBC's flagship football phone-in programme, 606, with regular pundit Robbie Savage. In 2020, she competed in Celebrity Masterchef, finishing as a losing finalist. In July 2021, it was confirmed that Quek would become a team captain on the long-running show Question of Sport. Her appointment was part of a change to the programme's line-up that saw Paddy McGuinness take over as host and Quek become the show's first permanent female captain alongside former rugby union player Ugo Monye. In July and August 2021, Quek was also co-anchor of BBC's Olympic Breakfast morning programme, covering the Tokyo Olympic Games alongside Dan Walker. In November 2021, just seven days after giving birth to her daughter, Quek recorded an episode of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? and won £16,000 for WellChild, which made her the most successful contestant of the Celebrity Special edition, which also featured Harry Redknapp and Craig Charles. In January 2022, Quek started hosting the BBC One show Morning Live with Gethin Jones. In February 2023, Quek was chosen to co-host the opening ceremony of the Eurovision Song Contest 2023 in Liverpool together with Ukrainian Eurovision commentator and 2017 contest co-presenter Timur Miroshnychenko. In October 2023, Quek appeared as a contestant on Richard Osman's House of Games. Personal life Quek is married to Tom Mairs, a property entrepreneur who appeared as the titular "Secret Millionaire" on the reality show of the same name in 2010. She is a supporter of Liverpool and counts their former striker Ian Rush as one of her sporting heroes. She is also a fan of the Kansas City Chiefs. She was appointed an MBE in the 2017 New Years Honours List for services to hockey. Quek published her autobiography, Sam Quek: Hope and a Hockey Stick, in 2018. In May 2020, Quek was warned by the Advertising Standards Authority for a second time about promoting a business on Twitter without announcing that she was being paid by the company. In March 2021, Quek became a mother to a daughter, Molly Doris Mairs, after a 'traumatic' caesarean section. On 11 October 2021, Quek announced she was pregnant with her second child and gave birth in March 2022 to a son, Isaac Gregory Mairs. References ^ "In full: the New Year's Honours list". The Herald. Glasgow. 30 December 2016. Archived from the original on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 28 August 2020. ^ a b Quek, Sam (30 July 2018). "Chapter 1: Humble Beginnings". Sam Quek: Hope and a Hockey Stick. Pen & Sword Books. ISBN 978-1-5267-3350-4. Archived from the original on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 1 July 2020. ^ a b c d Smith, Alan (29 August 2016). "Sam Quek: 'You could see from making eye contact we were going to win gold'". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 29 August 2016. Retrieved 29 August 2016. ^ Quek, Sam (30 July 2018). "Chapter 2: No Girls Allowed". Sam Quek: Hope and a Hockey Stick. Pen & Sword Books. ISBN 978-1-5267-3350-4. Archived from the original on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 1 July 2020. ^ "Journal of The Old Caldeian Union" (PDF). Caldaygrangegrammarschool.co.uk. 2013. Archived from the original on 16 August 2016. Retrieved 29 August 2016. ^ "Leeds Beckett University on the road to Rio...our students and alumni at the Olympics". Leeds Beckett University. Archived from the original on 13 September 2016. Retrieved 29 August 2016. ^ Quek, Sam (30 July 2018). "Chapter 3: Thank You Mr Cartmel". Sam Quek: Hope and a Hockey Stick. Pen & Sword Books. ISBN 978-1-5267-3350-4. Archived from the original on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 1 July 2020. ^ a b c "Sam Quek". englandhockey.co.uk. England Hockey. Archived from the original on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 15 April 2019. ^ Oldfield, Adam (5 April 2005). "Hockey: Lightning Quek". Liverpool Echo. Liverpool. Retrieved 2 July 2020 – via NewsBank. ^ Quek, Sam (30 July 2018). "Chapter 5: Making the Grade". Sam Quek: Hope and a Hockey Stick. Pen & Sword Books. ISBN 978-1-5267-3350-4. Archived from the original on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 1 July 2020. ^ Quek, Sam (30 July 2018). "Chapter 6: Uni Mates and a Hockey Great". Sam Quek: Hope and a Hockey Stick. Pen & Sword Books. ISBN 978-1-5267-3350-4. ^ Harris, Cathy (24 November 2007). "Kerry delighted after Britain's women frustrate Argentina". The Time. London. Retrieved 2 July 2020 – via NewsBank. ^ Gilmour, Rod (12 June 2014). "Hockey World Cup 2014: England will do a Terry Butcher against Holland, vows captain Barry Middleton". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 2 July 2020 – via NewsBank. ^ "Samantha Quek". thecgf.com. Commonwealth Games Federation. Retrieved 2 July 2020. ^ a b c Lin Xinyi (9 January 2017). "Hockey: Olympic champ Sam Quek's Singapore story". The Straits Times. Singapore. Archived from the original on 4 June 2019. Retrieved 2 July 2020. ^ "Glasgow 2014 – Sam Quek Profile". Results.glasgow2014.com. Archived from the original on 20 August 2016. Retrieved 29 August 2016. ^ Halifax, Justine (10 November 2016). "Who is I'm A Celebrity's Sam Quek? – Hockey player Sam Quek is among contestants in I'm a Celebrity". Birmingham Mail: Web Edition. Birmingham. Retrieved 2 July 2020 – via NewsBank. ^ "Rio 2016 Hockey Women". International Olympic Committee. Archived from the original on 26 March 2017. Retrieved 2 July 2020. ^ Pidd, Helen (16 August 2016). "Great Britain's women hockey team beat Spain to progress into semi-finals". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 8 March 2017. Retrieved 2 July 2020. ^ "Great Britain beat New Zealand to reach women's Olympic hockey final". The Guardian. London. Press Association. 17 August 2016. Archived from the original on 8 March 2017. Retrieved 2 July 2020. ^ John, Emma (19 August 2016). "GB women win historic hockey gold with shootout victory over Netherlands". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 19 August 2016. Retrieved 19 August 2016. ^ "Sam Quek". leadersinsport.com. Leaders. Archived from the original on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 2 July 2020. ^ Riach, James (21 September 2016). "The Fancy Bears leaks shouldn't tar all athletes with the same doping brush". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 8 November 2016. Retrieved 14 November 2016. ^ Smith, Alan (29 August 2016). "Sam Quek: 'You could see from making eye contact we were going to win gold'". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 6 November 2019. Retrieved 20 August 2019. ^ "FA People's Cup teams to take on Robbie Savage's celebs for 12-hour Sport Relief special". Archived from the original on 20 August 2019. Retrieved 20 August 2019. ^ "Meeting Stevie, the '01 treble and embarrassing stories – Sam Quek's 'Liverpool Life'". thisisanfield.com. This is Anfield. 22 April 2020. Archived from the original on 30 April 2020. Retrieved 2 July 2020. ^ "BBC One – For What It's Worth, Series 2, Episode 6". BBC One. Archived from the original on 20 August 2016. Retrieved 29 August 2016. ^ "Sam Quek becomes ninth person voted off I'm A Celebrity". ITV News. Archived from the original on 4 December 2016. Retrieved 3 December 2016. ^ "BBC One – A Question of Sport, Series 46, Episode 26". BBC. Archived from the original on 13 May 2017. Retrieved 28 December 2019. ^ a b McLennan, Patrick (30 July 2020). "Find out who won Celebrity MasterChef 2020 final – and why". Radio Times. Archived from the original on 3 October 2020. Retrieved 26 October 2020. ^ "Pointless Celebrities". BBC. Retrieved 2 July 2020. ^ "BBC Sport - the NFL Show, 2017/18, Episode 18". Archived from the original on 22 August 2019. Retrieved 20 August 2019. ^ "Premiership dips toe in deep pool of free-to-air viewers with live debut | Sport | the Guardian". TheGuardian.com. Archived from the original on 20 August 2019. Retrieved 20 August 2019. ^ "BT Sport announce broadcasting innovations for Vitality Hockey Women's World Cup". England Hockey. 12 July 2018. Retrieved 2 July 2020. ^ SOTB (30 June 2017). "Channel 4 reveals UEFA Women's Euro 2017 plans". Sport on the Box. Archived from the original on 10 September 2017. Retrieved 20 August 2019. ^ "Sam Quek: Lionesses must be more than a one-hit wonder to stay in the limelight". Archived from the original on 29 October 2019. Retrieved 12 June 2019. ^ Quek, Sam (24 July 2018). "Female athletes should be able to look good without being sexualised". BBC. Archived from the original on 19 August 2019. Retrieved 12 June 2019. ^ Quek, Sam (11 August 2019). "The Premier League is anything but unpredictable – especially at the top end". Mirror Online. Archived from the original on 12 August 2019. Retrieved 20 August 2019. ^ "BBC Radio 5 live – 606, Blades first Premier League win for twelve years, Chelsea held at the Bridge, and more VAR controversy". BBC. Archived from the original on 20 August 2019. Retrieved 20 August 2019. ^ "Paddy McGuinness replaces Sue Barker as A Question of Sport host". BBC News. 8 July 2021. Retrieved 9 July 2021. ^ "Who is Sam Quek? Who is she married to? The Olympics Breakfast presenter who went to Leeds Beckett University". 30 July 2021. Retrieved 4 August 2021. ^ "TV listings guide". Radio Times. Retrieved 19 November 2021. ^ "Meet our Eurovision 2023 family!". BBC. 22 February 2023. ^ "Website dedicated to celebrity marriages". Archived from the original on 24 June 2019. Retrieved 24 June 2019. ^ Prentice, David (28 June 2016). "Mersey hockey duo heading for Rio Olympic Games". Liverpool Echo. Trinity Mirror Merseyside. Archived from the original on 14 October 2016. Retrieved 21 September 2016. ^ Sweeney, Pete (20 September 2016). "British Olympic Gold Medalist Sam Quek Loves Chiefs, De'Anthony Thomas". chiefs.com. Kansas City Chiefs. Archived from the original on 21 September 2016. Retrieved 21 September 2016. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 December 2016. Retrieved 30 December 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ "Hope and a Hockey Stick". White Owl Books. 16 July 2018. Archived from the original on 13 August 2020. Retrieved 16 July 2018. ^ Ellson, Andrew (May 2020). "BBC star Sam Quek warned over gambling tweets". The Times. London. Archived from the original on 14 May 2020. Retrieved 2 July 2020. ^ Hurst, Brogan-Leigh (6 April 2021). "Sam Quek opens up on 'traumatic' C-section and shares baby girl's adorable name". Mirror Online. Retrieved 19 May 2021. ^ "Question of Sport star Sam Quek pregnant with second child just months after giving birth". Metro. Retrieved 23 October 2021. ^ McManus, Samuel (14 March 2022). "Morning Live's Sam Quek gives birth and shares sweet picture of baby number two". OK! Magazine. Retrieved 15 March 2022. External links Sam Quek at the International Hockey Federation Sam Quek at Olympics.com Sam Quek at Olympedia Sam Quek at Team GB Sam Quek at the Commonwealth Games Federation (archived) Media related to Sam Quek at Wikimedia Commons Sam Quek at IMDb Question of Sport (BBC One) Links to related articles vteEngland squad – 2014 Commonwealth Games – Silver medal 1 Hinch 2 Ansley 3 Bray 4 Unsworth 5 Owsley 6 Shipperley 7 Twigg 8 Watton 9 Townsend 10 Gilbert 11 Richardson-Walsh (c) 12 Webb 13 Quek 14 White 15 Danson 16 Wood Coach: Kerry vteEngland squad – 2014 FIH World Cup – 11th place 1 Hinch 2 Mackay 4 Unsworth 6 Macleod 7 Twigg 9 Townsend 10 Gilbert 11 Richardson-Walsh (c) 13 Quek 15 Danson 19 Bray 20 Webb 21 Watton 22 Ball 23 Walton 26 Owsley 27 Shipperley 28 White Coach: Lee vteGreat Britain squad – 2016 Summer Olympics – Gold medal (1st Title) 1 Hinch 4 Unsworth 5 Cullen 6 Macleod 7 Twigg 8 H. Richardson-Walsh 9 Townsend 11 K. Richardson-Walsh (c) 13 Quek 15 Danson 18 Ansley 19 Bray 20 Webb 24 McCallin 26 Owsley 28 White Coach: Kerry Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"field hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_hockey"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_women%27s_national_field_hockey_team"},{"link_name":"Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain_women%27s_national_field_hockey_team"},{"link_name":"2016 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"American football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"rugby union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union"},{"link_name":"Channel 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_5_(UK)"},{"link_name":"BT Sport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BT_Sport"},{"link_name":"Channel 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_4"},{"link_name":"LFC TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LFC_TV"},{"link_name":"I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27m_a_Celebrity...Get_Me_Out_of_Here!_(British_series_16)"},{"link_name":"Celebrity Masterchef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MasterChef_(British_TV_series)#Celebrity_MasterChef"},{"link_name":"BBC One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_One"},{"link_name":"Question of Sport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Question_of_Sport"}],"text":"British field hockey player, and television personalitySamantha Ann Quek, MBE (born 18 October 1988) is an English television personality and former field hockey player. She played as a defender for both the England and Great Britain teams, wearing squad number 13, and won gold as part of the British team at the 2016 Summer Olympics.Quek has presented various television sports shows, including American football on the BBC, rugby union on Channel 5, field hockey on BT Sport, and football for Channel 4 and LFC TV. She has appeared as a contestant on shows including I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! in 2016 and Celebrity Masterchef in 2020, where she reached the final three.In 2021, Quek became a team captain on the BBC One sports panel show, Question of Sport.","title":"Sam Quek"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Singaporean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Singaporean"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Quek2018Ch1-2"},{"link_name":"West Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Derby"},{"link_name":"Wirral Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirral_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian_smith-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Quek2018Ch1-2"},{"link_name":"Birkenhead High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birkenhead_High_School"},{"link_name":"Calday Grange Grammar School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calday_Grange_Grammar_School"},{"link_name":"West Kirby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Kirby"},{"link_name":"Leeds Metropolitan University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_Beckett_University"},{"link_name":"BSc (Hons)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BSc"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian_smith-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Quek2018Ch2-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Quek2018Ch3-7"}],"text":"Quek was born on 18 October 1988 at Mill Road Hospital, Liverpool, to an English mother, Marilyn Quek (née Higgins), and Singaporean Chinese father, Albert Quek. She has a twin brother.[2] The family moved from Coniston Street in Liverpool to the suburb of West Derby when she was about a month old, and to the Wirral Peninsula when she was five.[3][2] She attended Hillside Primary School on the Wirral for a year before moving to Birkenhead High School and going on to sixth form at Calday Grange Grammar School in West Kirby. She then studied at Leeds Metropolitan University, where she earned a BSc (Hons) in Sport & Exercise Science.[3][4][5][6]Quek started playing hockey whilst at Birkenhead High School, and attended trials for the Wirral under-12 team. She was selected to play for Wirral County at the Merseyside Youth Games, and the team won the tournament. She was selected again the following year, when the team was victorious once more. She then joined a team called Mini Panthers, where she was coached by the team organiser Peter Cartmel, who had earlier selected her for the Wirral County team.[7]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_women%27s_national_field_hockey_team"},{"link_name":"Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain_women%27s_national_field_hockey_team"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian_smith-3"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"2007 Australian Youth Olympic Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_hockey_at_the_2007_Australian_Youth_Olympic_Festival_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_tournament"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Quek2018Ch5-10"},{"link_name":"Women's EuroHockey Junior Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_EuroHockey_Junior_Championship"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Quek2018Ch6-11"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina_women%27s_national_field_hockey_team"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_women%27s_national_field_hockey_team"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian_smith-3"},{"link_name":"2013 Women's EuroHockey Nations Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Women%27s_EuroHockey_Nations_Championship"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"2014 Women's Hockey World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Women%27s_Hockey_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"2014 Commonwealth Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hockey_at_the_2014_Commonwealth_Games_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_tournament"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GB_v_Argentina_2016_CT_(27728855776).jpg"},{"link_name":"Kate Richardson-Walsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Richardson-Walsh"},{"link_name":"Champions Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hockey_Champions_Trophy"},{"link_name":"Mendoza, Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendoza,_Argentina"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-STRAITS-15"},{"link_name":"European Championships in August 2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Women%27s_EuroHockey_Nations_Championship"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands_women%27s_national_field_hockey_team"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Rio Olympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_hockey_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_tournament"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_women%27s_national_field_hockey_team"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_women%27s_national_field_hockey_team"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina_women%27s_national_field_hockey_team"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_women%27s_national_field_hockey_team"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_women%27s_national_field_hockey_team"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain_women%27s_national_field_hockey_team"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_women%27s_national_field_hockey_team"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Fancy Bears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fancy_Bear"},{"link_name":"WADA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Anti-Doping_Agency"},{"link_name":"Therapeutic Use Exemption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapeutic_Use_Exemption"},{"link_name":"inhaler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhaler"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Hockey career","text":"Quek played as a defender and went on to represent both the England and Great Britain teams, wearing squad number 13.[8][3] In 2005, Quek was part of the England team that won the Girl's (Under-18s) Four Nations Invitational Tournament by defeating Holland on penalties after a 1–1 draw in the final.[9] She won gold as part of the Great Britain Team for the 2007 Australian Youth Olympic Festival.[10] She was also part of the team that were runners-up to Germany at the 2006 Women's EuroHockey Junior Championship.[11] She won her first Great Britain international cap, aged 19 and whilst still at university, featuring in a goalless draw against Argentina 2007.[12] She made her England debut the following year.[8]She was not selected for the Great Britain squad for the London 2012 Olympic Games,[3] but did play for England at the 2013 Women's EuroHockey Nations Championship,[8] at the 2014 Women's Hockey World Cup (where the England team finished eleventh of twelve, their worst-ever placing),[13] and at the 2014 Commonwealth Games where the team won silver.[14]Quek (on the right) playing against Argentina in 2016In the absence of Kate Richardson-Walsh, Quek captained the England team during the 2014 Champions Trophy in Mendoza, Argentina. She played in every game of the tournament despite, unknown to Quek at the time, breaking two ribs on her right side in their opening game.[15] Quek was also part of the England hockey team who won gold at the European Championships in August 2015 in London. She won Man of the Match in the final against the Netherlands, who were reigning world and Olympic champions at the time.[16][17]In August 2016, Quek competed in the Rio Olympic Games. In the group stage, the team won all five of their matches, defeating Australia 2–1, India 3–0, Argentina 3–2, Japan 2–0 and the United States 2–1.[18] A 3–1 quarter-final win over Spain[19] and a 3–0 defeat of New Zealand saw Great Britain reach the final.[20] The team defeated the Netherlands on penalties after a 3–3 draw, winning the first women's hockey gold medal in the Olympics for Great Britain.[21] Quek won her 50th cap for Great Britain during the competition, taking her to more than 125 combined for both England and Great Britain.[22]In September 2016, a group of Russian hackers calling themselves \"Fancy Bears\" hacked into the WADA database and revealed that Quek, along with many of her fellow Team GB members, had been granted a Therapeutic Use Exemption (TUE) for various medical prescriptions. Her TUE specifically related to the use of an inhaler in 2008, when she was a teenager. She responded to the leak, stating that not only had she operated within all sporting guidelines, but that she was primarily concerned that the nature of these hacks could stigmatise the future use of TUEs to the detriment of future athletes, describing TUEs as \"potentially life-saving practices\". The hacks have since been widely discredited by numerous industry professionals and worldwide media outlets.[23]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tranmere Rovers F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tranmere_Rovers_F.C."},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"FA People's Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_People%27s_Cup"},{"link_name":"Sport Relief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_Relief"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Liverpool Ladies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_F.C._Women"},{"link_name":"FA Women's Super League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Women%27s_Super_League"},{"link_name":"Vicky Jepson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicky_Jepson"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"Potential football career","text":"Quek was signed to Tranmere Rovers F.C. as a junior. She revealed in an interview with The Guardian that she had to make the choice at the age of 16 between pursuing a professional career in hockey or football, as splitting her time between the two sports was hindering her progress in both. She elected to pursue a career in hockey.[24] On 23 March 2018, Quek was selected to play in an All-Stars team versus FA People's Cup challengers in a 12-hour fundraising match for Sport Relief.[25] She was offered a trial with the Liverpool Ladies FA Women's Super League team by their manager Vicky Jepson, but had not taken the offer up as of April 2020.[26]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BBC One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_One"},{"link_name":"For What It's Worth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/For_What_It%27s_Worth_(game_show)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"sixteenth series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27m_a_Celebrity...Get_Me_Out_of_Here!_(British_series_16)"},{"link_name":"I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27m_a_Celebrity...Get_Me_Out_of_Here!_(British_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-STRAITS-15"},{"link_name":"Play to the Whistle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Play_to_the_Whistle"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"The Chase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chase_(British_game_show)"},{"link_name":"Greg Rusedski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Rusedski"},{"link_name":"Pointless Celebrities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pointless"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RADTIME-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"The NFL Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_NFL_Show/NFL_This_Week"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Channel 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_5_(UK)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"BT Sport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BT_Sport"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Channel 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_4"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"LFC TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LFC_TV"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-STRAITS-15"},{"link_name":"Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_(British_newspaper)"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Daily Mirror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Mirror"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Quek-38"},{"link_name":"606","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/606_(radio_show)"},{"link_name":"Robbie Savage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbie_Savage"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Celebrity Masterchef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MasterChef_(British_TV_series)#Celebrity_MasterChef"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RADTIME-30"},{"link_name":"Question of Sport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Question_of_Sport"},{"link_name":"Paddy McGuinness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddy_McGuinness"},{"link_name":"Ugo Monye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugo_Monye"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Tokyo Olympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Dan Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Walker_(broadcaster)"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Wants_to_Be_a_Millionaire%3F_(British_game_show)"},{"link_name":"WellChild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WellChild"},{"link_name":"Harry Redknapp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Redknapp"},{"link_name":"Craig Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Charles"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"BBC One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_One"},{"link_name":"Morning Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morning_Live"},{"link_name":"Gethin Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gethin_Jones"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Eurovision Song Contest 2023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2023"},{"link_name":"2017 contest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2017"},{"link_name":"Timur Miroshnychenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timur_Miroshnychenko"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Richard Osman's House of Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Osman%27s_House_of_Games"}],"sub_title":"Media appearances and current work","text":"In May 2016, Quek appeared with her husband Tom Mairs on BBC One's game show For What It's Worth, where they won the show's jackpot of £2,500.[27] A few months later, in November, she took part in the sixteenth series of I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! She made it to the final four before being voted out on the penultimate day and finishing in fourth place.[28][15] In March 2017, Quek appeared as a guest panellist on the ITV sports panel game show Play to the Whistle and BBC's A Question of Sport.[29] She also took part in a celebrity edition of The Chase, and appeared alongside Greg Rusedski in Series 11 of Pointless Celebrities.[30][31]Quek has been a presenter on sports shows, including for The NFL Show,[32] rugby union on Channel 5,[33] field hockey on BT Sport,[34] and football for Channel 4[35] and LFC TV.[15] In 2017, she became a sports columnist for the Metro newspaper,[36] and in 2018 wrote a piece for the BBC about the challenges that women face in the media's portrayal of female athletes on and off the field.[37] She also became a weekly sport columnist for the Daily Mirror newspaper.[38] In August 2019, she began hosting the BBC's flagship football phone-in programme, 606, with regular pundit Robbie Savage.[39] In 2020, she competed in Celebrity Masterchef, finishing as a losing finalist.[30]In July 2021, it was confirmed that Quek would become a team captain on the long-running show Question of Sport. Her appointment was part of a change to the programme's line-up that saw Paddy McGuinness take over as host and Quek become the show's first permanent female captain alongside former rugby union player Ugo Monye.[40]In July and August 2021, Quek was also co-anchor of BBC's Olympic Breakfast morning programme, covering the Tokyo Olympic Games alongside Dan Walker.[41]In November 2021, just seven days after giving birth to her daughter, Quek recorded an episode of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? and won £16,000 for WellChild, which made her the most successful contestant of the Celebrity Special edition, which also featured Harry Redknapp and Craig Charles.[42]In January 2022, Quek started hosting the BBC One show Morning Live with Gethin Jones.[citation needed]In February 2023, Quek was chosen to co-host the opening ceremony of the Eurovision Song Contest 2023 in Liverpool together with Ukrainian Eurovision commentator and 2017 contest co-presenter Timur Miroshnychenko.[43]In October 2023, Quek appeared as a contestant on Richard Osman's House of Games.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"the reality show of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Secret_Millionaire"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_F.C."},{"link_name":"Ian Rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Rush"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Kansas City Chiefs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City_Chiefs"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"New Years Honours List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Years_Honours_List"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Advertising Standards Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising_Standards_Authority_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Twitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"caesarean section","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesarean_section"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"}],"text":"Quek is married to Tom Mairs, a property entrepreneur who appeared as the titular \"Secret Millionaire\" on the reality show of the same name in 2010.[44] She is a supporter of Liverpool and counts their former striker Ian Rush as one of her sporting heroes.[45] She is also a fan of the Kansas City Chiefs.[46] She was appointed an MBE in the 2017 New Years Honours List for services to hockey.[47]Quek published her autobiography, Sam Quek: Hope and a Hockey Stick, in 2018.[48]In May 2020, Quek was warned by the Advertising Standards Authority for a second time about promoting a business on Twitter without announcing that she was being paid by the company.[49]In March 2021, Quek became a mother to a daughter, Molly Doris Mairs, after a 'traumatic' caesarean section.[50]On 11 October 2021, Quek announced she was pregnant with her second child[51] and gave birth in March 2022 to a son, Isaac Gregory Mairs.[52]","title":"Personal life"}]
[{"image_text":"Quek (on the right) playing against Argentina in 2016","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/GB_v_Argentina_2016_CT_%2827728855776%29.jpg/220px-GB_v_Argentina_2016_CT_%2827728855776%29.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"In full: the New Year's Honours list\". The Herald. Glasgow. 30 December 2016. Archived from the original on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 28 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/14995132.in-full-the-new-years-honours-list/","url_text":"\"In full: the New Year's Honours list\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201029215305/https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/14995132.in-full-the-new-years-honours-list/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Quek, Sam (30 July 2018). \"Chapter 1: Humble Beginnings\". Sam Quek: Hope and a Hockey Stick. Pen & Sword Books. ISBN 978-1-5267-3350-4. Archived from the original on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 1 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LrTNDwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Sam Quek: Hope and a Hockey Stick"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5267-3350-4","url_text":"978-1-5267-3350-4"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201029215304/https://books.google.com/books?id=LrTNDwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Alan (29 August 2016). \"Sam Quek: 'You could see from making eye contact we were going to win gold'\". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 29 August 2016. Retrieved 29 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/aug/29/sam-quek-hockey-team-gb-gold-rio-2016","url_text":"\"Sam Quek: 'You could see from making eye contact we were going to win gold'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160829110844/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/aug/29/sam-quek-hockey-team-gb-gold-rio-2016","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Quek, Sam (30 July 2018). \"Chapter 2: No Girls Allowed\". Sam Quek: Hope and a Hockey Stick. Pen & Sword Books. ISBN 978-1-5267-3350-4. Archived from the original on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 1 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LrTNDwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Sam Quek: Hope and a Hockey Stick"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5267-3350-4","url_text":"978-1-5267-3350-4"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201029215304/https://books.google.com/books?id=LrTNDwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Journal of The Old Caldeian Union\" (PDF). Caldaygrangegrammarschool.co.uk. 2013. Archived from the original on 16 August 2016. Retrieved 29 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.caldaygrangegrammarschool.co.uk/attachments/download.asp?file=273&type=pdf","url_text":"\"Journal of The Old Caldeian Union\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160816140009/http://www.caldaygrangegrammarschool.co.uk/attachments/download.asp?file=273&type=pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Leeds Beckett University on the road to Rio...our students and alumni at the Olympics\". Leeds Beckett University. Archived from the original on 13 September 2016. Retrieved 29 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.leedsbeckett.ac.uk/news/0616-our-students-and-alumni-at-the-olympics/","url_text":"\"Leeds Beckett University on the road to Rio...our students and alumni at the Olympics\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160913185936/http://www.leedsbeckett.ac.uk/news/0616-our-students-and-alumni-at-the-olympics/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Quek, Sam (30 July 2018). \"Chapter 3: Thank You Mr Cartmel\". Sam Quek: Hope and a Hockey Stick. Pen & Sword Books. ISBN 978-1-5267-3350-4. Archived from the original on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 1 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LrTNDwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Sam Quek: Hope and a Hockey Stick"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5267-3350-4","url_text":"978-1-5267-3350-4"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201029215304/https://books.google.com/books?id=LrTNDwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Sam Quek\". englandhockey.co.uk. England Hockey. Archived from the original on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 15 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.englandhockey.co.uk/player.asp?itemid=218&section=44","url_text":"\"Sam Quek\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201029215322/http://www.englandhockey.co.uk/player.asp?itemid=218&section=44","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Oldfield, Adam (5 April 2005). \"Hockey: Lightning Quek\". Liverpool Echo. Liverpool. Retrieved 2 July 2020 – via NewsBank.","urls":[{"url":"https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document-view?p=AWNB&docref=news/1094F3C698EFD007","url_text":"\"Hockey: Lightning Quek\""}]},{"reference":"Quek, Sam (30 July 2018). \"Chapter 5: Making the Grade\". Sam Quek: Hope and a Hockey Stick. Pen & Sword Books. ISBN 978-1-5267-3350-4. Archived from the original on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 1 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LrTNDwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Sam Quek: Hope and a Hockey Stick"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5267-3350-4","url_text":"978-1-5267-3350-4"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201029215318/https://books.google.com/books?id=LrTNDwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Quek, Sam (30 July 2018). \"Chapter 6: Uni Mates and a Hockey Great\". Sam Quek: Hope and a Hockey Stick. Pen & Sword Books. ISBN 978-1-5267-3350-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LrTNDwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Sam Quek: Hope and a Hockey Stick"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5267-3350-4","url_text":"978-1-5267-3350-4"}]},{"reference":"Harris, Cathy (24 November 2007). \"Kerry delighted after Britain's women frustrate Argentina\". The Time. London. Retrieved 2 July 2020 – via NewsBank.","urls":[{"url":"https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document-view?p=AWNB&docref=news/11D2067C2419F950","url_text":"\"Kerry delighted after Britain's women frustrate Argentina\""}]},{"reference":"Gilmour, Rod (12 June 2014). \"Hockey World Cup 2014: England will do a Terry Butcher against Holland, vows captain Barry Middleton\". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 2 July 2020 – via NewsBank.","urls":[{"url":"https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document-view?p=AWNB&docref=news/14E6B7488C697D80","url_text":"\"Hockey World Cup 2014: England will do a Terry Butcher against Holland, vows captain Barry Middleton\""}]},{"reference":"\"Samantha Quek\". thecgf.com. Commonwealth Games Federation. Retrieved 2 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://thecgf.com/results/athletes/63100","url_text":"\"Samantha Quek\""}]},{"reference":"Lin Xinyi (9 January 2017). \"Hockey: Olympic champ Sam Quek's Singapore story\". The Straits Times. Singapore. Archived from the original on 4 June 2019. Retrieved 2 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.straitstimes.com/sport/olympic-champs-singapore-story","url_text":"\"Hockey: Olympic champ Sam Quek's Singapore story\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190604000413/https://www.straitstimes.com/sport/olympic-champs-singapore-story","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Glasgow 2014 – Sam Quek Profile\". Results.glasgow2014.com. Archived from the original on 20 August 2016. Retrieved 29 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://results.glasgow2014.com/athlete/hockey/1023984/s_quek.html","url_text":"\"Glasgow 2014 – Sam Quek Profile\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160820083328/http://results.glasgow2014.com/athlete/hockey/1023984/s_quek.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Halifax, Justine (10 November 2016). \"Who is I'm A Celebrity's Sam Quek? – Hockey player Sam Quek is among contestants in I'm a Celebrity\". Birmingham Mail: Web Edition. Birmingham. Retrieved 2 July 2020 – via NewsBank.","urls":[{"url":"https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document-view?p=AWNB&docref=news/160964CC20883B58","url_text":"\"Who is I'm A Celebrity's Sam Quek? – Hockey player Sam Quek is among contestants in I'm a Celebrity\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rio 2016 Hockey Women\". International Olympic Committee. Archived from the original on 26 March 2017. Retrieved 2 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.olympic.org/rio-2016/hockey/hockey-women","url_text":"\"Rio 2016 Hockey Women\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170326033411/https://www.olympic.org/rio-2016/hockey/hockey-women","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Pidd, Helen (16 August 2016). \"Great Britain's women hockey team beat Spain to progress into semi-finals\". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 8 March 2017. Retrieved 2 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/aug/15/great-britain-spain-olympic-hockey-quarter-final-match-report","url_text":"\"Great Britain's women hockey team beat Spain to progress into semi-finals\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170308000836/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/aug/15/great-britain-spain-olympic-hockey-quarter-final-match-report","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Great Britain beat New Zealand to reach women's Olympic hockey final\". The Guardian. London. Press Association. 17 August 2016. Archived from the original on 8 March 2017. Retrieved 2 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/aug/17/new-zealand-great-britain-olympic-hockey-match-report","url_text":"\"Great Britain beat New Zealand to reach women's Olympic hockey final\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170308000833/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/aug/17/new-zealand-great-britain-olympic-hockey-match-report","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"John, Emma (19 August 2016). \"GB women win historic hockey gold with shootout victory over Netherlands\". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 19 August 2016. Retrieved 19 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/aug/19/gb-women-hockey-historic-gold-shootout-final-olympics","url_text":"\"GB women win historic hockey gold with shootout victory over Netherlands\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160819224947/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/aug/19/gb-women-hockey-historic-gold-shootout-final-olympics","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Sam Quek\". leadersinsport.com. Leaders. Archived from the original on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 2 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://leadersinsport.com/people/sam-quek/","url_text":"\"Sam Quek\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201029215311/https://leadersinsport.com/people/sam-quek/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Riach, James (21 September 2016). \"The Fancy Bears leaks shouldn't tar all athletes with the same doping brush\". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 8 November 2016. Retrieved 14 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/sep/21/fancy-bears-leaks-athletes-doping-russia-cyber-hackers","url_text":"\"The Fancy Bears leaks shouldn't tar all athletes with the same doping brush\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161108045452/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/sep/21/fancy-bears-leaks-athletes-doping-russia-cyber-hackers","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Alan (29 August 2016). \"Sam Quek: 'You could see from making eye contact we were going to win gold'\". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 6 November 2019. Retrieved 20 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/aug/29/sam-quek-hockey-team-gb-gold-rio-2016","url_text":"\"Sam Quek: 'You could see from making eye contact we were going to win gold'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077","url_text":"0261-3077"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191106164852/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/aug/29/sam-quek-hockey-team-gb-gold-rio-2016","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"FA People's Cup teams to take on Robbie Savage's celebs for 12-hour Sport Relief special\". Archived from the original on 20 August 2019. Retrieved 20 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thefa.com/news/2018/feb/15/robbies-sport-relief-allstars-to-face-peoples-cup-teams-150218","url_text":"\"FA People's Cup teams to take on Robbie Savage's celebs for 12-hour Sport Relief special\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190820183543/http://www.thefa.com/news/2018/feb/15/robbies-sport-relief-allstars-to-face-peoples-cup-teams-150218","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Meeting Stevie, the '01 treble and embarrassing stories – Sam Quek's 'Liverpool Life'\". thisisanfield.com. This is Anfield. 22 April 2020. Archived from the original on 30 April 2020. Retrieved 2 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thisisanfield.com/2020/04/meeting-stevie-the-01-treble-and-embarrassing-stories-sam-queks-liverpool-life/","url_text":"\"Meeting Stevie, the '01 treble and embarrassing stories – Sam Quek's 'Liverpool Life'\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200430022702/https://www.thisisanfield.com/2020/04/meeting-stevie-the-01-treble-and-embarrassing-stories-sam-queks-liverpool-life/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"BBC One – For What It's Worth, Series 2, Episode 6\". BBC One. Archived from the original on 20 August 2016. Retrieved 29 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b07dxww8","url_text":"\"BBC One – For What It's Worth, Series 2, Episode 6\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160820181506/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b07dxww8","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Sam Quek becomes ninth person voted off I'm A Celebrity\". ITV News. Archived from the original on 4 December 2016. Retrieved 3 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.itv.com/news/2016-12-03/sam-quek-becomes-ninth-person-voted-off-im-a-celebrity/","url_text":"\"Sam Quek becomes ninth person voted off I'm A Celebrity\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161204114036/http://www.itv.com/news/2016-12-03/sam-quek-becomes-ninth-person-voted-off-im-a-celebrity/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"BBC One – A Question of Sport, Series 46, Episode 26\". BBC. Archived from the original on 13 May 2017. Retrieved 28 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b08jmd2k","url_text":"\"BBC One – A Question of Sport, Series 46, Episode 26\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170513123836/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b08jmd2k","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"McLennan, Patrick (30 July 2020). \"Find out who won Celebrity MasterChef 2020 final – and why\". Radio Times. Archived from the original on 3 October 2020. Retrieved 26 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.radiotimes.com/news/tv/2020-07-30/celebrity-masterchef-2020-winner-announced/","url_text":"\"Find out who won Celebrity MasterChef 2020 final – and why\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201003012000/https://www.radiotimes.com/news/tv/2020-07-30/celebrity-masterchef-2020-winner-announced/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Pointless Celebrities\". BBC. Retrieved 2 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0bp0y4y","url_text":"\"Pointless Celebrities\""}]},{"reference":"\"BBC Sport - the NFL Show, 2017/18, Episode 18\". Archived from the original on 22 August 2019. Retrieved 20 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b09ktvbw","url_text":"\"BBC Sport - the NFL Show, 2017/18, Episode 18\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190822111953/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b09ktvbw","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Premiership dips toe in deep pool of free-to-air viewers with live debut | Sport | the Guardian\". TheGuardian.com. Archived from the original on 20 August 2019. 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Retrieved 2 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.englandhockey.co.uk/news.asp?itemid=43863&itemTitle=BT+Sport+announce+broadcasting+innovations+for+Vitality+Hockey+Women%27s+World+Cup&section=22","url_text":"\"BT Sport announce broadcasting innovations for Vitality Hockey Women's World Cup\""}]},{"reference":"SOTB (30 June 2017). \"Channel 4 reveals UEFA Women's Euro 2017 plans\". Sport on the Box. Archived from the original on 10 September 2017. Retrieved 20 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://sport-onthebox.com/2017/06/30/channel-4-reveals-uefa-womens-euro-2017-coverage-plans/","url_text":"\"Channel 4 reveals UEFA Women's Euro 2017 plans\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170910174725/http://sport-onthebox.com/2017/06/30/channel-4-reveals-uefa-womens-euro-2017-coverage-plans/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Sam Quek: Lionesses must be more than a one-hit wonder to stay in the limelight\". Archived from the original on 29 October 2019. Retrieved 12 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metro.news/author/sam_quek/","url_text":"\"Sam Quek: Lionesses must be more than a one-hit wonder to stay in the limelight\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191029205946/https://www.metro.news/author/sam_quek/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Quek, Sam (24 July 2018). \"Female athletes should be able to look good without being sexualised\". BBC. Archived from the original on 19 August 2019. Retrieved 12 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/44924224","url_text":"\"Female athletes should be able to look good without being sexualised\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190819193502/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/44924224","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Quek, Sam (11 August 2019). \"The Premier League is anything but unpredictable – especially at the top end\". Mirror Online. Archived from the original on 12 August 2019. Retrieved 20 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/news/premier-league-anything-unpredictable-especially-18909554","url_text":"\"The Premier League is anything but unpredictable – especially at the top end\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190812133551/https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/news/premier-league-anything-unpredictable-especially-18909554","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"BBC Radio 5 live – 606, Blades first Premier League win for twelve years, Chelsea held at the Bridge, and more VAR controversy\". BBC. Archived from the original on 20 August 2019. Retrieved 20 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m0007qj1","url_text":"\"BBC Radio 5 live – 606, Blades first Premier League win for twelve years, Chelsea held at the Bridge, and more VAR controversy\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190820125110/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m0007qj1","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Paddy McGuinness replaces Sue Barker as A Question of Sport host\". BBC News. 8 July 2021. Retrieved 9 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-57761226","url_text":"\"Paddy McGuinness replaces Sue Barker as A Question of Sport host\""}]},{"reference":"\"Who is Sam Quek? Who is she married to? The Olympics Breakfast presenter who went to Leeds Beckett University\". 30 July 2021. Retrieved 4 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.yorkshireeveningpost.co.uk/whats-on/who-is-sam-quek-who-is-she-married-to-the-olympics-breakfast-presenter-who-went-to-leeds-beckett-university-3329000","url_text":"\"Who is Sam Quek? Who is she married to? The Olympics Breakfast presenter who went to Leeds Beckett University\""}]},{"reference":"\"TV listings guide\". Radio Times. Retrieved 19 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.radiotimes.com/tv/tv-listings/?sd=19-11-2021%2021:00","url_text":"\"TV listings guide\""}]},{"reference":"\"Meet our Eurovision 2023 family!\". BBC. 22 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/eurovision/entries/6f2e0053-e405-4548-b330-e1741d2c9198","url_text":"\"Meet our Eurovision 2023 family!\""}]},{"reference":"\"Website dedicated to celebrity marriages\". Archived from the original on 24 June 2019. Retrieved 24 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.famechain.com/family-tree/40754/tom-mairs/sam-quek","url_text":"\"Website dedicated to celebrity marriages\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190624201709/https://www.famechain.com/family-tree/40754/tom-mairs/sam-quek","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Prentice, David (28 June 2016). \"Mersey hockey duo heading for Rio Olympic Games\". Liverpool Echo. Trinity Mirror Merseyside. Archived from the original on 14 October 2016. Retrieved 21 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/sport/mersey-hockey-duo-heading-rio-11535559","url_text":"\"Mersey hockey duo heading for Rio Olympic Games\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161014060006/http://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/sport/mersey-hockey-duo-heading-rio-11535559","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Sweeney, Pete (20 September 2016). \"British Olympic Gold Medalist Sam Quek Loves Chiefs, De'Anthony Thomas\". chiefs.com. Kansas City Chiefs. Archived from the original on 21 September 2016. Retrieved 21 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160921192253/http://www.chiefs.com/news/article-7/British-Olympic-Gold-Medalist-Sam-Quek-Loves-Chiefs-De%E2%80%99Anthony-Thomas/4fe3a62c-f637-4080-9568-29d25cfcb6f2","url_text":"\"British Olympic Gold Medalist Sam Quek Loves Chiefs, De'Anthony Thomas\""},{"url":"http://www.chiefs.com/news/article-7/British-Olympic-Gold-Medalist-Sam-Quek-Loves-Chiefs-De%E2%80%99Anthony-Thomas/4fe3a62c-f637-4080-9568-29d25cfcb6f2","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 December 2016. Retrieved 30 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/580999/new-years-honours-2017-full-list.pdf","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161231075327/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/580999/new-years-honours-2017-full-list.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Hope and a Hockey Stick\". White Owl Books. 16 July 2018. Archived from the original on 13 August 2020. Retrieved 16 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pen-and-sword.co.uk/Sam-Quek-Hardback/p/14851","url_text":"\"Hope and a Hockey Stick\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200813192505/https://www.pen-and-sword.co.uk/Sam-Quek-Hardback/p/14851","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ellson, Andrew (May 2020). \"BBC star Sam Quek warned over gambling tweets\". The Times. London. Archived from the original on 14 May 2020. Retrieved 2 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/bbc-star-sam-quek-warned-over-gambling-tweets-r688ktmz6","url_text":"\"BBC star Sam Quek warned over gambling tweets\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200514212906/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/bbc-star-sam-quek-warned-over-gambling-tweets-r688ktmz6","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hurst, Brogan-Leigh (6 April 2021). \"Sam Quek opens up on 'traumatic' C-section and shares baby girl's adorable name\". Mirror Online. Retrieved 19 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mirror.co.uk/3am/celebrity-news/sam-quek-opens-up-traumatic-23864294","url_text":"\"Sam Quek opens up on 'traumatic' C-section and shares baby girl's adorable name\""}]},{"reference":"\"Question of Sport star Sam Quek pregnant with second child just months after giving birth\". Metro. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cautley_Spout
Cautley Spout
["1 References","2 External links"]
Waterfall in Cumbria, England Cautley SpoutLocationCumbria, EnglandCoordinates54°22′21″N 2°29′30″W / 54.37250°N 2.49167°W / 54.37250; -2.49167Total height175mWatercourseTributary of the River Rawthey Cautley Spout is England's highest (cascade) waterfall above ground. (Gaping Gill on Ingleborough falls a greater unbroken distance into a pothole, and Hardraw Force has a greater unbroken fall above ground). The broken cascade of falls tumbles a total of 650 feet (198 m) down a cliff face at the head of a wild and bleak glacial valley that comes down from a high plateau called The Calf. It is located in the Howgill Fells, traditionally in the West Riding of Yorkshire but now in the administrative county of Cumbria on the western edge of the Yorkshire Dales National Park. The waterfall is just north of Sedbergh. This fall is one of the few cascade falls in England; most are either tiered or plunge falls. The upper section of Cautley Spout References ^ a b "Cautley Spout". English Lakes. Retrieved 6 May 2009. ^ "Britain's best waterfalls". The Telegraph article. Retrieved 5 December 2013. External links The Walking Englishman: Waterfalls in the Yorkshire Dales This Cumbria location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nightdreams
Nightdreams
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","4 Release","4.1 Critical reception","4.2 Box office","4.3 Home media","4.4 Accolades and awards","5 Soundtrack","6 Sequels","7 See also","8 Notes","9 External links"]
1981 American filmNightdreamsVHS released by Wonderful World of Video and Caballero Control CorporationDirected byFrancis DeliaWritten byJerry Stahl Stephen SayadianProduced byStephen SayadianCinematographyFrancis DeliaEdited byPearl DiamondMusic byMitchell Froom Wall of VoodooProductioncompanyCaribbean FilmsDistributed byWonderful World of Video Caballero Control CorporationRelease date 1981 (1981) (United States) Running time78 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBudget$60,000 Nightdreams is a 1981 pornographic film with strong horror elements directed by Francis Delia, and written by Jerry Stahl and Stephen Sayadian (credited respectively as "Herbert W. Day" and "Rinse Dream"). Plot Two scientists use electric jolts to induce a woman named Mrs. Van Houten with surreal and erotic dreams. After a set of strange scenes ranging from having sex with a man inside a Cream of Wheat box to a trip into the abyss of Hell, a surprise ending reveals who the woman receiving the jolts of electricity is. Cast Dorothy LeMay as Mrs. Van Houten Loni Sanders as The Demon's Slave Jennifer West as Doctor Kevin James as Heaven Man Fast Steppin' Freddie as Cream of Wheat Paul Berthell as Slice of Bread Ken Starbuck as The Demon Jacqueline Lorians as Brunette Cowgirl Danielle as Blonde Cowgirl Andy Nichols as Doctor Michelle Bauer as Chained Girl Production Producer Stephen Sayadian said in an interview: "We did it as a series of six or seven vignettes; we just sat down and hashed out the concepts. We’ll go to Heaven, we’ll go to Hell, we’ll have one in the Wild West. It was supposed to be like an old Vaudeville review." His studio also produced one sheets and promotional posters for horror movies such as Dressed to Kill and The Funhouse and the sets used in both movies' posters were also used in filming Nightdreams. Release Critical reception The film has received generally positive reviews. It was described by Playboy magazine as “the first avant-garde adult film…Fellini meets Eraserhead,” and by Velvet magazine as “the Citizen Kane of adult films.” Adult Video News, Adam Film World and Hustler all gave it ratings of between four and five stars in their reviews. Adam Film World said, "The film is outstanding for its superb and visually exciting cinematography and extraordinarily imaginative erotic fantasies. Pornographic film historian Jim Holliday called it "the most unusual, unique and innovative adult film yet made" and said Nightdreams "pioneered a whole new subgenre within the industry" within five years of its release due to its "raunchy gritty sexuality…combined with truly new wave sets and the Miami Vice '80s look". Box office According to Sayadian "neither Nightdreams or Café Flesh were ever that successful as porn films. But they broke house records as midnight movies." Home media The film was subsequently released on VHS by Caballero Home Video, which re-released it in 2006 on DVD. Accolades and awards The film was voted into the XRCO Hall of Fame in 1992. In 1986, Holliday placed it in 13th place on a list of the top 40 best adult films as selected by a consensus of industry experts. In 2001, Adult Video News placed it in 62nd place on its list of the greatest adult movies of all time. In 2007, AVN called it one of the "50 most influential adult releases of all time" for starting the alt-porn genre, which uses "MTV-inspired, rock-video schtick, hipster references and underground music." Soundtrack The soundtrack includes "Ring of Fire" as covered by Wall of Voodoo as well as renditions of "Ol' Man River" and Gymnopédies. Sequels Nightdreams was followed by Nightdreams II in 1989, and Nightdreams 3 in 1991. Both of these films were directed by Stephen Sayadian. The Mrs. Van Houten character also appeared in Sayadian and Stahl's 1989 effort Dr. Caligari. See also Erotica and pornography portalFilm portal Golden Age of Porn Notes ^ a b c Croll, Ben (20 September 2013). "Etrange 2013 Interview: Stephen Sayadian Is 'The Most Interesting Man In The World'". screenanarchy.com. ScreenAnarchy. Archived from the original on 31 October 2018. Retrieved 9 August 2021. ^ "Soiled Sinema: Nightdreams (1981)". soiledsinema.com. Soiled Sinema. 13 December 2013. Retrieved 19 February 2014. ^ "Movie Review: NightDreams". avn.com. Adult Video News. 1981. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 19 February 2014. ^ a b Nightdreams, Adam Film World Guide 1984 Directory of Adult Films, p. 66 ^ Night Dreams 1 at the Internet Adult Film Database ^ a b Jim Holliday, Only the best: Jim Holliday's adult video almanac and trivia treasury. Van Nuys, CA: Cal Vista Direct, 1986. ^ "The XRCO Hall of Fame", Adam Film World Guide 1993 Directory of Adult Films, p. 279 ^ Mike Ramone, "The 101 Greatest Adult Tapes of All Time", Adult Video News, Vol. 17, No. 7, August 2001, pp. 34–52. ^ Mike Albo, Paul Fishbein, Mark Kernes, Mike Ramone, Jared Rutter, Peter Warren and Nelson X, "The 50 Most Influential Adult Releases of All Time: Groundbreaking Titles That Forever Changed the Industry", Adult Video News, Vol. 23, No. 1, Issue 290, January 2007, pp. 62–93. External links Nightdreams at IMDb Night Dreams 1 at the Internet Adult Film Database Night Dreams at the Adult Film Database Night Dreams at AllMovie Nightdreams II at IMDb Night Dreams 2 at the Internet Adult Film Database Nightdreams 3 at IMDb Night Dreams 3 at the Internet Adult Film Database
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After a set of strange scenes ranging from having sex with a man inside a Cream of Wheat box to a trip into the abyss of Hell, a surprise ending reveals who the woman receiving the jolts of electricity is.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dorothy LeMay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_LeMay"},{"link_name":"Loni Sanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loni_Sanders"},{"link_name":"Michelle Bauer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Bauer"}],"text":"Dorothy LeMay as Mrs. Van Houten\nLoni Sanders as The Demon's Slave\nJennifer West as Doctor\nKevin James as Heaven Man\nFast Steppin' Freddie as Cream of Wheat\nPaul Berthell as Slice of Bread\nKen Starbuck as The Demon\nJacqueline Lorians as Brunette Cowgirl\nDanielle as Blonde Cowgirl\nAndy Nichols as Doctor\nMichelle Bauer as Chained Girl","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stephen Sayadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Sayadian"},{"link_name":"Heaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heaven"},{"link_name":"Hell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hell"},{"link_name":"Wild West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_frontier"},{"link_name":"Vaudeville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaudeville"},{"link_name":"one sheets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_sheet"},{"link_name":"Dressed to Kill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dressed_to_Kill_(1980_film)"},{"link_name":"The Funhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Funhouse"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sayadian-1"}],"text":"Producer Stephen Sayadian said in an interview: \"We did it as a series of six or seven vignettes; we just sat down and hashed out the concepts. We’ll go to Heaven, we’ll go to Hell, we’ll have one in the Wild West. It was supposed to be like an old Vaudeville review.\" His studio also produced one sheets and promotional posters for horror movies such as Dressed to Kill and The Funhouse and the sets used in both movies' posters were also used in filming Nightdreams.[1]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Playboy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playboy"},{"link_name":"avant-garde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avant-garde"},{"link_name":"adult film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornographic_film"},{"link_name":"Fellini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Fellini"},{"link_name":"Eraserhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eraserhead"},{"link_name":"Citizen Kane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_Kane"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Adult Video News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AVN_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Adam Film World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Film_World"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-afwg1984dir-4"},{"link_name":"Hustler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hustler_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-afwg1984dir-4"},{"link_name":"Pornographic film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornographic_film"},{"link_name":"Jim Holliday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Holliday"},{"link_name":"Miami Vice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_Vice"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-holliday-6"}],"sub_title":"Critical reception","text":"The film has received generally positive reviews. It was described by Playboy magazine as “the first avant-garde adult film…Fellini meets Eraserhead,” and by Velvet magazine as “the Citizen Kane of adult films.”[2] Adult Video News,[3] Adam Film World[4] and Hustler[5] all gave it ratings of between four and five stars in their reviews. Adam Film World said, \"The film is outstanding for its superb and visually exciting cinematography and extraordinarily imaginative erotic fantasies.[4]Pornographic film historian Jim Holliday called it \"the most unusual, unique and innovative adult film yet made\" and said Nightdreams \"pioneered a whole new subgenre within the industry\" within five years of its release due to its \"raunchy gritty sexuality…combined with truly new wave sets and the Miami Vice '80s look\".[6]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Café Flesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_Flesh"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sayadian-1"}],"sub_title":"Box office","text":"According to Sayadian \"neither Nightdreams or Café Flesh were ever that successful as porn films. But they broke house records as midnight movies.\"[1]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"VHS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHS"},{"link_name":"Caballero Home Video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caballero_Home_Video"},{"link_name":"DVD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD"}],"sub_title":"Home media","text":"The film was subsequently released on VHS by Caballero Home Video, which re-released it in 2006 on DVD.","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"XRCO Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XRCO_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-afwg1993dir-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-holliday-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-avn2001-8"},{"link_name":"alt-porn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alt-porn"},{"link_name":"MTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV"},{"link_name":"hipster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipster_(contemporary_subculture)"},{"link_name":"underground music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground_music"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-avn2007-9"}],"sub_title":"Accolades and awards","text":"The film was voted into the XRCO Hall of Fame in 1992.[7]In 1986, Holliday placed it in 13th place on a list of the top 40 best adult films as selected by a consensus of industry experts.[6] In 2001, Adult Video News placed it in 62nd place on its list of the greatest adult movies of all time.[8] In 2007, AVN called it one of the \"50 most influential adult releases of all time\" for starting the alt-porn genre, which uses \"MTV-inspired, rock-video schtick, hipster references and underground music.\"[9]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ring of Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_of_Fire_(song)"},{"link_name":"Wall of Voodoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_of_Voodoo"},{"link_name":"Ol' Man River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ol%27_Man_River"},{"link_name":"Gymnopédies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnop%C3%A9dies"}],"text":"The soundtrack includes \"Ring of Fire\" as covered by Wall of Voodoo as well as renditions of \"Ol' Man River\" and Gymnopédies.","title":"Soundtrack"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dr. Caligari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Caligari_(film)"}],"text":"Nightdreams was followed by Nightdreams II in 1989, and Nightdreams 3 in 1991. Both of these films were directed by Stephen Sayadian. The Mrs. Van Houten character also appeared in Sayadian and Stahl's 1989 effort Dr. Caligari.","title":"Sequels"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-sayadian_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-sayadian_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-sayadian_1-2"},{"link_name":"\"Etrange 2013 Interview: Stephen Sayadian Is 'The Most Interesting Man In The World'\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//screenanarchy.com/2013/09/etrange-2013-interview-stephen-sayadian-is-the-most-interesting-man-in-the-world-gallery.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20181031005240/https://screenanarchy.com/2013/09/etrange-2013-interview-stephen-sayadian-is-the-most-interesting-man-in-the-world-gallery.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Soiled Sinema: Nightdreams (1981)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.soiledsinema.com/2013/12/nightdreams-1981.html?zx=970be88030341d4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Movie Review: NightDreams\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.avn.com/movies/41406.html"},{"link_name":"Adult Video News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_Video_News"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160304051609/http://www.avn.com/movies/41406.html"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-afwg1984dir_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-afwg1984dir_4-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Night Dreams 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.iafd.com/title.rme/title=Night+Dreams+1/year=1981"},{"link_name":"Internet Adult Film Database","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Adult_Film_Database"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-holliday_6-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-holliday_6-1"},{"link_name":"Jim Holliday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Holliday"},{"link_name":"Van Nuys, CA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Nuys,_CA"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-afwg1993dir_7-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-avn2001_8-0"},{"link_name":"Adult Video News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AVN_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-avn2007_9-0"},{"link_name":"Adult Video News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AVN_(magazine)"}],"text":"^ a b c Croll, Ben (20 September 2013). \"Etrange 2013 Interview: Stephen Sayadian Is 'The Most Interesting Man In The World'\". screenanarchy.com. ScreenAnarchy. Archived from the original on 31 October 2018. Retrieved 9 August 2021.\n\n^ \"Soiled Sinema: Nightdreams (1981)\". soiledsinema.com. Soiled Sinema. 13 December 2013. Retrieved 19 February 2014.\n\n^ \"Movie Review: NightDreams\". avn.com. Adult Video News. 1981. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 19 February 2014.\n\n^ a b Nightdreams, Adam Film World Guide 1984 Directory of Adult Films, p. 66\n\n^ Night Dreams 1 at the Internet Adult Film Database\n\n^ a b Jim Holliday, Only the best: Jim Holliday's adult video almanac and trivia treasury. Van Nuys, CA: Cal Vista Direct, 1986.\n\n^ \"The XRCO Hall of Fame\", Adam Film World Guide 1993 Directory of Adult Films, p. 279\n\n^ Mike Ramone, \"The 101 Greatest Adult Tapes of All Time\", Adult Video News, Vol. 17, No. 7, August 2001, pp. 34–52.\n\n^ Mike Albo, Paul Fishbein, Mark Kernes, Mike Ramone, Jared Rutter, Peter Warren and Nelson X, \"The 50 Most Influential Adult Releases of All Time: Groundbreaking Titles That Forever Changed the Industry\", Adult Video News, Vol. 23, No. 1, Issue 290, January 2007, pp. 62–93.","title":"Notes"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Whelan
Patrick Whelan
["1 Early life","2 Easter Week","3 Death and burial","4 Whelan House","5 References"]
For the Irish tailor accused of assassination, see Patrick J. Whelan. Patrick WhelanA portrait of Whelan by Jim FitzpatrickBorn4 September 189369 Thorncastle Street Ringsend, DublinDied26 April 1916(1916-04-26) (aged 22)Boland's Mill, DublinNationalityIrishOther namesPaddy WhelanOccupationShip's CarpenterKnown forIrish Volunteer killed in action in Boland's Mill during the Easter Rising of 1916. Whelan House, Thorncastle Street, Ringsend, Dublin is named in his honour. Patrick Whelan (4 September 1893 – 26 April 1916) was an Irish Volunteer, killed in action in Boland's Mill during the Battle of Mount Street Bridge at the time of the Easter Rising of 1916. He was 22 years old when he died and was awarded the 1916 Medal posthumously in 1941. Whelan House in Thorncastle Street, Ringsend, Dublin – where he was born – is named in his honour. Early life Patrick Whelan was born on 4 September 1893 to John Whelan, a fisherman, and his wife Mary Jane Mullen, at 69 Thorncastle Street, Ringsend, Dublin. At the time, around the late 1800s, there was an increased interest in the Irish cultural identity, which led to the Gaelic revival movement. Whelan was an active member of the Ringsend Gaelic League, and a renowned hurler who played for Fontenoy's Club in Irishtown. Like many in Ringsend he worked on the ships, where he was employed as a ship's carpenter. Whelan also became a member of the Irish Volunteers and fought and died for Ireland during the Easter Rising of 1916. Ahead of the Rising, which began at noon on Easter Monday 24 April, Whelan was dispatched to Tralee in County Kerry, only to return with the disheartening news of the capture of Roger Casement and "the bitter denunciation of the Germans" by Robert Monteith. Easter Week 1916 Your Prayers .........A member of the 3rd Battalion, Unit "D" Company, Dublin Brigade, Whelan fought under Commandant Éamon de Valera. Occupying Boland's Bakery around the corner from the flour mill on Grand Canal Street, and a mile to the south-east of the GPO, the 3rd battalion headquarters was at a key location, controlling as it did the railway line and the main road from Dún Laoghaire (then known as Kingstown) to the centre of the city. Throughout the Rising the 3rd Battalion was to cover a large area of South Dublin, with a lot more men expected to report for duty than actually did so on the day. The severely depleted numbers were the result of countermanding orders issued by Eoin MacNeill advising the Volunteers not to take part in the Rising. MacNeill had learnt of the arrest of Roger Casement and the subsequent loss of German arms. After confronting Patrick Pearse, who refused to be swayed by this revelation, MacNeill felt he had no option but to place a last minute news advertisement calling the Rising off. This caused tremendous confusion among the Volunteers, especially outside of Dublin. For those that did show up, the British, reportedly, "considered De Valera's forces the best trained and best led among the rebels". Whelan was one of the 14 Volunteers of Unit "D" Company, who occupied Boland's Mill at around noon on Easter Monday. Tuesday evening at around 6 o'clock we first received attention from the enemy. Two 18-pounder 3 inch shells ripped through the wall of the top loft where the most of my men were stationed, scattering lumps of metal and jagged stones around .... The shells had burst several sacks of flour and bran and the loft was smothered in a fog of flour for quite ten minutes.— Lieutenant Joseph O'Byrne, Acting Captain of the Unit In the first artillery fire of the week, Boland's Mill had been shelled by the gunboat "Helga" (now known as the Irish patrol vessel Muirchú) from the river Liffey. The "Helga", which had sailed from Dún Laoghaire earlier, would go on to bombard Liberty Hall the following day. As only the top loft of the mill happened to be in the gunboat's field of fire, Capt. O’Byrne moved his men down to the third floor for safety and because the vantage was just as good from there. The next day, Wednesday 26 April, soldiers of the Sherwood Foresters Regiment sent to Dún Laoghaire from England, made their way into the city by way of Northumberland Street and Mount Street. Ordered by Major-General William Lowe to take Mount Street Bridge "at all costs", the fighting that ensued there would result in two thirds of British casualties for the entire week, despite the Volunteers being heavily outnumbered. Although the main action of the battle occurred at 25 Northumberland Road and Clanwilliam House, the other outposts of the 3rd Battalion played their part too. According to one witness, Jack O'Shea, "during the battle for Mount Street bridge, fire came towards the mill". Despite being under ‘incessant’ sniping on the Wednesday, the return sniper fire from Boland's Mill and the railway tracks managed to keep the British garrison in nearby Beggars Bush Barracks pinned down that day and throughout Easter week. The Battle of Mount Street Bridge was the most successful military action of the Rising. Death and burial Patrick Whelan Grave, Glasnevin Cemetery, Dublin As the battle raged, orders came from battalion headquarters to Capt. O’Byrne to direct heavy fire towards Baggot Street Bridge. A party of British soldiers, sent via Sandymount, was advancing from that direction in an attempt to outflank the 3rd Battalion position. The British advance was duly met by a heavy volley of fire from the "D" Unit in Boland's Mill and "driven back in disorder". However, during the exchange, according to the Captain's account, at around 4pm on Wednesday 26 April, Whelan was "fatally wounded beside me, being shot in the head just below the eye. He expired in about a minute". The firing at the Mill was so heavy and the men there so exhausted, that Whelan lay where he fell for over 30 hours. On Friday morning, Capt. O’Byrne's brother Peter, the Section Commander of Unit "D" and Volunteer Willie Bruen constructed a temporary coffin and buried Whelan's body under a large heap of clinkers in the yard of the building outside the engine room. Although the yard was protected from direct fire, the bullets were still ricocheting off the windows and walls of Boland's Mill as Capt. O’Byrne read some prayers and they all said the Rosary. Peter Byrne wanted to leave a sign to indicate that a body was buried in the yard, but in the confusion and distress of the situation left a sign that read "I.H.S." instead of the "R.I.P" he intended. Boland's Mill remained under sniper fire until the surrender of the Irish Volunteers on Sunday 30 April 1916. Whelan's body was subsequently buried in Glasnevin Cemetery on 3 May in grave number VB 100 South Section. After consultation with the Whelan family, a memorial stone was erected there by The National Graves Association and unveiled on 24 November 1935. Whelan House Whelan House, beside St. Patrick's Church, Ringsend, Dublin Whelan House in Thorncastle Street, Ringsend, the street where Whelan was born, was built in 1936 and named in honour of him. It is located next door to O'Rahilly House, built at the same time in honour of The O'Rahilly. On the other side of Whelan House is St. Patrick's Church in Ringsend, where a statue of Our Lady overlooks the canal. This statue was donated by Patrick's younger brother, Thomas A. Whelan (1 April 1898 – 29 December 1960), who founded the Ringsend branch of the Catholic Young Men's Society (CYMS). The statue, made by Earley and Company (1861–1975) of Camden Street in Dublin, is a memorial to both Patrick and their elder brother Martin Whelan (26 April 1888 – 31 May 1916), who was also killed in action during the Battle of Jutland just five weeks after Patrick, when German gunfire sank HMS Defence. References ^ a b c d e Bateson, Ray (2010). They Died by Pearse's Side. Dublin: Irish Graves Publication. p. 131. ISBN 978-0-9542275-2-4. ^ "Boland's Mill Garrison". www.irishmedals.ie. Retrieved 30 July 2016. ^ "Whelan House O'Rahilly House". Gem Group. Retrieved 6 November 2016. ^ Dwyer, Emma (11 October 2013). "Local Legacy of Rising". News Four. Retrieved 19 October 2016. ^ The General Register Office, Werburgh Street, Dublin 8. ^ Fullarton, Robert (8 April 2016). "When two paths lead to one – A tale of two brothers". NewsFour. Retrieved 14 July 2016. ^ a b "Roll of Honour 1916 Rebellion Dead" (PDF). The Military Archives. Retrieved 14 July 2016. ^ Connell Jnr, Joseph E. A. (2015). Who's Who in the Dublin Rising 1916. Dublin, Ireland: Wordwell. p. 191. ISBN 978-1-905569-94-6. ^ "3rd Battalion Dublin Brigade Easter Week" (PDF). www.militaryarchives.ie. Retrieved 28 July 2016. ^ "Easter 1916. Boland's Mill". www.easter1916.ie. Retrieved 18 July 2016. ^ a b "3rd Battalion Actions During Easter Week-1916". www.dublincity.ie/. 24 February 2016. Retrieved 18 July 2016. ^ a b c d e "Witness Statement of Lieutenant Joseph O'Byrne" (PDF). www.militaryarchives.ie. Retrieved 18 July 2016. ^ Caulfield, Max (1995). The Easter Rebellion. Roberts Rinehart. pp. 251. ISBN 9781570980428. ^ "Witness Statement of Volunteer Jack O'Shea" (PDF). www.militaryarchives.ie. ^ "Who Do You Think You Are. Diarmuid Gavin Episode – 1916 The Battle of Mount Street". www.rte.ie. Retrieved 19 July 2016. ^ "1916 descendant unveils Easter Rising plaque in Belfast". An Poblacht. Retrieved 19 October 2016. ^ Molyneux, Derek; Kelly, Darren (29 April 2015). "An Easter Rising timeline: Saturday, April 29th, 1916". The Irish Times. Retrieved 19 October 2016. ^ "Patrick Whelan". National Graves Association. Retrieved 19 October 2016. ^ Bunbury, Turtle (2008). Dublin Docklands – an Urban Voyage. Montague Publications Group. ISBN 978-0955815515. ^ "Whelan House O'Rahilly House". Gem Group. Retrieved 6 November 2016. ^ As told by Gabriel Redmond, the nephew of Patrick Redmond who cased and made the statue of Our Lady, while working at Earley and Company.
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Whelan.Patrick Whelan (4 September 1893 – 26 April 1916) was an Irish Volunteer, killed in action in Boland's Mill during the Battle of Mount Street Bridge at the time of the Easter Rising of 1916.[1] He was 22 years old when he died and was awarded the 1916 Medal posthumously in 1941.[2] Whelan House [3] in Thorncastle Street, Ringsend, Dublin – where he was born – is named in his honour.[4]","title":"Patrick Whelan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ringsend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringsend"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-5"},{"link_name":"Gaelic revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaelic_revival"},{"link_name":"Gaelic League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaelic_League"},{"link_name":"Irishtown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irishtown,_Dublin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"Irish Volunteers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Volunteers"},{"link_name":"Easter Rising of 1916","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_Rising_of_1916"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"Roger Casement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Casement"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Patrick Whelan was born on 4 September 1893 to John Whelan, a fisherman, and his wife Mary Jane Mullen, at 69 Thorncastle Street, Ringsend, Dublin.[5] At the time, around the late 1800s, there was an increased interest in the Irish cultural identity, which led to the Gaelic revival movement. Whelan was an active member of the Ringsend Gaelic League, and a renowned hurler who played for Fontenoy's Club in Irishtown.[1][6] Like many in Ringsend he worked on the ships, where he was employed as a ship's carpenter.[7] Whelan also became a member of the Irish Volunteers and fought and died for Ireland during the Easter Rising of 1916.[7]Ahead of the Rising, which began at noon on Easter Monday 24 April, Whelan was dispatched to Tralee in County Kerry, only to return with the disheartening news of the capture of Roger Casement and \"the bitter denunciation of the Germans\"[8] by Robert Monteith.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1916_Your_Prayers.jpg"},{"link_name":"Éamon de Valera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89amon_de_Valera"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Boland's Bakery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boland%27s_Bakery"},{"link_name":"GPO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Post_Office,_Dublin"},{"link_name":"Dún Laoghaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BAn_Laoghaire"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Eoin MacNeill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eoin_MacNeill"},{"link_name":"Roger Casement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Casement"},{"link_name":"Boland's Mill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boland%27s_Mill"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-11"},{"link_name":"Joseph O'Byrne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph_O%27Byrne&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-12"},{"link_name":"Irish patrol vessel Muirchú","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_patrol_vessel_Muirch%C3%BA"},{"link_name":"river Liffey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Liffey"},{"link_name":"Liberty Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_Hall"},{"link_name":"Sherwood Foresters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherwood_Foresters"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"William Lowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lowe_(British_Army_officer)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-1"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-12"},{"link_name":"Beggars Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beggars_Bush"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Battle of Mount Street Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mount_Street_Bridge"}],"text":"1916 Your Prayers .........A member of the 3rd Battalion, Unit \"D\" Company, Dublin Brigade, Whelan fought under Commandant Éamon de Valera.[9] Occupying Boland's Bakery around the corner from the flour mill on Grand Canal Street, and a mile to the south-east of the GPO, the 3rd battalion headquarters was at a key location, controlling as it did the railway line and the main road from Dún Laoghaire (then known as Kingstown) to the centre of the city.[10] Throughout the Rising the 3rd Battalion was to cover a large area of South Dublin, with a lot more men expected to report for duty than actually did so on the day. The severely depleted numbers were the result of countermanding orders issued by Eoin MacNeill advising the Volunteers not to take part in the Rising. MacNeill had learnt of the arrest of Roger Casement and the subsequent loss of German arms. After confronting Patrick Pearse, who refused to be swayed by this revelation, MacNeill felt he had no option but to place a last minute news advertisement calling the Rising off. This caused tremendous confusion among the Volunteers, especially outside of Dublin. For those that did show up, the British, reportedly, \"considered De Valera's forces the best trained and best led among the rebels\".Whelan was one of the 14 Volunteers of Unit \"D\" Company, who occupied Boland's Mill at around noon on Easter Monday.[11]Tuesday evening at around 6 o'clock we first received attention from the enemy. Two 18-pounder 3 inch shells ripped through the wall of the top loft where the most of my men were stationed, scattering lumps of metal and jagged stones around .... The shells had burst several sacks of flour and bran and the loft was smothered in a fog of flour for quite ten minutes.— Lieutenant Joseph O'Byrne, Acting Captain of the Unit[12]In the first artillery fire of the week, Boland's Mill had been shelled by the gunboat \"Helga\" (now known as the Irish patrol vessel Muirchú) from the river Liffey. The \"Helga\", which had sailed from Dún Laoghaire earlier, would go on to bombard Liberty Hall the following day. As only the top loft of the mill happened to be in the gunboat's field of fire, Capt. O’Byrne moved his men down to the third floor for safety and because the vantage was just as good from there.The next day, Wednesday 26 April, soldiers of the Sherwood Foresters Regiment sent to Dún Laoghaire from England, made their way into the city by way of Northumberland Street and Mount Street. Ordered by Major-General William Lowe to take Mount Street Bridge \"at all costs\",[13] the fighting that ensued there would result in two thirds of British casualties for the entire week, despite the Volunteers being heavily outnumbered. Although the main action of the battle occurred at 25 Northumberland Road and Clanwilliam House, the other outposts of the 3rd Battalion played their part too.[1] According to one witness, Jack O'Shea, \"during the battle for Mount Street bridge, fire came towards the mill\".[14] Despite being under ‘incessant’ sniping on the Wednesday,[12] the return sniper fire from Boland's Mill and the railway tracks managed to keep the British garrison in nearby Beggars Bush Barracks pinned down that day and throughout Easter week.[15] The Battle of Mount Street Bridge was the most successful military action of the Rising.","title":"Easter Week"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Patrick_Whelan_Grave,_Glasnevin_Cemetery,_Dublin.jpg"},{"link_name":"Baggot Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baggot_Street"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-12"},{"link_name":"Sandymount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandymount"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-11"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-12"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-12"},{"link_name":"Glasnevin Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasnevin_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"The National Graves Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Graves_Association"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Patrick Whelan Grave, Glasnevin Cemetery, DublinAs the battle raged, orders came from battalion headquarters to Capt. O’Byrne to direct heavy fire towards Baggot Street Bridge.[12] A party of British soldiers, sent via Sandymount, was advancing from that direction in an attempt to outflank the 3rd Battalion position. The British advance was duly met by a heavy volley of fire from the \"D\" Unit in Boland's Mill and \"driven back in disorder\".[11] However, during the exchange, according to the Captain's account, at around 4pm on Wednesday 26 April, Whelan was \"fatally wounded beside me, being shot in the head just below the eye. He expired in about a minute\".[1] The firing at the Mill was so heavy and the men there so exhausted, that Whelan lay where he fell for over 30 hours.[1]On Friday morning, Capt. O’Byrne's brother Peter, the Section Commander of Unit \"D\" and Volunteer Willie Bruen constructed a temporary coffin and buried Whelan's body under a large heap of clinkers in the yard of the building outside the engine room. Although the yard was protected from direct fire, the bullets were still ricocheting off the windows and walls of Boland's Mill as Capt. O’Byrne read some prayers and they all said the Rosary. Peter Byrne wanted to leave a sign to indicate that a body was buried in the yard, but in the confusion and distress of the situation left a sign that read \"I.H.S.\" instead of the \"R.I.P\" he intended.[12][16] Boland's Mill remained under sniper fire until the surrender of the Irish Volunteers on Sunday 30 April 1916.[12]Whelan's body was subsequently buried in Glasnevin Cemetery on 3 May in grave number VB 100 South Section.[17] After consultation with the Whelan family, a memorial stone was erected there by The National Graves Association and unveiled on 24 November 1935.[18]","title":"Death and burial"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Whelan_House,_Ringsend,_Dublin_and_Statue.jpg"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"The O'Rahilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_O%27Rahilly"},{"link_name":"Earley and Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earley_and_Company"},{"link_name":"Camden Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camden_Street,_Dublin"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Battle of Jutland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Jutland"},{"link_name":"HMS Defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Defence_(1907)"}],"text":"Whelan House, beside St. Patrick's Church, Ringsend, DublinWhelan House in Thorncastle Street, Ringsend, the street where Whelan was born, was built in 1936 and named in honour of him.[19] It is located next door to O'Rahilly House,[20] built at the same time in honour of The O'Rahilly. On the other side of Whelan House is St. Patrick's Church in Ringsend, where a statue of Our Lady overlooks the canal. This statue was donated by Patrick's younger brother, Thomas A. Whelan (1 April 1898 – 29 December 1960), who founded the Ringsend branch of the Catholic Young Men's Society (CYMS). The statue, made by Earley and Company (1861–1975) of Camden Street in Dublin,[21] is a memorial to both Patrick and their elder brother Martin Whelan (26 April 1888 – 31 May 1916), who was also killed in action during the Battle of Jutland just five weeks after Patrick, when German gunfire sank HMS Defence.","title":"Whelan House"}]
[{"image_text":"1916 Your Prayers .........","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/1916_Your_Prayers.jpg/220px-1916_Your_Prayers.jpg"},{"image_text":"Patrick Whelan Grave, Glasnevin Cemetery, Dublin","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Patrick_Whelan_Grave%2C_Glasnevin_Cemetery%2C_Dublin.jpg/220px-Patrick_Whelan_Grave%2C_Glasnevin_Cemetery%2C_Dublin.jpg"},{"image_text":"Whelan House, beside St. Patrick's Church, Ringsend, Dublin","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Whelan_House%2C_Ringsend%2C_Dublin_and_Statue.jpg/220px-Whelan_House%2C_Ringsend%2C_Dublin_and_Statue.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Bateson, Ray (2010). They Died by Pearse's Side. Dublin: Irish Graves Publication. p. 131. ISBN 978-0-9542275-2-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9542275-2-4","url_text":"978-0-9542275-2-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Boland's Mill Garrison\". www.irishmedals.ie. Retrieved 30 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.irishmedals.ie/bolands.php","url_text":"\"Boland's Mill Garrison\""}]},{"reference":"\"Whelan House O'Rahilly House\". Gem Group. Retrieved 6 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gemgroup.ie/project/whelan-house-orahily-house/","url_text":"\"Whelan House O'Rahilly House\""}]},{"reference":"Dwyer, Emma (11 October 2013). \"Local Legacy of Rising\". News Four. Retrieved 19 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newsfour.ie/2013/10/local-legacy-of-rising/","url_text":"\"Local Legacy of Rising\""}]},{"reference":"Fullarton, Robert (8 April 2016). \"When two paths lead to one – A tale of two brothers\". NewsFour. Retrieved 14 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newsfour.ie/2016/04/when-two-paths-lead-to-one-a-tale-of-two-brothers/","url_text":"\"When two paths lead to one – A tale of two brothers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Roll of Honour 1916 Rebellion Dead\" (PDF). The Military Archives. Retrieved 14 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.militaryarchives.ie/fileadmin/user_upload/MSPC/documents-34/Roll_of_Honour_1916_Rebellion_Dead.pdf","url_text":"\"Roll of Honour 1916 Rebellion Dead\""}]},{"reference":"Connell Jnr, Joseph E. A. (2015). Who's Who in the Dublin Rising 1916. Dublin, Ireland: Wordwell. p. 191. ISBN 978-1-905569-94-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-905569-94-6","url_text":"978-1-905569-94-6"}]},{"reference":"\"3rd Battalion Dublin Brigade Easter Week\" (PDF). www.militaryarchives.ie. Retrieved 28 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://mspcsearch.militaryarchives.ie/docs/files//PDF_Membership/8/MA-MSPC-RO-14.pdf","url_text":"\"3rd Battalion Dublin Brigade Easter Week\""}]},{"reference":"\"Easter 1916. Boland's Mill\". www.easter1916.ie. Retrieved 18 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.easter1916.ie/index.php/places/a-z/bolands-mill/","url_text":"\"Easter 1916. Boland's Mill\""}]},{"reference":"\"3rd Battalion Actions During Easter Week-1916\". www.dublincity.ie/. 24 February 2016. Retrieved 18 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dublincity.ie/story/3rd-battalion-actions-during-easter-week-1916","url_text":"\"3rd Battalion Actions During Easter Week-1916\""}]},{"reference":"\"Witness Statement of Lieutenant Joseph O'Byrne\" (PDF). www.militaryarchives.ie. Retrieved 18 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.militaryarchives.ie/collections/online-collections/bureau-of-military-history-1913-1921/reels/bmh/BMH.WS0160.pdf","url_text":"\"Witness Statement of Lieutenant Joseph O'Byrne\""}]},{"reference":"Caulfield, Max (1995). The Easter Rebellion. Roberts Rinehart. pp. 251. ISBN 9781570980428.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/easterrebellion00caul/page/251","url_text":"The Easter Rebellion"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/easterrebellion00caul/page/251","url_text":"251"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781570980428","url_text":"9781570980428"}]},{"reference":"\"Witness Statement of Volunteer Jack O'Shea\" (PDF). www.militaryarchives.ie.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.militaryarchives.ie/collections/online-collections/bureau-of-military-history-1913-1921/reels/bmh/BMH.WS0129.pdf","url_text":"\"Witness Statement of Volunteer Jack O'Shea\""}]},{"reference":"\"Who Do You Think You Are. Diarmuid Gavin Episode – 1916 The Battle of Mount Street\". www.rte.ie. Retrieved 19 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rte.ie/tv/whodoyouthinkyouare/social_diarmuid1.html","url_text":"\"Who Do You Think You Are. Diarmuid Gavin Episode – 1916 The Battle of Mount Street\""}]},{"reference":"\"1916 descendant unveils Easter Rising plaque in Belfast\". An Poblacht. Retrieved 19 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.anphoblacht.com/contents/25727","url_text":"\"1916 descendant unveils Easter Rising plaque in Belfast\""}]},{"reference":"Molyneux, Derek; Kelly, Darren (29 April 2015). \"An Easter Rising timeline: Saturday, April 29th, 1916\". The Irish Times. Retrieved 19 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/an-easter-rising-timeline-saturday-april-29th-1916-1.2192252","url_text":"\"An Easter Rising timeline: Saturday, April 29th, 1916\""}]},{"reference":"\"Patrick Whelan\". National Graves Association. Retrieved 19 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nga.ie/1916-Patrick_Whelan.php","url_text":"\"Patrick Whelan\""}]},{"reference":"Bunbury, Turtle (2008). Dublin Docklands – an Urban Voyage. Montague Publications Group. ISBN 978-0955815515.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0955815515","url_text":"978-0955815515"}]},{"reference":"\"Whelan House O'Rahilly House\". Gem Group. Retrieved 6 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gemgroup.ie/project/whelan-house-orahily-house/","url_text":"\"Whelan House O'Rahilly House\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cactus_Kid_(1930_film)
The Cactus Kid (1930 film)
["1 Plot","2 Production","3 Voice actors","4 Reception","5 Home media","6 Television","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]
1930 Mickey Mouse cartoon The Cactus KidDirected byWalt DisneyProduced byWalt DisneyStarringWalt DisneyMarcellite GarnerAnimation byNorm FergusonProductioncompanyWalt Disney StudiosDistributed byColumbia PicturesRelease date May 10, 1930 (1930-05-10) Running time7:25CountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish The Cactus Kid is a Mickey Mouse short animated film first released on May 10, 1930, as part of the Mickey Mouse film series. It was the eighteenth Mickey Mouse short to be produced, the third of that year. The cartoon's cast includes Mickey, Minnie Mouse as a cantina waitress, Peg-Leg Pete as the villain Peg-Leg Pedro, and Horace Horsecollar as Mickey's horse. This short features a number of notable firsts and lasts: it is the first short with Marcellite Garner as the voice of Minnie Mouse, and the first time in a Mickey Mouse cartoon that Pete has a peg-leg. It is also the last short directed by Walt Disney for the next five years. Plot Mickey rides his horse up to a Mexican cantina, where he finds Minnie working as a waitress. He dances and plays the spoons to amuse her, but when he cheekily tweaks her nose, she becomes enraged, upbraiding him in Spanish and then pelting him with lamps and bottles. He earns her favor again by doing a silly dance and playing the piano. Peg-Leg Pete, an ugly ruffian, dances into the cantina and grabs Minnie's arm, taking some beer and asking her for a kiss. Mickey stands up to the bully, and they both draw their guns. The lights go out, and Mickey and Pete engage in a spirited gunfight. Pete emerges from the cantina with his hands around Minnie; he jumps on his donkey, and rides away. Mickey tries to follow on his horse, but ends up dragged behind the animal, poked with cactus needles. Mickey finally catches up with Pete and jumps onto his moving donkey, then punches him in the face. Pete falls off a cliff and is squashed flat by a boulder. Mickey, Minnie and the horse wave goodbye to a two-dimensional Pete. Production This cartoon is the first to feature Marcellite Garner as the voice of Minnie Mouse. She says in Working with Walt: Interviews with Disney Artists: Bert Gillett came through the inking department one day and wanted to know if anybody could speak Spanish. I said, "Well, I can't speak it, but I can read it". Marge Ralston said that she could, too, so they took us both over to the sound stage which at the time was on Melrose. When we got there, they said they were sorry, but they had hired a Mexican woman to do it... But they said they wanted Minnie to sing and would either of us like to try out for the singing part. We were both scared to death, but I said sure I would. Marge said she wouldn't and that's all there was to it. Evidently it worked out that my voice fit the character. Garner continued with the role until 1941, when she left the studio. Peg-Leg Pete, who had been seen with two legs in 1928's Steamboat Willie and The Gallopin' Gaucho, is seen with a peg-leg here for the first time in a Mickey Mouse cartoon. In this short, he takes the name Peg-Leg Pedro. Pete speaks for the first time in this cartoon. Horace Horsecollar appears in this cartoon, wearing his characteristic bowler hat, but he's still acting like a horse, and hasn't reached his final anthropomorphized form. He'll become fully humanized in two cartoons' time, in The Shindig. This is the last film directed by Walt Disney until his ill-judged return five years later with the Silly Symphony short The Golden Touch. On The Cactus Kid, animators worked for the first time to match the action to a prerecorded soundtrack, which allowed for greater synchronization than in previous cartoons. The short used music from España, rhapsody for orchestra by Emmanuel Chabrier, La paloma (also used in The Gallopin' Gaucho and later in Mickey's Rival) and the chase scene was scored to Jacques Offenbach's can-can. Mickey and Horace's chase scene reuses some animation from Sagebrush Sadie, a 1928 Oswald the Lucky Rabbit cartoon. Voice actors Mickey Mouse: Walt Disney Minnie Mouse: Marcellite Garner Peg-legged Pedro: Unknown actor Donkey: Unknown actor Horace Horsecollar: Unknown actor Reception According to Ryan Kilpatrick of The Disney Film Project, "The Cactus Kid is really just a remake of The Gallopin' Gaucho, but it has some distinct differences that make this short very memorable... In Gaucho, Mickey is a swaggering bundle of bravado, who enters the cantina through the window, drinks a beer and smokes a cigarette. He's rough around the edges and grabs Minnie to dance, not asking permission. In Cactus Kid, however, Mickey enters through the door, after riding in on Horace Horsecollar. He meekly enters and joins Minnie in a song, not joining in the revelry with a drink or cigarette like last time. He plays music with her, and when he gets a little fresh, tweaking her nose, Minnie fires back, throwing plates at him. The old Mickey would have been more forceful, but this version of Mickey instead takes a couple of mugs that Minnie threw at him and uses them to do a Mexican dance, using the mugs as castanets. It's quite the change from the mouse who grabs the girl and forces a kiss like he did in Plane Crazy and Gallopin' Gaucho." Variety (June 18, 1930) said: "For any house that wants to add novelty, comedy and a sure-fire audience-pleaser here's a pip rolled into six minutes. They don't get into the Paramount by mistake and Walt Disney and associates have combined pen and sound effects for beaucoup laughs." The Film Daily (June 22, 1930) said: "Another of the first-grade cartoon comedies turned out by Walt Disney, and it's a pippin of the front rank. Sound effects are blended into the pen-and-ink creations in such a way that the result is sure-fire for laughs, to say nothing of the unique and unusual nature of the performance." Motion Picture News (August 23, 1930) said: "Mickey is a cowboy in this and rides to a saloon to make love to a rodent senorita. The villain enters and there is considerable fun. It averages well with others of this popular series, and has a sufficient number of laughs to please most audiences." Home media The short was released on December 7, 2004 on Walt Disney Treasures: Mickey Mouse in Black and White, Volume Two: 1929-1935. Television The short was shown on several Disney Channel compilation shows: Mickey's Mouse Tracks (season 1, episode 31) Donald's Quack Attack (season 1, episode 22) The Mickey Mouse Club (season 1, episode 39) See also Mickey Mouse (film series) References ^ a b c Kaufman, J.B.; Gerstein, David (2018). Walt Disney's Mickey Mouse: The Ultimate History. Cologne: Taschen. p. 60. ISBN 978-3-8365-5284-4. ^ a b c d e f g Grob, Gijs (2018). "The Cactus Kid". Mickey's Movies: The Theatrical Films of Mickey Mouse. Theme Park Press. ISBN 978-1683901235. ^ Lenburg, Jeff (1999). The Encyclopedia of Animated Cartoons. Checkmark Books. pp. 108–109. ISBN 0-8160-3831-7. Retrieved June 6, 2020. ^ Peri, Don (2008). "Marcellite Garner". Working with Walt: Interviews with Disney Artists. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi. pp. 83–92. ISBN 978-1-934110-67-6. ^ Grant, John (1998). Encyclopedia of Walt Disney's Animated Characters (2nd ed.). Hyperion. p. 16. ISBN 978-0786863365. ^ Barrier, Michael (1971). "Carl Stalling: An interview". Funnyworld (13). Retrieved February 2, 2020. ^ Kilpatrick, Ryan. "The Cactus Kid". Disney Film Project. Retrieved February 2, 2020. ^ "Talking Shorts". Variety: 37. June 18, 1930. Retrieved February 23, 2020. ^ "Latest Reviews of New Short Subjects". The Film Daily: 15. June 22, 1930. Retrieved February 23, 2020. ^ "Short Subjects". Motion Picture News: 57. August 23, 1930. Retrieved February 23, 2020. ^ "Mickey Mouse in Black & White Volume 2 DVD Review". DVD Dizzy. Retrieved February 19, 2021. ^ "The Cactus Kid". Internet Animation Database. Retrieved September 29, 2019. External links The Cactus Kid at IMDb The Cactus Kid on YouTube vteMickey Mouse in animationList of films and appearancesMickey Mouseshort films1920s Steamboat Willie (1928) The Gallopin' Gaucho (1928) The Barn Dance (1929) Plane Crazy (1929) The Opry House (1929) When the Cat's Away (1929) The Barnyard Battle (1929) The Plowboy (1929) The Karnival Kid (1929) Mickey's Follies (1929) Mickey's Choo-Choo (1929) The Jazz Fool (1929) Jungle Rhythm (1929) The Haunted House (1929) Wild Waves (1929) 1930s1930 Fiddlin' Around The Barnyard Concert The Cactus Kid The Fire Fighters The Shindig The Chain Gang The Gorilla Mystery The Picnic Pioneer Days 1931 The Birthday Party Traffic Troubles The Castaway The Moose Hunt The Delivery Boy Mickey Steps Out Blue Rhythm Fishin' Around The Barnyard Broadcast The Beach Party Mickey Cuts Up Mickey's Orphans 1932 The Duck Hunt The Grocery Boy The Mad Dog Barnyard Olympics Mickey's Revue Musical Farmer Mickey in Arabia Mickey's Nightmare Trader Mickey The Whoopee Party Touchdown Mickey The Wayward Canary The Klondike Kid Mickey's Good Deed 1933 Building a Building The Mad Doctor Mickey's Pal Pluto Mickey's Mellerdrammer Ye Olden Days The Mail Pilot Mickey's Mechanical Man Mickey's Gala Premier Puppy Love The Steeplechase The Pet Store Giantland 1934 Shanghaied Camping Out Playful Pluto Gulliver Mickey Mickey's Steam Roller Orphan's Benefit Mickey Plays Papa The Dognapper Two-Gun Mickey 1935 Mickey's Man Friday The Band Concert Mickey's Service Station Mickey's Kangaroo Mickey's Garden Mickey's Fire Brigade Pluto's Judgement Day On Ice 1936 Mickey's Polo Team Orphans' Picnic Mickey's Grand Opera Thru the Mirror Mickey's Rival Moving Day Alpine Climbers Mickey's Circus Mickey's Elephant 1937 The Worm Turns Magician Mickey Moose Hunters Mickey's Amateurs Hawaiian Holiday Clock Cleaners Lonesome Ghosts 1938 Boat Builders Mickey's Trailer The Whalers Mickey's Parrot Brave Little Tailor 1939 Society Dog Show Mickey's Surprise Party The Pointer 1940s Tugboat Mickey (1940) Pluto's Dream House (1940) Mr. Mouse Takes a Trip (1940) The Little Whirlwind (1941) A Gentleman's Gentleman (1941) Canine Caddy (1941) The Nifty Nineties (1941) Lend a Paw (1941) Orphan's Benefit (1941; remake) Mickey's Birthday Party (1942) Symphony Hour (1942) Pluto and the Armadillo (1943) Squatter's Rights (1946) Mickey's Delayed Date (1947) Mickey Down Under (1948) Mickey and the Seal (1948) 1950s R'coon Dawg (1951) Pluto's Party (1952) Pluto's Christmas Tree (1952) The Simple Things (1953) 1980s Mickey's Christmas Carol (1983) 1990s The Prince and the Pauper (1990) Runaway Brain (1995) 2010s Get a Horse! (2013) Pluto short films Pluto's Purchase (1948) Pueblo Pluto (1949) Plutopia (1951) Other short films Parade of the Award Nominees (1932; cameo) The Fox Hunt (1938; cameo) All Together (1942; cameo) Crazy Over Daisy (1950; cameo) Welcome to the Club (2022; cameo) Mickey in a Minute (2022) Once Upon a Studio (2023) Feature filmsTheatrical Fantasia (1940) Fun and Fancy Free (1947) Fantasia 2000 (1999) Direct-to-video Mickey's Once Upon a Christmas (1999) Mickey's Magical Christmas: Snowed in at the House of Mouse (2001) Mickey's House of Villains (2002) Mickey, Donald, Goofy: The Three Musketeers (2004) Mickey's Twice Upon a Christmas (2004) Documentary Mickey: The Story of a Mouse (2022) TV specials Totally Minnie (1988) Mickey's Tale of Two Witches (2021) Mickey and Minnie Wish Upon a Christmas (2021) Mickey Saves Christmas (2022) Mickey and Friends Trick or Treats (2023) TV series The Mickey Mouse Club (1955–1994) The Mouse Factory (1972–1973) Good Morning, Mickey! (1983–1992) Mickey's Mouse Tracks (1992–1995) Mickey Mouse Works (1999–2000) "Mickey's Mechanical House" (1999) House of Mouse (2001–2003) Mickey Mouse Clubhouse (2006–2016) Minnie's Bow-Toons (2011–present) Mickey Mouse (2013–2019) "Mumbai Madness" (2014) Mickey Mouse Mixed-Up Adventures (2017–2021) The Wonderful World of Mickey Mouse (2020–2023) Mickey Mouse Funhouse (2021–present) Film cameos Hollywood Party (1934) Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988) A Goofy Movie (1995) The Lion King 1½ (2004) Ralph Breaks the Internet (2018) Wish (2023) Mickey Mouse films Mickey Mouse television series Non-Disney works featuring Mickey Mouse vteMinnie Mouse in animationShort films1920s Steamboat Willie (1928) The Gallopin' Gaucho (1928) The Barn Dance (1929) Plane Crazy (1929) When the Cat's Away (1929) The Plowboy (1929) The Karnival Kid (1929) Mickey's Follies (1929) Mickey's Choo-Choo (1929) Wild Waves (1929) 1930s1930 The Cactus Kid The Fire Fighters The Shindig The Gorilla Mystery The Picnic Pioneer Days 1931 The Birthday Party Traffic Troubles The Delivery Boy Mickey Steps Out Blue Rhythm The Barnyard Broadcast The Beach Party Mickey Cuts Up Mickey's Orphans 1932 The Grocery Boy Barnyard Olympics Mickey's Revue Musical Farmer Mickey in Arabia Mickey's Nightmare The Whoopee Party Touchdown Mickey The Wayward Canary Parade of the Award Nominees The Klondike Kid 1933 Building a Building Mickey's Pal Pluto Mickey's Mellerdrammer Ye Olden Days The Mail Pilot Mickey's Mechanical Man Mickey's Gala Premier Puppy Love The Steeplechase The Pet Store 1934 Shanghaied Camping Out Mickey's Steam Roller Two-Gun Mickey 1935–39 On Ice (1935) Mickey's Rival (1936) Hawaiian Holiday (1937) Boat Builders (1938) Brave Little Tailor (1938) The Fox Hunt (1938; cameo) Mickey's Surprise Party (1939) 1940s The Little Whirlwind (1941) The Nifty Nineties (1941) Mickey's Birthday Party (1942) Out of the Frying Pan into the Firing Line (1942) First Aiders (1944) Bath Day (1946) Figaro and Frankie (1947) Mickey's Delayed Date (1947) Pluto's Sweater (1949) 1950s Pluto and the Gopher (1950) Crazy Over Daisy (1950; cameo) Pluto's Christmas Tree (1952; cameo) 1980s Mickey's Christmas Carol (1983) 1990s Runaway Brain (1995) 2010s Get a Horse! (2013) 2020s Once Upon a Studio (2023) Feature films Mickey's Once Upon a Christmas (1999) Mickey's Magical Christmas (2001) Mickey's House of Villains (2002) Mickey, Donald, Goofy: The Three Musketeers (2004) Mickey's Twice Upon a Christmas (2004) TV series The Mickey Mouse Club (1955–1994) Mickey Mouse Works (1999–2000) House of Mouse (2001–2003) Mickey Mouse Clubhouse (2006–2016) Minnie's Bow-Toons (2011–present) Mickey Mouse (2013–2019) Mickey Mouse Mixed-Up Adventures (2017–2021) The Wonderful World of Mickey Mouse (2020–2023) Mickey Mouse Funhouse (2021–present) TV specials Totally Minnie (1988) Mickey's Tale of Two Witches (2021) Mickey and Minnie Wish Upon a Christmas (2021) Mickey Saves Christmas (2022) Mickey and Friends Trick or Treats (2023) Film cameos Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988) Related Mickey Mouse (film series) Pluto (film series) vtePete (a.k.a. Peg Leg Pete) in animationShort filmsAlice Comedies Alice Solves the Puzzle (1925) Alice is Stage Struck (1925) Alice Wins the Derby (1925) Alice Picks the Champ (1925) Alice's Tin Pony (1925) Alice on the Farm (1926) Alice's Balloon Race (1926) Alice's Mysterious Mystery (1926) Alice in the Wooly West (1926) Alice's Spanish Guitar (1926) Alice's Brown Derby (1926) Alice the Lumberjack (1926) Alice the Golf Bug (1927) Alice Foils the Pirates (1927) Alice at the Rodeo (1927) Alice's Auto Race (1927) Alice in the Alps (1927) Alice's Knaughty Knight (1927) Alice's Channel Swim (1927) Alice in the Klondike (1927) Oswald theLucky Rabbit The Ocean Hop (1927) The Banker's Daughter (1927) Rickety Gin (1927) Harem Scarem (1928) Rival Romeos (1928) Oh What a Knight (1928) Sagebrush Sadie (1928) Sky Scrappers (1928) Ozzie of the Mounted (1928) Hungry Hoboes (1928) Mickey Mouse Steamboat Willie (1928) The Gallopin' Gaucho (1928) The Barn Dance (1928) The Barnyard Battle (1929) The Cactus Kid (1930) The Chain Gang (1930) The Mad Dog (1932) The Klondike Kid (1932) Building a Building (1933) The Mail Pilot (1933) Shanghaied (1934) The Dognapper (1934) Two-Gun Mickey (1934) Mickey's Service Station (1935) Moving Day (1936) Mickey's Amateurs (1937) The Worm Turns (1937) Mickey's Trailer (1938; cameo) Mr. Mouse Takes a Trip (1940) Symphony Hour (1942) Mickey's Christmas Carol (1983) The Prince and the Pauper (1990) Runaway Brain (1995) Get a Horse! (2013) Donald Duck Officer Duck (1939) The Riveter (1940) Timber (1941) Donald Gets Drafted (1942) The Vanishing Private (1942) Sky Trooper (1942) Bellboy Donald (1942) The Old Army Game (1943) Trombone Trouble (1944) Canvas Back Duck (1953) The New Neighbor (1953) Goofy Two-Gun Goofy (1952) How to Be a Detective (1952) Father's Day Off (1953; cameo) Others The Lone Chipmunks (1954) Once Upon a Studio (2023; cameo) Feature films A Goofy Movie (1995) Mickey's Once Upon a Christmas (1999) An Extremely Goofy Movie (2000) Mickey's Magical Christmas (2001; archive footage) Mickey, Donald, Goofy: The Three Musketeers (2004) Once Upon a Halloween (2005; archive footage) TV series The Mickey Mouse Club (1955–1994) Good Morning, Mickey! (1972–1973) DuckTales (1987) Goof Troop (1992) Mickey Mouse Works (1999–2000) House of Mouse (2001–2003) Mickey Mouse Clubhouse (2006–2016) Mickey Mouse (2013–2019) Mickey Mouse Mixed-Up Adventures (2017–2021) The Wonderful World of Mickey Mouse (2020–2023) Mickey Mouse Funhouse (2021–present) TV specials Totally Minnie (1988) Mickey's Tale of Two Witches (2021) Mickey and Minnie Wish Upon a Christmas (2021) Mickey Saves Christmas (2022; cameo) Mickey and Friends Trick or Treats (2023; cameo) Film cameos Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988) Mickey's House of Villains (2002) Chip 'n Dale: Rescue Rangers (2022) vteHorace Horsecollar in animationShort filmsMickey Mouseseries The Plowboy (1929)‡ The Jazz Fool (1929) The Barnyard Concert (1930) The Cactus Kid (1930)‡ The Fire Fighters (1930)‡ The Shindig (1930) Pioneer Days (1930; cameo) The Birthday Party (1931) Blue Rhythm (1931) The Barnyard Broadcast (1931) The Beach Party (1931) Barnyard Olympics (1932) Mickey's Revue (1932) The Whoopee Party (1932) Touchdown Mickey (1932) Mickey's Mellerdrammer (1933) Mickey's Gala Premier (1933) Camping Out (1934) Orphan's Benefit (1934) The Band Concert (1935) On Ice (1935; cameo) Mickey's Grand Opera (1936) Orphan's Benefit (1941; remake) Mickey's Birthday Party (1942) Symphony Hour (1942) Mickey's Christmas Carol (1983; cameo) The Prince and the Pauper (1990) Get a Horse! (2013) Others The Fox Chase (1928; as Billy)‡ The Fox Hunt (1938; cameo) All Together (1942; cameo) Once Upon a Studio (2023; cameo) Feature films Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988; cameo) Mickey's Once Upon a Christmas (1999; cameo) TV series The Mickey Mouse Club (1955–1994) Mickey Mouse Works (1999) House of Mouse (2001–2003) Mickey Mouse (2013–2018) Mickey and the Roadster Racers (2017–2019) The Wonderful World of Mickey Mouse (2020–2023) ‡ Appearance as a non-anthropomorphic horse
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mickey Mouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickey_Mouse"},{"link_name":"Mickey Mouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickey_Mouse_(film_series)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-movies-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Minnie Mouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnie_Mouse"},{"link_name":"Peg-Leg Pete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_(Disney)"},{"link_name":"Horace Horsecollar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Horsecollar"},{"link_name":"Marcellite Garner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcellite_Garner"},{"link_name":"peg-leg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peg-leg"}],"text":"The Cactus Kid is a Mickey Mouse short animated film first released on May 10, 1930, as part of the Mickey Mouse film series.[2] It was the eighteenth Mickey Mouse short to be produced, the third of that year.[3]The cartoon's cast includes Mickey, Minnie Mouse as a cantina waitress, Peg-Leg Pete as the villain Peg-Leg Pedro, and Horace Horsecollar as Mickey's horse.This short features a number of notable firsts and lasts: it is the first short with Marcellite Garner as the voice of Minnie Mouse, and the first time in a Mickey Mouse cartoon that Pete has a peg-leg. It is also the last short directed by Walt Disney for the next five years.","title":"The Cactus Kid (1930 film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:018_-_The_Cactus_Kid.jpg"}],"text":"Mickey rides his horse up to a Mexican cantina, where he finds Minnie working as a waitress. He dances and plays the spoons to amuse her, but when he cheekily tweaks her nose, she becomes enraged, upbraiding him in Spanish and then pelting him with lamps and bottles. He earns her favor again by doing a silly dance and playing the piano. Peg-Leg Pete, an ugly ruffian, dances into the cantina and grabs Minnie's arm, taking some beer and asking her for a kiss. Mickey stands up to the bully, and they both draw their guns.The lights go out, and Mickey and Pete engage in a spirited gunfight. Pete emerges from the cantina with his hands around Minnie; he jumps on his donkey, and rides away. Mickey tries to follow on his horse, but ends up dragged behind the animal, poked with cactus needles. Mickey finally catches up with Pete and jumps onto his moving donkey, then punches him in the face. Pete falls off a cliff and is squashed flat by a boulder. Mickey, Minnie and the horse wave goodbye to a two-dimensional Pete.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marcellite Garner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcellite_Garner"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ultimate-1"},{"link_name":"Bert [sic] Gillett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burt_Gillett"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WWW-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-movies-2"},{"link_name":"Peg-Leg Pete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_(Disney)"},{"link_name":"Steamboat Willie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steamboat_Willie"},{"link_name":"The Gallopin' Gaucho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gallopin%27_Gaucho"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-movies-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-movies-2"},{"link_name":"Horace Horsecollar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Horsecollar"},{"link_name":"The Shindig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shindig"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-movies-2"},{"link_name":"Silly Symphony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silly_Symphony"},{"link_name":"The Golden Touch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Golden_Touch_(film)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-movies-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"España, rhapsody for orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espa%C3%B1a_(Chabrier)"},{"link_name":"Emmanuel Chabrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Chabrier"},{"link_name":"La paloma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_paloma"},{"link_name":"The Gallopin' Gaucho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gallopin%27_Gaucho"},{"link_name":"Mickey's Rival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickey%27s_Rival"},{"link_name":"Jacques Offenbach's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Offenbach"},{"link_name":"can-can","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can-can"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-movies-2"},{"link_name":"Sagebrush Sadie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagebrush_Sadie"},{"link_name":"Oswald the Lucky Rabbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswald_the_Lucky_Rabbit"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ultimate-1"}],"text":"This cartoon is the first to feature Marcellite Garner as the voice of Minnie Mouse.[1] She says in Working with Walt: Interviews with Disney Artists:Bert [sic] Gillett came through the inking department one day and wanted to know if anybody could speak Spanish. I said, \"Well, I can't speak it, but I can read it\". Marge Ralston said that she could, too, so they took us both over to the sound stage which at the time was on Melrose. When we got there, they said they were sorry, but they had hired a Mexican woman to do it... But they said they wanted Minnie to sing and would either of us like to try out for the singing part. We were both scared to death, but I said sure I would. Marge said she wouldn't and that's all there was to it. Evidently it worked out that my voice fit the character.[4]Garner continued with the role until 1941, when she left the studio.[2]Peg-Leg Pete, who had been seen with two legs in 1928's Steamboat Willie and The Gallopin' Gaucho, is seen with a peg-leg here for the first time in a Mickey Mouse cartoon.[2] In this short, he takes the name Peg-Leg Pedro.[5] Pete speaks for the first time in this cartoon.[2]Horace Horsecollar appears in this cartoon, wearing his characteristic bowler hat, but he's still acting like a horse, and hasn't reached his final anthropomorphized form. He'll become fully humanized in two cartoons' time, in The Shindig.[2]This is the last film directed by Walt Disney until his ill-judged return five years later with the Silly Symphony short The Golden Touch.[2]On The Cactus Kid, animators worked for the first time to match the action to a prerecorded soundtrack, which allowed for greater synchronization than in previous cartoons.[6]The short used music from España, rhapsody for orchestra by Emmanuel Chabrier, La paloma (also used in The Gallopin' Gaucho and later in Mickey's Rival) and the chase scene was scored to Jacques Offenbach's can-can.[2]Mickey and Horace's chase scene reuses some animation from Sagebrush Sadie, a 1928 Oswald the Lucky Rabbit cartoon.[1]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Walt Disney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney"},{"link_name":"Marcellite Garner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcellite_Garner"}],"text":"Mickey Mouse: Walt Disney\nMinnie Mouse: Marcellite Garner\nPeg-legged Pedro: Unknown actor\nDonkey: Unknown actor\nHorace Horsecollar: Unknown actor","title":"Voice actors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Gallopin' Gaucho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gallopin%27_Gaucho"},{"link_name":"Horace Horsecollar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Horsecollar"},{"link_name":"Plane Crazy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plane_Crazy"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"The Film Daily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Film_Daily"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Motion Picture News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_Picture_News"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"According to Ryan Kilpatrick of The Disney Film Project, \"The Cactus Kid is really just a remake of The Gallopin' Gaucho, but it has some distinct differences that make this short very memorable... In Gaucho, Mickey is a swaggering bundle of bravado, who enters the cantina through the window, drinks a beer and smokes a cigarette. He's rough around the edges and grabs Minnie to dance, not asking permission. In Cactus Kid, however, Mickey enters through the door, after riding in on Horace Horsecollar. He meekly enters and joins Minnie in a song, not joining in the revelry with a drink or cigarette like last time. He plays music with her, and when he gets a little fresh, tweaking her nose, Minnie fires back, throwing plates at him. The old Mickey would have been more forceful, but this version of Mickey instead takes a couple of mugs that Minnie threw at him and uses them to do a Mexican dance, using the mugs as castanets. It's quite the change from the mouse who grabs the girl and forces a kiss like he did in Plane Crazy and Gallopin' Gaucho.\"[7]Variety (June 18, 1930) said: \"For any house that wants to add novelty, comedy and a sure-fire audience-pleaser here's a pip rolled into six minutes. They don't get into the Paramount by mistake and Walt Disney and associates have combined pen and sound effects for beaucoup laughs.\"[8]The Film Daily (June 22, 1930) said: \"Another of the first-grade cartoon comedies turned out by Walt Disney, and it's a pippin of the front rank. Sound effects are blended into the pen-and-ink creations in such a way that the result is sure-fire for laughs, to say nothing of the unique and unusual nature of the performance.\"[9]Motion Picture News (August 23, 1930) said: \"Mickey is a cowboy in this and rides to a saloon to make love to a rodent senorita. The villain enters and there is considerable fun. It averages well with others of this popular series, and has a sufficient number of laughs to please most audiences.\"[10]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Walt Disney Treasures: Mickey Mouse in Black and White, Volume Two: 1929-1935","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_Treasures:_Wave_Four#Mickey_Mouse_in_Black_and_White,_Volume_Two"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"The short was released on December 7, 2004 on Walt Disney Treasures: Mickey Mouse in Black and White, Volume Two: 1929-1935.[11]","title":"Home media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Disney Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney_Channel"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iad-12"},{"link_name":"Mickey's Mouse Tracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickey%27s_Mouse_Tracks"},{"link_name":"Donald's Quack Attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald%27s_Quack_Attack"},{"link_name":"The Mickey Mouse Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mickey_Mouse_Club"}],"text":"The short was shown on several Disney Channel compilation shows:[12]Mickey's Mouse Tracks (season 1, episode 31)\nDonald's Quack Attack (season 1, episode 22)\nThe Mickey Mouse Club (season 1, episode 39)","title":"Television"}]
[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/018_-_The_Cactus_Kid.jpg/220px-018_-_The_Cactus_Kid.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Mickey Mouse (film series)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickey_Mouse_(film_series)"}]
[{"reference":"Kaufman, J.B.; Gerstein, David (2018). Walt Disney's Mickey Mouse: The Ultimate History. Cologne: Taschen. p. 60. ISBN 978-3-8365-5284-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8365-5284-4","url_text":"978-3-8365-5284-4"}]},{"reference":"Grob, Gijs (2018). \"The Cactus Kid\". Mickey's Movies: The Theatrical Films of Mickey Mouse. Theme Park Press. ISBN 978-1683901235.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1683901235","url_text":"978-1683901235"}]},{"reference":"Lenburg, Jeff (1999). The Encyclopedia of Animated Cartoons. Checkmark Books. pp. 108–109. ISBN 0-8160-3831-7. Retrieved June 6, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780816038312/page/108/mode/2up","url_text":"The Encyclopedia of Animated Cartoons"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8160-3831-7","url_text":"0-8160-3831-7"}]},{"reference":"Peri, Don (2008). \"Marcellite Garner\". Working with Walt: Interviews with Disney Artists. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi. pp. 83–92. ISBN 978-1-934110-67-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson,_Mississippi","url_text":"Jackson"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Press_of_Mississippi","url_text":"University Press of Mississippi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-934110-67-6","url_text":"978-1-934110-67-6"}]},{"reference":"Grant, John (1998). Encyclopedia of Walt Disney's Animated Characters (2nd ed.). Hyperion. p. 16. ISBN 978-0786863365.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0786863365","url_text":"978-0786863365"}]},{"reference":"Barrier, Michael (1971). \"Carl Stalling: An interview\". Funnyworld (13). Retrieved February 2, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.michaelbarrier.com/Funnyworld/Stalling/Stalling.htm","url_text":"\"Carl Stalling: An interview\""}]},{"reference":"Kilpatrick, Ryan. \"The Cactus Kid\". Disney Film Project. Retrieved February 2, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.disneyfilmproject.com/2009/07/cactus-kid.html","url_text":"\"The Cactus Kid\""}]},{"reference":"\"Talking Shorts\". Variety: 37. June 18, 1930. Retrieved February 23, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/variety99-1930-06/page/n179/mode/2up/search/cactus+kid","url_text":"\"Talking Shorts\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"}]},{"reference":"\"Latest Reviews of New Short Subjects\". The Film Daily: 15. June 22, 1930. Retrieved February 23, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/filmdailyvolume55354newy/page/216/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Latest Reviews of New Short Subjects\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Film_Daily","url_text":"The Film Daily"}]},{"reference":"\"Short Subjects\". Motion Picture News: 57. August 23, 1930. Retrieved February 23, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/motionpic42moti/page/n697/mode/2up/search/cactus+kid","url_text":"\"Short Subjects\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_Picture_News","url_text":"Motion Picture News"}]},{"reference":"\"Mickey Mouse in Black & White Volume 2 DVD Review\". DVD Dizzy. Retrieved February 19, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dvdizzy.com/mmblackwhite2.html","url_text":"\"Mickey Mouse in Black & White Volume 2 DVD Review\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Cactus Kid\". Internet Animation Database. Retrieved September 29, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.intanibase.com/shorts.aspx?shortID=120#page=general_info","url_text":"\"The Cactus Kid\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midnight_Sun_(Redgum_album)
Midnight Sun (Redgum album)
["1 Track listing","2 Charts","3 Personnel","4 References"]
1986 studio album by RedgumMidnight SunStudio album by RedgumReleasedNovember 1986RecordedFast Forward Studios, Melbourne, July/August 1986GenreFolk, RockLength44:01LabelEpicProducerMichael Atkinson & Hugh McDonaldRedgum chronology Anything's Legal, Anything Goes(1984) Midnight Sun(1986) The Very Best of Redgum(1987) Midnight Sun is the fifth and final studio album by Redgum, released through Epic Records in November 1986. John Schumann had left the group in 1985 to pursue a solo career, so Hugh McDonald took over as lead singer. Michael Atkinson left the group in 1987 after its release; the remaining members toured until 1990 to pay off the band's debts, and then disbanded. Track listing Side A "Talk" (Hugh McDonald/Michael Spicer) - 4:21 "When Your Luck Ran Out" (Hugh McDonald) - 5:48 "Running with the Hurricane" (Hugh McDonald/Michael Atkinson) - 3:47 "Empty Page" (Michael Spicer/Verity Truman) - 4:39 "Midnight Sun" (Michael Atkinson) - 4:45 Side B "Too Many Dollars" (Michael Atkinson) - 3:44 "Another Country" (Michael Atkinson) - 5:02 "In Their Hands" (Verity Truman) - 4:30 "Blood upon the Rain" (Hugh McDonald/Michael Atkinson) - 4:24 "La Partida (The Parting)" (Victor Jara) - 3:05 Charts Chart (1986/87) Position Australia (Kent Music Report) 77 Personnel Michael Atkinson - bass, vocals Hugh McDonald - lead vocals, guitars, violin Michael Spicer - keyboards, flute Verity Truman - vocals, saxophone, flute Alex Pertout Chris Doheny Dave Clabour David Burgos Eddie Rayner John Barrett Lisa Young Roger McLachlan Shane Howard Trevor Courtney References ^ Striped Sunlight Blog Midnight Sun review ^ John Schumann website Redgum history ^ Bmusic Redgum: Where Are They Now? Archived 2009-10-23 at the Wayback Machine ^ David Kent (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970-1992. St Ives, New South Wales: Australian Chart Book. p. 248. ISBN 0-646-11917-6. Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group This 1980s folk album-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Redgum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redgum"},{"link_name":"Epic Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_Records"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"John Schumann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Schumann"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Hugh McDonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_McDonald_(Australian_musician)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"1986 studio album by RedgumMidnight Sun is the fifth and final studio album by Redgum, released through Epic Records in November 1986.[1]John Schumann had left the group in 1985 to pursue a solo career,[2] so Hugh McDonald took over as lead singer.[3] Michael Atkinson left the group in 1987 after its release; the remaining members toured until 1990 to pay off the band's debts, and then disbanded.","title":"Midnight Sun (Redgum album)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Victor Jara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Jara"}],"text":"Side A\"Talk\" (Hugh McDonald/Michael Spicer) - 4:21\n\"When Your Luck Ran Out\" (Hugh McDonald) - 5:48\n\"Running with the Hurricane\" (Hugh McDonald/Michael Atkinson) - 3:47\n\"Empty Page\" (Michael Spicer/Verity Truman) - 4:39\n\"Midnight Sun\" (Michael Atkinson) - 4:45Side B\"Too Many Dollars\" (Michael Atkinson) - 3:44\n\"Another Country\" (Michael Atkinson) - 5:02\n\"In Their Hands\" (Verity Truman) - 4:30\n\"Blood upon the Rain\" (Hugh McDonald/Michael Atkinson) - 4:24\n\"La Partida (The Parting)\" (Victor Jara) - 3:05","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eddie Rayner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Rayner"},{"link_name":"Shane Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shane_Howard"}],"text":"Michael Atkinson - bass, vocals\nHugh McDonald - lead vocals, guitars, violin\nMichael Spicer - keyboards, flute\nVerity Truman - vocals, saxophone, flute\nAlex Pertout\nChris Doheny\nDave Clabour\nDavid Burgos\nEddie Rayner\nJohn Barrett\nLisa Young\nRoger McLachlan\nShane Howard\nTrevor Courtney","title":"Personnel"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-prefectural_city
Sub-prefectural city
["1 List of sub-prefectural divisions","1.1 Guangdong","1.2 Guizhou","1.3 Hainan","1.4 Hebei","1.5 Heilongjiang","1.6 Henan","1.7 Hubei","1.8 Hunan","1.9 Inner Mongolia","1.10 Jiangsu","1.11 Jiangxi","1.12 Jilin","1.13 Qinghai","1.14 Shaanxi","1.15 Xinjiang","1.16 Zhejiang","2 References"]
People's Republic of China subprefecture-level subdivision This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Sub-prefectural city" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Administrative divisionsof China Province-level (1st)Municipalities Provinces Autonomous regions Special administrative regions Sub-provincial levelSub-provincial cities Sub-provincial autonomous prefectures Sub-provincial city districts Prefecture-level (2nd)Prefectural cities Autonomous prefectures Leagues (Aimag) (abolishing) Prefectures (abolishing) Sub-prefectural-levelSub-prefectural cities Provincial-controlled cities Provincial-controlled counties Provincial-controlled districts County level (3rd)Counties Autonomous counties County-level cities DistrictsEthnic districts Banners (Hoxu)Autonomous banners Shennongjia Forestry District Liuzhi Special District Wolong Special Administrative Region Workers and peasants districts (obsolete) Analogous county level unitsManagement areasManagement committee Township level (4th)Townships Ethnic townships Towns Subdistricts Subdistrict bureaux Sum Ethnic sum County-controlled districts County-controlled district bureaux (obsolete) Management committees Town-level city (pilot) Analogous township level unitsManagement areasManagement committee Areas Farms area (Overseas Chinese Farm Region ), Prison area, University towns, etc. Village level (5th)(Grassroots Autonomous Organizations) Villages · Gaqa · Ranches Village Committees Communities Residential Committees OthersRegions Capital cities New areas Autonomous administrative divisions National Central Cities Special Economic Zones History: before 1912, 1912–49, 1949–present Administrative division codesvte A sub-prefectural municipality (simplified Chinese: 副地级市; traditional Chinese: 副地級市; pinyin: fùdìjíshì), sub-prefectural city, or vice-prefectural municipality, is an unofficial designation for a type of administrative division of China. A sub-prefectural city is officially considered to be a county-level city, but it has more power de facto because the cadres assigned to its government are one half-level higher in rank than those of an "ordinary" county-level city—though still lower than those of a prefecture-level city. While county-level cities are under the administrative jurisdiction of prefecture-level divisions, sub-prefectural cities are often (but not always) administered directly by the provincial government, with no intervening prefecture level administration. Examples of sub-prefectural cities that does not belong to any prefecture: Jiyuan (Henan Province), Xiantao, Qianjiang and Tianmen (Hubei), Shihezi, Tumxuk, Aral, and Wujiaqu (Xinjiang). Examples of sub-prefectural cities that nevertheless belong to a prefecture: Golmud (Haixi, Qinghai), Manzhouli (Hulunbuir, Inner Mongolia). List of sub-prefectural divisions Note: Bold not under any prefecture-level subordination. Guangdong Gaozhou Lufeng Luoding Nanxiong Puning Yangchun Yingde Guizhou Renhuai Hainan Dongfang Qionghai Wanning Wenchang Wuzhishan Hebei Dingzhou Qian'an Xinji Heilongjiang Suifenhe Henan Dengzhou Gongyi Jiyuan Ruzhou Yongcheng Hubei Qianjiang Tianmen Xiantao Hunan Shaoshan Inner Mongolia Erenhot Manzhouli Jiangsu Kunshan Taixing Jiangxi Fengcheng Gongqingcheng Ruijin Jilin Gongzhuling Meihekou Qinghai Golmud Shaanxi Hancheng Xinjiang Note: all cities are also under the subordination of the Prefecture-level Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps (XPCC or Bingtuan). Aral Baiyang Beitun Huyanghe Kokdala Kunyu Shihezi Shuanghe Tiemenguan Tumxuk Wujiaqu Xinxing Zhejiang Yiwu References
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A sub-prefectural city is officially considered to be a county-level city, but it has more power de facto because the cadres assigned to its government are one half-level higher in rank than those of an \"ordinary\" county-level city—though still lower than those of a prefecture-level city.While county-level cities are under the administrative jurisdiction of prefecture-level divisions, sub-prefectural cities are often (but not always) administered directly by the provincial government, with no intervening prefecture level administration.Examples of sub-prefectural cities that does not belong to any prefecture: Jiyuan (Henan Province), Xiantao, Qianjiang and Tianmen (Hubei), Shihezi, Tumxuk, Aral, and Wujiaqu (Xinjiang).Examples of sub-prefectural cities that nevertheless belong to a prefecture: Golmud (Haixi, Qinghai), Manzhouli (Hulunbuir, Inner Mongolia).[citation needed]","title":"Sub-prefectural city"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Note: Bold not under any prefecture-level subordination.","title":"List of sub-prefectural divisions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gaozhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaozhou"},{"link_name":"Lufeng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lufeng,_Guangdong"},{"link_name":"Luoding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luoding"},{"link_name":"Nanxiong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanxiong"},{"link_name":"Puning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puning"},{"link_name":"Yangchun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangchun"},{"link_name":"Yingde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yingde"}],"sub_title":"Guangdong","text":"Gaozhou\nLufeng\nLuoding\nNanxiong\nPuning\nYangchun\nYingde","title":"List of sub-prefectural divisions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Renhuai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renhuai"}],"sub_title":"Guizhou","text":"Renhuai","title":"List of sub-prefectural divisions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dongfang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dongfang,_Hainan"},{"link_name":"Qionghai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qionghai"},{"link_name":"Wanning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanning"},{"link_name":"Wenchang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenchang"},{"link_name":"Wuzhishan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuzhishan_City"}],"sub_title":"Hainan","text":"Dongfang\nQionghai\nWanning\nWenchang\nWuzhishan","title":"List of sub-prefectural divisions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dingzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dingzhou"},{"link_name":"Qian'an","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qian%27an,_Hebei"},{"link_name":"Xinji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinji"}],"sub_title":"Hebei","text":"Dingzhou\nQian'an\nXinji","title":"List of sub-prefectural divisions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Suifenhe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suifenhe"}],"sub_title":"Heilongjiang","text":"Suifenhe","title":"List of sub-prefectural divisions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dengzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dengzhou"},{"link_name":"Gongyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gongyi"},{"link_name":"Jiyuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiyuan"},{"link_name":"Ruzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruzhou"},{"link_name":"Yongcheng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yongcheng"}],"sub_title":"Henan","text":"Dengzhou\nGongyi\nJiyuan\nRuzhou\nYongcheng","title":"List of sub-prefectural divisions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Qianjiang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qianjiang,_Hubei"},{"link_name":"Tianmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianmen"},{"link_name":"Xiantao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiantao"}],"sub_title":"Hubei","text":"Qianjiang\nTianmen\nXiantao","title":"List of sub-prefectural divisions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shaoshan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaoshan"}],"sub_title":"Hunan","text":"Shaoshan","title":"List of sub-prefectural divisions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Erenhot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erenhot"},{"link_name":"Manzhouli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manzhouli"}],"sub_title":"Inner Mongolia","text":"Erenhot\nManzhouli","title":"List of sub-prefectural divisions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kunshan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunshan"},{"link_name":"Taixing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taixing"}],"sub_title":"Jiangsu","text":"Kunshan\nTaixing","title":"List of sub-prefectural divisions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fengcheng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fengcheng,_Jiangxi"},{"link_name":"Gongqingcheng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gongqingcheng"},{"link_name":"Ruijin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruijin"}],"sub_title":"Jiangxi","text":"Fengcheng\nGongqingcheng\nRuijin","title":"List of sub-prefectural divisions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gongzhuling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gongzhuling"},{"link_name":"Meihekou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meihekou"}],"sub_title":"Jilin","text":"Gongzhuling\nMeihekou","title":"List of sub-prefectural divisions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Golmud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golmud"}],"sub_title":"Qinghai","text":"Golmud","title":"List of sub-prefectural divisions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hancheng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hancheng"}],"sub_title":"Shaanxi","text":"Hancheng","title":"List of sub-prefectural divisions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang_Production_and_Construction_Corps"},{"link_name":"Aral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aral,_Xinjiang"},{"link_name":"Baiyang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baiyang,_Xinjiang"},{"link_name":"Beitun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beitun,_Xinjiang"},{"link_name":"Huyanghe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huyanghe"},{"link_name":"Kokdala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokdala"},{"link_name":"Kunyu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunyu,_Xinjiang"},{"link_name":"Shihezi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shihezi"},{"link_name":"Shuanghe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuanghe"},{"link_name":"Tiemenguan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiemenguan_City"},{"link_name":"Tumxuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumxuk"},{"link_name":"Wujiaqu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wujiaqu"},{"link_name":"Xinxing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinxing,_Xinjiang"}],"sub_title":"Xinjiang","text":"Note: all cities are also under the subordination of the Prefecture-level Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps (XPCC or Bingtuan).Aral\nBaiyang\nBeitun\nHuyanghe\nKokdala\nKunyu\nShihezi\nShuanghe\nTiemenguan\nTumxuk\nWujiaqu\nXinxing","title":"List of sub-prefectural divisions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yiwu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiwu"}],"sub_title":"Zhejiang","text":"Yiwu","title":"List of sub-prefectural divisions"}]
[]
null
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Czmil
Stefan Czmil
["1 Early life","2 Career","2.1 Education","2.2 Missionary work","2.3 Italy","3 Illness","4 Notes","5 External links"]
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For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Servant of God, The Most ReverendStefan Czmil (Stepan Chmil)Bishop of clandestine UGCCBishopChurchUkrainian Greek Catholic ChurchDioceseSanok (clandestine)AppointedneverInstalledneverOrdersOrdination14 October 1945by Ivan BuchkoConsecration2 April 1977by Josyf SlipyjPersonal detailsBorn20 October 1914Sudova Vyshnia, UkraineDied22 January 1978 (aged 63)Rome, ItalyBuriedSanta Sofia a Via Boccea, Rome, ItalyNationalityUkrainianPrevious post(s)Archimandrite, 8 December 1977Alma materSalesian Pontifical UniversityMottounknownCoat of arms Stefan Czmil (Ukrainian: Степан Чміль, Stepan Chmil; 20 October 1914 – 22 January 1978) was a Ukrainian Eastern Catholic known for his missionary work in Argentina as well as for work in his native Ukraine and Italy. According to Ukrainian Catholic Major Archbishop Sviatoslav Shevchuk, Pope Francis was mentored by Czmil and therefore knows the Eastern Rite well. Early life Father Czmil was born in Sudova Vyshnya a small town in western Ukraine, some 30 kilometers from the present Polish border Rawa Ruska/Medyka. His parents, Stefan and Julia Szydlowska (Ukrainian: Степан та Юлія Шидловські, Stepan ta Yulia Shydlovski), were Ukrainian patriots and Christians, who instilled into their son a love of Ukraine and the Greek Catholic Church, as the Ukrainian Catholic Church then was officially known. After the first school years in his native town, in 1925 he was sent to the Ukrainian all-boys gymnasium in Peremyshl , whose catechist was Father Petro Holynskyj. Stefan Czmil joined the Salesian Congregation. It was his goal to educate poor youths in Ukraine in the same manner as Saint John Bosco did in his time in Italy. Career In 1930 the Congregation for the Oriental Churches, Cardinal Cicognani, turned to Pope Pius XI asking him permission for Eastern rite candidates to the Salesians to retain their rite and Church traditions; it was granted. At the same time, Metropolitan Andrey Sheptytsky, Head of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church (1901–1944), designated Josafat Kotsylovskyj, bishop of the Diocese of Peremyshl, to inform the Gymnasium's students of his intentions to send to Italy those willing to become Salesians. When the Salesian Superiors adhered to the projected plan of accepting candidates from Ukraine to the Salesian brotherhood, allowing them to retain their rite and Church traditions, Stefan Czmil and nine others expressed their intention to become Salesians. In 1932 they went to the town of Ivrea, in Northern Italy, where the Salesians had their school for candidates to the Salesian brotherhood. After graduating from the school of Salesian aspirants Czmil was admitted to the Salesian Novitiate in Villa Moglia (Chieri) in 1935. He took his three-year temporary vows in 1936. Education He studied philosophy (1936–39) at the Salesian College of Philosophical Studies in Foglizzo (Turin), then interrupted his studies for a two-year educative stage amongst the novices of Villa Moglia, after which he was admitted to the Salesian House of Studies in Bolengo for his Theology (1941–45), during World War II. Ordained a priest in 1945 by the Apostolic Visitator for Ukrainian émigrés in Western Europe, Ivan Buchko, he followed up his studies with a baccalaureate in Pedagogy in 1947 at the Salesian Pontifical Athenaeum in Turin. Before that he was assigned as a tourist guide at the Catacombes of Saint Callistus in Rome under Salesian Administration, where he met scores of Ukrainian refugees unable to return to their homeland, who he helped to find new abode. He was also a teacher in the Salesian school of Valdocco (Turin) and an assistant in the Salesian Motherhouse of Valdocco to the Salesian Missionaries who came from overseas for a period of rest. Missionary work In 1948, with the assent of his superiors, Czmil was sent by the sacred Congregation for the Oriental Churches for a 12-year period of apostolic and missionary work with Ukrainian immigrants in Argentina (Haedo and Ramos Mejia, suburbs of Buenos Aires). There the young Jorge Mario Bergoglio, later to become Pope Francis, rose early to serve Divine Liturgy for him. The local political authorities were not willing or ready to accept a different religious rite to the Latin Catholicism of Argentina. Czmil's health started to deteriorate: liver problems. Italy In 1961 Czmil became the new Director of the Ukrainian Pontifical Minor Seminary, Via Boccea 480, Rome, 00166 which by then had 110 seminarians (from all over the Western world) and approximately 10 teachers. It was under his Directorate that the school received the title of "Pontifical", mainly due to the intervention of Patriarch Josyf Slipyj, head of the Greek-Catholic Church. His position as Director of the Seminary ended in 1967 after which he took on a more spiritual role as pastor to the students. However, he also continued as a teacher, educator and confessor to the seminarians. He acted as spiritual lecturer and confessor to the Ukrainian religious communities in Rome. He was lecturer of Italian language and literature at the Ukrainian Catholic University in Rome: He supervised and edited the second volume of the Ukrainian-Italian, Italian-Ukrainian Dictionary. He was also member of the Commission for annulments of matrimony for Ukrainians in Italy, assigned to the cases of mixed marriages. In 1976 he was assigned once again to the position of director of the seminary. He was endowed in the Basilica of Saint Sophia in Rome with the title of Archimandrite on 8 December 1977, with the traditional mitre, pectoral cross and crozier. Illness Czmil's health deteriorated dramatically, and he had to be hospitalized. After a medical check-up it was decided he need an operation for gallstones. He seemed to be recovering, but on the morning of 22 January 1978 he fainted after celebrating the Divine Liturgy, and died. The funeral service was held that afternoon. Bishop Stefan Czmil, the first Ukrainian Byzantine-rite Salesian lies buried in the crypt of the Basilica of Saint Sophia in Rome. The following day it was revealed that he had been consecrated a bishop. The secret episcopal ordination took place in the Studite monastery in the town of Marino near Rome on April 2, 1977. Notes ^ Shkodziska, Oksana (13 March 2013). "Patriarch Sviatoslav: Newly Elected Pope Knows Ukrainian Catholic Church, its Liturgy and Spirituality". Religious Information Service of Ukraine. Retrieved 15 March 2013. ^ "Catholic Ukes : Ukrainian Bishop up for Canonization". Archived from the original on 23 October 2009. Retrieved 19 November 2008. ^ Paul Vallely, Pope Francis: Untying the Knots, Bloomsbury, 2013 ^ "Ukrainian Catholic Bishop begins Canonization Process - International - Catholic Online". Archived from the original on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 19 November 2008. External links INTERVIEWS "He really was a saint" – Card. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ukrainian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_language"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainians"},{"link_name":"Eastern Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Catholic"},{"link_name":"missionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missionary"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Major Archbishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_Archbishop"},{"link_name":"Sviatoslav Shevchuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sviatoslav_Shevchuk"},{"link_name":"Pope Francis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Francis"},{"link_name":"Eastern Rite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Stefan Czmil (Ukrainian: Степан Чміль, Stepan Chmil; 20 October 1914 – 22 January 1978) was a Ukrainian Eastern Catholic known for his missionary work in Argentina as well as for work in his native Ukraine and Italy. According to Ukrainian Catholic Major Archbishop Sviatoslav Shevchuk, Pope Francis was mentored by Czmil and therefore knows the Eastern Rite well.[1]","title":"Stefan Czmil"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sudova Vyshnya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudova_Vyshnya"},{"link_name":"Rawa Ruska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawa_Ruska"},{"link_name":"Medyka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medyka"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_language"},{"link_name":"Greek Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Przemyśl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Przemy%C5%9Bl"},{"link_name":"catechist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catechist"},{"link_name":"Salesian Congregation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salesians"},{"link_name":"John Bosco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bosco"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Father Czmil was born in Sudova Vyshnya a small town in western Ukraine, some 30 kilometers from the present Polish border Rawa Ruska/Medyka. His parents, Stefan and Julia Szydlowska (Ukrainian: Степан та Юлія Шидловські, Stepan ta Yulia Shydlovski), were Ukrainian patriots and Christians, who instilled into their son a love of Ukraine and the Greek Catholic Church, as the Ukrainian Catholic Church then was officially known. After the first school years in his native town, in 1925 he was sent to the Ukrainian all-boys gymnasium in Peremyshl [now Przemyśl, Poland], whose catechist was Father Petro Holynskyj. Stefan Czmil joined the Salesian Congregation. It was his goal to educate poor youths in Ukraine in the same manner as Saint John Bosco did in his time in Italy.[2]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Congregation for the Oriental Churches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregation_for_the_Oriental_Churches"},{"link_name":"Pius XI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pius_XI"},{"link_name":"Eastern rite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches"},{"link_name":"Salesians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salesians"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop"},{"link_name":"Andrey Sheptytsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrey_Sheptytsky"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek-Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Peremyshl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_Przemy%C5%9Bl%E2%80%93Warsaw"},{"link_name":"Salesians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salesians"},{"link_name":"Chieri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chieri"}],"text":"In 1930 the Congregation for the Oriental Churches, Cardinal Cicognani, turned to Pope Pius XI asking him permission for Eastern rite candidates to the Salesians to retain their rite and Church traditions; it was granted. At the same time, Metropolitan Andrey Sheptytsky, Head of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church (1901–1944), designated Josafat Kotsylovskyj, bishop of the Diocese of Peremyshl, to inform the Gymnasium's students of his intentions to send to Italy those willing to become Salesians. When the Salesian Superiors adhered to the projected plan of accepting candidates from Ukraine to the Salesian brotherhood, allowing them to retain their rite and Church traditions, Stefan Czmil and nine others expressed their intention to become Salesians. In 1932 they went to the town of Ivrea, in Northern Italy, where the Salesians had their school for candidates to the Salesian brotherhood.After graduating from the school of Salesian aspirants Czmil was admitted to the Salesian Novitiate in Villa Moglia (Chieri) in 1935. He took his three-year temporary vows in 1936.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Foglizzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foglizzo"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Apostolic Visitator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolic_Visitator"},{"link_name":"Ivan Buchko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Buchko"},{"link_name":"Pedagogy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedagogy"},{"link_name":"Valdocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdocco"}],"sub_title":"Education","text":"He studied philosophy (1936–39) at the Salesian College of Philosophical Studies in Foglizzo (Turin), then interrupted his studies for a two-year educative stage amongst the novices of Villa Moglia, after which he was admitted to the Salesian House of Studies in Bolengo for his Theology (1941–45), during World War II. Ordained a priest in 1945 by the Apostolic Visitator for Ukrainian émigrés in Western Europe, Ivan Buchko, he followed up his studies with a baccalaureate in Pedagogy in 1947 at the Salesian Pontifical Athenaeum in Turin. Before that he was assigned as a tourist guide at the Catacombes of Saint Callistus in Rome under Salesian Administration, where he met scores of Ukrainian refugees unable to return to their homeland, who he helped to find new abode. He was also a teacher in the Salesian school of Valdocco (Turin) and an assistant in the Salesian Motherhouse of Valdocco to the Salesian Missionaries who came from overseas for a period of rest.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Congregation for the Oriental Churches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregation_for_the_Oriental_Churches"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian immigrants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_diaspora"},{"link_name":"Buenos Aires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aires"},{"link_name":"Divine Liturgy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Liturgy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Latin Catholicism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Church"}],"sub_title":"Missionary work","text":"In 1948, with the assent of his superiors, Czmil was sent by the sacred Congregation for the Oriental Churches for a 12-year period of apostolic and missionary work with Ukrainian immigrants in Argentina (Haedo and Ramos Mejia, suburbs of Buenos Aires). There the young Jorge Mario Bergoglio, later to become Pope Francis, rose early to serve Divine Liturgy for him.[3] The local political authorities were not willing or ready to accept a different religious rite to the Latin Catholicism of Argentina. \nCzmil's health started to deteriorate: liver problems.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ukrainian Pontifical Minor Seminary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Pontifical_Minor_Seminary"},{"link_name":"Patriarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarch"},{"link_name":"Josyf Slipyj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josyf_Slipyj"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian Catholic University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Catholic_University"},{"link_name":"seminary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seminary"},{"link_name":"Basilica of Saint Sophia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint_Sophia"},{"link_name":"Archimandrite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archimandrite"},{"link_name":"mitre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitre"},{"link_name":"pectoral cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pectoral_cross"},{"link_name":"crozier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crozier"}],"sub_title":"Italy","text":"In 1961 Czmil became the new Director of the Ukrainian Pontifical Minor Seminary, Via Boccea 480, Rome, 00166 which by then had 110 seminarians (from all over the Western world) and approximately 10 teachers. It was under his Directorate that the school received the title of \"Pontifical\", mainly due to the intervention of Patriarch Josyf Slipyj, head of the Greek-Catholic Church. His position as Director of the Seminary ended in 1967 after which he took on a more spiritual role as pastor to the students. However, he also continued as a teacher, educator and confessor to the seminarians. He acted as spiritual lecturer and confessor to the Ukrainian religious communities in Rome. He was lecturer of Italian language and literature at the Ukrainian Catholic University in Rome: He supervised and edited the second volume of the Ukrainian-Italian, Italian-Ukrainian Dictionary.He was also member of the Commission for annulments of matrimony for Ukrainians in Italy, assigned to the cases of mixed marriages.\nIn 1976 he was assigned once again to the position of director of the seminary.He was endowed in the Basilica of Saint Sophia in Rome with the title of Archimandrite on 8 December 1977, with the traditional mitre, pectoral cross and crozier.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Basilica of Saint Sophia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Sofia_a_Via_Boccea"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"episcopal ordination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordination"}],"text":"Czmil's health deteriorated dramatically, and he had to be hospitalized. After a medical check-up it was decided he need an operation for gallstones. He seemed to be recovering, but on the morning of 22 January 1978 he fainted after celebrating the Divine Liturgy, and died.The funeral service was held that afternoon. Bishop Stefan Czmil, the first Ukrainian Byzantine-rite Salesian lies buried in the crypt of the Basilica of Saint Sophia in Rome.[4]The following day it was revealed that he had been consecrated a bishop. The secret episcopal ordination took place in the Studite monastery in the town of Marino near Rome on April 2, 1977.","title":"Illness"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Patriarch Sviatoslav: Newly Elected Pope Knows Ukrainian Catholic Church, its Liturgy and Spirituality\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//risu.org.ua/en/index/all_news/catholics/ugcc/51592"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Catholic Ukes : Ukrainian Bishop up for Canonization\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20091023160111/http://www.catholicukes.org.au/tiki-read_article.php?articleId=670"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.catholicukes.org.au/tiki-read_article.php?articleId=670"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"Ukrainian Catholic Bishop begins Canonization Process - International - Catholic Online\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110606084433/http://www.catholic.org/international/international_story.php?id=29682"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.catholic.org/international/international_story.php?id=29682"}],"text":"^ Shkodziska, Oksana (13 March 2013). \"Patriarch Sviatoslav: Newly Elected Pope Knows Ukrainian Catholic Church, its Liturgy and Spirituality\". Religious Information Service of Ukraine. Retrieved 15 March 2013.\n\n^ \"Catholic Ukes : Ukrainian Bishop up for Canonization\". Archived from the original on 23 October 2009. Retrieved 19 November 2008.\n\n^ Paul Vallely, Pope Francis: Untying the Knots, Bloomsbury, 2013\n\n^ \"Ukrainian Catholic Bishop begins Canonization Process - International - Catholic Online\". Archived from the original on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 19 November 2008.","title":"Notes"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"Shkodziska, Oksana (13 March 2013). \"Patriarch Sviatoslav: Newly Elected Pope Knows Ukrainian Catholic Church, its Liturgy and Spirituality\". Religious Information Service of Ukraine. Retrieved 15 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://risu.org.ua/en/index/all_news/catholics/ugcc/51592","url_text":"\"Patriarch Sviatoslav: Newly Elected Pope Knows Ukrainian Catholic Church, its Liturgy and Spirituality\""}]},{"reference":"\"Catholic Ukes : Ukrainian Bishop up for Canonization\". Archived from the original on 23 October 2009. Retrieved 19 November 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091023160111/http://www.catholicukes.org.au/tiki-read_article.php?articleId=670","url_text":"\"Catholic Ukes : Ukrainian Bishop up for Canonization\""},{"url":"http://www.catholicukes.org.au/tiki-read_article.php?articleId=670","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ukrainian Catholic Bishop begins Canonization Process - International - Catholic Online\". Archived from the original on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 19 November 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110606084433/http://www.catholic.org/international/international_story.php?id=29682","url_text":"\"Ukrainian Catholic Bishop begins Canonization Process - International - Catholic Online\""},{"url":"http://www.catholic.org/international/international_story.php?id=29682","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese-American_life_after_World_War_II
Japanese-American life after World War II
["1 Japanese-American Evacuation Claims Act","2 McCarran-Walter Act","3 1965 Immigration Act","4 Congress’s investigation of WWII Japanese-American imprisonment","5 Civil Liberties Act","6 Repudiation of Korematsu v. United States","7 Timeline of life after World War II","8 See also","9 References","10 Further reading","11 External links"]
On February 19, 1942, shortly after Japan's surprise attack on Pearl Harbor in Hawaii, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066 authorizing the forced removal of over 110,000 Japanese Americans from the West Coast and into internment camps for the duration of the war. The personal rights, liberties, and freedoms of Japanese Americans were suspended by the United States government. In the "relocation centers", internees were housed in tar-papered army-style barracks. Some individuals who protested their treatment were sent to a special camp at Tule Lake, California. The unanimous Supreme Court decision Ex parte Endo in December 1944 ruled that the U.S. government could not continue to detain a citizen who was "concededly loyal" to the United States. Word of the upcoming ruling led to the rescinding of the exclusion orders and allowed Japanese Americans to return to the American West Coast starting in January 1945. Many Japanese Americans suffered harsh treatment after leaving the internment camps. Examples include exclusion from being hired by jobs in the LA county, and being shut out by the produce industry, which was the lifeblood of many Japanese Americans prior to WWII. Japanese-American Evacuation Claims Act In 1948, President Harry S. Truman signed the Japanese-American Claims Act. This act was a way to compensate Japanese Americans for their economic losses due to their forced evacuation. Although some $38 million was paid out through provisions of the act, it would be largely ineffective even on the limited scope in which it operated. McCarran-Walter Act When the war ended, the American opinion of Japanese was altered. Japan was in the process of rebuilding with the help of the U.S. military. Japanese became known for their intelligence, amiable relations, and hardworking ethic. The new perspective of this country changed American minds about Japanese. In 1952, this new opinion of the Japanese resulted in first-generation Japanese Americans receiving the right to become naturalized U.S. citizens with the McCarran-Walter Act. 1965 Immigration Act The Immigration and Nationality Act amendments of 1965 eliminated the national origins quota that was established by the United States in the Immigration Act of 1924. Emanuel Celler proposed the 1965 Act, which was strongly backed by Senator Ted Kennedy. This legislation “created the foundation of today’s immigration law.” Congress’s investigation of WWII Japanese-American imprisonment The Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians (CWRIC) was appointed by the U.S. Congress in 1980 to conduct an official governmental study into the internment of Japanese Americans during World War II. It concluded that the incarceration of Japanese Americans had not been justified by military necessity. Civil Liberties Act The Civil Liberties Act of 1988 was an official apology made to Japanese Americans in 1988 by Congress. The act granted about US$20,000 to former internees who were still alive when the act was passed. Repudiation of Korematsu v. United States In 2018, Chief Justice Roberts, in writing the majority opinion of the Supreme Court in Trump v. Hawaii, stated in obiter dictum that the 1944 decision Korematsu v. United States that upheld the constitutionality of Executive Order 9066 (authorizing the Japanese American Internment) was wrong, effectively disavowing the decision and indicating that a majority of the court no longer finds Korematsu persuasive.: 38  Roberts also added: "The forcible relocation of U.S. citizens to concentration camps, solely and explicitly on the basis of race, is objectively unlawful and outside the scope of Presidential authority.": 38  Timeline of life after World War II 1947: Wally Kaname Yonamine plays football for the San Francisco 49ers. 1947: Wataru Misaka plays basketball for the New York Knicks. 1952: The McCarran–Walter Act eliminates race as a basis for naturalization, allowing Issei to become US citizens. 1952: Tommy Kono (weightlifting), Yoshinobu Oyakawa (100-meter backstroke), and Ford Konno (1500-meter freestyle) each win gold medals and set records during the Summer Olympics in Helsinki. 1957: Miyoshi Umeki wins the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. 1957: James Kanno is elected as the first mayor of California's Fountain Valley. 1959: Daniel K. Inouye is elected to the United States House of Representatives, becoming the first Japanese American to serve in Congress. 1962: Minoru Yamasaki is awarded the contract to design the World Trade Center, becoming the first Japanese American architect to design a supertall skyscraper in the United States. 1963: Daniel K. Inouye becomes the first Japanese American in the United States Senate. 1965: Patsy T. Mink becomes the first woman of color in Congress. 1971: Norman Y. Mineta is elected mayor of San Jose, California, becoming the first Asian American mayor of a major U.S. city. 1972: Robert A. Nakamura produces Manzanar, the first personal documentary about internment. 1974: Fujio Matsuda becomes the first Asian-American president of a major American university, as president of the University of Hawaiʻi. 1974: George R. Ariyoshi becomes the first elected Japanese American governor of the State of Hawaiʻi. 1976: S. I. Hayakawa of California and Spark Matsunaga of Hawaiʻi become the second and third U.S. Senators of Japanese descent. 1976: Michi Weglyn publishes the book Years of Infamy: The Untold Story of America’s Concentration Camps, whose meticulous investigation of government documents and correspondence helped fuel the redress movement . 1977: Michiko (Miki) Gorman wins both the Boston and New York City marathons in the same year. It's her second victory in each race. 1978: Ellison S. Onizuka becomes the first Asian American astronaut. Onizuka was one of the seven astronauts to die in the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster in 1986. 1980: Congress creates the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians to investigate internment during World War II. 1980: Eunice Sato becomes the first Asian-American female mayor of a major American city when she was elected mayor of Long Beach, California. 1983: The Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians reports that Japanese-American internment was not justified by military necessity and that internment was based on "race prejudice, war hysteria, and a failure of political leadership." The Commission recommends an official Government apology; redress payments of $20,000 to each of the survivors; and a public education fund to help ensure that this would not happen again. 1987: Charles J. Pedersen wins the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his methods of synthesizing crown ethers 1988: President Ronald Reagan signs the Civil Liberties Act of 1988, apologizing for Japanese-American internment and providing reparations of $20,000 to each former internee who was still alive when the act was passed. 1992: The Japanese American National Museum opens in Little Tokyo, Los Angeles. 1992: Kristi Yamaguchi wins the Olympic gold medal and her second World Championship title in figure skating. 1994: Mazie K. Hirono is elected Lieutenant Governor of Hawaii, becoming the first Japanese immigrant elected state lieutenant governor of a state. Hirono later is elected in the U.S. House of Representatives. 1996: A. Wallace Tashima is nominated to the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit and becomes the first Japanese American to serve as a judge of a United States court of appeals. 1998: Chris Tashima (son of A. Wallace Tashima) becomes the first U.S.-born Japanese American actor to win an Academy Award for his role in the film Visas and Virtue. 1999: U.S. Army General Eric Shinseki becomes the first Asian American to serve as chief of staff of a branch of the armed forces. Shinseki later served as Secretary of Veterans Affairs (2009–2014). 2000: Norman Y. Mineta becomes the first Asian American appointed to the United States Cabinet. He serves as Secretary of Commerce from 2000–2001 and Secretary of Transportation from 2001–2006. 2008: Yoichiro Nambu wins the Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on quantum chromodynamics and spontaneous symmetry breaking. 2010: Daniel K. Inouye becomes the highest ranking Asian American politician in U.S. history when he succeeds Robert Byrd as President pro tempore of the United States Senate. 2011: The Nisei Soldiers of World War II Congressional Gold Medal was awarded in recognition of the World War II service of the 442nd Regimental Combat Team, the 100th Infantry Battalion, and Nisei serving in the Military Intelligence Service on November 2, 2011. 2014: Shuji Nakamura wins the 2014 Nobel Prize in Physics for the invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes. 2018: Chief Justice Roberts, in writing the majority opinion of the Supreme Court in Trump v. Hawaii, effectively repudiates the 1944 decision Korematsu v. United States that had upheld the constitutionality of Executive Order 9066. 2021: Syukuro Manabe wins the 2021 Nobel Prize in Physics for contributions to the physical modeling of earth's climate, quantifying its variability, and predictions of climate change. See also Asian American Movement Bainbridge Island Japanese American Exclusion Memorial Day of Remembrance (Japanese Americans) Empty Chair Memorial Fred Korematsu Day Mitsuye Endo Go for Broke Monument Japanese American Internment Museum Japanese American Memorial to Patriotism During World War II Japanese American Museum of San Jose Japanese American National Museum Japanese American redress and court cases The Long Journey Home (ceremonial event) Sakura Square Japanese-American life before World War II Japanese-American service in World War II References ^ "After Internment: Seattle's Debate Over Japanese Americans' Right to Return Home - Seattle Civil Rights and Labor History Project". depts.washington.edu. Retrieved 2019-11-13. ^ "Japanese-American Incarceration During World War II". National Archives. 2016-08-15. Retrieved 2022-03-17. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. ^ Shiho Imai. "Korematsu v. United States" Densho Encyclopedia (accessed 5 June 2014). ^ Pearson, Bradford (2020-08-20). "For Japanese-Americans, Housing Injustices Outlived Internment". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-10-26. ^ "Executive Order 9066." Encyclopædia Britannica. Ed. Of Encyclopædia Britannica. N.p., 3 June 2014. Web.http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/197921/Executive-Order-9066#ref1118060 ^ "Japanese American Evacuation Claims Act | Densho Encyclopedia". encyclopedia.densho.org. Retrieved 2019-11-13. ^ Niiya, Brian (1993). Japanese American History: An A-To-Z Reference from 1868 to the Present. Facts on File. p. 68. ISBN 978-0816026807. ^ Hong, Jane. "Immigration Act of 1952". Densho Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2020-06-14. ^ "The Legacy of the 1965 Immigration Act". cis.org. Center for Immigration Studies. 1995-09-01. ^ Yamato, Sharon. "Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians". Densho Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2020-06-15. ^ "Civil Liberties Act of 1988 | Densho Encyclopedia". encyclopedia.densho.org. Retrieved 2019-11-13. ^ a b Trump v. Hawaii, 585 U.S. ___ (2018) ^ de Vogue, Ariane (June 26, 2018). "Supreme Court finally rejects infamous Korematsu decision on Japanese-American internment". CNN. Retrieved June 26, 2018. ^ Savage, Charlie (June 26, 2018). "Korematsu, Notorious Supreme Court Ruling on Japanese Internment, Is Finally Tossed Out". The New York Times. Retrieved June 26, 2018. ^ Do, Anh (July 18, 2017). "James Kanno, one of America's first Japanese American mayors and a founder of Fountain Valley, dies at 91". LA Times. Retrieved July 18, 2017. ^ "Milestones for Women in American Politics | CAWP". Cawp.rutgers.edu. Retrieved 2017-03-16. ^ "Congressional Gold Medal Presented to Nisei Soldiers of World War II". United States Mint. 2011-11-02. Retrieved 2020-05-30. Further reading Barry Denenberg, The journal of Ben Uchida (children's book) External links Timeline - road to redress vteInternment of Japanese AmericansKey topics Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians Executive Order 9066 Executive Order 9102 Yasui Hirabayashi Korematsu Ex parte Endo Lordsburg killings War Relocation Authority History Life before World War II Life after World War II Propaganda Military service in World War II 442nd Infantry Regiment 100th Infantry Battalion Military Intelligence Service Concentration camps Gila River Granada Heart Mountain Jerome Manzanar Minidoka Poston Rohwer Topaz Tule Lake Assembly centers Arboga Assembly Center Fresno Assembly Center Mayer Assembly Center Merced Assembly Center Owens Valley Reception Center Parker Dam Reception Center Pinedale Assembly Center Pomona Assembly Center Portland Assembly Center Puyallup Assembly Center Sacramento Assembly Center Salinas Assembly Center Santa Anita Assembly Center Stockton Assembly Center Tanforan Assembly Center Tulare Assembly Center Turlock Assembly Center Woodland Civil Control Station Citizen Isolation centers Leupp Isolation Center Moab Isolation Center Old Raton Ranch Camp Camp Tulelake Detention facilities Catalina Federal Honor Camp Crystal City Alien Enemy Detention Facility Fort Lincoln Alien Enemy Detention Facility Fort Missoula Alien Enemy Detention Facility Fort Stanton Alien Enemy Detention Facility Kenedy Alien Enemy Detention Facility Kooskia Alien Enemy Detention Facility Santa Fe Alien Enemy Detention Facility Seagoville Alien Enemy Detention Facility Sharp Park Detention Station Tuna Canyon Detention Station Army facilities Camp Blanding Camp Forrest Camp Livingston Camp McCoy Camp Florence Fort Bliss Internment Camp Fort Howard Internment Camp Fort McDowell Internment Camp Fort Meade Internment Camp Fort Lewis Internment Camp Fort Richardson Internment Camp Fort Sam Houston Internment Camp Fort Sill Internment Camp Griffith Park Detention Camp Haiku Internment Camp Honouliuli Internment Camp Kalaheo Stockade Kilauea Military Camp Lordsburg Internment Camp Sand Island Internment Camp Stringtown Internment Camp Notable incarcerees See: Category:Japanese-American internees List of inmates of Manzanar List of inmates of Topaz War Relocation Center Estelle Peck Ishigo Ralph Lazo Isamu Shibayama Elaine Black Yoneda Literatureand arts Allegiance Born Free and Equal Farewell to Manzanar Hotel on the Corner of Bitter and Sweet Judgment Without Trial No-No Boy Snow Falling on Cedars The Buddha in the Attic The Invisible Thread The Moved-Outers Under the Blood Red Sun Weedflower When the Emperor was Divine List of documentaries List of feature films Go for Broke! Legacy Redress and court cases Evacuation Claims Act Civil Liberties Act of 1988 Renunciation Act of 1944 Day of Remembrance Fred Korematsu Day Empty Chair Memorial Go for Broke Monument Japanese American National Museum Japanese American Memorial to Patriotism During World War II Densho: The Japanese American Legacy Project Japanese Evacuation and Resettlement Study The Long Journey Home Bainbridge Island Japanese American Exclusion Memorial Japanese American Internment Museum Sakura Square Fred T. Korematsu Institute for Civil Rights and Education Category
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Examples include exclusion from being hired by jobs in the LA county, and being shut out by the produce industry, which was the lifeblood of many Japanese Americans prior to WWII.[4]","title":"Japanese-American life after World War II"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harry S. Truman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman"},{"link_name":"Japanese-American Claims Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese-American_Claims_Act"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Executive-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-niiya-7"}],"text":"In 1948, President Harry S. Truman signed the Japanese-American Claims Act.[5] This act was a way to compensate Japanese Americans for their economic losses due to their forced evacuation.[6] Although some $38 million was paid out through provisions of the act, it would be largely ineffective even on the limited scope in which it operated.[7]","title":"Japanese-American Evacuation Claims Act"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"McCarran-Walter Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1952"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hong-8"}],"text":"When the war ended, the American opinion of Japanese was altered. Japan was in the process of rebuilding with the help of the U.S. military. Japanese became known for their intelligence, amiable relations, and hardworking ethic. The new perspective of this country changed American minds about Japanese. In 1952, this new opinion of the Japanese resulted in first-generation Japanese Americans receiving the right to become naturalized U.S. citizens with the McCarran-Walter Act.[8]","title":"McCarran-Walter Act"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Immigration and Nationality Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1965"},{"link_name":"Immigration Act of 1924","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1924"},{"link_name":"Emanuel Celler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emanuel_Celler"},{"link_name":"Ted Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Kennedy"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cis-9"}],"text":"The Immigration and Nationality Act amendments of 1965 eliminated the national origins quota that was established by the United States in the Immigration Act of 1924. Emanuel Celler proposed the 1965 Act, which was strongly backed by Senator Ted Kennedy. This legislation “created the foundation of today’s immigration law.”[9]","title":"1965 Immigration Act"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission_on_Wartime_Relocation_and_Internment_of_Civilians"},{"link_name":"U.S. Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yamato-10"}],"text":"The Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians (CWRIC) was appointed by the U.S. Congress in 1980 to conduct an official governmental study into the internment of Japanese Americans during World War II. It concluded that the incarceration of Japanese Americans had not been justified by military necessity.[10]","title":"Congress’s investigation of WWII Japanese-American imprisonment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Civil Liberties Act of 1988","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Liberties_Act_of_1988"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"The Civil Liberties Act of 1988 was an official apology made to Japanese Americans in 1988 by Congress. The act granted about US$20,000 to former internees who were still alive when the act was passed.[11]","title":"Civil Liberties Act"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chief Justice Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Roberts"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Trump v. 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United States that upheld the constitutionality of Executive Order 9066 (authorizing the Japanese American Internment) was wrong, effectively disavowing the decision and indicating that a majority of the court no longer finds Korematsu persuasive.[12]: 38  Roberts also added: \"The forcible relocation of U.S. citizens to concentration camps, solely and explicitly on the basis of race, is objectively unlawful and outside the scope of Presidential authority.\"[12]: 38 [13][14]","title":"Repudiation of Korematsu v. United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wally Kaname Yonamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wally_Kaname_Yonamine"},{"link_name":"San Francisco 49ers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_49ers"},{"link_name":"Wataru Misaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wataru_Misaka"},{"link_name":"New York Knicks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Knicks"},{"link_name":"McCarran–Walter Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1952"},{"link_name":"Tommy Kono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Kono"},{"link_name":"Yoshinobu Oyakawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshinobu_Oyakawa"},{"link_name":"Ford Konno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Konno"},{"link_name":"Summer Olympics in Helsinki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Miyoshi Umeki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miyoshi_Umeki"},{"link_name":"Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actress"},{"link_name":"James Kanno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Kanno"},{"link_name":"Fountain Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fountain_Valley,_California"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Daniel K. 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Pedersen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_J._Pedersen"},{"link_name":"Ronald Reagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan"},{"link_name":"Civil Liberties Act of 1988","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Liberties_Act_of_1988"},{"link_name":"Japanese American National Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_American_National_Museum"},{"link_name":"Little Tokyo, Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Tokyo,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Kristi Yamaguchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristi_Yamaguchi"},{"link_name":"Mazie K. Hirono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazie_K._Hirono"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant Governor of Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Hawaii"},{"link_name":"state lieutenant governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"A. Wallace Tashima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._Wallace_Tashima"},{"link_name":"United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Ninth_Circuit"},{"link_name":"United States court of appeals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_court_of_appeals"},{"link_name":"Chris Tashima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Tashima"},{"link_name":"Academy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award"},{"link_name":"Visas and Virtue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visas_and_Virtue"},{"link_name":"U.S. Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"Eric Shinseki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Shinseki"},{"link_name":"armed forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_armed_forces"},{"link_name":"Secretary of Veterans Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Veterans_Affairs"},{"link_name":"Norman Y. Mineta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Y._Mineta"},{"link_name":"United States Cabinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Cabinet"},{"link_name":"Secretary of Commerce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_Commerce"},{"link_name":"Secretary of Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_Transportation"},{"link_name":"Yoichiro Nambu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoichiro_Nambu"},{"link_name":"Daniel K. Inouye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_K._Inouye"},{"link_name":"Asian American politician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Americans_in_politics"},{"link_name":"Robert Byrd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Byrd"},{"link_name":"President pro tempore of the United States Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"Nisei Soldiers of World War II Congressional Gold Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nisei_Soldiers_of_World_War_II_Congressional_Gold_Medal"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usmint-17"},{"link_name":"Shuji Nakamura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuji_Nakamura"},{"link_name":"Chief Justice Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Roberts"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Trump v. Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_v._Hawaii"},{"link_name":"Korematsu v. United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korematsu_v._United_States"},{"link_name":"Executive Order 9066","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Order_9066"},{"link_name":"Syukuro Manabe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syukuro_Manabe"},{"link_name":"Nobel Prize in Physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics"}],"text":"1947: Wally Kaname Yonamine plays football for the San Francisco 49ers.\n1947: Wataru Misaka plays basketball for the New York Knicks.\n1952: The McCarran–Walter Act eliminates race as a basis for naturalization, allowing Issei to become US citizens.\n1952: Tommy Kono (weightlifting), Yoshinobu Oyakawa (100-meter backstroke), and Ford Konno (1500-meter freestyle) each win gold medals and set records during the Summer Olympics in Helsinki.\n1957: Miyoshi Umeki wins the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress.\n1957: James Kanno is elected as the first mayor of California's Fountain Valley.[15]\n1959: Daniel K. Inouye is elected to the United States House of Representatives, becoming the first Japanese American to serve in Congress.\n1962: Minoru Yamasaki is awarded the contract to design the World Trade Center, becoming the first Japanese American architect to design a supertall skyscraper in the United States.\n1963: Daniel K. Inouye becomes the first Japanese American in the United States Senate.\n1965: Patsy T. Mink becomes the first woman of color in Congress.\n1971: Norman Y. Mineta is elected mayor of San Jose, California, becoming the first Asian American mayor of a major U.S. city.\n1972: Robert A. Nakamura produces Manzanar, the first personal documentary about internment.\n1974: Fujio Matsuda becomes the first Asian-American president of a major American university, as president of the University of Hawaiʻi.\n1974: George R. Ariyoshi becomes the first elected Japanese American governor of the State of Hawaiʻi.\n1976: S. I. Hayakawa of California and Spark Matsunaga of Hawaiʻi become the second and third U.S. Senators of Japanese descent.\n1976: Michi Weglyn publishes the book Years of Infamy: The Untold Story of America’s Concentration Camps, whose meticulous investigation of government documents and correspondence helped fuel the redress movement .\n1977: Michiko (Miki) Gorman wins both the Boston and New York City marathons in the same year. It's her second victory in each race.\n1978: Ellison S. Onizuka becomes the first Asian American astronaut. Onizuka was one of the seven astronauts to die in the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster in 1986.\n1980: Congress creates the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians to investigate internment during World War II.\n1980: Eunice Sato becomes the first Asian-American female mayor of a major American city when she was elected mayor of Long Beach, California.[16]\n1983: The Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians reports that Japanese-American internment was not justified by military necessity and that internment was based on \"race prejudice, war hysteria, and a failure of political leadership.\" The Commission recommends an official Government apology; redress payments of $20,000 to each of the survivors; and a public education fund to help ensure that this would not happen again.\n1987: Charles J. Pedersen wins the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his methods of synthesizing crown ethers\n1988: President Ronald Reagan signs the Civil Liberties Act of 1988, apologizing for Japanese-American internment and providing reparations of $20,000 to each former internee who was still alive when the act was passed.\n1992: The Japanese American National Museum opens in Little Tokyo, Los Angeles.\n1992: Kristi Yamaguchi wins the Olympic gold medal and her second World Championship title in figure skating.\n1994: Mazie K. Hirono is elected Lieutenant Governor of Hawaii, becoming the first Japanese immigrant elected state lieutenant governor of a state. Hirono later is elected in the U.S. House of Representatives.\n1996: A. Wallace Tashima is nominated to the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit and becomes the first Japanese American to serve as a judge of a United States court of appeals.\n1998: Chris Tashima (son of A. Wallace Tashima) becomes the first U.S.-born Japanese American actor to win an Academy Award for his role in the film Visas and Virtue.\n1999: U.S. Army General Eric Shinseki becomes the first Asian American to serve as chief of staff of a branch of the armed forces. Shinseki later served as Secretary of Veterans Affairs (2009–2014).\n2000: Norman Y. Mineta becomes the first Asian American appointed to the United States Cabinet. He serves as Secretary of Commerce from 2000–2001 and Secretary of Transportation from 2001–2006.\n2008: Yoichiro Nambu wins the Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on quantum chromodynamics and spontaneous symmetry breaking.\n2010: Daniel K. Inouye becomes the highest ranking Asian American politician in U.S. history when he succeeds Robert Byrd as President pro tempore of the United States Senate.\n2011: The Nisei Soldiers of World War II Congressional Gold Medal was awarded in recognition of the World War II service of the 442nd Regimental Combat Team, the 100th Infantry Battalion, and Nisei serving in the Military Intelligence Service on November 2, 2011.[17]\n2014: Shuji Nakamura wins the 2014 Nobel Prize in Physics for the invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes.\n2018: Chief Justice Roberts, in writing the majority opinion of the Supreme Court in Trump v. Hawaii, effectively repudiates the 1944 decision Korematsu v. United States that had upheld the constitutionality of Executive Order 9066.\n2021: Syukuro Manabe wins the 2021 Nobel Prize in Physics for contributions to the physical modeling of earth's climate, quantifying its variability, and predictions of climate change.","title":"Timeline of life after World War II"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Barry Denenberg, The journal of Ben Uchida (children's book)","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
[{"title":"Asian American Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_American_Movement"},{"title":"Bainbridge Island Japanese American Exclusion Memorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bainbridge_Island_Japanese_American_Exclusion_Memorial"},{"title":"Day of Remembrance (Japanese Americans)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day_of_Remembrance_(Japanese_Americans)"},{"title":"Empty Chair Memorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empty_Chair_Memorial"},{"title":"Fred Korematsu Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Korematsu_Day"},{"title":"Mitsuye Endo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsuye_Endo"},{"title":"Go for Broke Monument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_for_Broke_Monument"},{"title":"Japanese American Internment Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_American_Internment_Museum"},{"title":"Japanese American Memorial to Patriotism During World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_American_Memorial_to_Patriotism_During_World_War_II"},{"title":"Japanese American Museum of San Jose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_American_Museum_of_San_Jose"},{"title":"Japanese American National Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_American_National_Museum"},{"title":"Japanese American redress and court cases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_American_redress_and_court_cases"},{"title":"The Long Journey Home (ceremonial event)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Long_Journey_Home_(ceremonial_event)"},{"title":"Sakura Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakura_Square"},{"title":"Japanese-American life before World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese-American_life_before_World_War_II"},{"title":"Japanese-American service in World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese-American_service_in_World_War_II"}]
[{"reference":"\"After Internment: Seattle's Debate Over Japanese Americans' Right to Return Home - Seattle Civil Rights and Labor History Project\". depts.washington.edu. Retrieved 2019-11-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://depts.washington.edu/civilr/after_internment.htm","url_text":"\"After Internment: Seattle's Debate Over Japanese Americans' Right to Return Home - Seattle Civil Rights and Labor History Project\""}]},{"reference":"\"Japanese-American Incarceration During World War II\". National Archives. 2016-08-15. Retrieved 2022-03-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/japanese-relocation","url_text":"\"Japanese-American Incarceration During World War II\""}]},{"reference":"Pearson, Bradford (2020-08-20). \"For Japanese-Americans, Housing Injustices Outlived Internment\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-10-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/20/magazine/japanese-internment-end-wwii-trailer-parks.html","url_text":"\"For Japanese-Americans, Housing Injustices Outlived Internment\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"\"Japanese American Evacuation Claims Act | Densho Encyclopedia\". encyclopedia.densho.org. Retrieved 2019-11-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://encyclopedia.densho.org/Japanese_American_Evacuation_Claims_Act/","url_text":"\"Japanese American Evacuation Claims Act | Densho Encyclopedia\""}]},{"reference":"Niiya, Brian (1993). Japanese American History: An A-To-Z Reference from 1868 to the Present. Facts on File. p. 68. ISBN 978-0816026807.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0816026807","url_text":"978-0816026807"}]},{"reference":"Hong, Jane. \"Immigration Act of 1952\". Densho Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2020-06-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://encyclopedia.densho.org/Immigration_Act_of_1952/","url_text":"\"Immigration Act of 1952\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Legacy of the 1965 Immigration Act\". cis.org. Center for Immigration Studies. 1995-09-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cis.org/articles/1995/back395.html","url_text":"\"The Legacy of the 1965 Immigration Act\""}]},{"reference":"Yamato, Sharon. \"Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians\". Densho Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2020-06-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://encyclopedia.densho.org/Commission_on_Wartime_Relocation_and_Internment_of_Civilians/","url_text":"\"Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians\""}]},{"reference":"\"Civil Liberties Act of 1988 | Densho Encyclopedia\". encyclopedia.densho.org. Retrieved 2019-11-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://encyclopedia.densho.org/Civil_Liberties_Act_of_1988/","url_text":"\"Civil Liberties Act of 1988 | Densho Encyclopedia\""}]},{"reference":"de Vogue, Ariane (June 26, 2018). \"Supreme Court finally rejects infamous Korematsu decision on Japanese-American internment\". CNN. Retrieved June 26, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnn.com/2018/06/26/politics/korematsu-supreme-court-travel-ban-roberts-sotomayor/index.html","url_text":"\"Supreme Court finally rejects infamous Korematsu decision on Japanese-American internment\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN","url_text":"CNN"}]},{"reference":"Savage, Charlie (June 26, 2018). \"Korematsu, Notorious Supreme Court Ruling on Japanese Internment, Is Finally Tossed Out\". The New York Times. Retrieved June 26, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/26/us/korematsu-supreme-court-ruling.html","url_text":"\"Korematsu, Notorious Supreme Court Ruling on Japanese Internment, Is Finally Tossed Out\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Do, Anh (July 18, 2017). \"James Kanno, one of America's first Japanese American mayors and a founder of Fountain Valley, dies at 91\". LA Times. Retrieved July 18, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-james-kanno-20170718-story.html","url_text":"\"James Kanno, one of America's first Japanese American mayors and a founder of Fountain Valley, dies at 91\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LA_Times","url_text":"LA Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Milestones for Women in American Politics | CAWP\". Cawp.rutgers.edu. Retrieved 2017-03-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cawp.rutgers.edu/facts/milestones-for-women","url_text":"\"Milestones for Women in American Politics | CAWP\""}]},{"reference":"\"Congressional Gold Medal Presented to Nisei Soldiers of World War II\". United States Mint. 2011-11-02. Retrieved 2020-05-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usmint.gov/news/press-releases/20111102-congressional-gold-medal-presented-to-nisei-soldiers-of-world-war-ii","url_text":"\"Congressional Gold Medal Presented to Nisei Soldiers of World War II\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Mint","url_text":"United States Mint"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADctor_Reyes
Víctor Reyes
["1 Career","1.1 Atlanta Braves","1.2 Arizona Diamondbacks","1.3 Detroit Tigers","1.4 Chicago White Sox","1.5 Lotte Giants","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
Venezuelan baseball outfielder (born 1994) Baseball player Víctor ReyesReyes with the Toledo Mud Hens in 2021Lotte Giants – No. 29OutfielderBorn: (1994-10-05) October 5, 1994 (age 29)Barcelona, VenezuelaBats: SwitchThrows: RightProfessional debutMLB: April 1, 2018, for the Detroit TigersMLB: March 23, 2024, for the Lotte GiantsMLB statistics (through 2022 season)Batting average.264Home runs16Runs batted in107KBO statistics (through June 4, 2024)Batting average.327Home runs6Runs batted in47 Teams Detroit Tigers (2018–2022) Lotte Giants (2024–present) Víctor José Reyes (born October 5, 1994) is a Venezuelan professional baseball outfielder for the Lotte Giants of the KBO League. He has previously played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Detroit Tigers. He made his MLB debut in 2018. Career Atlanta Braves The Atlanta Braves signed Reyes as an international free agent in July 2011. He made his professional debut in 2012 with the DSL Braves where he batted .296 with 33 runs batted in (RBIs) and 12 stolen bases in 52 games. He spent 2013 with both the Gulf Coast League Braves and Danville Braves, slashing .342/.387/.409 with 25 RBIs in 49 games, and 2014 with the Rome Braves where he compiled a .259 batting average with 34 RBIs in 89 games. Arizona Diamondbacks In April 2015, the Braves traded Reyes to the Arizona Diamondbacks for the 75th pick in the 2015 MLB draft. This draft pick was used by the Braves to select pitcher A.J. Minter. Arizona assigned Reyes to the Kane County Cougars and he spent the whole season there, slashing .311/.343/.389 with two home runs and 59 RBIs in 121 games. In 2016, he played for the Visalia Rawhide where he batted .303 with six home runs and 54 RBIs in 124 games, and in 2017, he played with the Jackson Generals where he hit .292 with four home runs, 51 RBIs, 29 doubles, 59 runs scored, and 18 stolen bases. After the 2017 season, he played for the Salt River Rafters of the Arizona Fall League, where he hit .316 and scored eight runs and was selected to the Arizona Fall League's Rising Stars Team. Detroit Tigers Reyes with the Tigers in 2018 On December 14, 2017, the Detroit Tigers selected Reyes from the Arizona Diamondbacks organization with the first selection of the 2017 Rule 5 draft. Reyes made the Tigers' 2018 Opening Day 25-man roster. Reyes made his major league debut with the Tigers on April 1, but left the game early after a spike cut his arm. Through the first half of the season, Reyes played sparingly, primarily serving as a pinch runner for Víctor Martínez or as a late-inning defensive replacement. Through the 2018 All-Star break, Reyes was hitting .221 in only 96 plate appearances. On September 2, Reyes hit his first career major league home run, a solo shot off Sonny Gray of the New York Yankees. Reyes also went 4-for-5 in the contest for his first career four-hit game. He would finish the 2018 season hitting .222 with 1 home run in 212 at-bats. He also stole 9 bases in 10 attempts. On March 14, 2019, the Tigers sent Reyes to the Toledo Mud Hens to begin the 2019 season. After hitting .302 in Toledo with nine home runs and 55 RBIs in 65 games, Reyes was recalled to the Tigers on July 4. In 276 at-bats for the Tigers, Reyes hit .304 with three home runs and 25 RBIs. In the shortened 2020 season, Reyes primarily batted leadoff for the Tigers. In 57 games, he hit .277 with four home runs and 14 RBIs, while stealing eight bases in 10 attempts. Reyes made the Tigers 2021 opening day roster. On May 8, he was optioned to Triple-A Toledo after hitting just .143 in 63 at-bats. Reyes was recalled to the MLB roster on May 24. On August 27, 2021, Reyes hit a pinch-hit inside-the-park home run, becoming the first MLB player to do so since Tyler Saladino on May 14, 2018, and the first Tigers player to do since Ben Oglivie on June 2, 1976. In 76 games at the major league level in 2021, Reyes hit .258 with 5 home runs. On March 22, 2022, the Tigers and Reyes agreed on a one-year contract worth $1.4 million, avoiding arbitration. On November 10, 2022, the Tigers outrighted Reyes off the 40-man roster and Reyes rejected the outright assignment to the Triple–A Toledo Mud Hens, instead opting for free agency. Chicago White Sox On December 10, 2022, Reyes signed a minor league contract with the Chicago White Sox. He spent the 2023 season with the Triple–A Charlotte Knights, playing in 128 games and batting .279/.330/.462 with career–highs in home runs (20) and RBI (83). Reyes elected free agency following the season on November 6, 2023. Lotte Giants On December 16, 2023, Reyes signed a one–year, $950,000 contract with the Lotte Giants of the KBO League. See also List of Major League Baseball players from Venezuela Rule 5 draft results References ^ Hurcomb, Michael (April 6, 2015). "Diamondbacks acquire Victor Reyes in trade with Braves". CBS Sports. Retrieved December 14, 2017. ^ Miller, Doug (October 25, 2017). "D-backs' Reyes continues rise with big day in AFL". MLB.com. Retrieved December 14, 2017. ^ Sipple, George (December 14, 2017). "Detroit Tigers select OF Victor Reyes with first pick in Rule 5 Draft". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved December 14, 2017. ^ Henning, Lynn (December 14, 2017). "Tigers land Diamondbacks OF Reyes in Rule 5 draft". The Detroit News. Retrieved December 14, 2017. ^ Henning, Lynn (March 27, 2018). "Victor Reyes 'emotional' over fresh start with Tigers". The Detroit News. Retrieved April 10, 2018. ^ Woodbery, Evan (April 1, 2018). "Tigers' Victor Reyes leaves first MLB game with injury". MLive.com. Retrieved April 10, 2018. ^ Woodbery, Evan (May 11, 2018). "Rule 5 pick Victor Reyes almost never plays. Are the Tigers willing to keep him all season?". MLive.com. Retrieved May 12, 2018. ^ "Victor Reyes 2018 Batting Gamelogs". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports-Reference.com. Retrieved July 31, 2018. ^ Bell, Mandy (September 2, 2018). "Reyes leads offensive charge in win over Yanks". MLB.com. Retrieved September 3, 2018. ^ "Tigers send Victor Reyes to Toledo, cut roster to 40". March 14, 2019. ^ "Tigers place Jones on IL, recall Reyes". USAtoday.com. July 4, 2019. Retrieved August 1, 2019. ^ Petzold, Evan (May 8, 2021). "Detroit Tigers OF Nomar Mazara returns from injury; Victor Reyes sent to Triple-A". freep.com. Retrieved May 18, 2021. ^ Day, Brandon (May 23, 2021). "JaCoby Jones optioned to Triple-A Toledo, Victor Reyes recalled". blessyouboys.com. Retrieved May 28, 2021. ^ Petzold, Evan (August 27, 2021). "Detroit Tigers' Victor Reyes delivers pinch-hit inside-the-park HR in 2-1 win vs. Jays". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved August 27, 2021. ^ Beck, Jason (August 28, 2021). "'Incredible send': Inside-the-parker wins it!". MLB.com. Retrieved August 28, 2021. ^ "Victor Reyes - Contract Details". spotrac.com. Retrieved April 1, 2022. ^ "Detroit Tigers outfielder Victor Reyes among six player cut from 40-man roster". freep.com. Retrieved June 30, 2023. ^ Franco, Anthony (December 10, 2022). "'White Sox, Victor Reyes Agree To Minor League Deal". MLBTradeRumors.com. Retrieved December 10, 2022. ^ "2023 MiLB Free Agents". baseballamerica.com. November 8, 2023. Retrieved December 20, 2023. ^ "3 KBO clubs bring back, newly acquire foreign players". m-en.yna.co.kr. December 17, 2023. Retrieved December 20, 2023. ^ "Victor Reyes Signs with KBO's Lotte Giants". December 16, 2023. External links Career statistics and player information from MLB, or ESPN, or Baseball Reference, or Fangraphs, or Baseball Reference (Minors), or Retrosheet vteLotte Giants current rosterPitchers 1 Han Hyun-hee 12 Jeong Woo-jun 15 Kim Jin-uk 17 Hyeon Do-hoon 18 Choi Jun-yong 21 Park Se-woong 22 Koo Seung-min 23 Kim Do-gyu 24 Kim Sang-su 28 Charlie Barnes 30 Lee Min-seok 31 Jin Hae-soo 34 Kim Won-jung 35 Lee In-bok 36 Shin Jung-rak 37 Jeong Hyeon-su 38 Hong Min-ki 39 Shim Jae-min 40 Park Jin-hyung 43 Na Gyun-an 44 Park Jin 46 Aaron Wilkerson 49 Choi E-jun 56 Jung Sung-jong 57 Im Jun-seob 59 Song Jae-young 61 Jeon Mi-r Catchers 00 Son Seong-bin 27 Yoo Kang-nam 42 Jeong Bo-keun 55 Baek Du-san 69 Seo Dong-uk Infielders 3 Shin Yoon-hoo 6 Oh Sun-jin 7 Lee Hak-ju 9 Jung Hoon 14 Choi Hang 16 Kim Min-sung 25 Han Dong-hui 33 Son Ho-young 51 Na Seung-yeup 52 No Jin-hyuk 53 Park Seung-wook 63 Lee Ju-chan 65 Go Seung-min 67 Kang Seong-woo 68 Jeong Dae-sun Outfielders 0 Hwang Seong-bin 2 Kim Min-suk 8 Jeon Jun-woo 13 Jang Du-seong 29 Víctor Reyes 48 Lee Jeong-hun 50 Kim Dong-hyeok 91 Yoon Dong-hee 95 Lee Sun-woo Manager 88 Kim Tae-hyoung Coaching staff Pitching coach: 76 Ju Hyeong-kwang Catching coach: Hank Conger Operations: 82 Choi Man-ho Training coach: 83 Lee Young-joon Conditioning coach: 84 Kim Jong-hoon Training coach: 87 Jang Jae-yeong Bullpen coach: 91 Lim Gyoung-wan Hitting coach: 95 Kim Seung-kwan Defense coach: -- Kim Tae-ryong Hitting assist coach: -- Son Yin-ho Outfielder coach: -- Yun Jae-guk Battery coach: -- Choi Ki-moon Portals: Biography Baseball Venezuela
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"professional baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_baseball"},{"link_name":"outfielder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outfielder"},{"link_name":"Lotte Giants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotte_Giants"},{"link_name":"KBO League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KBO_League"},{"link_name":"Major League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"Detroit Tigers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Tigers"}],"text":"Baseball playerVíctor José Reyes (born October 5, 1994) is a Venezuelan professional baseball outfielder for the Lotte Giants of the KBO League. He has previously played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Detroit Tigers. He made his MLB debut in 2018.","title":"Víctor Reyes"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Atlanta Braves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Braves"},{"link_name":"free agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_agent"},{"link_name":"DSL Braves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DSL_Braves"},{"link_name":"batted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batting_average_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"runs batted in","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runs_batted_in"},{"link_name":"stolen bases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stolen_base"},{"link_name":"Gulf Coast League Braves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_Coast_League_Braves"},{"link_name":"Danville Braves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danville_Braves"},{"link_name":"Rome Braves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome_Braves"}],"sub_title":"Atlanta Braves","text":"The Atlanta Braves signed Reyes as an international free agent in July 2011. He made his professional debut in 2012 with the DSL Braves where he batted .296 with 33 runs batted in (RBIs) and 12 stolen bases in 52 games. He spent 2013 with both the Gulf Coast League Braves and Danville Braves, slashing .342/.387/.409 with 25 RBIs in 49 games, and 2014 with the Rome Braves where he compiled a .259 batting average with 34 RBIs in 89 games.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arizona Diamondbacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_Diamondbacks"},{"link_name":"2015 MLB draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_MLB_draft"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"A.J. Minter.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._J._Minter"},{"link_name":"Kane County Cougars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kane_County_Cougars"},{"link_name":"Visalia Rawhide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visalia_Rawhide"},{"link_name":"Jackson Generals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_Generals"},{"link_name":"Salt River Rafters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_River_Rafters"},{"link_name":"Arizona Fall League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_Fall_League"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Arizona Diamondbacks","text":"In April 2015, the Braves traded Reyes to the Arizona Diamondbacks for the 75th pick in the 2015 MLB draft.[1] This draft pick was used by the Braves to select pitcher A.J. Minter.Arizona assigned Reyes to the Kane County Cougars and he spent the whole season there, slashing .311/.343/.389 with two home runs and 59 RBIs in 121 games. In 2016, he played for the Visalia Rawhide where he batted .303 with six home runs and 54 RBIs in 124 games, and in 2017, he played with the Jackson Generals where he hit .292 with four home runs, 51 RBIs, 29 doubles, 59 runs scored, and 18 stolen bases. After the 2017 season, he played for the Salt River Rafters of the Arizona Fall League, where he hit .316 and scored eight runs and was selected to the Arizona Fall League's Rising Stars Team.[2][3]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Victor_Reyes_(41745286222)_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Detroit Tigers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Tigers"},{"link_name":"Arizona Diamondbacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_Diamondbacks"},{"link_name":"Rule 5 draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_5_draft"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Opening Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opening_Day"},{"link_name":"25-man roster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/25-man_roster"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"pinch runner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinch_runner"},{"link_name":"Víctor Martínez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADctor_Mart%C3%ADnez_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2018_Logs-8"},{"link_name":"Sonny Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonny_Gray"},{"link_name":"New York Yankees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Yankees"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Toledo Mud Hens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toledo_Mud_Hens"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"pinch-hit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinch-hit"},{"link_name":"inside-the-park home run","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inside-the-park_home_run"},{"link_name":"Tyler Saladino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyler_Saladino"},{"link_name":"Ben Oglivie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Oglivie"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"40-man roster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball_rosters"},{"link_name":"Toledo Mud Hens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toledo_Mud_Hens"},{"link_name":"free agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_agent"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Detroit Tigers","text":"Reyes with the Tigers in 2018On December 14, 2017, the Detroit Tigers selected Reyes from the Arizona Diamondbacks organization with the first selection of the 2017 Rule 5 draft.[4] Reyes made the Tigers' 2018 Opening Day 25-man roster.[5] Reyes made his major league debut with the Tigers on April 1, but left the game early after a spike cut his arm.[6] Through the first half of the season, Reyes played sparingly, primarily serving as a pinch runner for Víctor Martínez or as a late-inning defensive replacement.[7] Through the 2018 All-Star break, Reyes was hitting .221 in only 96 plate appearances.[8] On September 2, Reyes hit his first career major league home run, a solo shot off Sonny Gray of the New York Yankees. Reyes also went 4-for-5 in the contest for his first career four-hit game.[9] He would finish the 2018 season hitting .222 with 1 home run in 212 at-bats. He also stole 9 bases in 10 attempts.On March 14, 2019, the Tigers sent Reyes to the Toledo Mud Hens to begin the 2019 season.[10] After hitting .302 in Toledo with nine home runs and 55 RBIs in 65 games, Reyes was recalled to the Tigers on July 4.[11] In 276 at-bats for the Tigers, Reyes hit .304 with three home runs and 25 RBIs.In the shortened 2020 season, Reyes primarily batted leadoff for the Tigers. In 57 games, he hit .277 with four home runs and 14 RBIs, while stealing eight bases in 10 attempts.Reyes made the Tigers 2021 opening day roster. On May 8, he was optioned to Triple-A Toledo after hitting just .143 in 63 at-bats.[12] Reyes was recalled to the MLB roster on May 24.[13] On August 27, 2021, Reyes hit a pinch-hit inside-the-park home run, becoming the first MLB player to do so since Tyler Saladino on May 14, 2018, and the first Tigers player to do since Ben Oglivie on June 2, 1976.[14][15] In 76 games at the major league level in 2021, Reyes hit .258 with 5 home runs.On March 22, 2022, the Tigers and Reyes agreed on a one-year contract worth $1.4 million, avoiding arbitration.[16]On November 10, 2022, the Tigers outrighted Reyes off the 40-man roster and Reyes rejected the outright assignment to the Triple–A Toledo Mud Hens, instead opting for free agency.[17]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chicago White Sox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_White_Sox"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Charlotte Knights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Knights"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Chicago White Sox","text":"On December 10, 2022, Reyes signed a minor league contract with the Chicago White Sox.[18] He spent the 2023 season with the Triple–A Charlotte Knights, playing in 128 games and batting .279/.330/.462 with career–highs in home runs (20) and RBI (83). Reyes elected free agency following the season on November 6, 2023.[19]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lotte Giants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotte_Giants"},{"link_name":"KBO League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KBO_League"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Lotte Giants","text":"On December 16, 2023, Reyes signed a one–year, $950,000 contract with the Lotte Giants of the KBO League.[20][21]","title":"Career"}]
[{"image_text":"Reyes with the Tigers in 2018","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Victor_Reyes_%2841745286222%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Victor_Reyes_%2841745286222%29_%28cropped%29.jpg"}]
[{"title":"List of Major League Baseball players from Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Major_League_Baseball_players_from_Venezuela"},{"title":"Rule 5 draft results","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_5_draft_results"}]
[{"reference":"Hurcomb, Michael (April 6, 2015). \"Diamondbacks acquire Victor Reyes in trade with Braves\". CBS Sports. Retrieved December 14, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbssports.com/mlb/news/diamondbacks-acquire-victor-reyes-in-trade-with-braves/","url_text":"\"Diamondbacks acquire Victor Reyes in trade with Braves\""}]},{"reference":"Miller, Doug (October 25, 2017). \"D-backs' Reyes continues rise with big day in AFL\". MLB.com. Retrieved December 14, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mlb.com/news/d-backs-victor-reyes-homer-short-of-afl-cycle/c-259671818","url_text":"\"D-backs' Reyes continues rise with big day in AFL\""}]},{"reference":"Sipple, George (December 14, 2017). \"Detroit Tigers select OF Victor Reyes with first pick in Rule 5 Draft\". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved December 14, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.freep.com/story/sports/mlb/tigers/2017/12/14/detroit-tigers-victor-reyes-draft/951157001/","url_text":"\"Detroit Tigers select OF Victor Reyes with first pick in Rule 5 Draft\""}]},{"reference":"Henning, Lynn (December 14, 2017). \"Tigers land Diamondbacks OF Reyes in Rule 5 draft\". The Detroit News. Retrieved December 14, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.detroitnews.com/story/sports/mlb/tigers/2017/12/14/tigers-land-outfielder-victor-reyes-diamondbacks/108595486/","url_text":"\"Tigers land Diamondbacks OF Reyes in Rule 5 draft\""}]},{"reference":"Henning, Lynn (March 27, 2018). \"Victor Reyes 'emotional' over fresh start with Tigers\". The Detroit News. Retrieved April 10, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.detroitnews.com/story/sports/mlb/tigers/2018/03/27/victor-reyes-emotional-over-fresh-start-tigers/33323261/","url_text":"\"Victor Reyes 'emotional' over fresh start with Tigers\""}]},{"reference":"Woodbery, Evan (April 1, 2018). \"Tigers' Victor Reyes leaves first MLB game with injury\". MLive.com. Retrieved April 10, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mlive.com/tigers/index.ssf/2018/04/victor_reyes_injury.html","url_text":"\"Tigers' Victor Reyes leaves first MLB game with injury\""}]},{"reference":"Woodbery, Evan (May 11, 2018). \"Rule 5 pick Victor Reyes almost never plays. Are the Tigers willing to keep him all season?\". MLive.com. Retrieved May 12, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mlive.com/tigers/index.ssf/2018/05/victor_reyes_mikie_mahtook_tig.html","url_text":"\"Rule 5 pick Victor Reyes almost never plays. Are the Tigers willing to keep him all season?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Victor Reyes 2018 Batting Gamelogs\". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports-Reference.com. Retrieved July 31, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/gl.fcgi?id=reyesvi01&t=b&year=2018","url_text":"\"Victor Reyes 2018 Batting Gamelogs\""}]},{"reference":"Bell, Mandy (September 2, 2018). \"Reyes leads offensive charge in win over Yanks\". MLB.com. Retrieved September 3, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mlb.com/news/victor-reyes-goes-4-for-5-in-win-over-yankees/c-293017082","url_text":"\"Reyes leads offensive charge in win over Yanks\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tigers send Victor Reyes to Toledo, cut roster to 40\". March 14, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mlive.com/tigers/2019/03/tigers-send-victor-reyes-to-toledo-cut-roster-to-40.html","url_text":"\"Tigers send Victor Reyes to Toledo, cut roster to 40\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tigers place Jones on IL, recall Reyes\". USAtoday.com. July 4, 2019. Retrieved August 1, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/mlb/2019/07/04/tigers-place-jones-on-il-recall-reyes/39654871/","url_text":"\"Tigers place Jones on IL, recall Reyes\""}]},{"reference":"Petzold, Evan (May 8, 2021). \"Detroit Tigers OF Nomar Mazara returns from injury; Victor Reyes sent to Triple-A\". freep.com. Retrieved May 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.freep.com/story/sports/mlb/tigers/2021/05/08/detroit-tigers-roster-nomar-mazara-victor-reyes-joe-jimenez/5004399001/","url_text":"\"Detroit Tigers OF Nomar Mazara returns from injury; Victor Reyes sent to Triple-A\""}]},{"reference":"Day, Brandon (May 23, 2021). \"JaCoby Jones optioned to Triple-A Toledo, Victor Reyes recalled\". blessyouboys.com. Retrieved May 28, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.blessyouboys.com/2021/5/23/22450487/detroit-tigers-roster-moves-jacoby-jones-victor-reyes-willi-castro-zack-short-wilson-ramos","url_text":"\"JaCoby Jones optioned to Triple-A Toledo, Victor Reyes recalled\""}]},{"reference":"Petzold, Evan (August 27, 2021). \"Detroit Tigers' Victor Reyes delivers pinch-hit inside-the-park HR in 2-1 win vs. Jays\". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved August 27, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.freep.com/story/sports/mlb/tigers/2021/08/27/detroit-tigers-win-2-1-victor-reyes-inside-park-homer-8th/5621438001/","url_text":"\"Detroit Tigers' Victor Reyes delivers pinch-hit inside-the-park HR in 2-1 win vs. Jays\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Free_Press","url_text":"Detroit Free Press"}]},{"reference":"Beck, Jason (August 28, 2021). \"'Incredible send': Inside-the-parker wins it!\". MLB.com. Retrieved August 28, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mlb.com/tigers/news/victor-reyes-hits-winning-inside-the-park-home-run-for-tigers","url_text":"\"'Incredible send': Inside-the-parker wins it!\""}]},{"reference":"\"Victor Reyes - Contract Details\". spotrac.com. Retrieved April 1, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.spotrac.com/mlb/detroit-tigers/victor-reyes-24673/","url_text":"\"Victor Reyes - Contract Details\""}]},{"reference":"\"Detroit Tigers outfielder Victor Reyes among six player cut from 40-man roster\". freep.com. Retrieved June 30, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.freep.com/story/sports/mlb/tigers/2022/11/10/detroit-tiger-mlb-roster-40-man/69636654007/","url_text":"\"Detroit Tigers outfielder Victor Reyes among six player cut from 40-man roster\""}]},{"reference":"Franco, Anthony (December 10, 2022). \"'White Sox, Victor Reyes Agree To Minor League Deal\". MLBTradeRumors.com. Retrieved December 10, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2022/12/white-sox-victor-reyes-agree-to-minor-league-deal.html","url_text":"\"'White Sox, Victor Reyes Agree To Minor League Deal\""}]},{"reference":"\"2023 MiLB Free Agents\". baseballamerica.com. November 8, 2023. Retrieved December 20, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseballamerica.com/stories/2023-milb-free-agents/","url_text":"\"2023 MiLB Free Agents\""}]},{"reference":"\"3 KBO clubs bring back, newly acquire foreign players\". m-en.yna.co.kr. December 17, 2023. Retrieved December 20, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://m-en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20231217001200315","url_text":"\"3 KBO clubs bring back, newly acquire foreign players\""}]},{"reference":"\"Victor Reyes Signs with KBO's Lotte Giants\". December 16, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2023/12/victor-reyes-signs-with-kbos-lotte-giants.html","url_text":"\"Victor Reyes Signs with KBO's Lotte Giants\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massoud_Nilli
Masoud Nili
["1 Early life and education","2 Career","3 Views","4 Works","5 References"]
Iranian academic and economist Masoud NiliSpecial Assistant to the President for Economic affairsIn office16 August 2017 – 15 November 2018PresidentHassan RouhaniPreceded byPosition establishedSucceeded byFarhad Rahbar (2021) Personal detailsBorn (1955-02-14) 14 February 1955 (age 69)Hamedan, IranAlma materSharif University of TechnologyIsfahan University of TechnologyUniversity of Manchester Masoud Nili (Persian: مسعود نیلی, born 14 February 1955 in Hamedan) is an Iranian academic and economist. He was an economic advisor to President Hassan Rouhani from 2013 to 2017, and was his economical aide from 2017 to 2018. Early life and education He was born on 14 February 1955 in Hamedan, Iran. He is graduated from Sharif University of Technology with a degree in structural engineering. He is also a graduate of Isfahan University of Technology in economic systems design and of Manchester University in economics. Career He is the former dean of the Management and Economics Faculty of Sharif University of Technology from 2000 until 2011. He has seven books and many articles that were published in various fields of macroeconomics and political economy. He served as the deputy head of the Management and Planning Organization for three years in the government of Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani. He also served in this post in the government of Mohammad Khatami. He contributed to the development of the first and second 5-year development plans. He was also the president of economy council from 2002 to 2004 and then the head of the privatization committee from 2004 to 2005. He was also the chairman of the Institute for Research in Planning and Development and has been professor at the Institute. One of his most important activities was in the development strategy of industrial development when Eshaq Jahangiri was the minister of industries. Nili was part of economic team in the Hassan Rouhani's presidential campaign. He was appointed Presidential economic advisor and minister of state for economic affairs by Rouhani on 4 September 2013. Views Nili is supporter of free market economy. He is described close to the Executives of Construction Party and the Moderation and Development Party, in terms of political bent. Works Iran's Economy (1996) Underdevelopment dilemma in Economy of Iran (1998) Industrial development experience in the world (2012) References ^ "6%-economic growth anticipated: Advisor", Islamic Republic News Agency, 4 November 2016, archived from the original on 7 December 2016, retrieved 11 December 2016 ^ "Rouhani appoints new vice presidents, special aide", Tehran Times, 16 August 2017, retrieved 16 August 2017 ^ a b رزومه مسعود نیلی Archived 2007-10-21 at the Wayback Machine ^ این ده نفر Archived 2013-09-04 at archive.today Aftab News ^ مشاوران اقتصادی روحانی در دیدار حسینی/عکس Archived 2013-09-01 at the Wayback Machine Nimrooz ^ مسعود نیلی به بانک مرکزی میرود؟ Tabnak ^ Jahandad Memarian (8 August 2013), "New Iranian Cabinet Nominees: Building Bridges Between Factions to Yield Reform", Huffington Post, retrieved 11 December 2016 ^ "Inside President Rouhani's Immediate Circle and Possible Scrambling Scenarios", Iranian Diplomacy, 11 July 2017, retrieved 15 August 2017 Authority control databases International VIAF Other IdRef
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleemiyah_Institute_of_Islamic_Studies
Aleemiyah Institute of Islamic Studies
["1 History","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
University in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Aleemiyah Institute of Islamic Studies" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guidelines for companies and organizations. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: "Aleemiyah Institute of Islamic Studies" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Aleemiyah Institute of Islamic Studiesجامعہ علیمیہ اسلامیہSeal of Aleemiyah Institute of Islamic StudiesMottoليتفقهوا في الدين (Arabic)Motto in English"They could devote themselves to studies in religion"EstablishedJuly 1964FounderMuhammad Fazlur Rahman AnsariPrincipalImran N. Hosein (Past) Abu Fahim Anwarullah (current)LocationKarachi, Sindh, PakistanAffiliationsUniversity of KarachiWebsitewww.wfim.org.pk The Aleemiyah Institute of Islamic Studies (Urdu: جامعہ علیمیہ اسلامیہ) (or Islamic Center) is a university of Islamic & Modern Sciences located in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. The institution is run by the World Federation of Islamic Missions. History The Aleemiyah Institute of Islamic Studies was established in July 1964 by Dr. Muhammad Fazlur Rahman al-Ansari al-Qadri, the Founder President of the World Federation of Islamic Missions. Trinidadian Islamic scholar Imran Nazar Hosein completed his studies at the institute. See also List of Islamic educational institutions Islam in Pakistan Sufi Saints of South Asia Muhammad Abdul Aleem Siddiqi University of Karachi References ^ "World Federation of Islamic Missions". Archived from the original on 14 February 2019. Retrieved 1 May 2012. ^ "Introduction to Aleemiyah on Google Books". Archived from the original on 16 October 2023. Retrieved 9 February 2024. ^ Fazlur Rahman al-Ansari al-Qadri ^ "The Importance of the Prohibition of Riba in Islam". Archived from the original on 16 October 2023. Retrieved 9 February 2024. External links Official Website This Pakistan university, college or other higher education institution article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alf_Blair
Alf Blair
["1 Club career","2 Representative career","3 Post-playing","4 References","5 Sources"]
Australian RL coach and former Australia international rugby league footballer Alf BlairPersonal informationFull nameAlfred Lewis BlairBorn(1896-01-23)23 January 1896Died28 September 1944(1944-09-28) (aged 48)Coogee, New South WalesPlaying informationPositionFive-eighth Club Years Team Pld T G FG P 1917–30 South Sydney 167 37 120 0 351 Representative Years Team Pld T G FG P 1919–27 New South Wales 15 6 6 0 30 1924 Australia 1 0 0 0 0 Coaching information Club Years Team Gms W D L W% 1927 South Sydney 16 14 0 2 88 1931 Waratah Mayfield 1943 Western Suburbs 14 3 0 11 21 1944 South Sydney 14 7 1 6 50 Total 44 24 1 19 55 Source: Alfred Lewis "Smacker" Blair (23 January 1896 – 28 September 1944) was an Australian rugby league footballer and coach whose playing career ran from 1917 to 1930 with South Sydney. A skilled five-eighth, he made a single appearance for the Australian national team in 1924. Club career Blair played his club football career with South Sydney, whom he captained to premiership victories in 1925 (undefeated), 1926, 1927 and 1929. He was the 1927 NSWRFL season's top point scorer and was captain-coach of the South Sydney club that year. He took a year off from Sydney football in 1928 when he traveled to Queensland to captain-coach Longreach. He returned to Souths for his final playing year in 1929, winning a premiership and leading the side on the first tour of New Zealand by a Sydney club team. After finishing his Sydney career with Souths, he captain-coached the Waratah-Mayfield club in Newcastle in 1931. He finished his career at Cooma before returning to Sydney. Blair played 167 first grade games for the South Sydney club between 1917 and 1930 scoring 37 tries and 120 goals for a total of 351 points. The noted journalist Claude Corbett said of him, "He was beyond doubt the finest rugby league captain Sydney club football has ever known. He had an uncanny intuition of positional play." Representative career Blair played seven games for the New South Wales rugby league team in 1919 and 1927. He also played one test match for Australia against the touring Great Britain team in 1924. He is listed on the Australian Players Register as Kangaroo No. 128. Post-playing Blair coached Western Suburbs for the 1943 NSWRFL season, after which he was succeeded by Henry Bolewski. He then coached South Sydney for the 1944 NSWRFL season. Sporting positions Preceded byJim Tait1941−1943 CoachSouth Sydney 1944 Succeeded byEric Lewis1945 Preceded byAlbert McGuinness1942 CoachWestern Suburbs 1943 Succeeded byHenry Bolewski1944 Preceded byHoward Hallett1925−1926 CoachSouth Sydney 1927 Succeeded byCharlie Lynch1928−1934 Blair had just completed the season coaching his old club when he died suddenly at his Coogee home on 28 September 1944. Up until his death, he was a popular steward at the NSW Leagues Club, and became ill at work a few days before he died. He was survived by his son, Alf. A large funeral was held for Smacker at St. Brigid's Church, Coogee where many past and present members of the South Sydney District Rugby League Football club were present. He was buried at Botany Cemetery on 30 September 1944. References ^ "Rugby League Project". Archived from the original on 15 December 2018. Retrieved 20 February 2018. ^ "Rugby League Project Coaches". Archived from the original on 15 December 2018. Retrieved 20 February 2018. ^ Whiticker ^ The History of Rugby League Clubs. Alan Whiticker/Ian Collis. ^ Encyclopedia of Rugby League Players. Alan Whiticker/Glen Hudson. ^ The Longreach Leader: "GREAT FOOTBALLER" "Alf (Smacker) Blair Dead" 7 October 1944 (page 20) ^ Townsville Bulletin. "DEATH OF ALF BLAIR". 2 October 1944 (page 2) ^ Longreach Leader. "Notable career in sport" 7 October 1944 ^ ARL Annual Report 2005, page 52 ^ Daily Advertiser, Wagga Wagga: "Smacker Blair Dies in Sydney". 30 September 1944 (page 8) ^ The Sydney Morning Herald. 30 September 1944 Death/Funeral Notice, Article Sources Andrews, Malcolm. The ABC of Rugby League. Australia: ABC Books, 2006. Whiticker, Alan & Hudson, Glen (2006) The Encyclopedia of Rugby League Players, Gavin Allen Publishing, Sydney Whiticker, Alan & Collis, Ian (2006) The History of Rugby League Clubs, New Holland, Sydney vteSouth Sydney squad - 1926 NSWRFL Premiers (6th title) 1. Alan Righton 2. Alby Carr 3. Vic Lawrence 4. Harry Finch 5. Reg Williams 6. Alf Blair (c) 7. Frank Brogan 8. Arch Thompson 9. Harry Cavanough 10. George Treweek 11. Edward Root 12. Alf O'Connor 13. David Watson Coach: Howard Hallett vteSouth Sydney squad - 1927 NSWRFL Premiers (7th title) 1. Harry Kadwell 2. Benny Wearing 3. Vic Lawrence 4. Sid Harris 5. Harry Finch 6. Alf Blair (Capt./Coach) 7. Michael O'Connor 8. David Watson 9. Alby Carr 10. Chas Fennell 11. George Treweek 12. Edward Root 13. Harry Cavanough vteSouth Sydney squad - 1929 NSWRFL Premiers (9th title) 1. Albert Spillane 2. Benny Wearing 3. Oscar Quinlivan 4. Harry Eyres 5. Reg Williams 6. Jack Jones 7. Alf Blair (c) 8. Frank O'Connor 9. Alf O'Connor 10. Carl Eggen 11. Alf Binder 12. David Watson 13. Jack Why Coach: Charlie Lynch vteNational Rugby League season top points scorers 1908 Horrie Miller 1909 Arthur Conlin 1910 Dally Messenger 1911 Dally Messenger 1912 Dally Messenger 1913 Harold Horder 1914 Harold Horder 1915 Wally Messenger 1916 Charles Fraser 1917 Charles Fraser 1918 Harold Horder 1919 A McPherson 1920 Frank Burge 1921 Rex Norman 1922 Harold Horder 1923 Arthur Oxford 1924 Jack Courtney 1925 Benny Wearing 1926 Jack Courtney 1927 Alf Blair 1928 Benny Wearing 1929 Jim Craig 1930 Jim Craig 1931 Jack Lynch 1932 Les Mead 1933 Syd Christensen 1934 Dave Brown 1935 Dave Brown 1936 Syd Christensen 1937 Jack Beaton 1938 Tom Kirk 1939 Neville Smith 1940 Tom Kirk 1941 Neville Smith 1942 Ray Lindwall 1943 Tom Kirk 1944 Tom Kirk 1945 Dick Dunn 1946 Tom Kirk 1947 Pat Devery 1948 Jack Lindwall 1949 Bill Keato 1950 Bill Keato 1951 Ron Rowles 1953 Ron Rowles 1954 Ron Rowles 1955 Doug Fleming 1956 Doug Fleming 1957 Darcy Russell 1958 Harry Bath 1959 Darcy Russell 1960 Brian Graham 1961 Bob Landers 1962 Don Parish 1963 Fred Griffiths 1964 Fred Griffiths 1965 Fred Griffiths 1966 Bob Lanigan 1967 Eric Simms 1968 Eric Simms 1969 Eric Simms 1970 Eric Simms 1971 Graeme Langlands 1972 Allan McKean 1973 Graeme Langlands 1974 Graham Eadie 1975 Graham Eadie 1976 Graham Eadie 1977 Michael Cronin 1978 Michael Cronin 1979 Michael Cronin 1980 Steve Gearin 1981 Steve Rogers 1982 Michael Cronin 1983 Michael Eden 1984 Steve Gearin 1985 Michael Cronin 1986 Terry Lamb 1987 Ross Conlon 1988 Gary Belcher 1989 Andy Currier & Ricky Walford 1990 Mal Meninga 1991 Daryl Halligan 1992 Daryl Halligan 1993 Daryl Halligan 1994 Daryl Halligan 1995 Matthew Ridge 1996 Jason Taylor 1997 Jason Taylor (ARL) Ryan Girdler (SL) 1998 Ivan Cleary 1999 Matt Geyer 2000 Joel Caine 2001 Andrew Johns & Ben Walker 2002 Hazem El Masri 2003 Hazem El Masri 2004 Hazem El Masri 2005 Brett Hodgson 2006 Hazem El Masri 2007 Hazem El Masri 2008 Luke Covell 2009 Hazem El Masri 2010 Michael Gordon 2011 Benji Marshall 2012 Jarrod Croker 2013 James Maloney 2014 James Maloney & Johnathan Thurston 2015 James Maloney 2016 Jarrod Croker 2017 Nathan Cleary 2018 Latrell Mitchell 2019 Latrell Mitchell 2020 Adam Reynolds 2021 Reuben Garrick 2022 Valentine Holmes
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rugby league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league"},{"link_name":"South Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sydney_Rabbitohs"},{"link_name":"five-eighth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five-eighth"},{"link_name":"Australian national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_national_rugby_league_team"}],"text":"Alfred Lewis \"Smacker\" Blair (23 January 1896 – 28 September 1944) was an Australian rugby league footballer and coach whose playing career ran from 1917 to 1930 with South Sydney. A skilled five-eighth, he made a single appearance for the Australian national team in 1924.","title":"Alf Blair"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sydney_Rabbitohs"},{"link_name":"1925","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1925_NSWRFL_season"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"1926","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1926_NSWRFL_season"},{"link_name":"1927","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1927_NSWRFL_season"},{"link_name":"1929","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1929_NSWRFL_season"},{"link_name":"1927 NSWRFL season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1927_NSWRFL_season"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Longreach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longreach,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Newcastle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Cooma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooma,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Claude Corbett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Corbett"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Blair played his club football career with South Sydney, whom he captained to premiership victories in 1925 (undefeated),[4] 1926, 1927 and 1929. He was the 1927 NSWRFL season's top point scorer and was captain-coach of the South Sydney club that year.[5] He took a year off from Sydney football in 1928 when he traveled to Queensland to captain-coach Longreach.[6] He returned to Souths for his final playing year in 1929, winning a premiership and leading the side on the first tour of New Zealand by a Sydney club team.After finishing his Sydney career with Souths, he captain-coached the Waratah-Mayfield club in Newcastle in 1931. He finished his career at Cooma before returning to Sydney.[7]Blair played 167 first grade games for the South Sydney club between 1917 and 1930 scoring 37 tries and 120 goals for a total of 351 points. The noted journalist Claude Corbett said of him, \"He was beyond doubt the finest rugby league captain Sydney club football has ever known. He had an uncanny intuition of positional play.\"[8]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New South Wales rugby league team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_rugby_league_team"},{"link_name":"test match","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_match_(rugby_league)"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_national_rugby_league_team"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Blair played seven games for the New South Wales rugby league team in 1919 and 1927. He also played one test match for Australia against the touring Great Britain team in 1924. He is listed on the Australian Players Register as Kangaroo No. 128.[9]","title":"Representative career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Western Suburbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Suburbs_Magpies"},{"link_name":"1943 NSWRFL season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1943_NSWRFL_season"},{"link_name":"Henry Bolewski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Bolewski"},{"link_name":"South Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sydney_Rabbitohs"},{"link_name":"1944 NSWRFL season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1944_NSWRFL_season"},{"link_name":"Coogee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coogee,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Botany Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Suburbs_Memorial_Park"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Blair coached Western Suburbs for the 1943 NSWRFL season, after which he was succeeded by Henry Bolewski. He then coached South Sydney for the 1944 NSWRFL season.Blair had just completed the season coaching his old club when he died suddenly at his Coogee home on 28 September 1944. Up until his death, he was a popular steward at the NSW Leagues Club, and became ill at work a few days before he died.[10] He was survived by his son, Alf. A large funeral was held for Smacker at St. Brigid's Church, Coogee where many past and present members of the South Sydney District Rugby League Football club were present. He was buried at Botany Cemetery on 30 September 1944.[11]","title":"Post-playing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Whiticker, Alan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Whiticker"},{"link_name":"Whiticker, Alan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Whiticker"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:South_Sydney_squad_-_1926_NSWRFL_premiers"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:South_Sydney_squad_-_1926_NSWRFL_premiers"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:South_Sydney_squad_-_1926_NSWRFL_premiers"},{"link_name":"South Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sydney_Rabbitohs"},{"link_name":"1926 NSWRFL Premiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1926_NSWRFL_season"},{"link_name":"Alan Righton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Righton"},{"link_name":"Alby Carr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alby_Carr"},{"link_name":"Vic Lawrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vic_Lawrence_(rugby_league)"},{"link_name":"Harry Finch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Finch"},{"link_name":"Reg Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reg_Williams_(rugby_league)"},{"link_name":"Alf Blair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Frank Brogan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Brogan_(rugby_league)"},{"link_name":"Arch Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arch_Thompson"},{"link_name":"Harry Cavanough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Cavanough"},{"link_name":"George Treweek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Treweek"},{"link_name":"Edward Root","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Root"},{"link_name":"Alf O'Connor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alf_O%27Connor"},{"link_name":"David Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Watson_(1920s_rugby_league)"},{"link_name":"Howard 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Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Brown_(rugby_league,_born_1913)"},{"link_name":"Syd Christensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syd_Christensen"},{"link_name":"Jack Beaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Beaton"},{"link_name":"Tom Kirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Kirk_(rugby_league)"},{"link_name":"Neville Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neville_Smith_(rugby_league)"},{"link_name":"Tom Kirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Kirk_(rugby_league)"},{"link_name":"Neville Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neville_Smith_(rugby_league)"},{"link_name":"Ray Lindwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Lindwall"},{"link_name":"Tom Kirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Kirk_(rugby_league)"},{"link_name":"Tom Kirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Kirk_(rugby_league)"},{"link_name":"Dick Dunn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Dunn_(rugby_league)"},{"link_name":"Tom Kirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Kirk_(rugby_league)"},{"link_name":"Pat Devery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Devery"},{"link_name":"Jack Lindwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Lindwall"},{"link_name":"Bill Keato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Keato"},{"link_name":"Bill Keato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Keato"},{"link_name":"Ron Rowles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Rowles"},{"link_name":"Ron Rowles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Rowles"},{"link_name":"Ron Rowles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Rowles"},{"link_name":"Doug Fleming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Fleming"},{"link_name":"Doug Fleming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Fleming"},{"link_name":"Darcy Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darcy_Russell"},{"link_name":"Harry Bath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Bath"},{"link_name":"Darcy 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Simms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Simms_(rugby_league)"},{"link_name":"Graeme Langlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graeme_Langlands"},{"link_name":"Allan McKean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_McKean"},{"link_name":"Graeme Langlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graeme_Langlands"},{"link_name":"Graham Eadie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Eadie"},{"link_name":"Graham Eadie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Eadie"},{"link_name":"Graham Eadie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Eadie"},{"link_name":"Michael Cronin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_Cronin_(rugby_league)"},{"link_name":"Michael Cronin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_Cronin_(rugby_league)"},{"link_name":"Michael Cronin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_Cronin_(rugby_league)"},{"link_name":"Steve Gearin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Gearin"},{"link_name":"Steve Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Rogers_(rugby_league)"},{"link_name":"Michael Cronin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_Cronin_(rugby_league)"},{"link_name":"Michael Eden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Eden"},{"link_name":"Steve Gearin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Gearin"},{"link_name":"Michael Cronin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_Cronin_(rugby_league)"},{"link_name":"Terry Lamb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Lamb"},{"link_name":"Ross Conlon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Conlon"},{"link_name":"Gary Belcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Belcher"},{"link_name":"Andy Currier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Currier"},{"link_name":"Ricky Walford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricky_Walford"},{"link_name":"Mal Meninga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mal_Meninga"},{"link_name":"Daryl Halligan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daryl_Halligan"},{"link_name":"Daryl Halligan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daryl_Halligan"},{"link_name":"Daryl Halligan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daryl_Halligan"},{"link_name":"Daryl Halligan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daryl_Halligan"},{"link_name":"Matthew Ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Ridge"},{"link_name":"Jason Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Taylor_(rugby_league)"},{"link_name":"Jason Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Taylor_(rugby_league)"},{"link_name":"Ryan Girdler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Girdler"},{"link_name":"Ivan Cleary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Cleary"},{"link_name":"Matt Geyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Geyer"},{"link_name":"Joel Caine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Caine"},{"link_name":"Andrew Johns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johns"},{"link_name":"Ben Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Walker"},{"link_name":"Hazem El Masri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazem_El_Masri"},{"link_name":"Hazem El Masri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazem_El_Masri"},{"link_name":"Hazem El Masri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazem_El_Masri"},{"link_name":"Brett Hodgson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brett_Hodgson"},{"link_name":"Hazem El Masri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazem_El_Masri"},{"link_name":"Hazem El Masri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazem_El_Masri"},{"link_name":"Luke Covell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_Covell"},{"link_name":"Hazem El Masri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazem_El_Masri"},{"link_name":"Michael Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Gordon_(rugby_league)"},{"link_name":"Benji Marshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benji_Marshall"},{"link_name":"Jarrod Croker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarrod_Croker"},{"link_name":"James Maloney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Maloney_(rugby_league)"},{"link_name":"James Maloney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Maloney_(rugby_league)"},{"link_name":"Johnathan Thurston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnathan_Thurston"},{"link_name":"James Maloney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Maloney_(rugby_league)"},{"link_name":"Jarrod Croker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarrod_Croker"},{"link_name":"Nathan Cleary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Cleary"},{"link_name":"Latrell Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latrell_Mitchell"},{"link_name":"Latrell Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latrell_Mitchell"},{"link_name":"Adam Reynolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Reynolds"},{"link_name":"Reuben Garrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuben_Garrick"},{"link_name":"Valentine Holmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentine_Holmes"}],"text":"Andrews, Malcolm. The ABC of Rugby League. Australia: ABC Books, 2006.\nWhiticker, Alan & Hudson, Glen (2006) The Encyclopedia of Rugby League Players, Gavin Allen Publishing, Sydney\nWhiticker, Alan & Collis, Ian (2006) The History of Rugby League Clubs, New Holland, SydneyvteSouth Sydney squad - 1926 NSWRFL Premiers (6th title)\n1. Alan Righton\n2. Alby Carr\n3. Vic Lawrence\n4. Harry Finch\n5. Reg Williams\n6. Alf Blair (c)\n7. Frank Brogan\n8. Arch Thompson\n9. Harry Cavanough\n10. George Treweek\n11. Edward Root\n12. Alf O'Connor\n13. David Watson\nCoach: Howard HallettvteSouth Sydney squad - 1927 NSWRFL Premiers (7th title)\n1. Harry Kadwell\n2. Benny Wearing\n3. Vic Lawrence\n4. Sid Harris\n5. Harry Finch\n6. Alf Blair (Capt./Coach)\n7. Michael O'Connor\n8. David Watson\n9. Alby Carr\n10. Chas Fennell\n11. George Treweek\n12. Edward Root\n13. Harry CavanoughvteSouth Sydney squad - 1929 NSWRFL Premiers (9th title)\n1. Albert Spillane\n2. Benny Wearing\n3. Oscar Quinlivan\n4. Harry Eyres\n5. Reg Williams\n6. Jack Jones\n7. Alf Blair (c)\n8. Frank O'Connor\n9. Alf O'Connor\n10. Carl Eggen\n11. Alf Binder\n12. David Watson\n13. Jack Why\nCoach: Charlie LynchvteNational Rugby League season top points scorers\n1908 Horrie Miller\n1909 Arthur Conlin\n1910 Dally Messenger\n1911 Dally Messenger\n1912 Dally Messenger\n1913 Harold Horder\n1914 Harold Horder\n1915 Wally Messenger\n1916 Charles Fraser\n1917 Charles Fraser\n1918 Harold Horder\n1919 A McPherson\n1920 Frank Burge\n1921 Rex Norman\n1922 Harold Horder\n1923 Arthur Oxford\n1924 Jack Courtney\n1925 Benny Wearing\n1926 Jack Courtney\n1927 Alf Blair\n1928 Benny Wearing\n1929 Jim Craig\n1930 Jim Craig\n1931 Jack Lynch\n1932 Les Mead\n1933 Syd Christensen\n1934 Dave Brown\n1935 Dave Brown\n1936 Syd Christensen\n1937 Jack Beaton\n1938 Tom Kirk\n1939 Neville Smith\n1940 Tom Kirk\n1941 Neville Smith\n1942 Ray Lindwall\n1943 Tom Kirk\n1944 Tom Kirk\n1945 Dick Dunn\n1946 Tom Kirk\n1947 Pat Devery\n1948 Jack Lindwall\n1949 Bill Keato\n1950 Bill Keato\n1951 Ron Rowles\n1953 Ron Rowles\n1954 Ron Rowles\n1955 Doug Fleming\n1956 Doug Fleming\n1957 Darcy Russell\n1958 Harry Bath\n1959 Darcy Russell\n1960 Brian Graham\n1961 Bob Landers\n1962 Don Parish\n1963 Fred Griffiths\n1964 Fred Griffiths\n1965 Fred Griffiths\n1966 Bob Lanigan\n1967 Eric Simms\n1968 Eric Simms\n1969 Eric Simms\n1970 Eric Simms\n1971 Graeme Langlands\n1972 Allan McKean\n1973 Graeme Langlands\n1974 Graham Eadie\n1975 Graham Eadie\n1976 Graham Eadie\n1977 Michael Cronin\n1978 Michael Cronin\n1979 Michael Cronin\n1980 Steve Gearin\n1981 Steve Rogers\n1982 Michael Cronin\n1983 Michael Eden\n1984 Steve Gearin\n1985 Michael Cronin\n1986 Terry Lamb\n1987 Ross Conlon\n1988 Gary Belcher\n1989 Andy Currier & Ricky Walford\n1990 Mal Meninga\n1991 Daryl Halligan\n1992 Daryl Halligan\n1993 Daryl Halligan\n1994 Daryl Halligan\n1995 Matthew Ridge\n1996 Jason Taylor\n1997 Jason Taylor (ARL) Ryan Girdler (SL)\n1998 Ivan Cleary\n1999 Matt Geyer\n2000 Joel Caine\n2001 Andrew Johns & Ben Walker\n2002 Hazem El Masri\n2003 Hazem El Masri\n2004 Hazem El Masri\n2005 Brett Hodgson\n2006 Hazem El Masri\n2007 Hazem El Masri\n2008 Luke Covell\n2009 Hazem El Masri\n2010 Michael Gordon\n2011 Benji Marshall\n2012 Jarrod Croker\n2013 James Maloney\n2014 James Maloney & Johnathan Thurston\n2015 James Maloney\n2016 Jarrod Croker\n2017 Nathan Cleary\n2018 Latrell Mitchell\n2019 Latrell Mitchell\n2020 Adam Reynolds\n2021 Reuben Garrick\n2022 Valentine Holmes","title":"Sources"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Rugby League Project\". Archived from the original on 15 December 2018. Retrieved 20 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rugbyleagueproject.org/players/alf-blair/summary.html","url_text":"\"Rugby League Project\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181215172057/https://www.rugbyleagueproject.org/players/alf-blair/summary.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Rugby League Project Coaches\". Archived from the original on 15 December 2018. Retrieved 20 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181215173333/https://www.rugbyleagueproject.org/coaches/alfred-blair/summary.html","url_text":"\"Rugby League Project Coaches\""},{"url":"https://www.rugbyleagueproject.org/coaches/alfred-blair/summary.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.rugbyleagueproject.org/players/alf-blair/summary.html","external_links_name":"\"Rugby League Project\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181215172057/https://www.rugbyleagueproject.org/players/alf-blair/summary.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181215173333/https://www.rugbyleagueproject.org/coaches/alfred-blair/summary.html","external_links_name":"\"Rugby League Project Coaches\""},{"Link":"https://www.rugbyleagueproject.org/coaches/alfred-blair/summary.html","external_links_name":"the original"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Htigyaing
Htigyaing
["1 History","2 Transport and economy","3 Notes","4 External links"]
Coordinates: 23°46′0″N 96°8′0″E / 23.76667°N 96.13333°E / 23.76667; 96.13333 Town in Sagaing Region, MyanmarHtigyaing ထီးချိုင့်မြို့TigyaingTownHtigyaingLocation in BurmaCoordinates: 23°46′0″N 96°8′0″E / 23.76667°N 96.13333°E / 23.76667; 96.13333Country MyanmarDivision Sagaing RegionDistrictKatha DistrictTownshipHtigyaing TownshipTime zoneUTC+6.30 (MST) Htigyaing (Burmese: ထီးချိုင့်မြို့), also spelt Tigyaing, is a town in eastern Sagaing Division, in northern Myanmar. It is a port on the Irrawaddy River and the administrative seat of Tigyaing Township. History When the Mongols first invaded Burma in 1277, the excessive heat forced them to turn back at Htigyaing which was later taken along with Tagaung in 1283 eventually leading to the fall of the kingdom of Bagan. The Saopha of Wuntho rose up in rebellion in 1891 and attacked Kawlin forcing the British to fall back on Htigyaing. On 7 November 2023, the town was attacked by allied anti-junta forces during the country's ongoing civil war. The fighting continued for over three months, with junta airstrikes destroying over 90% of the town during the battle. Transport and economy Katha – Htigyaing section of the Shwebo – Myitkyina road has been shortened in recent years from 58 miles to just over 26 miles by Mezar Bridge linking Htigyaing with Indaw. Rice paddies, rubber and teak plantations constitute the main agricultural activities in the area. Notes ^ Parker, E H. "A Sketch of Burmese History, The China Review". Retrieved 20 November 2008. ^ "The War in Burmah, West Coast Times, 29 April 1891". Papers Past. Retrieved 20 November 2008. ^ "Myanmar's Military Has Turned a Strategic Town in Sagaing Region Into a 'Graveyard'". The Irrawaddy. 24 January 2024. ^ "Entrepreneurs carrying out cultivation". New Light of Myanmar 17 September 2005. Archived from the original on 27 December 2005. Retrieved 20 November 2008. External links Satellite map: Tigyaing GeoNames "Tigyaing, Burma" Falling Rain Genomics, Inc. "Tigyaing Map – Satellite Images of Tigyaing" Maplandia.com vteSagaing RegionCapital: MonywaHkamti District Hkamti Township (Singkaling Hkamti) Homalin District Homalin Township (Homalin) Kale District Kale Township (Kalaymyo) Kalewa Township (Kalewa) Mingin Township (Mingin) Kanbalu District Kanbalu Township (Kanbalu) Kyunhla Township (Kyunhla) Katha District Banmauk Township (Banmauk) Htigyaing Township (Htigyaing) Indaw Township (Indaw) Katha Township (Katha) Kawlin District Kawlin Township (Kawlin) Pinlebu Township (Pinlebu) Wuntho Township (Wuntho) Mawlaik District Mawlaik Township (Mawlaik) Paungbyin Township (Paungbyin) Monywa District Ayadaw Township (Ayadaw) Budalin Township (Budalin) Chaung-U Township (Chaung-U) Monywa Township (Monywa) Naga Self-Administered Zone Lahe Township (Lahe) Leshi Township (Leshi) Nanyun Township (Nanyun) Sagaing District Myaung Township (Myaung) Myinmu Township (Myinmu) Sagaing Township (Sagaing) Shwebo District Khin-U Township (Khin-U) Shwebo Township (Shwebo) Wetlet Township (Wetlet) Tamu District Tamu Township (Tamu) Ye-U District Tabayin Township (Tabayin) Taze Township (Taze) Ye-U Township (Ye-U) Yinmabin District Kani Township (Kani) Pale Township (Pale) Salingyi Township (Salingyi) Yinmabin Township (Yinmabin) This Katha District location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Burmese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmese_language"},{"link_name":"Sagaing Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagaing_Division"},{"link_name":"Myanmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar"},{"link_name":"Irrawaddy River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrawaddy_River"},{"link_name":"Tigyaing Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigyaing_Township"}],"text":"Town in Sagaing Region, MyanmarHtigyaing (Burmese: ထီးချိုင့်မြို့), also spelt Tigyaing, is a town in eastern Sagaing Division, in northern Myanmar. It is a port on the Irrawaddy River and the administrative seat of Tigyaing Township.","title":"Htigyaing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mongols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongols"},{"link_name":"Tagaung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagaung"},{"link_name":"kingdom of Bagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagan_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Saopha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saopha"},{"link_name":"Wuntho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuntho"},{"link_name":"Kawlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawlin"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"ongoing civil war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar_civil_war_(2021%E2%80%93present)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"When the Mongols first invaded Burma in 1277, the excessive heat forced them to turn back at Htigyaing which was later taken along with Tagaung in 1283 eventually leading to the fall of the kingdom of Bagan.[1] The Saopha of Wuntho rose up in rebellion in 1891 and attacked Kawlin forcing the British to fall back on Htigyaing.[2]On 7 November 2023, the town was attacked by allied anti-junta forces during the country's ongoing civil war. The fighting continued for over three months, with junta airstrikes destroying over 90% of the town during the battle.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Katha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katha,_Burma"},{"link_name":"Shwebo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shwebo"},{"link_name":"Myitkyina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myitkyina"},{"link_name":"Indaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indaw"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Katha – Htigyaing section of the Shwebo – Myitkyina road has been shortened in recent years from 58 miles to just over 26 miles by Mezar Bridge linking Htigyaing with Indaw. Rice paddies, rubber and teak plantations constitute the main agricultural activities in the area.[4]","title":"Transport and economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"A Sketch of Burmese History, The China Review\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//sunzi1.lib.hku.hk/hkjo/view/26/2600239.pdf."},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"The War in Burmah, West Coast Times, 29 April 1891\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=WCT18910429.2.15&cl=&srpos=0&st=1&e=-------en--1----0-all"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Myanmar's Military Has Turned a Strategic Town in Sagaing Region Into a 'Graveyard'\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/myanmars-military-has-turned-a-strategic-town-in-sagaing-region-into-a-graveyard.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"Entrepreneurs carrying out cultivation\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20051227102703/http://mission.itu.ch/MISSIONS/Myanmar/05nlm/n050917.htm"},{"link_name":"New Light of Myanmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Light_of_Myanmar"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//mission.itu.ch/MISSIONS/Myanmar/05nlm/n050917.htm"}],"text":"^ Parker, E H. \"A Sketch of Burmese History, The China Review\". Retrieved 20 November 2008.\n\n^ \"The War in Burmah, West Coast Times, 29 April 1891\". Papers Past. Retrieved 20 November 2008.\n\n^ \"Myanmar's Military Has Turned a Strategic Town in Sagaing Region Into a 'Graveyard'\". The Irrawaddy. 24 January 2024.\n\n^ \"Entrepreneurs carrying out cultivation\". New Light of Myanmar 17 September 2005. Archived from the original on 27 December 2005. Retrieved 20 November 2008.","title":"Notes"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Parker, E H. \"A Sketch of Burmese History, The China Review\". Retrieved 20 November 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://sunzi1.lib.hku.hk/hkjo/view/26/2600239.pdf.","url_text":"\"A Sketch of Burmese History, The China Review\""}]},{"reference":"\"The War in Burmah, West Coast Times, 29 April 1891\". Papers Past. Retrieved 20 November 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=WCT18910429.2.15&cl=&srpos=0&st=1&e=-------en--1----0-all","url_text":"\"The War in Burmah, West Coast Times, 29 April 1891\""}]},{"reference":"\"Myanmar's Military Has Turned a Strategic Town in Sagaing Region Into a 'Graveyard'\". The Irrawaddy. 24 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/myanmars-military-has-turned-a-strategic-town-in-sagaing-region-into-a-graveyard.html","url_text":"\"Myanmar's Military Has Turned a Strategic Town in Sagaing Region Into a 'Graveyard'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Entrepreneurs carrying out cultivation\". New Light of Myanmar 17 September 2005. Archived from the original on 27 December 2005. Retrieved 20 November 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20051227102703/http://mission.itu.ch/MISSIONS/Myanmar/05nlm/n050917.htm","url_text":"\"Entrepreneurs carrying out cultivation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Light_of_Myanmar","url_text":"New Light of Myanmar"},{"url":"http://mission.itu.ch/MISSIONS/Myanmar/05nlm/n050917.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_category
Product category
["1 Definition","2 Relation to other categorical concepts","3 Generalization to several arguments","4 References"]
Product of two categories, in category theory "Product of categories" redirects here. For the operation on objects of a category, see Product (category theory). In the mathematical field of category theory, the product of two categories C and D, denoted C × D and called a product category, is an extension of the concept of the Cartesian product of two sets. Product categories are used to define bifunctors and multifunctors. Definition The product category C × D has: as objects: pairs of objects (A, B), where A is an object of C and B of D; as arrows from (A1, B1) to (A2, B2): pairs of arrows (f, g), where f : A1 → A2 is an arrow of C and g : B1 → B2 is an arrow of D; as composition, component-wise composition from the contributing categories: (f2, g2) o (f1, g1) = (f2 o f1, g2 o g1); as identities, pairs of identities from the contributing categories: 1(A, B) = (1A, 1B). Relation to other categorical concepts For small categories, this is the same as the action on objects of the categorical product in the category Cat. A functor whose domain is a product category is known as a bifunctor. An important example is the Hom functor, which has the product of the opposite of some category with the original category as domain: Hom : Cop × C → Set. Generalization to several arguments Just as the binary Cartesian product is readily generalized to an n-ary Cartesian product, binary product of two categories can be generalized, completely analogously, to a product of n categories. The product operation on categories is commutative and associative, up to isomorphism, and so this generalization brings nothing new from a theoretical point of view. References ^ Mac Lane 1978, p. 37. Definition 1.6.5 in Borceux, Francis (1994). Handbook of categorical algebra. Encyclopedia of mathematics and its applications 50-51, 53 . Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. p. 22. ISBN 0-521-44178-1. Product category at the nLab Mac Lane, Saunders (1978). Categories for the Working Mathematician (Second ed.). New York, NY: Springer New York. pp. 36–40. ISBN 1441931236. OCLC 851741862. vteCategory theoryKey conceptsKey concepts Category Abelian Additive Concrete Pre-abelian Preadditive Bicategory Adjoint functors CCC Commutative diagram End Exponential Functor Kan extension Morphism Natural transformation Universal property Universal constructionsLimits Terminal objects Products Equalizers Kernels Pullbacks Inverse limit Colimits Initial objects Coproducts Coequalizers Cokernels and quotients Pushout Direct limit Algebraic categories Sets Relations Magmas Groups Abelian groups Rings (Fields) Modules (Vector spaces) Constructions on categories Free category Functor category Kleisli category Opposite category Quotient category Product category Comma category Subcategory Higher category theory Key concepts Categorification Enriched category Higher-dimensional algebra Homotopy hypothesis Model category Simplex category String diagram Topos n-categoriesWeak n-categories Bicategory (pseudofunctor) Tricategory Tetracategory Kan complex ∞-groupoid ∞-topos Strict n-categories 2-category (2-functor) 3-category Categorified concepts 2-group 2-ring En-ring (Traced)(Symmetric) monoidal category n-group n-monoid Category Outline Glossary This category theory-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
[{"reference":"Borceux, Francis (1994). Handbook of categorical algebra. Encyclopedia of mathematics and its applications 50-51, 53 [i.e. 52]. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. p. 22. ISBN 0-521-44178-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/handbookofcatego0000borc/page/22","url_text":"Handbook of categorical algebra"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/handbookofcatego0000borc/page/22","url_text":"22"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-44178-1","url_text":"0-521-44178-1"}]},{"reference":"Mac Lane, Saunders (1978). Categories for the Working Mathematician (Second ed.). New York, NY: Springer New York. pp. 36–40. ISBN 1441931236. OCLC 851741862.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1441931236","url_text":"1441931236"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/851741862","url_text":"851741862"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989%E2%80%9390_Yugoslav_First_League
1989–90 Yugoslav First League
["1 League table","2 Results","3 Winning squad","4 Top scorers","5 See also","6 External links"]
Football league seasonPrva savezna liga JugoslavijeSeason1989–90Dates29 July 1989 – 16 May 1990ChampionsRed StarRelegatedVardarEuropean CupRed StarCup Winners' CupHajduk SplitUEFA CupDinamo ZagrebPartizanMatches played306Goals scored748 (2.44 per match)Top goalscorerDarko Pančev (25)← 1988–89 1990–91 → The 1989–90 Yugoslav First League season was the 44th season of the First Federal League (Serbo-Croatian: Prva savezna liga), the top level association football competition of SFR Yugoslavia, since its establishment in 1946. Two points were awarded for a win, none for a loss, while in case of a draw a penalty shootout was taken with the winner of the shootout being awarded one point. Red Star won the 17th title. The season began on 29 July 1989 with its fall part completing on 17 December 1988. Following a two-month winter break, the season resumed on 18 February 1990 and ran until 16 May 1990. Dinamo ZagrebRed StarPartizanBoracHajdukVojvodinaRadOsijekRadnički NišSarajevoVeležOlimpijaRijekaŽeljezničarBudućnostSlobodaSpartakVardarclass=notpageimage| Location of teams competing in the 1989–90 Yugoslav First League League table Pos Team Pld W PKW PKL L GF GA GD Pts Qualification or relegation 1 Red Star Belgrade (C) 34 24 3 2 5 79 29 +50 51 Qualification for European Cup first round 2 Dinamo Zagreb 34 16 8 3 7 53 25 +28 40 Qualification for UEFA Cup first round 3 Hajduk Split 34 18 2 1 13 50 35 +15 38 Banned from European competition 4 Partizan 34 18 1 3 12 51 42 +9 37 Qualification for UEFA Cup first round 5 Rad 34 16 4 2 12 41 31 +10 36 6 Rijeka 34 14 5 1 14 29 35 −6 33 7 Željezničar 34 14 4 2 14 37 40 −3 32 8 Olimpija 34 14 2 4 14 49 40 +9 30 Qualification for Intertoto Cup 9 Sloboda Tuzla 34 15 0 4 15 43 46 −3 30 10 Budućnost 34 13 3 5 13 30 35 −5 29 Qualification for Balkans Cup 11 Vojvodina 34 13 3 3 15 43 51 −8 29 12 Spartak Subotica 34 12 4 2 16 28 40 −12 28 13 Sarajevo 34 13 1 3 17 46 49 −3 27 14 Borac Banja Luka 34 12 3 4 15 28 40 −12 27 15 Radnički Niš 34 12 2 6 14 42 48 −6 26 16 Osijek 34 12 2 2 18 28 47 −19 26 Qualification for Intertoto Cup 17 Velež 34 11 3 3 17 38 51 −13 25 Relegation to Yugoslav Second League 18 Vardar (R) 34 8 1 1 24 33 64 −31 17 Source: rsssf.orgRules for classification: 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored.(C) Champion; (R) RelegatedNotes: ^ In November 1987, UEFA banned Hajduk Split from European competitions for two seasons. The immediate catalyst for the punishment was crowd trouble during club's 1987–88 European Cup Winners' Cup match against Marseille on 5 November 1987, however, repeated prior incidents at Hajduk's European home matches throughout early-to-mid 1980s (such as the 1983–84 UEFA Cup semifinal first leg infamous 'rooster incident' against Tottenham Hotspur) also contributed to the decision. Since Hajduk's 1987–88 Yugoslav League performance failed to qualify the club for 1988–89 European competition, the punishment was enacted for seasons when Hajduk did manage to qualify: 1989–90 and 1990–91. Results Results in brackets indicate the results from penalty shoot-outs whenever games were drawn. Home \ Away BBL BUD DIN HAJ OLI OSI PAR RAD RNI RSB RIJ SAR SLO SPA VAR VEL VOJ ŽEL Borac Banja Luka 0–1 1–0 1–0 1–0 1–1(4–5) 1–2 1–0 1–1(5–4) 0–0(4–5) 2–1 2–0 0–0(5–4) 3–1 2–0 1–0 2–2(1–3) 1–0 Budućnost 2–1 2–0 1–0 0–0(3–4) 2–0 2–0 0–1 0–0(5–4) 0–0(2–4] 1–0 1–0 0–1 0–0(2–4) 1–0 1–0 3–1 4–1 Dinamo Zagreb 3–1 0–0(4–3) 2–0 2–1 3–1 2–1 0–0(4–5) 3–0 0–3 1–1(4–3) 6–0 5–0 1–0 3–0 3–0 2–0 2–0 Hajduk Split 1–0 2–0 2–3 3–1 1–0 2–0 2–1 1–0 2–1 1–1(5–6) 0–0(4–3) 2–0 3–0 3–0 4–3 6–0 2–0 Olimpija 4–1 3–1 3–0 3–1 1–0 5–1 0–1 1–1(1–3) 1–1(6–5) 2–0 2–1 2–0 0–1 3–0 2–0 2–0 3–0 Osijek 0–1 1–0 1–0 1–0 1–0 0–1 1–1(1–3) 2–1 0–5 0–1 2–0 3–1 1–0 1–0 1–0 2–1 0–1 Partizan 2–1 2–0 1–1(3–4) 1–0 2–0 6–4 0–2 2–1 0–2 0–1 1–1(3–5) 1–0 1–0 3–0 3–0 4–0 0–2 Rad 2–0 2–2(2–3) 0–2 0–2 1–0 1–0 1–1(6–5) 3–0 1–2 4–0 3–0 2–1 0–0(6–5) 2–0 1–0 2–0 1–0 Radnički Niš 1–0 2–1 1–1(5–6) 5–1 2–1 4–1 1–1(3–5) 2–2(4–3) 1–3 3–0 1–0 2–0 1–0 3–0 3–0 0–3 1–0 Red Star 3–0 5–1 0–0(2–3) 2–1 2–0 3–1 1–0 4–2 1–0 1–0 3–0 6–1 3–0 5–2 4–0 3–1 2–2(4–3) Rijeka 1–0 0–0(5–4) 1–1(4–1) 1–0 0–0(3–2) 1–0 0–1 0–1 2–0 1–4 1–0 3–0 3–0 2–0 1–0 2–0 1–0 Sarajevo 2–0 4–1 1–0 1–0 3–0 3–0 1–2 1–0 5–1 3–1 2–0 2–1 3–3(2–4) 6–1 0–0(3–4) 3–2 1–3 Sloboda Tuzla 4–1 2–0 0–0(3–5) 2–2(4–5) 2–0 2–0 3–1 1–2 2–0 3–0 2–0 2–0 2–0 1–0 1–1(4–5) 2–0 4–1 Spartak Subotica 2–0 1–0 1–1(5–6) 1–0 2–3 1–0 0–4 1–0 1–1(4–3) 1–3 0–1 2–0 0–1 2–0 2–1 0–0(4–2) 1–0 Vardar 3–0 4–1 0–4 1–2 3–3(5–4) 0–1 2–3 2–1 3–0 0–2 0–0(4–5) 2–1 2–0 1–2 4–1 1–2 0–1 Velež 0–0(3–4) 0–0(4–5) 2–1 1–0 2–0 1–1(3–4) 3–1 3–0 3–2 0–3 3–2 3–1 3–0 1–3 2–1 0–0(6–5) 5–1 Vojvodina 0–1 1–2 1–1(3–4) 2–3 3–1 1–1(5–3) 3–1 2–1 3–0 2–1 2–0 2–1 3–1 1–0 1–0 2–0 1–1(5–4) Željezničar 1–1(4–3) 1–0 0–0(2–0) 0–1 2–2(5–4) 3–0 0–2 1–0 1–1(4–2) 3–0 4–1 1–0 2–1 1–0 0–1 2–0 2–1 Source: DataSoccer.itLegend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win.Notes: ^ Match awarded after it was not played due to the riots at the Maksimir stadium. Winning squad Champions: Red Star Belgrade Player League Matches Goals Darko Pančev 32 25 Dragan "Piksi" Stojković 31 10 Robert Prosinečki 31 5 Duško Radinović 29 2 Ilija Najdoski 29 1 Dragi Kanatlarovski 29 1 Stevan Stojanović (goalkeeper) 29 0 Slobodan Marović 27 2 Dejan Savićević 25 10 Vladan Lukić 25 10 Vlada Stošić 24 4 Mitar Mrkela 23 2 Goran Jurić 21 0 Zoran Vujović 15 0 Miodrag Belodedici 14 1 Miloš Drizić 11 1 Refik Šabanadžović 10 0 Zvonko Milojević (goalkeeper) 4 0 Slavoljub Janković 2 0 Zoran Pavlović 2 0 Zoran Dimitrijević 2 0 Ivan Adžić 1 0 Vladimir Jugović 1 0 Head coach: Dragoslav Šekularac ^ only played the second part of the season due to being suspended by UEFA for breach of contract with Steaua Top scorers Rank Player Club Goals 1 Darko Pančev Red Star 25 2 Meho Kodro Velež 18 3 Josip Višnjić Radnički Niš 16 4 Aljoša Asanović Hajduk Split 14 5 Boban Božović Sarajevo 13 6 Davor Šuker Dinamo Zagreb 12 Alen Bokšić Hajduk Split Dinko Vrabac Olimpija 9 Siniša Mihajlović Vojvodina 11 Željko Ivanović Sloboda Tuzla See also 1989–90 Yugoslav Second League 1989–90 Yugoslav Cup Dinamo Zagreb-Red Star Belgrade riot External links Yugoslavia Domestic Football Full Tables vteYugoslav First League (1923–1992)1923–1940 — SHS / YugoslaviaSeasons 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1930–31 1931–32 1932–33 1933–34 1934–35 1935–36 1936–37 1937–38 1938–39 1939–40 Clubs Bačka BASK BSK Belgrade Concordia Crnogorac Građanski Niš Građanski Skoplje Građanski Zagreb Hajduk Split HAŠK Ilirija Jedinstvo Beograd Jugoslavija Krajišnik Banja Luka SK Ljubljana Mačva NAK Novi Sad Pobeda Skoplje Primorje Radnički Kragujevac SAŠK SAND Subotica Slavija Osijek Slavija Sarajevo Slavija Varaždin Somborski SK Sparta Zemun Viktorija Zagreb Vojvodina ŽAK Subotica ŽAK Velika Kikinda 1945–1992 — FPR / SFR YugoslaviaSeasons 1945 1945–46 1946–47 1947–48 1948–49 1950 1951 1952 1952–53 1953–54 1954–55 1955–56 1956–57 1957–58 1958–59 1959–60 1960–61 1961–62 1962–63 1963–64 1964–65 1965–66 1966–67 1967–68 1968–69 1969–70 1970–71 1971–72 1972–73 1973–74 1974–75 1975–76 1976–77 1977–78 1978–79 1979–80 1980–81 1981–82 1982–83 1983–84 1984–85 1985–86 1986–87 1987–88 1988–89 1989–90 1990–91 1991–92 Clubs 14. Oktobar Niš Bor Borac Banja Luka Budućnost Titograd Crvenka Čelik Zenica Dinamo Vinkovci Dinamo Zagreb Hajduk Split Iskra Bugojno Lokomotiva Mačva Maribor Nafta Napredak Naša Krila Novi Sad OFK Belgrade Olimpija Osijek Partizan Pelister Ponziana Priština Proleter Zrenjanin Rabotnički Rad Radnički Belgrade Radnički Kragujevac Radnički Niš Red Star Belgrade Rijeka Sarajevo Sloboda Tuzla Spartak RNK Split Sutjeska Teteks Trepča Trešnjevka Vardar Velež Vojvodina NK Zagreb Zemun Željezničar vte1989–90 in Yugoslav football « 1988–89 1990–91 » Domestic leagues Top tier: First League Second tier: Second League Third tier: Inter-Republic League Fourth tier: Republic (provincial) leagues (Slovenia) Domestic cups Yugoslav Cup European competitions European Cup UEFA Cup Cup Winners' Cup Mitropa Cup Related to national team 1990 FIFA World Cup (Group D) (Qualification: Group 5) Yugoslavia v Netherlands Ivica Osim Club seasonsFirst League Dinamo Zagreb Hajduk Split Partizan Red Star Rijeka vte1989–90 in European football (UEFA)Domestic leagues Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus Czechoslovakia Denmark '89 '90 England Faroe Islands '89 '90 Finland '89 '90 France East Germany West Germany Georgia Greece Hungary Iceland '89 '90 Israel Italy Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway '89 '90 Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania San Marino Scotland Soviet Union '89 '90 Spain Sweden '89 '90 Switzerland Turkey Yugoslavia Domestic cups Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus Czechoslovakia Denmark England Faroe Islands '89 '90 Finland '89 '90 France Georgia East Germany West Germany Greece Hungary Iceland '89 '90 Israel Italy Liechtenstein Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway '89 '90 Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania San Marino Scotland Soviet Union Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Wales Yugoslavia League cups England Greece Israel Northern Ireland Republic of Ireland Scotland Soviet Union '89 '90 Supercups East Germany West Germany UEFA competitions European Cup (Final) Cup Winners' Cup (Final) UEFA Cup (Final) Super Cup Non-UEFA competitions Intertoto Cup Baltic League On request of the Soviet Union, UEFA imposed sanctions against Georgia and Lithuania
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yugoslav First League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslav_First_League"},{"link_name":"Serbo-Croatian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_language"},{"link_name":"association football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"SFR Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SFR_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"penalty shootout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_shootout"},{"link_name":"Red Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Star_Belgrade"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yugoslavia_(1946-1990)_location_map.svg"},{"link_name":"Dinamo Zagreb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNK_Dinamo_Zagreb"},{"link_name":"Red Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Star_Belgrade"},{"link_name":"Partizan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partizan_Belgrade"},{"link_name":"Borac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Borac_Banja_Luka"},{"link_name":"Hajduk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HNK_Hajduk_Split"},{"link_name":"Vojvodina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Vojvodina"},{"link_name":"Rad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Rad"},{"link_name":"Osijek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NK_Osijek"},{"link_name":"Radnički Niš","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Radni%C4%8Dki_Ni%C5%A1"},{"link_name":"Sarajevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Sarajevo"},{"link_name":"Velež","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Vele%C5%BE_Mostar"},{"link_name":"Olimpija","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NK_Olimpija_Ljubljana_(defunct)"},{"link_name":"Rijeka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HNK_Rijeka"},{"link_name":"Željezničar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_%C5%BDeljezni%C4%8Dar_Sarajevo"},{"link_name":"Budućnost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Budu%C4%87nost_Podgorica"},{"link_name":"Sloboda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Sloboda_Tuzla"},{"link_name":"Spartak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Spartak_Subotica"},{"link_name":"Vardar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Vardar"},{"link_name":"class=notpageimage|","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yugoslavia_(1946-1990)_location_map.svg"}],"text":"The 1989–90 Yugoslav First League season was the 44th season of the First Federal League (Serbo-Croatian: Prva savezna liga), the top level association football competition of SFR Yugoslavia, since its establishment in 1946.Two points were awarded for a win, none for a loss, while in case of a draw a penalty shootout was taken with the winner of the shootout being awarded one point.Red Star won the 17th title.The season began on 29 July 1989 with its fall part completing on 17 December 1988. Following a two-month winter break, the season resumed on 18 February 1990 and ran until 16 May 1990.Dinamo ZagrebRed StarPartizanBoracHajdukVojvodinaRadOsijekRadnički NišSarajevoVeležOlimpijaRijekaŽeljezničarBudućnostSlobodaSpartakVardarclass=notpageimage| Location of teams competing in the 1989–90 Yugoslav First League","title":"1989–90 Yugoslav First League"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rsssf.org","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.rsssf.org/tablesj/joeghist.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-table_note_res_NA0.75595371134391_1-0"},{"link_name":"UEFA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA"},{"link_name":"Hajduk Split","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HNK_Hajduk_Split"},{"link_name":"1987–88 European Cup Winners' Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987%E2%80%9388_European_Cup_Winners%27_Cup"},{"link_name":"match against","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987%E2%80%9388_European_Cup_Winners%27_Cup#Second_leg_3"},{"link_name":"Marseille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympique_de_Marseille"},{"link_name":"1983–84 UEFA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983%E2%80%9384_UEFA_Cup"},{"link_name":"semifinal first leg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983%E2%80%9384_UEFA_Cup#First_leg_5"},{"link_name":"Tottenham Hotspur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tottenham_Hotspur_F.C."},{"link_name":"1987–88 Yugoslav League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987%E2%80%9388_Yugoslav_First_League"},{"link_name":"performance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987%E2%80%9388_NK_Hajduk_Split_season"}],"text":"Source: rsssf.orgRules for classification: 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored.(C) Champion; (R) RelegatedNotes:^ In November 1987, UEFA banned Hajduk Split from European competitions for two seasons. The immediate catalyst for the punishment was crowd trouble during club's 1987–88 European Cup Winners' Cup match against Marseille on 5 November 1987, however, repeated prior incidents at Hajduk's European home matches throughout early-to-mid 1980s (such as the 1983–84 UEFA Cup semifinal first leg infamous 'rooster incident' against Tottenham Hotspur) also contributed to the decision. Since Hajduk's 1987–88 Yugoslav League performance failed to qualify the club for 1988–89 European competition, the punishment was enacted for seasons when Hajduk did manage to qualify: 1989–90 and 1990–91.","title":"League table"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"penalty shoot-outs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_shoot-out_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"BBL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Borac_Banja_Luka"},{"link_name":"BUD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Budu%C4%87nost_Podgorica"},{"link_name":"DIN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNK_Dinamo_Zagreb"},{"link_name":"HAJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HNK_Hajduk_Split"},{"link_name":"OLI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NK_Olimpija_Ljubljana_(1945)"},{"link_name":"OSI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NK_Osijek"},{"link_name":"PAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Partizan"},{"link_name":"RAD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Rad"},{"link_name":"RNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Radni%C4%8Dki_Ni%C5%A1"},{"link_name":"RSB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Star_Belgrade"},{"link_name":"RIJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HNK_Rijeka"},{"link_name":"SAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Sarajevo"},{"link_name":"SLO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Sloboda_Tuzla"},{"link_name":"SPA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Spartak_Subotica"},{"link_name":"VAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Vardar"},{"link_name":"VEL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Vele%C5%BE_Mostar"},{"link_name":"VOJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Vojvodina"},{"link_name":"ŽEL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_%C5%BDeljezni%C4%8Dar_Sarajevo"},{"link_name":"Borac Banja Luka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Borac_Banja_Luka"},{"link_name":"Budućnost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Budu%C4%87nost_Podgorica"},{"link_name":"Dinamo Zagreb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNK_Dinamo_Zagreb"},{"link_name":"2–0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eternal_derby_(Croatia)"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-table_note_1_DIN_RSB0.40239017754904-2"},{"link_name":"Hajduk Split","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HNK_Hajduk_Split"},{"link_name":"2–3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eternal_derby_(Croatia)"},{"link_name":"1–1(5–6)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriatic_derby"},{"link_name":"Olimpija","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NK_Olimpija_Ljubljana_(1945)"},{"link_name":"Osijek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NK_Osijek"},{"link_name":"Partizan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Partizan"},{"link_name":"0–2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eternal_derby_(Serbia)"},{"link_name":"Rad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Rad"},{"link_name":"Radnički Niš","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Radni%C4%8Dki_Ni%C5%A1"},{"link_name":"Red Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Star_Belgrade"},{"link_name":"1–0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eternal_derby_(Serbia)"},{"link_name":"Rijeka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HNK_Rijeka"},{"link_name":"1–0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriatic_derby"},{"link_name":"Sarajevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Sarajevo"},{"link_name":"1–3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarajevo_derby"},{"link_name":"Sloboda Tuzla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Sloboda_Tuzla"},{"link_name":"Spartak Subotica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Spartak_Subotica"},{"link_name":"Vardar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Vardar"},{"link_name":"Velež","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Vele%C5%BE_Mostar"},{"link_name":"Vojvodina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Vojvodina"},{"link_name":"Željezničar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_%C5%BDeljezni%C4%8Dar_Sarajevo"},{"link_name":"1–0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarajevo_derby"},{"link_name":"DataSoccer.it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//datasoccer.it/jugoslavia/totris.asp?anno=1989%2F90&serie=A&numgirone=1&vai.x=239&vai.y=24"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-table_note_1_DIN_RSB0.40239017754904_2-0"},{"link_name":"riots at the Maksimir stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinamo%E2%80%93Red_Star_riot"}],"text":"Results in brackets indicate the results from penalty shoot-outs whenever games were drawn.Home \\ Away\n\nBBL\n\nBUD\n\nDIN\n\nHAJ\n\nOLI\n\nOSI\n\nPAR\n\nRAD\n\nRNI\n\nRSB\n\nRIJ\n\nSAR\n\nSLO\n\nSPA\n\nVAR\n\nVEL\n\nVOJ\n\nŽEL\n\n\nBorac Banja Luka\n\n\n\n0–1\n\n1–0\n\n1–0\n\n1–0\n\n1–1(4–5)\n\n1–2\n\n1–0\n\n1–1(5–4)\n\n0–0(4–5)\n\n2–1\n\n2–0\n\n0–0(5–4)\n\n3–1\n\n2–0\n\n1–0\n\n2–2(1–3)\n\n1–0\n\n\nBudućnost\n\n2–1\n\n\n\n2–0\n\n1–0\n\n0–0(3–4)\n\n2–0\n\n2–0\n\n0–1\n\n0–0(5–4)\n\n0–0(2–4]\n\n1–0\n\n1–0\n\n0–1\n\n0–0(2–4)\n\n1–0\n\n1–0\n\n3–1\n\n4–1\n\n\nDinamo Zagreb\n\n3–1\n\n0–0(4–3)\n\n\n\n2–0\n\n2–1\n\n3–1\n\n2–1\n\n0–0(4–5)\n\n3–0\n\n0–3[a]\n\n1–1(4–3)\n\n6–0\n\n5–0\n\n1–0\n\n3–0\n\n3–0\n\n2–0\n\n2–0\n\n\nHajduk Split\n\n1–0\n\n2–0\n\n2–3\n\n\n\n3–1\n\n1–0\n\n2–0\n\n2–1\n\n1–0\n\n2–1\n\n1–1(5–6)\n\n0–0(4–3)\n\n2–0\n\n3–0\n\n3–0\n\n4–3\n\n6–0\n\n2–0\n\n\nOlimpija\n\n4–1\n\n3–1\n\n3–0\n\n3–1\n\n\n\n1–0\n\n5–1\n\n0–1\n\n1–1(1–3)\n\n1–1(6–5)\n\n2–0\n\n2–1\n\n2–0\n\n0–1\n\n3–0\n\n2–0\n\n2–0\n\n3–0\n\n\nOsijek\n\n0–1\n\n1–0\n\n1–0\n\n1–0\n\n1–0\n\n\n\n0–1\n\n1–1(1–3)\n\n2–1\n\n0–5\n\n0–1\n\n2–0\n\n3–1\n\n1–0\n\n1–0\n\n1–0\n\n2–1\n\n0–1\n\n\nPartizan\n\n2–1\n\n2–0\n\n1–1(3–4)\n\n1–0\n\n2–0\n\n6–4\n\n\n\n0–2\n\n2–1\n\n0–2\n\n0–1\n\n1–1(3–5)\n\n1–0\n\n1–0\n\n3–0\n\n3–0\n\n4–0\n\n0–2\n\n\nRad\n\n2–0\n\n2–2(2–3)\n\n0–2\n\n0–2\n\n1–0\n\n1–0\n\n1–1(6–5)\n\n\n\n3–0\n\n1–2\n\n4–0\n\n3–0\n\n2–1\n\n0–0(6–5)\n\n2–0\n\n1–0\n\n2–0\n\n1–0\n\n\nRadnički Niš\n\n1–0\n\n2–1\n\n1–1(5–6)\n\n5–1\n\n2–1\n\n4–1\n\n1–1(3–5)\n\n2–2(4–3)\n\n\n\n1–3\n\n3–0\n\n1–0\n\n2–0\n\n1–0\n\n3–0\n\n3–0\n\n0–3\n\n1–0\n\n\nRed Star\n\n3–0\n\n5–1\n\n0–0(2–3)\n\n2–1\n\n2–0\n\n3–1\n\n1–0\n\n4–2\n\n1–0\n\n\n\n1–0\n\n3–0\n\n6–1\n\n3–0\n\n5–2\n\n4–0\n\n3–1\n\n2–2(4–3)\n\n\nRijeka\n\n1–0\n\n0–0(5–4)\n\n1–1(4–1)\n\n1–0\n\n0–0(3–2)\n\n1–0\n\n0–1\n\n0–1\n\n2–0\n\n1–4\n\n\n\n1–0\n\n3–0\n\n3–0\n\n2–0\n\n1–0\n\n2–0\n\n1–0\n\n\nSarajevo\n\n2–0\n\n4–1\n\n1–0\n\n1–0\n\n3–0\n\n3–0\n\n1–2\n\n1–0\n\n5–1\n\n3–1\n\n2–0\n\n\n\n2–1\n\n3–3(2–4)\n\n6–1\n\n0–0(3–4)\n\n3–2\n\n1–3\n\n\nSloboda Tuzla\n\n4–1\n\n2–0\n\n0–0(3–5)\n\n2–2(4–5)\n\n2–0\n\n2–0\n\n3–1\n\n1–2\n\n2–0\n\n3–0\n\n2–0\n\n2–0\n\n\n\n2–0\n\n1–0\n\n1–1(4–5)\n\n2–0\n\n4–1\n\n\nSpartak Subotica\n\n2–0\n\n1–0\n\n1–1(5–6)\n\n1–0\n\n2–3\n\n1–0\n\n0–4\n\n1–0\n\n1–1(4–3)\n\n1–3\n\n0–1\n\n2–0\n\n0–1\n\n\n\n2–0\n\n2–1\n\n0–0(4–2)\n\n1–0\n\n\nVardar\n\n3–0\n\n4–1\n\n0–4\n\n1–2\n\n3–3(5–4)\n\n0–1\n\n2–3\n\n2–1\n\n3–0\n\n0–2\n\n0–0(4–5)\n\n2–1\n\n2–0\n\n1–2\n\n\n\n4–1\n\n1–2\n\n0–1\n\n\nVelež\n\n0–0(3–4)\n\n0–0(4–5)\n\n2–1\n\n1–0\n\n2–0\n\n1–1(3–4)\n\n3–1\n\n3–0\n\n3–2\n\n0–3\n\n3–2\n\n3–1\n\n3–0\n\n1–3\n\n2–1\n\n\n\n0–0(6–5)\n\n5–1\n\n\nVojvodina\n\n0–1\n\n1–2\n\n1–1(3–4)\n\n2–3\n\n3–1\n\n1–1(5–3)\n\n3–1\n\n2–1\n\n3–0\n\n2–1\n\n2–0\n\n2–1\n\n3–1\n\n1–0\n\n1–0\n\n2–0\n\n\n\n1–1(5–4)\n\n\nŽeljezničar\n\n1–1(4–3)\n\n1–0\n\n0–0(2–0)\n\n0–1\n\n2–2(5–4)\n\n3–0\n\n0–2\n\n1–0\n\n1–1(4–2)\n\n3–0\n\n4–1\n\n1–0\n\n2–1\n\n1–0\n\n0–1\n\n2–0\n\n2–1\n\n\n\nSource: DataSoccer.itLegend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win.Notes:\n\n^ Match awarded after it was not played due to the riots at the Maksimir stadium.","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"}],"text":"^ only played the second part of the season due to being suspended by UEFA for breach of contract with Steaua","title":"Winning squad"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Top scorers"}]
[]
[{"title":"1989–90 Yugoslav Second League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989%E2%80%9390_Yugoslav_Second_League"},{"title":"1989–90 Yugoslav Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989%E2%80%9390_Yugoslav_Cup"},{"title":"Dinamo Zagreb-Red Star Belgrade riot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinamo_Zagreb-Red_Star_Belgrade_riot"}]
[]
[{"Link":"http://www.rsssf.org/tablesj/joeghist.html","external_links_name":"rsssf.org"},{"Link":"http://datasoccer.it/jugoslavia/totris.asp?anno=1989%2F90&serie=A&numgirone=1&vai.x=239&vai.y=24","external_links_name":"DataSoccer.it"},{"Link":"http://www.rsssf.org/tablesj/joeghist.html","external_links_name":"Yugoslavia Domestic Football Full Tables"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaine_Michel
Germaine Michel
["1 Career","2 Selected filmography","3 References"]
French actress (1892–1976) Germaine MichelBorn(1892-11-07)7 November 1892Paris, FranceDied9 January 1976(1976-01-09) (aged 83)Clichy-la-Garenne, FranceOccupationActorYears active1913-1965 Germaine Michel (7 November 1892 – 9 January 1976) was a French stage and film actress. She was born in Paris and died in Clichy-la-Garenne. Career She began her career in the theater before transferring to cinema, where she gained more popularity. Germaine Michel worked steadily through the 1930s and 1940s, acting in a variety of dramas, comedies, and crime thrillers. She captivated audiences with her beauty, grace, and emotional depth in every role she played. Despite her versatility as an actress, Germaine is most notable for her roles in French noir films. The actress often played complex and conflicted characters, adding depth and realism to each role. Some of Germaine Michel's most acclaimed films include The Strange Monsieur Victor (1938), "La Nuit Fantastique" (1942), and "Cigarette Girl" (1947). Her performances in these films received critical recognition, establishing her as one of the top actresses of her time. Germaine Michel retired from acting in the 1950s but continued to receive accolades for her contributions to French cinema. In 1974, she was awarded the French Order of Merit for her outstanding dedication to the arts. Selected filmography The Wandering Beast (1932) Cognasse (1932) Make-Up (1932) Paprika (1933) The Heir of the Bal Tabarin (1933) On the Streets (1933) 600,000 Francs a Month (1933) Rothchild (1934) Chourinette (1934) Tovaritch (1935) Mercadet (1936) The Man of the Hour (1937) Three Waltzes (1938) That's Sport (1938) The Porter from Maxim's (1939) As Long as I Live (1946) Special Mission (1946) Pastoral Symphony (1946) To the Eyes of Memory (1948) The Cupid Club (1949) The Mystery of the Yellow Room (1949) At the Grand Balcony (1949) Three Telegrams (1950) Gas-Oil (1955) The Little Rebels (1955) Maigret Sets a Trap (1958) References ^ "Germaine Michel". IMDB. Retrieved 6 November 2023. ^ "Germaine Michel, Actress, 83". The New York Times. Retrieved 6 November 2023. ^ "Germaine Michel: A Forgotten Icon of French Film". Frenchly.us. French Morning Media Group. Retrieved 6 November 2023. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany People Deutsche Biographie This article about a French actor is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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She was born in Paris and died in Clichy-la-Garenne.","title":"Germaine Michel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dramas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama"},{"link_name":"comedies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy"},{"link_name":"crime thrillers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_Fiction"},{"link_name":"role","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Role"},{"link_name":"noir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_Noir"},{"link_name":"The Strange Monsieur Victor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Strange_Monsieur_Victor"},{"link_name":"La Nuit Fantastique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantastic_Night"},{"link_name":"Cigarette Girl\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cigarette_Girl_(1947_film)"},{"link_name":"French cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_France"},{"link_name":"French Order of Merit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordre_national_du_M%C3%A9rite"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Germain_Michel_[Career]_Source_1-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Germain_Michel_[Career]_Source_2-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Germain_Michel_[Career]_Source_3-3"}],"text":"She began her career in the theater before transferring to cinema, where she gained more popularity.Germaine Michel worked steadily through the 1930s and 1940s, acting in a variety of dramas, comedies, and crime thrillers. She captivated audiences with her beauty, grace, and emotional depth in every role she played. Despite her versatility as an actress, Germaine is most notable for her roles in French noir films. The actress often played complex and conflicted characters, adding depth and realism to each role.Some of Germaine Michel's most acclaimed films include The Strange Monsieur Victor (1938), \"La Nuit Fantastique\" (1942), and \"Cigarette Girl\" (1947). Her performances in these films received critical recognition, establishing her as one of the top actresses of her time.Germaine Michel retired from acting in the 1950s but continued to receive accolades for her contributions to French cinema. In 1974, she was awarded the French Order of Merit for her outstanding dedication to the arts. [1][2][3]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Wandering Beast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wandering_Beast"},{"link_name":"Cognasse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognasse"},{"link_name":"Make-Up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Make-Up_(1932_film)"},{"link_name":"Paprika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paprika_(1933_French_film)"},{"link_name":"The Heir of the Bal Tabarin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Heir_of_the_Bal_Tabarin"},{"link_name":"On the Streets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Streets_(film)"},{"link_name":"600,000 Francs a Month","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/600,000_Francs_a_Month_(1933_film)"},{"link_name":"Rothchild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rothchild_(film)"},{"link_name":"Chourinette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chourinette"},{"link_name":"Tovaritch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tovaritch_(film)"},{"link_name":"Mercadet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercadet"},{"link_name":"The Man of the Hour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Man_of_the_Hour"},{"link_name":"Three Waltzes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Waltzes"},{"link_name":"That's Sport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/That%27s_Sport"},{"link_name":"The Porter from Maxim's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Porter_from_Maxim%27s_(1939_film)"},{"link_name":"As Long as I Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As_Long_as_I_Live_(1946_film)"},{"link_name":"Special Mission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Mission_(1946_film)"},{"link_name":"Pastoral Symphony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastoral_Symphony_(film)"},{"link_name":"To the Eyes of Memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/To_the_Eyes_of_Memory"},{"link_name":"The Cupid Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cupid_Club"},{"link_name":"The Mystery of the Yellow Room","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mystery_of_the_Yellow_Room_(1949_film)"},{"link_name":"At the Grand Balcony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At_the_Grand_Balcony"},{"link_name":"Three Telegrams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Telegrams"},{"link_name":"Gas-Oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas-Oil"},{"link_name":"The Little Rebels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Little_Rebels"},{"link_name":"Maigret Sets a Trap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maigret_Sets_a_Trap_(film)"}],"text":"The Wandering Beast (1932)\nCognasse (1932)\nMake-Up (1932)\nPaprika (1933)\nThe Heir of the Bal Tabarin (1933)\nOn the Streets (1933)\n600,000 Francs a Month (1933)\nRothchild (1934)\nChourinette (1934)\nTovaritch (1935)\nMercadet (1936)\nThe Man of the Hour (1937)\nThree Waltzes (1938)\nThat's Sport (1938)\nThe Porter from Maxim's (1939)\nAs Long as I Live (1946)\nSpecial Mission (1946)\nPastoral Symphony (1946)\nTo the Eyes of Memory (1948)\nThe Cupid Club (1949)\nThe Mystery of the Yellow Room (1949)\nAt the Grand Balcony (1949)\nThree Telegrams (1950)\nGas-Oil (1955)\nThe Little Rebels (1955)\nMaigret Sets a Trap (1958)","title":"Selected filmography"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2150_BC
22nd century BC
["1 Events","2 References"]
One hundred years, from 2200 BC to 2101 BC Millennium 3rd millennium BC Centuries 23rd century BC 22nd century BC 21st century BC Timelines 23rd century BC 22nd century BC 21st century BC State leaders 23rd century BC 22nd century BC 21st century BC Decades 2190s BC 2180s BC 2170s BC 2160s BC 2150s BC 2140s BC 2130s BC 2120s BC 2110s BC 2100s BC Categories: Births – Deaths Establishments – Disestablishments vte The 22nd century BC was a century that lasted from the year 2200 BC to 2101 BC. Events The Deluge tablet of the Epic of Gilgamesh in Akkadian. The historical Gilgamesh had died centuries earlier before his epic was recorded. 4.2-kiloyear event: A severe aridification event that probably lasts the entire 22nd century BC and causes the collapse of several Old World civilizations. 2217 BC–2193 BC: Nomadic invasions of the Mesopotamian city of Akkad. c. 2200 BC: Austronesians reach the Batanes Islands of the Philippine Archipelago as part of the Austronesian Expansion. c. 2184 BC: Possible date for the death of Pharaoh Pepi II Neferkare of the Sixth Dynasty of Egypt, the longest reigning monarch of history with 94 years on the throne. c. 2184 BC: Ephemeral rule of Merenre Nemtyemsaf II in Egypt. c. 2184–2181 BC: Reign of Netjerkare Siptah, last pharaoh of the Sixth Dynasty of Egypt, who will later give rise to the legendary figure of Nitocris. c. 2181 BC: End of the Old Kingdom of Egypt and start of the First Intermediate Period, the doubtful Seventh Dynasty and the Eighth Dynasty of Egypt with Menkare (these periods may extend to c. 2160 BC or beyond). The fall of the Old Kingdom may have been caused by a conjunction of severe droughts, strong decentralization of the state and confusion following the extremely long reign of Pepi II. c. 2180 BC: Akkadian Empire falls under attack by the Guti (Mesopotamia), a mountain people from the northeast. c. 2160 BC: End of the reign of Pharaoh Neferirkare, last king of the Eighth Dynasty of Egypt. Beginning of the Ninth Dynasty, possibly after the overthrow of Neferirkare. c. 2160 BC: Beginning of Middle Minoan period in Crete. c. 2150 BC: City state of Lagash in Mesopotamia is established. c. 2150–2030 BC: The Epic of Gilgamesh is written in Mesopotamia in Akkadian. c. 2144 BC: Gudea, ruler (ensi) of Lagash, starts to reign. 2138 BC: A solar eclipse on 9 May and a lunar eclipse on 24 May occur and are believed to be the double eclipse that takes place 23 years after the ascension of king Shulgi of Babylon by those holding to the long chronology. c. 2125 BC–2055 BC: "Model of a house and garden, from Thebes", Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt. 2124 BC: Gudea, ruler (ensi) of Lagash, dies. c. 2120 BC: Votive statue of Gudea from Lagash (Iraq) is made. 2119 BC–2113 BC (middle chronology): Utu-hengal, first king of the third dynasty of Ur, also called the Neo-Sumerian Empire. 2116 BC–2110 BC: Uruk–Gutian war. 2112 BC–2095 BC: Sumerian campaigns of Ur-Nammu. References ^ Sin-léqi-unnínni (2017). Ele que o abismo viu (in Brazilian Portuguese). Translated by Jacyntho Lins Brandão. Autêntica. p. 13. ISBN 978-85-513-0283-5. ^ Now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. ^ Now in the Musée du Louvre, Paris. vteDecades and years22nd century BC24th century BC ← 23rd century BC ← ↔ → 21st century BC → 20th century BC 2200s BC 2209 BC 2208 BC 2207 BC 2206 BC 2205 BC 2204 BC 2203 BC 2202 BC 2201 BC 2200 BC 2190s BC 2199 BC 2198 BC 2197 BC 2196 BC 2195 BC 2194 BC 2193 BC 2192 BC 2191 BC 2190 BC 2180s BC 2189 BC 2188 BC 2187 BC 2186 BC 2185 BC 2184 BC 2183 BC 2182 BC 2181 BC 2180 BC 2170s BC 2179 BC 2178 BC 2177 BC 2176 BC 2175 BC 2174 BC 2173 BC 2172 BC 2171 BC 2170 BC 2160s BC 2169 BC 2168 BC 2167 BC 2166 BC 2165 BC 2164 BC 2163 BC 2162 BC 2161 BC 2160 BC 2150s BC 2159 BC 2158 BC 2157 BC 2156 BC 2155 BC 2154 BC 2153 BC 2152 BC 2151 BC 2150 BC 2140s BC 2149 BC 2148 BC 2147 BC 2146 BC 2145 BC 2144 BC 2143 BC 2142 BC 2141 BC 2140 BC 2130s BC 2139 BC 2138 BC 2137 BC 2136 BC 2135 BC 2134 BC 2133 BC 2132 BC 2131 BC 2130 BC 2120s BC 2129 BC 2128 BC 2127 BC 2126 BC 2125 BC 2124 BC 2123 BC 2122 BC 2121 BC 2120 BC 2110s BC 2119 BC 2118 BC 2117 BC 2116 BC 2115 BC 2114 BC 2113 BC 2112 BC 2111 BC 2110 BC 2100s BC 2109 BC 2108 BC 2107 BC 2106 BC 2105 BC 2104 BC 2103 BC 2102 BC 2101 BC 2100 BC 2090s BC 2099 BC 2098 BC 2097 BC 2096 BC 2095 BC 2094 BC 2093 BC 2092 BC 2091 BC 2090 BC vteCenturies and millennia Millennium Century BC (BCE) 4th 40th 39th 38th 37th 36th 35th 34th 33rd 32nd 31st 3rd 30th 29th 28th 27th 26th 25th 24th 23rd 22nd 21st 2nd 20th 19th 18th 17th 16th 15th 14th 13th 12th 11th 1st 10th 9th 8th 7th 6th 5th 4th 3rd 2nd 1st AD (CE) 1st 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 2nd 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 3rd 21st 22nd 23rd 24th 25th 26th 27th 28th 29th 30th Authority control databases: National Czech Republic
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Century"}],"text":"The 22nd century BC was a century that lasted from the year 2200 BC to 2101 BC.","title":"22nd century BC"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:British_Museum_Flood_Tablet.jpg"},{"link_name":"Deluge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deluge_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Epic of Gilgamesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_of_Gilgamesh"},{"link_name":"Akkadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akkadian_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"4.2-kiloyear event","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4.2-kiloyear_event"},{"link_name":"2217 BC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/23rd_century_BC"},{"link_name":"Nomadic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomad"},{"link_name":"Akkad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akkad_(city)"},{"link_name":"Austronesians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesian_peoples"},{"link_name":"Pharaoh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharaoh"},{"link_name":"Pepi II Neferkare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepi_II_Neferkare"},{"link_name":"Sixth Dynasty of Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Merenre Nemtyemsaf II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merenre_Nemtyemsaf_II"},{"link_name":"Netjerkare Siptah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netjerkare_Siptah"},{"link_name":"Sixth Dynasty of Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Nitocris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitocris"},{"link_name":"Old Kingdom of Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"First Intermediate Period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Intermediate_Period"},{"link_name":"Seventh Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Eighth Dynasty of Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighth_Dynasty_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Menkare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menkare"},{"link_name":"severe droughts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/22nd_century_BC_drought"},{"link_name":"Akkadian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akkadian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Guti (Mesopotamia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guti_(Mesopotamia)"},{"link_name":"mountain people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_people"},{"link_name":"Neferirkare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neferirkare"},{"link_name":"Eighth Dynasty of Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighth_Dynasty_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Ninth Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninth_Dynasty_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Minoan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minoan_civilization"},{"link_name":"Crete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crete"},{"link_name":"Lagash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagash"},{"link_name":"Epic of Gilgamesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_of_Gilgamesh"},{"link_name":"Akkadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akkadian_language"},{"link_name":"Gudea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gudea"},{"link_name":"ensi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ens%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"Lagash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagash"},{"link_name":"solar eclipse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_eclipse"},{"link_name":"lunar eclipse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_eclipse"},{"link_name":"Shulgi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shulgi"},{"link_name":"Babylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylon"},{"link_name":"long chronology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_chronology"},{"link_name":"2055 BC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21st_century_BC"},{"link_name":"Thebes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thebes,_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Gudea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gudea"},{"link_name":"ensi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ens%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"Lagash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagash"},{"link_name":"Votive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Votive_offering"},{"link_name":"Gudea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gudea"},{"link_name":"Lagash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagash"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"middle chronology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_chronology"},{"link_name":"Utu-hengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utu-hengal"},{"link_name":"third dynasty of Ur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_dynasty_of_Ur"},{"link_name":"Uruk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruk"},{"link_name":"Gutian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gutian_dynasty_of_Sumer"},{"link_name":"Sumerian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer"},{"link_name":"Ur-Nammu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ur-Nammu"}],"text":"The Deluge tablet of the Epic of Gilgamesh in Akkadian. The historical Gilgamesh had died centuries earlier before his epic was recorded.[1]4.2-kiloyear event: A severe aridification event that probably lasts the entire 22nd century BC and causes the collapse of several Old World civilizations.\n2217 BC–2193 BC: Nomadic invasions of the Mesopotamian city of Akkad.\nc. 2200 BC: Austronesians reach the Batanes Islands of the Philippine Archipelago as part of the Austronesian Expansion.\nc. 2184 BC: Possible date for the death of Pharaoh Pepi II Neferkare of the Sixth Dynasty of Egypt, the longest reigning monarch of history with 94 years on the throne.\nc. 2184 BC: Ephemeral rule of Merenre Nemtyemsaf II in Egypt.\nc. 2184–2181 BC: Reign of Netjerkare Siptah, last pharaoh of the Sixth Dynasty of Egypt, who will later give rise to the legendary figure of Nitocris.\nc. 2181 BC: End of the Old Kingdom of Egypt and start of the First Intermediate Period, the doubtful Seventh Dynasty and the Eighth Dynasty of Egypt with Menkare (these periods may extend to c. 2160 BC or beyond). The fall of the Old Kingdom may have been caused by a conjunction of severe droughts, strong decentralization of the state and confusion following the extremely long reign of Pepi II.\nc. 2180 BC: Akkadian Empire falls under attack by the Guti (Mesopotamia), a mountain people from the northeast.\nc. 2160 BC: End of the reign of Pharaoh Neferirkare, last king of the Eighth Dynasty of Egypt. Beginning of the Ninth Dynasty, possibly after the overthrow of Neferirkare.\nc. 2160 BC: Beginning of Middle Minoan period in Crete.\nc. 2150 BC: City state of Lagash in Mesopotamia is established.\nc. 2150–2030 BC: The Epic of Gilgamesh is written in Mesopotamia in Akkadian.\nc. 2144 BC: Gudea, ruler (ensi) of Lagash, starts to reign.\n2138 BC: A solar eclipse on 9 May and a lunar eclipse on 24 May occur and are believed to be the double eclipse that takes place 23 years after the ascension of king Shulgi of Babylon by those holding to the long chronology.\nc. 2125 BC–2055 BC: \"Model of a house and garden, from Thebes\", Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt.[2]\n2124 BC: Gudea, ruler (ensi) of Lagash, dies.\nc. 2120 BC: Votive statue of Gudea from Lagash (Iraq) is made.[3]\n2119 BC–2113 BC (middle chronology): Utu-hengal, first king of the third dynasty of Ur, also called the Neo-Sumerian Empire.\n2116 BC–2110 BC: Uruk–Gutian war.\n2112 BC–2095 BC: Sumerian campaigns of Ur-Nammu.","title":"Events"}]
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null
[{"reference":"Sin-léqi-unnínni (2017). Ele que o abismo viu [He who Saw the Abysm] (in Brazilian Portuguese). Translated by Jacyntho Lins Brandão. Autêntica. p. 13. ISBN 978-85-513-0283-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%AEn-l%C4%93qi-unninni","url_text":"Sin-léqi-unnínni"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-85-513-0283-5","url_text":"978-85-513-0283-5"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammer_(Home_and_Away)
List of Home and Away characters (2011)
["1 Darryl Braxton","2 Heath Braxton","3 Casey Braxton","4 Miranda Jacobs","5 Kieran Monroe","6 Marty Jones","7 Tegan Callahan","8 Harvey Ryan","9 Jake Pirovic","10 Hammer","11 Stu Henderson","12 Sasha Bezmel","13 Mark Gilmour","14 Hayley O'Connor","15 Others","16 References","17 External links"]
Home and Away is an Australian television soap opera. It was first broadcast on the Seven Network on 17 January 1988. The following is a list of characters that first appeared in 2011, by order of first appearance. All characters were introduced by the shows series producer Cameron Welsh. The 24th season of Home and Away began airing on 24 January 2011. The following month, the Braxton brothers; Darryl, Heath and Casey were introduced. Miranda Jacobs and Kieran Monroe made their debuts in April. Marty Jones made his debut in June and Tegan Callahan arrived the following month. Fletcher Humphrys joined the cast in July as Gang Member Jake Pirovic. August saw the introductions of Harvey Ryan, Hammer, Stu Henderson and Sasha Bezmel. Shane Emmett made his debut as Mark Gilmour in September and lawyer Hayley O'Connor began appearing from October. Darryl Braxton Main article: Darryl Braxton Darryl "Brax" Braxton, played by Steve Peacocke, made his first screen appearance on 16 February 2011. The character and casting was announced on 9 January 2011. Peacocke heard about the role from his agent and he called the audition process "a lot of fun". Brax is the oldest of three brothers known as The River Boys, a "bad-boy surf gang with dodgy reputations." A writer for Channel Seven's Home and Away website stated that Brax has a "dodgy reputation and a chip on his shoulder." He is a surfing legend and commands a respect from his fellow surfies, which he finds useful. Peacocke commented that Brax just wants to escape his upbringing and have a successful family life. Brax tries to keep his younger brothers Heath (Dan Ewing) and Casey (Lincoln Younes) out of trouble. Shortly after his arrival, Darryl began a relationship with Charlie Buckton (Esther Anderson). For his portrayal of Darryl, Peacocke won the Logie Award for Most Popular New Male Talent in 2012. Heath Braxton Main article: Heath Braxton Heath Braxton, played by Daniel Ewing, made his first on-screen appearance on 16 February 2011, originally departed on 29 July 2014 and made a one-off appearance on 23 September 2014. Heath is the second oldest of the Braxton brothers and was initially described as being "feared by cops and the residents of his home town of Mangrove River" and having a short fuse. Heath was the first of The River Boys to be announced, with Ewing's casting revealed on 24 September 2010. Heath is Ewing's second role with Home and Away, having appeared as Reuben Humphries in 2007. For his role, Ewing had to get fit and he joked "I don't think they would cast overweight guys to play surfers, so yeah, I'm sure it was a factor for the producers." He added that he cannot surf well and was relieved that the producers did not test his surfing skills at his audition. Casey Braxton Main article: Casey Braxton Casey Braxton, played by Lincoln Younes, made his first on-screen appearance on 17 February 2011 and departed on 16 September 2014. Casey is the youngest of the Braxton brothers. The Daily Telegraph said that Casey is trying to break out of the River Boys mould and that he was kicked out of his last high school. Younes was planning to go to London to travel and to find himself, but after a successful audition for Home and Away, he decided to cancel his plans to play the part of Casey. He relocated to Sydney for the role. Casey is described as being a "modern day Rebel Without a Cause." He has never quite fitted in and he does not know what he wants from life. He has been overshadowed by both of his brothers and he has struggled at school. Casey later begins a relationship with Ruby Buckton (Rebecca Breeds), following her fling with Romeo Smith (Luke Mitchell). Miranda Jacobs Miranda JacobsHome and Away characterPortrayed byAshley CheadleFirst appearance6 April 2011Last appearance10 May 2011ClassificationFormer, recurringIntroduced byCameron Welsh Miranda Jacobs, played by Ashley Cheadle, made her first on-screen appearance on 6 April 2011. Miranda comes to Summer Bay to compete in the Surf Carnival and she begins dating Xavier Austin. It was revealed in January 2011 that Cheadle had joined the cast of Home and Away as a love interest for one of the characters. Cheadle is a professional surfer and Tania Seager of Yahoo!7 said she is "not the standard beach blond surfer that typifies our Summer Bay culture." Cheadle's character, Miranda, competes against Ruby Buckton (Rebecca Breeds) in the Surf Carnival and Cheadle revealed that she and Breeds did their own stunts, which she said was "fun." Seager said "Miranda also sorts out the boys from the men and gives Xavier a lot to think about." Miranda briefly dates Xavier Austin (David Jones-Roberts) and she is "annoyed" when she discovers that he lied to her about being in university. Miranda gives him a second chance, but Xavier manages to "mess things up" again. Holy Soap said that it had not been confirmed how long Miranda would be in the show. Xavier Austin delivers pizza to Miranda's house and she flirts with him. Xavier later attends a party at Miranda's home and she assumes he is a university student. They arrange to meet her again and go to a party hosted by Ruby Buckton and Casey Braxton (Lincoln Younes). When April Scott (Rhiannon Fish) is thrown into the swimming pool, Miranda and Xavier help her out and take her home. Miranda invites Xavier to an exhibition at an art gallery and they late fall asleep on the beach. Miranda tells Xavier that she will help train him for the Surf Carnival. Gina Austin (Sonia Todd) invites Miranda to give a talk at Summer Bay High and Miranda discovers Xavier is a school student. Xavier begs Miranda for a second chance, which she agrees to. She helps him out with a pizza delivery, but when she hears him lying to Angelo Rosetta (Luke Jacobz) she tells him that he needs to grow up and leaves. On the day of the Surf Carnival, Ruby Buckton goads Miranda and during the race, Ruby deliberately tries to cut Miranda off. Miranda knocks Ruby into the water and wins the race. Ruby has a go at Miranda for cheating and Xavier stands up for her. Kieran Monroe Kieran MonroeHome and Away characterPortrayed byAndrew HazzardFirst appearance6 April 2011Last appearance5 May 2011ClassificationFormer, recurringIntroduced byCameron WelshIn-universe informationOccupationStudent Kieran Monroe, played by Andrew Hazzard, made his first on-screen appearance on 6 April 2011. Kieran was introduced as a love interest for Indigo Walker, but his attempts to win her over make him seem "creepy". Hazzard said joining Home and Away was "fun" and that the cast and crew had been very welcoming. Hazzard described Kieran as being a "quite a straightforward, achievement-orientated guy... in his own mind anyway." Hazzard told Holy Soap that he saw his character as wanting to succeed at his university course and his relationship with Indigo (Samara Weaving). Kieran wants to own a farm and become a great husband and father. Hazzard also felt that Kieran has been "messed around" by people. Kieran meets Indigo at a party and he falls in love with her instantly. Even though she lies to him and he does not know what is happening with their relationship, Kieran cannot stop his feelings of love for her. Kieran meets Indigo's family and Hazzard said that he "tries to be as amiable as he possibly can be. I think he feels if he makes a great impression on Indi's family, then he will have more of a chance with Indi." Kieran also meets Indigo's ex-boyfriend, Romeo Smith (Luke Mitchell) at the party. Hazzard said that his character "definitely knows something has happened" between Indigo and Romeo and Kieran wants Romeo out of his way. When asked if Kieran is dangerous, Hazzard opined that he thinks his character has a "dangerous streak", but he did not think Kieran would hurt Indigo. The actor explained that Kieran want to be the best he can possibly be and his emotions get the better of him. On playing a bad guy, Hazzard told the website, "I didn't actually see Kieran as a 'bad guy'. Even in his final scene, where he is manhandling Indi out of the bushes and attempting to put her in his car, I feel that he was doing all of that with the best intentions. He says, 'What would your dad say if I left you out here?', and I feel that really was his motivation for wanting to get her back in his car. He really did just want to get her home safely." The actor added that Kieran could appear to come across as a bad guy from the viewer's point of view, but not from his character's. He said "He's lovesick, I think. And as we all know, sometimes love makes us do some crazy things." Kieran meets Indigo Walker at a party and he later sends her a flirty text. Kieran asks her out and Indigo says that she will get back to him. Romeo Smith then warns Kieran to back off. Indigo accepts Kieran's invitation for a date, but when he wants to meet up again, Indigo tells him that she is busy. Kieran shows up and Indigo's house and he helps Indigo and her brother, Dexter (Charles Cottier), put together some furniture. Indigo tells Kieran that she just got out of a relationship and she is not interested in him. Kieran appears to accept this, but when Indigo goes to a club to see a band, he turns up too. Kieran offers to drive Indigo and Nicole Franklin (Tessa James) and they accept. Kieran drops Nicole off, but tries to take Indigo somewhere else. She panics and asks him to let her out of the car. Kieran does and he drives off. He later comes back to find Indigo, which scares her. He grabs her and is trying to get her into his car, when Romeo arrives. Romeo goes to fight Kieran, but Indigo tells him not to. Erin Miller of TV Week called Kieran "freaky" and a stalker. She also said that he "kept hanging around Indi like a bad smell." Miller later said Kieran was "a rather intense suitor" and "crazed." Marty Jones Marty JonesHome and Away characterPortrayed byMatty LuiFirst appearance27 June 2011Last appearance29 June 2011ClassificationFormer; guestIntroduced byCameron WelshIn-universe informationOccupationTourism manager Marty Jones, played by Matty Lui, made his first appearance on 27 June 2011. Lui won the role of Marty after an audition in Hawaii. Lui told Yahoo!7, "My agent called me up and said that they are casting a really cool role on the most famous show in Australia and if I was up to auditioning for it, I jumped at the chance and it was awesome working with a super great cast and crew in Hawaii." Lui is a Hawaiian five time surf champion, which the writers incorporated into his character's storyline. While Lui was on the set he taught Samara Weaving to surf. Roo Stewart (Georgie Parker), Romeo Smith (Luke Mitchell) and Indi Walker (Weaving) travel to Hawaii to attend a tourism exhibition. Marty is Roo and Romeo's business acquaintance and Indigo helps win him over. Marty later makes Indi a job offer, but Indi turns it down. Marty is happy for her and Romeo when they get married during their stay. Roo tries to distract herself from talking to Sid Walker (Robert Mammone) by spending time with Marty. When she introduces Sid to Marty, he makes Roo realise that she is actually attracted to Sid, and he encourages her to pursue a relationship with him. Tegan Callahan Tegan CallahanHome and Away characterPortrayed bySaskia BurmeisterFirst appearance4 July 2011Last appearance8 September 2011ClassificationFormer, recurringIntroduced byCameron WelshIn-universe informationMotherConnie CallahanDaughtersDarcy Callahan Tegan Mary Callahan, played by Saskia Burmeister, made her first on-screen appearance on 4 July 2011. Tegan is a River Girl and Darryl Braxton's (Steve Peacocke) ex-girlfriend. She comes to Summer Bay to try and win him back. The character and casting was announced on 24 April 2011. Burmeister told The Daily Telegraph that she had an extended guest role and the door would be left open for a future return. Burmeister said she would love to come back. The actress revealed she and her husband were finalising a European holiday, just as the offer to appear in Home and Away came through. She also revealed that she bleached her usual brown hair blonde for the role. Burmeister's younger sister, Martika Sullivan, who played Kelly O'Mara also landed a role in the show at the same time. Saskia Burmeister played Tegan Callahan Burmeister described Tegan as a bitch and a "naughty character", which she said attracted her to the role. Burmeister is often cast as the girl next door and she relished the chance to play Tegan. She said "I love her. I find myself gasping at what she is doing." The actress added "She's really nasty, dark and menacing and likes to cause trouble." Lizzy Lovette of The Sun-Herald said Tegan is a "manipulative surfer chick", who arrives in the Bay to ruffle some feathers. Peacocke revealed that Tegan comes to town to do his mother's bidding. He told TV Week, "Brax has been butting heads with his mum, Cheryl (Suzi Dougherty), so she decides to contact Tegan to suss out what's going on with ." Peacocke explained that Darryl has a soft spot for Tegan because they share a history, but he does not trust her and she is not the type of person he can confide in. Tegan is shocked to learn that Darryl is in a relationship with Charlie Buckton (Esther Anderson). The Daily Star Sunday reported that Tegan will stop at nothing to split Darryl and Charlie up. Darryl wants nothing to do with Tegan and he orders her to leave town after she threatens Charlie. An insider told the paper: "She's devastated when he tells her to leave. But there really is nothing worse than a woman scorned." The Daily Record said Tegan was "certainly a firebrand." Tegan comes to Angelo's to see Darryl Braxton, after talking to his mother, Cheryl. Tegan asks him about his new girlfriend, but Darryl refuses to give her any details, so she cannot report back to his mother. Tegan tells Heath Braxton (Daniel Ewing) that Darryl has changed and when he mentions that Darryl owns Angelo's, Tegan goes to see Colleen Smart (Lyn Collingwood). Colleen tells Tegan all about the River Boys and Darryl's arrival in Summer Bay. Tegan later spots Darryl with Charlie Buckton. She confronts Charlie, telling her that she knows about her relationship with Darryl and that their secret is not safe with her. Darryl later tells Tegan to leave. Tegan returns and reveals to Darryl that she is dating Jake Pirovic (Fletcher Humphrys). She tells him that Jake knows about Heath's plan to launch a raid on his land and tells Darryl to stop Heath before he gets killed. Tegan later turns up with bags of drugs and Heath helps her hide them. Tegan goes to see Darryl and she kisses him. They have sex and Charlie finds them together. Jake stabs Darryl and Tegan helps him with his injury. She later reveals to Charlie that Darryl is Darcy's father. Tegan tells Darryl and he initially asks for a DNA test, but changes his mind. Casey (Lincoln Younes) overhears Tegan and Cheryl talking and learns Tegan is lying to Darryl. Casey tells Darryl, who confronts Tegan and she reveals Heath is Darcy's real father. Tegan decides to go back to Jake. A storm hits the Bay and Heath takes Darcy to the high school. Tegan arrives and tells Heath he had no right taking Darcy and they leave. Tegan crashes her car and Charlie arrives to help her. Tegan panics when she realises Darcy is missing, but Darryl finds her. Tegan tells Charlie she loves Darryl, but he does not love her. Tegan is pulled out of the car and taken to hospital. She reveals to Darryl that she told Hammer (Benedict Samuel) about him and Charlie. Tegan goes into surgery, but she dies from her injuries. Harvey Ryan Harvey RyanHome and Away characterPortrayed byMarcus GrahamDuration2011–14First appearance10 August 2011Last appearance27 February 2014ClassificationFormer, regularIntroduced byCameron WelshIn-universe informationOccupationFishing chartererCouncillorBait shop workerWifeMelissa Gregg (until 2010)Roo Stewart (2012–14)SonsBen RyanDaughtersLottie Ryan Harvey Ryan, played by Marcus Graham, made his first on screen appearance on 10 August 2011. The character and casting was announced on 31 July 2011. Graham was originally supposed to have a small guest role, but he asked the producers if he could stay and was contracted until the end of 2012. Of this, Graham told the Herald Sun, "I came in for a couple of episodes and it was just a really, really great experience ... I've worked with Georgie (Parker) before in theatre and we started in the business around the same time and get along very well so I thought, why not?" Marcus Graham portrays Harvey Harvey Ryan is described as being the "expert on all things sailing and boating in Summer Bay." He was brought up in Summer Bay and runs a local fishing charter. Of Harvey, the official Home and Away website explained, "Harvey is a big fish in a small pond and more than capable of winning a woman over with his smile, his easy charm and his blokey boatie ways." However, Harvey is capable of making enemies and he gets on the wrong side of many locals, including Romeo Smith (Luke Mitchell), who becomes convinced Harvey trashed his boat to ruin his business. Romeo finds out Harvey has been stealing his clients and copying his ideas, and when his boat is vandalised, Romeo decides to report him to the police. The official website said "The gloves are off and both men settle in for a war." Romeo later apologises to Harvey, but Harvey is not interested and he complains to the council about Romeo and Alf Stewart (Ray Meagher) not having a permit for their mooring. On 4 July 2013, it was revealed Graham had finished filming on Home and Away. Following his on-screen departure, Graham explained that it was agreed all round "that it was time to finish Harvey" and he called his exit "harmonious". Graham admitted to staying with the show longer than he originally planned, as he was enjoying the work. He added that he would not rule out a return to Home and Away in the future. When Romeo Smith's boat is trashed, he believes Harvey is behind it. He also learns Harvey has stolen some of his clients and has obviously copied his business ideas. Romeo reports Harvey to the police, but Elijah Johnson (Jay Laga'aia) clears Harvey of the crime when he finds the real culprit. Romeo apologises, but Harvey informs him that he has just complained to the council about Romeo's lack of permit for his mooring. Romeo and his partner, Alf, are forced to move their boat, when the council tell them in legal terms, their mooring did not officially exist. Harvey tells Romeo that he is next in line to take over the mooring. However, when he checks it out, he finds it gone. Harvey later confronts Romeo with a story about Alf and the mooring in the paper. Roo Stewart (Georgie Parker) invites three investors to look at the new resort site. Due to an impending storm, Alf stops Romeo from using the Blaxland, but Harvey agrees to take them all out in his boat in the hope of winning the marina contract. The bad weather causes Harvey's boat to sink and Romeo and Alf are forced to save Roo, Harvey and the investors. Romeo finds Harvey, who is injured and manages to get him to the hospital. Harvey asks Alf if they could go into business together as he has the mooring and Alf has the boat. Alf persuades Romeo to agree to the deal. Harvey and Roo go on a date, but Roo leaves early. Harvey asks her out again and they go out to dinner. Romeo gets fed up of Harvey neglecting his jobs an confronts him. Harvey tells Romeo he will pull his weight, but he later tells Alf that Romeo skipped his chores. Romeo believes Harvey is trying to get the marina contract behind his back when Harvey reveals he is thinking about getting his own boat. Roo begins avoiding Harvey and he thinks she is still in love with Sid Walker (Robert Mammone). However, Roo denies this and kisses Harvey. Harvey empties a can of petrol on the Blaxland and blames Romeo for it in front of Alf. Harvey later offers to buy the Blaxland from Alf. Roo confronts Harvey about using her to get the Blaxland and she breaks up with him. Harvey and Roo realise that they still have feelings for each other and get back together. Harvey runs for a position on the council against Alf and wins. He shuts down the proposed resort and John Palmer (Shane Withington) starts to suspect him of being corrupt. Roo and Harvey briefly break up again, but reconcile. Harvey's ex-wife Melissa (Allison Cratchley) arrives in the Bay with their daughter, Lottie (Morgan Weaving). Harvey contracts food poisoning and while he is in the hospital, Mel visits him and asks to stay at his house. When Harvey is reunited with Lottie, she gives him a cold reception due to his absence. Harvey then tells Roo about Mel and Lottie and she initially gives him the silent treatment as he did not tell her straight away. A week later Roo tells him that she wants to meet Lottie and they go on a picnic. John comes to Harvey and Roo with questions about a newly proposed Eco Park and warns them that he is going to the council. Harvey is later seen arguing with the mayor. John tells the press that Harvey rigged the council elections and Harvey resigns from the council. He is also punched by a member of the public and Mel treats him. She admits that she is still struggling to deal with their young son, Ben's death. Harvey admits that he was aware of the Mayor's vote rigging scam and has to go to court. Roo convinces him to let her aunt, Morag (Cornelia Frances), represent him and when he pleads guilty, he is given community service and a fine. Harvey then realises he has to sell his house to pay the fine. Harvey and Lottie move into Summer Bay House with Roo, while Mel goes to a clinic in the city to help her deal with Ben's death. When Harvey returns from visiting her, he reveals that she wants Lottie to join her in the city. He breaks the new to Lottie and she decides that she wants to stay in the Bay. Mel does not take the news well and she and Harvey begin a custody battle. Mel threatens to reveal that Harvey was drunk when Ben fell off their boat and died, so Harvey tells Lottie and Roo himself. Lottie eventually decides that Mel needs her and they leave. Harvey proposes to Roo and she accepts. Roo's ex-boyfriend Tim Graham (Jonny Pasvolsky) arrives in Summer Bay intending to get Roo back. Tim and Roo share a kiss, causing Harvey to fight with Tim. When Harvey thinks that Roo has chosen Tim, he goes to the city to see Lottie and ends up having a one-night stand with Mel. Roo later finds out and the pair fight, but they eventually reconcile. Harvey and Roo begin planning their wedding and Roo invites Winston Markman (John Batchelor) to be Harvey's best man. They later marry and run the caravan park together. When teenage runaways Maddy Osborne (Kassandra Clementi) and Spencer Harrington (Andrew Morley) rent a caravan from Harvey and Roo, they become like parents to the two children and they eventually move into Summer Bay House with them. When Winston returns to the Bay, Harvey makes plans with his best friend to go on a fishing trip with him away from the area. However, Roo receives news that Harvey and Winston's boat is missing, and, although Winston is found quickly, Harvey vanishes for several months. He returns abruptly without explanation of where he has been, but is obviously scarred by the experience. He finds Summer Bay claustrophobic and realising that things have changed between him and Roo, they decide to get a divorce so Harvey can leave. Spencer takes the news that Harvey is leaving badly but they reconcile before Harvey leaves. Jake Pirovic Jake PirovicHome and Away characterPortrayed byFletcher HumphrysDuration2011–2012, 2014First appearance22 July 2011Last appearance6 October 2014ClassificationFormer, recurringIntroduced byCameron Welsh (2011)Lucy Addario (2014)In-universe informationOccupationCareer criminalBrothersHammer Pirovic Jake Pirovic, played by Fletcher Humphrys, made his first screen appearance on 22 July 2011 and departed on 23 January 2012. In 2014, Humphrys reprised his role as Jake and returned to the serial. Humphrys' co-star Tai Hara, who plays Andy Barrett, spoke to TV Week about Andy's involvement with Jake: "He's on a one-way train that's going nowhere but off the tracks. It's relentless in terms of the number of stuff-ups he's making. Andy has lied to so many people. Everyone has turned their back on him. He's at his lowest point and thinks he can't possibly make any more bad decisions. Jake's older and Andy thinks he's a shady person. But Jake also gives Andy a sense of validation. It makes him feel better." It was revealed that Jake's return storyline would culminate in a murder. Jake is the leader of a rival surf gang to the River Boys. He dates Tegan Callahan (Saskia Burmeister). Jake is arrested alongside Heath Braxton (Dan Ewing), when Heath attempts to raid the rival gang's drug crop but Pirovic is later released. He demands his drugs back from Heath's brother Darryl (Steve Peacocke) and kidnaps their younger brother Casey (Lincoln Younes) and Ruby Buckton (Rebecca Breeds). Brax returns the drugs to Jake in exchange for Casey and Ruby, but when he realises some are missing, he stabs Brax. Jake is later arrested and sent to jail. While inside prison, Jake's brother Hammer (Benedict Samuel) takes over the lead of his crew but is later shot dead by Charlie Buckton after a failed kidnap attempt. Upon his release, he goes to Charlie Buckton's (Esther Anderson) home and shoots her twice killing her in revenge for killing his brother. Jake waits for Brax at his house and the pair fight before Jake takes off in his car, closely followed by Brax. They fight again on the beach and Jake is caught by the police. He confesses to shooting Charlie and is re-sentenced. Two years later, Jake is revealed to be the leader of a drug dealing gang that Andy Barrett owes money to. He has three members of his gang including his second, Cody Dalton (Aaron Glenane) to attack Casey and Denny Miller (Home and Away) (Jessica Grace Smith) and kidnap Josh and Evie MacGuire (Philippa Northeast). to make sure Andy pays up. Jake tells Andy about Charlie killing Hammer and blames Brax for his brother's death as well. After Josh wants nothing to do with Andy following the kidnap ordeal, Jake uses it to his advantage and tries to convince Andy that he can stop Brax before his brother gets killed. Andy initially agrees to help Jake but then realises that Jake is planning to kill Brax. When Andy refuses to help Jake anymore with his plan to try to get Brax's attention, Jake kidnaps Josh as leverage. Andy and Casey meet up with Jake to try and rescue Josh and Casey hits Jake with a stick allowing Andy to run off. Brax and his brother Kyle (Nic Westaway) arrive to assist Casey, but Jake ends up shooting Casey from outside the barn whilst aiming for Brax. Casey then dies of his injuries. Andy later calls Jake and tells him to leave Brax alone because he is already suffering due to Casey's death, but an unrepentant Jake tells him that he is not finished with Brax. Brax then goes looking for Jake to avenge Casey. Brax and Andy hide out at the murder scene where they believe Jake will return to inspect the sight. After spotting tyre tracks on the dirt road he quickly speeds off with Brax & Andy in pursuit. Brax and Jake attempt to run each other off the road when Jake quickly manages to lose the pair but is then cornered on a dead end road, Brax hurtles the car causing it to crash into Jake's vehicle knocking him off the road and seriously injuring him. Brax proceeds to confront the already injured Pirovic one last time but his car explodes. Jake is hospitalised and is put into a medically induced coma on life support. Senior Sergeant Mike Emerson (Cameron Stewart) reveals that Jake was transferred from prison to a low-security facility, as he was deemed not responsible for his actions when shooting Charlie two years ago, under a psychiatric order and had been held there for the past year and ended up escaping. Brax tells doctor Nate Cooper (Kyle Pryor) to let Jake die but when he refuses Brax tries one last attempt to kill Pirovic by disconnecting his life support machine, but he is arrested by the police before he can do so. Andy then after hours sneaks into the hospital and disconnects Jake's life support machine, causing him to die as a result. Hammer HammerHome and Away characterPortrayed byBenedict SamuelFirst appearance22 August 2011Last appearance19 September 2011ClassificationFormer, recurringIntroduced byCameron WelshIn-universe informationBrothersJake Pirovic Harman "Hammer" Pirovic, played by Benedict Samuel, made his first appearance on 22 August 2011. The character and casting was announced on 30 July 2011. Hammer is a member of a gang rivalling the River Boys. His real name is Harman and Samuel told the Herald Sun that he comes to uphold his honour and stir things up in Summer Bay. He added "I'm hired muscle, which is kind of ironic since I'm the skinniest person you've ever met. There's a lot of pursed lips and steely looks." The Advertiser described Hammer as a "big, hard guy with a lot of attitude" who plays second fiddle to his brother. Hammer is a member of his brother Jake's (Fletcher Humphrys) gang. While Jake is in prison, Hammer becomes the leader of the gang. He gives Darryl "Brax" Braxton (Steve Peacocke) a warning and when he learns Heath Braxton (Daniel Ewing) turned witness on Jake for an early release from jail, he threatens the brothers. Hammer and his gang beat Heath up. Heath and some members of the River Boys, retaliate by smashing up Hammer's car. Hammer and his gang set fire to Heath's car and the gangs face off on the beach. They are broken up by the police, but Hammer's gang get a hold of Stu Henderson (Brenton Thwaites) and remove his tattoo. They dump him outside of Brax and Heath's house. Charlie Buckton (Esther Anderson) and her colleague Georgina Watson (Jacklyn Albergoni) stop Hammer for speeding and they find a large piece of wood. Georgina stays with him to search the rest of his ute, while Charlie goes to stop a brawl between the gangs. Hammer goes to the hospital when he learns Jake's girlfriend, Tegan Callahan (Saskia Burmeister) died. He warns Brax that the next time they meet, both he and Charlie will be dead. Hammer later tells Brax that Jake wants to see him suffer, so he and his gang are going to go after Charlie. Someone then shoots Charlie from Hammer's car. One of Charlie's colleagues reveals Hammer was at the station reporting his stolen car when she was shot. Charlie decides to bring in Hammer, but he reveals nothing about the shooting. Hammer attends Tegan's funeral and then confronts Brax, demanding he gives up his territory. Hammer kidnaps Charlie and tells Brax to come and save her. Hammer intends to kill them both, but a fight breaks out and Charlie shoots Hammer dead. Stu Henderson Stu HendersonHome and Away characterPortrayed byBrenton ThwaitesDuration2011–12First appearance23 August 2011Last appearance5 March 2012ClassificationFormer, recurringIntroduced byCameron WelshIn-universe informationOccupationStudentFatherAlan HendersonMotherMargaret Henderson Stuart "Stu" Henderson, played by Brenton Thwaites, made his first appearance on 23 August 2011. Shortly after Thwaites relocated to Sydney from Cairns in April 2011, he was given the five-month recurring role of Stu on Home and Away. He called the show a great learning experience and said his co-stars were easy to work with. Tristan Swanwick of The Courier-Mail said Thwaites' character is part of a major storyline, which lasts for the rest of the year. Brenton Thwaites played Stuart Henderson. Stu is a new member of the Bay's River Boys. The Gold Coast Mail called him "another pot-stirring River Boy who comes in to 'rock The Bay'." Swanwick said Thwaites was too a "bit too pretty to be a bad-ass River Boy", but a few fake tattoos would fix that. Of his character, Thwaites told The Courier-Mail, "Stu's awesome, he has some fights, he gets the girls, it's awesome fun." Thwaites also told The Cairns Post that Stu would come in and steal the heart of a "beautiful young lady." The River Boys rival's are Hammer's (Benedict Samuel) gang. Hammer targets Stu as he is new and he gets his "Blood & Sand" tattoo sliced off his arm. Steve Peacocke (who plays Darryl Braxton) said "They chose the youngest and freshest face to send out a warning, and that's just fuel for the fire." The attack on Stu, prompts a brawl between the River Boys and Hammer's gang. In February 2012, it was announced Stu's lifeless body would be found in the caravan park by Alf Stewart (Ray Meagher). Robert Mammone who plays Sid Walker, told a columnist for All About Soap that the investigation into Stu's death is "very thorough and you never know what they may find". Mammone added that there would be a high amount of questioning and "several bay residents will becomes suspects". Stu becomes a member of The River Boys and is excited to show off his new tattoo at school. Stu and Heath Braxton (Daniel Ewing) come across Hammer's (Benedict Samuel) car and trash it, which sparks a gang war. The two gangs face off on the beach, but are broken up by the police. Shortly after, Hammer's gang get a hold of Stu and remove his tattoo. They dump him outside of Darryl (Steve Peacocke) and Heath's house. Stu goes to the hospital and has surgery on his arm. Stu meets Sasha Bezmel (Demi Harman) and they spend the day together. Sid does not approve of Stu and warns him to stay away from his daughter. Sid later relents and allows Stu to date Sasha. Stu asks Sasha for a sexy picture and she sends him a topless photo of herself. Stu later tells Sasha he loves her. Stu confronts Sasha when she does not reply to his texts. She tells him she did not have any credit, but Stu becomes angry and thinking she may have moved on, he slaps her. Stu apologises and presents Sasha with a ring. Stu draws a picture for Sasha and she later reveals she got it tattooed on her stomach. Stu becomes angry at what she has done and slaps her across the face. Stu apologies and Sasha forgives him. Stu slaps Sasha again when he learns she received a text from another boy. Sasha screams at Stu to leave and later breaks up with him. Stu steals Xavier Austin's (David Jones-Roberts) car and insists Sasha gets in, she does and he begs her to give him another chance. Sasha agrees and accepts her ring back. Sasha ends up in hospital after her tattoo becomes infected. Sid assumes Stu talked Sasha into getting the tattoo and Sasha begins avoiding Stu and his calls. Stu asks Sasha to the Year 12 formal, but she turns him down. Stu spots Sasha at the formal and he starts harassing her. When she yells at him, he hits her. Sid witnesses this and proceeds to violently bash Stu, hospitalising him. Stu is later charged with assault. He meets with Sasha to discuss their fathers' behaviour. Stu's father, Alan (Peter Phelps), catches them together and drags Stu away. Stu later reveals to Sasha that Alan hit him and he has decided to leave. Alf finds Stu's body near the caravan park. Following a police investigation, Sasha confesses to killing Stu in self-defence. During an argument, Sasha pushed him away and he hit his head on a rock. It is revealed that Dennis Harling (Daniel Roberts) moved Stu's body from the scene and dumped him at the park. Sasha is subsequently found not guilty. Sasha Bezmel Main article: Sasha Bezmel Sasha Bezmel, played by Demi Harman, made her first on screen appearance on 31 August 2011. Isabelle Cornish initially auditioned for the role of Sasha, however Harman was eventually cast. The actress relocated from Brisbane to Sydney for the part, which she said was a dream come true. Sasha is Sid Walker's (Robert Mammone) fifteen-year-old, illegitimate daughter. When Sasha's mother is killed in a car accident, Sasha is forced to move to Summer Bay to be with her father and half-siblings. Of her character Harman said "I just fell in love with her. Sasha is sassy, angry, stubborn and has a rebellious streak." A writer for the official show website explained "Though she's happy to meet with other half-siblings, in Dex and Indi, she is uncontrollable, naughty and independent." The writer added that Sasha is at an age where girls want to go "wild and ruin their future." For her portrayal of Sasha, Harman was nominated in the category of "Most Popular New Female Talent" at the 2012 Logie Awards. Mark Gilmour Mark GilmourHome and Away characterPortrayed byShane EmmettFirst appearance22 September 2011Last appearance13 October 2011ClassificationFormer, recurringIntroduced byCameron Welsh Mark Gilmour, played by Shane Emmett, made his first on screen appearance on 22 September 2011. Emmett had an extended guest turn on the show. The actor is the brother of late Home and Away actress Belinda Emmett (who played Rebecca Fisher) and he told The Daily Telegraph, "Of all the gigs, I knew it would be difficult because Belinda spent so much of her professional time there. And there are a lot of the characters Belinda used to work with still there, so I found myself surrounded by her." Mark is the wealthy boyfriend of Gypsy Nash (Kimberley Cooper). He and Gypsy's daughter, Lily Smith (Charlie Rose Maclennan), do not get on well as she is not ready for a new man in her and her mother's life. Mark comes to visit Gypsy in Summer Bay and he clashes with her daughter Lily. Mark suggests sending Lily to boarding school, but Gypsy disagrees with the idea. Gypsy cooks dinner for Mark, but their evening is ruined when Lily reveals that Gypsy had a one-night stand with Liam Murphy (Axle Whitehead). Angered, Mark confronts Liam at Angelo's. Gypsy then breaks up with Mark. Hayley O'Connor Hayley O'ConnorHome and Away characterPortrayed byAlyssa McClellandDuration2011–2012First appearance10 October 2011Last appearance22 June 2012ClassificationFormer, recurringIntroduced byCameron WelshIn-universe informationOccupationLawyer Hayley O'Connor, played by Alyssa McClelland, made her first on screen appearance on 10 October 2011. McClelland previously appeared in Home and Away as Brooke MacPherson. Alyssa McClelland played Hayley O'Connor Hayley is Casey Braxton's (Lincoln Younes) lawyer and she comforts his older brother, Darryl "Brax" (Steve Peacocke), when he is sent to jail. Of Hayley and Darryl, Peacocke said "Hayley is quite cunning, because she knows he's in a bad place. She sees the opportunity to go in when he's at his low point." Darryl's on-off girlfriend, Charlie Buckton (Esther Anderson), later sees the pair kissing and believes Darryl has moved on. Peacocke also confirmed there would be an "air of intrigue surrounding Hayley and her intentions", adding there will be a mystery as to why Hayley is in Summer Bay. Charlie becomes jealous when she sees Darryl giving Hayley a surfing lesson. The official Home and Away website said McClelland had to brave the elements "in a bikini on a freezing cold windy day at Palm Beach." McClelland returned to Home and Away as Hayley on 30 April 2012. Hayley defends Casey Braxton in court, following his charge of arson. Hayley outs Charlie Buckton's relationship with Casey's brother, Brax. Despite her efforts, Casey is found guilty and sent to Juvenile Detention. The next day, Charlie runs into Hayley, who gives her the impression she is dating Brax. Later that evening, Hayley kisses Brax before they go out to dinner. Brax gives Hayley a surfing lesson on the beach. Charlie calls round to Brax's house and she finds Hayley there. Hayley then spends the night with Brax. When Brax is taken in for questioning about a robbery, he uses Hayley as his alibi. However, Hayley denies being with Brax and she tells him about her false statement just before she leaves town. Hayley returns to Summer Bay after Heath Braxton (Dan Ewing) hires her to help him stop Bianca Scott (Lisa Gormley) leaving town with his child. Hayley runs into Brax and he takes her to the edge of a cliff, where he confronts her about Charlie's death. Hayley confesses that she set him up and helped get Jake Pirovic (Fletcher Humphrys) released from prison because she had a drug problem. Brax tells her that he holds her responsible for Charlie's death and eventually lets her go. Others Date(s) Character Actor Circumstances 24 January – 5 October Judge/Magistrate Hanson Rhett Walton A Judge at Alf Stewart's (Ray Meagher) court hearing. As Magistrate Hanson, he presides over the trial of Casey Braxton (Lincoln Younes) and sentences him to thirty days in juvenile detention. 24 January Clerk Anthony Milne A clerk that appears at Alf Stewart's (Ray Meagher) court hearing. 27 January – 21 November Summer Horgan-Jones Jaimee Taylor-Nielsen Summer is a new student at Summer Bay High who befriends Ruby Buckton (Rebecca Breeds), Romeo Smith (Luke Mitchell) and Xavier Austin (David Jones-Roberts). Summer takes a liking to Xavier and kisses him, not knowing Xavier's girlfriend April Scott (Rhiannon Fish) is looking on. Summer attends a party and gets drunk. Dexter Walker (Charles Cottier) looks after her. April and Xavier set Summer up with Dexter and they all go on a double date. Summer leaves early after realising that Dexter likes April. Summer runs into Xavier and she tells him that she is going to a party. She manages to persuade Xavier to end his work shift and come with her. On their way to the party, Xavier crashes his bike and Summer is left with a broken arm and concussion. Summer flirts with Casey Braxton (Lincoln Younes) at a party and he kisses her to make Ruby jealous. 27–25 January 2012 Jase McKenzie Nick Bartlett Jase is a bully who picks on VJ Patterson (Felix Dean). Dexter Walker (Charles Cottier) tries to protect him, Jase brawls with him, punching Dexter in the face. He later causes April Scott (Rhiannon Fish) to break down. Jase later laughs at Irene Roberts (Lynne McGranger), when she drops hot drinks over the Diner floor. When Stu Henderson (Brenton Thwaites) sends a naked photograph of Sasha Bezmel (Demi Harman) to all his friends, Jase mocks Sasha in the Diner. Xavier Austin (David Jones-Roberts) snatches his phone and throws it in his bowl of soup to silence him. 31 January, 5 October–19 November 2013, 19 May 2014, 17 March 2015 – 5 May 2016 Constable Nader/Neal Stevenson Michele-Antonio Mattiuzzi Constable Nader brings the real Shandi Palmer into the police station for questioning. As Neal Stevenson he deals with a noise complaint at the Braxton household. Then he investigates a robbery at a petrol station alongside Charlie Buckton (Esther Anderson). He releases Dennis Harling (Daniel Roberts) on bail for moving Stu Henderson's (Brenton Thwaites) body and orders him to keep away from the resort. Neal later reprimands Heath Braxton (Dan Ewing) for not returning his daughter Darcy Callahan (Alea O'shea) to her grandmother on time. 31 January–1 February,18 August–7 October 2014 Shandi Ayres Elizabeth BlackmoreTess Haubrich Shandi is John Palmer's (Shane Withington) daughter. She is brought to the police station where it is revealed that her identity was stolen by her friend, Daria Hennessy (Samantha Tolj). She later goes to meet John for the first time, but decides not to stay in touch with him. Three years later, Shandi returns for John's wedding to Marilyn Chambers. 1 February Park Worker Peter Cridland Angelo Rosetta (Luke Jacobz) bribes the man with money, in return he sends Daria (Samantha Tolj) to him. 1 February Lifesaver Christian Miranda A life guard working on the beach with John. 2 February René Lisle Akos Armont René is the French friend of April Scott (Rhiannon Fish), she talks to him online for a while, when appears on her webcam. 9 February Stephanie Jacinta Acevski Stephanie is a tour guide at Open week. She tries to reassure Nicole Franklin (Tessa James) that there are many pregnant students at the university. 9 February Simone Bollen Angela Bauer Simone is a lecturer at the university. Nicole Franklin (Tessa James) approaches her about doing a second year course, she tells her she will not be able to cope with this whilst pregnant. 9 February Evan Ryan Oliver Gelbart Evan meets Nicole Franklin (Tessa James) at a toga party at university. He likes her and they spend the day together. They kiss, Nicole informs him she is pregnant. He tells her he is sorry and is no longer interested in her. 18–21 February Rick Curtis Oakes Rick hangs around on the beach with the River Boys. He helps Pee Wee kidnap Dexter Walker (Charles Cottier) he then tells the police it was a prank. 18 February–20 June Pee Wee Ty Hungerford Pee Wee is Rick's accomplice in kidnapping Dexter Walker (Charles Cottier) after he films them. He is seen again when the police question them. Pee Wee goes to Charlie Buckton's (Esther Anderson) birthday party at Angelo's. He gets drunk and tries to flirt with all the women there. Heath Braxton (Dan Ewing) later takes him outside. The next day, Charlie reveals to Heath that Pee Wee was bashed and is in hospital. Pee Wee tries to complete a drug deal on board Romeo Smith's (Luke Mitchell) boat, but is caught by the police. 21 February–31 May Brodie Upton Guy Edmonds Brodie arrives as part of the River Boys. He gets on the wrong side of Colleen Smart (Lyn Collingwood) and begins to harass her. When she is abducted in her caravan, Colleen accuses him. He pleads his innocence. He gives Colleen money, believing he may have been the cause of her abduction. Brodie is involved in harvesting a marijuana crop for the Braxton's. He takes Angelo Rosetta (Luke Jacobz) to the hospital when he is knocked unconscious. Brodie is set up by the Braxton brothers, but he escapes the police and threatens the brothers with a gun. He then turns himself in. Brodie is brought to the hospital with stomach pains. He manages to take Nicole Franklin (Tessa James) hostage, before escaping. Brodie goes to Darryl (Steve Peacocke) for help. He witnesses an exchange between Darryl and Charlie Buckton (Esther Anderson) and asks Darryl to help him escape from the country. He also tells Darryl to get out of the relationship with Charlie. 23 February–31 May Emily Logan Madison Kerry Emily is a Summer Bay student. She appears in a corridor and taunts Dexter Walker (Charles Cottier). When April Scott (Rhiannon Fish) tries to help him, Emily has a go at her too until Bianca (Lisa Gormley) stops her. Emily later teases April when they are paired up for an assignment. Emily briefly dates Romeo Smith (Luke Mitchell). Emily comes to see Sid Walker (Robert Mammone) at the hospital and he confirms that she has chlamydia. She then tells him that she caught it off Romeo. 23 February–26 March 2012 Rob Mitchell Matty Burn Rob is a River Boy, who starts spending time in Summer Bay with the main gang. He is present when the River Boys cause trouble at the Surf Club. Rob overhears Romeo Smith (Luke Mitchell) talking about needing money for his charter business and tells Heath Braxton (Dan Ewing) about it. Rob defaces Alf Stewart's (Ray Meagher) election campaign posters and John Palmer (Shane Withington) tells him off. 25 February – 15 March Leo Haydn Robertson Leo is a River Boy who appears alongside the main gang. 24 February – 4 April Grace Johnson Clare Chihambakwe Grace arrives with her son Thabo and new husband Elijah Johnson (Jay Laga'aia). She has married Elijah so she can come to Australia and save Thabo's life. She later decides that she wants Elijah for real. Morag Bellingham (Cornelia Frances) tries to befriend her and finds out about the sham marriage. Grace is left devastated when Thabo dies. Grace and Elijah consummate their relationship, but Grace believes that Elijah still loves Leah Patterson-Baker (Ada Nicodemou). Two immigration officers arrive and question Grace and Elijah. They later take Grace away and Morag tells her that Thabo told a nurse that he believed that her marriage to Elijah was a sham. Grace then makes a statement and asks that Elijah is not punished. 24 February – 21 March Thabo Manthenga Joshua Mbakwe Thabo arrives with his mother Grace Johnson who has married Elijah Johnson (Jay Laga'aia) so he can receive treatment. He is immediately taken to hospital where Sid Walker (Robert Mammone) agrees to do everything he can for him. He starts to get better and is later released from hospital and becomes friends with VJ Patterson (Felix Dean). Thabo becomes ill again and has to have an operation. He goes into arrest and Sid and his fellow doctors try to save him, but Thabo dies. 2 March 2011 – 15 December 2016 Cheryl Braxton Suzi Dougherty Cheryl is the mother of Darryl (Steve Peacocke), Heath (Dan Ewing) and Casey Braxton (Lincoln Younes). She comes to the High School to talk with Gina Austin (Sonia Todd) about Casey. Charlie Buckton (Esther Anderson) later pulls Cheryl over for speeding. Cheryl kicks Casey out when he decides to stay in school instead of working with her. She reappears for her son, Heath's marriage to Bianca Scott and in the aftermath, takes Darcy home. In 2016, she reappears to help Heath and Bianca sort out their marriage. 10 March Bill Lawson Ian McPhee Charlie Buckton (Esther Anderson) visits Bill at the Caravan Park to find out more information about Darryl Braxton (Steve Peacocke). 10 March Cameron Sangster Jo Turner Cameron is Darryl Braxton's (Steve Peacocke) lawyer. He asks Charlie Buckton (Esther Anderson) to drop that charges against Darryl. 14 March – 2 June Keith Irwin Alan Lovell Keith runs a victims of crime group that Colleen Smart (Lyn Collingwood) and Morag Bellingham (Cornelia Frances) attend. Colleen meets up with Keith again and he takes her to volunteer at a shelter. Colleen and Keith kiss and they go on a picnic with Leah Patterson-Baker (Ada Nicodemou) and Miles Copeland (Josh Quong Tart). The police raid Keith's home and find marijuana. Colleen is devastated and breaks up with him. Keith later comes to the diner to speak to her. 14 March Teena Paige Gardiner Colleen Smart attends a victims of crime group and listens to Teena's story of how she was held hostage. 14 March Mick Michael Howlett Another member of the victims of crime group that Colleen attends. 18–29 March Angus McCathie Tim Pocock Angus is a university student in Nicole Franklin's (Tessa James) class. He and Nicole go on a date to Angelo's. Angus walk Nicole home and they kiss. Angus goes to an antenatal class with Nicole and he learns that she is giving her baby to Marilyn Chambers. He later tells Nicole that he needs to step back from their relationship. 5 April Janelle Riley Dina Gillespie Janelle runs the Bayside Mission and she employs Elijah Johnson (Jay Laga'aia) to help out. 22–26 April Billy McVeigh Dallas Bigelow Billy comes to the Bayside Mission looking for a room. Elijah Johnson (Jay Laga'aia) tries to help him out and tells Billy that he can stay in his caravan. Billy later attacks Elijah. Billy asks Romeo Smith (Luke Mitchell) for a job and Romeo later asks him to help out on his boat. Morag Bellingham (Cornelia Frances) calls the police on Billy and he is arrested. He is let out on bail and Colleen Smart (Lyn Collingwood) sees him walking along the beach. Elijah confronts him and Billy tries to attack him again, but Elijah manages to restrain him. They then talk and agree to drop the charges against each other. 27 April – 2 June Vanessa Unley Sarah Chadwick Vanessa is an old friend of Gina Austin (Sonia Todd). She comes to the Bay to catch up with Gina. Gina drives Xavier (David Jones-Roberts), April Scott (Rhiannon Fish) and Vanessa to a music festival, but when the festival is cancelled, Vanessa suggests that she and Gina go camping. They have a picnic lunch instead and then rescue Xavier and John, after their car is stuck in the mud. 27 April – 21 June George Charlie Clancy-AgiusScarlett CollumJack PlaceLuca RaymondWill ConderSkye Faulks George is the son of Nicole Franklin (Tessa James) and Penn Graham (Christian Clark). After finding out she is pregnant, Nicole decides to give the baby to Marilyn Chambers. Nicole goes into labour on the beach and Angelo Rosetta (Luke Jacobz) helps her to deliver a baby boy. After arriving at the hospital, Nicole gives the baby to Marilyn, who names him George. George often cries, which leads Marilyn to think that she is doing something wrong. When Marilyn leaves Nicole alone with George, he begins crying and Nicole breastfeeds him. Marilyn then asks Nicole to stay away from the baby, but she later backs down. Nicole later tells Marilyn that she wants George back and Marilyn takes George. However, she returns him and Nicole leaves Summer Bay with him and Angelo. 9–10 May Gary O'Connor Grant Dodwell Gary is the President of Wilson's Bay Surf Club and John Palmer's rival. Gary comes to Summer Bay for a photo shoot with John the day before the Surf Carnival. John uses Twitter to tell everyone how Gary cheated in the 1975 Surfing Carnival. Gary declares war on John. Wilson's Beach lose and Gary has a heart attack. 24 May Carla Rosetta Cris Parker Carla is Angelo Rosetta's (Luke Jacobz) mother. She goes to the hospital to visit her son and meets Roo Stewart (Georgie Parker) and Nicole Franklin (Tessa James). 3 June – 19 July Laura Carmody Roxane Wilson Laura is a friend of Roo Stewart (Georgie Parker) and she arrives in Summer Bay to catch up with her. Laura and Roo decide to go into business together to organise a fund-raising opportunity for an African hospital. Laura flirts with and later kisses Elijah Johnson (Jay Laga'aia). They then begin dating. Laura helps organise the B&S Ball and sells tickets to the River Boys. Laura decides to leave and she takes Roo's money. 9 June Douglas Graham Shane Porteous Douglas is the grandfather of Penn Graham (Christian Clark). Douglas comes to the Bay to meet his great-grandson, George. 16–22 June Kate Hanlon Mikayla Southgate Dexter Walker (Charles Cottier) is accused of cheating on his trials, when his fellow student, Kate looks at his paper. Kate asks Dex for help with her school work and in return she poses as his girlfriend. Kate later works out that Dexter likes April Scott (Rhiannon Fish) and they fake a break up. 15 July – 9 August Dean O'Mara Rick Donald Dean and his sister, Kelly (Martika Sullivan), arrive in Summer Bay for the B&S Ball. The next day, Dean is in a hurry to leave, but Kelly refuses to go with him. Dean returns two weeks later to visit Kelly and to get her to sign over her share in some farm land. When Kelly refuses, Dean gets angry and John Palmer tells him to leave. Bianca Scott (Lisa Gormley), who was date raped at the B&S Ball, sees Dean on the beach and realises he was the one who raped her. While in his car, Dean runs Bianca down. Liam Murphy (Axle Whitehead) assaults Dean, who is arrested for raping and running down Bianca. 15 July – 2 September Kelly O'Mara Martika Sullivan Kelly and her brother, Dean (Rick Donald), arrive in Summer Bay for the B&S Ball. Kelly is attracted to Xavier Austin (David Jones-Roberts). She refuses to leave the Bay with her brother and stays with Xavier and his parents. She also gets a job at Angelo's. Kelly and Xavier go horse riding and begin dating. Dean returns and tries to get Kelly to sign over some land she owns, but she refuses. Kelly decides to leave town after Dean is arrested for raping Bianca Scott (Lisa Gormley). Xavier follows her to the farm, which delights Kelly. Xavier stays for a while, but decides he needs to go home to his mother. 21 July – 27 October, 25 November 2015 – 27 April 2016 David Joyce Don Halbert David is an Inspector and orders his sergeant; Charlie Buckton (Esther Anderson) to take the River Boys off the streets. He later becomes concerned when Charlie reveals that she has compromised herself by starting a relationship with Darryl Braxton (Steve Peacocke). David tells Charlie that he trusts her and lets her continue on the case. Georgina Watson (Jaclyn Albergoni) thinks that Charlie's relationship with Brax is getting in the way of the investigation; so David takes Charlie off the case. Some time between 2012 and 2015 he is promoted to Superintendent. He suspends Katarina Chapman (Pia Miller). 22–26 July Mick Ben Barber A river boy, who talks to Heath Braxton (Dan Ewing) about an upcoming raid on a rival gang. He later burns a newspaper, featuring a story on a drugs bust, in front of Charlie Buckton (Esther Anderson). He also threatens Bianca Scott (Lisa Gormley) and Liam Murphy (Axle Whitehead). 25–29 July 2014, 1 December 2016 – 2 February 2017 Darcy Callahan Alea O'Shea Darcy is Tegan Callahan's (Saskia Burmeister) daughter. Darcy believes her father is Darryl Braxton (Steve Peacocke) and she enjoys spending time with him. However, Tegan later reveals Darcy's real father is Heath Braxton (Dan Ewing). Darcy spends time with Heath and he manages to convince her grandmother Connie (Celia Ireland) to share custody with him. Heath and Darcy befriend Sally Fletcher and her daughter, Pippa Saunders. Darcy returns for her father's marriage to Bianca Scott and is taken home afterwards by Cheryl Braxton (Suzi Dougherty). Darcy enrols at Summer Bay High and develops a crush on Jett James. She bullies a Year 10 girl she sees hanging around him and later throws orange juice on her. Darcy meets her half-brother Harley, but she becomes jealous and takes him out into the bush. Harley becomes sick, and Darcy calls Heath to pick them up. When she breaks her arm falling off an old boat, Darcy hides the injury from Heath. Heath is accused of abusing Darcy. When Heath tells Darcy that he and Harley are moving to the city with Bianca, Darcy is upset as Connie refuses to let her go. She later changes her mind and allows Heath to have full custody. Two years later, Cheryl brings Darcy to Summer Bay after Heath is hospitalised. Knowing Heath and Bianca's marriage is strained, she urges them to sort it out and they agree to try again. 23 August – 1 September Rhonda O'Mara May Lloyd Rhonda is Dean (Rick Donald) and Kelly O'Mara's (Martika Sullivan) mother. She is not happy when Xavier Austin (David Jones-Roberts) turns up at the farm to see Kelly. Rhonda puts him to work around the farm, but is far from impressed by his efforts. 5 September–18 April 2012 Felix Bezmel Max Felice Felix is Sasha Bezmel's (Demi Harman) half-brother. He runs away from his father's house and comes to Summer Bay to stay with Sasha. The siblings are caught up in a storm and seek shelter at John Palmer's house. Felix and Sasha find John collapsed on the floor and Sasha calls an ambulance, before they leave the house. Felix stays in the toilets of the empty High School and he is injured when VJ Patterson throws a rock through the window. Felix is taken to the hospital, where he is reunited with Sasha. Sid Walker (Robert Mammone) contacts Felix's father and asks him if Felix can stay with Sasha. His request is denied and Felix leaves. A few months later, Sasha goes to the city to visit Felix. He tells her things at his father's house are better than they were previously. 6 September–28 February 2012 Dennis Harling Daniel Roberts Dennis arrives in Summer Bay to start his plans for the planned development of the area. He asks Romeo Smith (Luke Mitchell) to take some clients out on a boat trip. When a storm arrives, Romeo decides against the trip, so Dennis takes up Harvey Ryan's (Marcus Graham) offer instead. While out at sea the boat capsizes and they are forced to swim to the shore, Romeo arrives and saves Dennis. He thanks Romeo by promising him the development charter contract. Romeo later asks Dennis for the agreement in writing, but he says he will not need it written. When Harvey pushes Romeo out of the business and uses Roo Stewart (Georgie Parker) in an attempt to buy the boat – Dennis tells Harvey that he does not want any business with him. Indigo Smith (Samara Weaving) starts her internship with Dennis' business and models for Dennis' beach promotion. Harvey decides to run for council and campaigns against the development project. Harvey enlists Peter (Matthew Moore) to bribe Romeo into getting development plans to use in his smear campaign. 28 September–15 March 2012 Alicia Spears/Angela Chelsea Giles Alicia is a Summer Bay High student in the same year as Sasha Bezmel (Demi Harman). She is introduced to Sasha by Dexter Walker (Charles Cottier) on Sasha's first day at school. On her second appearance, where Romeo Smith (Luke Mitchell) serves her at the gelato bar, she is listed as Angela before reverting to Alicia and being given a surname. She is friends with Sasha until Christy Clarke (Isabelle Cornish) starts bullying her. Alicia feels that she cannot stand by Sasha any more. Sasha father, Sid Walker (Robert Mammone), later questions Alicia as to whether Sasha is being bullied and she tells him she has not seen anything. 5–18 October Samuel Foster Alexander Bruszt Sam is a River Boy who makes too much noise at a Braxton house party and refuses to listen to Gina Austin's (Sonia Todd) complaints. He later appears with Benji Perrin (Andrew Steel) who has just been released from prison. Sam and Benji commit a robbery at a petrol station. They plant evidence at the scene to incriminate Darryl Braxton (Steve Peacocke). However, when the police investigate they discover they are the real perpetrators and arrest them. 13 October Phil Jamison Adrian Pudlyk Phil Jamison is a doctor at the hospital. He sets Irene Roberts' (Lynne McGranger) chemotherapy session up. April Scott (Rhiannon Fish) asks Phil how he coped with exam stress and subtly advises her that prescription pills helped. 18–25 October Benji Perrin Andrew Steel Benji is a River Boy who was recently released from prison. He asks Darryl Braxton (Steve Peacocke) for a job and Darryl offers him a delivery job at his restaurant, which Benji turns down. He later robs a petrol station. Darryl comes to Benji and threatens him for information about the robbery. The police bring Benji in for questioning and he tells them Darryl was driving the getaway car. 18–22 October Simon Peet Rory Williamson Simon runs a petrol station and is the victim of a robbery. He talks to Charlie Buckton (Esther Anderson) about the crime and he later asks her out. They go to the Diner for coffee, but Charlie tells him she does not want to start a relationship with him. 24 October Tai chi instructor Jackie Murray A tai chi instructor holds a class on the beach and local students attend to relieve their exam stress. 2 November Lachie Gig Clarke Lachie sit down with Sasha Bezmel (Demi Harman) in the Surf Club; claiming that he wants a break from his friends. Sasha refuses to give out her number and he introduces Ruby Buckton (Rebecca Breeds) to his friend, Dan (Rémy Grand). When her boyfriend, Stu Henderson (Brenton Thwaites) sees Sasha talking to Lachie, he takes her away. Lachie takes Sasha's number from Ruby's phone when she is not looking and texts Sasha. Stu confronts Lachie, who calls him a bogan. After a fight, the River Boys chase Lachie and Dan away. 2 November Dan Remy Brand Dan meets Ruby Buckton (Rebecca Breeds) in the Surf Club and he flirts with her. Ruby tells Dan that she has a boyfriend. Dan is chased away from the Surf Club by the River Boys. 2 November Luke Nick Shields Luke approaches Xavier Austin (David Jones-Roberts) claiming he is interested in buying his car. However, after a test drive he tells Xavier he is no longer interested causing an argument. 3 November–17 February 2012 Dallas Phillips Emma Griffin Dallas turns up in Summer Bay during schoolies. Xavier Austin (David Jones-Roberts) reveals Dallas' nickname is the "virgin slayer". Dallas takes a shine to Dexter Walker (Charles Cottier) and during a party, she kisses him. Dexter explains he has a girlfriend and leaves. Dex later encounters Dallas at the hospital and learns she has a three-year-old son called William. Dex gets Dallas a job in the Surf Club and a home in the caravan park. Dex comes to Dallas and asks if she will have sex with him. Dallas turns him down and Dex apologises. 3 November Melissa Carissa Walford Melissa hangs out on the beach with her two friends for Schoolies week. She notices that Romeo Smith (Luke Mitchell) is running a surf school and asks for a lesson. 4 November Girl Schoolie Sarah Pope A schoolie girl who has a surfing lesson with Romeo Smith (Luke Mitchell). 7 November Schoolies girl Demi Bryant Mink Smith (Matylda Buczko) watches Romeo Smith (Luke Mitchell) give a schoolie girl a surfing lesson. 8 November Carrie Shannon Dooley Carrie is Irene Roberts' (Lynne McGranger) nurse who gives her the news that she is in remission. Sid Walker (Robert Mammone) pays a visit to Irene, who notices that Carrie likes Sid. Irene organises a date between to two and then realises Roo Stewart (Georgie Parker) still has feelings for Sid. Irene interrupts their date to tell him the news. Sid tells Irene that he is glad that she got him away from Carrie. 11 November Gary Daniel Marsh Gary sees April Scott (Rhiannon Fish) walking along the beach in her bikini. He and his fellow River Boys think she is attractive and start whistling at her. 12 November Jonathan Brewer Louis McIntosh April Scott (Rhiannon Fish) and Ruby Buckton (Rebecca Breeds) spot Jonathan at a car sale. April tells Ruby that he is the perfect candidate to lose her virginity to at the school formal. Jonathan tells April that his father is buying him a car and he could take her to the formal as his date. Ruby later talks April out of it and Jonathan is okay with being let down by April. 15 November–7 February 2012 Geoffrey King Geoff Morrell Geoffrey is a businessman. Heath Braxton (Dan Ewing) contacts Geoffrey and informs him that his brother, Darryl (Steve Peacocke), is selling his restaurant, Angelo's. Geoffrey comes to the Bay with his family to look at the restaurant. He makes an offer, but Brax rejects it after learning Geoffrey will be using the place as a front for illegal activities. Geoffrey refuses to give up and resorts to dirty tactics. He manipulates Heath into buying a large quantity of alcohol for the bar, resulting in a huge debt. Geoffrey then threatens Brax with a gun and he calls his bluff. Leah Patterson-Baker (Ada Nicodemou) witnesses this and pays off the debt for Brax. 16 November Cody Matthews Melissa Ambrosini Cody arrives in Summer Bay to attend a surfing competition. She spots Mink Smith (Matylda Buczko) and mocks her surfing. When Mink is struggling out at sea, Cody tells Mink's brother, Romeo Smith (Luke Mitchell), that Mink has been turning up to surfing competitions drunk. 18 November–17 February 2012 William Phillips Daniel Place William is the son of Dallas Phillips (Emma Griffin) who is sent to hospital. Dexter Walker (Charles Cottier) plays a game to get him drink his water. Dexter soon discovers that Dallas is living in her car, so he gets a caravan for them to stay in. 21 November Peter Matthew Moore Peter is hired by Harvey Ryan (Marcus Graham) to gain information about Dennis Harling's (Daniel Roberts) development for Summer Bay. He tries to gain information from Alf Stewart (Ray Meagher), who refuses. He then approaches Romeo Smith (Luke Mitchell) to find information from his wife Indigo Walker (Samara Weaving) and bribes him with money. Romeo finds development plans and hands them to Peter and Romeo later realises he has been conned. References ^ Edwards, Amy (16 February 2011). "Blushing actor gets it off his chest". Newcastle Herald. Retrieved 23 September 2011. ^ a b c d e Schipp, Debbie (9 January 2011). "Bay surf gang making waves". The Daily Telegraph. Sydney. Retrieved 11 January 2011. ^ Kilkelly, Daniel (15 March 2011). "Steve Peacocke (Brax, 'Home and Away')". Digital Spy. Retrieved 15 March 2011. ^ a b c "Darryl 'Brax' Braxton". Home and Away. Yahoo!7. Archived from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 15 March 2011. ^ Vickery, Colin (15 February 2012). "Summer Bay's Steve Peacocke has suffered in the pursuit of success". The Daily Telegraph. Sydney. Retrieved 20 September 2012. ^ Devlyn, Darren; Byrne, Fiona (16 April 2012). "Hamish Blake wins 2012 Gold Logie". Herald Sun. Retrieved 15 April 2012. ^ a b Knox, David (24 September 2010). "New hunk for Summer Bay". TV Tonight. Retrieved 11 January 2011. ^ a b "Dan relishes River Boy fever". Holy Soap. Channel 5. 15 March 2011. Archived from the original on 18 March 2011. Retrieved 15 March 2011. ^ Cameron, Ben. "Lincoln's on a role". Bendigo Weekly. Retrieved 15 March 2011. ^ Houston, Melinda (17 February 2011). "Bendigo's Lincoln Younes rolls into Summer Bay". Bendigo Advertiser. Retrieved 15 March 2011. ^ a b "Casey Braxton". Home and Away. Yahoo!7. Archived from the original on 9 February 2011. Retrieved 15 March 2011. ^ Rainey, Naomi (19 February 2011). "Ruby, Casey to hook up on 'Home and Away'?". Digital Spy. Retrieved 15 March 2011. ^ "His office is the ocean". Gisborne Herald. Gisborne Herald Co. Ltd. 22 January 2011. Retrieved 7 May 2011. ^ a b c Seager, Tania (2011). "Ashley Cheadle". Home and Away. Yahoo!7. Archived from the original on 14 April 2011. Retrieved 12 April 2011. ^ Erin, Miller (20 April 2011). "Home and Away weekly wrap-up: No more secrets!". TV Week. Archived from the original on 22 April 2011. Retrieved 27 April 2011. ^ "Ashley surfs into the Bay". Holy Soap. Channel 5. 13 April 2011. Archived from the original on 16 April 2011. Retrieved 27 April 2011. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Andrew reveals Kieran's mind". Holy Soap. Channel 5. 18 May 2011. Archived from the original on 20 May 2011. Retrieved 18 May 2011. ^ Miller, Erin (28 April 2011). "Home and Away weekly wrap-up: Labour and love". TV Week. Archived from the original on 21 March 2012. Retrieved 18 May 2011. ^ Miller, Erin (6 May 2011). "Home and Away weekly wrap-up: Indi's terror". TV Week. Archived from the original on 21 March 2012. Retrieved 18 May 2011. ^ a b c d "Matty Lui". Yahoo!7. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 27 June 2011. ^ a b Yeap, Sue (24 June 2011). "Business in paradise". The West Australian. Seven West Media. Retrieved 27 June 2011. ^ Kilkelly, Daniel (28 January 2013). "'Home and Away': Dan Ewing teases Darcy kidnap drama". Digital Spy. Retrieved 28 January 2013. ^ a b c d Eames, Tom (19 June 2011). "'Home and Away' Brax's ex-lover to arrive". Digital Spy. Retrieved 19 June 2011. ^ "Brax's ex to stir up trouble". Channel 5. Northern & Shell. 20 June 2011. Retrieved 20 June 2011. ^ a b c d Lovette, Lizzy (24 April 2011). "No more nice girl". The Sun-Herald. Retrieved 30 August 2011. ^ a b c d e f Clune, Richard (22 May 2011). "Saskia Burmeister loves playing the bad girl in Home And Away". The Daily Telegraph. Sydney. Retrieved 19 July 2011. ^ a b "Brax has the ex factor". Channel 5. Northern & Shell. 3 July 2011. Retrieved 5 July 2011. ^ "Soap stories". Daily Record. 16 July 2011. Retrieved 12 September 2011. ^ a b c d e f "Charming new addition". Yahoo!7. Archived from the original on 5 January 2013. Retrieved 8 August 2011. ^ a b c d Dennehy, Luke (31 July 2011). "Marcus at Home in popular soap". Herald Sun. Retrieved 8 August 2011. ^ Throsby, Margaret (4 July 2013). "Marcus Graham". ABC Classic FM. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 31 October 2013. ^ a b c Lake, Rebecca (8–14 March 2014). "It was time to finish". TV Week (10): 8. ^ "Fletcher Humphrys". Creative Representation. Retrieved 1 September 2014. ^ a b Kilkelly, Daniel (8 September 2014). "Home and Away Star on Killer Jake Return: He Gives Andy Validation". Digital Spy. Retrieved 1 December 2014. ^ Dainty, Sophie (8 September 2014). "Home and Away confirms regular character will be murdered". Digital Spy. Retrieved 1 December 2014. ^ a b c d "Benedict hammers home talent in Summer Bay". Herald Sun. 1 August 2011. Retrieved 1 August 2011. ^ a b c Gilbertson, Matt (30 July 2011). "Xavier Samuel's brother Benedict joins Home and Away". The Advertiser. Adelaide. Retrieved 31 August 2011. ^ "Peter Phelps joins Home and Away". TV Week. 22 December 2011. Archived from the original on 5 January 2012. Retrieved 27 December 2011. ^ a b c "Big break calls Thwaites back". Gold Coast Mail. APN News & Media. 16 August 2011. Retrieved 31 August 2011. ^ a b c Swanwick, Tristan (9 July 2011). "Brenton soaps up well for role". The Courier-Mail. Queensland Newspapers. Retrieved 31 August 2011. ^ Dennehy, Luke (21 August 2011). "Thwaites' to star in Home and Away". Herald Sun. Retrieved 31 August 2011. ^ Strudwick, Daniel (26 July 2011). "Cairns actor Brenton Thwaites trades Far North for a role in Home and Away". The Cairns Post. Retrieved 31 August 2011. ^ a b c "Surf Club brawl". Channel 5. Northern & Shell. 23 August 2011. Retrieved 31 August 2011. ^ Kilkelly, Daniel (6 February 2012). "'Home and Away' to launch murder mystery". Digital Spy. Retrieved 6 February 2012. ^ "Has Sid killed Stu?". All About Soap (264): 11. 18 February – 2 March 2012. ^ a b c d "Demi Harman". Yahoo!7. Archived from the original on 2 September 2012. Retrieved 31 August 2011. ^ "Isabelle Cornish joins Home and Away". TV Week. 24 February 2012. Retrieved 27 February 2012. ^ "Sid's fatherhood shock". TV Week. 26 August 2011. Archived from the original on 13 September 2011. Retrieved 31 August 2011. ^ a b "Sasha Bezmel". Yahoo!7. Archived from the original on 2 September 2012. Retrieved 31 August 2011. ^ Byrnes, Holly (18 March 2012). "Karl Stefanovic nominated to win back-to-back Gold Logies as Australian television awards announced". Herald Sun. Retrieved 18 March 2012. ^ a b c Clune, Richard (18 September 2011). "Belinda Emmett's brother Shane to follow Belinda's acting footsteps". The Daily Telegraph. Sydney. Retrieved 21 September 2011. ^ a b "Shane Emmett". Yahoo!7. September 2011. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 21 September 2011. ^ a b c d e Kilkelly, Daniel (3 October 2011). "'Home and Away's Brax gets new love interest". Digital Spy. Retrieved 3 October 2011. ^ a b c "Love triangle". Yahoo!7. Archived from the original on 22 October 2011. Retrieved 4 November 2011. ^ "Southern Cross Television – Central Satellite Monday, 30-Apr-2012". Southern Cross Media. Retrieved 13 April 2012. ^ a b Scott Hartford-Davis (director), Andrew Osborne (writer) (10 October 2011). "Home and Away episode 5401". Home and Away. Series 24. Episode 5401. Seven Network. ^ "Tess Haubrich". StarNow. Archived from the original on 8 August 2014. Retrieved 31 July 2014. ^ "Monday, 18-Aug-2014". Southern Cross Media. Retrieved 31 July 2014. ^ a b "Week 10 (March 7–11) Not welcome!". Holy Soap. Channel 5. Archived from the original on 8 March 2011. Retrieved 12 April 2011. ^ "Home and Away 14–18 March 2011". Yahoo!7. Archived from the original on 14 March 2011. Retrieved 16 March 2011. ^ "Dallas Bigelow" (PDF). Showcast. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 October 2011. Retrieved 26 April 2011. ^ Kilkelly, Daniel (11 May 2011). "5283: Nicole gives birth to a baby boy". Digital Spy. Retrieved 28 May 2011. ^ "Home and Away's Nicole to give away baby". RTÉ TEN. Raidió Teilifís Éireann. 3 April 2011. Retrieved 28 April 2011. ^ Idato, Michael (8 May 2011). "Ten says yes, sir, we will have Moar". The Age. Retrieved 7 June 2011. ^ "Episodes 5306–5310". Yahoo!7. Archived from the original on 7 June 2011. Retrieved 7 June 2011. ^ "Episodes 5311–5315". Yahoo!7. Archived from the original on 15 June 2011. Retrieved 10 June 2011. ^ "Rick to visit the bay". Townsville Bulletin. 23 June 2011. Retrieved 19 July 2011. ^ Peter Carstairs (director), Sandy Webster (writer) (21 July 2011). "Home and Away episode 5344". Home and Away. Series 24. Episode 5344. Seven Network. ^ Scott Hartford-Davis (director), Sam Meikle and Louise Bowes (writers) (6 September 2011). "Home and Away episode 5377". Home and Away. Series 24. Episode 5377. Seven Network. ^ "Chelsea Giles". Encompass Entertainment Group Pty Ltd. Archived from the original on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 11 April 2012. ^ Kane Christopher Guglielmi (director), Sam Meikle (writer) (5 October 2011). "Home and Away episode 5398". Home and Away. Series 24. Episode 5398. Seven Network. ^ Scott Hartford-Davis (director), Zokov Nyste (writer) (13 October 2011). "Home and Away episode 5404". Home and Away. Series 24. Episode 5404. Seven Network. ^ David Gould (director), Sarah Walker (writer) (24 October 2011). "Home and Away episode 5411". Home and Away. Series 24. Episode 5411. Seven Network. ^ a b c Geoffery Nottage (director), Kate Bradley (writer) (2 November 2011). "Home and Away episode 5418". Home and Away. Series 24. Episode 5418. Seven Network. ^ Miller, Erin (29 October – 4 November 2011). "Heartbreak and Lies". TV Week (44): 10. ^ Geoffrey Nottage (director), Boaz Stark (writer) (3 November 2011). "Home and Away episode 5419". Home and Away. Series 24. Episode 5419. Seven Network. ^ Geoffrey Nottage (director), Alex Papps (writer) (4 November 2011). "Home and Away episode 5420". Home and Away. Series 24. Episode 5420. Seven Network. ^ Scott Hartford-Davis (director), Sarah Walker (writer) (7 November 2011). "Home and Away episode 5421". Home and Away. Series 24. Episode 5421. Seven Network. ^ Scott Hartford-Davis (director), James Walker (writer) (8 November 2011). "Home and Away episode 5422". Home and Away. Series 24. Episode 5422. Seven Network. ^ Scott Hartford-Davis (director), Phil Lloyd (writer) (11 November 2011). "Home and Away episode 5425". Home and Away. Series 24. Episode 5425. Seven Network. ^ Danny Raco (director), Sarah Duffy (writer) (12 November 2011). "Home and Away episode 5426". Home and Away. Series 24. Episode 5426. Seven Network. ^ "This week on Home and Away". Yahoo!7. Archived from the original on 7 November 2011. Retrieved 16 November 2011. ^ Ambrosini, Melissa (28 July 2011). "Home & Away". Melissaambrosini.com. Retrieved 28 January 2012. ^ Danny Raco (director), Sean Nash (writer) (18 November 2011). "Home and Away episode 5430". Home and Away. Series 24. Episode 5430. Seven Network. ^ Bill Hughes (director), James Walker (writer) (21 November 2011). "Home and Away episode 5431". Home and Away. Series 24. Episode 5431. Seven Network. External links Characters and cast at the Official AU Home and Away website Characters and cast at the Official UK Home and Away website Characters and cast at the Internet Movie Database vteHome and AwayCharacters Present and former characters Episodes Episode 2351 "The Great Storm" Episode 8000 Spin-offs headLand Secrets and the City Hearts Divided Romances Weddings An Eye for an Eye Revenge All or Nothing Related articles Theme song Awards and nominations Summer Bay Home and Away: The Musical vteHome and Away charactersPresent characters Mackenzie Booth Marilyn Chambers Justin Morgan John Palmer Leah Patterson-Baker Irene Roberts Alf Stewart Roo Stewart Former characters Charlotte Adams Tasha Andrews Rachel Armstrong Billie Ashford Martin Ashford Ben Astoni Maggie Astoni Ziggy Astoni Gina Austin Xavier Austin Dan Baker Andy Barrett Josh Barrett Morag Bellingham Alex Bennett Saul Bennett Sasha Bezmel Donna Bishop Shauna Bradley Casey Braxton Darryl Braxton Heath Braxton Kyle Braxton Charlie Buckton Ruby Buckton Adam Cameron Annie Campbell Geoff Campbell Kat Chapman Selina Cook Johnny Cooper Nate Cooper Miles Copeland Lucinda Croft Drew Curtis Jazz Curtis Ric Dalby Blake Dean Jasmine Delaney Martin Dibble Donald Fisher Simon Fitzgerald Sally Fletcher Tom Fletcher Nicole Franklin James Fraser Lachlan Fraser Brodie Hanson Chris Harrington Willow Harris Jack Holden Lucas Holden Sam Holden Tony Holden Beth Hunter Kit Hunter Matilda Hunter Robbie Hunter Scott Hunter Kim Hyde Emma Jackson Ryder Jackson Jett James Peta Janossi Aden Jefferies Elijah Johnson Melody Jones Charlotte King Hunter King Tamara Kingsley Jude Lawson Noah Lawson Ryan Lee Ben Lucini Evelyn MacGuire Oscar MacGuire Zac MacGuire Martha MacKenzie Greg Marshall Sam Marshall Steven Matheson Mitch McColl Jesse McGregor Floss McPhee Denny Miller Roxy Miller Seb Miller Casey Mitchell Grant Mitchell Brody Morgan Frank Morgan Mason Morgan Tori Morgan Carly Morris Liam Murphy Gypsy Nash Joel Nash Natalie Nash Rebecca Nash Tom Nash Travis Nash Viv Newton Tug O'Neale Phoebe Nicholson Bella Nixon Maddy Osborne Matt Page Ari Parata Angel Parrish Nick Parrish Shane Parrish Vinnie Patterson VJ Patterson Kane Phillips Alex Poulos Joey Rainbow Curtis Reed Shannon Reed Harry Reynolds Chloe Richards Olivia Fraser Richards Damian Roberts Finlay Roberts Angelo Rosetta Haydn Ross Pippa Ross Angie Russell Josie Russell Flynn Saunders Pippa Saunders April Scott Bianca Scott Ricky Sharpe Bobby Simpson Sophie Simpson Colleen Smart Lance Smart Narelle Smart Hayley Smith Ken Smith Nick Smith Romeo Smith Will Smith Ailsa Stewart Celia Stewart Duncan Stewart Rob Storey Dani Sutherland Jade Sutherland Kirsty Sutherland Rhys Sutherland Shelley Sutherland Belle Taylor Dean Thompson Sarah Thompson Colby Thorne Cassie Turner Amanda Vale Dexter Walker Indi Walker Sid Walker Kelly Watson Justine Welles Josh West Hannah Wilson Jack Wilson Matt Wilson Characters by year 1988 1989 1990 1991 1993 1994 1995 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Home and Away","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_and_Away"},{"link_name":"Seven Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Network"},{"link_name":"Cameron Welsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameron_Welsh"},{"link_name":"Darryl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darryl_Braxton"},{"link_name":"Heath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heath_Braxton"},{"link_name":"Casey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Casey_Braxton"},{"link_name":"Miranda Jacobs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Miranda_Jacobs"},{"link_name":"Kieran Monroe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Kieran_Monroe"},{"link_name":"Marty Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Marty_Jones"},{"link_name":"Tegan Callahan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Tegan_Callahan"},{"link_name":"Fletcher Humphrys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fletcher_Humphrys"},{"link_name":"Jake Pirovic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Jake_Pirovic"},{"link_name":"Harvey Ryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Harvey_Ryan"},{"link_name":"Hammer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Hammer"},{"link_name":"Stu Henderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Stu_Henderson"},{"link_name":"Sasha Bezmel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Sasha_Bezmel"},{"link_name":"Mark Gilmour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Mark_Gilmour"},{"link_name":"Hayley O'Connor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Hayley_O'Connor"}],"text":"Home and Away is an Australian television soap opera. It was first broadcast on the Seven Network on 17 January 1988. The following is a list of characters that first appeared in 2011, by order of first appearance. All characters were introduced by the shows series producer Cameron Welsh. The 24th season of Home and Away began airing on 24 January 2011. The following month, the Braxton brothers; Darryl, Heath and Casey were introduced. Miranda Jacobs and Kieran Monroe made their debuts in April. Marty Jones made his debut in June and Tegan Callahan arrived the following month. Fletcher Humphrys joined the cast in July as Gang Member Jake Pirovic. August saw the introductions of Harvey Ryan, Hammer, Stu Henderson and Sasha Bezmel. Shane Emmett made his debut as Mark Gilmour in September and lawyer Hayley O'Connor began appearing from October.","title":"List of Home and Away characters (2011)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Steve Peacocke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Peacocke"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SurfGang-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Peacocke-3"},{"link_name":"The River Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_River_Boys&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SurfGang-2"},{"link_name":"Channel Seven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Network"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DarrylSeven-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DarrylSeven-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Heath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heath_Braxton"},{"link_name":"Dan Ewing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Ewing"},{"link_name":"Casey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casey_Braxton"},{"link_name":"Lincoln Younes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Younes"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DarrylSeven-4"},{"link_name":"Charlie Buckton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Buckton"},{"link_name":"Esther Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esther_Anderson_(Australian_actress)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SurfGang-2"},{"link_name":"Logie Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logie_Award"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Darryl \"Brax\" Braxton, played by Steve Peacocke, made his first screen appearance on 16 February 2011.[1] The character and casting was announced on 9 January 2011.[2] Peacocke heard about the role from his agent and he called the audition process \"a lot of fun\".[3] Brax is the oldest of three brothers known as The River Boys, a \"bad-boy surf gang with dodgy reputations.\"[2] A writer for Channel Seven's Home and Away website stated that Brax has a \"dodgy reputation and a chip on his shoulder.\"[4] He is a surfing legend and commands a respect from his fellow surfies, which he finds useful.[4] Peacocke commented that Brax just wants to escape his upbringing and have a successful family life.[5] Brax tries to keep his younger brothers Heath (Dan Ewing) and Casey (Lincoln Younes) out of trouble.[4] Shortly after his arrival, Darryl began a relationship with Charlie Buckton (Esther Anderson).[2] For his portrayal of Darryl, Peacocke won the Logie Award for Most Popular New Male Talent in 2012.[6]","title":"Darryl Braxton"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Daniel Ewing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Ewing_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SurfGang-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TVHeath-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TVHeath-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RelishesRiver-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RelishesRiver-8"}],"text":"Heath Braxton, played by Daniel Ewing, made his first on-screen appearance on 16 February 2011, originally departed on 29 July 2014 and made a one-off appearance on 23 September 2014. Heath is the second oldest of the Braxton brothers and was initially described as being \"feared by cops and the residents of his home town of Mangrove River\" and having a short fuse.[2] Heath was the first of The River Boys to be announced, with Ewing's casting revealed on 24 September 2010.[7] Heath is Ewing's second role with Home and Away, having appeared as Reuben Humphries in 2007.[7] For his role, Ewing had to get fit and he joked \"I don't think they would cast overweight guys to play surfers, so yeah, I'm sure it was a factor for the producers.\"[8] He added that he cannot surf well and was relieved that the producers did not test his surfing skills at his audition.[8]","title":"Heath Braxton"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lincoln Younes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Younes"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SurfGang-2"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OnARole-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Rebel Without a Cause","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebel_Without_a_Cause"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CaseySeven-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CaseySeven-11"},{"link_name":"Ruby Buckton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_Buckton"},{"link_name":"Rebecca Breeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebecca_Breeds"},{"link_name":"Romeo Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romeo_Smith"},{"link_name":"Luke Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_Mitchell_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RubyCasey-12"}],"text":"Casey Braxton, played by Lincoln Younes, made his first on-screen appearance on 17 February 2011 and departed on 16 September 2014. Casey is the youngest of the Braxton brothers. The Daily Telegraph said that Casey is trying to break out of the River Boys mould and that he was kicked out of his last high school.[2] Younes was planning to go to London to travel and to find himself, but after a successful audition for Home and Away, he decided to cancel his plans to play the part of Casey.[9] He relocated to Sydney for the role.[10] Casey is described as being a \"modern day Rebel Without a Cause.\"[11] He has never quite fitted in and he does not know what he wants from life. He has been overshadowed by both of his brothers and he has struggled at school.[11] Casey later begins a relationship with Ruby Buckton (Rebecca Breeds), following her fling with Romeo Smith (Luke Mitchell).[12]","title":"Casey Braxton"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ashley Cheadle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashley_Cheadle"},{"link_name":"Xavier Austin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xavier_Austin"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Yahoo!7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo!7"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cheadle-14"},{"link_name":"Ruby Buckton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_Buckton"},{"link_name":"Rebecca Breeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebecca_Breeds"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cheadle-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cheadle-14"},{"link_name":"Xavier Austin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xavier_Austin"},{"link_name":"David Jones-Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Jones-Roberts"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Holy Soap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Soap"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SurfsBay-16"},{"link_name":"Xavier Austin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xavier_Austin"},{"link_name":"Casey Braxton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casey_Braxton"},{"link_name":"Lincoln Younes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Younes"},{"link_name":"April Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_Scott_(Home_and_Away)"},{"link_name":"Rhiannon Fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhiannon_Fish"},{"link_name":"Gina Austin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gina_Austin"},{"link_name":"Sonia Todd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonia_Todd"},{"link_name":"Angelo Rosetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelo_Rosetta"},{"link_name":"Luke Jacobz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_Jacobz"}],"text":"Miranda Jacobs, played by Ashley Cheadle, made her first on-screen appearance on 6 April 2011. Miranda comes to Summer Bay to compete in the Surf Carnival and she begins dating Xavier Austin.It was revealed in January 2011 that Cheadle had joined the cast of Home and Away as a love interest for one of the characters.[13] Cheadle is a professional surfer and Tania Seager of Yahoo!7 said she is \"not the standard beach blond surfer that typifies our Summer Bay culture.\"[14] Cheadle's character, Miranda, competes against Ruby Buckton (Rebecca Breeds) in the Surf Carnival and Cheadle revealed that she and Breeds did their own stunts, which she said was \"fun.\"[14] Seager said \"Miranda also sorts out the boys from the men and gives Xavier a lot to think about.\"[14] Miranda briefly dates Xavier Austin (David Jones-Roberts) and she is \"annoyed\" when she discovers that he lied to her about being in university. Miranda gives him a second chance, but Xavier manages to \"mess things up\" again.[15] Holy Soap said that it had not been confirmed how long Miranda would be in the show.[16]Xavier Austin delivers pizza to Miranda's house and she flirts with him. Xavier later attends a party at Miranda's home and she assumes he is a university student. They arrange to meet her again and go to a party hosted by Ruby Buckton and Casey Braxton (Lincoln Younes). When April Scott (Rhiannon Fish) is thrown into the swimming pool, Miranda and Xavier help her out and take her home. Miranda invites Xavier to an exhibition at an art gallery and they late fall asleep on the beach. Miranda tells Xavier that she will help train him for the Surf Carnival. Gina Austin (Sonia Todd) invites Miranda to give a talk at Summer Bay High and Miranda discovers Xavier is a school student. Xavier begs Miranda for a second chance, which she agrees to. She helps him out with a pizza delivery, but when she hears him lying to Angelo Rosetta (Luke Jacobz) she tells him that he needs to grow up and leaves. On the day of the Surf Carnival, Ruby Buckton goads Miranda and during the race, Ruby deliberately tries to cut Miranda off. Miranda knocks Ruby into the water and wins the race. Ruby has a go at Miranda for cheating and Xavier stands up for her.","title":"Miranda Jacobs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indigo Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_Walker"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AndrewReveals-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AndrewReveals-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AndrewReveals-17"},{"link_name":"Holy Soap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Soap"},{"link_name":"Indigo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_Walker"},{"link_name":"Samara Weaving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samara_Weaving"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AndrewReveals-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AndrewReveals-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AndrewReveals-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AndrewReveals-17"},{"link_name":"Romeo Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romeo_Smith"},{"link_name":"Luke Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_Mitchell_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AndrewReveals-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AndrewReveals-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AndrewReveals-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AndrewReveals-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AndrewReveals-17"},{"link_name":"Dexter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dexter_Walker"},{"link_name":"Charles Cottier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Cottier"},{"link_name":"Nicole Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicole_Franklin"},{"link_name":"Tessa James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tessa_James"},{"link_name":"TV Week","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Week"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Kieran Monroe, played by Andrew Hazzard, made his first on-screen appearance on 6 April 2011. Kieran was introduced as a love interest for Indigo Walker, but his attempts to win her over make him seem \"creepy\".[17]Hazzard said joining Home and Away was \"fun\" and that the cast and crew had been very welcoming.[17] Hazzard described Kieran as being a \"quite a straightforward, achievement-orientated guy... in his own mind anyway.\"[17] Hazzard told Holy Soap that he saw his character as wanting to succeed at his university course and his relationship with Indigo (Samara Weaving). Kieran wants to own a farm and become a great husband and father.[17] Hazzard also felt that Kieran has been \"messed around\" by people.[17] Kieran meets Indigo at a party and he falls in love with her instantly. Even though she lies to him and he does not know what is happening with their relationship, Kieran cannot stop his feelings of love for her.[17] Kieran meets Indigo's family and Hazzard said that he \"tries to be as amiable as he possibly can be. I think he feels if he makes a great impression on Indi's family, then he will have more of a chance with Indi.\"[17]Kieran also meets Indigo's ex-boyfriend, Romeo Smith (Luke Mitchell) at the party. Hazzard said that his character \"definitely knows something has happened\" between Indigo and Romeo and Kieran wants Romeo out of his way.[17] When asked if Kieran is dangerous, Hazzard opined that he thinks his character has a \"dangerous streak\", but he did not think Kieran would hurt Indigo.[17] The actor explained that Kieran want to be the best he can possibly be and his emotions get the better of him.[17] On playing a bad guy, Hazzard told the website, \"I didn't actually see Kieran as a 'bad guy'. Even in his final scene, where he is manhandling Indi out of the bushes and attempting to put her in his car, I feel that he was doing all of that with the best intentions. He says, 'What would your dad say if I left you out here?', and I feel that really was his motivation for wanting to get her back in his car. He really did just want to get her home safely.\"[17] The actor added that Kieran could appear to come across as a bad guy from the viewer's point of view, but not from his character's. He said \"He's lovesick, I think. And as we all know, sometimes love makes us do some crazy things.\"[17]Kieran meets Indigo Walker at a party and he later sends her a flirty text. Kieran asks her out and Indigo says that she will get back to him. Romeo Smith then warns Kieran to back off. Indigo accepts Kieran's invitation for a date, but when he wants to meet up again, Indigo tells him that she is busy. Kieran shows up and Indigo's house and he helps Indigo and her brother, Dexter (Charles Cottier), put together some furniture. Indigo tells Kieran that she just got out of a relationship and she is not interested in him. Kieran appears to accept this, but when Indigo goes to a club to see a band, he turns up too. Kieran offers to drive Indigo and Nicole Franklin (Tessa James) and they accept. Kieran drops Nicole off, but tries to take Indigo somewhere else. She panics and asks him to let her out of the car. Kieran does and he drives off. He later comes back to find Indigo, which scares her. He grabs her and is trying to get her into his car, when Romeo arrives. Romeo goes to fight Kieran, but Indigo tells him not to.Erin Miller of TV Week called Kieran \"freaky\" and a stalker. She also said that he \"kept hanging around Indi like a bad smell.\"[18] Miller later said Kieran was \"a rather intense suitor\" and \"crazed.\"[19]","title":"Kieran Monroe"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MattyL-20"},{"link_name":"Yahoo!7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo!7"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MattyL-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MattyL-20"},{"link_name":"Samara Weaving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samara_Weaving"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MattyL-20"},{"link_name":"Roo Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roo_Stewart"},{"link_name":"Georgie Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgie_Parker"},{"link_name":"Romeo Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romeo_Smith"},{"link_name":"Luke Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_Mitchell_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Indi Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indi_Walker"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paradise-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paradise-21"},{"link_name":"Sid Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sid_Walker"},{"link_name":"Robert Mammone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mammone"}],"text":"Marty Jones, played by Matty Lui, made his first appearance on 27 June 2011. Lui won the role of Marty after an audition in Hawaii.[20] Lui told Yahoo!7, \"My agent called me up and said that they are casting a really cool role on the most famous show in Australia and if I was up to auditioning for it, I jumped at the chance and it was awesome working with a super great cast and crew in Hawaii.\"[20] Lui is a Hawaiian five time surf champion, which the writers incorporated into his character's storyline.[20] While Lui was on the set he taught Samara Weaving to surf.[20]Roo Stewart (Georgie Parker), Romeo Smith (Luke Mitchell) and Indi Walker (Weaving) travel to Hawaii to attend a tourism exhibition.[21] Marty is Roo and Romeo's business acquaintance and Indigo helps win him over.[21] Marty later makes Indi a job offer, but Indi turns it down. Marty is happy for her and Romeo when they get married during their stay. Roo tries to distract herself from talking to Sid Walker (Robert Mammone) by spending time with Marty. When she introduces Sid to Marty, he makes Roo realise that she is actually attracted to Sid, and he encourages her to pursue a relationship with him.","title":"Marty Jones"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saskia Burmeister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saskia_Burmeister"},{"link_name":"Darryl Braxton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Darryl_Braxton"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tegan-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LizzyL-25"},{"link_name":"The Daily Telegraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph_(Sydney)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TheBadGirl-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TheBadGirl-26"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LizzyL-25"},{"link_name":"Kelly O'Mara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_O%27Mara"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TheBadGirl-26"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saskia_Burmeister_at_Tropfest_2012.jpg"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TheBadGirl-26"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LizzyL-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TheBadGirl-26"},{"link_name":"The Sun-Herald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sun-Herald"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LizzyL-25"},{"link_name":"TV Week","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Week"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ex-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ex-27"},{"link_name":"Charlie Buckton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Buckton"},{"link_name":"Esther Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esther_Jackie_Anderson"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tegan-23"},{"link_name":"Daily Star Sunday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Star_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tegan-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tegan-23"},{"link_name":"Daily Record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Record_(Scotland)"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Heath Braxton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Heath_Braxton"},{"link_name":"Daniel Ewing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Ewing_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Colleen Smart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colleen_Smart"},{"link_name":"Lyn Collingwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyn_Collingwood"},{"link_name":"Jake Pirovic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Jake_Pirovic"},{"link_name":"Fletcher Humphrys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fletcher_Humphrys"},{"link_name":"Casey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Casey_Braxton"},{"link_name":"Hammer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammer_(Home_and_Away)"}],"text":"Tegan Mary Callahan, played by Saskia Burmeister, made her first on-screen appearance on 4 July 2011. Tegan is a River Girl and Darryl Braxton's (Steve Peacocke) ex-girlfriend. She comes to Summer Bay to try and win him back.[23][24] The character and casting was announced on 24 April 2011.[25] Burmeister told The Daily Telegraph that she had an extended guest role and the door would be left open for a future return. Burmeister said she would love to come back.[26] The actress revealed she and her husband were finalising a European holiday, just as the offer to appear in Home and Away came through.[26] She also revealed that she bleached her usual brown hair blonde for the role.[25] Burmeister's younger sister, Martika Sullivan, who played Kelly O'Mara also landed a role in the show at the same time.[26]Saskia Burmeister played Tegan CallahanBurmeister described Tegan as a bitch and a \"naughty character\", which she said attracted her to the role.[26] Burmeister is often cast as the girl next door and she relished the chance to play Tegan. She said \"I love her. I find myself gasping at what she is doing.\"[25] The actress added \"She's really nasty, dark and menacing and likes to cause trouble.\"[26] Lizzy Lovette of The Sun-Herald said Tegan is a \"manipulative surfer chick\", who arrives in the Bay to ruffle some feathers.[25] Peacocke revealed that Tegan comes to town to do his mother's bidding. He told TV Week, \"Brax has been butting heads with his mum, Cheryl (Suzi Dougherty), so she decides to contact Tegan to suss out what's going on with [him].\"[27] Peacocke explained that Darryl has a soft spot for Tegan because they share a history, but he does not trust her and she is not the type of person he can confide in.[27] Tegan is shocked to learn that Darryl is in a relationship with Charlie Buckton (Esther Anderson).[23] The Daily Star Sunday reported that Tegan will stop at nothing to split Darryl and Charlie up. Darryl wants nothing to do with Tegan and he orders her to leave town after she threatens Charlie.[23] An insider told the paper: \"She's devastated when he tells her to leave. But there really is nothing worse than a woman scorned.\"[23] The Daily Record said Tegan was \"certainly a firebrand.\"[28]Tegan comes to Angelo's to see Darryl Braxton, after talking to his mother, Cheryl. Tegan asks him about his new girlfriend, but Darryl refuses to give her any details, so she cannot report back to his mother. Tegan tells Heath Braxton (Daniel Ewing) that Darryl has changed and when he mentions that Darryl owns Angelo's, Tegan goes to see Colleen Smart (Lyn Collingwood). Colleen tells Tegan all about the River Boys and Darryl's arrival in Summer Bay. Tegan later spots Darryl with Charlie Buckton. She confronts Charlie, telling her that she knows about her relationship with Darryl and that their secret is not safe with her. Darryl later tells Tegan to leave. Tegan returns and reveals to Darryl that she is dating Jake Pirovic (Fletcher Humphrys). She tells him that Jake knows about Heath's plan to launch a raid on his land and tells Darryl to stop Heath before he gets killed. Tegan later turns up with bags of drugs and Heath helps her hide them. Tegan goes to see Darryl and she kisses him. They have sex and Charlie finds them together. Jake stabs Darryl and Tegan helps him with his injury. She later reveals to Charlie that Darryl is Darcy's father. Tegan tells Darryl and he initially asks for a DNA test, but changes his mind. Casey (Lincoln Younes) overhears Tegan and Cheryl talking and learns Tegan is lying to Darryl. Casey tells Darryl, who confronts Tegan and she reveals Heath is Darcy's real father. Tegan decides to go back to Jake. A storm hits the Bay and Heath takes Darcy to the high school. Tegan arrives and tells Heath he had no right taking Darcy and they leave. Tegan crashes her car and Charlie arrives to help her. Tegan panics when she realises Darcy is missing, but Darryl finds her. Tegan tells Charlie she loves Darryl, but he does not love her. Tegan is pulled out of the car and taken to hospital. She reveals to Darryl that she told Hammer (Benedict Samuel) about him and Charlie. Tegan goes into surgery, but she dies from her injuries.","title":"Tegan Callahan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marcus Graham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Graham"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Charming-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MarcusAtHome-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MarcusAtHome-30"},{"link_name":"Herald Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herald_Sun"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MarcusAtHome-30"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marcus_Graham.jpg"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MarcusAtHome-30"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Charming-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Charming-29"},{"link_name":"Romeo Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romeo_Smith"},{"link_name":"Luke Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_Mitchell"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Charming-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Charming-29"},{"link_name":"Alf Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alf_Stewart"},{"link_name":"Ray Meagher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Meagher"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Charming-29"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TimeToFinish-32"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TimeToFinish-32"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TimeToFinish-32"},{"link_name":"Elijah Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elijah_Johnson_(Home_and_Away)"},{"link_name":"Jay Laga'aia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Laga%27aia"},{"link_name":"Roo Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roo_Stewart"},{"link_name":"Georgie Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgie_Parker"},{"link_name":"Sid Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sid_Walker"},{"link_name":"Robert Mammone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mammone"},{"link_name":"John Palmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Palmer_(Home_and_Away)"},{"link_name":"Shane Withington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shane_Withington"},{"link_name":"Melissa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melissa_Gregg"},{"link_name":"Allison Cratchley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allison_Cratchley"},{"link_name":"Lottie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lottie_Ryan_(Home_and_Away)"},{"link_name":"silent treatment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_treatment"},{"link_name":"Morag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morag_Bellingham"},{"link_name":"Cornelia Frances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelia_Frances"},{"link_name":"Tim Graham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Graham_(Home_and_Away)"},{"link_name":"Jonny Pasvolsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonny_Pasvolsky"},{"link_name":"Winston Markman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Markman"},{"link_name":"John Batchelor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Batchelor_(Australian_actor)"},{"link_name":"Maddy Osborne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maddy_Osborne"},{"link_name":"Kassandra Clementi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kassandra_Clementi"},{"link_name":"Spencer Harrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spencer_Harrington"},{"link_name":"Andrew Morley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_James_Morley"}],"text":"Harvey Ryan, played by Marcus Graham, made his first on screen appearance on 10 August 2011.[29] The character and casting was announced on 31 July 2011.[30] Graham was originally supposed to have a small guest role, but he asked the producers if he could stay and was contracted until the end of 2012.[30] Of this, Graham told the Herald Sun, \"I came in for a couple of episodes and it was just a really, really great experience ... I've worked with Georgie (Parker) before in theatre and we started in the business around the same time and get along very well so I thought, why not?\"[30]Marcus Graham portrays HarveyHarvey Ryan is described as being the \"expert on all things sailing and boating in Summer Bay.\"[30] He was brought up in Summer Bay and runs a local fishing charter.[29] Of Harvey, the official Home and Away website explained, \"Harvey is a big fish in a small pond and more than capable of winning a woman over with his smile, his easy charm and his blokey boatie ways.\"[29] However, Harvey is capable of making enemies and he gets on the wrong side of many locals, including Romeo Smith (Luke Mitchell), who becomes convinced Harvey trashed his boat to ruin his business.[29] Romeo finds out Harvey has been stealing his clients and copying his ideas, and when his boat is vandalised, Romeo decides to report him to the police. The official website said \"The gloves are off and both men settle in for a war.\"[29] Romeo later apologises to Harvey, but Harvey is not interested and he complains to the council about Romeo and Alf Stewart (Ray Meagher) not having a permit for their mooring.[29]On 4 July 2013, it was revealed Graham had finished filming on Home and Away.[31] Following his on-screen departure, Graham explained that it was agreed all round \"that it was time to finish Harvey\" and he called his exit \"harmonious\".[32] Graham admitted to staying with the show longer than he originally planned, as he was enjoying the work.[32] He added that he would not rule out a return to Home and Away in the future.[32]When Romeo Smith's boat is trashed, he believes Harvey is behind it. He also learns Harvey has stolen some of his clients and has obviously copied his business ideas. Romeo reports Harvey to the police, but Elijah Johnson (Jay Laga'aia) clears Harvey of the crime when he finds the real culprit. Romeo apologises, but Harvey informs him that he has just complained to the council about Romeo's lack of permit for his mooring. Romeo and his partner, Alf, are forced to move their boat, when the council tell them in legal terms, their mooring did not officially exist. Harvey tells Romeo that he is next in line to take over the mooring. However, when he checks it out, he finds it gone. Harvey later confronts Romeo with a story about Alf and the mooring in the paper. Roo Stewart (Georgie Parker) invites three investors to look at the new resort site. Due to an impending storm, Alf stops Romeo from using the Blaxland, but Harvey agrees to take them all out in his boat in the hope of winning the marina contract. The bad weather causes Harvey's boat to sink and Romeo and Alf are forced to save Roo, Harvey and the investors. Romeo finds Harvey, who is injured and manages to get him to the hospital. Harvey asks Alf if they could go into business together as he has the mooring and Alf has the boat. Alf persuades Romeo to agree to the deal. Harvey and Roo go on a date, but Roo leaves early. Harvey asks her out again and they go out to dinner. Romeo gets fed up of Harvey neglecting his jobs an confronts him. Harvey tells Romeo he will pull his weight, but he later tells Alf that Romeo skipped his chores.Romeo believes Harvey is trying to get the marina contract behind his back when Harvey reveals he is thinking about getting his own boat. Roo begins avoiding Harvey and he thinks she is still in love with Sid Walker (Robert Mammone). However, Roo denies this and kisses Harvey. Harvey empties a can of petrol on the Blaxland and blames Romeo for it in front of Alf. Harvey later offers to buy the Blaxland from Alf. Roo confronts Harvey about using her to get the Blaxland and she breaks up with him. Harvey and Roo realise that they still have feelings for each other and get back together. Harvey runs for a position on the council against Alf and wins. He shuts down the proposed resort and John Palmer (Shane Withington) starts to suspect him of being corrupt. Roo and Harvey briefly break up again, but reconcile. Harvey's ex-wife Melissa (Allison Cratchley) arrives in the Bay with their daughter, Lottie (Morgan Weaving). Harvey contracts food poisoning and while he is in the hospital, Mel visits him and asks to stay at his house. When Harvey is reunited with Lottie, she gives him a cold reception due to his absence. Harvey then tells Roo about Mel and Lottie and she initially gives him the silent treatment as he did not tell her straight away. A week later Roo tells him that she wants to meet Lottie and they go on a picnic. John comes to Harvey and Roo with questions about a newly proposed Eco Park and warns them that he is going to the council. Harvey is later seen arguing with the mayor.John tells the press that Harvey rigged the council elections and Harvey resigns from the council. He is also punched by a member of the public and Mel treats him. She admits that she is still struggling to deal with their young son, Ben's death. Harvey admits that he was aware of the Mayor's vote rigging scam and has to go to court. Roo convinces him to let her aunt, Morag (Cornelia Frances), represent him and when he pleads guilty, he is given community service and a fine. Harvey then realises he has to sell his house to pay the fine. Harvey and Lottie move into Summer Bay House with Roo, while Mel goes to a clinic in the city to help her deal with Ben's death. When Harvey returns from visiting her, he reveals that she wants Lottie to join her in the city. He breaks the new to Lottie and she decides that she wants to stay in the Bay. Mel does not take the news well and she and Harvey begin a custody battle. Mel threatens to reveal that Harvey was drunk when Ben fell off their boat and died, so Harvey tells Lottie and Roo himself. Lottie eventually decides that Mel needs her and they leave. Harvey proposes to Roo and she accepts. Roo's ex-boyfriend Tim Graham (Jonny Pasvolsky) arrives in Summer Bay intending to get Roo back. Tim and Roo share a kiss, causing Harvey to fight with Tim. When Harvey thinks that Roo has chosen Tim, he goes to the city to see Lottie and ends up having a one-night stand with Mel. Roo later finds out and the pair fight, but they eventually reconcile. Harvey and Roo begin planning their wedding and Roo invites Winston Markman (John Batchelor) to be Harvey's best man. They later marry and run the caravan park together. When teenage runaways Maddy Osborne (Kassandra Clementi) and Spencer Harrington (Andrew Morley) rent a caravan from Harvey and Roo, they become like parents to the two children and they eventually move into Summer Bay House with them.When Winston returns to the Bay, Harvey makes plans with his best friend to go on a fishing trip with him away from the area. However, Roo receives news that Harvey and Winston's boat is missing, and, although Winston is found quickly, Harvey vanishes for several months. He returns abruptly without explanation of where he has been, but is obviously scarred by the experience. He finds Summer Bay claustrophobic and realising that things have changed between him and Roo, they decide to get a divorce so Harvey can leave. Spencer takes the news that Harvey is leaving badly but they reconcile before Harvey leaves.","title":"Harvey Ryan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fletcher Humphrys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fletcher_Humphrys"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pirovic-34"},{"link_name":"Tai Hara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai_Hara"},{"link_name":"Andy Barrett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Barrett"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pirovic-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Tegan Callahan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Tegan_Callahan"},{"link_name":"Saskia Burmeister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saskia_Burmeister"},{"link_name":"Heath Braxton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heath_Braxton"},{"link_name":"Dan Ewing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Ewing"},{"link_name":"Darryl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darryl_Braxton"},{"link_name":"Steve Peacocke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Peacocke"},{"link_name":"Casey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casey_Braxton"},{"link_name":"Lincoln Younes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Younes"},{"link_name":"Ruby Buckton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_Buckton"},{"link_name":"Rebecca Breeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebecca_Breeds"},{"link_name":"Hammer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Hammer"},{"link_name":"Benedict Samuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedict_Samuel"},{"link_name":"Charlie Buckton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Buckton"},{"link_name":"Charlie Buckton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Buckton"},{"link_name":"Esther Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esther_Anderson_(Australian_actress)"},{"link_name":"Cody Dalton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cody_Dalton"},{"link_name":"Denny Miller (Home and Away)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denny_Miller_(Home_and_Away)"},{"link_name":"Jessica Grace Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica_Grace_Smith"},{"link_name":"Evie MacGuire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evelyn_MacGuire"},{"link_name":"Kyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle_Braxton"},{"link_name":"Nic Westaway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nic_Westaway"},{"link_name":"Mike Emerson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Emerson"},{"link_name":"Nate Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nate_Cooper"}],"text":"Jake Pirovic, played by Fletcher Humphrys,[33] made his first screen appearance on 22 July 2011 and departed on 23 January 2012. In 2014, Humphrys reprised his role as Jake and returned to the serial.[34] Humphrys' co-star Tai Hara, who plays Andy Barrett, spoke to TV Week about Andy's involvement with Jake: \"He's on a one-way train that's going nowhere but off the tracks. It's relentless in terms of the number of stuff-ups he's making. Andy has lied to so many people. Everyone has turned their back on him. He's at his lowest point and thinks he can't possibly make any more bad decisions. Jake's older and Andy thinks he's a shady person. But Jake also gives Andy a sense of validation. It makes him feel better.\"[34] It was revealed that Jake's return storyline would culminate in a murder.[35]Jake is the leader of a rival surf gang to the River Boys. He dates Tegan Callahan (Saskia Burmeister). Jake is arrested alongside Heath Braxton (Dan Ewing), when Heath attempts to raid the rival gang's drug crop but Pirovic is later released. He demands his drugs back from Heath's brother Darryl (Steve Peacocke) and kidnaps their younger brother Casey (Lincoln Younes) and Ruby Buckton (Rebecca Breeds). Brax returns the drugs to Jake in exchange for Casey and Ruby, but when he realises some are missing, he stabs Brax. Jake is later arrested and sent to jail. While inside prison, Jake's brother Hammer (Benedict Samuel) takes over the lead of his crew but is later shot dead by Charlie Buckton after a failed kidnap attempt. Upon his release, he goes to Charlie Buckton's (Esther Anderson) home and shoots her twice killing her in revenge for killing his brother. Jake waits for Brax at his house and the pair fight before Jake takes off in his car, closely followed by Brax. They fight again on the beach and Jake is caught by the police. He confesses to shooting Charlie and is re-sentenced.Two years later, Jake is revealed to be the leader of a drug dealing gang that Andy Barrett owes money to. He has three members of his gang including his second, Cody Dalton (Aaron Glenane) to attack Casey and Denny Miller (Home and Away) (Jessica Grace Smith) and kidnap Josh and Evie MacGuire (Philippa Northeast). to make sure Andy pays up. Jake tells Andy about Charlie killing Hammer and blames Brax for his brother's death as well. After Josh wants nothing to do with Andy following the kidnap ordeal, Jake uses it to his advantage and tries to convince Andy that he can stop Brax before his brother gets killed. Andy initially agrees to help Jake but then realises that Jake is planning to kill Brax. When Andy refuses to help Jake anymore with his plan to try to get Brax's attention, Jake kidnaps Josh as leverage. Andy and Casey meet up with Jake to try and rescue Josh and Casey hits Jake with a stick allowing Andy to run off. Brax and his brother Kyle (Nic Westaway) arrive to assist Casey, but Jake ends up shooting Casey from outside the barn whilst aiming for Brax. Casey then dies of his injuries.Andy later calls Jake and tells him to leave Brax alone because he is already suffering due to Casey's death, but an unrepentant Jake tells him that he is not finished with Brax. Brax then goes looking for Jake to avenge Casey. Brax and Andy hide out at the murder scene where they believe Jake will return to inspect the sight. After spotting tyre tracks on the dirt road he quickly speeds off with Brax & Andy in pursuit. Brax and Jake attempt to run each other off the road when Jake quickly manages to lose the pair but is then cornered on a dead end road, Brax hurtles the car causing it to crash into Jake's vehicle knocking him off the road and seriously injuring him. Brax proceeds to confront the already injured Pirovic one last time but his car explodes. Jake is hospitalised and is put into a medically induced coma on life support. Senior Sergeant Mike Emerson (Cameron Stewart) reveals that Jake was transferred from prison to a low-security facility, as he was deemed not responsible for his actions when shooting Charlie two years ago, under a psychiatric order and had been held there for the past year and ended up escaping.Brax tells doctor Nate Cooper (Kyle Pryor) to let Jake die but when he refuses Brax tries one last attempt to kill Pirovic by disconnecting his life support machine, but he is arrested by the police before he can do so. Andy then after hours sneaks into the hospital and disconnects Jake's life support machine, causing him to die as a result.","title":"Jake Pirovic"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Benedict Samuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedict_Samuel"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hammer-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gilbertson-37"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hammer-36"},{"link_name":"Herald Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herald_Sun"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hammer-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gilbertson-37"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hammer-36"},{"link_name":"The Advertiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Advertiser_(Adelaide)"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gilbertson-37"},{"link_name":"Jake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Jake_Pirovic"},{"link_name":"Fletcher Humphrys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fletcher_Humphrys"},{"link_name":"Darryl \"Brax\" Braxton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darryl_Braxton"},{"link_name":"Heath Braxton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heath_Braxton"},{"link_name":"Daniel Ewing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Ewing_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Stu Henderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Stu_Henderson"},{"link_name":"Charlie Buckton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Buckton"},{"link_name":"Esther Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esther_Anderson_(Australian_actress)"},{"link_name":"Georgina Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Home_and_Away_characters_(2008)#Georgina_Watson"},{"link_name":"Tegan Callahan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tegan_Callahan"},{"link_name":"Saskia Burmeister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saskia_Burmeister"}],"text":"Harman \"Hammer\" Pirovic, played by Benedict Samuel, made his first appearance on 22 August 2011.[36] The character and casting was announced on 30 July 2011.[37] Hammer is a member of a gang rivalling the River Boys.[36] His real name is Harman and Samuel told the Herald Sun that he comes to uphold his honour and stir things up in Summer Bay.[36][37] He added \"I'm hired muscle, which is kind of ironic since I'm the skinniest person you've ever met. There's a lot of pursed lips and steely looks.\"[36] The Advertiser described Hammer as a \"big, hard guy with a lot of attitude\" who plays second fiddle to his brother.[37]Hammer is a member of his brother Jake's (Fletcher Humphrys) gang. While Jake is in prison, Hammer becomes the leader of the gang. He gives Darryl \"Brax\" Braxton (Steve Peacocke) a warning and when he learns Heath Braxton (Daniel Ewing) turned witness on Jake for an early release from jail, he threatens the brothers. Hammer and his gang beat Heath up. Heath and some members of the River Boys, retaliate by smashing up Hammer's car. Hammer and his gang set fire to Heath's car and the gangs face off on the beach. They are broken up by the police, but Hammer's gang get a hold of Stu Henderson (Brenton Thwaites) and remove his tattoo. They dump him outside of Brax and Heath's house. Charlie Buckton (Esther Anderson) and her colleague Georgina Watson (Jacklyn Albergoni) stop Hammer for speeding and they find a large piece of wood. Georgina stays with him to search the rest of his ute, while Charlie goes to stop a brawl between the gangs. Hammer goes to the hospital when he learns Jake's girlfriend, Tegan Callahan (Saskia Burmeister) died. He warns Brax that the next time they meet, both he and Charlie will be dead. Hammer later tells Brax that Jake wants to see him suffer, so he and his gang are going to go after Charlie. Someone then shoots Charlie from Hammer's car. One of Charlie's colleagues reveals Hammer was at the station reporting his stolen car when she was shot. Charlie decides to bring in Hammer, but he reveals nothing about the shooting. Hammer attends Tegan's funeral and then confronts Brax, demanding he gives up his territory. Hammer kidnaps Charlie and tells Brax to come and save her. Hammer intends to kill them both, but a fight breaks out and Charlie shoots Hammer dead.","title":"Hammer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brenton Thwaites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brenton_Thwaites"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GCM-39"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GCM-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BrentonSoaps-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"The Courier-Mail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Courier-Mail"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BrentonSoaps-40"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brenton_Thwaites.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gold Coast Mail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_Coast_Mail"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GCM-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BrentonSoaps-40"},{"link_name":"The Cairns Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cairns_Post"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Hammer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Hammer"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SurfBrawl-43"},{"link_name":"Darryl Braxton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Darryl_Braxton"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SurfBrawl-43"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SurfBrawl-43"},{"link_name":"Alf Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alf_Stewart"},{"link_name":"Ray Meagher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Meagher"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Robert Mammone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mammone"},{"link_name":"Sid Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sid_Walker"},{"link_name":"All About Soap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_About_Soap"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Heath Braxton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heath_Braxton"},{"link_name":"Daniel Ewing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Ewing_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Hammer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammer_(Home_and_Away)"},{"link_name":"Darryl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darryl_Braxton"},{"link_name":"Sasha Bezmel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasha_Bezmel"},{"link_name":"Demi Harman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demi_Harman"},{"link_name":"Xavier Austin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xavier_Austin"},{"link_name":"David Jones-Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Jones-Roberts"},{"link_name":"Alan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Henderson_(Home_and_Away)"},{"link_name":"Peter Phelps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Phelps"},{"link_name":"Dennis Harling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Harling"},{"link_name":"Daniel Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Roberts_(Australian_actor)"}],"text":"Stuart \"Stu\" Henderson, played by Brenton Thwaites, made his first appearance on 23 August 2011.[39] Shortly after Thwaites relocated to Sydney from Cairns in April 2011, he was given the five-month recurring role of Stu on Home and Away.[39][40] He called the show a great learning experience and said his co-stars were easy to work with.[41] Tristan Swanwick of The Courier-Mail said Thwaites' character is part of a major storyline, which lasts for the rest of the year.[40]Brenton Thwaites played Stuart Henderson.Stu is a new member of the Bay's River Boys. The Gold Coast Mail called him \"another pot-stirring River Boy who comes in to 'rock The Bay'.\"[39] Swanwick said Thwaites was too a \"bit too pretty to be a bad-ass River Boy\", but a few fake tattoos would fix that.[40] Of his character, Thwaites told The Courier-Mail, \"Stu's awesome, he has some fights, he gets the girls, it's awesome fun.\" Thwaites also told The Cairns Post that Stu would come in and steal the heart of a \"beautiful young lady.\"[42] The River Boys rival's are Hammer's (Benedict Samuel) gang. Hammer targets Stu as he is new and he gets his \"Blood & Sand\" tattoo sliced off his arm.[43] Steve Peacocke (who plays Darryl Braxton) said \"They chose the youngest and freshest face to send out a warning, and that's just fuel for the fire.\"[43] The attack on Stu, prompts a brawl between the River Boys and Hammer's gang.[43] In February 2012, it was announced Stu's lifeless body would be found in the caravan park by Alf Stewart (Ray Meagher).[44] Robert Mammone who plays Sid Walker, told a columnist for All About Soap that the investigation into Stu's death is \"very thorough and you never know what they may find\". Mammone added that there would be a high amount of questioning and \"several bay residents will becomes suspects\".[45]Stu becomes a member of The River Boys and is excited to show off his new tattoo at school. Stu and Heath Braxton (Daniel Ewing) come across Hammer's (Benedict Samuel) car and trash it, which sparks a gang war. The two gangs face off on the beach, but are broken up by the police. Shortly after, Hammer's gang get a hold of Stu and remove his tattoo. They dump him outside of Darryl (Steve Peacocke) and Heath's house. Stu goes to the hospital and has surgery on his arm. Stu meets Sasha Bezmel (Demi Harman) and they spend the day together. Sid does not approve of Stu and warns him to stay away from his daughter. Sid later relents and allows Stu to date Sasha. Stu asks Sasha for a sexy picture and she sends him a topless photo of herself. Stu later tells Sasha he loves her. Stu confronts Sasha when she does not reply to his texts. She tells him she did not have any credit, but Stu becomes angry and thinking she may have moved on, he slaps her. Stu apologises and presents Sasha with a ring. Stu draws a picture for Sasha and she later reveals she got it tattooed on her stomach. Stu becomes angry at what she has done and slaps her across the face. Stu apologies and Sasha forgives him. Stu slaps Sasha again when he learns she received a text from another boy. Sasha screams at Stu to leave and later breaks up with him. Stu steals Xavier Austin's (David Jones-Roberts) car and insists Sasha gets in, she does and he begs her to give him another chance. Sasha agrees and accepts her ring back. Sasha ends up in hospital after her tattoo becomes infected. Sid assumes Stu talked Sasha into getting the tattoo and Sasha begins avoiding Stu and his calls. Stu asks Sasha to the Year 12 formal, but she turns him down. Stu spots Sasha at the formal and he starts harassing her. When she yells at him, he hits her. Sid witnesses this and proceeds to violently bash Stu, hospitalising him. Stu is later charged with assault. He meets with Sasha to discuss their fathers' behaviour. Stu's father, Alan (Peter Phelps), catches them together and drags Stu away. Stu later reveals to Sasha that Alan hit him and he has decided to leave. Alf finds Stu's body near the caravan park. Following a police investigation, Sasha confesses to killing Stu in self-defence. During an argument, Sasha pushed him away and he hit his head on a rock. It is revealed that Dennis Harling (Daniel Roberts) moved Stu's body from the scene and dumped him at the park. Sasha is subsequently found not guilty.","title":"Stu Henderson"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Demi Harman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demi_Harman"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harman-46"},{"link_name":"Isabelle Cornish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabelle_Cornish"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cornish-47"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harman-46"},{"link_name":"Sid Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sid_Walker"},{"link_name":"Robert Mammone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mammone"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harman-46"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harman-46"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SashaB-49"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SashaB-49"},{"link_name":"Logie Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logie_Awards"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Logies-50"}],"text":"Sasha Bezmel, played by Demi Harman, made her first on screen appearance on 31 August 2011.[46] Isabelle Cornish initially auditioned for the role of Sasha, however Harman was eventually cast.[47] The actress relocated from Brisbane to Sydney for the part, which she said was a dream come true.[46] Sasha is Sid Walker's (Robert Mammone) fifteen-year-old, illegitimate daughter.[48] When Sasha's mother is killed in a car accident, Sasha is forced to move to Summer Bay to be with her father and half-siblings.[46] Of her character Harman said \"I just fell in love with her. Sasha is sassy, angry, stubborn and has a rebellious streak.\"[46] A writer for the official show website explained \"Though she's happy to meet with other half-siblings, in Dex and Indi, she is uncontrollable, naughty and independent.\"[49] The writer added that Sasha is at an age where girls want to go \"wild and ruin their future.\"[49] For her portrayal of Sasha, Harman was nominated in the category of \"Most Popular New Female Talent\" at the 2012 Logie Awards.[50]","title":"Sasha Bezmel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shane Emmett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shane_Emmett_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Footsteps-51"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Footsteps-51"},{"link_name":"Belinda Emmett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belinda_Emmett"},{"link_name":"Rebecca Fisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebecca_Nash"},{"link_name":"The Daily Telegraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph_(Sydney)"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Footsteps-51"},{"link_name":"Gypsy Nash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gypsy_Nash"},{"link_name":"Kimberley Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimberley_Cooper"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Emmett-52"},{"link_name":"Lily Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lily_Smith"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Emmett-52"},{"link_name":"Summer Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_Bay"},{"link_name":"Liam Murphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liam_Murphy_(Home_and_Away)"},{"link_name":"Axle Whitehead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axle_Whitehead"}],"text":"Mark Gilmour, played by Shane Emmett, made his first on screen appearance on 22 September 2011.[51] Emmett had an extended guest turn on the show.[51] The actor is the brother of late Home and Away actress Belinda Emmett (who played Rebecca Fisher) and he told The Daily Telegraph, \"Of all the gigs, I knew it would be difficult because Belinda spent so much of her professional time there. And there are a lot of the characters Belinda used to work with still there, so I found myself surrounded by her.\"[51] Mark is the wealthy boyfriend of Gypsy Nash (Kimberley Cooper).[52] He and Gypsy's daughter, Lily Smith (Charlie Rose Maclennan), do not get on well as she is not ready for a new man in her and her mother's life.[52]Mark comes to visit Gypsy in Summer Bay and he clashes with her daughter Lily. Mark suggests sending Lily to boarding school, but Gypsy disagrees with the idea. Gypsy cooks dinner for Mark, but their evening is ruined when Lily reveals that Gypsy had a one-night stand with Liam Murphy (Axle Whitehead). Angered, Mark confronts Liam at Angelo's. Gypsy then breaks up with Mark.","title":"Mark Gilmour"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alyssa McClelland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alyssa_McClelland"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BraxLoveInterest-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LoveT-54"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alyssa_McClelland_(8675250314).jpg"},{"link_name":"Casey Braxton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casey_Braxton"},{"link_name":"Darryl \"Brax\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darryl_Braxton"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BraxLoveInterest-53"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BraxLoveInterest-53"},{"link_name":"Charlie Buckton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Buckton"},{"link_name":"Esther Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esther_Anderson_(Australian_actress)"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BraxLoveInterest-53"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BraxLoveInterest-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LoveT-54"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LoveT-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Heath Braxton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heath_Braxton"},{"link_name":"Dan Ewing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Ewing"},{"link_name":"Bianca Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bianca_Scott"},{"link_name":"Lisa Gormley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Gormley"},{"link_name":"Jake Pirovic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jake_Pirovic"},{"link_name":"Fletcher Humphrys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fletcher_Humphrys"}],"text":"Hayley O'Connor, played by Alyssa McClelland, made her first on screen appearance on 10 October 2011.[53] McClelland previously appeared in Home and Away as Brooke MacPherson.[54]Alyssa McClelland played Hayley O'ConnorHayley is Casey Braxton's (Lincoln Younes) lawyer and she comforts his older brother, Darryl \"Brax\" (Steve Peacocke), when he is sent to jail.[53] Of Hayley and Darryl, Peacocke said \"Hayley is quite cunning, because she knows he's in a bad place. She sees the opportunity to go in when he's at his low point.\"[53] Darryl's on-off girlfriend, Charlie Buckton (Esther Anderson), later sees the pair kissing and believes Darryl has moved on.[53] Peacocke also confirmed there would be an \"air of intrigue surrounding Hayley and her intentions\", adding there will be a mystery as to why Hayley is in Summer Bay.[53] Charlie becomes jealous when she sees Darryl giving Hayley a surfing lesson.[54] The official Home and Away website said McClelland had to brave the elements \"in a bikini on a freezing cold windy day at Palm Beach.\"[54] McClelland returned to Home and Away as Hayley on 30 April 2012.[55]Hayley defends Casey Braxton in court, following his charge of arson. Hayley outs Charlie Buckton's relationship with Casey's brother, Brax. Despite her efforts, Casey is found guilty and sent to Juvenile Detention. The next day, Charlie runs into Hayley, who gives her the impression she is dating Brax. Later that evening, Hayley kisses Brax before they go out to dinner. Brax gives Hayley a surfing lesson on the beach. Charlie calls round to Brax's house and she finds Hayley there. Hayley then spends the night with Brax. When Brax is taken in for questioning about a robbery, he uses Hayley as his alibi. However, Hayley denies being with Brax and she tells him about her false statement just before she leaves town. Hayley returns to Summer Bay after Heath Braxton (Dan Ewing) hires her to help him stop Bianca Scott (Lisa Gormley) leaving town with his child. Hayley runs into Brax and he takes her to the edge of a cliff, where he confronts her about Charlie's death. Hayley confesses that she set him up and helped get Jake Pirovic (Fletcher Humphrys) released from prison because she had a drug problem. Brax tells her that he holds her responsible for Charlie's death and eventually lets her go.","title":"Hayley O'Connor"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Others"}]
[{"image_text":"Saskia Burmeister played Tegan Callahan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Saskia_Burmeister_at_Tropfest_2012.jpg/150px-Saskia_Burmeister_at_Tropfest_2012.jpg"},{"image_text":"Marcus Graham portrays Harvey","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Marcus_Graham.jpg/150px-Marcus_Graham.jpg"},{"image_text":"Brenton Thwaites played Stuart Henderson.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Brenton_Thwaites.jpg/150px-Brenton_Thwaites.jpg"},{"image_text":"Alyssa McClelland played Hayley O'Connor","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Alyssa_McClelland_%288675250314%29.jpg/150px-Alyssa_McClelland_%288675250314%29.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Edwards, Amy (16 February 2011). \"Blushing actor gets it off his chest\". Newcastle Herald. Retrieved 23 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://newsstore.fairfax.com.au/apps/viewDocument.ac?page=1&sy=age&kw=Steve+Peacocke+and+home+and+away&pb=all_ffx&dt=selectRange&dr=entire&so=relevance&sf=text&sf=headline&rc=10&rm=200&sp=nrm&clsPage=1&docID=NCH1102164OCTE7EGTOV","url_text":"\"Blushing actor gets it off his chest\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_Herald","url_text":"Newcastle Herald"}]},{"reference":"Schipp, Debbie (9 January 2011). \"Bay surf gang making waves\". The Daily Telegraph. Sydney. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strathcona_West
Strathcona West
["1 History","1.1 Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs)","2 Election results","2.1 1959","2.2 1963","2.3 1967","3 See also","4 References","5 Further reading","6 External links"]
Defunct provincial electoral district in Alberta, Canada Strathcona West Alberta electoral districtDefunct provincial electoral districtLegislatureLegislative Assembly of AlbertaDistrict created1959District abolished1971First contested1959Last contested1967 Strathcona West was a provincial electoral district, located in Alberta, Canada, mandated to return a single member to the Legislative Assembly of Alberta using the first past the post method of voting from 1959 to 1971. History The historic 1959 redistribution of the provincial ridings of Calgary and Edmonton standardized the voting system back to First Past the Post. From 1926 to 1959 Calgary and Edmonton members were elected by Single Transferable Vote. The rest of the province had the option of how to count ballots. The redistribution created nine ridings in Edmonton. The other eight ridings were Edmonton Centre, Edmonton North, Edmonton Norwood, Edmonton North East, Edmonton North West, Strathcona East, Strathcona Centre and Jasper West. In 1971 the riding was split between Edmonton-Whitemud and Edmonton-Parkallen. Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs) Members of the Legislative Assembly for Strathcona West Assembly Years Member Party See Edmonton electoral district from 1921-1959 14th  1959–1963     Randolph McKinnon Social Credit 15th  1963–1967 16th  1967–1971     Don Getty Progressive Conservative See Edmonton-Parkallen electoral district from 1971-1993 and Edmonton-Whitemud electoral district from 1971-Present Election results 1959 vte1959 Alberta general election Party Candidate Votes % Social Credit Randolph McKinnon 3,639 41.63% Progressive Conservative Eric Duggan 2,683 30.69% Liberal Frank Edwards 1,982 22.67% Co-operative Commonwealth H. Douglas Trace 423 5.01% Total 8,742 – Rejected, spoiled and declined 15 – Eligible electors / turnout 13,355 65.46% Social Credit pickup new district. Source(s) Source: "Strathcona West Official Results 1959 Alberta general election". Alberta Heritage Community Foundation. Retrieved May 14, 2020. 1963 vte1963 Alberta general election Party Candidate Votes % ±% Social Credit Randolph McKinnon 5,029 47.47% 6.84% Liberal Arthur Crossley 2,557 24.14% 1.47% Progressive Conservative Arnold Lane 1,863 17.59% -13.10% New Democratic George Field 936 10.80% 5.79% Total 10,594 – – Rejected, spoiled and declined 209 – – Eligible electors / turnout 17,738 59.72% – Social Credit hold Swing 2.69% Source(s) Source: "Strathcona West Official Results 1963 Alberta general election". Alberta Heritage Community Foundation. Retrieved May 14, 2020. 1967 vte1967 Alberta general election Party Candidate Votes % ±% Progressive Conservative Don Getty 6,764 48.39% 31.10% Social Credit Randolph McKinnon 5,153 36.87% -10.60% New Democratic Frank Kuzemski 1,115 7.98% -2.82% Liberal Edmund Leger 890 6.37% -17.77% Total 13,978 – – Rejected, spoiled and declined 56 – – Eligible electors / turnout 19,880 70.31% – Progressive Conservative gain from Social Credit Swing 20.85% Source(s) Source: "Strathcona West Official Results 1967 Alberta general election". Alberta Heritage Community Foundation. Retrieved May 14, 2020. See also List of Alberta provincial electoral districts References ^ Strathcona and Mount Royal. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. September 23, 2004. ^ "Election results for Strathcona West". abheritage.ca. Heritage Community Foundation. Archived from the original on December 8, 2010. Retrieved May 22, 2020. Further reading Office of the Chief Electoral Officer; Legislative Assembly Office (2006). A Century of Democracy: Elections of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta, 1905-2005. The Centennial Series. Edmonton, AB: Legislative Assembly of Alberta. ISBN 0-9689217-8-7. Retrieved May 25, 2020. External links Elections Alberta The Legislative Assembly of Alberta vteFormer Alberta provincial electoral districtsNorth Athabasca Athabasca-Lac La Biche Athabasca-Redwater Athabasca-Sturgeon-Redwater Athabasca-Wabasca Barrhead Barrhead-Morinville-Westlock Barrhead-Westlock Beaver River Bonnyville Bonnyville-Cold Lake Clearwater Dunvegan Dunvegan-Central Peace Dunvegan-Central Peace-Notley Edson Fort McMurray Fort McMurray-Conklin Grande Prairie-Smoky Grouard Lac La Biche Lac La Biche-McMurray Lac La Biche-St. Paul Lac La Biche-St. Paul-Two Hills Pakan Pembina Redwater Redwater-Andrew Smoky River Spirit River Spirit River-Fairview Spruce Grove-Sturgeon-St. Albert St. Paul Sturgeon Victoria Westlock-Sturgeon Whitecourt Whitecourt-Ste. Anne Whitford Edmonton Edmonton Edmonton-Avonmore Edmonton-Belmont Edmonton-Beverly Edmonton-Beverly-Belmont Edmonton-Calder Edmonton-Centre Edmonton East Edmonton-Glengarry Edmonton-Highlands Edmonton-Highlands-Beverly Edmonton-Jasper Place Edmonton-Kingsway Edmonton-Mayfield Edmonton-Meadowlark Edmonton-Mill Creek Edmonton North Edmonton North East Edmonton-Norwood Edmonton-Ottewell Edmonton-Parkallen Edmonton-Roper Edmonton-Sherwood Park Edmonton West Jasper West Strathcona Strathcona Centre Strathcona East Strathcona South Strathcona West Central Acadia Acadia-Coronation Alexandra Battle River-Wainwright Bruce Chinook Clover Bar Clover Bar-Fort Saskatchewan Didsbury Drayton Valley Drayton Valley-Calmar Drumheller Drumheller-Chinook Drumheller-Gleichen Gleichen Hand Hills Hand Hills-Acadia Hanna-Oyen Innisfail Lac Ste. Anne Lacombe Lacombe-Stettler Leduc Leduc-Beaumont-Devon Lloydminster Olds Olds-Didsbury Ponoka Ponoka-Rimbey Red Deer Ribstone Rocky Mountain House Sedgewick Sedgewick-Coronation Spruce Grove-St. Albert Stettler Stony Plain Three Hills Three Hills-Airdrie Vegreville Vegreville-Bruce Vegreville-Viking Vermilion Vermilion-Lloydminster Vermilion-Viking Wainwright Wetaskiwin Wetaskiwin-Camrose Wetaskiwin-Leduc Willingdon Willingdon-Two Hills Calgary Calgary Calgary Bowness Calgary Centre Calgary-Egmont Calgary-Forest Lawn Calgary-Fort Calgary-Hawkwood Calgary-Mackay Calgary-Mackay-Nose Hill Calgary-McKnight Calgary-Millican Calgary-Montrose Calgary-North Hill Calgary-Nose Creek Calgary-Nose Hill Calgary Queens Park Calgary South Calgary Victoria Park Centre Calgary North Calgary South Calgary South Airdrie Airdrie-Chestermere Airdrie-Rocky View Banff Banff-Cochrane Bow Valley Bow Valley-Empress Cardston Cardston-Chief Mountain Cardston-Taber-Warner Chestermere-Rocky View Claresholm Cochrane Coronation Cypress Cypress-Redcliff Empress Foothills-Rocky View High River Lethbridge Lethbridge City Lethbridge District Little Bow Macleod Medicine Hat Medicine Hat-Redcliff Nanton Nanton-Claresholm Okotoks Okotoks-High River Pincher Creek Pincher Creek-Crowsnest Pincher Creek-Macleod Redcliff Rocky Mountain Rosebud Strathmore-Brooks Taber Warner vte Elections and referendums in AlbertaGeneral elections 1905 1909 1913 1917 1921 1926 1930 1935 1940 1944 1948 1952 1955 1959 1963 1967 1971 1975 1979 1982 1986 1989 1993 1997 2001 2004 2008 2012 2015 2019 2023 Next By-elections 26th Alberta Legislature (2004–2008) 27th Alberta Legislature (2008–2012) 28th Legislature (2012–2015) 29th Legislature (2015–2019) Senate nominee elections 1989 1998 2004 2012 2021 Municipal elections 1968 1971 1974 1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007 2010 2013 2017 2021 Referendums 1915 1920 1923 1948 1957 1967 1971 2021 See also: Elections in Canada
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[]
[{"title":"List of Alberta provincial electoral districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Alberta_provincial_electoral_districts"}]
[{"reference":"Strathcona and Mount Royal. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. September 23, 2004.","urls":[{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/92006","url_text":"Strathcona and Mount Royal"}]},{"reference":"\"Election results for Strathcona West\". abheritage.ca. Heritage Community Foundation. Archived from the original on December 8, 2010. Retrieved May 22, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://wayback.archive-it.org/2217/20101208183724/http://www.abheritage.ca/abpolitics/administration/year_result.php?Constit=Strathcona-West","url_text":"\"Election results for Strathcona West\""},{"url":"http://www.abheritage.ca/abpolitics/administration/year_result.php?Constit=Strathcona-West","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Office of the Chief Electoral Officer; Legislative Assembly Office (2006). A Century of Democracy: Elections of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta, 1905-2005. The Centennial Series. Edmonton, AB: Legislative Assembly of Alberta. ISBN 0-9689217-8-7. Retrieved May 25, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_Alberta","url_text":"Office of the Chief Electoral Officer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Alberta","url_text":"Legislative Assembly Office"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/centennialseries04perr/mode/2up","url_text":"A Century of Democracy: Elections of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta, 1905-2005"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9689217-8-7","url_text":"0-9689217-8-7"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://wayback.archive-it.org/2217/20101208174647/http://www.abheritage.ca/abpolitics/administration/maps_choice.php?Constit=Strathcona-West&Year=1959","external_links_name":"\"Strathcona West Official Results 1959 Alberta general election\""},{"Link":"http://wayback.archive-it.org/2217/20101208174647/http://www.abheritage.ca/abpolitics/administration/maps_choice.php?Constit=Strathcona-West&Year=1963","external_links_name":"\"Strathcona West Official Results 1963 Alberta general election\""},{"Link":"http://wayback.archive-it.org/2217/20101208174647/http://www.abheritage.ca/abpolitics/administration/maps_choice.php?Constit=Strathcona-West&Year=1967","external_links_name":"\"Strathcona West Official Results 1967 Alberta general election\""},{"Link":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/92006","external_links_name":"Strathcona and Mount Royal"},{"Link":"https://wayback.archive-it.org/2217/20101208183724/http://www.abheritage.ca/abpolitics/administration/year_result.php?Constit=Strathcona-West","external_links_name":"\"Election results for Strathcona West\""},{"Link":"http://www.abheritage.ca/abpolitics/administration/year_result.php?Constit=Strathcona-West","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/centennialseries04perr/mode/2up","external_links_name":"A Century of Democracy: Elections of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta, 1905-2005"},{"Link":"http://www.electionsalberta.ab.ca/","external_links_name":"Elections Alberta"},{"Link":"http://www.assembly.ab.ca/","external_links_name":"The Legislative Assembly of Alberta"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indomalayan
Indomalayan realm
["1 Major ecological regions","1.1 Indian subcontinent","1.2 Indochina","1.3 Sunda Shelf and the Philippines","2 History","3 Flora","4 Fauna","5 Indomalayan ecoregions","6 See also","7 Bibliography","8 References"]
Coordinates: 7°00′N 97°00′E / 7.000°N 97.000°E / 7.000; 97.000One of the Earth's eight ecozones "Oriental region" redirects here. Not to be confused with Oriental (Morocco). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Indomalayan realm" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Indomalayan realm The Indomalayan realm is one of the eight biogeographic realms. It extends across most of South and Southeast Asia and into the southern parts of East Asia. Also called the Oriental realm by biogeographers, Indomalaya spreads all over the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia to lowland southern China, and through Indonesia as far as Sumatra, Java, Bali, and Borneo, east of which lies the Wallace line, the realm boundary named after Alfred Russel Wallace which separates Indomalaya from Australasia. Indomalaya also includes the Philippines, lowland Taiwan, and Japan's Ryukyu Islands. Most of Indomalaya was originally covered by forest, and includes tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests, with tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests predominant in much of India and parts of Southeast Asia. The tropical forests of Indomalaya are highly variable and diverse, with economically important trees, especially in the families Dipterocarpaceae and Fabaceae. Major ecological regions The World Wildlife Fund (WWF) divides Indomalayan realm into three bio-regions, which it defines as "geographic clusters of eco-regions that may span several habitat types, but have strong biogeographic affinities, particularly at taxonomic levels higher than the species level (genus, family)". Indian subcontinent The Indian subcontinent bioregion covers most of India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, and Sri Lanka and eastern parts of Pakistan. The Hindu Kush, Karakoram, Himalaya, and Patkai ranges bound the bioregion on the northwest, north, and northeast; these ranges were formed by the collision of the northward-drifting Indian subcontinent with Asia beginning 45 million years ago. The Hindu Kush, Karakoram, and Himalaya are a major biogeographic boundary between the subtropical and tropical flora and fauna of the Indian subcontinent and the temperate-climate Palearctic realm. Indochina The Indochina bioregion includes most of mainland Southeast Asia, including Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, and Cambodia, as well as the subtropical forests of southern China. Sunda Shelf and the Philippines Main article: Sundaland Main article: Ecoregions of the Philippines Malesia is a botanical province which straddles the boundary between Indomalaya and Australasia. It includes the Malay Peninsula and the western Indonesian islands (known as Sundaland), the Philippines, the eastern Indonesian islands, and New Guinea. While the Malesia has much in common botanically, the portions east and west of the Wallace Line differ greatly in land animal species; Sundaland shares its fauna with mainland Asia, while terrestrial fauna on the islands east of the Wallace line are derived at least in part from species of Australian origin, such as marsupial mammals and ratite birds. History The flora of Indomalaya blends elements from the ancient supercontinents of Laurasia and Gondwana. Gondwanian elements were first introduced by India, which detached from Gondwana approximately 90 MYA, carrying its Gondwana-derived flora and fauna northward, which included cichlid fish and the plant families Crypteroniaceae and possibly Dipterocarpaceae. India collided with Asia 30-45 MYA, and exchanged species. Later, as Australia-New Guinea drifted north, the collision of the Australian and Asian plates pushed up the islands of Wallacea, which were separated from one another by narrow straits, allowing a botanic exchange between Indomalaya and Australasia. Asian rainforest flora, including the dipterocarps, island-hopped across Wallacea to New Guinea, and several Gondwanian plant families, including podocarps and araucarias, moved westward from Australia-New Guinea into western Malesia and Southeast Asia. Flora The subfamily Dipterocarpoideae comprises characteristic tree species in Indomalaya's moist and seasonally dry forests, with the greatest species diversity in the moist forests of Borneo. Teak (Tectona) is characteristic of the seasonally dry forests of the Indomalaya, from India through Indochina, Malaysia, and the Philippines. Tropical pitcher plants (Nepenthes) are also characteristic of Indomalaya, and the greatest diversity of species is in Sumatra, Borneo, and the Philippines. The tropical forests of Indomalaya and Australasia share many lineages of plants, which have managed over millions of years to disperse across the straits and islands between Sundaland and New Guinea. The two floras evolved in long isolation, and the fossil record suggests that Asian species dispersed to Australasia starting 33 million years ago as Australasia moved northwards, and dispersal increased 12 million years ago as the two continents approached their present positions. The exchange was asymmetric, with more Indomalayan species spreading to Australasia than Australasian species to Indomalaya. Fauna Two orders of mammals, the colugos (Dermoptera) and treeshrews (Scandentia), are endemic to the realm, as are families Craseonycteridae (Kitti's hog-nosed bat), Diatomyidae, Platacanthomyidae, Tarsiidae (tarsiers) and Hylobatidae (gibbons). Large mammals characteristic of Indomalaya include the leopard, tigers, water buffalos, Asian elephant, Indian rhinoceros, Javan rhinoceros, Malayan tapir, orangutans, and gibbons. Indomalaya has three endemic bird families, the Irenidae (fairy bluebirds), Megalaimidae and Rhabdornithidae (Philippine creepers). Also characteristic are pheasants, pittas, Old World babblers, and flowerpeckers. Indomalaya has 1000 species of amphibians in 81 genera, about 17 of global species. 800 Indomalayan species, or 80%, are endemic. Indomalaya has three endemic families of amphibians, Nasikabatrachidae, Ichthyophiidae, and Uraeotyphlidae. 329, or 33%, of Indomalayan amphibians are considered threatened or extinct, with habitat loss as the principal cause. More information is available under Indomalayan realm fauna. Indomalayan ecoregions Ecoregions of the Indomalayan realm, color-coded by biome. Beige: deserts and xeric shrublands. Light brown: tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests. Green: tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests. Bright green: tropical and subtropical coniferous forests. light green: temperate broadleaf and mixed forests. Dark green: temperate coniferous forests. Light blue: flooded grasslands and savannas. Light purple: montane grasslands and shrublands. Magenta: mangroves. Indomalayan tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests ecoregionsvte Andaman Islands rain forests India Borneo lowland rain forests Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia Borneo montane rain forests Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia Borneo peat swamp forests Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia Brahmaputra Valley semi-evergreen forests India Cardamom Mountains rain forests Cambodia, Thailand, Vietnam Chao Phraya freshwater swamp forests Thailand Chao Phraya lowland moist deciduous forests Thailand Chin Hills–Arakan Yoma montane forests Myanmar, India Christmas and Cocos Islands tropical forests Australia Eastern Highlands moist deciduous forests India Eastern Java–Bali montane rain forests Indonesia Eastern Java–Bali rain forests Indonesia Greater Negros–Panay rain forests Philippines Hainan Island monsoon rain forests China Himalayan subtropical broadleaf forests Bhutan, India, Nepal Irrawaddy freshwater swamp forests Myanmar Irrawaddy moist deciduous forests Myanmar Jiang Nan subtropical evergreen forests China Kayah–Karen montane rain forests Myanmar, Thailand Lower Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests Bangladesh, India Luang Prabang montane rain forests Laos Luzon montane rain forests Philippines Luzon rain forests Philippines Malabar Coast moist forests India Maldives–Lakshadweep–Chagos Archipelago tropical moist forests British Indian Ocean Territory, India, Maldives Meghalaya subtropical forests India Mentawai Islands rain forests Indonesia Mindanao montane rain forests Philippines Mindanao–Eastern Visayas rain forests Philippines Mindoro rain forests Philippines Mizoram–Manipur–Kachin rain forests Bangladesh, India, Myanmar Myanmar coastal rain forests Myanmar Nansei Islands subtropical evergreen forests Japan Nicobar Islands rain forests India North Western Ghats moist deciduous forests India North Western Ghats montane rain forests India Northern Annamites rain forests Laos, Vietnam Northern Indochina subtropical forests China, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam Northern Khorat Plateau moist deciduous forests Laos, Thailand Northern Thailand-Laos moist deciduous forests Laos, Thailand Northern Triangle subtropical forests Myanmar Northern Vietnam lowland rain forests Vietnam Orissa semi-evergreen forests India Palawan rain forests Philippines Peninsular Malaysian montane rain forests Malaysia, Thailand Peninsular Malaysian peat swamp forests Malaysia, Thailand Peninsular Malaysian rain forests Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand Red River freshwater swamp forests Vietnam South China Sea Islands disputed between China, Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan, Vietnam South China–Vietnam subtropical evergreen forests China, Vietnam South Taiwan monsoon rain forests Taiwan South Western Ghats moist deciduous forests India South Western Ghats montane rain forests India Southern Annamites montane rain forests Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam Southwest Borneo freshwater swamp forests Indonesia Sri Lanka lowland rain forests Sri Lanka Sri Lanka montane rain forests Sri Lanka Sulu Archipelago rain forests Philippines Sumatran freshwater swamp forests Indonesia Sumatran lowland rain forests Indonesia Sumatran montane rain forests Indonesia Sumatran peat swamp forests Indonesia Sundaland heath forests Indonesia Sundarbans freshwater swamp forests Bangladesh, India Taiwan subtropical evergreen forests Taiwan Tenasserim–South Thailand semi-evergreen rain forests Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand Tonle Sap freshwater swamp forests Cambodia, Vietnam Tonle Sap–Mekong peat swamp forests Cambodia, Vietnam Upper Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests India Western Java montane rain forests Indonesia Western Java rain forests Indonesia Indomalayan tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests ecoregionsvte Central Deccan Plateau dry deciduous forests India Central Indochina dry forests Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam Chota-Nagpur dry deciduous forests India East Deccan dry evergreen forests India Irrawaddy dry forests Myanmar Khathiar–Gir dry deciduous forests India Narmada Valley dry deciduous forests India Northern dry deciduous forests India South Deccan Plateau dry deciduous forests India Southeastern Indochina dry evergreen forests Cambodia, Laos, Thailand Southern Vietnam lowland dry forests Vietnam Sri Lanka dry-zone dry evergreen forests Sri Lanka Indomalayan tropical and subtropical coniferous forests ecoregionsvte Himalayan subtropical pine forests Bhutan, India, Nepal, Pakistan Luzon tropical pine forests Philippines Northeast India–Myanmar pine forests Myanmar, India Sumatran tropical pine forests Indonesia Indomalayan temperate broadleaf and mixed forests ecoregionsvte Eastern Himalayan broadleaf forests Bhutan, India, Nepal Northern Triangle temperate forests Myanmar Western Himalayan broadleaf forests India, Nepal, Pakistan Indomalayan temperate coniferous forests ecoregionsvte Eastern Himalayan subalpine conifer forests Bhutan, India, Nepal Western Himalayan subalpine conifer forests India, Nepal, Pakistan Indomalayan tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands ecoregionsvte Terai–Duar savanna and grasslands Bhutan, India, Nepal Indomalayan flooded grasslands and savannas ecoregionsvte Rann of Kutch seasonal salt marsh India, Pakistan Indomalayan montane grasslands and shrublands ecoregionsvte Kinabalu montane alpine meadows Malaysia Indomalayan deserts and xeric shrublands ecoregionsvte Deccan thorn scrub forests India, Sri Lanka Indus Valley desert India, Pakistan Northwestern thorn scrub forests India, Pakistan Thar desert India, Pakistan Indomalayan mangroves ecoregionsvte Godavari–Krishna mangroves India Indochina mangroves Cambodia, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam Indus River Delta–Arabian Sea mangroves Pakistan Myanmar coast mangroves Myanmar, India, Malaysia, Thailand Sunda Shelf mangroves Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia Sundarbans mangroves Bangladesh, India See also Ecoregions of India Ecoregions of the Philippines Mainland Southeast Asia (the Indochinese Peninsula) Malesia Sundaland Bibliography Wikramanayake, E., E. Dinerstein, C. J. Loucks, D. M. Olson, J. Morrison, J. L. Lamoreux, M. McKnight, and P. Hedao. 2002. Terrestrial ecoregions of the Indo-Pacific: a conservation assessment. Island Press, Washington, DC, USA, . References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Indomalaya. Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Wildlife in South and Southeast Asia. ^ Indomalayan realm Archived 2022-10-06 at the Wayback Machine biologyonline.com. Retrieved 29 August 2021 ^ Appanah, Simmathiri and Jennifer M. Turnbull, eds. (1998). A Review of Dipterocarps: Taxonomy, ecology and silviculture. Center for International Forestry Research, 1998. ^ Ebach, Malte C. (2017). Handbook of Australasian Biogeography. CRC Press, Jan 6, 2017. ^ Bain, R.H., Biju, S.D., Brown, R.M., Das, I., Diesmos, A.C., Dutta, S.K., Gower, D.J., Inger, R.F., Iskandar, D.T., Kaneko, Y., Neng, M.W., Lau, Meegaskumbura, M., Ohler, A., Papenfuss, T., Pethiyagoda, R., Stuart, B.L., & Wilkinson, M. (2008). Amphibians of the Indomalayan Realm. vteBiogeographic regionalisationsBiomesTerrestrialbiomesPolar/montane Tundra Taiga Montane grasslands and shrublands Alpine tundra Temperate Coniferous forests Broadleaf and mixed forests Deciduous forests Grasslands, savannas, and shrublands Tropical and subtropical Tropical rainforest Coniferous forests Moist broadleaf forests Dry broadleaf forests Grasslands, savannas, and shrublands Dry Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub Deserts and xeric shrublands Steppe Wet Flooded grasslands and savannas Riparian Wetland Mangrove Aquaticbiomes Pond Littoral Intertidal Mangroves Kelp forests Coral reefs Neritic zone Pelagic zone Benthic zone Hydrothermal vents Cold seeps Demersal zone Other biomes Endolithic zone Biogeographic realmsTerrestrial Afrotropical Antarctic Australasian Holarctic Indomalayan Nearctic Neotropical Oceanian Palearctic Marine Antarctic/Southern Ocean Arctic Central Indo-Pacific Eastern Indo-Pacific Temperate Australasia Temperate Northern Atlantic Temperate Northern Pacific Temperate South America Temperate Southern Africa Tropical Atlantic Tropical Eastern Pacific Western Indo-Pacific Subdivisions Biogeographic provinces Bioregions Ecoregions Lists of ecoregions Global 200 ecoregions See also Altitudinal zonation Ecological land classification Floristic kingdoms Vegetation classifications Zoogeographic regions 7°00′N 97°00′E / 7.000°N 97.000°E / 7.000; 97.000
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oriental (Morocco)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriental_(Morocco)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ecozone_Indomalaya.svg"},{"link_name":"biogeographic realms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogeographic_realm"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asia"},{"link_name":"Southeast Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asia"},{"link_name":"East Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asia"},{"link_name":"biogeographers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogeography"},{"link_name":"Indian subcontinent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_subcontinent"},{"link_name":"Southeast Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asia"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Sumatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra"},{"link_name":"Java","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(island)"},{"link_name":"Bali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bali"},{"link_name":"Borneo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borneo"},{"link_name":"Wallace line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallace_line"},{"link_name":"Alfred Russel Wallace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace"},{"link_name":"Australasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australasian_realm"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Ryukyu Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryukyu_Islands"},{"link_name":"tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_moist_broadleaf_forests"},{"link_name":"tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_dry_broadleaf_forests"},{"link_name":"tropical forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_forest"},{"link_name":"Dipterocarpaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipterocarpaceae"},{"link_name":"Fabaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabaceae"}],"text":"One of the Earth's eight ecozones\"Oriental region\" redirects here. Not to be confused with Oriental (Morocco).The Indomalayan realmThe Indomalayan realm is one of the eight biogeographic realms.[1] It extends across most of South and Southeast Asia and into the southern parts of East Asia.Also called the Oriental realm by biogeographers, Indomalaya spreads all over the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia to lowland southern China, and through Indonesia as far as Sumatra, Java, Bali, and Borneo, east of which lies the Wallace line, the realm boundary named after Alfred Russel Wallace which separates Indomalaya from Australasia. Indomalaya also includes the Philippines, lowland Taiwan, and Japan's Ryukyu Islands.Most of Indomalaya was originally covered by forest, and includes tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests, with tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests predominant in much of India and parts of Southeast Asia. The tropical forests of Indomalaya are highly variable and diverse, with economically important trees, especially in the families Dipterocarpaceae and Fabaceae.","title":"Indomalayan realm"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World Wildlife Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wildlife_Fund"}],"text":"The World Wildlife Fund (WWF) divides Indomalayan realm into three bio-regions, which it defines as \"geographic clusters of eco-regions that may span several habitat types, but have strong biogeographic affinities, particularly at taxonomic levels higher than the species level (genus, family)\".","title":"Major ecological regions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indian subcontinent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_subcontinent"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal"},{"link_name":"Bhutan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Hindu Kush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_Kush"},{"link_name":"Karakoram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakoram"},{"link_name":"Himalaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaya"},{"link_name":"Patkai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patkai"},{"link_name":"Palearctic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palearctic"}],"sub_title":"Indian subcontinent","text":"The Indian subcontinent bioregion covers most of India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, and Sri Lanka and eastern parts of Pakistan. The Hindu Kush, Karakoram, Himalaya, and Patkai ranges bound the bioregion on the northwest, north, and northeast; these ranges were formed by the collision of the northward-drifting Indian subcontinent with Asia beginning 45 million years ago. The Hindu Kush, Karakoram, and Himalaya are a major biogeographic boundary between the subtropical and tropical flora and fauna of the Indian subcontinent and the temperate-climate Palearctic realm.","title":"Major ecological regions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Southeast Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asia"},{"link_name":"Myanmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"Laos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"}],"sub_title":"Indochina","text":"The Indochina bioregion includes most of mainland Southeast Asia, including Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, and Cambodia, as well as the subtropical forests of southern China.","title":"Major ecological regions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Malesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malesia"},{"link_name":"Malay Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Sundaland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundaland"},{"link_name":"Wallace Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallace_Line"},{"link_name":"marsupial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial"},{"link_name":"ratite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratite"}],"sub_title":"Sunda Shelf and the Philippines","text":"Malesia is a botanical province which straddles the boundary between Indomalaya and Australasia. It includes the Malay Peninsula and the western Indonesian islands (known as Sundaland), the Philippines, the eastern Indonesian islands, and New Guinea. While the Malesia has much in common botanically, the portions east and west of the Wallace Line differ greatly in land animal species; Sundaland shares its fauna with mainland Asia, while terrestrial fauna on the islands east of the Wallace line are derived at least in part from species of Australian origin, such as marsupial mammals and ratite birds.","title":"Major ecological regions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Laurasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurasia"},{"link_name":"Gondwana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gondwana"},{"link_name":"MYA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mya_(unit)"},{"link_name":"cichlid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cichlid"},{"link_name":"Crypteroniaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crypteroniaceae"},{"link_name":"Dipterocarpaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipterocarpaceae"},{"link_name":"Australia-New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia-New_Guinea"},{"link_name":"Wallacea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallacea"},{"link_name":"Australasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australasian_realm"},{"link_name":"podocarps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podocarp"},{"link_name":"araucarias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araucaria"}],"text":"The flora of Indomalaya blends elements from the ancient supercontinents of Laurasia and Gondwana. Gondwanian elements were first introduced by India, which detached from Gondwana approximately 90 MYA, carrying its Gondwana-derived flora and fauna northward, which included cichlid fish and the plant families Crypteroniaceae and possibly Dipterocarpaceae. India collided with Asia 30-45 MYA, and exchanged species. Later, as Australia-New Guinea drifted north, the collision of the Australian and Asian plates pushed up the islands of Wallacea, which were separated from one another by narrow straits, allowing a botanic exchange between Indomalaya and Australasia. Asian rainforest flora, including the dipterocarps, island-hopped across Wallacea to New Guinea, and several Gondwanian plant families, including podocarps and araucarias, moved westward from Australia-New Guinea into western Malesia and Southeast Asia.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dipterocarpoideae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipterocarpoideae"},{"link_name":"Borneo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borneo"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Tectona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tectona"},{"link_name":"Nepenthes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepenthes"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The subfamily Dipterocarpoideae comprises characteristic tree species in Indomalaya's moist and seasonally dry forests, with the greatest species diversity in the moist forests of Borneo.[2] Teak (Tectona) is characteristic of the seasonally dry forests of the Indomalaya, from India through Indochina, Malaysia, and the Philippines. Tropical pitcher plants (Nepenthes) are also characteristic of Indomalaya, and the greatest diversity of species is in Sumatra, Borneo, and the Philippines.The tropical forests of Indomalaya and Australasia share many lineages of plants, which have managed over millions of years to disperse across the straits and islands between Sundaland and New Guinea. The two floras evolved in long isolation, and the fossil record suggests that Asian species dispersed to Australasia starting 33 million years ago as Australasia moved northwards, and dispersal increased 12 million years ago as the two continents approached their present positions. The exchange was asymmetric, with more Indomalayan species spreading to Australasia than Australasian species to Indomalaya.[3]","title":"Flora"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"colugos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colugo"},{"link_name":"treeshrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treeshrew"},{"link_name":"endemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemic_(ecology)"},{"link_name":"Kitti's hog-nosed bat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitti%27s_hog-nosed_bat"},{"link_name":"Diatomyidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diatomyidae"},{"link_name":"Platacanthomyidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platacanthomyidae"},{"link_name":"tarsiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarsier"},{"link_name":"gibbons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibbon"},{"link_name":"leopard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopard"},{"link_name":"tigers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger"},{"link_name":"water buffalos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubalus"},{"link_name":"Asian elephant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_elephant"},{"link_name":"Indian rhinoceros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_rhinoceros"},{"link_name":"Javan rhinoceros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros"},{"link_name":"Malayan tapir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayan_tapir"},{"link_name":"orangutans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orangutan"},{"link_name":"gibbons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibbon"},{"link_name":"fairy bluebirds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairy_bluebird"},{"link_name":"Megalaimidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalaimidae"},{"link_name":"Philippine creepers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_creeper"},{"link_name":"pheasants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pheasant"},{"link_name":"pittas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitta_(bird)"},{"link_name":"Old World babblers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_World_babbler"},{"link_name":"flowerpeckers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowerpecker"},{"link_name":"amphibians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibian"},{"link_name":"Nasikabatrachidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasikabatrachidae"},{"link_name":"Ichthyophiidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichthyophiidae"},{"link_name":"Uraeotyphlidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uraeotyphlidae"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Indomalayan realm fauna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Indomalayan_realm_fauna"}],"text":"Two orders of mammals, the colugos (Dermoptera) and treeshrews (Scandentia), are endemic to the realm, as are families Craseonycteridae (Kitti's hog-nosed bat), Diatomyidae, Platacanthomyidae, Tarsiidae (tarsiers) and Hylobatidae (gibbons). Large mammals characteristic of Indomalaya include the leopard, tigers, water buffalos, Asian elephant, Indian rhinoceros, Javan rhinoceros, Malayan tapir, orangutans, and gibbons.Indomalaya has three endemic bird families, the Irenidae (fairy bluebirds), Megalaimidae and Rhabdornithidae (Philippine creepers). Also characteristic are pheasants, pittas, Old World babblers, and flowerpeckers.Indomalaya has 1000 species of amphibians in 81 genera, about 17 of global species. 800 Indomalayan species, or 80%, are endemic. Indomalaya has three endemic families of amphibians, Nasikabatrachidae, Ichthyophiidae, and Uraeotyphlidae. 329, or 33%, of Indomalayan amphibians are considered threatened or extinct, with habitat loss as the principal cause.[4]More information is available under Indomalayan realm fauna.","title":"Fauna"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Indomalayan_biomes.svg"},{"link_name":"biome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biome"},{"link_name":"deserts and xeric shrublands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deserts_and_xeric_shrublands"},{"link_name":"tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_dry_broadleaf_forests"},{"link_name":"tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_moist_broadleaf_forests"},{"link_name":"tropical and subtropical coniferous forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_coniferous_forests"},{"link_name":"temperate broadleaf and mixed forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperate_broadleaf_and_mixed_forests"},{"link_name":"temperate coniferous forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperate_coniferous_forests"},{"link_name":"flooded grasslands and savannas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flooded_grasslands_and_savannas"},{"link_name":"montane grasslands and shrublands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montane_grasslands_and_shrublands"},{"link_name":"mangroves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangroves"}],"text":"Ecoregions of the Indomalayan realm, color-coded by biome. Beige: deserts and xeric shrublands. Light brown: tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests. Green: tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests. Bright green: tropical and subtropical coniferous forests. light green: temperate broadleaf and mixed forests. Dark green: temperate coniferous forests. Light blue: flooded grasslands and savannas. Light purple: montane grasslands and shrublands. Magenta: mangroves.","title":"Indomalayan ecoregions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=_VGRBWqIG2gC"}],"text":"Wikramanayake, E., E. Dinerstein, C. J. Loucks, D. M. Olson, J. Morrison, J. L. Lamoreux, M. McKnight, and P. Hedao. 2002. Terrestrial ecoregions of the Indo-Pacific: a conservation assessment. Island Press, Washington, DC, USA, [2].","title":"Bibliography"}]
[{"image_text":"The Indomalayan realm","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Ecozone_Indomalaya.svg/290px-Ecozone_Indomalaya.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Ecoregions of the Indomalayan realm, color-coded by biome. Beige: deserts and xeric shrublands. Light brown: tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests. Green: tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests. Bright green: tropical and subtropical coniferous forests. light green: temperate broadleaf and mixed forests. Dark green: temperate coniferous forests. Light blue: flooded grasslands and savannas. Light purple: montane grasslands and shrublands. Magenta: mangroves.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Indomalayan_biomes.svg/600px-Indomalayan_biomes.svg.png"}]
[{"title":"Ecoregions of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecoregions_of_India"},{"title":"Ecoregions of the Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecoregions_of_the_Philippines"},{"title":"Mainland Southeast Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia"},{"title":"Malesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malesia"},{"title":"Sundaland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundaland"}]
[]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Indomalayan_realm&params=7_00_N_97_00_E_source:kolossus-cawiki","external_links_name":"7°00′N 97°00′E / 7.000°N 97.000°E / 7.000; 97.000"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Indomalayan+realm%22","external_links_name":"\"Indomalayan realm\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Indomalayan+realm%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Indomalayan+realm%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Indomalayan+realm%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Indomalayan+realm%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Indomalayan+realm%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_VGRBWqIG2gC","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/indomalayan-realm","external_links_name":"Indomalayan realm"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221006032320/https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/indomalayan-realm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/AMPHIBIANS-OF-THE-INDOMALAYAN-REALM-Bain-Biju/b78802b0da3523e3164cc48a35f14ad04e9f0429","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Indomalayan_realm&params=7_00_N_97_00_E_source:kolossus-cawiki","external_links_name":"7°00′N 97°00′E / 7.000°N 97.000°E / 7.000; 97.000"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._C._Mackenzie
J. C. MacKenzie
["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Personal life","4 Filmography","4.1 Film","4.2 Television","5 References","6 External links"]
Canadian actor (b. 1970) J.C. MacKenzieBornJohn Charles MacKenzie (1970-10-17) October 17, 1970 (age 53)Peterborough, Ontario, CanadaOccupationActorYears active1985–presentSpouseErin Cressida WilsonChildren1 John Charles MacKenzie (born October 17, 1970) is a Canadian actor. He is best known for portraying Skip Fontaine on the HBO series Vinyl (2016) and Reagan "Normal" Ronald on the Fox series Dark Angel (2000–2002). He has also appeared in several films directed by Martin Scorsese, including The Departed (2006), The Wolf of Wall Street (2013), and The Irishman (2019). Early life John Charles MacKenzie was born in Peterborough, Ontario on October 17, 1970, one of four sons born to nurse Mary and pharmacist Bill MacKenzie. He was raised in Ottawa, Ontario, and attended Pinecrest Public School and Sir John A. Macdonald High School. He later studied at Concordia University and the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art (LAMDA). Career MacKenzie spent several years working in theatre across Canada until he was picked by Neil Simon to do the national tour of Simon's play Biloxi Blues, which ran for over 600 performances over the course of a year and a half. His first television success came as Arnold Spivak in the Emmy Award-winning television series Murder One, which ran for two seasons on ABC. He was cast as Reagan "Normal" Ronald in the series Dark Angel, which won a People's Choice Award and ran for two seasons on Fox. Some of his more recent notable roles include Fred Allen on October Faction, Dr. Arnold Spivak on Hemlock Grove, and Skip Fontaine on Vinyl. He has made over 150 television appearances and has appeared in the Martin Scorsese films The Aviator, The Departed, The Wolf of Wall Street, The Irishman, and Killers of the Flower Moon. Personal life MacKenzie is married to American screenwriter Erin Cressida Wilson. They have one son, Liam, and split their time between Los Angeles and New York City. Filmography Film Year Title Role Notes 1991 Dutch Mike Malloy 1994 Rave Review John Uncredited 1995 Clockers Medic Frank 1995 Heavy Gas Man 1998 He Got Game Dr. Cone 2000 What Planet Are You From? John 2001 Final Todd 2004 The Assassination of Richard Nixon Co-Pilot 2004 The Aviator Ludlow 2006 The Return Griff 2006 The Departed Realtor 2008 The Day the Earth Stood Still Grossman 2008 Mad Money Mandelbrot 2009 My One and Only Tom 2012 For the Love of Money Mr. Phillips 2012 Commencement Paul Wesker 2012 That Guy... Who Was in That Thing Himself Documentary film 2013 The Wolf of Wall Street Lucas Solomon 2017 Molly's Game Harrison Wellstone 2019 Share Mickey Lundy 2019 The Irishman James F. Neal 2020 The Hunt Paul 2020 Target Number One Arthur 2020 The Trial of the Chicago 7 Tom Foran 2022 Somewhere in Queens Mr. Mack 2023 Killers of the Flower Moon Radio Announcer 2023 American Fiction Carl Brunt Key † Denotes films that have not yet been released Television Year Title Role Notes 1985 Seeing Things Peter Deacon-Davies 1985 Perry Mason Returns Gas Station Attendant TV movie 1988 Alfred Hitchcock Presents Rick Hayden 1989 Tattingers Stockbroker 1989 Have Faith Father Nicky Doran 1990 Baywatch Marty 1990 Babes Greg 1991 In the Heat of the Night Detective Sgt. Mara 1991 Deadly Medicine Dr. Jim Vale TV movie 1992 Sibs Chris 1994 Law & Order M. E. Hoeck 1995 CBS Schoolbreak Special Al Rossi 1995–1997 Murder One Arnold Spivak 1996 Poltergeist: The Legacy Stan Davace 1996 F/X: The Series Wayne Harmon 1998 Touched by an Angel Ray Craig 1998 The Pentagon Wars Jones TV movie 1998 New York Undercover Holmquist 1998 The Practice Dr. Fred Spivak 1999 L.A. Doctors Attorney Ray 1999 Total Recall 2070 Brendan McGuire 1999 Happy Face Murders Ed Baker TV movie 1999 Earth: Final Conflict Dr. Michael Reed 2000 Perfect Murder, Perfect Town Trip Demuth 2000–2002 Dark Angel Reagan "Normal" Ronald 2002 Monk Sidney Teal 2002 MDs Ted 2003 The Agency Peter Walton 2003–2009 CSI: Miami Mr. Infante / Timothy Hewitt 2 episodes 2004 JAG Sean Parker 2004 Law & Order: Criminal Intent Lenny 2004–2008 The Shield Detective Kouf 2005–2023 Law & Order: Special Victims Unit Brian Ackerman / Counselor Richard Pace 5 episodes 2006 Gospel of Deceit Ted Wendell TV movie 2006 CSI: Crime Scene Investigation Dr. Gus Hoffman 2006 Standoff William Tate 2006 Enemies Keith Abbott 2007 NCIS Mitchell Reese 2007 24 Doctor Bradley 2008 Desperate Housewives Walter Bierlich 2009 Without a Trace Rick Stevens 2009 Ghost Whisperer Jeffrey Silber 2009 In Plain Sight Mr. Day 2009 Medium Dan Taper 2009 Dexter Andy Brightman 2010 The Mentalist Griffin Welks 2010 Gigantic Gary Ritter 2011 Big Love Superintendent Buckland 2011 Burn Notice Hector Oaks 2013 House of Cards Phil Langdon 2013 Elementary Daren Sutter 2014–2015 Hemlock Grove Dr. Arnold Spivak 2015 The Good Wife Interviewer 2016 Vinyl Skip Fontaine 2016 The OA Dr. Mark Shea 2016–2017 Madam Secretary Gov. Sam Evans 2018 Instinct Frank Fallon 2019 Bull Judge McPherson 2020 FBI: Most Wanted Judge Edward Philpot 2020 October Faction Fred Allen 2020 Billions Head 2022 The Girl from Plainville Judge Moniz 2022 Gaslit E. Howard Hunt 2023 The Blacklist Mr. Kavanaugh References ^ "J. C. MacKenzie". Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times. 2014. Archived from the original on January 18, 2014. ^ J. C. MacKenzie, tvsa.co.za, retrieved January 30, 2014 ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Ottawa's J.C. MacKenzie has found an acting mentor in Martin Scorcese". Ottawa Citizen. August 21, 2014. Retrieved December 20, 2016. ^ "MacKenzie — Ottawa Life Magazine". www.ottawalife.com. Retrieved December 20, 2016. ^ a b c "J.C. MacKenzie on Playing Skip Fontaine on HBO's 'Vinyl' And What He Thought the Show Would Originally Be Called | GALO Magazine". www.galomagazine.com. Retrieved December 20, 2016. ^ "Vinyl, J.C. MacKenzie". Set in the City. February 6, 2016. Retrieved December 20, 2016. ^ a b c d "Exclusive Interview: JC Mackenzie discusses 'Vinyl'". lenalamoray.com. March 25, 2016. Retrieved December 20, 2016. External links J. C. MacKenzie at IMDb  Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National United States Other SNAC
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-1"},{"link_name":"HBO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HBO"},{"link_name":"Vinyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinyl_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"Dark Angel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Angel_(American_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Martin Scorsese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Scorsese"},{"link_name":"The Departed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Departed"},{"link_name":"The Wolf of Wall Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wolf_of_Wall_Street_(2013_film)"},{"link_name":"The Irishman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Irishman"}],"text":"John Charles MacKenzie (born October 17, 1970) is a Canadian actor.[1] He is best known for portraying Skip Fontaine on the HBO series Vinyl (2016) and Reagan \"Normal\" Ronald on the Fox series Dark Angel (2000–2002). He has also appeared in several films directed by Martin Scorsese, including The Departed (2006), The Wolf of Wall Street (2013), and The Irishman (2019).","title":"J. C. MacKenzie"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peterborough, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peterborough,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Ottawa, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ottawa-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ottawa-3"},{"link_name":"Concordia University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concordia_University_(Quebec)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ottawa-3"},{"link_name":"London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Academy_of_Music_and_Dramatic_Art"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"John Charles MacKenzie was born in Peterborough, Ontario on October 17, 1970,[2] one of four sons born to nurse Mary and pharmacist Bill MacKenzie. He was raised in Ottawa, Ontario,[3] and attended Pinecrest Public School and Sir John A. Macdonald High School.[3] He later studied at Concordia University[3] and the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art (LAMDA).[4]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Biloxi Blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biloxi_Blues"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ottawa-3"},{"link_name":"Emmy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmy_Award"},{"link_name":"Murder One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_One_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ottawa-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-galo-5"},{"link_name":"Dark Angel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Angel_(American_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ottawa-3"},{"link_name":"People's Choice Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Choice_Award"},{"link_name":"October Faction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_Faction_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Hemlock Grove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemlock_Grove_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ottawa-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-galo-5"},{"link_name":"Vinyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinyl_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ottawa-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lena-7"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-galo-5"},{"link_name":"Martin Scorsese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Scorsese"},{"link_name":"The Aviator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Aviator_(2004_film)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ottawa-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lena-7"},{"link_name":"The Departed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Departed"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ottawa-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lena-7"},{"link_name":"The Wolf of Wall Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wolf_of_Wall_Street_(2013_film)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ottawa-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lena-7"},{"link_name":"The Irishman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Irishman"},{"link_name":"Killers of the Flower Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killers_of_the_Flower_Moon_(film)"}],"text":"MacKenzie spent several years working in theatre across Canada until he was picked by Neil Simon to do the national tour of Simon's play Biloxi Blues, which ran for over 600 performances over the course of a year and a half.[3] His first television success came as Arnold Spivak in the Emmy Award-winning television series Murder One,[3][5] which ran for two seasons on ABC. He was cast as Reagan \"Normal\" Ronald in the series Dark Angel,[3] which won a People's Choice Award and ran for two seasons on Fox. Some of his more recent notable roles include Fred Allen on October Faction, Dr. Arnold Spivak on Hemlock Grove,[3][5] and Skip Fontaine on Vinyl.[3][6][7] He has made over 150 television appearances[5] and has appeared in the Martin Scorsese films The Aviator,[3][7] The Departed,[3][7] The Wolf of Wall Street,[3][7] The Irishman, and Killers of the Flower Moon.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Erin Cressida Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erin_Cressida_Wilson"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ottawa-3"}],"text":"MacKenzie is married to American screenwriter Erin Cressida Wilson. They have one son, Liam, and split their time between Los Angeles and New York City.[3]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Film","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television","title":"Filmography"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_pulse_rifles
Raygun
["1 History","2 Function","3 Types","4 List of rayguns","4.1 Literature","4.2 Film and television","4.3 Games","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
Fictional weapon This article is about the fictional weapons. For various real weapons which are similar to rayguns, see Directed-energy weapon. For other uses, see Raygun (disambiguation). "Laser blaster" redirects here. For the laser version of a sandblaster, see laser ablation. This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "Raygun" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2014) This article may be written from a fan's point of view, rather than a neutral point of view. Please clean it up to conform to a higher standard of quality, and to make it neutral in tone. (January 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Toy "Space Pilot X Ray Gun" made by the Japanese Taiyo company in the early 1970s. When the trigger is pulled, the mechanism in the toy makes sounds and causes sparks to appear inside the transparent red cone on the front. A raygun is a science-fiction directed-energy weapon that releases energy, usually with destructive effect. They have various alternate names: ray gun, death ray, beam gun, blaster, laser gun, laser pistol, phaser, zap gun, etc. In most stories, when activated, a raygun emits a ray, typically visible, usually lethal if it hits a human target, often destructive if it hits mechanical objects, with properties and other effects unspecified or varying. Real-world analogues are directed-energy weapons or electrolasers: electroshock weapons which send current along an electrically conductive laser-induced plasma channel. History A very early example of a raygun is the Heat-Ray featured in H. G. Wells' novel The War of the Worlds (1898). Science fiction during the 1920s described death rays. Early science fiction often described or depicted raygun beams making bright light and loud noise like lightning or large electric arcs. According to The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction, the word "ray gun" was first used by Victor Rousseau in 1917, in a passage from The Messiah of the Cylinder: All is not going well, Arnold: the ray-rods are emptying fast, and our attack upon the lower level of the wing has failed. Sanson has placed a ray-gun there. All depends on the air-scouts, and we must hold our positions until the battle-planes arrive. The variant "ray projector" was used by John W. Campbell in The Black Star Passes in 1930. Related terms "disintegrator ray" dates to 1898 in Garrett P. Serviss' Edison's Conquest of Mars; "blaster" dates to 1925 in Nictzin Dyalhis' story "When the Green Star Waned"; and "needle ray" and "needler" date to 1934 in E. E. Smith's The Skylark of Valeron. Buck Rogers using a raygun on the cover of Famous Funnies #209. Ray guns were so common on magazine covers during the Golden Age of Science Fiction that Campbell's Astounding was unusual for not depicting them. The term "ray gun" had already become cliché by the 1940s, in part due to association with the comic strips (and later film serials) Buck Rogers and Flash Gordon. Soon after the invention of lasers during 1960, such devices became briefly fashionable as a directed-energy weapon for science fiction stories. For instance, characters of the Lost in Space TV series (1965–1968) and of the Star Trek pilot episode "The Cage" (1964) carried handheld laser weapons. By the late 1960s and 1970s, as the laser's limits as a weapon became evident, rayguns were dubbed "phasers" (for Star Trek), "blasters" (Star Wars), "pulse rifles", "plasma rifles", and so forth. In his book Physics of the Impossible, Michio Kaku used gamma ray bursts as an evidence to illustrate that extremely powerful rayguns such as the Death Star's primary weapon in the Star Wars franchise do not violate known physical laws and theories. He further analyses the problem of rayguns' power sources. Function Ray guns as described by science fiction do not have the disadvantages that have, so far, made directed-energy weapons largely impractical as weapons in real life, needing a suspension of disbelief by a technologically educated audience: Ray guns draw seemingly limitless power from often unspecified sources. In contrast to their real-world counterparts, the batteries or power packs of even handheld weapons are minute, durable, and do not seem to need frequent recharging. Ray guns in movies are often shown as shooting discrete pulses of energy visible from off-axis, traveling slowly enough for people to see them emerge, or even for the target to evade them, although real-life laser light is invisible from off-axis and travels at the speed of light. This effect could sometimes be attributed to the beam heating atmosphere that it was passing through. A possible evasion tactic is dodging the firing axis of the gun, theorized in the early story of Mobile Suit Gundam by the character Char Aznable when he first encountered the series protagonist's machine's beam rifle and seemingly dodging it without any difficulty. Some of the effects are what would be expected from a powerful directed-energy beam if it could be generated in reality: Ray guns are often shown as transmitting heat, as with Wells' heat rays. Ray guns may be used to cut through hard materials like a blowtorch. But sometimes not: In movies, rays are often depicted as having effect instantaneously, with a touch of the beam sufficing for the intended purpose. Raygun victims are generally killed instantaneously, often – as in the Star Wars films – without showing visible wounds or even holes in their clothing. Some rayguns cause their targets to disappear ("de-materialize", disintegrate, vaporize or evaporate) entirely, personal equipment and all. Visible barrel recoil. This would only happen if the momentum of the beam were comparable to that of a bullet shot from a gun. A wide range of non-lethal functions as determined by the requirements of the story: for instance, they may stun, paralyze or knock down a target, much like modern electroshock weapons. Occasionally the rays may have other effects, such as the "freeze rays" in the TV series Batman (1966–1968) and Underdog (1964–1970). Many of the more implausible functions are almost farcical and include rayguns that age or de-age people (various cartoons); shrink rays (Fantastic Voyage, Honey, I Shrunk the Kids), and a "dehydration ray" (Megamind). Ultimately, rayguns have whatever properties are required for their dramatic purpose. They bear little resemblance to real-world directed-energy weapons, even if they are given the names of existing technologies such as lasers, masers, or particle beams. This can be compared with real-type firearms as commonly depicted by action movies, as tending infallibly to hit whatever they are aimed at (when wielded by the heroes) and seldom depleting their ammunition. Rayguns by their various names have various sizes and forms: pistol-like; two-handed (often called a rifle); mounted on a vehicle; artillery-sized mounted on a spaceship or space base or asteroid or planet. Rayguns have a great variety of shapes and sizes, according to the imagination of the story writers or movie prop makers. Most pistol rayguns have a conventional grip and trigger but some (e.g. Star Trek: The Next Generation phasers) do not. Sometimes the end of the barrel expands into a shield, as if to protect the user from back-flash from the emitted beam. Types The "rays" the guns use vary. They are sometimes equated to real life technologies such as: lasers particle beams, e.g. protons and/or neutrons from the proton packs in Ghostbusters plasma, e.g. plasma rifles, Star Wars "Blasters" Alternately, the weapon mechanics can be purely fictional. Fictional ray types include: "Minovsky particles" in the Gundam anime series "Rapid Nadion particles" utilized by the phasers in Star Trek List of rayguns The following is a list of notable rayguns. Literature Raygun in E. E. Smith's Lensman novels Heat-Ray, weapons used by the Martians in the novel The War of the Worlds by H. G. Wells The Garin Death Ray, title weapon in The Hyperboloid of Engineer Garin (1927): "hyperboloid", a highly concentrated collimated light beam weapon Lasgun, a laser projector from the Dune series of books Film and television Proton pack, an energy weapon used for weakening ghosts and aiding in capturing them in the film Ghostbusters Phasers, disruptors, and plasma cannons are a few of the many weapons of Star Trek Blasters, standard weapons of the Star Wars universe. Games BFG, a large gun in the Doom and Quake series of games See also Weapons in science fiction References ^ a b Jeff Prucher, Brave New Words: The Oxford Dictionary of Science Fiction, Oxford University Press, 2007, page 162 ^ a b c d e f g h i Van Riper, op. cit., p. 46. ^ Peter Nicholls, John Clute, and David Langford, "Ray Gun", The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction, 3rd edition, Jan 15, 2016. ^ Victor Rousseau, "The Messiah of the Cylinder", serialized in Everybody's Magazine, June–September 1917 (ISFDB link). ^ Winchell Chung, "Introduction to Sidearms", Project Rho: Atomic Rockets (accessed 3 March 2016). ^ Pontin, Mark Williams (November–December 2008). "The Alien Novelist". MIT Technology Review. ^ Van Riper, A. Bowdoin (2002). Science in popular culture: a reference guide. Westport: Greenwood Press. p. 45. ISBN 0-313-31822-0. ^ Van Riper, op.cit., p. 47. External links Atomic Rocket: descriptions and technology and many images of handguns and rifle-sized guns used in space including rayguns. The Virtual Ray Gun Exhibition: Computer-generated ray gun art by various artists.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Directed-energy weapon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directed-energy_weapon"},{"link_name":"Raygun (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raygun_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"laser ablation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_ablation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Space_Pilot_X_Ray_Gun_made_by_Taiyo.jpg"},{"link_name":"science-fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science-fiction"},{"link_name":"directed-energy weapon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directed-energy_weapon"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oxford-1"},{"link_name":"directed-energy weapons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directed-energy_weapon"},{"link_name":"electrolasers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolaser"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Fictional weaponThis article is about the fictional weapons. For various real weapons which are similar to rayguns, see Directed-energy weapon. For other uses, see Raygun (disambiguation).\"Laser blaster\" redirects here. For the laser version of a sandblaster, see laser ablation.Toy \"Space Pilot X Ray Gun\" made by the Japanese Taiyo company in the early 1970s. When the trigger is pulled, the mechanism in the toy makes sounds and causes sparks to appear inside the transparent red cone on the front.A raygun is a science-fiction directed-energy weapon that releases energy, usually with destructive effect.[1] They have various alternate names: ray gun, death ray, beam gun, blaster, laser gun, laser pistol, phaser, zap gun, etc. In most stories, when activated, a raygun emits a ray, typically visible, usually lethal if it hits a human target, often destructive if it hits mechanical objects, with properties and other effects unspecified or varying.Real-world analogues are directed-energy weapons or electrolasers: electroshock weapons which send current along an electrically conductive laser-induced plasma channel.[citation needed]","title":"Raygun"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Heat-Ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat-Ray"},{"link_name":"H. G. 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Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._E._Smith"},{"link_name":"The Skylark of Valeron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Skylark_of_Valeron"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FamousFunniesNo209.jpg"},{"link_name":"Buck Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buck_Rogers"},{"link_name":"Famous Funnies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famous_Funnies"},{"link_name":"Golden Age of Science Fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Science_Fiction"},{"link_name":"Astounding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astounding_Science_Fiction"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pontin20081020-6"},{"link_name":"film serials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_film"},{"link_name":"Buck Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buck_Rogers"},{"link_name":"Flash Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_Gordon"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"lasers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser"},{"link_name":"Lost in Space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_in_Space"},{"link_name":"Star Trek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek:_The_Original_Series"},{"link_name":"pilot episode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot_episode"},{"link_name":"The Cage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cage_(Star_Trek:_The_Original_Series)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Van_Riper_45-7"},{"link_name":"phasers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaser_(fictional_weapon)"},{"link_name":"Star Trek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek"},{"link_name":"blasters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaster_(Star_Wars)"},{"link_name":"Star Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars"},{"link_name":"plasma rifles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_rifle"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Michio Kaku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michio_Kaku"},{"link_name":"gamma ray bursts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_ray_burst"},{"link_name":"Death Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_Star"}],"text":"A very early example of a raygun is the Heat-Ray featured in H. G. Wells' novel The War of the Worlds (1898).[2] Science fiction during the 1920s described death rays. Early science fiction often described or depicted raygun beams making bright light and loud noise like lightning or large electric arcs.According to The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction,[3] the word \"ray gun\" was first used by Victor Rousseau in 1917, in a passage from The Messiah of the Cylinder:[4]All is not going well, Arnold: the ray-rods are emptying fast, and our attack upon the lower level of the wing has failed. Sanson has placed a ray-gun there. All depends on the air-scouts, and we must hold our positions until the battle-planes arrive.The variant \"ray projector\" was used by John W. Campbell in The Black Star Passes in 1930.[1] Related terms \"disintegrator ray\" dates to 1898 in Garrett P. Serviss' Edison's Conquest of Mars; \"blaster\" dates to 1925 in Nictzin Dyalhis' story \"When the Green Star Waned\"; and \"needle ray\" and \"needler\" date to 1934 in E. E. Smith's The Skylark of Valeron.[5]Buck Rogers using a raygun on the cover of Famous Funnies #209.Ray guns were so common on magazine covers during the Golden Age of Science Fiction that Campbell's Astounding was unusual for not depicting them.[6] The term \"ray gun\" had already become cliché by the 1940s, in part due to association with the comic strips (and later film serials) Buck Rogers and Flash Gordon.[citation needed]\nSoon after the invention of lasers during 1960, such devices became briefly fashionable as a directed-energy weapon for science fiction stories. For instance, characters of the Lost in Space TV series (1965–1968) and of the Star Trek pilot episode \"The Cage\" (1964) carried handheld laser weapons.[7]By the late 1960s and 1970s, as the laser's limits as a weapon became evident, rayguns were dubbed \"phasers\" (for Star Trek), \"blasters\" (Star Wars), \"pulse rifles\", \"plasma rifles\", and so forth.[citation needed]In his book Physics of the Impossible, Michio Kaku used gamma ray bursts as an evidence to illustrate that extremely powerful rayguns such as the Death Star's primary weapon in the Star Wars franchise do not violate known physical laws and theories. He further analyses the problem of rayguns' power sources.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"science fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction"},{"link_name":"directed-energy weapons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directed-energy_weapon"},{"link_name":"suspension of disbelief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspension_of_disbelief"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Van_Riper_46-2"},{"link_name":"laser light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_light"},{"link_name":"speed of light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_of_light"},{"link_name":"Mobile Suit Gundam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_Suit_Gundam"},{"link_name":"Char Aznable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Char_Aznable"},{"link_name":"heat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat"},{"link_name":"heat rays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat-Ray"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Van_Riper_46-2"},{"link_name":"blowtorch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blowtorch"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Van_Riper_46-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Van_Riper_46-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Van_Riper_46-2"},{"link_name":"recoil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recoil"},{"link_name":"momentum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momentum"},{"link_name":"electroshock weapons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroshock_weapon"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Van_Riper_46-2"},{"link_name":"Batman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Underdog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underdog_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Van_Riper_46-2"},{"link_name":"shrink rays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrink_ray"},{"link_name":"Fantastic Voyage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantastic_Voyage"},{"link_name":"Honey, I Shrunk the Kids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honey,_I_Shrunk_the_Kids"},{"link_name":"Megamind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megamind"},{"link_name":"masers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maser"},{"link_name":"particle beams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_beam"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Van_Riper_46-2"},{"link_name":"firearms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firearm"},{"link_name":"action movies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_movie"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Van_Riper_47-8"},{"link_name":"pistol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pistol"},{"link_name":"rifle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifle"},{"link_name":"artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery"},{"link_name":"spaceship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacecraft"},{"link_name":"asteroid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroid"},{"link_name":"planet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet"},{"link_name":"prop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatrical_property"},{"link_name":"grip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pistol_grip"},{"link_name":"trigger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigger_(firearms)"},{"link_name":"Star Trek: The Next Generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek:_The_Next_Generation"},{"link_name":"phasers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weapons_of_Star_Trek#Phasers"}],"text":"Ray guns as described by science fiction do not have the disadvantages that have, so far, made directed-energy weapons largely impractical as weapons in real life, needing a suspension of disbelief by a technologically educated audience:Ray guns draw seemingly limitless power from often unspecified sources. In contrast to their real-world counterparts, the batteries or power packs of even handheld weapons are minute, durable, and do not seem to need frequent recharging.\nRay guns in movies are often shown as shooting discrete pulses of energy visible from off-axis, traveling slowly enough for people to see them emerge, or even for the target to evade them,[2] although real-life laser light is invisible from off-axis and travels at the speed of light. This effect could sometimes be attributed to the beam heating atmosphere that it was passing through. A possible evasion tactic is dodging the firing axis of the gun, theorized in the early story of Mobile Suit Gundam by the character Char Aznable when he first encountered the series protagonist's machine's beam rifle and seemingly dodging it without any difficulty.Some of the effects are what would be expected from a powerful directed-energy beam if it could be generated in reality:Ray guns are often shown as transmitting heat, as with Wells' heat rays.[2]\nRay guns may be used to cut through hard materials like a blowtorch.[2]But sometimes not:In movies, rays are often depicted as having effect instantaneously, with a touch of the beam sufficing for the intended purpose.[2] Raygun victims are generally killed instantaneously, often – as in the Star Wars films – without showing visible wounds or even holes in their clothing.[2]\nSome rayguns cause their targets to disappear (\"de-materialize\", disintegrate, vaporize or evaporate) entirely, personal equipment and all.\nVisible barrel recoil. This would only happen if the momentum of the beam were comparable to that of a bullet shot from a gun.\nA wide range of non-lethal functions as determined by the requirements of the story: for instance, they may stun, paralyze or knock down a target, much like modern electroshock weapons.[2] Occasionally the rays may have other effects, such as the \"freeze rays\" in the TV series Batman (1966–1968) and Underdog (1964–1970).[2] Many of the more implausible functions are almost farcical and include rayguns that age or de-age people (various cartoons); shrink rays (Fantastic Voyage, Honey, I Shrunk the Kids), and a \"dehydration ray\" (Megamind).Ultimately, rayguns have whatever properties are required for their dramatic purpose. They bear little resemblance to real-world directed-energy weapons, even if they are given the names of existing technologies such as lasers, masers, or particle beams.[2] This can be compared with real-type firearms as commonly depicted by action movies, as tending infallibly to hit whatever they are aimed at (when wielded by the heroes) and seldom depleting their ammunition.[8]Rayguns by their various names have various sizes and forms: pistol-like; two-handed (often called a rifle); mounted on a vehicle; artillery-sized mounted on a spaceship or space base or asteroid or planet.Rayguns have a great variety of shapes and sizes, according to the imagination of the story writers or movie prop makers. Most pistol rayguns have a conventional grip and trigger but some (e.g. Star Trek: The Next Generation phasers) do not. Sometimes the end of the barrel expands into a shield, as if to protect the user from back-flash from the emitted beam.","title":"Function"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lasers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser"},{"link_name":"particle beams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_beam"},{"link_name":"protons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton"},{"link_name":"neutrons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron"},{"link_name":"proton packs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton_pack"},{"link_name":"Ghostbusters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghostbusters"},{"link_name":"plasma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_(physics)"},{"link_name":"plasma rifles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_rifle"},{"link_name":"Star Wars \"Blasters\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaster_(Star_Wars)#In-universe_technology"},{"link_name":"Minovsky particles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Century_Technology#Minovsky_particle"},{"link_name":"Gundam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gundam"},{"link_name":"anime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime"},{"link_name":"Rapid Nadion particles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadion"},{"link_name":"phasers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_weapons_in_Star_Trek#Energy_weapons"},{"link_name":"Star Trek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek"}],"text":"The \"rays\" the guns use vary. They are sometimes equated to real life technologies such as:lasers\nparticle beams, e.g. protons and/or neutrons from the proton packs in Ghostbusters\nplasma, e.g. plasma rifles, Star Wars \"Blasters\"Alternately, the weapon mechanics can be purely fictional. Fictional ray types include:\"Minovsky particles\" in the Gundam anime series\n\"Rapid Nadion particles\" utilized by the phasers in Star Trek","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The following is a list of notable rayguns.","title":"List of rayguns"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amazing_stories_193401.jpg"},{"link_name":"E. E. Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._E._Smith"},{"link_name":"Lensman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lensman"},{"link_name":"Heat-Ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat-Ray"},{"link_name":"The War of the Worlds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_War_of_the_Worlds_(novel)"},{"link_name":"H. G. Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._G._Wells"},{"link_name":"The Garin Death Ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Garin_Death_Ray"},{"link_name":"The Hyperboloid of Engineer Garin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hyperboloid_of_Engineer_Garin"},{"link_name":"collimated light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collimated_light"},{"link_name":"Lasgun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasgun"},{"link_name":"laser projector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_projector"},{"link_name":"Dune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dune_(franchise)"}],"sub_title":"Literature","text":"Raygun in E. E. Smith's Lensman novelsHeat-Ray, weapons used by the Martians in the novel The War of the Worlds by H. G. Wells\nThe Garin Death Ray, title weapon in The Hyperboloid of Engineer Garin (1927): \"hyperboloid\", a highly concentrated collimated light beam weapon\nLasgun, a laser projector from the Dune series of books","title":"List of rayguns"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Proton pack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton_pack"},{"link_name":"Ghostbusters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghostbusters"},{"link_name":"Phasers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaser_(fictional_weapon)"},{"link_name":"weapons of Star Trek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weapons_of_Star_Trek"},{"link_name":"Blasters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaster_(Star_Wars)"},{"link_name":"Star Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars"}],"sub_title":"Film and television","text":"Proton pack, an energy weapon used for weakening ghosts and aiding in capturing them in the film Ghostbusters\nPhasers, disruptors, and plasma cannons are a few of the many weapons of Star Trek\nBlasters, standard weapons of the Star Wars universe.","title":"List of rayguns"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BFG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BFG_(weapon)"},{"link_name":"Doom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doom_(series)"},{"link_name":"Quake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quake_(video_game)"}],"sub_title":"Games","text":"BFG, a large gun in the Doom and Quake series of games","title":"List of rayguns"}]
[{"image_text":"Toy \"Space Pilot X Ray Gun\" made by the Japanese Taiyo company in the early 1970s. When the trigger is pulled, the mechanism in the toy makes sounds and causes sparks to appear inside the transparent red cone on the front.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Space_Pilot_X_Ray_Gun_made_by_Taiyo.jpg/220px-Space_Pilot_X_Ray_Gun_made_by_Taiyo.jpg"},{"image_text":"Buck Rogers using a raygun on the cover of Famous Funnies #209.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/FamousFunniesNo209.jpg/220px-FamousFunniesNo209.jpg"},{"image_text":"Raygun in E. E. Smith's Lensman novels","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Amazing_stories_193401.jpg/170px-Amazing_stories_193401.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Weapons in science fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weapons_in_science_fiction"}]
[{"reference":"Pontin, Mark Williams (November–December 2008). \"The Alien Novelist\". MIT Technology Review.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.technologyreview.com/s/411039/the-alien-novelist/","url_text":"\"The Alien Novelist\""}]},{"reference":"Van Riper, A. Bowdoin (2002). Science in popular culture: a reference guide. Westport: Greenwood Press. p. 45. ISBN 0-313-31822-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwood_Press","url_text":"Greenwood Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-31822-0","url_text":"0-313-31822-0"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raygun&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve this article"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Raygun%22","external_links_name":"\"Raygun\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Raygun%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Raygun%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Raygun%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Raygun%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Raygun%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/ray_gun","external_links_name":"Ray Gun"},{"Link":"http://www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/title.cgi?899494","external_links_name":"ISFDB link"},{"Link":"http://www.projectrho.com/public_html/rocket/sidearmintro.php","external_links_name":"\"Introduction to Sidearms\""},{"Link":"https://www.technologyreview.com/s/411039/the-alien-novelist/","external_links_name":"\"The Alien Novelist\""},{"Link":"http://www.projectrho.com/rocket/rocket3l.html","external_links_name":"Atomic Rocket"},{"Link":"http://www.kurogawa.com/exhibit.htm","external_links_name":"The Virtual Ray Gun Exhibition"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wabash_Cannonball_(train)
Wabash Cannon Ball (train)
["1 History","1.1 First Cannon Ball trains","1.2 Song and reinstituting of a new train and new route","2 Major stops of the Wabash Cannon Ball","3 Notes","4 External links"]
Not to be confused with Cannonball (LIRR train). For the song, see Wabash Cannonball. Wabash CannonballWabash Cannon Ball at Tolono, Illinois station in 1962OverviewService typeInter-city railStatusDiscontinuedLocaleMidwestern United StatesPredecessorDetroit Special, St. Louis SpecialFirst serviceFebruary 26, 1950Last serviceApril 30, 1971Former operator(s)Wabash Railroad/Norfolk and Western RailwayRouteTerminiSt. Louis, MissouriDetroit, MichiganDistance travelled488.8 miles (786.6 km) (1959)Service frequencyDaily (1959)Train number(s)Eastbound: 4Westbound: 1On-board servicesSeating arrangementsReclining seat coaches and chair carsCatering facilitiesDiner-lounge with radioOther facilitiesDrawing roomTechnicalTrack gauge4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm)Route map vteLegend Detroit Union Station Milan Adrian MichiganOhio Montpelier OhioIndiana Fort Wayne Huntington Andrews Wabash Peru Logansport Delphi Lafayette Attica Williamsport IndianaIllinois Danville Catlin Fairmount Homer Sidney Philo Tolono Sadorus Ivesdale Decatur Taylorville Litchfield Edwardsville Granite City IllinoisMissouri Delmar Boulevard St. Louis The Wabash Cannon Ball was a passenger train on the Wabash Railroad that ran from 1950 to 1971. The train was named after the song "Wabash Cannonball". It was the second train to bear the name "Cannon Ball"; the first was the fast express Cannon Ball, which ran in the late 1800s to the early 20th century. History First Cannon Ball trains There had been several Wabash Cannon Ball trains traveling throughout the middle and western United States from as early as the 1880s. The first Cannon Ball express train traveled from Chicago, Illinois, southwest to El Paso, Texas. This express train traveled throughout the western part of the Midwest and the eastern part of the southwestern United States. In addition to traveling on the Wabash Railroad, it also traveled on the "Great Rock Island Route" in the late 1800s and into the early 1900s. Song and reinstituting of a new train and new route J. A. Roff wrote a song, The Great Rock Island Route, in the 1880s. In the 1930s, after a rewrite as Wabash Cannonball, country and western singer Roy Acuff gained great popularity with the song. The Wabash Railroad in 1950 resurrected the train on an entirely different route on the railroad between two major Midwestern cities, St. Louis, Missouri, and Detroit, Michigan. The new route hosted one of the Wabash company's prestige trains. The Wabash Cannonball, number 4 eastbound and number 1 westbound, had a parlor car, a dining-lounge car, chair cars and reclining seat coaches. In St. Louis it made connections with the Wabash's City of Kansas City, bound for Kansas City, and the Wabash's City of St. Louis for Denver and points further west. A nighttime counterpart, the Detroit Limited, made the trip eastbound, and another night train counterpart, the St. Louis Limited, went westbound on the same route. N&W 2477 and 485, both ex-Wabash with Train 4, the Wabash Cannon Ball departing Decatur, Illinois, May 1966 The train was under the administration of the Norfolk and Western Railway from 1964, as the Wabash company merged with the N&W that year. The train did not survive the conversion of private passenger lines to administration of the trains by Amtrak in May, 1971. Major stops of the Wabash Cannon Ball St. Louis, Missouri (Union Station) St. Louis, Missouri (Delmar Boulevard Station) Decatur, Illinois (Wabash Station) Danville, Illinois Lafayette, Indiana Logansport, Indiana Fort Wayne, Indiana Detroit, Michigan (Fort Street Union Depot) Notes ^ a b Decatur Daily Review (Decatur, IL) 31 Dec 1881 Pg. 2. Col. 3. "THE WABASH". ^ Sullivan, Steve (2013). Encyclopedia of Great Popular Song Recordings, Volume 1. Scarecrow Press. p. 67. ISBN 9780810882966. ^ The St. Joseph Weekly Gazette (St. Joseph, MO) 4 Oct 1882 Pg. 5 Col. 6. ^ Western Kansas World (WaKeeney, Kansas) 8 Jun 1889 Pg. 3 Col. 4. ^ Logansport Pharos-Tribune (Logansport, Indiana) 4 Nov 1897 Pg. 16 Col. 3. ^ "Wabash Cannonball, The". California State University, Fresno. ^ American rails, "Wabash Railroad, 'Follow the Flag'" https://www.american-rails.com/wabash-railroad.html ^ Wabash 1959 timetable, p. 4 http://streamlinermemories.info/Eastern/Wabash59TT.pdf ^ Wabash 1959 timetable, p. 4, 10 http://streamlinermemories.info/Eastern/Wabash59TT.pdf ^ American rails, "Wabash Railroad, 'Follow the Flag'" https://www.american-rails.com/wabash-railroad.html ^ Edmonson, Harold A. (1972). Journey to Amtrak. Kalmbach Publishing. pp. 102–104. ISBN 978-0890240236. ^ "Passenger trains operating on the eve of Amtrak" (PDF). Trains. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-02-24. ^ "Michigan's Railroad History 1825 - 2014" (PDF). Michigan Department of Transportation. 2014-10-13. Retrieved 2024-05-30. External links 1952 schedule of the Wabash Cannon Ball, with consists, at 'Streamliner Schedules' vtePassenger service on the Wabash Railroad Banner Blue Blue Bird Chicago Arrow/Detroit Arrow City of Kansas City City of St. Louis Des Moines Limited/St. Louis Limited Omaha Limited/St. Louis Limited Detroit Limited/St. Louis Limited Detroit Special/St. Louis Special Kansas City Express Mid-City Express Midnight Midnight Limited Pacific Coast Limited Southland Wabash Cannon Ball vteNamed trains of the Norfolk and Western Railway Banner Blue Birmingham Special Blue Bird Cavalier City of Kansas City City of St. Louis Pelican Pocahontas Powhatan Arrow Tennessean Wabash Cannon Ball
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cannonball (LIRR train)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannonball_(LIRR_train)"},{"link_name":"Wabash Cannonball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wabash_Cannonball"},{"link_name":"Wabash Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wabash_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Wabash Cannonball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wabash_Cannonball"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-decatur-1"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Cannonball (LIRR train).For the song, see Wabash Cannonball.The Wabash Cannon Ball was a passenger train on the Wabash Railroad that ran from 1950 to 1971. The train was named after the song \"Wabash Cannonball\". It was the second train to bear the name \"Cannon Ball\"; the first was the fast express Cannon Ball, which ran in the late 1800s to the early 20th century.[1]","title":"Wabash Cannon Ball (train)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Chicago, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"El Paso, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Paso,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-decatur-1"},{"link_name":"Wabash Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wabash_Railroad"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"First Cannon Ball trains","text":"There had been several Wabash Cannon Ball trains traveling throughout the middle and western United States from as early as the 1880s.[2] The first Cannon Ball express train traveled from Chicago, Illinois, southwest to El Paso, Texas.[1] This express train traveled throughout the western part of the Midwest and the eastern part of the southwestern United States. In addition to traveling on the Wabash Railroad, it also traveled on the \"Great Rock Island Route\" in the late 1800s and into the early 1900s.[3][4][5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wabash Cannonball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wabash_Cannonball"},{"link_name":"country and western","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_and_western"},{"link_name":"Roy Acuff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Acuff"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Csufresno.edu-6"},{"link_name":"St. Louis, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Detroit, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"parlor car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlor_car"},{"link_name":"City of Kansas City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Kansas_City"},{"link_name":"City of St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_St._Louis_(train)"},{"link_name":"nighttime counterpart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleeping_car"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:N%26W_(ex-Wabash)_Train_Time_at_Decatur,_IL_on_May_7,_1966_by_Roger_Puta_-_8_Photos_(26967327422).jpg"},{"link_name":"Decatur, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decatur,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Norfolk and Western Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk_and_Western_Railway"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Amtrak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtrak"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Edmonson-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eve-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Song and reinstituting of a new train and new route","text":"J. A. Roff wrote a song, The Great Rock Island Route, in the 1880s. In the 1930s, after a rewrite as Wabash Cannonball, country and western singer Roy Acuff gained great popularity with the song.[6] The Wabash Railroad in 1950 resurrected the train on an entirely different route on the railroad between two major Midwestern cities, St. Louis, Missouri, and Detroit, Michigan.[7] [8]The new route hosted one of the Wabash company's prestige trains. The Wabash Cannonball, number 4 eastbound and number 1 westbound, had a parlor car, a dining-lounge car, chair cars and reclining seat coaches. In St. Louis it made connections with the Wabash's City of Kansas City, bound for Kansas City, and the Wabash's City of St. Louis for Denver and points further west. A nighttime counterpart, the Detroit Limited, made the trip eastbound, and another night train counterpart, the St. Louis Limited, went westbound on the same route.[9]N&W 2477 and 485, both ex-Wabash with Train 4, the Wabash Cannon Ball departing Decatur, Illinois, May 1966The train was under the administration of the Norfolk and Western Railway from 1964, as the Wabash company merged with the N&W that year.[10] The train did not survive the conversion of private passenger lines to administration of the trains by Amtrak in May, 1971.[11][12][13]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Union Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Station_(St._Louis)"},{"link_name":"Delmar Boulevard Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delmar_Boulevard_station"},{"link_name":"Wabash Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decatur_station_(Illinois)"},{"link_name":"Fort Street Union Depot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Street_Union_Depot"}],"text":"St. Louis, Missouri (Union Station)\nSt. Louis, Missouri (Delmar Boulevard Station)\nDecatur, Illinois (Wabash Station)\nDanville, Illinois\nLafayette, Indiana\nLogansport, Indiana\nFort Wayne, Indiana\nDetroit, Michigan (Fort Street Union Depot)","title":"Major stops of the Wabash Cannon Ball"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-decatur_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-decatur_1-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Encyclopedia of Great Popular Song Recordings, Volume 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=QWBPAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA67"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780810882966","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810882966"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Csufresno.edu_6-0"},{"link_name":"\"Wabash Cannonball, The\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.csufresno.edu/folklore/ballads/R840.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"https://www.american-rails.com/wabash-railroad.html","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.american-rails.com/wabash-railroad.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"http://streamlinermemories.info/Eastern/Wabash59TT.pdf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//streamlinermemories.info/Eastern/Wabash59TT.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"http://streamlinermemories.info/Eastern/Wabash59TT.pdf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//streamlinermemories.info/Eastern/Wabash59TT.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"https://www.american-rails.com/wabash-railroad.html","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.american-rails.com/wabash-railroad.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Edmonson_11-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0890240236","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0890240236"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Eve_12-0"},{"link_name":"\"Passenger trains operating on the eve of Amtrak\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20210224220507/https://ctr.trains.com/~/media/import/files/pdf/f/7/7/passenger_trains_operating_on_the_eve_of_amtrak.pdf"},{"link_name":"Trains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trains_magazine"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ctr.trains.com/~/media/import/files/pdf/f/7/7/passenger_trains_operating_on_the_eve_of_amtrak.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"\"Michigan's Railroad History 1825 - 2014\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.michigan.gov/-/media/Project/Websites/MDOT/Travel/Mobility/Rail/Michigan-Railroad-History.pdf?rev=0e687838f8a540ae823113f2648e9015"}],"text":"^ a b Decatur Daily Review (Decatur, IL) 31 Dec 1881 Pg. 2. Col. 3. \"THE WABASH\".\n\n^ Sullivan, Steve (2013). Encyclopedia of Great Popular Song Recordings, Volume 1. Scarecrow Press. p. 67. ISBN 9780810882966.\n\n^ The St. Joseph Weekly Gazette (St. Joseph, MO) 4 Oct 1882 Pg. 5 Col. 6.\n\n^ Western Kansas World (WaKeeney, Kansas) 8 Jun 1889 Pg. 3 Col. 4.\n\n^ Logansport Pharos-Tribune (Logansport, Indiana) 4 Nov 1897 Pg. 16 Col. 3.\n\n^ \"Wabash Cannonball, The\". California State University, Fresno.\n\n^ American rails, \"Wabash Railroad, 'Follow the Flag'\" https://www.american-rails.com/wabash-railroad.html\n\n^ Wabash 1959 timetable, p. 4 http://streamlinermemories.info/Eastern/Wabash59TT.pdf\n\n^ Wabash 1959 timetable, p. 4, 10 http://streamlinermemories.info/Eastern/Wabash59TT.pdf\n\n^ American rails, \"Wabash Railroad, 'Follow the Flag'\" https://www.american-rails.com/wabash-railroad.html\n\n^ Edmonson, Harold A. (1972). Journey to Amtrak. Kalmbach Publishing. pp. 102–104. ISBN 978-0890240236.\n\n^ \"Passenger trains operating on the eve of Amtrak\" (PDF). Trains. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-02-24.\n\n^ \"Michigan's Railroad History 1825 - 2014\" (PDF). Michigan Department of Transportation. 2014-10-13. Retrieved 2024-05-30.","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"N&W 2477 and 485, both ex-Wabash with Train 4, the Wabash Cannon Ball departing Decatur, Illinois, May 1966","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/N%26W_%28ex-Wabash%29_Train_Time_at_Decatur%2C_IL_on_May_7%2C_1966_by_Roger_Puta_-_8_Photos_%2826967327422%29.jpg/220px-N%26W_%28ex-Wabash%29_Train_Time_at_Decatur%2C_IL_on_May_7%2C_1966_by_Roger_Puta_-_8_Photos_%2826967327422%29.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Sullivan, Steve (2013). Encyclopedia of Great Popular Song Recordings, Volume 1. Scarecrow Press. p. 67. ISBN 9780810882966.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QWBPAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA67","url_text":"Encyclopedia of Great Popular Song Recordings, Volume 1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810882966","url_text":"9780810882966"}]},{"reference":"\"Wabash Cannonball, The\". California State University, Fresno.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.csufresno.edu/folklore/ballads/R840.html","url_text":"\"Wabash Cannonball, The\""}]},{"reference":"Edmonson, Harold A. (1972). Journey to Amtrak. Kalmbach Publishing. pp. 102–104. ISBN 978-0890240236.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0890240236","url_text":"978-0890240236"}]},{"reference":"\"Passenger trains operating on the eve of Amtrak\" (PDF). Trains. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-02-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210224220507/https://ctr.trains.com/~/media/import/files/pdf/f/7/7/passenger_trains_operating_on_the_eve_of_amtrak.pdf","url_text":"\"Passenger trains operating on the eve of Amtrak\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trains_magazine","url_text":"Trains"},{"url":"https://ctr.trains.com/~/media/import/files/pdf/f/7/7/passenger_trains_operating_on_the_eve_of_amtrak.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Michigan's Railroad History 1825 - 2014\" (PDF). Michigan Department of Transportation. 2014-10-13. Retrieved 2024-05-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.michigan.gov/-/media/Project/Websites/MDOT/Travel/Mobility/Rail/Michigan-Railroad-History.pdf?rev=0e687838f8a540ae823113f2648e9015","url_text":"\"Michigan's Railroad History 1825 - 2014\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QWBPAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA67","external_links_name":"Encyclopedia of Great Popular Song Recordings, Volume 1"},{"Link":"http://www.csufresno.edu/folklore/ballads/R840.html","external_links_name":"\"Wabash Cannonball, The\""},{"Link":"https://www.american-rails.com/wabash-railroad.html","external_links_name":"https://www.american-rails.com/wabash-railroad.html"},{"Link":"http://streamlinermemories.info/Eastern/Wabash59TT.pdf","external_links_name":"http://streamlinermemories.info/Eastern/Wabash59TT.pdf"},{"Link":"http://streamlinermemories.info/Eastern/Wabash59TT.pdf","external_links_name":"http://streamlinermemories.info/Eastern/Wabash59TT.pdf"},{"Link":"https://www.american-rails.com/wabash-railroad.html","external_links_name":"https://www.american-rails.com/wabash-railroad.html"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210224220507/https://ctr.trains.com/~/media/import/files/pdf/f/7/7/passenger_trains_operating_on_the_eve_of_amtrak.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Passenger trains operating on the eve of Amtrak\""},{"Link":"https://ctr.trains.com/~/media/import/files/pdf/f/7/7/passenger_trains_operating_on_the_eve_of_amtrak.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.michigan.gov/-/media/Project/Websites/MDOT/Travel/Mobility/Rail/Michigan-Railroad-History.pdf?rev=0e687838f8a540ae823113f2648e9015","external_links_name":"\"Michigan's Railroad History 1825 - 2014\""},{"Link":"http://www.streamlinerschedules.com/concourse/track4/cannonball195212.html","external_links_name":"1952 schedule of the Wabash Cannon Ball, with consists, at 'Streamliner Schedules'"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scolecodonts
Scolecodont
["1 Taxonomy","2 History","3 References","4 External links"]
Jaw of a polychaete annelid An Ordovician scolecodont from Estonia A scolecodont is the jaw of a polychaete annelid, a common type of fossil-producing segmented worm useful in invertebrate paleontology. Scolecodonts are common and diverse microfossils, which range from the Cambrian period (around half a billion years ago at the start of the Paleozoic era) to the present. They diversified profusely in the Ordovician, and are most common in the Ordovician, Silurian and Devonian marine deposits of the Paleozoic era. Relatedly, more problematic worm-like fossils have been described in even older, Neoproterozoic era deposits in the Ediacaran Hills of southern Australia and in mid-Cambrian deposits of Burgess shale in British Columbia. Since the other classes of annelids (specifically, the earthworms and leeches) lack hard parts, only the sea-dwelling polychaetes are frequently represented in the fossil record. Polychaetes are commonly fossilized due to their chitinous teeth and their dwelling tubes made of durable calcite (a calcium carbonate), hardened mucus (a.k.a. parchment), and/or chitin-like cement. Taxonomy Scolecodonts belonging to the extinct families Atraktoprionidae, Hadoprionidae, Kalloprionidae, Mochtyellidae, Paulinitidae, Polychaetaspidae, Ramphoprionidae, Rhytiprionidae, Skalenoprionidae, Symmetroprionidae, Xanioprionidae, and the still-extant (living) family Oenonidae (which includes the Arabellidae) are known from Silurian rocks in Scotland. Scolecodonts representing the present-day families Onuphidae and Dorvilleidae first appeared in Mesozoic era deposits. History Segments of the fossil jaw of a polychaete worm were first reported from Silurian strata on the Estonian island of Saaremaa in 1854, but they were misinterpreted as fish teeth. A year later, impressions of whole polychaete worms with poorly preserved jaws were described from Italian Tertiary deposits. Subsequently, E. Ehlers, a specialist on recent polychaetes, recorded them from the Jurassic Solenhofen Stone of Bavaria, Germany, demonstrating their affinity and proposing the generic names Eunicites and Lumbriconereites. Extensive studies in the late 19th century by George J. Hinde of material from England, Wales, Canada and Sweden established a basis for the nomenclature of what he regarded as isolated components of annelid jaws; but study of them lapsed thereafter for almost 50 years. References ^ Hints, O.; Eriksson, M. (2007). "Diversification and biogeography of scolecodont-bearing polychaetes in the Ordovician". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 245: 95. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.02.029. ^ EICHWALD, E. 1854. Die Grauwackenschichten von Lieu-und Esthland. Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou, 27, 1–111. ^ MASSALONGO, A. 1855. Monografica delle Nereidi fossili del Monte Bolca. Antonelli, Verona, 55 pp. ^ EHLERS, E. 1868a. 12Iber eine fossile Funicee aus Solenhofen (Eunicites aritus), nebst Bemerkungenvtiber fossile Wtirmer tiberhaupt. Zeitschrifl ftir wissenschaftliche Zoologie, 18, 421–443. ^ EHLERS, E. 1868b. Ueber fossiler Würmer aus dem lithographischen Schiefer in Bayern. Palaeontographica, 17, 145–175. ^ HINDE, G. J. 1879. On annelid jaws from the Cambro-Silurian, Silurian and Devonian Formations in Canada and from the Lower Carboniferous in Scotland. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, 35, 370–389. ^ HINDE, G. J. 1880. On annelid jaws from the Wenlock and Ludlow Formations of the west of England. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, 36, 368–378. ^ HINDE, G. J. 1882. On annelid remains from the Silurian strata of the Isle of Gotland. Geologiska Föreningen i Stockholm Förhandlingar, 6(6): 254–255. ^ HINDE, G. J. 1896. On the jaw-apparatus of an annelid (Eunicites reidiae sp. nov.) from the Lower Carboniferous of Halkin Mountain, Flintshire. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, 52, 438–450. External links scolecodonts.net including complete scientific bibliography, lists of fossil genera and species, and selection of images graptolite.net Piotr Mierzejewski's page on microfossils
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scolecodont_ramphoprion.png"},{"link_name":"polychaete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polychaeta"},{"link_name":"annelid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annelida"},{"link_name":"fossil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil"},{"link_name":"segmented worm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segmented_worm"},{"link_name":"invertebrate paleontology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invertebrate_paleontology"},{"link_name":"microfossils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microfossil"},{"link_name":"Cambrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambrian"},{"link_name":"Paleozoic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleozoic"},{"link_name":"present","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocene"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Ordovician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordovician"},{"link_name":"Silurian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silurian"},{"link_name":"Devonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devonian"},{"link_name":"marine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_(ocean)"},{"link_name":"Paleozoic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleozoic"},{"link_name":"worm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worm"},{"link_name":"fossils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil"},{"link_name":"Neoproterozoic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoproterozoic"},{"link_name":"Ediacaran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ediacaran"},{"link_name":"Cambrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambrian"},{"link_name":"Burgess shale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgess_shale"},{"link_name":"earthworms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthworm"},{"link_name":"leeches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leech"},{"link_name":"fossil record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_record"},{"link_name":"fossilized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil"},{"link_name":"chitinous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitin"},{"link_name":"calcite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcite"},{"link_name":"calcium carbonate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_carbonate"},{"link_name":"mucus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucus"},{"link_name":"chitin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitin"}],"text":"An Ordovician scolecodont from EstoniaA scolecodont is the jaw of a polychaete annelid, a common type of fossil-producing segmented worm useful in invertebrate paleontology. Scolecodonts are common and diverse microfossils, which range from the Cambrian period (around half a billion years ago at the start of the Paleozoic era) to the present. They diversified profusely in the Ordovician,[1] and are most common in the Ordovician, Silurian and Devonian marine deposits of the Paleozoic era.Relatedly, more problematic worm-like fossils have been described in even older, Neoproterozoic era deposits in the Ediacaran Hills of southern Australia and in mid-Cambrian deposits of Burgess shale in British Columbia.Since the other classes of annelids (specifically, the earthworms and leeches) lack hard parts, only the sea-dwelling polychaetes are frequently represented in the fossil record. Polychaetes are commonly fossilized due to their chitinous teeth and their dwelling tubes made of durable calcite (a calcium carbonate), hardened mucus (a.k.a. parchment), and/or chitin-like cement.","title":"Scolecodont"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"extinct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinct"},{"link_name":"Atraktoprionidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atraktoprionidae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hadoprionidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hadoprionidae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kalloprionidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kalloprionidae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mochtyellidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mochtyellidae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Paulinitidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paulinitidae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Polychaetaspidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polychaetaspidae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ramphoprionidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramphoprionidae"},{"link_name":"Rhytiprionidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rhytiprionidae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Skalenoprionidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skalenoprionidae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Symmetroprionidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Symmetroprionidae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Xanioprionidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xanioprionidae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"extant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extant_taxon"},{"link_name":"Oenonidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oenonidae"},{"link_name":"Silurian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silurian"},{"link_name":"Onuphidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onuphidae"},{"link_name":"Dorvilleidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorvilleidae"},{"link_name":"Mesozoic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesozoic"}],"text":"Scolecodonts belonging to the extinct families Atraktoprionidae, Hadoprionidae, Kalloprionidae, Mochtyellidae, Paulinitidae, Polychaetaspidae, Ramphoprionidae, Rhytiprionidae, Skalenoprionidae, Symmetroprionidae, Xanioprionidae, and the still-extant (living) family Oenonidae (which includes the Arabellidae) are known from Silurian rocks in Scotland. Scolecodonts representing the present-day families Onuphidae and Dorvilleidae first appeared in Mesozoic era deposits.","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saaremaa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saaremaa"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"George J. Hinde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_J._Hinde"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Segments of the fossil jaw of a polychaete worm were first reported from Silurian strata on the Estonian island of Saaremaa in 1854,[2] but they were misinterpreted as fish teeth. A year later, impressions of whole polychaete worms with poorly preserved jaws were described from Italian Tertiary deposits.[3] Subsequently, E. Ehlers, a specialist on recent polychaetes, recorded them from the Jurassic Solenhofen Stone of Bavaria, Germany, demonstrating their affinity and proposing the generic names Eunicites and Lumbriconereites.[4][5] Extensive studies in the late 19th century by George J. Hinde of material from England, Wales, Canada and Sweden[6][7][8][9] established a basis for the nomenclature of what he regarded as isolated components of annelid jaws; but study of them lapsed thereafter for almost 50 years.","title":"History"}]
[{"image_text":"An Ordovician scolecodont from Estonia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Scolecodont_ramphoprion.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"Hints, O.; Eriksson, M. (2007). \"Diversification and biogeography of scolecodont-bearing polychaetes in the Ordovician\". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 245: 95. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.02.029.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.palaeo.2006.02.029","url_text":"10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.02.029"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.palaeo.2006.02.029","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.02.029"},{"Link":"http://scolecodonts.net/","external_links_name":"scolecodonts.net"},{"Link":"http://scolecodonts.graptolite.net/","external_links_name":"graptolite.net"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swissmetro
Swissmetro
["1 Technology","2 Objectives","3 History","4 Swissmetro-NG","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
Proposed Swiss vactrain transport system The neutrality of this article is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met. (September 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Swissmetro is a proposed Swiss transportation system based on vacuum-train (also known as vactrain) technology. It was invented by Swiss engineer Rodolphe Nieth in 1974 and it is presently being promoted and developed as SwissMetro-NG ("NG" for New Generation). Technology The Swissmetro project was presented in a special report by Rodolphe Nieth, Martin Steiger and Jean-Francois Braillard in 1980. It proposed vehicles travelling at very fast speeds in a network of underground tunnels. Rolling resistance was eliminated with magnetic levitation, as in the Transrapid of Germany and air resistance was reduced by lowering the air pressure in the tunnels to around 10% of the normal atmospheric pressure. Propulsion was electrical (linear motors). The travel time between Bern and Zürich would have been reduced from around 1 hour by intercity train or motorcar to a mere 12 minutes with Swissmetro. Objectives The objectives were to connect Swiss urban centres with a fast, modern, sustainable, transport system and reduce or even eliminate the congestion on the Swiss highways and railways without negatively impacting the Swiss landscapes and cities. History The system was developed by Swissmetro Ltd., with Swiss senator of the Canton of Ticino, Dr. Sergio Salvioni as president. The research and development were led by EPFL Professor Marcel Jufer. This was done by the Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology (EPFL and ETHZ) and Swiss engineering and industrial companies with some financial support of the Swiss Federal Government. The project was ready to be implemented and an application for a concession for a pilot track between Geneva and Lausanne was made in 1998. At this time, however, the Swiss Federal Government was already fully absorbed with large national infrastructure projects (Rail 2000, Gotthard AlpTransit, etc.). In addition, the Swiss Federal office of Transportation (BAV-EVED) had some reservations (switch, capacity, safety, choice of the pilot track, financial concepts, etc.). Swissmetro-NG SwissMetro-NG is the modern version of the original project. It is, so to speak, the version 2.0, which was proposed by the Swiss Transportation Research Institute. Air resistance and aerodynamic problems are eliminated altogether by removing all of the air in the tunnels. The tunnel diameter and consequently the overall costs are significantly reduced (around 50%). A new switch allows a drive-through operation without stopping. Long vehicle compositions with high capacities (over 1200 seats) as well as an extraordinarily high performance (supersonic) become possible. The reservations of the BAV-EVED are resolved. The conditions for the resumption of the Swiss project are now very favourable (completion of Rail 2000 and Gotthard Alptransit, low interest rates, new technical advances, etc.). In addition, SwissMetro-NG meets all possible requirements regarding CO2 emissions, landscape protection, speed, sustainability, tourism, capacity, safety, costs, network capability, economic efficiency, etc. and it has proponents from all political colours and all corners of the country. The non-profit SwissMetro-NG association is promoting the project. In 2017, Konrad Graber, Swiss senator of the Canton of Lucerne brought the SwissMetro-NG project to the attention of Parliament. It was positively received and decisions in its favour are being made. It is now becoming increasingly likely that SwissMetro-NG will be realized. Because of its high performance and capacity, the system can draw traffic away from short-haul aviation and intercity highways and thus reduce CO2 emissions whilst simultaneously improving the transportation services. The travel time between the major Swiss cities, e.g. Geneva to Bern or Bern to Zürich, will be reduced to 12 minutes. In comparison, it still requires over 3 hours to traverse Switzerland today, independent of the mode of transportation and despite the small size of the country. By exporting the system and the components, Switzerland will be able to help reduce CO2 emissions of intercity and transcontinental transportation on a global scale. See also High-speed rail SCMaglev Hyperloop References ^ Maglev Holdings - Swissmetro- Maglev Underground Mass Transport, archived from the original on 2021-12-21, retrieved 2021-05-31 ^ "Swissmetro: Bericht über die Aussichten einer in das öffentliche Verkehrssystem integrierten Schweizer U-Bahn, Rodolphe Nieth, 1980" (PDF). ^ "Swissmetro Hauptstudie 1994-1998: Finanzierung" (PDF). ^ "Swissmetro: Synthese der Vorstudie, 1993" (PDF). ^ "Swissmetro Main Report 1994-1998" (PDF). ^ "Fachbericht zu einer ersten Überprüfung des Konzessionsgesuches für eine SWISSMETRO-Pilotstrecke Genf-Lausanne durch die Bundesverwaltung" (PDF). ^ "STR-Institute – Swiss Transportation Research Institute". Retrieved 2021-05-31. ^ "Swissmetro - Start". www.swissmetro-ng.org. Retrieved 2021-05-31. ^ "Interessengemeinschaft SwissMetro-NG, Klingnau | business-monitor.ch". business-monitor.ch (in German). Retrieved 2021-05-31. ^ "Official Bulletin". www.parlament.ch. Retrieved 2021-05-31. ^ "Postulat Kommission für Verkehr und Fernmeldewesen SR" (PDF). ^ "Studienliste im Hinblick auf die Erarbeitung des nächsten STEP Ausbauschritt" (PDF). External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Swissmetro. Swissmetro SwissMetro-NG vteHigh-speed railPart of rail transportTechnologies Conventional Hovertrain Hyperloop/Vactrain Maglev High-speed trains350 km/h(217 mph)or more China Railway CR400AF, CR400BF Transrapid Shinkansen Series L0 Whoosh HSR 300–349 km/h(186–217 mph) Renfe Class 100, 101, 102, 103 Alstom AGV China Railway Hexie CRH2C, 3C, 380A / MTR CRH380A, 380B, 380C, 380D ETR 500 ETR 400 Eurostar e300; e320 ICE 3 KTX-I, II (Sancheon), KTX-Cheongryong Oaris Shinkansen Series 500, N700, N700S, E5/H5, E6, E8 AVRIL TGV Sud-Est (refurbished), Atlantique, Réseau, Duplex, POS, 2N2, M (Avelia Horizon) TCDD HT80000 Thalys PBA, PBKA THSR 700T Siemens Velaro 250–299 km/h(155–186 mph) Avelia Liberty China Star, DJF2, China Railway Hexie CRH1A, 1B, 1E, 2A, 2B, 2E, 2G, 3A, 5A, 5E, 5G, China Railway Fuxing CR300AF, CR300BF ICE 1, 2, 4 (ICx) KTX-Eum New Pendolino Renfe Class 120, 121, 130 Sapsan SBB RABe 501, RABe 503 Shinkansen Series 200, 300, 700, 800, E2, E3, E7/W7 TCDD HT65000 TGV Sud-Est (original), La Poste V250 200–249 km/h(124–155 mph) Acela ACS-64 Adelante APT China Railway DJJ1, China Railway Hexie CRH6, China Railway Fuxing CR200J ER200 HHP-8 IC4 ICNG InterCity 125, 225 ICE T, TD, ICE L Javelin NSB Class 71 (Flytoget) NSB Class 73 NSB Class 74 Pendolino Railjet Regina Shinkansen series 0, 100, 400, E1, E4 SBB RABDe 500 Re 460 SC-44 SCB-40 X 2000, SJ X40 Z-TER (Z 21500) Sokol British Rail Classes 800, 801, 802, 803, 805, 807, 810 Talgo XXI Voyager/Meridian X3 Experimental and prototype high-speed trains (category)High-speed railway line List of high-speed railway lines By countries and territoriesplanned networks in italicsAfrica Morocco Egypt Americas Argentina Brazil Canada Mexico United States Asia China Hong Kong India Indonesia Iran Iraq Japan Kazakhstan South Korea Saudi Arabia Taiwan Thailand Turkey Uzbekistan Vietnam Europe Austria Belgium Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Italy Latvia Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Russia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom Oceania Australia Proposed high-speed rail by country
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Swiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"vactrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vactrain"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Swissmetro is a proposed Swiss transportation system based on vacuum-train (also known as vactrain) technology.[1] It was invented by Swiss engineer Rodolphe Nieth in 1974 and it is presently being promoted and developed as SwissMetro-NG (\"NG\" for New Generation).","title":"Swissmetro"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Transrapid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transrapid"},{"link_name":"linear motors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_motor"},{"link_name":"Bern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bern"},{"link_name":"Zürich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich"}],"text":"The Swissmetro project was presented in a special report[2] by Rodolphe Nieth, Martin Steiger and Jean-Francois Braillard in 1980. It proposed vehicles travelling at very fast speeds in a network of underground tunnels. Rolling resistance was eliminated with magnetic levitation, as in the Transrapid of Germany and air resistance was reduced by lowering the air pressure in the tunnels to around 10% of the normal atmospheric pressure. Propulsion was electrical (linear motors). The travel time between Bern and Zürich would have been reduced from around 1 hour by intercity train or motorcar to a mere 12 minutes with Swissmetro.","title":"Technology"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The objectives were to connect Swiss urban centres with a fast, modern, sustainable, transport system and reduce or even eliminate the congestion on the Swiss highways and railways without negatively impacting the Swiss landscapes and cities.","title":"Objectives"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sergio Salvioni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Salvioni"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"EPFL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPFL"},{"link_name":"ETHZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ETHZ"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Rail 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_2000"},{"link_name":"Gotthard AlpTransit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gotthard_AlpTransit&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"BAV-EVED","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BAV-EVED&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The system was developed by Swissmetro Ltd., with Swiss senator of the Canton of Ticino, Dr. Sergio Salvioni[3] as president. The research and development were led by EPFL Professor Marcel Jufer. This was done by the Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology (EPFL and ETHZ) and Swiss engineering and industrial companies with some financial support of the Swiss Federal Government.[4][5] The project was ready to be implemented and an application for a concession for a pilot track between Geneva and Lausanne was made in 1998. At this time, however, the Swiss Federal Government was already fully absorbed with large national infrastructure projects (Rail 2000, Gotthard AlpTransit, etc.). In addition, the Swiss Federal office of Transportation (BAV-EVED) had some reservations (switch, capacity, safety, choice of the pilot track, financial concepts, etc.).[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Rail 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_2000"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Canton of Lucerne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton_of_Lucerne"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"SwissMetro-NG is the modern version of the original project. It is, so to speak, the version 2.0, which was proposed by the Swiss Transportation Research Institute.[7] Air resistance and aerodynamic problems are eliminated altogether by removing all of the air in the tunnels. The tunnel diameter and consequently the overall costs are significantly reduced (around 50%). A new switch allows a drive-through operation without stopping. Long vehicle compositions with high capacities (over 1200 seats) as well as an extraordinarily high performance (supersonic) become possible. The reservations of the BAV-EVED are resolved.The conditions for the resumption of the Swiss project are now very favourable (completion of Rail 2000 and Gotthard Alptransit, low interest rates, new technical advances, etc.). In addition, SwissMetro-NG meets all possible requirements regarding CO2 emissions, landscape protection, speed, sustainability, tourism, capacity, safety, costs, network capability, economic efficiency, etc. and it has proponents from all political colours and all corners of the country. The non-profit SwissMetro-NG association [8][9] is promoting the project.In 2017, Konrad Graber, Swiss senator of the Canton of Lucerne brought the SwissMetro-NG project to the attention of Parliament. It was positively received and decisions in its favour are being made.[10][11][12] It is now becoming increasingly likely that SwissMetro-NG will be realized.[citation needed]Because of its high performance and capacity, the system can draw traffic away from short-haul aviation and intercity highways and thus reduce CO2 emissions whilst simultaneously improving the transportation services. The travel time between the major Swiss cities, e.g. Geneva to Bern or Bern to Zürich, will be reduced to 12 minutes. In comparison, it still requires over 3 hours to traverse Switzerland today, independent of the mode of transportation and despite the small size of the country.By exporting the system and the components, Switzerland will be able to help reduce CO2 emissions of intercity and transcontinental transportation on a global scale.","title":"Swissmetro-NG"}]
[]
[{"title":"High-speed rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-speed_rail"},{"title":"SCMaglev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCMaglev"},{"title":"Hyperloop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperloop"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1949_College_Football_All-America_Team
1949 College Football All-America Team
["1 Consensus All-Americans","2 All-American selections for 1949","2.1 Ends","2.2 Tackles","2.3 Guards","2.4 Centers","2.5 Backs","3 Key","3.1 Official selectors","3.2 Other selectors","4 See also","5 References"]
Official list of the best college football players of 1949 1949 College Football All-America Team College Football All-America Team 1949 college football season 1947 1948 ← → 1950 1951 The 1949 College Football All-America team is composed of college football players who were selected as All-Americans by various organizations and writers that chose College Football All-America Teams in 1949. The eight selectors recognized by the NCAA as "official" for the 1949 season are (1) the Associated Press, (2) the United Press, (3) the All-America Board, (4) the American Football Coaches Association (AFCA), (5) the Football Writers Association of America (FWAA), (6) the International News Service (INS), (7) the Newspaper Enterprise Association (NEA), and (8) the Sporting News. Consensus All-Americans For the year 1949, the NCAA recognizes eight published All-American teams as "official" designations for purposes of its consensus determinations. The following chart identifies the NCAA-recognized consensus All-Americans and displays which first-team designations they received. Name Position School Number Official Other Leon Hart End Notre Dame 8/8 AAB, AP, COL, FWAA, INS, NEA, SN, UP NYS, PLAY, WC Emil Sitko Fullback Notre Dame 8/8 AAB, AP, COL, FWAA, INS, NEA, SN, UP NYS, PLAY, WC Clayton Tonnemaker Center Minnesota 7/8 AAB AP, COL, FWAA, NEA, SN, UP NYS, PLAY, WC Rod Franz Guard California 7/8 AAB, AP, COL, FWAA, INS, SN, UP NYS, WC Doak Walker Halfback SMU 7/8 AAB, AP, FWAA, INS, NEA, SN, UP PLAY Arnold Galiffa Quarterback Army 6/8 AP, COL, FWAA, INS, SN, UP NYS, PLAY, WC Leo Nomellini Tackle Minnesota 6/8 AAB, COL, FWAA, NEA, SN, UP WC James Williams End Rice 4/8 AAB, AP, COL, FWAA NYS, PLAY, WC Alvin Wistert Tackle Michigan 4/8 AAB, INS, SN, UP WC Ed Bagdon Guard Michigan State 4/8 FWAA, NEA, SN, UP WC Bob Williams Quarterback Notre Dame 4/8 AAB, FWAA, SN, UP WC All-American selections for 1949 Ends Leon Hart, Notre Dame (College Football Hall of Fame) (AAB; AP-1; UP-1; COL-1; FWAA-1; SN; INSO; INSD; NEAO; NYS; WC-1; PLAY) James "Froggy" Williams, Rice (College Football Hall of Fame) (AAB; AP-1; UP-2; COL-1; FWAA-1; NYS; WC-1; PLAY) Art Weiner, North Carolina (College Football Hall of Fame)(UP-1; FWAA-2; SN; INSD) Dan Foldberg, Army (UP-2; FWAA-3; NEAO) Jim Owens, Oklahoma (College Football Hall of Fame) (INSO) Ken Rose, Stanford (NEAD) Kenny Powell, North Carolina (NEAD) J. D. Isom, Baylor (AP-2) Bud Sherrod, Tennessee (AP-2) Bud Grant, Minnesota (Pro Football Hall of Fame) (FWAA-2) Red Wilson, Wisconsin (AP-3; FWAA-3) Tom Rowe, Dartmouth (AP-3) Tackles Leo Nomellini, Minnesota (College and Pro Football Hall of Fame) (AAB; UP-1; COL-1; FWAA-3; SN; NEAO ; WC-1) Alvin Wistert, Michigan (College Football Hall of Fame) (AAB; AP-3; UP-1; SN; INSD; WC-1) Wade Walker, Oklahoma (AP-1; UP-2; FWAA-1; NEAO; COL-1) James Martin (College Football Hall of Fame), Notre Dame (AP-1; UP-2; FWAA-2; INSD; NEAD) Robert Wahl, Michigan (FWAA-1; NEAO) Bob Gain, Kentucky (College Football Hall of Fame)(AP-2; FWAA-2; NEAO ; NYS; PLAY) Hollie Donan, Princeton (College Football Hall of Fame) (FWAA-3; PLAY) Jim Turner, California (INSO) Thurman "Fum" McGraw, Colorado A&M (College Football of Fame) (INSO) John Sandusky, Villanova (NYS) Ray Krouse, Maryland (AP-2) Lou Allen, Duke (AP-3) Guards Rod Franz, California (College Football Hall of Fame) (AAB; AP-1; UP-1; COL-1; FWAA-1; SN; INSO; WC-1; NYS) Ed Bagdon, Michigan State (UP-1; FWAA-1; SN; NEAD ; WC-1) Bernie Barkouskie, Pittsburgh(AP-3; COL-1; INSD; NEAD) Stan West, Oklahoma (AAB; AP-2; UP-2; FWAA-2; NEAD; NYS; PLAY) Vern Sterling, Santa Clara (AP-3 ; FWAA-3; PLAY) John Schweder, Penn (AP-1; FWAA-2; INSO) Bud McFadin, Texas (College Football Hall of Fame) (INSD) Don Mason, Michigan State (AP-2; FWAA-3) George Toneff, Ohio State (UP-2) Jack Lininger, Ohio State (AP-3) Centers Clayton Tonnemaker, Minnesota (College Football Hall of Fame) (AAB; AP-1; UP-1; COL-1; FWAA-1; SN; NEAD; NYS; WC-1; PLAY) Joe Watson, Rice (UP-2; FWAA-2; INSO; NEAO) Tom Novak, Nebraska (INSD) Jim Castagnoli, Stanford (AP-2) Bob Fuchs, Missouri (FWAA-3) Backs Emil Sitko, Notre Dame (College Football Hall of Fame) (AAB; AP-1; UP-1; COL-1; FWAA-1; SN; INSO; NEAO; NYS; WC-1; PLAY) Doak Walker, Southern Methodist (SMU) (College and Pro Football Hall of Fame) (AAB; AP-1; UP-1; FWAA-1; SN; INSD; NEAO; PLAY) Arnold Galiffa, Army (AP-1; UP-1; COL-1; FWAA-1; SN; INSO; NYS; WC-1; PLAY) Bob Williams, Notre Dame (College Football Hall of Fame) (AAB; AP-2; UP-1; FWAA-1; SN; WC-1) Charlie Justice, North Carolina (AAB; AP-1; UP-2; COL-1; FWAA-3; INSO; PLAY) Eddie LeBaron, College of Pacific (UP-2; INSD; NEAO) Eddie Price, Tulane (College Football Hall of Fame) (AP-3; FWAA-2; INSO) Lynn Chandnois, Michigan State (UP-2; FWAA-2; INSD; COL-1) George Thomas, Oklahoma (FWAA-3; NEAD; NYS) George Sella, Princeton (NEAD; NYS) John Papit, Virginia (AP-3; NEAO) Darrell Royal, Oklahoma (INSD) Forrest Klein, California (NEAD) Randall Clay, Texas (NEAD) Chuck Ortmann, Michigan (AP-2; UP-2; FWAA-3) Bob Celeri, California (AP-2; FWAA-2) Hillary Chollet, Cornell (AP-2) Dick Kempthorn, Michigan (FWAA-2) Bob Zastrow, Navy (AP-3) Johnny Karras, Illinois (AP-3) Jim Cain, Army (FWAA-3) Key Bold – Consensus All-American -1 – First-team selection -2 – Second-team selection -3 – Third-team selection Official selectors AP = Associated Press, chosen after recommendations from 250 sports editors, AP staff writers, college coaches, and radio broadcasters COL = Collier's Weekly, selected by the American Football Coaches Association FWAA = Look magazine, selected by Grantland Rice and the Football Writers Association of America INSO/INSD = International News Service offensive and defensive selections NEAO/NEAD = Newspaper Editors Association offensive and defensive All-American teams, selected by NEA sports editor Harry Grayson SN = Sporting News UP = United Press, selected for The United Press by 313 football writers and football broadcasters from all sections of the country Other selectors CP = Central Press Association WC = Walter Camp Football Foundation NYS = New York Sun PLAY = All-Players All-America team, selected by the Chicago Tribune with the cooperation of 112 major colleges, based on the votes of 2,193 college football players. Players were only permitted to vote for players who they played against. See also 1949 All-Big Seven Conference football team 1949 All-Big Ten Conference football team 1949 All-Pacific Coast Conference football team 1949 All-SEC football team 1949 All-Southwest Conference football team References ^ "Football Award Winners" (PDF). National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). 2016. p. 8. Retrieved October 21, 2017. ^ "Irish Lead In A.P. All-Star Honors". The Southeast Missourian (AP story). December 1, 1949. ^ "Pitt's Barkouskie Picked On Collier's All-America". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. December 2, 1949. ^ "Doak Walker Eliminates Self From Collier's All-America". The News and Courier. December 2, 1949. ^ "Barkouskie Named All-American". The Pittsburgh Press. December 2, 1949. ^ "FWAA All America" (PDF). Football Writers Association of America. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2019. Retrieved October 11, 2011. ^ "Midwesterners Dominate This All-America". The Owosso Press-Argus. December 5, 1949. ^ "Irish Place 3 On Look Star Team". Herald-Journal. Associated Press. December 6, 1949. ^ "Three Notre Dame Gridders on INS All-America". The Milwaukee Sentinel. November 27, 1949. ^ Jeff Moshier (November 26, 1949). "Grayson Is First With All-America Offense, Defense". The Evening Independent. ^ "Midwest Teams Again Dominate U.P. All-America". St. Petersburg Times (UP story). November 24, 1949. ^ "ALL-AMERICA TEAM NAMED; Notre Dame Gains Three Berths on United Press Eleven". The New York Times. 1949. ^ "Walter Camp Football Foundation". Archived from the original on March 30, 2009. ^ "Hart and Sitko Named on Sun's All-American". The Milwaukee Journal. November 26, 1949. ^ Arch Ward (December 4, 1949). "College Players Name 1949 All-America Teams". Chicago Tribune. ^ "Irish Top Players All-America Vote". The Sun. Baltimore, Md. December 4, 1949. vte1949 College Football All-America Team consensus selectionsBackfield QB Arnold Galiffa QB Bob Williams HB Doak Walker FB Emil Sitko Line E Leon Hart E James Williams T Leo Nomellini T Alvin Wistert G Ed Bagdon G Rod Franz C Clayton Tonnemaker vteCollege Football All-America Teams 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"college football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_football"},{"link_name":"All-Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-America"},{"link_name":"College Football All-America Teams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_Football_All-America_Team"},{"link_name":"NCAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA"},{"link_name":"Associated Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press"},{"link_name":"United Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Press"},{"link_name":"American Football Coaches Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Football_Coaches_Association"},{"link_name":"Football Writers Association of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_Writers_Association_of_America"},{"link_name":"International News Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_News_Service"},{"link_name":"Newspaper Enterprise Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspaper_Enterprise_Association"},{"link_name":"Sporting News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporting_News"}],"text":"The 1949 College Football All-America team is composed of college football players who were selected as All-Americans by various organizations and writers that chose College Football All-America Teams in 1949. The eight selectors recognized by the NCAA as \"official\" for the 1949 season are (1) the Associated Press, (2) the United Press, (3) the All-America Board, (4) the American Football Coaches Association (AFCA), (5) the Football Writers Association of America (FWAA), (6) the International News Service (INS), (7) the Newspaper Enterprise Association (NEA), and (8) the Sporting News.","title":"1949 College Football All-America Team"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"For the year 1949, the NCAA recognizes eight published All-American teams as \"official\" designations for purposes of its consensus determinations. The following chart identifies the NCAA-recognized consensus All-Americans and displays which first-team designations they received.","title":"Consensus All-Americans"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"All-American selections for 1949"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leon Hart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Hart"},{"link_name":"James \"Froggy\" Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Williams_(end)"},{"link_name":"Art Weiner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Weiner"},{"link_name":"Dan Foldberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Foldberg"},{"link_name":"Jim Owens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Owens"},{"link_name":"Bud Sherrod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bud_Sherrod"},{"link_name":"Bud Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bud_Grant"},{"link_name":"Red Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Wilson"}],"sub_title":"Ends","text":"Leon Hart, Notre Dame (College Football Hall of Fame) (AAB; AP-1; UP-1; COL-1; FWAA-1; SN; INSO; INSD; NEAO; NYS; WC-1; PLAY)\nJames \"Froggy\" Williams, Rice (College Football Hall of Fame) (AAB; AP-1; UP-2; COL-1; FWAA-1; NYS; WC-1; PLAY)\nArt Weiner, North Carolina (College Football Hall of Fame)(UP-1; FWAA-2; SN; INSD)\nDan Foldberg, Army (UP-2; FWAA-3; NEAO)\nJim Owens, Oklahoma (College Football Hall of Fame) (INSO)\nKen Rose, Stanford (NEAD)\nKenny Powell, North Carolina (NEAD)\nJ. D. Isom, Baylor (AP-2)\nBud Sherrod, Tennessee (AP-2)\nBud Grant, Minnesota (Pro Football Hall of Fame) (FWAA-2)\nRed Wilson, Wisconsin (AP-3; FWAA-3)\nTom Rowe, Dartmouth (AP-3)","title":"All-American selections for 1949"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leo Nomellini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Nomellini"},{"link_name":"Alvin Wistert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvin_Wistert"},{"link_name":"Wade Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wade_Walker"},{"link_name":"James Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Martin_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"Robert Wahl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Wahl"},{"link_name":"Bob Gain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Gain"},{"link_name":"Hollie Donan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollie_Donan"},{"link_name":"Thurman \"Fum\" McGraw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thurman_%22Fum%22_McGraw"},{"link_name":"John Sandusky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Sandusky"},{"link_name":"Ray Krouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Krouse"},{"link_name":"Lou Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Allen"}],"sub_title":"Tackles","text":"Leo Nomellini, Minnesota (College and Pro Football Hall of Fame) (AAB; UP-1; COL-1; FWAA-3; SN; NEAO [guard]; WC-1)\nAlvin Wistert, Michigan (College Football Hall of Fame) (AAB; AP-3; UP-1; SN; INSD; WC-1)\nWade Walker, Oklahoma (AP-1; UP-2; FWAA-1; NEAO; COL-1)\nJames Martin (College Football Hall of Fame), Notre Dame (AP-1; UP-2; FWAA-2; INSD; NEAD)\nRobert Wahl, Michigan (FWAA-1; NEAO)\nBob Gain, Kentucky (College Football Hall of Fame)(AP-2; FWAA-2; NEAO [guard]; NYS; PLAY)\nHollie Donan, Princeton (College Football Hall of Fame) (FWAA-3; PLAY)\nJim Turner, California (INSO)\nThurman \"Fum\" McGraw, Colorado A&M (College Football of Fame) (INSO)\nJohn Sandusky, Villanova (NYS)\nRay Krouse, Maryland (AP-2)\nLou Allen, Duke (AP-3)","title":"All-American selections for 1949"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rod Franz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod_Franz"},{"link_name":"Ed Bagdon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Bagdon"},{"link_name":"Bernie Barkouskie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Barkouskie"},{"link_name":"Stan West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan_West"},{"link_name":"John Schweder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Schweder"},{"link_name":"Bud McFadin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bud_McFadin"},{"link_name":"Jack Lininger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Lininger"}],"sub_title":"Guards","text":"Rod Franz, California (College Football Hall of Fame) (AAB; AP-1; UP-1; COL-1; FWAA-1; SN; INSO; WC-1; NYS)\nEd Bagdon, Michigan State (UP-1; FWAA-1; SN; NEAD [tackle]; WC-1)\nBernie Barkouskie, Pittsburgh(AP-3; COL-1; INSD; NEAD)\nStan West, Oklahoma (AAB; AP-2; UP-2; FWAA-2; NEAD; NYS; PLAY)\nVern Sterling, Santa Clara (AP-3 [center]; FWAA-3; PLAY)\nJohn Schweder, Penn (AP-1; FWAA-2; INSO)\nBud McFadin, Texas (College Football Hall of Fame) (INSD)\nDon Mason, Michigan State (AP-2; FWAA-3)\nGeorge Toneff, Ohio State (UP-2)\nJack Lininger, Ohio State (AP-3)","title":"All-American selections for 1949"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clayton Tonnemaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayton_Tonnemaker"},{"link_name":"Joe Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Watson_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"Jim Castagnoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jim_Castagnoli&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Centers","text":"Clayton Tonnemaker, Minnesota (College Football Hall of Fame) (AAB; AP-1; UP-1; COL-1; FWAA-1; SN; NEAD; NYS; WC-1; PLAY)\nJoe Watson, Rice (UP-2; FWAA-2; INSO; NEAO)\nTom Novak, Nebraska (INSD)\nJim Castagnoli, Stanford (AP-2)\nBob Fuchs, Missouri (FWAA-3)","title":"All-American selections for 1949"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Emil Sitko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Sitko"},{"link_name":"Doak Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doak_Walker"},{"link_name":"Arnold Galiffa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Galiffa"},{"link_name":"Bob Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Williams_(quarterback)"},{"link_name":"Charlie Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Justice_(halfback)"},{"link_name":"Eddie LeBaron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_LeBaron"},{"link_name":"Eddie Price","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Price"},{"link_name":"Lynn Chandnois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynn_Chandnois"},{"link_name":"George Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Thomas_(halfback)"},{"link_name":"John Papit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Papit"},{"link_name":"Darrell Royal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darrell_Royal"},{"link_name":"Randall Clay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy_Clay"},{"link_name":"Chuck Ortmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Ortmann"},{"link_name":"Bob Celeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Celeri"},{"link_name":"Dick Kempthorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Kempthorn"},{"link_name":"Johnny Karras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Karras"}],"sub_title":"Backs","text":"Emil Sitko, Notre Dame (College Football Hall of Fame) (AAB; AP-1; UP-1; COL-1; FWAA-1; SN; INSO; NEAO; NYS; WC-1; PLAY)\nDoak Walker, Southern Methodist (SMU) (College and Pro Football Hall of Fame) (AAB; AP-1; UP-1; FWAA-1; SN; INSD; NEAO; PLAY)\nArnold Galiffa, Army (AP-1; UP-1; COL-1; FWAA-1; SN; INSO; NYS; WC-1; PLAY)\nBob Williams, Notre Dame (College Football Hall of Fame) (AAB; AP-2; UP-1; FWAA-1; SN; WC-1)\nCharlie Justice, North Carolina (AAB; AP-1; UP-2; COL-1; FWAA-3; INSO; PLAY)\nEddie LeBaron, College of Pacific (UP-2; INSD; NEAO)\nEddie Price, Tulane (College Football Hall of Fame) (AP-3; FWAA-2; INSO)\nLynn Chandnois, Michigan State (UP-2; FWAA-2; INSD; COL-1)\nGeorge Thomas, Oklahoma (FWAA-3; NEAD; NYS)\nGeorge Sella, Princeton (NEAD; NYS)\nJohn Papit, Virginia (AP-3; NEAO)\nDarrell Royal, Oklahoma (INSD)\nForrest Klein, California (NEAD)\nRandall Clay, Texas (NEAD)\nChuck Ortmann, Michigan (AP-2; UP-2; FWAA-3)\nBob Celeri, California (AP-2; FWAA-2)\nHillary Chollet, Cornell (AP-2)\nDick Kempthorn, Michigan (FWAA-2)\nBob Zastrow, Navy (AP-3)\nJohnny Karras, Illinois (AP-3)\nJim Cain, Army (FWAA-3)","title":"All-American selections for 1949"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CAA-1"}],"text":"Bold – Consensus All-American[1]\n-1 – First-team selection\n-2 – Second-team selection\n-3 – Third-team selection","title":"Key"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Associated Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Collier's Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collier%27s_Weekly"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Look","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Look_(American_magazine)"},{"link_name":"Grantland Rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grantland_Rice"},{"link_name":"Football Writers Association of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_Writers_Association_of_America"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Harry Grayson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Grayson"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Sporting News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporting_News"},{"link_name":"United Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Press"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Official selectors","text":"AP = Associated Press, chosen after recommendations from 250 sports editors, AP staff writers, college coaches, and radio broadcasters[2]\nCOL = Collier's Weekly, selected by the American Football Coaches Association[3][4][5]\nFWAA = Look magazine, selected by Grantland Rice and the Football Writers Association of America[6][7][8]\nINSO/INSD = International News Service offensive and defensive selections[9]\nNEAO/NEAD = Newspaper Editors Association offensive and defensive All-American teams, selected by NEA sports editor Harry Grayson[10]\nSN = Sporting News\nUP = United Press, selected for The United Press by 313 football writers and football broadcasters from all sections of the country[11][12]","title":"Key"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Central Press Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Press_Association"},{"link_name":"Walter Camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Camp"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Chicago Tribune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Other selectors","text":"CP = Central Press Association\nWC = Walter Camp Football Foundation[13]\nNYS = New York Sun[14]\nPLAY = All-Players All-America team, selected by the Chicago Tribune with the cooperation of 112 major colleges, based on the votes of 2,193 college football players. Players were only permitted to vote for players who they played against.[15][16]","title":"Key"}]
[]
[{"title":"1949 All-Big Seven Conference football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1949_All-Big_Seven_Conference_football_team"},{"title":"1949 All-Big Ten Conference football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1949_All-Big_Ten_Conference_football_team"},{"title":"1949 All-Pacific Coast Conference football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1949_All-Pacific_Coast_Conference_football_team"},{"title":"1949 All-SEC football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1949_All-SEC_football_team"},{"title":"1949 All-Southwest Conference football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1949_All-Southwest_Conference_football_team"}]
[{"reference":"\"Football Award Winners\" (PDF). National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). 2016. p. 8. Retrieved October 21, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://fs.ncaa.org/Docs/stats/football_records/2016/awards.pdf","url_text":"\"Football Award Winners\""}]},{"reference":"\"Irish Lead In A.P. All-Star Honors\". The Southeast Missourian (AP story). December 1, 1949.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=mRMpAAAAIBAJ&sjid=3dYEAAAAIBAJ&pg=2241,4784958&dq=tonnemaker+galiffa&hl=en","url_text":"\"Irish Lead In A.P. All-Star Honors\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pitt's Barkouskie Picked On Collier's All-America\". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. December 2, 1949.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=100NAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Q2oDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4084,4386318&dq=collier&hl=en","url_text":"\"Pitt's Barkouskie Picked On Collier's All-America\""}]},{"reference":"\"Doak Walker Eliminates Self From Collier's All-America\". The News and Courier. December 2, 1949.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=PDZJAAAAIBAJ&sjid=rAgNAAAAIBAJ&pg=6153,424280&dq=collier&hl=en","url_text":"\"Doak Walker Eliminates Self From Collier's All-America\""}]},{"reference":"\"Barkouskie Named All-American\". The Pittsburgh Press. December 2, 1949.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=gmMbAAAAIBAJ&sjid=SU0EAAAAIBAJ&pg=4697,863531&dq=all-american&hl=en","url_text":"\"Barkouskie Named All-American\""}]},{"reference":"\"FWAA All America\" (PDF). Football Writers Association of America. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2019. Retrieved October 11, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190304073432/http://www.sportswriters.net/fwaa/awards/allamerica/alltime.pdf","url_text":"\"FWAA All America\""},{"url":"http://www.sportswriters.net/fwaa/awards/allamerica/alltime.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Midwesterners Dominate This All-America\". The Owosso Press-Argus. December 5, 1949.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Irish Place 3 On Look Star Team\". Herald-Journal. Associated Press. December 6, 1949.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=31ssAAAAIBAJ&sjid=MssEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3082,4000371&dq=tonnemaker+galiffa&hl=en","url_text":"\"Irish Place 3 On Look Star Team\""}]},{"reference":"\"Three Notre Dame Gridders on INS All-America\". The Milwaukee Sentinel. November 27, 1949.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=E80wAAAAIBAJ&sjid=0Q0EAAAAIBAJ&pg=3029,4105333&dq=international-news-service+sitko&hl=en","url_text":"\"Three Notre Dame Gridders on INS All-America\""}]},{"reference":"Jeff Moshier (November 26, 1949). \"Grayson Is First With All-America Offense, Defense\". The Evening Independent.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=9v9PAAAAIBAJ&sjid=hlUDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5398,3020689&dq=tonnemaker+nea&hl=en","url_text":"\"Grayson Is First With All-America Offense, Defense\""}]},{"reference":"\"Midwest Teams Again Dominate U.P. All-America\". St. Petersburg Times (UP story). November 24, 1949.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=E1pIAAAAIBAJ&sjid=KE4DAAAAIBAJ&pg=5954,527176&dq=tonnemaker+galiffa&hl=en","url_text":"\"Midwest Teams Again Dominate U.P. All-America\""}]},{"reference":"\"ALL-AMERICA TEAM NAMED; Notre Dame Gains Three Berths on United Press Eleven\". The New York Times. 1949.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1949/11/24/archives/allamerica-team-named-notre-dame-gains-three-berths-on-united-press.html?sq=all-america&scp=5&st=p","url_text":"\"ALL-AMERICA TEAM NAMED; Notre Dame Gains Three Berths on United Press Eleven\""}]},{"reference":"\"Walter Camp Football Foundation\". Archived from the original on March 30, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090330065940/http://waltercamp.org/index.php/teams_and_awards","url_text":"\"Walter Camp Football Foundation\""},{"url":"http://waltercamp.org/index.php/teams_and_awards//","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Hart and Sitko Named on Sun's All-American\". The Milwaukee Journal. November 26, 1949.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=dTQdAAAAIBAJ&sjid=tSMEAAAAIBAJ&pg=1486,2812098&dq=new-york-sun&hl=en","url_text":"\"Hart and Sitko Named on Sun's All-American\""}]},{"reference":"Arch Ward (December 4, 1949). \"College Players Name 1949 All-America Teams\". Chicago Tribune.","urls":[{"url":"https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/494709422.html?dids=494709422:494709422&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Dec+04%2C+1949&author=&pub=Chicago+Tribune&desc=College+Players+Name+1949+All-America+Teams&pqatl=google","url_text":"\"College Players Name 1949 All-America Teams\""}]},{"reference":"\"Irish Top Players All-America Vote\". The Sun. Baltimore, Md. December 4, 1949.","urls":[{"url":"https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/baltsun/access/1680072792.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Dec+04%2C+1949&author=&pub=The+Sun+(1837-1985)&desc=Irish+Top+Players+All-America+Vote&pqatl=google","url_text":"\"Irish Top Players All-America Vote\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://fs.ncaa.org/Docs/stats/football_records/2016/awards.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Football Award Winners\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=mRMpAAAAIBAJ&sjid=3dYEAAAAIBAJ&pg=2241,4784958&dq=tonnemaker+galiffa&hl=en","external_links_name":"\"Irish Lead In A.P. All-Star Honors\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=100NAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Q2oDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4084,4386318&dq=collier&hl=en","external_links_name":"\"Pitt's Barkouskie Picked On Collier's All-America\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=PDZJAAAAIBAJ&sjid=rAgNAAAAIBAJ&pg=6153,424280&dq=collier&hl=en","external_links_name":"\"Doak Walker Eliminates Self From Collier's All-America\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=gmMbAAAAIBAJ&sjid=SU0EAAAAIBAJ&pg=4697,863531&dq=all-american&hl=en","external_links_name":"\"Barkouskie Named All-American\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190304073432/http://www.sportswriters.net/fwaa/awards/allamerica/alltime.pdf","external_links_name":"\"FWAA All America\""},{"Link":"http://www.sportswriters.net/fwaa/awards/allamerica/alltime.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=31ssAAAAIBAJ&sjid=MssEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3082,4000371&dq=tonnemaker+galiffa&hl=en","external_links_name":"\"Irish Place 3 On Look Star Team\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=E80wAAAAIBAJ&sjid=0Q0EAAAAIBAJ&pg=3029,4105333&dq=international-news-service+sitko&hl=en","external_links_name":"\"Three Notre Dame Gridders on INS All-America\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=9v9PAAAAIBAJ&sjid=hlUDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5398,3020689&dq=tonnemaker+nea&hl=en","external_links_name":"\"Grayson Is First With All-America Offense, Defense\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=E1pIAAAAIBAJ&sjid=KE4DAAAAIBAJ&pg=5954,527176&dq=tonnemaker+galiffa&hl=en","external_links_name":"\"Midwest Teams Again Dominate U.P. All-America\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1949/11/24/archives/allamerica-team-named-notre-dame-gains-three-berths-on-united-press.html?sq=all-america&scp=5&st=p","external_links_name":"\"ALL-AMERICA TEAM NAMED; Notre Dame Gains Three Berths on United Press Eleven\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090330065940/http://waltercamp.org/index.php/teams_and_awards","external_links_name":"\"Walter Camp Football Foundation\""},{"Link":"http://waltercamp.org/index.php/teams_and_awards//","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=dTQdAAAAIBAJ&sjid=tSMEAAAAIBAJ&pg=1486,2812098&dq=new-york-sun&hl=en","external_links_name":"\"Hart and Sitko Named on Sun's All-American\""},{"Link":"https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/494709422.html?dids=494709422:494709422&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Dec+04%2C+1949&author=&pub=Chicago+Tribune&desc=College+Players+Name+1949+All-America+Teams&pqatl=google","external_links_name":"\"College Players Name 1949 All-America Teams\""},{"Link":"https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/baltsun/access/1680072792.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Dec+04%2C+1949&author=&pub=The+Sun+(1837-1985)&desc=Irish+Top+Players+All-America+Vote&pqatl=google","external_links_name":"\"Irish Top Players All-America Vote\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immacolata_(disambiguation)
Immacolata (disambiguation)
["1 People with the given name","2 See also"]
Immacolata is the Catholic doctrine of the Immaculate Conception. Immacolata may also refer to: Immacolata (character), a character in Clive Barker's novel Weaveworld Church of Immacolata e San Vincenzo Immacolata School, a Catholic school in Richmond Heights, Missouri People with the given name Immacolata Battaglia (born 1960), Italian politician Immacolata Sirressi (born 1990), Italian volleyball player See also Immaculata (disambiguation) Immaculate Conception (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Immacolata.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Immacolata (character)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immacolata_(character)"},{"link_name":"Church of Immacolata e San Vincenzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Immacolata_e_San_Vincenzo"},{"link_name":"Immacolata School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immacolata_School"}],"text":"Immacolata may also refer to:Immacolata (character), a character in Clive Barker's novel Weaveworld\nChurch of Immacolata e San Vincenzo\nImmacolata School, a Catholic school in Richmond Heights, Missouri","title":"Immacolata (disambiguation)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Immacolata Battaglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immacolata_Battaglia"},{"link_name":"Immacolata Sirressi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immacolata_Sirressi"}],"text":"Immacolata Battaglia (born 1960), Italian politician\nImmacolata Sirressi (born 1990), Italian volleyball player","title":"People with the given name"}]
[]
[{"title":"Immaculata (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immaculata_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"Immaculate Conception (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immaculate_Conception_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"title":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"title":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Immacolata_(disambiguation)&namespace=0"}]
[]
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Immacolata_(disambiguation)&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuelta_a_Burgos
Vuelta a Burgos
["1 Winners men's race","2 Winners women's race","3 References","4 External links"]
Spanish professional cycling race For the women's race, see Vuelta a Burgos Feminas. Vuelta a BurgosRace detailsDateMid-AugustRegionBurgos, SpainEnglish nameTour of BurgosLocal name(s)Vuelta a Burgos (in Spanish)DisciplineRoadCompetitionUCI ProSeriesTypeStage-raceWeb sitewww.vueltaburgos.com HistoryFirst edition1946 (1946)Editions45 (as of 2023)First winner Bernardo Capó (ESP)Most wins Marino Lejarreta (ESP) (4 wins)Most recent Primož Roglič (SLO) Vuelta Ciclista a Burgos is an elite professional road bicycle racing event held annually in the Burgos province of Spain. The men's Vuelta a Burgos has been a multi-day stage race as part of the UCI Europe Tour since 2005. In 2019, a multi-day women's stage race, the Vuelta a Burgos Feminas, was added that runs in mid-May. The men's race became part of the new UCI ProSeries in 2020. Vuelta a Burgos 2006: Peloton in Miranda Winners men's race Year Distance (km) General Mountains Points 1946 - Bernardo Capó Bernardo Capó - 1947 - Bernardo Ruiz Miguel Gual - 1981 - Faustino Rupérez Pedro Muñoz Eulalio García 1982 - José Luis Laguía Felipe Yáñez Isidro Juárez 1983 - Ángel de las Heras José Luis Laguía Celestino Prieto 1984 - Federico Echave Juan Fernández Federico Echave 1985 - José Recio Jesús Rodríguez Magro Manuel Jorge Domínguez 1986 - Marino Lejarreta Mariano Sánchez Martinez Alfonso Gutiérrez 1987 - Marino Lejarreta Jesús Rodríguez Magro Marino Lejarreta 1988 - Marino Lejarreta Ángel Ocaña Marino Lejarreta 1989 - Francisco Antequera Pedro Muñoz Eric Vanderaerden 1990 - Marino Lejarreta Charly Mottet Miguel Induráin 1991 - Pedro Delgado Pedro Delgado Stephan Joho 1992 - Alex Zülle Raúl Alcalá Laurent Jalabert 1993 - Laudelino Cubino Francisque Teyssier Erik Zabel 1994 - Armand de las Cuevas Robert Millar Samuele Schiavina 1995 - Laurent Dufaux François Simon Laurent Dufaux 1996 - Tony Rominger José María Jiménez Nicola Minali 1997 - Laurent Jalabert Jon Odriozola Abraham Olano 1998 691 Abraham Olano José María Jiménez Andrei Tchmil 1999 686 Abraham Olano Stefano Casagranda Abraham Olano 2000 515 Leonardo Piepoli Óscar Sevilla Pascal Hervé 2001 782 Juan Miguel Mercado José Luis Rubiera Óscar Freire 2002 682 Francisco Mancebo Alessandro Bertolini Salvatore Commesso 2003 670.4 Pablo Lastras Dave Bruylandts Dave Bruylandts 2004 633 Alejandro Valverde Alejandro Valverde Alejandro Valverde 2005 665.5 Juan Carlos Domínguez Luis Pérez Igor Astarloa 2006 671.8 Iban Mayo Sergio Ghisalberti Carlos Torrent Tarres 2007 632 Mauricio Soler Vasil Kiryienka Alejandro Valverde 2008 802 Xabier Zandio Juan José Cobo Yauheni Hutarovich 2009 641 Alejandro Valverde Serafín Martínez Alejandro Valverde 2010 657 Samuel Sánchez José Vicente Toribio Samuel Sánchez 2011 646.6 Joaquim Rodríguez Mikel Landa Joaquim Rodríguez 2012 775 Daniel Moreno Sergio Pardilla Daniel Moreno 2013 803 Nairo Quintana Amets Txurruka Anthony Roux 2014 619.4 Nairo Quintana Nairo Quintana Daniel Moreno 2015 658 Rein Taaramäe Fabio Duarte Daniel Moreno 2016 674.72 Alberto Contador Omar Fraile Danny van Poppel 2017 771 Mikel Landa Mikel Landa Mikel Landa 2018 775 Iván Sosa Iván Sosa Miguel Ángel López 2019 787 Iván Sosa Iván Sosa Alex Aranburu 2020 797 Remco Evenepoel Gotzon Martín Mikel Landa 2021 804 Mikel Landa Romain Bardet Juan Sebastián Molano 2022 810 Pavel Sivakov Miguel Ángel López Ruben Guerreiro 2023 674.2 Primož Roglič Adam Yates Primož Roglič Winners women's race Further information: Vuelta a Burgos Feminas References ^ "Vuelta a Burgos". FirstCycling.com. 2023. ^ "Vuelta a Burgos Feminas(2.WWT)". ProcyclingStats. 6 October 2023. ^ "Vuelta a Burgos (Esp) - Cat.2.ProS". Memoire-du-cyclisme.eu (in French). "Vuelta Ciclista a Burgos" (in Spanish). Retrieved 15 July 2011. External links Official website (in Spanish) vte Vuelta a Burgos 1946 1947 1948–80 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Belong_to_Me_(1941_film)
You Belong to Me (1941 film)
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Reception","4 References","5 External links"]
1941 film by Wesley Ruggles You Belong to MeTheatrical release posterDirected byWesley RugglesScreenplay byClaude BinyonStory byDalton TrumboProduced byWesley RugglesStarring Barbara Stanwyck Henry Fonda Edgar Buchanan CinematographyJoseph WalkerEdited byViola LawrenceMusic byFriedrich HollaenderProductioncompanyColumbia PicturesDistributed byColumbia PicturesRelease date October 22, 1941 (1941-10-22) (US) Running time95 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish You Belong to Me is a 1941 American romantic comedy film produced and directed by Wesley Ruggles and starring Barbara Stanwyck, Henry Fonda and Edgar Buchanan. Based on a story by Dalton Trumbo, and written by Claude Binyon, the film is about a wealthy man who meets and falls in love with a beautiful doctor while on a ski trip. After a courtship complicated by his hypochondria, she agrees to marry him on the condition that she continue to practice medicine. His jealousy at the thought of her seeing male patients, however, soon threatens their marriage. The film was released in the United Kingdom as Good Morning, Doctor, and was remade as Emergency Wedding in 1950. A print is held by the Library of Congress. Plot Doctor Helen Hunt meets millionaire playboy, Peter Kirk in an unusual way—he crashes practically at her feet at a ski resort. He insists only she can treat his minor injuries and he soon proposes marriage, which she accepts. On their wedding night, Helen is called away by a medical emergency. When she returns, Peter has fallen asleep. Peter becomes jealous and gets into confrontations with two of her patients, Robert Andrews, and Frederick Vandemer. He is chagrined to learn that Vandemer had also staged a skiing accident to get to know Helen and Vandemer asked her to marry him. Helen recruits Billings, Peter's groundskeeper, to try unsuccessfully to interest the idle Peter in gardening. After another very embarrassing altercation with Frederick, Peter gets a job as a tie salesman under the alias "John Jenkins" to try to please his wife. Peter finds he likes working and becomes ambitious. Helen is delighted and decides to retire and become a housewife. However, some of Kirk's co-workers at the department store recognize him and resent him taking a job away from somebody who actually needs it. The incident results in his firing. Billings gives Peter an idea to create jobs with his money. Peter decides to buy a nearly-bankrupt hospital, which will require most of his income to keep running, and makes Helen the chief of staff. Cast Barbara Stanwyck as Helen Kirk Henry Fonda as Peter Kirk Edgar Buchanan as Billings Roger Clark as Frederick Vandemer Ruth Donnelly as Emma Melville Cooper as Moody Ralph Peters as Joseph Maude Eburne as Ella Renie Riano as Minnie Ellen Lowe as Eva Mary Treen as Doris Gordon Jones as Robert Andrews Fritz Feld as Hotel Clerk Paul Harvey as Barrows Georgia Backus as Attendant (uncredited) Sidney Bracey as Frederick Vandemer's Butler (uncredited) Lloyd Bridges as Ski Patrol (uncredited) Stanley Brown as Ski Patrol (uncredited) Georgia Caine as Necktie Customer (uncredited) Jeff Corey as Mr. Greener (uncredited) Lester Dorr as Photographer (uncredited) Howard C. Hickman as Mr. Deker (uncredited) Sam McDaniel as Pierre (uncredited) George Lessey as Marshall (uncredited) Arthur Loft as Reporter (uncredited) Reception The film opened on October 22, 1941, to positive reviews. Bosley Crowther commented that "These tensile marital comedies, strung out on a very thin line, have a way of snapping in the middle unless written and acted to the hilt. This one is fortunate in having a smart script as foundation - bright and easy dialogue and cute situations. It is directed by Wesley Ruggles in a brisk and amiable style, and it is well supported by a cast including Fritz Feld, Edgar Buchanan and Melville Cooper. But the best thing about it is its principals, Mr. Fonda and Miss Stanwyck. He, with his loose-jointed blunderings and charming diffidence, and she with her forthright manner and ability to make a man forget are a right team for this sort of dalliance. You Belong To Me is a bit of well-turned fun." Variety also praised the performances of Fonda and Stanwyck, which "merit fulsome praise. Their strokes are keen and deft regardless of whether they're playing farce, romance, or the film's more serious moments. Fonda, cast as a rich playboy who suffers a skiing fall and recovers with a medical wife, proves again that he is endowed with a high flair for comedy." References ^ Catalog of Holdings The American Film Institute Collection and The United Artists Collection at The Library of Congress, (<-book title) p.213 c.1978 by The American Film Institute ^ You Belong To Me Review, The New York Times, November 1941 ^ Variety; Review: You Belong To Me 1941 External links You Belong to Me at IMDb You Belong to Me at the TCM Movie Database vteFilms directed by Wesley Ruggles Outcast (1917) The Winchester Woman (1919) The Leopard Woman (1920) The Desperate Hero (1920) Love (1920) Sooner or Later (1920) Uncharted Seas (1921) Over the Wire (1921) The Greater Claim (1921) Wild Honey (1922) Mr. Billings Spends His Dime (1923) The Remittance Woman (1923) The Heart Raider (1923) The Age of Innocence (1924) The Plastic Age (1925) Broadway Lady (1925) A Man of Quality (1926) Beware of Widows (1927) Silk Stockings (1927) Finders Keepers (1928) The Fourflusher (1928) Scandal (1929) Street Girl (1929) Condemned (1929) Honey (1930) Cimarron (1931) Are These Our Children (1931) Roar of the Dragon (1932) No Man of Her Own (1932) The Monkey's Paw (1933) College Humor (1933) I'm No Angel (1933) Bolero (1934) Shoot the Works (1934) The Gilded Lily (1935) The Bride Comes Home (1935) Accent on Youth (1935) Valiant Is the Word for Carrie (1936) I Met Him in Paris (1937) True Confession (1937) Sing You Sinners (1938) Invitation to Happiness (1939) Too Many Husbands (1940) Arizona (1940) You Belong to Me (1941) Somewhere I'll Find You (1942) Slightly Dangerous (1943) London Town (1946)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"romantic comedy film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_comedy_film"},{"link_name":"Wesley Ruggles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wesley_Ruggles"},{"link_name":"Barbara Stanwyck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Stanwyck"},{"link_name":"Henry Fonda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Fonda"},{"link_name":"Dalton Trumbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalton_Trumbo"},{"link_name":"Claude Binyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Binyon"},{"link_name":"Emergency Wedding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_Wedding"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"You Belong to Me is a 1941 American romantic comedy film produced and directed by Wesley Ruggles and starring Barbara Stanwyck, Henry Fonda and Edgar Buchanan. Based on a story by Dalton Trumbo, and written by Claude Binyon, the film is about a wealthy man who meets and falls in love with a beautiful doctor while on a ski trip. After a courtship complicated by his hypochondria, she agrees to marry him on the condition that she continue to practice medicine. His jealousy at the thought of her seeing male patients, however, soon threatens their marriage. The film was released in the United Kingdom as Good Morning, Doctor, and was remade as Emergency Wedding in 1950.A print is held by the Library of Congress.[1]","title":"You Belong to Me (1941 film)"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Doctor Helen Hunt meets millionaire playboy, Peter Kirk in an unusual way—he crashes practically at her feet at a ski resort. He insists only she can treat his minor injuries and he soon proposes marriage, which she accepts. On their wedding night, Helen is called away by a medical emergency. When she returns, Peter has fallen asleep. Peter becomes jealous and gets into confrontations with two of her patients, Robert Andrews, and Frederick Vandemer. He is chagrined to learn that Vandemer had also staged a skiing accident to get to know Helen and Vandemer asked her to marry him.Helen recruits Billings, Peter's groundskeeper, to try unsuccessfully to interest the idle Peter in gardening. After another very embarrassing altercation with Frederick, Peter gets a job as a tie salesman under the alias \"John Jenkins\" to try to please his wife. Peter finds he likes working and becomes ambitious. Helen is delighted and decides to retire and become a housewife. However, some of Kirk's co-workers at the department store recognize him and resent him taking a job away from somebody who actually needs it. The incident results in his firing. Billings gives Peter an idea to create jobs with his money. Peter decides to buy a nearly-bankrupt hospital, which will require most of his income to keep running, and makes Helen the chief of staff.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Barbara Stanwyck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Stanwyck"},{"link_name":"Henry Fonda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Fonda"},{"link_name":"Edgar Buchanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Buchanan"},{"link_name":"Roger Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Clark_(actor,_born_1908)"},{"link_name":"Ruth Donnelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Donnelly"},{"link_name":"Melville Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melville_Cooper"},{"link_name":"Maude Eburne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maude_Eburne"},{"link_name":"Renie Riano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renie_Riano"},{"link_name":"Mary Treen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Treen"},{"link_name":"Gordon Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Jones_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Fritz Feld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Feld"},{"link_name":"Paul Harvey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Harvey_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Georgia Backus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_Backus"},{"link_name":"Sidney Bracey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Bracey"},{"link_name":"Lloyd Bridges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd_Bridges"},{"link_name":"Georgia Caine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_Caine"},{"link_name":"Jeff Corey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Corey"},{"link_name":"Howard C. Hickman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_C._Hickman"},{"link_name":"Sam McDaniel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_McDaniel"},{"link_name":"George Lessey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Lessey"},{"link_name":"Arthur Loft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Loft"}],"text":"Barbara Stanwyck as Helen Kirk\nHenry Fonda as Peter Kirk\nEdgar Buchanan as Billings\nRoger Clark as Frederick Vandemer\nRuth Donnelly as Emma\nMelville Cooper as Moody\nRalph Peters as Joseph\nMaude Eburne as Ella\nRenie Riano as Minnie\nEllen Lowe as Eva\nMary Treen as Doris\nGordon Jones as Robert Andrews\nFritz Feld as Hotel Clerk\nPaul Harvey as Barrows\nGeorgia Backus as Attendant (uncredited)\nSidney Bracey as Frederick Vandemer's Butler (uncredited)\nLloyd Bridges as Ski Patrol (uncredited)\nStanley Brown as Ski Patrol (uncredited)\nGeorgia Caine as Necktie Customer (uncredited)\nJeff Corey as Mr. Greener (uncredited)\nLester Dorr as Photographer (uncredited)\nHoward C. Hickman as Mr. Deker (uncredited)\nSam McDaniel as Pierre (uncredited)\nGeorge Lessey as Marshall (uncredited)\nArthur Loft as Reporter (uncredited)","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bosley Crowther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosley_Crowther"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The film opened on October 22, 1941, to positive reviews.Bosley Crowther commented that \"These tensile marital comedies, strung out on a very thin line, have a way of snapping in the middle unless written and acted to the hilt. This one is fortunate in having a smart script as foundation - bright and easy dialogue and cute situations. It is directed by Wesley Ruggles in a brisk and amiable style, and it is well supported by a cast including Fritz Feld, Edgar Buchanan and Melville Cooper. But the best thing about it is its principals, Mr. Fonda and Miss Stanwyck. He, with his loose-jointed blunderings and charming diffidence, and she with her forthright manner and ability to make a man forget are a right team for this sort of dalliance. You Belong To Me is a bit of well-turned fun.\"[2]Variety also praised the performances of Fonda and Stanwyck, which \"merit fulsome praise. Their strokes are keen and deft regardless of whether they're playing farce, romance, or the film's more serious moments. Fonda, cast as a rich playboy who suffers a skiing fall and recovers with a medical wife, proves again that he is endowed with a high flair for comedy.\"[3]","title":"Reception"}]
[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espgaluda_II
Espgaluda II
["1 Gameplay","2 Plot","2.1 Characters","3 Release","4 Reception","5 References","6 External links"]
This article's lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. (September 2013) 2005 video gameEspgaluda IIDeveloper(s)CavePublisher(s)JP: AMI (arcade)WW: CaveLive Wire (Switch)Designer(s)Masaki HirookaHideki NomuraToshiyuki KuroiwaComposer(s)Manabu NamikiMitsuhiro KanedaRyu UmemotoSeriesEspgaludaPlatform(s)Arcade, i-mode, Xbox 360, iOS Devices, Android, Nintendo SwitchReleaseArcadeJP: November 25, 2005Mobile Phone i-modeJP: 2006Xbox 360JP: February 25, 2010JP: April 28, 2011 (Platinum Collection)JP: March 6, 2012 (Games On Demand)AndroidWW: April 10, 2010iOS DevicesWW: April 10, 2010Nintendo SwitchWW: September 9, 2021Genre(s)Bullet hellMode(s)Single player, two-player co-opArcade systemCAVE CV1000-B Espgaluda II (エスプガルーダII) is a bullet hell shoot'em up originally released by Cave in the arcades in 2005 as a sequel to Espgaluda. An Xbox 360 release, titled Espgaluda II Black Label, was released in 2010 in Japan. It was released in September 2021 for the Switch worldwide. Gameplay Arcade version screenshot. Instead of having to repeatedly tap the shot button for rapid fire, the feature is on by default. In most of Cave's other manic shooter games, rapid fire is usually an option that must be enabled through the game's BIOS by an arcade operator. The game still utilizes the Kakusei, or Awakening, mode from the first game, where enemies and bullets are slowed down at the cost of collectible green gems, or Seireiseki. In this mode, any enemies that are defeated have their remaining bullets on screen transformed into gold ingots that can be collected to boost the player's score. Espgaluda II also adds the ability for enemies to release yet another set of shots when they are defeated. These bullets are destroyed when destroying another enemy, which in turn creates another wave of bullets. During that attack phase, the score multiplier for destroyed bullets can be raised up to 500. Another returning feature from the first game is the Guard Barrier, which absorbs enemy attacks at the expense of a Guard Barrier Gauge. When the player is hit by an enemy bullet, the Guard Barrier is automatically activated; the Guard Barrier is always used until its gauge is depleted. Players can gain extra lives after earning 15 million and 35 million points, or by obtaining the life extend item in stage 3. The Xbox 360 version features online leaderboards, redrawn HD graphics, the ability to save replays, and has the following modes: Arcade Mode, Xbox 360 Mode (identical to arcade but with HD graphics), Novice Mode, Black Label Novice Mode (Seseri is playable), Black Label (Seseri is playable), Arrange Mode, Omake Mode (unlocked after beating any mode on any settings). The iOS/Android versions feature controls unique to the iPhone/iPod touch, allowing players to unleash an Awakening Pulse against the enemy by touching parts of the screen. Using this attack in conjunction with the high risk, high return scoring system allows the player to maximize his or her high score. The game also features the classic Arcade mode, three difficulty settings and three control settings. Plot The game takes place in a fictional land called Soma, three years after a massive war known as the Great Shinra War devastated the land and killed most of its plant life. Humanity is forced to pull their efforts together for the sake of survival and reforestation. Using new found technology, an alchemist named Hiodoshi spearheaded a project called Project Espgaluda, which gathered youths and used them as experimental test subjects for artificial armored wings. They were then called Galuda, named after the mythical bird of legend. Ageha and Tateha were two of the subjects who escaped during the project. At the end of Espgaluda, they were reunited with their mother and lived peacefully after going into hiding. Espgaluda II begins when they are discovered. Characters Protagonists: Asagi: A 12-year-old girl who was the third Galuda to be produced from the project. She has the weakest normal shot out of the three main characters. Fires vertical shots in shot mode. In rapier mode, enemy marked by search spirit is automatically targeted. She is voiced by Ikumi Fujiwara, while her male counterpart is voiced by Yuki Fuji. Ageha: Tateha's older brother. He is a 21-year-old man who was also the protagonist from the first game. In game, his normal shot is a strong concentrated forward shot. In shot mode, moving joystick horizontally causes the shots to move diagonally. He is voiced by Shuya Kishimoto, and his female counterpart is voiced by Aiko Igarashi. Tateha: A 19-year-old girl also appearing from the first game. She is Ageha's younger sister. She wields a wide-angled forward shot. Fires in wide angle formation in shot mode, forward formation in rapier mode, which also shoots through enemies. She is voiced by Emi Kawauchi, and her male counterpart is voiced by Kyo Sakai. Antagonists: Tsubame: Soma's 10-year-old prince. He is the son of Soma's ruler and is the boss of Stage 1. Madara: The 27-year-old commissioned officer of the Soma Army's Mechanized Unit. He is the mid-boss of Stage 2 and the boss of Stage 4. Janome: The 11-year-old princess of Soma. She is the boss of Stage 3. Seseri: A survivor of the Great Shinra War, Soma saved her homeland from the brink of destruction. She is 15 years old. Seseri is the boss of Stage 5. Kujaku: Kujaku is the second boss of Stage 6, formed from a fusion of Soma's royal siblings, Tsubame and Janome. Release This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (September 2013) The game's soundtrack was released on July 26, 2006. It was composed by Manabu Namiki and Mitsuhiro Kaneda and was published by Cave. Following the region-free release of Mushihime-sama Futari, Makoto Asada of Cave announced that the standard edition of Espgaluda II Black Label will be region-free, allowing North American and European players to import the game. Platinum edition is also region free but the Limited Edition, which includes a soundtrack and Xbox 360 faceplate, will not be region-free. The first print of the standard edition also includes a soundtrack. The game is only supported on iPhone 3GS/iPod touch (Late 2009 32GB and 64GB), iPhone 4 and iPad. Espgaluda II HD version is also available for the iPad 2. Reception Famitsu magazine awarded the Xbox 360 release, Espgaluda II Black Label, a score of 30/40 based on four reviews (8/8/7/7). References ^ "Espgaluda II for Switch launches September 9". 15 August 2021. ^ "【Android】2011年10月 ついに弾幕シューティングがAndroidで登場【CAVE】". YouTube. ^ "Espgaluda II Review (Switch eShop) | Nintendo Life". 13 September 2021. ^ "Espgaluda II Original Soundtrack details". VGMdb. Retrieved 2010-04-21. ^ "'If You Want to Play EspGaluda II, Read This Post'". Kotaku. 15 February 2010. Retrieved 2010-04-21. ^ "ESPGALUDA II for iPhone/iPod touch - CAVE WORLD". CAVE WORLD. Archived from the original on 2010-09-09. Retrieved 2010-04-06. ^ "Famitsu review scores". Nintendo Everything. February 16, 2010. Retrieved April 11, 2015. External links Official websites for Arcade and Xbox 360 versions (in Japanese) Official website for Smartphone release Espgaluda II wiki (in Japanese) Game strategy website Archived 2007-01-27 at the Wayback Machine (in Japanese) vteCAVE gamesArcade games1990s DonPachi DoDonPachi Steep Slope Sliders Puzzle Uo Poko ESP Ra.De. Dangun Feveron Guwange 2000s Progear DoDonPachi DaiOuJou Ketsui: Kizuna Jigoku Tachi Espgaluda Mushihimesama Ibara Espgaluda II Pink Sweets: Ibara Sorekara Mushihimesama Futari Muchi Muchi Pork! Deathsmiles DoDonPachi Resurrection Deathsmiles II 2010s Akai Katana DoDonPachi SaiDaiOuJou Console games High Velocity Trick'N Snowboarder Yanya Caballista: City Skater Shin Megami Tensei: Imagine Princess Debut Instant Brain People Junya Inoue Manabu Namiki Ryu Umemoto
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bullet hell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullet_hell"},{"link_name":"shoot'em up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoot_%27em_up"},{"link_name":"Cave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cave_(company)"},{"link_name":"Espgaluda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espgaluda"},{"link_name":"Xbox 360","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_360"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"2005 video gameEspgaluda II (エスプガルーダII) is a bullet hell shoot'em up originally released by Cave in the arcades in 2005 as a sequel to Espgaluda. An Xbox 360 release, titled Espgaluda II Black Label, was released in 2010 in Japan. It was released in September 2021 for the Switch worldwide.[3]","title":"Espgaluda II"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ARC_Espgaluda_II.png"},{"link_name":"manic shooter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manic_shooter"},{"link_name":"BIOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BIOS"}],"text":"Arcade version screenshot.Instead of having to repeatedly tap the shot button for rapid fire, the feature is on by default. In most of Cave's other manic shooter games, rapid fire is usually an option that must be enabled through the game's BIOS by an arcade operator.The game still utilizes the Kakusei, or Awakening, mode from the first game, where enemies and bullets are slowed down at the cost of collectible green gems, or Seireiseki. In this mode, any enemies that are defeated have their remaining bullets on screen transformed into gold ingots that can be collected to boost the player's score. Espgaluda II also adds the ability for enemies to release yet another set of shots when they are defeated. These bullets are destroyed when destroying another enemy, which in turn creates another wave of bullets. During that attack phase, the score multiplier for destroyed bullets can be raised up to 500. Another returning feature from the first game is the Guard Barrier, which absorbs enemy attacks at the expense of a Guard Barrier Gauge. When the player is hit by an enemy bullet, the Guard Barrier is automatically activated; the Guard Barrier is always used until its gauge is depleted. Players can gain extra lives after earning 15 million and 35 million points, or by obtaining the life extend item in stage 3.The Xbox 360 version features online leaderboards, redrawn HD graphics, the ability to save replays, and has the following modes: Arcade Mode, Xbox 360 Mode (identical to arcade but with HD graphics), Novice Mode, Black Label Novice Mode (Seseri is playable), Black Label (Seseri is playable), Arrange Mode, Omake Mode (unlocked after beating any mode on any settings).The iOS/Android versions feature controls unique to the iPhone/iPod touch, allowing players to unleash an Awakening Pulse against the enemy by touching parts of the screen. Using this attack in conjunction with the high risk, high return scoring system allows the player to maximize his or her high score. The game also features the classic Arcade mode, three difficulty settings and three control settings.","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"alchemist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alchemy"},{"link_name":"the mythical bird of legend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garuda"}],"text":"The game takes place in a fictional land called Soma, three years after a massive war known as the Great Shinra War devastated the land and killed most of its plant life. Humanity is forced to pull their efforts together for the sake of survival and reforestation. Using new found technology, an alchemist named Hiodoshi spearheaded a project called Project Espgaluda, which gathered youths and used them as experimental test subjects for artificial armored wings. They were then called Galuda, named after the mythical bird of legend.Ageha and Tateha were two of the subjects who escaped during the project. At the end of Espgaluda, they were reunited with their mother and lived peacefully after going into hiding. Espgaluda II begins when they are discovered.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ikumi Fujiwara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikumi_Fujiwara"},{"link_name":"Yuki Fuji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuki_Fuji"}],"sub_title":"Characters","text":"Protagonists:Asagi: A 12-year-old girl who was the third Galuda to be produced from the project. She has the weakest normal shot out of the three main characters. Fires vertical shots in shot mode. In rapier mode, enemy marked by search spirit is automatically targeted. She is voiced by Ikumi Fujiwara, while her male counterpart is voiced by Yuki Fuji.\nAgeha: Tateha's older brother. He is a 21-year-old man who was also the protagonist from the first game. In game, his normal shot is a strong concentrated forward shot. In shot mode, moving joystick horizontally causes the shots to move diagonally. He is voiced by Shuya Kishimoto, and his female counterpart is voiced by Aiko Igarashi.\nTateha: A 19-year-old girl also appearing from the first game. She is Ageha's younger sister. She wields a wide-angled forward shot. Fires in wide angle formation in shot mode, forward formation in rapier mode, which also shoots through enemies. She is voiced by Emi Kawauchi, and her male counterpart is voiced by Kyo Sakai.Antagonists:Tsubame: Soma's 10-year-old prince. He is the son of Soma's ruler and is the boss of Stage 1.\nMadara: The 27-year-old commissioned officer of the Soma Army's Mechanized Unit. He is the mid-boss of Stage 2 and the boss of Stage 4.\nJanome: The 11-year-old princess of Soma. She is the boss of Stage 3.\nSeseri: A survivor of the Great Shinra War, Soma saved her homeland from the brink of destruction. She is 15 years old. Seseri is the boss of Stage 5.\nKujaku: Kujaku is the second boss of Stage 6, formed from a fusion of Soma's royal siblings, Tsubame and Janome.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Manabu Namiki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manabu_Namiki"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Mushihime-sama Futari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mushihime-sama_Futari"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The game's soundtrack was released on July 26, 2006. It was composed by Manabu Namiki and Mitsuhiro Kaneda and was published by Cave.[4]Following the region-free release of Mushihime-sama Futari, Makoto Asada of Cave announced that the standard edition of Espgaluda II Black Label will be region-free, allowing North American and European players to import the game. Platinum edition is also region free but the Limited Edition, which includes a soundtrack and Xbox 360 faceplate, will not be region-free. The first print of the standard edition also includes a soundtrack.[5]The game is only supported on iPhone 3GS/iPod touch (Late 2009 32GB and 64GB), iPhone 4[6] and iPad. Espgaluda II HD version is also available for the iPad 2.","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Famitsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famitsu"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Famitsu magazine awarded the Xbox 360 release, Espgaluda II Black Label, a score of 30/40 based on four reviews (8/8/7/7).[7]","title":"Reception"}]
[{"image_text":"Arcade version screenshot.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/66/ARC_Espgaluda_II.png/220px-ARC_Espgaluda_II.png"}]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camillina
Camillina
["1 Species","2 See also","3 References"]
Genus of spiders Camillina Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Subphylum: Chelicerata Class: Arachnida Order: Araneae Infraorder: Araneomorphae Family: Gnaphosidae Genus: CamillinaBerland, 1919 Type species C. cordifera(Tullgren, 1910) Species 75, see text Camillina is a genus of ground spiders that was first described by Lucien Berland in 1919. They are very similar to sister genus Zelotes. Species As of May 2019 it contains seventy-five species: C. aldabrae (Strand, 1907) – Africa, Seychelles. Introduced to Malaysia (Borneo) C. antigua Platnick & Shadab, 1982 – Guatemala, Honduras C. arequipa Platnick & Shadab, 1982 – Peru C. balboa Platnick & Shadab, 1982 – Panama, Colombia C. bimini Platnick & Shadab, 1982 – Bahama Is. C. biplagia Tucker, 1923 – South Africa C. brasiliensis Müller, 1987 – Brazil C. caldas Platnick & Shadab, 1982 – Brazil C. calel Platnick & Shadab, 1982 – Argentina C. campeche Platnick & Shadab, 1982 – Mexico C. capensis Platnick & Murphy, 1987 – South Africa C. cauca Platnick & Shadab, 1982 – Colombia C. cayman Platnick & Shadab, 1982 – Cayman Is. C. chiapa Platnick & Shadab, 1982 – Mexico C. chilensis (Simon, 1902) – Brazil to Chile, Juan Fernandez Is. C. chincha Platnick & Shadab, 1982 – Peru C. claro Platnick & Shadab, 1982 – Brazil C. colon Platnick & Shadab, 1982 – Panama C. cordifera (Tullgren, 1910) (type) – Central, Southern Africa, Seychelles C. cordoba Platnick & Murphy, 1987 – Argentina C. cruz Platnick & Shadab, 1982 – Ecuador (Galapagos Is.) C. cui Platnick & Murphy, 1987 – Paraguay C. desecheonis (Petrunkevitch, 1930) – Puerto Rico C. elegans (Bryant, 1940) – Caribbean. Introduced to Angola, Pacific islands C. europaea Dalmas, 1922 – Italy C. fiana Platnick & Murphy, 1987 – Madagascar, Comoros C. gaira Platnick & Shadab, 1982 – Colombia, Caribbean C. galapagoensis (Banks, 1902) – Ecuador (Galapagos Is.) C. galianoae Platnick & Murphy, 1987 – Argentina C. huanta Platnick & Shadab, 1982 – Peru C. isabela Platnick & Murphy, 1987 – Ecuador (Galapagos Is.) C. isla Platnick & Shadab, 1982 – Ecuador (Galapagos Is.) C. javieri Alayón, 2004 – Cuba C. jeris Platnick & Shadab, 1982 – Curaçao C. kaibos Platnick & Murphy, 1987 – Ivory Coast to Kenya C. kochalkai Platnick & Murphy, 1987 – Paraguay C. longipes (Nicolet, 1849) – Chile C. madrejon Platnick & Murphy, 1987 – Paraguay C. mahnerti Platnick & Murphy, 1987 – Paraguay C. major (Keyserling, 1891) – Brazil, Argentina C. marmorata (Mello-Leitão, 1943) – Argentina, Bolivia C. maun Platnick & Murphy, 1987 – Southern Africa C. mauryi Platnick & Murphy, 1987 – Argentina C. merida Platnick & Shadab, 1982 – Venezuela C. minuta (Mello-Leitão, 1941) – Argentina C. mogollon Platnick & Shadab, 1982 – Peru C. mona Platnick & Shadab, 1982 – Jamaica C. namibensis Platnick & Murphy, 1987 – Namibia C. nevada Platnick & Shadab, 1982 – Colombia C. nevis Platnick & Shadab, 1982 – Caribbean C. nova Platnick & Shadab, 1982 – Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina C. oruro Platnick & Shadab, 1982 – Bolivia, Peru, Argentina C. pavesii (Simon, 1897) – Africa C. pecki Baert, 1994 – Ecuador (Galapagos Is.) C. pedestris (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1898) – Mexico C. penai Platnick & Murphy, 1987 – Chile, Peru C. pernambuco Müller, 1987 – Brazil C. pilar Platnick & Murphy, 1987 – Paraguay, Argentina C. piura Platnick & Shadab, 1982 – Peru C. procurva (Purcell, 1908) – South Africa C. puebla Platnick & Shadab, 1982 – Mexico, Honduras C. pulchra (Keyserling, 1891) – Brazil, Argentina. Introduced to USA C. punta Platnick & Shadab, 1982 – Peru C. recife Müller, 1987 – Brazil C. relucens (Simon, 1893) – Venezuela C. rogeri Alayón, 1993 – Cuba C. samariensis Müller, 1988 – Colombia C. sandrae Baert, 1994 – Ecuador (Galapagos Is.) C. setosa Tucker, 1923 – South Africa C. shaba FitzPatrick, 2005 – Congo C. smythiesi (Simon, 1897) – India C. tarapaca Platnick & Shadab, 1982 – Chile C. taruma Platnick & Höfer, 1990 – Brazil C. tsima Platnick & Murphy, 1987 – Madagascar C. ventana Ferreira, Zambonato & Lise, 2004 – Argentina See also List of spiders of India List of spiders of Texas List of spiders of Madagascar References ^ a b "Gen. Camillina Berland, 1919". World Spider Catalog Version 20.0. Natural History Museum Bern. 2019. doi:10.24436/2. Retrieved 2019-06-04. ^ Berland, L. (1919). "Note sur le peigne métatarsal que possèdent certaines araignées de la famille des Drassidae". Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris. 1919: 458–463. ^ "Genus Camillina". BugGuide. Retrieved 2019-06-04. Taxon identifiersCamillina Wikidata: Q2072470 Wikispecies: Camillina ADW: Camillina BioLib: 231715 BOLD: 289903 BugGuide: 557760 CoL: 3GDD EoL: 113707 Fauna Europaea: 349256 Fauna Europaea (new): b19cbb07-108f-4316-9191-65473f72bb5d GBIF: 2133106 iNaturalist: 202899 IRMNG: 1439694 ITIS: 871814 NCBI: 1956398 Open Tree of Life: 4693721 uBio: 4101840 WSC: urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidergen:02408 Authority control databases: National Israel
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"ground spiders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnaphosidae"},{"link_name":"Lucien Berland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucien_Berland"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Berl1919-2"},{"link_name":"Zelotes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zelotes"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bugguide-3"}],"text":"Camillina is a genus of ground spiders that was first described by Lucien Berland in 1919.[2] They are very similar to sister genus Zelotes.[3]","title":"Camillina"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camillina&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NMBE-1"},{"link_name":"C. aldabrae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camillina_aldabrae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Strand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embrik_Strand"},{"link_name":"C. antigua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camillina_antigua&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Platnick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_I._Platnick"},{"link_name":"C. arequipa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camillina_arequipa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"C. balboa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camillina_balboa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"C. bimini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camillina_bimini&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"C. biplagia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camillina_biplagia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"C. brasiliensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camillina_brasiliensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"C. caldas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camillina_caldas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"C. calel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camillina_calel&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"C. campeche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camillina_campeche&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"C. capensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camillina_capensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"C. cauca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camillina_cauca&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"C. cayman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camillina_cayman&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"C. chiapa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camillina_chiapa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"C. chilensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camillina_chilensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Simon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Simon"},{"link_name":"C. chincha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camillina_chincha&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"C. claro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camillina_claro&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"C. colon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camillina_colon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"C. cordifera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camillina_cordifera&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"type","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_species"},{"link_name":"C. cordoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camillina_cordoba&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"C. cruz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camillina_cruz&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"C. cui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camillina_cui&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"C. desecheonis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camillina_desecheonis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Petrunkevitch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Petrunkevitch"},{"link_name":"C. elegans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camillina_elegans"},{"link_name":"C. europaea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camillina_europaea"},{"link_name":"C. fiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camillina_fiana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"C. gaira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camillina_gaira&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"C. galapagoensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camillina_galapagoensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Banks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Banks"},{"link_name":"C. galianoae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camillina_galianoae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"C. huanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camillina_huanta&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"C. isabela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camillina_isabela&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"C. isla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camillina_isla&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"C. javieri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camillina_javieri&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"C. jeris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camillina_jeris&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"C. kaibos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camillina_kaibos&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"C. kochalkai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camillina_kochalkai&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"C. longipes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camillina_longipes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"C. madrejon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camillina_madrejon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"C. mahnerti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camillina_mahnerti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"C. major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camillina_major&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Keyserling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugen_von_Keyserling"},{"link_name":"C. marmorata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camillina_marmorata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mello-Leitão","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A2ndido_Firmino_de_Mello-Leit%C3%A3o"},{"link_name":"C. maun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camillina_maun&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"C. mauryi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camillina_mauryi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"C. merida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camillina_merida&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"C. minuta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camillina_minuta&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"C. mogollon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camillina_mogollon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"C. mona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camillina_mona&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"C. namibensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camillina_namibensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"C. nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camillina_nevada&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"C. nevis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camillina_nevis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"C. nova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camillina_nova&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"C. oruro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camillina_oruro&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"C. pavesii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camillina_pavesii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"C. pecki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camillina_pecki&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"C. pedestris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camillina_pedestris&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"O. Pickard-Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octavius_Pickard-Cambridge"},{"link_name":"C. penai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camillina_penai&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"C. pernambuco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camillina_pernambuco&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"C. pilar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camillina_pilar&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"C. piura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camillina_piura&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"C. procurva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camillina_procurva&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Purcell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Frederick_Purcell"},{"link_name":"C. puebla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camillina_puebla&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"C. pulchra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camillina_pulchra"},{"link_name":"C. punta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camillina_punta&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"C. recife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camillina_recife&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"C. relucens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camillina_relucens&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"C. rogeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camillina_rogeri&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"C. samariensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camillina_samariensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"C. sandrae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camillina_sandrae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"C. setosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camillina_setosa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"C. shaba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camillina_shaba&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"C. smythiesi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camillina_smythiesi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"C. tarapaca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camillina_tarapaca&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"C. taruma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camillina_taruma&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"C. tsima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camillina_tsima&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"C. ventana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camillina_ventana&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"As of May 2019[update] it contains seventy-five species:[1]C. aldabrae (Strand, 1907) – Africa, Seychelles. Introduced to Malaysia (Borneo)\nC. antigua Platnick & Shadab, 1982 – Guatemala, Honduras\nC. arequipa Platnick & Shadab, 1982 – Peru\nC. balboa Platnick & Shadab, 1982 – Panama, Colombia\nC. bimini Platnick & Shadab, 1982 – Bahama Is.\nC. biplagia Tucker, 1923 – South Africa\nC. brasiliensis Müller, 1987 – Brazil\nC. caldas Platnick & Shadab, 1982 – Brazil\nC. calel Platnick & Shadab, 1982 – Argentina\nC. campeche Platnick & Shadab, 1982 – Mexico\nC. capensis Platnick & Murphy, 1987 – South Africa\nC. cauca Platnick & Shadab, 1982 – Colombia\nC. cayman Platnick & Shadab, 1982 – Cayman Is.\nC. chiapa Platnick & Shadab, 1982 – Mexico\nC. chilensis (Simon, 1902) – Brazil to Chile, Juan Fernandez Is.\nC. chincha Platnick & Shadab, 1982 – Peru\nC. claro Platnick & Shadab, 1982 – Brazil\nC. colon Platnick & Shadab, 1982 – Panama\nC. cordifera (Tullgren, 1910) (type) – Central, Southern Africa, Seychelles\nC. cordoba Platnick & Murphy, 1987 – Argentina\nC. cruz Platnick & Shadab, 1982 – Ecuador (Galapagos Is.)\nC. cui Platnick & Murphy, 1987 – Paraguay\nC. desecheonis (Petrunkevitch, 1930) – Puerto Rico\nC. elegans (Bryant, 1940) – Caribbean. Introduced to Angola, Pacific islands\nC. europaea Dalmas, 1922 – Italy\nC. fiana Platnick & Murphy, 1987 – Madagascar, Comoros\nC. gaira Platnick & Shadab, 1982 – Colombia, Caribbean\nC. galapagoensis (Banks, 1902) – Ecuador (Galapagos Is.)\nC. galianoae Platnick & Murphy, 1987 – Argentina\nC. huanta Platnick & Shadab, 1982 – Peru\nC. isabela Platnick & Murphy, 1987 – Ecuador (Galapagos Is.)\nC. isla Platnick & Shadab, 1982 – Ecuador (Galapagos Is.)\nC. javieri Alayón, 2004 – Cuba\nC. jeris Platnick & Shadab, 1982 – Curaçao\nC. kaibos Platnick & Murphy, 1987 – Ivory Coast to Kenya\nC. kochalkai Platnick & Murphy, 1987 – Paraguay\nC. longipes (Nicolet, 1849) – Chile\nC. madrejon Platnick & Murphy, 1987 – Paraguay\nC. mahnerti Platnick & Murphy, 1987 – Paraguay\nC. major (Keyserling, 1891) – Brazil, Argentina\nC. marmorata (Mello-Leitão, 1943) – Argentina, Bolivia\nC. maun Platnick & Murphy, 1987 – Southern Africa\nC. mauryi Platnick & Murphy, 1987 – Argentina\nC. merida Platnick & Shadab, 1982 – Venezuela\nC. minuta (Mello-Leitão, 1941) – Argentina\nC. mogollon Platnick & Shadab, 1982 – Peru\nC. mona Platnick & Shadab, 1982 – Jamaica\nC. namibensis Platnick & Murphy, 1987 – Namibia\nC. nevada Platnick & Shadab, 1982 – Colombia\nC. nevis Platnick & Shadab, 1982 – Caribbean\nC. nova Platnick & Shadab, 1982 – Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina\nC. oruro Platnick & Shadab, 1982 – Bolivia, Peru, Argentina\nC. pavesii (Simon, 1897) – Africa\nC. pecki Baert, 1994 – Ecuador (Galapagos Is.)\nC. pedestris (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1898) – Mexico\nC. penai Platnick & Murphy, 1987 – Chile, Peru\nC. pernambuco Müller, 1987 – Brazil\nC. pilar Platnick & Murphy, 1987 – Paraguay, Argentina\nC. piura Platnick & Shadab, 1982 – Peru\nC. procurva (Purcell, 1908) – South Africa\nC. puebla Platnick & Shadab, 1982 – Mexico, Honduras\nC. pulchra (Keyserling, 1891) – Brazil, Argentina. Introduced to USA\nC. punta Platnick & Shadab, 1982 – Peru\nC. recife Müller, 1987 – Brazil\nC. relucens (Simon, 1893) – Venezuela\nC. rogeri Alayón, 1993 – Cuba\nC. samariensis Müller, 1988 – Colombia\nC. sandrae Baert, 1994 – Ecuador (Galapagos Is.)\nC. setosa Tucker, 1923 – South Africa\nC. shaba FitzPatrick, 2005 – Congo\nC. smythiesi (Simon, 1897) – India\nC. tarapaca Platnick & Shadab, 1982 – Chile\nC. taruma Platnick & Höfer, 1990 – Brazil\nC. tsima Platnick & Murphy, 1987 – Madagascar\nC. ventana Ferreira, Zambonato & Lise, 2004 – Argentina","title":"Species"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Jones_(American_football)
Jonathan Jones (American football)
["1 Early years","2 College career","3 Professional career","3.1 Pre-draft","3.2 2016","3.3 2017","3.4 2018","3.5 2019","3.6 2020","3.7 2021","3.8 2022","3.9 2023","4 NFL career statistics","4.1 Regular season","5 References","6 External links"]
American football player (born 1993) American football player Jonathan JonesJones in the 2017 NFL season.No. 31 – New England PatriotsPosition:CornerbackPersonal informationBorn: (1993-09-20) September 20, 1993 (age 30)Carrollton, Georgia, U.S.Height:5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)Weight:185 lb (84 kg)Career informationHigh school:Carrollton (Carrollton, Georgia)College:Auburn (2012-2015)Undrafted:2016Career history New England Patriots (2016–present) Roster status:ActiveCareer highlights and awards 2× Super Bowl champion (LI, LIII) Second-team All-SEC (2014) Career NFL statistics as of 2023Total tackles:378Sacks:2.5Forced fumbles:8Fumble recoveries:2Pass deflections:51Interceptions:11Defensive touchdowns:1Player stats at PFR Jonathan Isaiah Jones (born September 20, 1993) is an American football cornerback for the New England Patriots of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Auburn and signed with the Patriots as an undrafted free agent in 2016. Early years As a junior in high school in 2011, Jones was one of the top high school hurdlers in the country. He placed third in the New Balance Nationals and then won the USA Track and Field Junior Olympics National Championship in the 110-meter hurdles. College career Jones was a four-year starter at cornerback at Auburn, and saw his first action as a true freshman in 2012. In August 2013, Jones broke his ankle and played in only five games his sophomore season. In 2014, he earned second-team All-Southeastern Conference (SEC) honors and was ninth in the nation with six interceptions and 17 passes defended, he would again earn second-team All-SEC notice during his 2015 senior year. He had 129 career tackles and seven interceptions in his four years with the Tigers. Professional career Pre-draft Jones was projected to be a fourth or fifth round draft pick by NFL draft experts and analysts, but went undrafted in the 2016 NFL Draft possibly due to his lack of height, despite an impressive combine, being a top performer at the 40-yard dash and bench press. Pre-draft measurables Height Weight Arm length Hand span 40-yard dash 10-yard split 20-yard split 20-yard shuttle Three-cone drill Vertical jump Broad jump Bench press 5 ft 9+1⁄8 in(1.76 m) 186 lb(84 kg) 30+1⁄4 in(0.77 m) 8+3⁄4 in(0.22 m) 4.33 s 1.47 s 2.50 s 4.25 s 7.25 s 36 in(0.91 m) 10 ft 3 in(3.12 m) 19 reps All values from NFL Combine. 2016 On May 1, 2016, the New England Patriots signed Jones to a three-year, $1.63 million contract as an undrafted free agent that included a signing bonus of $10,000. He had a strong training camp and preseason edging out fellow undrafted rookie Cre'Von LeBlanc and 2015 seventh-round pick Darryl Roberts for the final cornerback spot on the Patriots 53-man roster thanks to his special teams contributions. Jones saw his first game action in the Patriots season opener against the Arizona Cardinals and recorded a tackle. In Week 14 against the Ravens, Jones stopped a punt from entering the endzone, pinning the Ravens' offense on the 1-yard line. On the next play, defensive tackle Malcom Brown tackled Ravens' running back Kenneth Dixon in the backfield, resulting in a safety. On February 5, 2017, Jones was part of the Patriots team that won Super Bowl LI. In the game, the Patriots defeated the Atlanta Falcons by a score of 34–28 in overtime. Coming back from a 25 point deficit in the third quarter. 2017 In 2017, Jones played in all 16 regular-season games with four starts as the team's nickel cornerback and core special teamer. In Week 8 against the Los Angeles Chargers, Jones intercepted Philip Rivers in the final seconds of the game to close out a 21–13 win. In the divisional round of the playoffs, Jones suffered an ankle injury and was placed on injured reserve on January 17, 2018. The Patriots still made it to Super Bowl LII, but lost 41–33 to the Philadelphia Eagles. 2018 In the AFC Championship Game for the 2018 season, held on January 20, 2019, the speedy Jones was utilized by the Patriots to shut down the Kansas City Chiefs' Tyreek Hill, who is also known for his speed. Jones was able to match the speed of Hill, and Hill was only targeted three times by quarterback Patrick Mahomes, finishing the game with just one catch. Jones was credited as a 'big reason why' the Patriots beat the Chiefs and secured a spot in Super Bowl LIII. The Patriots beat the Los Angeles Rams, 13–3, to give Jones his second Super Bowl championship. 2019 Jones in a game against the Washington Redskins On March 12, 2019, the Patriots placed a second-round restricted free agent tender on March 12, 2019. On April 15, 2019, Jones re-signed with the Patriots on a one-year deal. On September 7, 2019, Jones signed a three-year, $21 million contract extension with the Patriots, keeping him under contract through the 2022 season. In week 8 against the Cleveland Browns, Jones forced a fumble off running back Nick Chubb which was recovered by teammate Devin McCourty in the 27–13 win. 2020 In Week 6 against the Denver Broncos, Jones recorded his first interception of the season off a pass thrown by Drew Lock during the 18–12 loss. 2021 In Week 6, Jones suffered a shoulder injury and was placed on injured reserve on October 23, 2021. 2022 Jones returned from his injury in 2022 and started 16 games after switching from slot cornerback to outside cornerback. He set career-highs with 11 passes defensed, four interceptions, and three forced fumbles, all of which led the team. 2023 On March 13, 2023, Jones re-signed with the Patriots on a two-year deal. NFL career statistics Legend Won the Super Bowl Bold Career high Regular season Year Team Games Tackles Interceptions Fumbles GP GS Cmb Solo Ast Sck Int Yds Avg Lng TD PD FF FR 2016 NE 16 1 14 10 4 0.0 0 0 0.0 0 0 1 1 1 2017 NE 16 4 44 39 5 1.0 1 6 6.0 6 0 8 0 1 2018 NE 16 5 56 44 12 1.5 3 34 11.3 24 0 7 1 0 2019 NE 15 9 53 38 15 0.0 0 0 0.0 0 0 8 2 0 2020 NE 16 7 74 60 14 0.0 2 0 0.0 0 0 6 1 0 2021 NE 6 1 20 15 5 0.0 1 0 0.0 0 0 3 0 0 2022 NE 16 16 69 56 13 0.0 4 89 22.3 55 1 11 3 0 Career 101 43 330 262 68 2.5 11 129 11.7 55 1 44 8 2 References ^ Jonathan Jones starting to grow on Patriots ^ Daniels, Mark (November 25, 2017). "Undaunted by adversity, Patriots' Jones ready for prime time". ProvidenceJournal.com. ^ "Jonathan Jones Stats, News and Video – DB". NFL.com. ^ "AUBURNTIGERS.COM Jonathan Jones Bio :: Auburn University Official Athletic Site Auburn University Official Athletic Site :: Football". Archived from the original on September 9, 2016. Retrieved September 3, 2016. ^ "Jonathan Jones Stats, News and Video – DB". NFL.com. ^ "Jonathan Jones Draft and Combine Prospect Profile". NFL.com. Retrieved December 5, 2023. ^ "2016 NFL Draft Scout Jonathan Jones College Football Profile". DraftScout.com. Retrieved December 5, 2023. ^ "Spotrac.com: Jonathan Jones contract". Spotrac.com. Retrieved June 11, 2020. ^ Buchmasser, Bernd (September 5, 2016). "RB D.J. Foster, CB Jonathan Jones latest undrafted rookies to make the Patriots' 53-man roster". PatsPulpit.com. ^ Cox, Zack (September 12, 2016). "Bill Belichick Lauds Jonathan Jones, Patriots' Kick Coverage After Dramatic Win". NESN.com. ^ Princiotti, Nora (December 15, 2016). "Patriots' Jonathan Jones excelled in punt coverage Monday". BostonGlobe.com. Retrieved December 30, 2016. ^ "Super Bowl LI – New England Patriots vs. Atlanta Falcons – February 5th, 2017". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved September 2, 2017. ^ "NFL Throwback: Five forgotten facts from the Patriots' epic comeback win over the Falcons in Super Bowl LI". CBSSports.com. Retrieved February 3, 2023. ^ "Patriots Re-Sign WR Bernard Reedy; Place DB Jonathan Jones on Injured Reserve". Patriots.com. January 17, 2018. ^ Inabinett, Mark (January 22, 2019). "Jonathan Jones 'big reason why' Patriots won AFC title". Al.com. Retrieved January 26, 2019. ^ Shpigel, Ben (February 4, 2019). "Patriots Win in Lowest-Scoring Super Bowl Ever". The New York Times. Retrieved October 31, 2023. ^ Crabtree, Curtis (March 12, 2019). "Report: Patriots place restricted tenders on Josh Gordon, Jonathan Jones". Pro Football Talk. NBC Sports. ^ Bouda, Nate (April 15, 2019). "Patriots Re-Sign RFA CB Jonathan Jones". ^ Reed, Russ (September 7, 2019). "Patriots, 2-time Super Bowl champion agree to contract extension, according to report". WCVB.com. Retrieved September 8, 2019. ^ "Belichick wins 300th, perfect Patriots beat Browns 27–13". www.espn.com. October 27, 2019. Retrieved October 27, 2019. ^ "Denver Broncos at New England Patriots – October 18th, 2020". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved October 22, 2020. ^ "Patriots Elevate DL Daniel Ekuale and OL James Ferentz to the Active Roster; Place DB Jonathan Jones on Injured Reserve". Patriots.com. October 23, 2021. ^ "Report: Patriots retain Jonathan Jones on two-year deal". Patriots.com. March 13, 2023. Retrieved March 13, 2023. ^ "Jonathan Jones Stats". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved March 16, 2020. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jonathan Jones (American football). New England Patriots bio Auburn Tigers bio vteNew England Patriots rosterActive 0 Christian Gonzalez 1 Ja'Lynn Polk 2 K. J. Osborn 3 Demario Douglas 4 Bailey Zappe 5 Jabrill Peppers 6 Javon Baker 7 JuJu Smith-Schuster 8 Ja'Whaun Bentley 9 Matthew Judon 10 Drake Maye 11 Tyquan Thornton 13 Joey Slye 14 Jacoby Brissett 15 Marte Mapu 16 Sione Takitaki 17 Bryce Baringer 19 Joe Milton 21 Antonio Gibson 22 Marco Wilson 23 Kyle Dugger 24 Joshuah Bledsoe 25 Marcus Jones 26 Shaun Wade 27 Marcellas Dial 28 Alex Austin 29 Isaiah Bolden 29 Terrell Jennings 30 Kaleb Ford-Dement 30 David Wallis 31 Jonathan Jones 32 Jaylinn Hawkins 33 Anfernee Jennings 34 Dell Pettus 35 Deshaun Fenwick 36 Kevin Harris 37 Chad Ryland 38 Rhamondre Stevenson 39 JaMycal Hasty 41 Brenden Schooler 42 Azizi Hearn 43 Steele Chambers 44 Joe Giles-Harris 45 Jacob Warren 46 La'Michael Pettway 47 Mikey Victor 48 Jahlani Tavai 49 Joe Cardona 50 Raekwon McMillan 51 Nick Leverett 52 William Bradley-King 53 Christian Elliss 54 John Morgan III 55 Joshua Uche 58 Jontrey Hunter 59 Vederian Lowe 60 David Andrews 61 Charles Turner III 62 Sidy Sow 63 Layden Robinson 65 Zuri Henry 66 Jotham Russell (Int.) 67 Jake Andrews 68 Atonio Mafi 69 Cole Strange 70 Caedan Wallace 71 Michael Onwenu 72 Tyrone Wheatley Jr. 74 Michael Jordan 76 Calvin Anderson 77 Chukwuma Okorafor 80 Kayshon Boutte 81 Austin Hooper 82 JaQuae Jackson 83 Jalen Reagor 84 Kendrick Bourne 85 Hunter Henry 86 Kawaan Baker 87 Mitchell Wilcox 88 Jaheim Bell 90 Christian Barmore 91 Deatrich Wise Jr. 92 Davon Godchaux 93 Oshane Ximines 94 Armon Watts 95 Daniel Ekuale 96 Sam Roberts 97 Trysten Hill 98 Jeremiah Pharms Jr. 99 Keion White -- Liam Fornadel AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LV LAC NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA vteNew England Patriots Super Bowl LI champions 3 Stephen Gostkowski 6 Ryan Allen 7 Jacoby Brissett 10 Jimmy Garoppolo 11 Julian Edelman 12 Tom Brady (MVP) 14 Michael Floyd 15 Chris Hogan 16 Devin Lucien 17 DeAndrew White 18 Matthew Slater 19 Malcolm Mitchell 21 Malcolm Butler 22 Justin Coleman 23 Patrick Chung 24 Cyrus Jones 25 Eric Rowe 26 Logan Ryan 27 D. J. Foster 28 James White 29 LeGarrette Blount 30 Duron Harmon 31 Jonathan Jones 32 Devin McCourty 33 Dion Lewis 35 Tyler Gaffney 36 Brandon King 37 Jordan Richards 38 Brandon Bolden 43 Nate Ebner 44 Trevor Bates 46 James Develin 47 Glenn Gronkowski 49 Joe Cardona 50 Rob Ninkovich 51 Barkevious Mingo 52 Elandon Roberts 53 Kyle Van Noy 54 Dont'a Hightower 55 Jonathan Freeny 58 Shea McClellin 60 David Andrews 61 Marcus Cannon 62 Joe Thuney 63 Tre' Jackson 64 Chris Barker 65 Jamil Douglas 66 Chase Farris 68 LaAdrian Waddle 69 Shaq Mason 71 Cameron Fleming 74 Woodrow Hamilton 75 Ted Karras III 76 Sebastian Vollmer 77 Nate Solder 80 Danny Amendola 82 Matt Lengel 83 Greg Scruggs 85 Michael Williams 87 Rob Gronkowski 88 Martellus Bennett 90 Malcom Brown 92 Geneo Grissom 93 Jabaal Sheard 95 Chris Long 96 Darius Kilgo 97 Alan Branch 98 Trey Flowers 99 Vincent Valentine Head coach: Bill Belichick Coaches: Stephen Belichick Josh Boyer Moses Cabrera Nick Caley Brian Daboll Brendan Daly Ivan Fears Brian Flores Joe Judge Josh McDaniels Sammy Morris Chad O'Shea Matt Patricia Mike Pellegrino Cole Popovich Dante Scarnecchia Jerry Schuplinski Raymond Ventrone James Hardy vteNew England Patriots Super Bowl LIII champions 2 Brian Hoyer 3 Stephen Gostkowski 5 Danny Etling 6 Ryan Allen 10 Josh Gordon 11 Julian Edelman (MVP) 12 Tom Brady 13 Phillip Dorsett 14 Braxton Berrios 15 Chris Hogan 16 Darren Andrews 17 Riley McCarron 17 Damoun Patterson 18 Matthew Slater 21 Duron Harmon 22 Obi Melifonwu 23 Patrick Chung 24 Stephon Gilmore 25 Eric Rowe 26 Sony Michel 27 J. C. Jackson 28 James White 29 Duke Dawson 30 Jason McCourty 31 Jonathan Jones 32 Devin McCourty 33 Jeremy Hill 34 Rex Burkhead 35 Keion Crossen 36 Brandon King 42 Jomal Wiltz 43 Nate Ebner 44 Christian Sam 45 Trent Harris 46 James Develin 47 Jacob Hollister 48 Calvin Munson 49 Joe Cardona 50 Ramon Humber 51 Ja'Whaun Bentley 52 Elandon Roberts 53 Kyle Van Noy 54 Dont'a Hightower 55 John Simon 58 Keionta Davis 59 Albert McClellan 60 David Andrews 61 Marcus Cannon 62 Joe Thuney 63 Brian Schwenke 64 Tony Adams 66 James Ferentz 67 Ulrick John 68 LaAdrian Waddle 69 Shaq Mason 70 Adam Butler 71 Danny Shelton 72 Dan Skipper 74 Cole Croston 75 Ted Karras III 76 Isaiah Wynn 77 Trent Brown 80 Stephen Anderson 81 Cody Hollister 83 Dwayne Allen 84 Cordarrelle Patterson 85 Ryan Izzo 87 Rob Gronkowski 90 Malcom Brown 91 Deatrich Wise Jr. 92 Frank Herron 93 Lawrence Guy 94 Adrian Clayborn 95 Derek Rivers 97 Ufomba Kamalu 98 Trey Flowers Head coach: Bill Belichick Coaches: Cameron Achord Atif Austin Brian Belichick Stephen Belichick Bret Bielema Josh Boyer Moses Cabrera Nick Caley DeMarcus Covington Brendan Daly Ivan Fears Brian Flores Joe Judge Josh McDaniels Chad O'Shea Mike Pellegrino Cole Popovich Dante Scarnecchia Jerry Schuplinski Authority control databases: People World Athletics
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football"},{"link_name":"cornerback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornerback"},{"link_name":"New England Patriots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Patriots"},{"link_name":"National Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League"},{"link_name":"college football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_football"},{"link_name":"Auburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auburn_Tigers_football"},{"link_name":"undrafted free agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undrafted_free_agent"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"American football playerJonathan Isaiah Jones (born September 20, 1993) is an American football cornerback for the New England Patriots of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Auburn and signed with the Patriots as an undrafted free agent in 2016.[1]","title":"Jonathan Jones (American football)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Balance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Balance"},{"link_name":"USA Track and Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Track_and_Field"},{"link_name":"110-meter hurdles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/110-meter_hurdles"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"As a junior in high school in 2011, Jones was one of the top high school hurdlers in the country. He placed third in the New Balance Nationals and then won the USA Track and Field Junior Olympics National Championship in the 110-meter hurdles.[2]","title":"Early years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cornerback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornerback"},{"link_name":"Auburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auburn_Tigers_football"},{"link_name":"true freshman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_freshman"},{"link_name":"All-Southeastern Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_All-SEC_football_teams"},{"link_name":"interceptions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interceptions"},{"link_name":"passes defended","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passes_defended"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"tackles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tackle_(football_move)#Gridiron_football"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Jones was a four-year starter at cornerback at Auburn, and saw his first action as a true freshman in 2012. In August 2013, Jones broke his ankle and played in only five games his sophomore season. In 2014, he earned second-team All-Southeastern Conference (SEC) honors and was ninth in the nation with six interceptions and 17 passes defended, he would again earn second-team All-SEC notice during his 2015 senior year.[3] He had 129 career tackles and seven interceptions in his four years with the Tigers.[4]","title":"College career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2016 NFL Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_NFL_Draft"},{"link_name":"combine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFL_Combine"},{"link_name":"40-yard dash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/40-yard_dash"},{"link_name":"bench press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bench_press"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Pre-draft","text":"Jones was projected to be a fourth or fifth round draft pick by NFL draft experts and analysts, but went undrafted in the 2016 NFL Draft possibly due to his lack of height, despite an impressive combine, being a top performer at the 40-yard dash and bench press.[5]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New England Patriots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Patriots"},{"link_name":"signing bonus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signing_bonus"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spotrac-8"},{"link_name":"training camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Training_camp_(NFL)"},{"link_name":"Cre'Von LeBlanc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cre%27Von_LeBlanc"},{"link_name":"Darryl Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darryl_Roberts_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Arizona Cardinals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_Cardinals"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"punt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punt_(gridiron_football)"},{"link_name":"endzone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endzone"},{"link_name":"Malcom Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcom_Brown"},{"link_name":"Kenneth Dixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Dixon_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"safety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_(gridiron_football_score)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Super Bowl LI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl_LI"},{"link_name":"Atlanta Falcons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Falcons"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"2016","text":"On May 1, 2016, the New England Patriots signed Jones to a three-year, $1.63 million contract as an undrafted free agent that included a signing bonus of $10,000.[8]He had a strong training camp and preseason edging out fellow undrafted rookie Cre'Von LeBlanc and 2015 seventh-round pick Darryl Roberts for the final cornerback spot on the Patriots 53-man roster thanks to his special teams contributions.[9] Jones saw his first game action in the Patriots season opener against the Arizona Cardinals and recorded a tackle.[10]In Week 14 against the Ravens, Jones stopped a punt from entering the endzone, pinning the Ravens' offense on the 1-yard line. On the next play, defensive tackle Malcom Brown tackled Ravens' running back Kenneth Dixon in the backfield, resulting in a safety.[11]On February 5, 2017, Jones was part of the Patriots team that won Super Bowl LI. In the game, the Patriots defeated the Atlanta Falcons by a score of 34–28 in overtime.[12] Coming back from a 25 point deficit in the third quarter.[13]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Los Angeles Chargers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Chargers"},{"link_name":"Philip Rivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Rivers"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Super Bowl LII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl_LII"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Eagles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Eagles"}],"sub_title":"2017","text":"In 2017, Jones played in all 16 regular-season games with four starts as the team's nickel cornerback and core special teamer. In Week 8 against the Los Angeles Chargers, Jones intercepted Philip Rivers in the final seconds of the game to close out a 21–13 win. In the divisional round of the playoffs, Jones suffered an ankle injury and was placed on injured reserve on January 17, 2018.[14] The Patriots still made it to Super Bowl LII, but lost 41–33 to the Philadelphia Eagles.","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AFC Championship Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFC_Championship_Game"},{"link_name":"Kansas City Chiefs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City_Chiefs"},{"link_name":"Tyreek Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyreek_Hill"},{"link_name":"Patrick Mahomes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Mahomes"},{"link_name":"Super Bowl LIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl_LIII"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Rams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Rams"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"2018","text":"In the AFC Championship Game for the 2018 season, held on January 20, 2019, the speedy Jones was utilized by the Patriots to shut down the Kansas City Chiefs' Tyreek Hill, who is also known for his speed. Jones was able to match the speed of Hill, and Hill was only targeted three times by quarterback Patrick Mahomes, finishing the game with just one catch. Jones was credited as a 'big reason why' the Patriots beat the Chiefs and secured a spot in Super Bowl LIII.[15] The Patriots beat the Los Angeles Rams, 13–3, to give Jones his second Super Bowl championship.[16]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jonathan_Jones.jpg"},{"link_name":"Washington Redskins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Redskins"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Browns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Browns"},{"link_name":"Nick Chubb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Chubb"},{"link_name":"Devin McCourty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devin_McCourty"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"2019","text":"Jones in a game against the Washington RedskinsOn March 12, 2019, the Patriots placed a second-round restricted free agent tender on March 12, 2019.[17]On April 15, 2019, Jones re-signed with the Patriots on a one-year deal.[18]On September 7, 2019, Jones signed a three-year, $21 million contract extension with the Patriots, keeping him under contract through the 2022 season.[19]\nIn week 8 against the Cleveland Browns, Jones forced a fumble off running back Nick Chubb which was recovered by teammate Devin McCourty in the 27–13 win.[20]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Denver Broncos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver_Broncos"},{"link_name":"Drew Lock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drew_Lock"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"2020","text":"In Week 6 against the Denver Broncos, Jones recorded his first interception of the season off a pass thrown by Drew Lock during the 18–12 loss.[21]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"2021","text":"In Week 6, Jones suffered a shoulder injury and was placed on injured reserve on October 23, 2021.[22]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2022","text":"Jones returned from his injury in 2022 and started 16 games after switching from slot cornerback to outside cornerback. He set career-highs with 11 passes defensed, four interceptions, and three forced fumbles, all of which led the team.","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"2023","text":"On March 13, 2023, Jones re-signed with the Patriots on a two-year deal.[23]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"NFL career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Regular season","title":"NFL career statistics"}]
[{"image_text":"Jones in a game against the Washington Redskins","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Jonathan_Jones.jpg/220px-Jonathan_Jones.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Daniels, Mark (November 25, 2017). \"Undaunted by adversity, Patriots' Jones ready for prime time\". ProvidenceJournal.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.providencejournal.com/sports/20171125/undaunted-by-adversity-patriots-jones-ready-for-prime-time","url_text":"\"Undaunted by adversity, Patriots' Jones ready for prime time\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jonathan Jones Stats, News and Video – DB\". NFL.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nfl.com/draft/2016/profiles/jonathan-jones?id=2555325","url_text":"\"Jonathan Jones Stats, News and Video – DB\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFL.com","url_text":"NFL.com"}]},{"reference":"\"AUBURNTIGERS.COM Jonathan Jones Bio :: Auburn University Official Athletic Site Auburn University Official Athletic Site :: Football\". Archived from the original on September 9, 2016. Retrieved September 3, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160909081915/http://www.auburntigers.com/sports/m-footbl/mtt/jonathan_jones_807537.html","url_text":"\"AUBURNTIGERS.COM Jonathan Jones Bio :: Auburn University Official Athletic Site Auburn University Official Athletic Site :: Football\""},{"url":"http://www.auburntigers.com/sports/m-footbl/mtt/jonathan_jones_807537.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Jonathan Jones Stats, News and Video – DB\". NFL.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nfl.com/draft/2016/profiles/jonathan-jones?id=2555325","url_text":"\"Jonathan Jones Stats, News and Video – DB\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFL.com","url_text":"NFL.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Jonathan Jones Draft and Combine Prospect Profile\". NFL.com. Retrieved December 5, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nfl.com/prospects/jonathan-jones/32004a4f-4e49-5280-4eed-171301d538b0","url_text":"\"Jonathan Jones Draft and Combine Prospect Profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"2016 NFL Draft Scout Jonathan Jones College Football Profile\". DraftScout.com. Retrieved December 5, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://draftscout.com/dsprofile.php?PlayerId=123786&DraftYear=2016","url_text":"\"2016 NFL Draft Scout Jonathan Jones College Football Profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"Spotrac.com: Jonathan Jones contract\". Spotrac.com. Retrieved June 11, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.spotrac.com/nfl/new-england-patriots/jonathan-jones-19507/transactions/","url_text":"\"Spotrac.com: Jonathan Jones contract\""}]},{"reference":"Buchmasser, Bernd (September 5, 2016). \"RB D.J. Foster, CB Jonathan Jones latest undrafted rookies to make the Patriots' 53-man roster\". PatsPulpit.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.patspulpit.com/2016/9/5/12790800/dj-foster-jonathan-jones-latest-undrafted-rookies-to-make-the-new-england-patriots-53-man-roster","url_text":"\"RB D.J. Foster, CB Jonathan Jones latest undrafted rookies to make the Patriots' 53-man roster\""}]},{"reference":"Cox, Zack (September 12, 2016). \"Bill Belichick Lauds Jonathan Jones, Patriots' Kick Coverage After Dramatic Win\". NESN.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://nesn.com/2016/09/bill-belichick-lauds-jonathan-jones-patriots-kick-coverage-after-dramatic-win/","url_text":"\"Bill Belichick Lauds Jonathan Jones, Patriots' Kick Coverage After Dramatic Win\""}]},{"reference":"Princiotti, Nora (December 15, 2016). \"Patriots' Jonathan Jones excelled in punt coverage Monday\". BostonGlobe.com. Retrieved December 30, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bostonglobe.com/sports/patriots/2016/12/15/patriots-jonathan-jones-excelled-punt-coverage-monday/hS7IgRBwIGGQoQfwo0j80K/story.html","url_text":"\"Patriots' Jonathan Jones excelled in punt coverage Monday\""}]},{"reference":"\"Super Bowl LI – New England Patriots vs. Atlanta Falcons – February 5th, 2017\". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved September 2, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/201702050atl.htm","url_text":"\"Super Bowl LI – New England Patriots vs. Atlanta Falcons – February 5th, 2017\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro-Football-Reference.com","url_text":"Pro-Football-Reference.com"}]},{"reference":"\"NFL Throwback: Five forgotten facts from the Patriots' epic comeback win over the Falcons in Super Bowl LI\". CBSSports.com. Retrieved February 3, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbssports.com/nfl/news/nfl-throwback-five-forgotten-facts-from-the-patriots-epic-comeback-win-over-the-falcons-in-super-bowl-li/","url_text":"\"NFL Throwback: Five forgotten facts from the Patriots' epic comeback win over the Falcons in Super Bowl LI\""}]},{"reference":"\"Patriots Re-Sign WR Bernard Reedy; Place DB Jonathan Jones on Injured Reserve\". Patriots.com. January 17, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.patriots.com/news/patriots-re-sign-wr-bernard-reedy-place-db-jonathan-jones-on-injured-rese-321566","url_text":"\"Patriots Re-Sign WR Bernard Reedy; Place DB Jonathan Jones on Injured Reserve\""}]},{"reference":"Inabinett, Mark (January 22, 2019). \"Jonathan Jones 'big reason why' Patriots won AFC title\". Al.com. Retrieved January 26, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.al.com/sports/2019/01/jonathan-jones-big-reason-why-patriots-won-afc-title.html","url_text":"\"Jonathan Jones 'big reason why' Patriots won AFC title\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al.com","url_text":"Al.com"}]},{"reference":"Shpigel, Ben (February 4, 2019). \"Patriots Win in Lowest-Scoring Super Bowl Ever\". The New York Times. Retrieved October 31, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/03/sports/patriots-super-bowl.html","url_text":"\"Patriots Win in Lowest-Scoring Super Bowl Ever\""}]},{"reference":"Crabtree, Curtis (March 12, 2019). \"Report: Patriots place restricted tenders on Josh Gordon, Jonathan Jones\". Pro Football Talk. NBC Sports.","urls":[{"url":"https://profootballtalk.nbcsports.com/2019/03/12/report-patriots-place-restricted-tenders-on-josh-gordon-jonathan-jones/","url_text":"\"Report: Patriots place restricted tenders on Josh Gordon, Jonathan Jones\""}]},{"reference":"Bouda, Nate (April 15, 2019). \"Patriots Re-Sign RFA CB Jonathan Jones\".","urls":[{"url":"https://nfltraderumors.co/patriots-re-sign-rfa-cb-jonathan-jones/","url_text":"\"Patriots Re-Sign RFA CB Jonathan Jones\""}]},{"reference":"Reed, Russ (September 7, 2019). \"Patriots, 2-time Super Bowl champion agree to contract extension, according to report\". WCVB.com. Retrieved September 8, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wcvb.com/article/patriots-2-time-super-bowl-champion-jonathan-jones-agree-to-contract-extension-according-to-report/28950202","url_text":"\"Patriots, 2-time Super Bowl champion agree to contract extension, according to report\""}]},{"reference":"\"Belichick wins 300th, perfect Patriots beat Browns 27–13\". www.espn.com. October 27, 2019. Retrieved October 27, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espn.com/nfl/recap?gameId=401127895","url_text":"\"Belichick wins 300th, perfect Patriots beat Browns 27–13\""}]},{"reference":"\"Denver Broncos at New England Patriots – October 18th, 2020\". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved October 22, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/202010180nwe.htm","url_text":"\"Denver Broncos at New England Patriots – October 18th, 2020\""}]},{"reference":"\"Patriots Elevate DL Daniel Ekuale and OL James Ferentz to the Active Roster; Place DB Jonathan Jones on Injured Reserve\". Patriots.com. October 23, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.patriots.com/news/patriots-elevate-dl-daniel-ekuale-and-ol-james-ferentz-to-the-active-roster-plac","url_text":"\"Patriots Elevate DL Daniel Ekuale and OL James Ferentz to the Active Roster; Place DB Jonathan Jones on Injured Reserve\""}]},{"reference":"\"Report: Patriots retain Jonathan Jones on two-year deal\". Patriots.com. March 13, 2023. Retrieved March 13, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.patriots.com/news/report-patriots-retain-jonathan-jones-on-two-year-deal","url_text":"\"Report: Patriots retain Jonathan Jones on two-year deal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jonathan Jones Stats\". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved March 16, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/J/JoneJo03.htm","url_text":"\"Jonathan Jones Stats\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor-Management_Relations_Act_of_1947
Taft–Hartley Act
["1 Background","2 Effects of the act","2.1 Jurisdictional strikes","2.2 Campaign expenditures","2.3 Closed shops","2.4 Union security clauses","2.5 Strikes","2.6 Anti-communism","2.7 Treatment of supervisors","2.8 Right of employer to oppose unions","2.9 National Labor Relations Board","2.10 Federal jurisdiction","2.11 Conciliation Service","2.12 Other","3 Aftermath","4 See also","5 Notes","5.1 Works cited","6 References","7 Further reading","8 External links"]
1947 U.S. federal law regulating labor unions Labor Management Relations Act of 1947Long titleAn Act to amend the National Labor Relations Act, to provide additional facilities for the mediation of labor disputes affecting commerce, to equalize legal responsibilities of labor organizations and employers, and for other purposes.NicknamesTaft–Hartley ActEnacted bythe 80th United States CongressEffectiveJune 23, 1947CitationsPublic lawPub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 80–101Statutes at Large61 Stat. 136CodificationTitles amended29 U.S.C.: LaborU.S.C. sections created29 U.S.C. ch. 7 §§ 141-197Legislative historyIntroduced in the House as H.R. 3020 by Fred A. Hartley, Jr. (R–NJ) on April 10, 1947Passed the House on April 17, 1947 (308-107)Passed the Senate on May 13, 1947 (68-24, in lieu of S. 1126)Reported by the joint conference committee on June 4, 1947; agreed to by the House on June 4, 1947 (320-79) and by the Senate on June 6, 1947 (54-17)Vetoed by President Harry S. Truman on June 20, 1947Overridden by the House on June 20, 1947 (331-83)Overridden by the Senate and became law on June 23, 1947 (68-25)Major amendmentsLabor Management Reporting and Disclosure ActUnited States Supreme Court casesGarner v. Teamsters Union, 346 U.S. 485 (1953)Construction Workers v. Laburnum Construction Corp., 347 U.S. 656 (1954)Weber v. Anheuser-Busch, Inc., 348 U.S. 468 (1955)Machinists v. Gonzales, 356 U.S. 617 (1958)Linn v. United Plant Guard Workers, 383 U.S. 53 (1966)Granite Rock Co. v. Teamsters, 561 U.S. 287 (2010)Unite Here Local 355 v. Mulhall, 571 U.S. 83 (2013)Starbucks Corporation v. McKinney, No. 23-367, 602 U.S. ___ (2024) The Labor Management Relations Act of 1947, better known as the Taft–Hartley Act, is a United States federal law that restricts the activities and power of labor unions. It was enacted by the 80th United States Congress over the veto of President Harry S. Truman, becoming law on June 23, 1947. Taft–Hartley was introduced in the aftermath of a major strike wave in 1945 and 1946. Though it was enacted by the Republican-controlled 80th Congress, the law received significant support from congressional Democrats, many of whom joined with their Republican colleagues in voting to override Truman's veto. The act continued to generate opposition after Truman left office, but it remains in effect. The Taft–Hartley Act amended the 1935 National Labor Relations Act (NLRA), adding new restrictions on union actions and designating new union-specific unfair labor practices. Among the practices prohibited by the Taft–Hartley act are jurisdictional strikes, wildcat strikes, solidarity or political strikes, secondary boycotts, secondary and mass picketing, closed shops, and monetary donations by unions to federal political campaigns. The amendments also allowed states to enact right-to-work laws banning union shops. Enacted during the early stages of the Cold War, the law required union officers to sign non-communist affidavits with the government. Background See also: Strike wave of 1946 and Presidency of Harry S. Truman In 1945 and 1946, an unprecedented wave of major strikes affected the United States; by February 1946, nearly 2 million workers were engaged in strikes or other labor disputes. Organized labor had largely refrained from striking during World War II, but with the end of the war, labor leaders were eager to share in the gains from a postwar economic resurgence. The 1946 mid-term elections left Republicans in control of Congress for the first time since the early 1930s. Many of the newly elected congressmen were strongly conservative and sought to overturn or roll back New Deal legislation such as the National Labor Relations Act of 1935, which had established the right of workers to join unions, bargain collectively, and engage in strikes. Republican Senator Robert A. Taft and Republican Congressman Fred A. Hartley Jr. each introduced measures to curtail the power of unions and prevent strikes. Taft's bill passed the Senate by a 68-to-24 majority, but some of its original provisions were removed by moderates, like Republican Senator Wayne Morse. Meanwhile, the stronger Hartley bill garnered a 308-to-107 majority in the House of Representatives. The Taft–Hartley bill that emerged from a conference committee incorporated aspects from both the House and Senate bills. The bill was promoted by large business lobbies, including the National Association of Manufacturers. David Dubinsky of the International Ladies Garment Workers Union speaks against the Taft–Hartley Act, 4 May 1947 After spending several days considering how to respond to the bill, President Truman vetoed Taft–Hartley with a strong message to Congress, calling the act a "dangerous intrusion on free speech." Labor leaders, meanwhile, derided the act as a "slave-labor bill." Despite Truman's all-out effort to prevent a veto override, Congress overrode his veto with considerable Democratic support, including 106 out of 177 Democrats in the House, and 20 out of 42 Democrats in the Senate. Effects of the act As stated in Section 1 (29 U.S.C. § 141), the purpose of the NLRA is: o promote the full flow of commerce, to prescribe the legitimate rights of both employees and employers in their relations affecting commerce, to provide orderly and peaceful procedures for preventing the interference by either with the legitimate rights of the other, to protect the rights of individual employees in their relations with labor organizations whose activities affect commerce, to define and proscribe practices on the part of labor and management which affect commerce and are inimical to the general welfare, and to protect the rights of the public in connection with labor disputes affecting commerce. The amendments enacted in Taft–Hartley added a list of prohibited actions, or unfair labor practices, on the part of unions to the NLRA, which had previously only prohibited unfair labor practices committed by employers. The Taft–Hartley Act prohibited jurisdictional strikes, wildcat strikes, solidarity or political strikes, secondary boycotts, secondary and mass picketing, closed shops, and monetary donations by unions to federal political campaigns. It also required union officers to sign non-communist affidavits with the government. Union shops were heavily restricted, and states were allowed to pass right-to-work laws that ban agency fees. Furthermore, the executive branch of the federal government could obtain legal strikebreaking injunctions if an impending or current strike imperiled the national health or safety. Jurisdictional strikes In jurisdictional strikes, outlawed by Taft–Hartley, a union strikes in order to assign particular work to the employees it represents. Secondary boycotts and common situs picketing, also outlawed by the act, are actions in which unions picket, strike, or refuse to handle the goods of a business with which they have no primary dispute but which is associated with a targeted business. A later statute, the Labor Management Reporting and Disclosure Act, passed in 1959, tightened these restrictions on secondary boycotts still further. Campaign expenditures According to First Amendment scholar Floyd Abrams, the Act "was the first law barring unions and corporations from making independent expenditures in support of or opposition to federal candidates". Closed shops Main article: Closed shop The law outlawed closed shops which were contractual agreements that required an employer to hire only labor union members. Union shops, still permitted, require new recruits to join the union within a certain amount of time. The National Labor Relations Board and the courts have added other restrictions on the power of unions to enforce union security clauses and have required them to make extensive financial disclosures to all members as part of their duty of fair representation. On the other hand, Congress repealed the provisions requiring a vote by workers to authorize a union shop a few years after the passage of the Act when it became apparent that workers were approving them in virtually every case. Union security clauses Main article: Union shop The amendments also authorized individual states to outlaw union security clauses (such as the union shop) entirely in their jurisdictions by passing right-to-work laws. A right-to-work law, under Section 14B of Taft–Hartley, prevents unions from negotiating contracts or legally binding documents requiring companies to fire workers who refuse to join the union. Currently all of the states in the Deep South and a number of states in the Midwest, Great Plains, and Rocky Mountains regions have right-to-work laws (with six states—Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, Florida, Mississippi, and Oklahoma—going one step further and enshrining right-to-work laws in their states' constitutions). Strikes The amendments required unions and employers to give 80 days' notice to each other and to certain state and federal mediation bodies before they may undertake strikes or other forms of economic action in pursuit of a new collective bargaining agreement; it did not, on the other hand, impose any "cooling-off period" after a contract expired. The Act also authorized the President to intervene in strikes or potential strikes that create a national emergency, a reaction to the national coal miners' strikes called by the United Mine Workers of America in the 1940s. Presidents have used that power less and less frequently in each succeeding decade. President George W. Bush invoked the law in connection with the employer lockout of the International Longshore and Warehouse Union during negotiations with West Coast shipping and stevedoring companies in 2002. The Act also prohibited federal employees from striking. Anti-communism Main article: McCarthyism The amendments required union leaders to file affidavits with the United States Department of Labor declaring that they were not supporters of the Communist Party and had no relationship with any organization seeking the "overthrow of the United States government by force or by any illegal or unconstitutional means" as a condition to participating in NLRB proceedings. Just over a year after Taft–Hartley passed, 81,000 union officers from nearly 120 unions had filed the required affidavits. This provision was at first upheld in the 1950 Supreme Court decision American Communications Ass'n v. Douds, but in 1965, the Supreme Court held that this provision was an unconstitutional bill of attainder. Treatment of supervisors The amendments expressly excluded supervisors from coverage under the act, and allowed employers to terminate supervisors engaging in union activities or those not supporting the employer's stance. The amendments maintained coverage under the act for professional employees, but provided for special procedures before they may be included in the same bargaining unit as non-professional employees. Right of employer to oppose unions The Act revised the Wagner Act's requirement of employer neutrality, to allow employers to deliver anti-union messages in the workplace. These changes confirmed an earlier Supreme Court ruling that employers have a constitutional right to express their opposition to unions, so long as they did not threaten employees with reprisals for their union activities nor offer any incentives to employees as an alternative to unionizing. The amendments also gave employers the right to file a petition asking the Board to determine if a union represents a majority of its employees, and allow employees to petition either to decertify their union, or to invalidate the union security provisions of any existing collective bargaining agreement. National Labor Relations Board Main article: National Labor Relations Board The amendments gave the General Counsel of the National Labor Relations Board discretionary power to seek injunctions against either employers or unions that violated the Act. The law made pursuit of such injunctions mandatory, rather than discretionary, in the case of secondary boycotts by unions. The amendments also established the General Counsel’s autonomy within the administrative framework of the NLRB. Congress also gave employers the right to sue unions for damages caused by a secondary boycott, but gave the General Counsel exclusive power to seek injunctive relief against such activities. Federal jurisdiction The act provided for federal court jurisdiction to enforce collective bargaining agreements. Although Congress passed this section to empower federal courts to hold unions liable in damages for strikes violating a no-strike clause, this part of the act has instead served as the springboard for creation of a "federal common law" of collective bargaining agreements, which favored arbitration over litigation or strikes as the preferred means of resolving labor disputes. Conciliation Service The United States Conciliation Service, which had provided mediation for labor disputes as part of Department of Labor, was removed from that department and reconstituted as an independent agency, the Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service (United States). This was done in part because industry forces thought the existing service had been too "partial" to labor. Other The Congress that passed the Taft–Hartley Amendments considered repealing the Norris–La Guardia Act to the extent necessary to permit courts to issue injunctions against strikes violating a no-strike clause, but chose not to do so. The Supreme Court nonetheless held several decades later that the act implicitly gave the courts the power to enjoin such strikes over subjects that would be subject to final and binding arbitration under a collective bargaining agreement. Finally, the act imposed a number of procedural and substantive standards that unions and employers must meet before they may use employer funds to provide pensions and other employee benefit to unionized employees. Congress has since passed more extensive protections for workers and employee benefit plans as part of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act ("ERISA"). Aftermath 1952 political march by the International Ladies Garment Workers Union; among their signs is "Repeal Hartley–Taft Act" Union leaders in the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) vigorously campaigned for Truman in the 1948 election based upon a (never fulfilled) promise to repeal Taft–Hartley. Truman won, but a union-backed effort in Ohio to defeat Taft in 1950 failed in what one author described as "a shattering demonstration of labor's political weaknesses". Despite his opposition to the law, Truman relied upon it in twelve instances during his presidency. See also Labor unions in the United States Norris–La Guardia Act Wagner Act Jurisdictional strike Solidarity action Chauffeurs, Teamsters, and Helpers Local No. 391 v. Terry, 494 U.S. 558 (1990) 5 to 2 on §185 of LMRA 1947, holding that a plaintiff is entitled to trial by jury if the trade union denies representation Notes ^ McCoy 1984, pp. 49–51, 57. ^ McCoy 1984, pp. 93–95. ^ Wagner, Steven. "How Did the Taft-Hartley Act Come About?". History News Network. ^ Bowen 2011, pp. 49–51. ^ a b Anna McCarthy, The Citizen Machine: Governing by Television in 1950s America, New York: The New Press, 2010, p. 54. ISBN 978-1-59558-498-4. ^ "June 20, 1947: On the Veto of the Taft-Hartley Bill". Miller Center. 2016-10-20. Retrieved 2019-02-22. ^ a b Debating 'Citizens United', The Nation (2011-01-13) ^ "National Affairs: Barrel No. 2". Time. June 23, 1947. Archived from the original on April 16, 2008. Retrieved May 24, 2010. ^ Benjamin C. Waterhouise, Lobbying in America, (Princeton University Press, 2013) 53. ^ a b Nicholson, Phillip (2004). Labor's Story in the United States. Temple University Press. ISBN 1-59213-239-1. ^ Cox, Archibald (February 1960). "Strikes and the Public Interest - A Proposal for New Legislation". The Atlantic. ^ 29 U.S.C. §§ 151-169 Section 8(b)(4) ^ Sanger, David E.; Greenhouse, Steven (October 9, 2002). "President Invokes Taft-Hartley Act To Open 29 Ports". The New York Times. ^ Fleischli, George R. (May–June 1968). "DUTY TO BARGAIN UNDER EXECUTIVE ORDER 10988". Air Force Law Review. ^ United States v. Brown (1965), 381 U.S. 437 (Supreme Court June 7, 1965) ("Held: Section 504 constitutes a bill of attainder and is therefore unconstitutional."). ^ Gruenberg, Mark (June 11, 2007). "Taft-Hartley Signed 60 Years Ago". Political Affairs Magazine. Archived from the original on May 18, 2013. Retrieved 2012-06-06. ^ PUBLIC LAWS-CHS.114, 120-JUNE 21, 23,1947 (PDF). 80Ta CONG ., 1ST SESS .-CH. 120-JUNE 23, 1947. p. 136. ^ Stark, Louis (June 24, 1947). "Analysis of the Labor Act Shows Changed Era at Hand for Industry". The New York Times. pp. 1, 4. ^ Davis, Mike (2000). Prisoners of the American Dream: Politics and Economy in the History of the US Working Class. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 1-85984-248-8. ^ Lubell, Samuel (1956). The Future of American Politics (2nd ed.). Anchor Press. p. 202. OL 6193934M. ^ Preis, Art (1964). Labor's Giant Step: The First Twenty Years of the CIO. Pathfinder Press. ISBN 0-87348-263-8. ^ "Taft-Hartley Act". Open Publishing. Retrieved 5 March 2021. Works cited Bowen, Michael (2011). The Roots of Modern Conservatism: Dewey, Taft, and the Battle for the Soul of the Republican Party. UNC Press Books. ISBN 9780807869192. McCoy, Donald R. (1984). The Presidency of Harry S. Truman. University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0-7006-0252-0. References Faragher, J.M.; Buhle, M.J.; Czitrom, D.; and Armitage, S.H. Out of Many: A History of the American People. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2006. McCann, Irving G. Why the Taft-Hartley Law? New York: Committee for Constitutional Government, 1950. Millis, Harry A. and Brown, Emily Clark. From the Wagner Act to Taft-Hartley: A Study of National Labor Policy and Labor Relations. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1950. Further reading Caballero, Raymond. McCarthyism vs. Clinton Jencks. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2019. External links Labor Management Relations Act (PDF/details) as amended in the GPO Statute Compilations collection A film clip "Longines Chronoscope with Fred A Hartley" is available for viewing at the Internet Archive Portals: Law Organized labor United States vteHarry S. Truman 33rd President of the United States (1945–1953) 34th Vice President of the United States (1945) U.S. Senator from Missouri (1935–1945) Presidency Timeline Inaugurations first second Assassination attempt 1952 Puerto Rican constitutional referendum State of the Union Address (1946 1950 1952) Judicial appointments Supreme Court Sherman Minton Supreme Court nomination Cabinet Truman Balcony "The buck stops here" Executive Orders Presidential Proclamations Eisenhower transition Foreign policy Truman Doctrine Potsdam Conference 1945; Agreement on Europe Declaration to Japan Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki (1945) War Brides Act (1945) Alien Fiancées and Fiancés Act (1946) Luce–Celler Act (1946) Executive Order 9835 (1947) General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (1947) Hoover Commission (1947) National Security Act of 1947 U.S. Department of Defense Joint Chiefs of Staff National Security Council National Security Resources Board Air Force/Department Central Intelligence Agency Displaced Persons Act (1948) Key West Agreement (1948) Marshall Plan (1948) Joint Long Range Proving Grounds (1949) North Atlantic Treaty 1949; NATO Revolt of the Admirals (1949) Korean War 1950–1953; U.N. Security Council Resolutions 82, 83 Defense Production Act of 1950 Relief of Douglas MacArthur Office of Defense Mobilization 1950; Science Advisory Committee, 1951 Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 National Security Agency (1952) Fair Deal Medal of Freedom (1945) Revenue Act of 1945 National Mental Health Act 1946; National Institute of Mental Health Atomic Energy Act of 1946 U.S. Atomic Energy Commission Employment Act of 1946 Council of Economic Advisers Flood Control Acts 1946 1948 1950 Fulbright Program (1946) Hill–Burton Act (1946) Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946 Federal Regulation of Lobbying Act of 1946 Federal Tort Claims Act Legislative Reference Service National School Lunch Act (1946) President's Committee on Civil Rights (1946) Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (1947) Housing and Home Finance Agency (1947) Presidential Succession Act of 1947 Taft–Hartley Act (1947) Agricultural Act of 1948 Executive Order 9981 (1948) Revenue Act of 1948 Agricultural Act of 1949 Housing Act of 1949 Dingell–Johnson Act (1950) Revenue Act of 1950 Excess profits tax Unrelated Business Income Tax Revenue Act of 1951 Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1952 1952 steel strike Life Early life and career Presidential Library, Museum, and gravesite Missouri Office and Courtroom Truman Committee 1944 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection Homes Birthplace Harry S. Truman Farm Home Harry S. Truman home and National Historic Site Historic District Blair House Truman Little White House Elections United States Senate election in Missouri, 1934 1940 Democratic National Convention 1944 1948 1944 United States presidential election 1948 campaign "Dewey Defeats Truman" campaign song 1952 Democratic Party presidential primaries Legacy Bibliography Truman Day Harry S Truman Building Truman Dam and Reservoir Harry S. Truman Scholarship Truman Sports Complex U.S. Postage stamps Statue of Harry S. Truman Public image Give 'em Hell, Harry! (1975 play and film) Harry Truman (1975 song by Chicago) Collision Course: Truman vs. MacArthur (1976 film) Backstairs at the White House (1979 miniseries) Truman (1995 film) Truman (1997 documentary film) The First Lady (2022 TV series) Oppenheimer (2023 film) Family Bess Wallace Truman (wife) Margaret Truman (daughter) Martha Ellen Young Truman (mother) Clifton Truman Daniel (grandson) ← Franklin D. Roosevelt Dwight D. Eisenhower → ← Henry A. Wallace Alben W. Barkley → Category Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany Israel United States Australia Other NARA SNAC
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It was enacted by the 80th United States Congress over the veto of President Harry S. Truman, becoming law on June 23, 1947.Taft–Hartley was introduced in the aftermath of a major strike wave in 1945 and 1946. Though it was enacted by the Republican-controlled 80th Congress, the law received significant support from congressional Democrats, many of whom joined with their Republican colleagues in voting to override Truman's veto. The act continued to generate opposition after Truman left office, but it remains in effect.The Taft–Hartley Act amended the 1935 National Labor Relations Act (NLRA), adding new restrictions on union actions and designating new union-specific unfair labor practices. Among the practices prohibited by the Taft–Hartley act are jurisdictional strikes, wildcat strikes, solidarity or political strikes, secondary boycotts, secondary and mass picketing, closed shops, and monetary donations by unions to federal political campaigns. The amendments also allowed states to enact right-to-work laws banning union shops. Enacted during the early stages of the Cold War, the law required union officers to sign non-communist affidavits with the government.","title":"Taft–Hartley Act"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Strike wave of 1946","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strike_wave_of_1946"},{"link_name":"Presidency of Harry S. Truman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Harry_S._Truman"},{"link_name":"an unprecedented wave of major strikes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strike_wave_of_1946"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCoy198449%E2%80%9351,_57-1"},{"link_name":"1946 mid-term elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946_United_States_elections"},{"link_name":"Republicans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCoy198493%E2%80%9395-2"},{"link_name":"New Deal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Deal"},{"link_name":"National Labor Relations Act of 1935","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Relations_Act_of_1935"},{"link_name":"unions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wagner1-3"},{"link_name":"Robert A. Taft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_A._Taft"},{"link_name":"Fred A. Hartley Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_A._Hartley_Jr."},{"link_name":"Wayne Morse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Morse"},{"link_name":"conference committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_congressional_conference_committee"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowen201149%E2%80%9351-4"},{"link_name":"National Association of Manufacturers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_of_Manufacturers"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McCarthy-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:David_Dubinsky_gives_a_speech_against_the_Hartley-Taft_bill,_with_Luigi_Antonini_in_the_audience,_May_4,_1947._(5278798677).jpg"},{"link_name":"David Dubinsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Dubinsky"},{"link_name":"International Ladies Garment Workers Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Ladies_Garment_Workers_Union"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"free speech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_speech_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nation-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-laborstory-10"}],"text":"See also: Strike wave of 1946 and Presidency of Harry S. TrumanIn 1945 and 1946, an unprecedented wave of major strikes affected the United States; by February 1946, nearly 2 million workers were engaged in strikes or other labor disputes. Organized labor had largely refrained from striking during World War II, but with the end of the war, labor leaders were eager to share in the gains from a postwar economic resurgence.[1]The 1946 mid-term elections left Republicans in control of Congress for the first time since the early 1930s.[2] Many of the newly elected congressmen were strongly conservative and sought to overturn or roll back New Deal legislation such as the National Labor Relations Act of 1935, which had established the right of workers to join unions, bargain collectively, and engage in strikes.[3] Republican Senator Robert A. Taft and Republican Congressman Fred A. Hartley Jr. each introduced measures to curtail the power of unions and prevent strikes. Taft's bill passed the Senate by a 68-to-24 majority, but some of its original provisions were removed by moderates, like Republican Senator Wayne Morse. Meanwhile, the stronger Hartley bill garnered a 308-to-107 majority in the House of Representatives. The Taft–Hartley bill that emerged from a conference committee incorporated aspects from both the House and Senate bills.[4] The bill was promoted by large business lobbies, including the National Association of Manufacturers.[5]David Dubinsky of the International Ladies Garment Workers Union speaks against the Taft–Hartley Act, 4 May 1947After spending several days considering how to respond to the bill, President Truman vetoed Taft–Hartley with a strong message to Congress,[6] calling the act a \"dangerous intrusion on free speech.\"[7] Labor leaders, meanwhile, derided the act as a \"slave-labor bill.\"[8] Despite Truman's all-out effort to prevent a veto override, Congress overrode his veto with considerable Democratic support, including 106 out of 177 Democrats in the House, and 20 out of 42 Democrats in the Senate.[9][10]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"29 U.S.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_29_of_the_United_States_Code"},{"link_name":"§ 141","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/29/141"},{"link_name":"unfair labor practices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unfair_labor_practice"},{"link_name":"jurisdictional strikes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisdictional_strike"},{"link_name":"wildcat strikes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildcat_strike_action"},{"link_name":"solidarity or political strikes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_strike"},{"link_name":"secondary boycotts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidarity_action"},{"link_name":"picketing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picketing_(protest)"},{"link_name":"closed shops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed_shop"},{"link_name":"Union shops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_shop"},{"link_name":"right-to-work laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-to-work_law"},{"link_name":"injunctions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injunction"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"As stated in Section 1 (29 U.S.C. § 141), the purpose of the NLRA is:[T]o promote the full flow of commerce, to prescribe the legitimate rights of both employees and employers in their relations affecting commerce, to provide orderly and peaceful procedures for preventing the interference by either with the legitimate rights of the other, to protect the rights of individual employees in their relations with labor organizations whose activities affect commerce, to define and proscribe practices on the part of labor and management which affect commerce and are inimical to the general welfare, and to protect the rights of the public in connection with labor disputes affecting commerce.The amendments enacted in Taft–Hartley added a list of prohibited actions, or unfair labor practices, on the part of unions to the NLRA, which had previously only prohibited unfair labor practices committed by employers. The Taft–Hartley Act prohibited jurisdictional strikes, wildcat strikes, solidarity or political strikes, secondary boycotts, secondary and mass picketing, closed shops, and monetary donations by unions to federal political campaigns. It also required union officers to sign non-communist affidavits with the government. Union shops were heavily restricted, and states were allowed to pass right-to-work laws that ban agency fees. Furthermore, the executive branch of the federal government could obtain legal strikebreaking injunctions if an impending or current strike imperiled the national health or safety.[11]","title":"Effects of the act"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Labor Management Reporting and Disclosure Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_Management_Reporting_and_Disclosure_Act"}],"sub_title":"Jurisdictional strikes","text":"In jurisdictional strikes, outlawed by Taft–Hartley, a union strikes in order to assign particular work to the employees it represents. Secondary boycotts and common situs picketing, also outlawed by the act, are actions in which unions picket, strike, or refuse to handle the goods of a business with which they have no primary dispute but which is associated with a targeted business.[12][citation needed] A later statute, the Labor Management Reporting and Disclosure Act, passed in 1959, tightened these restrictions on secondary boycotts still further.","title":"Effects of the act"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"First Amendment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution"},{"link_name":"Floyd Abrams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floyd_Abrams"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nation-7"}],"sub_title":"Campaign expenditures","text":"According to First Amendment scholar Floyd Abrams, the Act \"was the first law barring unions and corporations from making independent expenditures in support of or [in] opposition to federal candidates\".[7]","title":"Effects of the act"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"labor union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union"},{"link_name":"union security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_security"},{"link_name":"duty of fair representation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duty_of_fair_representation"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Closed shops","text":"The law outlawed closed shops which were contractual agreements that required an employer to hire only labor union members. Union shops, still permitted, require new recruits to join the union within a certain amount of time. The National Labor Relations Board and the courts have added other restrictions on the power of unions to enforce union security clauses and have required them to make extensive financial disclosures to all members as part of their duty of fair representation.[citation needed] On the other hand, Congress repealed the provisions requiring a vote by workers to authorize a union shop a few years after the passage of the Act when it became apparent that workers were approving them in virtually every case.[citation needed]","title":"Effects of the act"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"right-to-work laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-to-work_law"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Deep South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_South"},{"link_name":"Rocky Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama"},{"link_name":"Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona"},{"link_name":"Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida"},{"link_name":"Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Union security clauses","text":"The amendments also authorized individual states to outlaw union security clauses (such as the union shop) entirely in their jurisdictions by passing right-to-work laws. A right-to-work law, under Section 14B of Taft–Hartley, prevents unions from negotiating contracts or legally binding documents requiring companies to fire workers who refuse to join the union.[citation needed] Currently all of the states in the Deep South and a number of states in the Midwest, Great Plains, and Rocky Mountains regions have right-to-work laws (with six states—Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, Florida, Mississippi, and Oklahoma—going one step further and enshrining right-to-work laws in their states' constitutions).[citation needed]","title":"Effects of the act"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"strikes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strike_action"},{"link_name":"collective bargaining agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_bargaining_agreement"},{"link_name":"United Mine Workers of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Mine_Workers_of_America"},{"link_name":"George W. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush"},{"link_name":"lockout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockout_(industry)"},{"link_name":"International Longshore and Warehouse Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Longshore_and_Warehouse_Union"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fleischli1968-14"}],"sub_title":"Strikes","text":"The amendments required unions and employers to give 80 days' notice to each other and to certain state and federal mediation bodies before they may undertake strikes or other forms of economic action in pursuit of a new collective bargaining agreement; it did not, on the other hand, impose any \"cooling-off period\" after a contract expired. The Act also authorized the President to intervene in strikes or potential strikes that create a national emergency, a reaction to the national coal miners' strikes called by the United Mine Workers of America in the 1940s. Presidents have used that power less and less frequently in each succeeding decade. President George W. Bush invoked the law in connection with the employer lockout of the International Longshore and Warehouse Union during negotiations with West Coast shipping and stevedoring companies in 2002.[13]The Act also prohibited federal employees from striking.[14]","title":"Effects of the act"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Department of Labor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Labor"},{"link_name":"Communist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_USA"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-laborstory-10"},{"link_name":"American Communications Ass'n v. Douds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Communications_Ass%27n_v._Douds"},{"link_name":"unconstitutional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutionality"},{"link_name":"bill of attainder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_of_attainder"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Anti-communism","text":"The amendments required union leaders to file affidavits with the United States Department of Labor declaring that they were not supporters of the Communist Party and had no relationship with any organization seeking the \"overthrow of the United States government by force or by any illegal or unconstitutional means\" as a condition to participating in NLRB proceedings. Just over a year after Taft–Hartley passed, 81,000 union officers from nearly 120 unions had filed the required affidavits.[10] This provision was at first upheld in the 1950 Supreme Court decision American Communications Ass'n v. Douds, but in 1965, the Supreme Court held that this provision was an unconstitutional bill of attainder.[15]","title":"Effects of the act"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nrhpinv1-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Treatment of supervisors","text":"The amendments expressly excluded supervisors from coverage under the act, and allowed employers to terminate supervisors engaging in union activities or those not supporting the employer's stance.[16] The amendments maintained coverage under the act for professional employees, but provided for special procedures before they may be included in the same bargaining unit as non-professional employees.[17]","title":"Effects of the act"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McCarthy-5"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"}],"sub_title":"Right of employer to oppose unions","text":"The Act revised the Wagner Act's requirement of employer neutrality, to allow employers to deliver anti-union messages in the workplace.[5] These changes confirmed an earlier Supreme Court ruling that employers have a constitutional right to express their opposition to unions, so long as they did not threaten employees with reprisals for their union activities nor offer any incentives to employees as an alternative to unionizing. The amendments also gave employers the right to file a petition asking the Board to determine if a union represents a majority of its employees, and allow employees to petition either to decertify their union, or to invalidate the union security provisions of any existing collective bargaining agreement.","title":"Effects of the act"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"secondary boycotts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_action"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"National Labor Relations Board","text":"The amendments gave the General Counsel of the National Labor Relations Board discretionary power to seek injunctions against either employers or unions that violated the Act.[citation needed] The law made pursuit of such injunctions mandatory, rather than discretionary, in the case of secondary boycotts by unions.[citation needed] The amendments also established the General Counsel’s autonomy within the administrative framework of the NLRB. Congress also gave employers the right to sue unions for damages caused by a secondary boycott, but gave the General Counsel exclusive power to seek injunctive relief against such activities.[citation needed]","title":"Effects of the act"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"collective bargaining agreements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_bargaining_agreements"},{"link_name":"arbitration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbitration"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Federal jurisdiction","text":"The act provided for federal court jurisdiction to enforce collective bargaining agreements. Although Congress passed this section to empower federal courts to hold unions liable in damages for strikes violating a no-strike clause, this part of the act has instead served as the springboard for creation of a \"federal common law\" of collective bargaining agreements, which favored arbitration over litigation or strikes as the preferred means of resolving labor disputes.[citation needed]","title":"Effects of the act"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Conciliation Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Conciliation_Service"},{"link_name":"Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service (United States)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Mediation_and_Conciliation_Service_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-1947-18"}],"sub_title":"Conciliation Service","text":"The United States Conciliation Service, which had provided mediation for labor disputes as part of Department of Labor, was removed from that department and reconstituted as an independent agency, the Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service (United States). This was done in part because industry forces thought the existing service had been too \"partial\" to labor.[18]","title":"Effects of the act"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Norris–La Guardia Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norris%E2%80%93La_Guardia_Act"},{"link_name":"Employee Retirement Income Security Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employee_Retirement_Income_Security_Act"}],"sub_title":"Other","text":"The Congress that passed the Taft–Hartley Amendments considered repealing the Norris–La Guardia Act to the extent necessary to permit courts to issue injunctions against strikes violating a no-strike clause, but chose not to do so. The Supreme Court nonetheless held several decades later that the act implicitly gave the courts the power to enjoin such strikes over subjects that would be subject to final and binding arbitration under a collective bargaining agreement.Finally, the act imposed a number of procedural and substantive standards that unions and employers must meet before they may use employer funds to provide pensions and other employee benefit to unionized employees. Congress has since passed more extensive protections for workers and employee benefit plans as part of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act (\"ERISA\").","title":"Effects of the act"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crowd_carrying_placards_and_a_banner_reading,_%22Repeal_Taft-Hartley_Act,%22_and_%22Fair_Tax_elect_Stevenson.%22_(5278847529).jpg"},{"link_name":"International Ladies Garment Workers Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Ladies_Garment_Workers_Union"},{"link_name":"Congress of Industrial Organizations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_Industrial_Organizations"},{"link_name":"1948 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-prisoners-19"},{"link_name":"1950","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1950_United_States_Senate_election_in_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lubell1956-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-giant-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"1952 political march by the International Ladies Garment Workers Union; among their signs is \"Repeal Hartley–Taft Act\"Union leaders in the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) vigorously campaigned for Truman in the 1948 election based upon a (never fulfilled) promise to repeal Taft–Hartley.[19] Truman won, but a union-backed effort in Ohio to defeat Taft in 1950 failed in what one author described as \"a shattering demonstration of labor's political weaknesses\".[20] Despite his opposition to the law, Truman relied upon it in twelve instances during his presidency.[21][22]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCoy198449%E2%80%9351,_57_1-0"},{"link_name":"McCoy 1984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMcCoy1984"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCoy198493%E2%80%9395_2-0"},{"link_name":"McCoy 1984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMcCoy1984"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-wagner1_3-0"},{"link_name":"\"How Did the Taft-Hartley Act Come About?\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//historynewsnetwork.org/article/1036"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowen201149%E2%80%9351_4-0"},{"link_name":"Bowen 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBowen2011"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-McCarthy_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-McCarthy_5-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-59558-498-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59558-498-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"June 20, 1947: On the Veto of the Taft-Hartley Bill\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//millercenter.org/the-presidency/presidential-speeches/june-20-1947-veto-taft-hartley-bill"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Nation_7-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Nation_7-1"},{"link_name":"Debating 'Citizens United'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.thenation.com/article/157720/debating-citizens-united"},{"link_name":"The Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nation"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"\"National Affairs: Barrel No. 2\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080416175321/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,797962,00.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,797962,00.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"Lobbying in America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=wYuGAAAAQBAJ&dq=taft+hartley+override+bipartisan&pg=PA53"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-laborstory_10-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-laborstory_10-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-59213-239-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59213-239-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"\"Strikes and the Public Interest - A Proposal for New Legislation\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.theatlantic.com/past/docs/issues/60feb/cox.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"\"President Invokes Taft-Hartley Act To Open 29 Ports\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/2002/10/09/us/president-invokes-taft-hartley-act-to-open-29-ports.html?pagewanted=all"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Fleischli1968_14-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"United States v. Brown (1965)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_v._Brown_(1965)"},{"link_name":"381 U.S. 437","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/381/437"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-nrhpinv1_16-0"},{"link_name":"\"Taft-Hartley Signed 60 Years Ago\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20130518121009/http://www.politicalaffairs.net/taft-hartley-signed-60-years-ago/"},{"link_name":"Political Affairs Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_Affairs_Magazine"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.politicalaffairs.net/taft-hartley-signed-60-years-ago/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"PUBLIC LAWS-CHS.114, 120-JUNE 21, 23,1947","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.loc.gov/law/help/statutes-at-large/80th-congress/session-1/c80s1ch114.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-nyt-1947_18-0"},{"link_name":"\"Analysis of the Labor Act Shows Changed Era at Hand for Industry\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/1947/06/24/archives/analysis-of-the-labor-act-shows-changed-era-at-hand-for-industry.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-prisoners_19-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-85984-248-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85984-248-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-lubell1956_20-0"},{"link_name":"OL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OL_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"6193934M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//openlibrary.org/books/OL6193934M"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-giant_21-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-87348-263-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87348-263-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"\"Taft-Hartley Act\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.appellate-counsellor.com/taft-hartley.htm"}],"text":"^ McCoy 1984, pp. 49–51, 57.\n\n^ McCoy 1984, pp. 93–95.\n\n^ Wagner, Steven. \"How Did the Taft-Hartley Act Come About?\". History News Network.\n\n^ Bowen 2011, pp. 49–51.\n\n^ a b Anna McCarthy, The Citizen Machine: Governing by Television in 1950s America, New York: The New Press, 2010, p. 54. ISBN 978-1-59558-498-4.\n\n^ \"June 20, 1947: On the Veto of the Taft-Hartley Bill\". Miller Center. 2016-10-20. Retrieved 2019-02-22.\n\n^ a b Debating 'Citizens United', The Nation (2011-01-13)\n\n^ \"National Affairs: Barrel No. 2\". Time. June 23, 1947. Archived from the original on April 16, 2008. Retrieved May 24, 2010.\n\n^ Benjamin C. Waterhouise, Lobbying in America, (Princeton University Press, 2013) 53.\n\n^ a b Nicholson, Phillip (2004). Labor's Story in the United States. Temple University Press. ISBN 1-59213-239-1.\n\n^ Cox, Archibald (February 1960). \"Strikes and the Public Interest - A Proposal for New Legislation\". The Atlantic.\n\n^ 29 U.S.C. §§ 151-169 Section 8(b)(4)\n\n^ Sanger, David E.; Greenhouse, Steven (October 9, 2002). \"President Invokes Taft-Hartley Act To Open 29 Ports\". The New York Times.\n\n^ Fleischli, George R. (May–June 1968). \"DUTY TO BARGAIN UNDER EXECUTIVE ORDER 10988\". Air Force Law Review.\n\n^ United States v. Brown (1965), 381 U.S. 437 (Supreme Court June 7, 1965) (\"Held: Section 504 constitutes a bill of attainder and is therefore unconstitutional.\").\n\n^ Gruenberg, Mark (June 11, 2007). \"Taft-Hartley Signed 60 Years Ago\". Political Affairs Magazine. Archived from the original on May 18, 2013. Retrieved 2012-06-06.\n\n^ PUBLIC LAWS-CHS.114, 120-JUNE 21, 23,1947 (PDF). 80Ta CONG ., 1ST SESS .-CH. 120-JUNE 23, 1947. p. 136.\n\n^ Stark, Louis (June 24, 1947). \"Analysis of the Labor Act Shows Changed Era at Hand for Industry\". The New York Times. pp. 1, 4.\n\n^ Davis, Mike (2000). Prisoners of the American Dream: Politics and Economy in the History of the US Working Class. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 1-85984-248-8.\n\n^ Lubell, Samuel (1956). The Future of American Politics (2nd ed.). Anchor Press. p. 202. OL 6193934M.\n\n^ Preis, Art (1964). Labor's Giant Step: The First Twenty Years of the CIO. Pathfinder Press. ISBN 0-87348-263-8.\n\n^ \"Taft-Hartley Act\". Open Publishing. Retrieved 5 March 2021.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780807869192","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780807869192"},{"link_name":"The Presidency of Harry S. Truman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/presidencyofharr0000mcco"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7006-0252-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0252-0"}],"sub_title":"Works cited","text":"Bowen, Michael (2011). The Roots of Modern Conservatism: Dewey, Taft, and the Battle for the Soul of the Republican Party. UNC Press Books. ISBN 9780807869192.\nMcCoy, Donald R. (1984). The Presidency of Harry S. Truman. University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0-7006-0252-0.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Caballero, Raymond. McCarthyism vs. Clinton Jencks. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2019.","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"David Dubinsky of the International Ladies Garment Workers Union speaks against the Taft–Hartley Act, 4 May 1947","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/David_Dubinsky_gives_a_speech_against_the_Hartley-Taft_bill%2C_with_Luigi_Antonini_in_the_audience%2C_May_4%2C_1947._%285278798677%29.jpg/220px-David_Dubinsky_gives_a_speech_against_the_Hartley-Taft_bill%2C_with_Luigi_Antonini_in_the_audience%2C_May_4%2C_1947._%285278798677%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"1952 political march by the International Ladies Garment Workers Union; among their signs is \"Repeal Hartley–Taft Act\"","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Crowd_carrying_placards_and_a_banner_reading%2C_%22Repeal_Taft-Hartley_Act%2C%22_and_%22Fair_Tax_elect_Stevenson.%22_%285278847529%29.jpg/220px-Crowd_carrying_placards_and_a_banner_reading%2C_%22Repeal_Taft-Hartley_Act%2C%22_and_%22Fair_Tax_elect_Stevenson.%22_%285278847529%29.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Labor unions in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_unions_in_the_United_States"},{"title":"Norris–La Guardia Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norris%E2%80%93La_Guardia_Act"},{"title":"Wagner Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagner_Act"},{"title":"Jurisdictional strike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisdictional_strike"},{"title":"Solidarity action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidarity_action"},{"title":"Chauffeurs, Teamsters, and Helpers Local No. 391 v. Terry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chauffeurs,_Teamsters,_and_Helpers_Local_No._391_v._Terry"}]
[{"reference":"Wagner, Steven. \"How Did the Taft-Hartley Act Come About?\". History News Network.","urls":[{"url":"https://historynewsnetwork.org/article/1036","url_text":"\"How Did the Taft-Hartley Act Come About?\""}]},{"reference":"\"June 20, 1947: On the Veto of the Taft-Hartley Bill\". Miller Center. 2016-10-20. Retrieved 2019-02-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://millercenter.org/the-presidency/presidential-speeches/june-20-1947-veto-taft-hartley-bill","url_text":"\"June 20, 1947: On the Veto of the Taft-Hartley Bill\""}]},{"reference":"\"National Affairs: Barrel No. 2\". Time. June 23, 1947. Archived from the original on April 16, 2008. Retrieved May 24, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080416175321/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,797962,00.html","url_text":"\"National Affairs: Barrel No. 2\""},{"url":"http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,797962,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Nicholson, Phillip (2004). Labor's Story in the United States. Temple University Press. ISBN 1-59213-239-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59213-239-1","url_text":"1-59213-239-1"}]},{"reference":"Cox, Archibald (February 1960). \"Strikes and the Public Interest - A Proposal for New Legislation\". The Atlantic.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theatlantic.com/past/docs/issues/60feb/cox.htm","url_text":"\"Strikes and the Public Interest - A Proposal for New Legislation\""}]},{"reference":"Sanger, David E.; Greenhouse, Steven (October 9, 2002). \"President Invokes Taft-Hartley Act To Open 29 Ports\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2002/10/09/us/president-invokes-taft-hartley-act-to-open-29-ports.html?pagewanted=all","url_text":"\"President Invokes Taft-Hartley Act To Open 29 Ports\""}]},{"reference":"Fleischli, George R. (May–June 1968). \"DUTY TO BARGAIN UNDER EXECUTIVE ORDER 10988\". Air Force Law Review.","urls":[]},{"reference":"United States v. Brown (1965)","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_v._Brown_(1965)","url_text":"United States v. Brown (1965)"}]},{"reference":"Gruenberg, Mark (June 11, 2007). \"Taft-Hartley Signed 60 Years Ago\". Political Affairs Magazine. Archived from the original on May 18, 2013. Retrieved 2012-06-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130518121009/http://www.politicalaffairs.net/taft-hartley-signed-60-years-ago/","url_text":"\"Taft-Hartley Signed 60 Years Ago\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_Affairs_Magazine","url_text":"Political Affairs Magazine"},{"url":"http://www.politicalaffairs.net/taft-hartley-signed-60-years-ago/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"PUBLIC LAWS-CHS.114, 120-JUNE 21, 23,1947 (PDF). 80Ta CONG ., 1ST SESS .-CH. 120-JUNE 23, 1947. p. 136.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.loc.gov/law/help/statutes-at-large/80th-congress/session-1/c80s1ch114.pdf","url_text":"PUBLIC LAWS-CHS.114, 120-JUNE 21, 23,1947"}]},{"reference":"Stark, Louis (June 24, 1947). \"Analysis of the Labor Act Shows Changed Era at Hand for Industry\". The New York Times. pp. 1, 4.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1947/06/24/archives/analysis-of-the-labor-act-shows-changed-era-at-hand-for-industry.html","url_text":"\"Analysis of the Labor Act Shows Changed Era at Hand for Industry\""}]},{"reference":"Davis, Mike (2000). Prisoners of the American Dream: Politics and Economy in the History of the US Working Class. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 1-85984-248-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85984-248-8","url_text":"1-85984-248-8"}]},{"reference":"Lubell, Samuel (1956). The Future of American Politics (2nd ed.). Anchor Press. p. 202. OL 6193934M.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OL_(identifier)","url_text":"OL"},{"url":"https://openlibrary.org/books/OL6193934M","url_text":"6193934M"}]},{"reference":"Preis, Art (1964). Labor's Giant Step: The First Twenty Years of the CIO. Pathfinder Press. ISBN 0-87348-263-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87348-263-8","url_text":"0-87348-263-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Taft-Hartley Act\". Open Publishing. Retrieved 5 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.appellate-counsellor.com/taft-hartley.htm","url_text":"\"Taft-Hartley Act\""}]},{"reference":"Bowen, Michael (2011). The Roots of Modern Conservatism: Dewey, Taft, and the Battle for the Soul of the Republican Party. UNC Press Books. ISBN 9780807869192.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780807869192","url_text":"9780807869192"}]},{"reference":"McCoy, Donald R. (1984). The Presidency of Harry S. Truman. University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0-7006-0252-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/presidencyofharr0000mcco","url_text":"The Presidency of Harry S. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaetano_Lucchese
Tommy Lucchese
["1 Early life","2 107th Street gang","3 Castellammarese War","4 Underboss to Gagliano","5 Boss of the family","6 Alliance with Gambino and Genovese","7 Lucchese and Gambino","8 Commission plot","9 Death and burial","10 In popular culture","11 Notes","12 Sources","13 Further reading","14 External links"]
Italian-American crime boss (1899–1967) Tommy LuccheseBornGaetano Lucchese(1899-12-01)December 1, 1899Palermo, Sicily, Kingdom of ItalyDiedJuly 13, 1967(1967-07-13) (aged 67)Lido Beach, New York, U.S.Resting placeCalvary Cemetery, Queens, New York, U.S.NationalityItalianOther namesThomas Luckese, Tommy Brown, Tommy Three-Finger Brown, Thomas ArraCitizenshipAmericanOccupationCrime bossPredecessorTommy GaglianoSuccessorCarmine TramuntiSpouseCatherine LuccheseChildren2RelativesJoseph Lucchese (brother)Thomas Gambino (son-in-law)Carlo Gambino (co-father-in-law)AllegianceLucchese crime family Thomas Gaetano Lucchese (born Gaetano Lucchese; Italian: ; December 1, 1899 – July 13, 1967), sometimes known by the nicknames "Tommy", "Thomas Luckese", "Tommy Brown" or "Tommy Three-Finger Brown", was an Italian-American gangster and founding member of the Mafia in the United States, an offshoot of the Cosa Nostra in Sicily. From 1951 until 1967, he was the boss of the Lucchese crime family, one of the Five Families that dominate organized crime in New York City. Early life Gaetano Lucchese was born on December 1, 1899, to Baldassarre and Francesca Lucchese in Palermo, Sicily. The surname "Lucchese" suggests family origins from the Sicilian city of Lucca Sicula. In early 1911, the Lucchese family emigrated to the United States, settling in Manhattan's Italian neighborhood of East Harlem. The family first lived in a building at 213 East 106th Street before moving to 316 East 118th Street; both buildings were in the Italian East Harlem neighborhood. Lucchese's father worked hauling cement. As a teen Lucchese worked in a machine shop until 1915, when an industrial accident amputated his right thumb and forefinger. In the early 1930s, Lucchese along with his family moved to an apartment at 100-18 Northern Boulevard in Corona, Queens, the area known as the “Little Italy of Queens". Lucchese was 5 feet 4 inches (162.56 cm). He had three brothers Joseph, Vincent (Jimmy,) and Anthony (Nino) who all followed him into a life of organized crime. In 1943, Lucchese became a naturalized citizen of United States. Lucchese married Catherine and they had two children, Frances and Baldesare. The family lived at 104 Parsons Blvd in Malba, Queens before moving in 1950 to 74 Royat Street in Lido Beach, Long Island. Lucchese's daughter, Frances would marry Tommy Gambino, the son of Carlo Gambino, the boss of the Gambino crime family, which formed a strong bond between the two crime families. 107th Street gang After his accident, Lucchese spent more time with members of the 107th Street gang. Members of the gang stole wallets, burglarized stores, and engaged in other illegal activities. The 107th Street gang operated under the protection of Bronx-East Harlem family boss Gaetano "Tom" Reina. By the age of eighteen, Lucchese had started a window washing company in East Harlem; anyone refusing to use his window washing services would have their windows broken. Lucchese sometimes operated out of a political club off East 106th Street in East Harlem. By the early 1920s, Lucchese had become a strong ally of fellow mobster Charlie "Lucky" Luciano and became a top member of Gaetano Reina's crime family. During Lucchese's criminal career he was only arrested six times; his first arrest was in 1920 and the last in 1935. He never served a lengthy prison sentence. In 1920, Lucchese was arrested in Riverhead, Long Island, on grand larceny charges after stealing a car. During his booking, a police officer compared Lucchese's deformed hand with that of Mordecai "Three Finger" Brown, a popular Major League Baseball pitcher. The officer nicknamed Lucchese "Three Finger Brown", an alias that Lucchese always disliked. In January 1921, Lucchese was convicted of auto theft and sentenced on March 27, 1922 to three years and nine months in prison. Lucchese served thirteen months at Sing Sing Correctional Facility before he was paroled. It would be Lucchese's only conviction. Lucchese was released from prison in 1923, three years into prohibition. His old friends Charlie Luciano, Frank Costello, and Meyer Lansky had become partners with Jewish gangster Arnold "the Brain" Rothstein selling bootleg alcohol. In August 1927, Lucchese was arrested under the alias of "Thomas Arra" and charged with receiving stolen goods. On July 18, 1928, Lucchese was arrested along with his brother-in-law, Joseph "Joe Palisades" Rosato, for the murder of Louis Cerasuolo; the charges were later dropped. Lucchese was arrested on three other occasions in his lifetime: in 1930 for murder, in 1931 for an investigation, and in 1935 for vagrancy, but in all three arrests he was released and all charges were dropped. Castellammarese War In early 1931, the Castellammarese War broke out between Joe Masseria and Salvatore Maranzano. In a secret deal with Maranzano, Luciano agreed to engineer the death of his boss, Masseria, in return for receiving Masseria's rackets and becoming Maranzano's second-in-command. On April 15, 1931, Luciano had lured Masseria to a meeting where he was murdered at a restaurant called Nuova Villa Tammaro on Coney Island. While they played cards, Luciano allegedly excused himself to the bathroom, with the gunmen reportedly being Vito Genovese, Albert Anastasia, Joe Adonis, and Benjamin "Bugsy" Siegel; Ciro "The Artichoke King" Terranova drove the getaway car, but legend has it that he was too shaken up to drive away and had to be shoved out of the driver's seat by Siegel. Luciano took over Masseria's family, with Genovese as his underboss. In September 1931, Luciano and Genovese planned the murder of Salvatore Maranzano after Lucchese had previously alerted Luciano that he was marked for death, and prepared a hit team to kill Maranzano first. On September 10, 1931, when Maranzano summoned Luciano, Genovese, and Frank Costello to a meeting at his office, they knew Maranzano would kill them there. Instead, Luciano sent four Jewish gangsters whose faces were unknown to Maranzano's people to Maranzano's office. They had been secured with the aid of Lansky and Siegel. In the aftermath of Maranzano's murder Luciano subsequently created The Commission to serve as the governing body for organized crime. The old structure, in which first Masseria and then Maranzano claimed to be boss of all bosses in New York City was abandoned in favor of recognition of five crime families or borgatas, each operating in particular areas and activities, with Luciano the first among equals. Underboss to Gagliano Due to Luciano's reforms, the New York City underworld entered a long period of peace. Tommy Gagliano had risen to leadership of the Reina family with the assassination of Gaetano Reina at the outset of the Castellammarese War and retained that position after Luciano's ascension. From 1932 onward, Gagliano kept a very low profile; almost nothing is known about him from then onward. He preferred to issue his orders through close allies, particularly Lucchese, who was his underboss and the family's public face. In 1946, Lucchese attended the mob's Havana Conference in Cuba as Gagliano's representative. Luciano's predominance on the Commission did not last; after his conviction on compulsory prostitution charges in 1936 and his deportation in 1946, power struggles within his own crime family and between the five families came to the fore. Gagliano was at a disadvantage in these conflicts, being outnumbered in the Commission by an alliance of the Bonanno, Magaddino, Profaci and Mangano families. During his years as underboss Lucchese formed an alliance with Louis Buchalter and together they controlled many of the largest locals of the International Ladies Garment Workers Union in the garment district. The Gagliano family also dominated unions in the trucking, construction and food industries and had undisclosed ownership interests in several Manhattan nightclubs. Boss of the family In 1951, Gagliano died of natural causes. As underboss and de facto street boss for two decades, Lucchese was the obvious successor, and the family was quickly renamed the Lucchese crime family. Lucchese appointed mobsters Stafano LaSalle as underboss and Vincenzo Rao as consigliere. That same year, Lucchese formed an alliance with Luciano crime family underboss Vito Genovese and Anastasia crime family underboss Carlo Gambino with the long-term goal of gaining control of the Commission. Lucchese became one of the most well-respected Cosa Nostra bosses of the Post-War era. He maintained close relationships with New York City politicians, including Mayors William O'Dwyer and Vincent Impellitteri. Lucchese concentrated on the core Cosa Nostra values of making money, keeping a low public profile, and avoiding criminal prosecution. The Lucchese family came to dominate Manhattan's garment district and the related trucking industry by gaining control of key unions and trade associations. During the 1950s, Lucchese controlled a narcotic trafficking network with Santo Trafficante Jr., the boss of the Tampa crime family. Lucchese had maintained a longtime alliance with Trafficante Jr.'s father Santo Trafficante Sr., the former boss of the Tampa mafia family and during the 1940s, helped train Trafficante Jr., in the mafia traditions. Trafficante Jr. would frequently meet with Lucchese in New York City for dinner. Alliance with Gambino and Genovese On January 25, 1943, Lucchese became a naturalized United States citizen in Newark, New Jersey. On November 17, 1952, U.S. Attorney General James P. McGranery initiated denaturalization proceedings against Lucchese. In its filing, the government claimed that Lucchese did not reveal his entire arrest record when applying for citizenship. In 1957, Lucchese and his allies decided to attack the bosses of the Luciano and Anastasia crime families to gain Commission control. On May 3, 1957, gunman Vincent Gigante wounded Luciano's street boss Frank Costello. Shaken by the assassination attempt, Costello soon retired, leaving Genovese as boss. On October 25, 1957, Albert Anastasia was assassinated in a hotel barbershop and Carlo Gambino became the boss of the Anastasia (renamed Gambino) family. In 1957, Genovese called a national mob meeting to legitimize his control of the Luciano family. The meeting was held at rural home of mobster Joseph "Joe the Barber" Barbara in Apalachin, New York. On November 14, 1957, the New York State Police raided the meeting and arrested 61 fleeing gangsters. Lucchese had not yet arrived in Apalachin and therefore avoided arrest. However, his consigliere Vincenzo Rao, Gambino, Genovese and other mob leaders were detained. Genovese's humiliation motivated the new alliance of Luciano, Costello, Lansky, Gambino and Lucchese to set up Genovese's later elimination. Two years later, with the help of the alliance, Genovese was arrested on narcotics trafficking charges. Genovese was convicted and sent to prison, where he died in 1969. With the alliance backing him, Gambino now controlled the Commission. On April 8, 1958, the U.S. Supreme Court overturned the 1952 denaturalization ruling against Lucchese on a legal technicality. However, the next day, U.S. Attorney General William P. Rogers brought a new case against Lucchese. Lucchese and Gambino In 1962, Carlo Gambino's oldest son, Thomas Gambino, married Lucchese's daughter Frances. Over 1,000 guests attended the wedding, at which Carlo Gambino presented Lucchese with a $30,000 gift. In return, Lucchese gave Gambino a part of his rackets at Idlewild Airport (now called John F. Kennedy Airport). Lucchese exercised control over airport management security and all the airport unions. As a team, Lucchese and Gambino now controlled the airport, the Commission, and most organized crime in New York City. Commission plot In 1963, Joseph Magliocco and Bonanno boss Joseph Bonanno hatched an audacious plan to murder Commission bosses Carlo Gambino, Lucchese, and Stefano Magaddino, as well as Frank DeSimone, and take over the Mafia Commission. Joseph Magliocco gave the murder contract to Joseph Colombo. Colombo either feared for his life, or sensed an opportunity for advancement, and instead reported the plot to The Commission. The Commission, realizing that Bonanno was the real mastermind, ordered both Magliocco and Bonanno to explain. Bonanno went into hiding in Montreal, but a badly shaken Magliocco appeared and confessed everything; he was fined $50,000 and forced into retirement. Death and burial Our Lady of the Miraculous Medal On July 13, 1967, Lucchese died of a brain tumor at his home in the Lido Beach area of Long Island. The funeral service was held at Our Lady of the Miraculous Medal Church in Point Lookout, New York. Lucchese is buried at Calvary Cemetery in Queens, New York. Over 1,000 mourners, including politicians, judges, policemen, racketeers, drug pushers, pimps, and hitmen attended the ceremony. Undercover policemen photographed the attendees. At the time of his death, he had not spent a day in prison in 44 years. Lucchese's first choice as a successor had been Antonio "Tony Ducks" Corallo, but Corallo was in prison when Lucchese died. Lucchese's second choice, Ettore Coco, was also in legal trouble and served a short time as boss. Another possible candidate was consigliere Vincenzo Rao, but he too was dealing with criminal charges. The Commission finally selected capo Carmine Tramunti as temporary acting boss until Corallo was released from prison. In popular culture In the television miniseries The Gangster Chronicles, Lucchese is portrayed by Jon Polito In Gangster Wars (1981), Lucchese is portrayed by Jon Polito He is portrayed by Michael Rispoli on the 2022 TV series The Offer. He is portrayed by Bo Dietl on the Epix TV Series Godfather of Harlem Notes ^ "Thomas Luchese, Rackets Boss Called 3-Finger Brown, Is Dead; Leader in Underworld Was Said to Be the Head of a Cosa Nostra 'Family'". The New York Times. July 14, 1967. Retrieved February 10, 2020. ^ a b Bureau of Narcotics, Sam Giancana (2009) pg.510 ^ a b c d Feinberg, Alexander (November 18, 1952). "M'Granery Acts to Deport Luchese to his Native Italy" (PDF). New York Times. Retrieved 30 November 2011. ^ Harrell (2009) pg. 99-101 ^ a b c Volkman (1998) pg. 8-37 ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Tommy (Tommy Brown) Lucchese – Family Boss". The New York Mafia. Retrieved 25 March 2023. ^ a b c Hunt, Thomas. "White-Collar Mafioso: Tommy Lucchese (1899–1967)". 2007. The American Mafia.com ^ a b c d Biography Channel. Tommy Lucchese Archived 2015-07-24 at the Wayback Machine ^ a b c d United States. Congress. Senate. Select Committee on Improper Activities in the Labor or Management Field. "Investigation of improper activities in the labor or management field". Testimony of Thomas Lucchese, Accompanied by Counsel, Richard J. Burke. (July 1958) Washington : U.S. Govt. Print. Off. Boston Public Library ^ Lucania, Salvatore. "Tommy Lucchese's home -1952- 104 Parsons Blvd Queens NY". Gangsters Inc. Retrieved 23 January 2021. ^ Ragano, Raab (1994) pg. 219 ^ a b c United States of America v. Gaetano Lucchese (247 F.2d 123) Archived 2012-05-17 at the Wayback Machine United States Court of Appeals Second Circuit (Docket #24424) Argued March 15, 1957 — Decided June 17, 1957 Justia.com (US Law) ^ a b c Raab, Selwyn. Five Families: The Rise, Decline, and Resurgence of America's Most Powerful Mafia Empires. New York: St. Martin Press, 2005. ISBN 0-312-30094-8 ^ "Racket Chief Slain By Gangster Gunfire. Giuseppe Masseria, Known as Joe the Boss, Shot Mysteriously in Coney Island Cafe. Police Say He Was Leader in Every Kind of Racket. He Escaped Death Many Times. Shooting Still a Mystery" (PDF). New York Times. April 16, 1931. Retrieved November 23, 2011. It took ten years and a lot of shooting to kill Giuseppe Masseria—he was Joe the Boss to the underworld—but his enemies found him with his back turned yesterday in a little Italian restaurant in Coney Island, and when they walked out into ^ Pollak, Michael (June 29, 2012). "Coney Island's Big Hit". The New York Times. Retrieved 31 October 2012. ^ Sifakis, (2005). pp. 87–88 ^ Martin A. Gosch; Richard Hammer; Lucky Luciano (1975). The Last Testament of Lucky Luciano. Little, Brown. pp. 130–132. ISBN 978-0-316-32140-2. ^ Davis, John H. (1994). Mafia dynasty : the rise and fall of the Gambino crime family (1st Harper paperbacks ed.). New York, N.Y.: HarperPaperbacks. p. 40. ISBN 0-06-109184-7. ^ "Lucky Luciano: Criminal Mastermind," Time, Dec. 7, 1998 ^ Cohen, Rich (1999). Tough Jews (1st Vintage Books ed.). New York: Vintage Books. pp. 65–66. ISBN 0-375-70547-3. ^ "The Commission's Origins". The New York Times. 1986. Retrieved 22 February 2017. ^ Ryan, p.118 ^ a b c Raab, Selwyn (4 October 2016). Five Families The Rise, Decline, and Resurgence of America's Most Powerful Mafia Empires. St. Martin's Publishing Group. pp. 105–106. ISBN 9781250101709. Retrieved 26 December 2022. ^ "Costello is Shot Entering Home; Gunman Escapes" (PDF). New York Times. May 3, 1957. Retrieved 30 November 2011. ^ Dunlap, David W. (October 25, 2007). "Hint: It Wasn't the Orange Crème Frappucino". New York Times. Retrieved 30 November 2011. ^ a b Grutzner, Charles (February 16, 1959). "Ruled 'Family' of 450. Genovese Dies in Prison at 71. 'Boss of Bosses' of Mafia Here". New York Times. Retrieved 30 November 2011. ^ "Attorney General Acts" (PDF). New York Times. April 9, 1958. Retrieved 1 December 2011. ^ The Gambino Crime Family — A Squirrel of a Man — Crime Library on truTV.com Archived 2013-05-20 at the Wayback Machine ^ Raab, Selwyn (March 20, 1990). "Police Say Their Chinatown Sting Ties Mob to the Garment Industry". The New York Times. ^ Sullivanfirst=Ronald (February 5, 1992). "Gambino Gained 'Mob Tax' With Fear, Prosecutor Says". The New York Times. ^ Barron, James (December 2, 1992). "Thomas Gambino: It's All in the Name". The New York Times. ^ "Jailed Capo Out 2m Stuck In Stock Scam, Gambino Charges". New York Daily News. New York. Archived from the original on June 8, 2009. ^ a b Staff (September 1, 1967) "The Mob: How Joe Bonanno Schemed to kill – and lost" Life p.15-21 ^ Clines, Francis X. (July 16, 1967). "L.I. Police Record A Mafia Funeral. Mourners at Services for Luchese Are Photographed". New York Times. Retrieved August 15, 2012. A quiet funeral mass was celebrated here this morning for Thomas Luchese, the reputed underworld leader, as police detectives in sports clothes photographed the mourners and jotted down limousine license numbers. ^ IMDb: The Gangster Chronicles (1981) ^ IMDb: Gangster Wars (1981) Sources Bureau of Narcotics, Sam Giancana, United States Treasury Department. Mafia: The Government's Secret File on Organized Crime. Skyhorse Publishing, 2009. Harrell, G. T. (2009). For Members Only: The Story of the Mob's Secret Judge. Arthur House Publishing. Volkman, Ernest (1998). Gangbusters: The Destruction of America's Last Great Mafia Dynasty. New York: Avon Books. Ragano, Frank; Raab, Selwyn (1994). Mob Lawyer. Charles Scribner's Sons. Further reading Davis, John H. (1993). Mafia Dynasty: The Rise and Fall of the Gambino Crime Family. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-016357-7. Kwitny, Jonathan (1979). Vicious Circles: The Mafia in the Marketplace. New York: W.W. Norton. ISBN 0-393-01188-7. Moldea, Dan E. (1978). The Hoffa Wars. New York: Charter Books. ISBN 0-441-34010-5. Raab, Selwyn (2005). Five Families: The Rise, Decline, and Resurgence of America's Most Powerful Mafia Empires. New York: St. Martin Press. ISBN 0-312-30094-8. Tommy Lucchese, the quiet don in Malba by Ron Marzlock (November 23, 2011) Queens Chronicle A Death in the Family by Thom L. Jones. Real deal mafia.com External links Mobsters: Tommy Lucchese Tommy Lucchese at Find a Grave American Mafia Preceded byTommy Gagliano Lucchese crime familyUnderboss 1930-1951 Succeeded byStefano LaSalle Preceded byTommy Gagliano Lucchese crime familyBoss 1951-1967 Succeeded byCarmine Tramunti vteLucchese crime familyBosses Gaetano Reina Tommaso Gagliano Gaetano Lucchese Carmine Tramunti Anthony Corallo Vittorio Amuso Current membersMade men Salvatore Avellino Steven Crea Matthew Madonna Nicky Scarfo Jr. Joseph Testa Martin Taccetta Michael Taccetta Associates Anthony Senter Past membersMade men Frankie Carbo Jackie DiNorscio Johnny Dio Paul Vario Associates Marat Balagula Nicky Barnes James Burke Thomas DeSimone Robert Germaine Informants Anthony Accetturo Anthony Casso Alphonse D'Arco Henry Hill Karen Friedman Hill Factions and crewsActive Brooklyn faction New Jersey faction Defunct Purple Gang Tanglewood Boys Family eventsHearings Kefauver Committee (1950–1951) Valachi hearings (1963) Heists Air France robbery (1967) Pierre Hotel Robbery (1972) Lufthansa heist (1978) Scheme French Connection (1960s–1970s) Social clubs Robert's Lounge Trials Mafia Commission Trial (1986) Window Case (1991) Wars Castellammarese War (1929–1931) Detectives Louis Eppolito and Stephen Caracappa Relation to other groupsAllies Marat Balagula's gang Bonanno family Buffalo family Chicago Outfit Colombo family The Council DeCavalcante family Gambino family Genovese family Murder, Inc. Philadelphia family Velentzas Organization Rivals Jose Battle's Corporation Rudaj Organization See also: List of Lucchese crime family mobsters List of past Lucchese crime family mobsters Lucchese crime family (1963) Template vteItalian-American Mafia List of Mafia crime families Mafia bibliography FamiliesFive Families ofNew York CityBonanno Calabrian group Motion Lounge crew New Springville Boys Sicilian group ColomboColomboGambino Baltimore Crew Ozone Park Boys Genovese 116th Street Crew Broadway Mob Greenwich Village Crew New Jersey faction Lucchese Brooklyn faction New Jersey faction Tanglewood Boys East Coast Buffalo DeCavalcante (Northern New Jersey) Patriarca (New England) (Angiulo's Boston crew) Philadelphia (10th & Oregon Crew) Midwestern/Western Chicago Detroit Kansas City Los Angeles Mostly defunct Bufalino (Northeastern Pennsylvania) Cleveland Colorado Dallas Genna (Chicago) Lanzetta (Philadelphia) Morello (Italian Harlem) D'Aquila (Little Italy, Manhattan) New Orleans Milwaukee Pittsburgh Rochester San Francisco San Jose St. Louis Trafficante (Tampa) StructureChain of command The Commission Boss Underboss Consigliere Caporegime Soldato Associate Members (made men) List of Italian-American mobsters List of Italian-American mobsters by organization Terms Initiation ritual Made man Bagman Black Hand Black Hand in Chicago Vendetta Capo dei capi (boss of bosses) Mustache Pete Omertà One-way ride Sixth Family Zips EventsMeetings Atlantic City Conference (1929) Havana Conference (1946) Apalachin meeting (1957) Palermo Mafia summit (1957) Hearings Kefauver Committee (1950–1951) Valachi hearings (1963) Wars Mafia–Camorra War (1914–1917) Castellammarese War (1929–1931) Trials Pizza Connection Trial (1985–1987) Mafia Commission Trial (1985–1986) Closely relatedand affiliatedorganizationsActive Camorra Colacurcio Organization Commisso 'ndrina Cotroni crime family Cuntrera-Caruana Mafia clan Inzerillo Mafia clan Jewish Mafia Luppino crime family Musitano crime family 'Ndrangheta Papalia crime family Philadelphia Greek Mob Rizzuto crime family Sacra Corona Unita Sicilian Mafia Siderno Group Stidda Velentzas Organization Defunct Broadway Mob Bugs and Meyer Mob Bumpy Johnson gang New York Camorra The Corporation The Council Dutch Schultz Mob East Harlem Purple Gang Five Points Gang Forty-Two Gang Italian-American National Union Maceo Organization Marat Balagula gang Murder, Inc. National Crime Syndicate New Springville Boys Rudaj Organization South Brooklyn Boys Tanglewood Boys Unione Corse Westies Winter Hill Gang Other topicsGovernmentoperations Collaborations between the United States government and Italian Mafia Operation Family Secrets Operation Old Bridge Operation Solare Operation Underworld Operation Wasteland Crimes French Connection Hired Truck Program Lufthansa heist Saint Valentine's Day Massacre Related articles Barrel murder Buster from Chicago Cement shoes Shotgun Man CategoryvteMurder, IncorporatedAdministrationBosses Benjamin Siegel Lepke Buchalter Albert Anastasia Joe Adonis Adviser Louis Capone Lieutenants Tommy Lucchese Martin Goldstein Jacob Shapiro Emanuel Weiss Lou Kravitz Past membersOfficial Members Harry Greenberg Harry Strauss Joe Valachi Abe Reles Louis Cohen Hyman Holtz Albert Tannenbaum Philip Kovolick Aniello Dellacroce Seymour Magoon Harry Maione Frank Abbandando Frankie Carbo Red Levine Associate(s) Meyer Lansky Frank Costello Lucky Luciano Vito Genovese Dutch Schultz Family eventsMeetings Atlantic City Conference Havana Conference Wars Castellammarese War Relation to other groupsAllies Chicago Outfit Las Vegas crime family Anastasia crime family Gagliano crime family Profaci crime family Luciano crime family Shapiro Brothers Rivals Louis Amberg Joseph C. Amberg Thomas E. Dewey Waxey Gordon
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From 1951 until 1967, he was the boss of the Lucchese crime family, one of the Five Families that dominate organized crime in New York City.","title":"Tommy Lucchese"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Palermo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palermo"},{"link_name":"Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicily"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Giancana-2"},{"link_name":"Lucca Sicula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucca_Sicula"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-deport_Lucchese_NY_Times_1952-3"},{"link_name":"Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan"},{"link_name":"East Harlem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Harlem"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harrell_2009-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Volkman_pg._8-37-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lucchese_-_NY_Mafia-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hunt_2007-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bio_Channel-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Congress_1958,_Lucchese-9"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lucchese_-_NY_Mafia-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lucchese_-_NY_Mafia-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lucchese_-_NY_Mafia-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lucchese_-_NY_Mafia-6"},{"link_name":"Malba, Queens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malba,_Queens"},{"link_name":"Lido Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lido_Beach,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Long Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Tommy Gambino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Gambino"},{"link_name":"Carlo Gambino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Gambino"},{"link_name":"Gambino crime family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambino_crime_family"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lucchese_-_NY_Mafia-6"}],"text":"Gaetano Lucchese was born on December 1, 1899, to Baldassarre and Francesca Lucchese in Palermo, Sicily.[2] The surname \"Lucchese\" suggests family origins from the Sicilian city of Lucca Sicula. In early 1911, the Lucchese family emigrated to the United States,[3] settling in Manhattan's Italian neighborhood of East Harlem.[4][5] The family first lived in a building at 213 East 106th Street before moving to 316 East 118th Street; both buildings were in the Italian East Harlem neighborhood.[6]Lucchese's father worked hauling cement. As a teen Lucchese worked in a machine shop until 1915, when an industrial accident amputated his right thumb and forefinger.[7][8][9] In the early 1930s, Lucchese along with his family moved to an apartment at 100-18 Northern Boulevard in Corona, Queens, the area known as the “Little Italy of Queens\".[6]Lucchese was 5 feet 4 inches (162.56 cm).[6] He had three brothers Joseph, Vincent (Jimmy,) and Anthony (Nino) who all followed him into a life of organized crime.[6] In 1943, Lucchese became a naturalized citizen of United States.[6]Lucchese married Catherine and they had two children, Frances and Baldesare. The family lived at 104 Parsons Blvd in Malba, Queens before moving in 1950 to 74 Royat Street in Lido Beach, Long Island.[10] Lucchese's daughter, Frances would marry Tommy Gambino, the son of Carlo Gambino, the boss of the Gambino crime family, which formed a strong bond between the two crime families.[6]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gaetano \"Tom\" Reina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaetano_Reina"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Volkman_pg._8-37-5"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bio_Channel-8"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lucchese_-_NY_Mafia-6"},{"link_name":"Charlie \"Lucky\" Luciano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucky_Luciano"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bio_Channel-8"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lucchese_-_NY_Mafia-6"},{"link_name":"Riverhead, Long Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverhead_(town),_New_York"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lucchese_-_NY_Mafia-6"},{"link_name":"Mordecai \"Three Finger\" Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mordecai_Brown"},{"link_name":"Major League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"pitcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitcher"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hunt_2007-7"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lucchese_June_1957-12"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-deport_Lucchese_NY_Times_1952-3"},{"link_name":"Sing Sing Correctional Facility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sing_Sing_Correctional_Facility"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Volkman_pg._8-37-5"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bio_Channel-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Congress_1958,_Lucchese-9"},{"link_name":"prohibition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Frank Costello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Costello"},{"link_name":"Meyer Lansky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meyer_Lansky"},{"link_name":"Arnold \"the Brain\" Rothstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Rothstein"},{"link_name":"bootleg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rum-running"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Congress_1958,_Lucchese-9"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lucchese_June_1957-12"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hunt_2007-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Congress_1958,_Lucchese-9"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lucchese_June_1957-12"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lucchese_-_NY_Mafia-6"}],"text":"After his accident, Lucchese spent more time with members of the 107th Street gang. Members of the gang stole wallets, burglarized stores, and engaged in other illegal activities. The 107th Street gang operated under the protection of Bronx-East Harlem family boss Gaetano \"Tom\" Reina. By the age of eighteen, Lucchese had started a window washing company in East Harlem; anyone refusing to use his window washing services would have their windows broken.[5][8] Lucchese sometimes operated out of a political club off East 106th Street in East Harlem.[6] By the early 1920s, Lucchese had become a strong ally of fellow mobster Charlie \"Lucky\" Luciano and became a top member of Gaetano Reina's crime family.[8]During Lucchese's criminal career he was only arrested six times; his first arrest was in 1920 and the last in 1935. He never served a lengthy prison sentence.[6]In 1920, Lucchese was arrested in Riverhead, Long Island, on grand larceny charges after stealing a car.[6] During his booking, a police officer compared Lucchese's deformed hand with that of Mordecai \"Three Finger\" Brown, a popular Major League Baseball pitcher.[11] The officer nicknamed Lucchese \"Three Finger Brown\", an alias that Lucchese always disliked.[7] In January 1921, Lucchese was convicted[12] of auto theft and sentenced on March 27, 1922 to three years and nine months in prison.[3] Lucchese served thirteen months at Sing Sing Correctional Facility before he was paroled.[5] It would be Lucchese's only conviction.[8][9]Lucchese was released from prison in 1923, three years into prohibition. His old friends Charlie Luciano, Frank Costello, and Meyer Lansky had become partners with Jewish gangster Arnold \"the Brain\" Rothstein selling bootleg alcohol.In August 1927, Lucchese was arrested under the alias of \"Thomas Arra\" and charged with receiving stolen goods.[9][12] On July 18, 1928, Lucchese was arrested along with his brother-in-law, Joseph \"Joe Palisades\" Rosato, for the murder of Louis Cerasuolo; the charges were later dropped.[7][9][12] Lucchese was arrested on three other occasions in his lifetime: in 1930 for murder, in 1931 for an investigation, and in 1935 for vagrancy, but in all three arrests he was released and all charges were dropped.[6]","title":"107th Street gang"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Castellammarese War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castellammarese_War"},{"link_name":"Joe Masseria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Masseria"},{"link_name":"Salvatore Maranzano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvatore_Maranzano"},{"link_name":"rackets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racket_(crime)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-five_families_book-13"},{"link_name":"Coney Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coney_Island"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slain-14"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-five_families_book-13"},{"link_name":"Vito Genovese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vito_Genovese"},{"link_name":"Albert Anastasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Anastasia"},{"link_name":"Joe Adonis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Adonis"},{"link_name":"Benjamin \"Bugsy\" Siegel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugsy_Siegel"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Ciro \"The Artichoke King\" Terranova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciro_Terranova"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-five_families_book-13"},{"link_name":"Frank Costello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Costello"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dec._7,_1998-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cohen-20"},{"link_name":"The Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Commission_(mafia)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-origins-21"}],"text":"In early 1931, the Castellammarese War broke out between Joe Masseria and Salvatore Maranzano. In a secret deal with Maranzano, Luciano agreed to engineer the death of his boss, Masseria, in return for receiving Masseria's rackets and becoming Maranzano's second-in-command.[13] On April 15, 1931, Luciano had lured Masseria to a meeting where he was murdered at a restaurant called Nuova Villa Tammaro on Coney Island.[14][13] While they played cards, Luciano allegedly excused himself to the bathroom, with the gunmen reportedly being Vito Genovese, Albert Anastasia, Joe Adonis, and Benjamin \"Bugsy\" Siegel;[15] Ciro \"The Artichoke King\" Terranova drove the getaway car, but legend has it that he was too shaken up to drive away and had to be shoved out of the driver's seat by Siegel.[16][17][18] Luciano took over Masseria's family, with Genovese as his underboss.In September 1931, Luciano and Genovese planned the murder of Salvatore Maranzano after Lucchese had previously alerted Luciano that he was marked for death, and prepared a hit team to kill Maranzano first.[13] On September 10, 1931, when Maranzano summoned Luciano, Genovese, and Frank Costello to a meeting at his office, they knew Maranzano would kill them there. Instead, Luciano sent four Jewish gangsters whose faces were unknown to Maranzano's people to Maranzano's office. They had been secured with the aid of Lansky and Siegel.[19][20]In the aftermath of Maranzano's murder Luciano subsequently created The Commission to serve as the governing body for organized crime.[21] The old structure, in which first Masseria and then Maranzano claimed to be boss of all bosses in New York City was abandoned in favor of recognition of five crime families or borgatas, each operating in particular areas and activities, with Luciano the first among equals.","title":"Castellammarese War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tommy Gagliano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Gagliano"},{"link_name":"Gaetano Reina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaetano_Reina"},{"link_name":"Havana Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havana_Conference"},{"link_name":"Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba"},{"link_name":"Bonanno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonanno_crime_family"},{"link_name":"Magaddino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_crime_family"},{"link_name":"Profaci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombo_Crime_Family"},{"link_name":"Mangano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambino_Crime_Family"},{"link_name":"Louis Buchalter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Buchalter"},{"link_name":"International Ladies Garment Workers Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Ladies_Garment_Workers_Union"},{"link_name":"garment district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garment_District,_Manhattan"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"Due to Luciano's reforms, the New York City underworld entered a long period of peace. Tommy Gagliano had risen to leadership of the Reina family with the assassination of Gaetano Reina at the outset of the Castellammarese War and retained that position after Luciano's ascension. From 1932 onward, Gagliano kept a very low profile; almost nothing is known about him from then onward. He preferred to issue his orders through close allies, particularly Lucchese, who was his underboss and the family's public face. In 1946, Lucchese attended the mob's Havana Conference in Cuba as Gagliano's representative.Luciano's predominance on the Commission did not last; after his conviction on compulsory prostitution charges in 1936 and his deportation in 1946, power struggles within his own crime family and between the five families came to the fore. Gagliano was at a disadvantage in these conflicts, being outnumbered in the Commission by an alliance of the Bonanno, Magaddino, Profaci and Mangano families.During his years as underboss Lucchese formed an alliance with Louis Buchalter and together they controlled many of the largest locals of the International Ladies Garment Workers Union in the garment district.[22] The Gagliano family also dominated unions in the trucking, construction and food industries and had undisclosed ownership interests in several Manhattan nightclubs.","title":"Underboss to Gagliano"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lucchese crime family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucchese_crime_family"},{"link_name":"Vincenzo Rao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincenzo_Rao"},{"link_name":"Vito Genovese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vito_Genovese"},{"link_name":"Carlo Gambino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Gambino"},{"link_name":"William O'Dwyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_O%27Dwyer"},{"link_name":"Vincent Impellitteri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Impellitteri"},{"link_name":"Cosa Nostra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosa_Nostra"},{"link_name":"Santo Trafficante Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santo_Trafficante_Jr."},{"link_name":"Tampa crime family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafficante_crime_family"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lucchese_and_Trafficante-23"},{"link_name":"Santo Trafficante Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santo_Trafficante_Sr."},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lucchese_and_Trafficante-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lucchese_and_Trafficante-23"}],"text":"In 1951, Gagliano died of natural causes. As underboss and de facto street boss for two decades, Lucchese was the obvious successor, and the family was quickly renamed the Lucchese crime family. Lucchese appointed mobsters Stafano LaSalle as underboss and Vincenzo Rao as consigliere. That same year, Lucchese formed an alliance with Luciano crime family underboss Vito Genovese and Anastasia crime family underboss Carlo Gambino with the long-term goal of gaining control of the Commission.Lucchese became one of the most well-respected Cosa Nostra bosses of the Post-War era. He maintained close relationships with New York City politicians, including Mayors William O'Dwyer and Vincent Impellitteri. Lucchese concentrated on the core Cosa Nostra values of making money, keeping a low public profile, and avoiding criminal prosecution. The Lucchese family came to dominate Manhattan's garment district and the related trucking industry by gaining control of key unions and trade associations.During the 1950s, Lucchese controlled a narcotic trafficking network with Santo Trafficante Jr., the boss of the Tampa crime family.[23] Lucchese had maintained a longtime alliance with Trafficante Jr.'s father Santo Trafficante Sr., the former boss of the Tampa mafia family and during the 1940s, helped train Trafficante Jr., in the mafia traditions.[23] Trafficante Jr. would frequently meet with Lucchese in New York City for dinner.[23]","title":"Boss of the family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"naturalized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalized"},{"link_name":"Newark, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newark,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Giancana-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-deport_Lucchese_NY_Times_1952-3"},{"link_name":"U.S. Attorney General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Attorney_General"},{"link_name":"James P. McGranery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_P._McGranery"},{"link_name":"denaturalization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denaturalization"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-deport_Lucchese_NY_Times_1952-3"},{"link_name":"Vincent Gigante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Gigante"},{"link_name":"Frank Costello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Costello"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-costello_shot-24"},{"link_name":"Albert Anastasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Anastasia"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-orange_creme-25"},{"link_name":"Joseph \"Joe the Barber\" Barbara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Barbara_(mobster)"},{"link_name":"Apalachin, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apalachin,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Genovese_dies-26"},{"link_name":"Vincenzo Rao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincenzo_Rao"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Genovese_dies-26"},{"link_name":"U.S. Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"legal technicality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_technicality"},{"link_name":"William P. Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_P._Rogers"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-attorney_general-27"}],"text":"On January 25, 1943, Lucchese became a naturalized United States citizen in Newark, New Jersey.[2][3] On November 17, 1952, U.S. Attorney General James P. McGranery initiated denaturalization proceedings against Lucchese. In its filing, the government claimed that Lucchese did not reveal his entire arrest record when applying for citizenship.[3]In 1957, Lucchese and his allies decided to attack the bosses of the Luciano and Anastasia crime families to gain Commission control. On May 3, 1957, gunman Vincent Gigante wounded Luciano's street boss Frank Costello. Shaken by the assassination attempt, Costello soon retired, leaving Genovese as boss.[24] On October 25, 1957, Albert Anastasia was assassinated in a hotel barbershop and Carlo Gambino became the boss of the Anastasia (renamed Gambino) family.[25]In 1957, Genovese called a national mob meeting to legitimize his control of the Luciano family. The meeting was held at rural home of mobster Joseph \"Joe the Barber\" Barbara in Apalachin, New York. On November 14, 1957, the New York State Police raided the meeting and arrested 61 fleeing gangsters.[26] Lucchese had not yet arrived in Apalachin and therefore avoided arrest. However, his consigliere Vincenzo Rao, Gambino, Genovese and other mob leaders were detained.Genovese's humiliation motivated the new alliance of Luciano, Costello, Lansky, Gambino and Lucchese to set up Genovese's later elimination. Two years later, with the help of the alliance, Genovese was arrested on narcotics trafficking charges. Genovese was convicted and sent to prison, where he died in 1969.[26] With the alliance backing him, Gambino now controlled the Commission.On April 8, 1958, the U.S. Supreme Court overturned the 1952 denaturalization ruling against Lucchese on a legal technicality. However, the next day, U.S. Attorney General William P. Rogers brought a new case against Lucchese.[27]","title":"Alliance with Gambino and Genovese"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thomas Gambino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Gambino"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"John F. Kennedy Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Airport"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"text":"In 1962, Carlo Gambino's oldest son, Thomas Gambino, married Lucchese's daughter Frances.[28] Over 1,000 guests attended the wedding, at which Carlo Gambino presented Lucchese with a $30,000 gift. In return, Lucchese gave Gambino a part of his rackets at Idlewild Airport (now called John F. Kennedy Airport).[29] Lucchese exercised control over airport management security and all the airport unions. As a team, Lucchese and Gambino now controlled the airport, the Commission, and most organized crime in New York City.[30][31][32]","title":"Lucchese and Gambino"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joseph Magliocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Magliocco"},{"link_name":"Joseph Bonanno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Bonanno"},{"link_name":"Carlo Gambino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Gambino"},{"link_name":"Stefano Magaddino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefano_Magaddino"},{"link_name":"Frank DeSimone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_DeSimone"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Life_Magazine_1967-33"},{"link_name":"Joseph Colombo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Colombo"},{"link_name":"The Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Commission_(mafia)"},{"link_name":"Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Life_Magazine_1967-33"}],"text":"In 1963, Joseph Magliocco and Bonanno boss Joseph Bonanno hatched an audacious plan to murder Commission bosses Carlo Gambino, Lucchese, and Stefano Magaddino, as well as Frank DeSimone, and take over the Mafia Commission.[33] Joseph Magliocco gave the murder contract to Joseph Colombo. Colombo either feared for his life, or sensed an opportunity for advancement, and instead reported the plot to The Commission. The Commission, realizing that Bonanno was the real mastermind, ordered both Magliocco and Bonanno to explain. Bonanno went into hiding in Montreal, but a badly shaken Magliocco appeared and confessed everything; he was fined $50,000 and forced into retirement.[33]","title":"Commission plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:OL_Miraculous_Medal_RCC_Bleecker_St_60th_Pl_jeh.jpg"},{"link_name":"brain tumor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_tumor"},{"link_name":"Lido Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lido_Beach,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Long Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island"},{"link_name":"Calvary Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvary_Cemetery,_Queens"},{"link_name":"drug pushers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_pusher"},{"link_name":"pimps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pimp"},{"link_name":"hitmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitmen"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-funeral-34"},{"link_name":"Antonio \"Tony Ducks\" Corallo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Corallo"},{"link_name":"Ettore Coco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ettore_Coco"},{"link_name":"Vincenzo Rao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincenzo_Rao"},{"link_name":"Carmine Tramunti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmine_Tramunti"}],"text":"Our Lady of the Miraculous MedalOn July 13, 1967, Lucchese died of a brain tumor at his home in the Lido Beach area of Long Island. The funeral service was held at Our Lady of the Miraculous Medal Church in Point Lookout, New York. Lucchese is buried at Calvary Cemetery in Queens, New York. Over 1,000 mourners, including politicians, judges, policemen, racketeers, drug pushers, pimps, and hitmen attended the ceremony. Undercover policemen photographed the attendees.[34] At the time of his death, he had not spent a day in prison in 44 years.Lucchese's first choice as a successor had been Antonio \"Tony Ducks\" Corallo, but Corallo was in prison when Lucchese died. Lucchese's second choice, Ettore Coco, was also in legal trouble and served a short time as boss. Another possible candidate was consigliere Vincenzo Rao, but he too was dealing with criminal charges. The Commission finally selected capo Carmine Tramunti as temporary acting boss until Corallo was released from prison.","title":"Death and burial"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Gangster Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gangster_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"Jon Polito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Polito"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Gangster Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangster_Wars"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Michael Rispoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Rispoli"},{"link_name":"The Offer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Offer"},{"link_name":"Bo Dietl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo_Dietl"},{"link_name":"Godfather of Harlem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godfather_of_Harlem"}],"text":"In the television miniseries The Gangster Chronicles, Lucchese is portrayed by Jon Polito[35]\nIn Gangster Wars (1981), Lucchese is portrayed by Jon Polito[36]\nHe is portrayed by Michael Rispoli on the 2022 TV series The Offer.\nHe is portrayed by Bo Dietl on the Epix TV Series Godfather of Harlem","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Thomas Luchese, Rackets Boss Called 3-Finger Brown, Is Dead; Leader in Underworld Was Said to Be the Head of a Cosa Nostra 'Family'\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/1967/07/14/archives/thomas-luchese-rackets-boss-called-3finger-brown-is-dead-leader-in.html"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Giancana_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Giancana_2-1"},{"link_name":"pg.510","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=v_px8mLRXKsC&dq=Tom+Lucchese&pg=PA510"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-deport_Lucchese_NY_Times_1952_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-deport_Lucchese_NY_Times_1952_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-deport_Lucchese_NY_Times_1952_3-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-deport_Lucchese_NY_Times_1952_3-3"},{"link_name":"\"M'Granery Acts to Deport Luchese to his Native Italy\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1952/11/18/92676362.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Harrell_2009_4-0"},{"link_name":"pg. 99-101","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=q8pP80RjPgIC&dq=Gaetano+Lucchese+born&pg=PA99"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Volkman_pg._8-37_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Volkman_pg._8-37_5-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Volkman_pg._8-37_5-2"},{"link_name":"pg. 8-37","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=QJtHIB-M6b0C&q=accident&pg=PA60"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Lucchese_-_NY_Mafia_6-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Lucchese_-_NY_Mafia_6-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Lucchese_-_NY_Mafia_6-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Lucchese_-_NY_Mafia_6-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Lucchese_-_NY_Mafia_6-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Lucchese_-_NY_Mafia_6-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Lucchese_-_NY_Mafia_6-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Lucchese_-_NY_Mafia_6-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Lucchese_-_NY_Mafia_6-8"},{"link_name":"j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Lucchese_-_NY_Mafia_6-9"},{"link_name":"\"Tommy (Tommy Brown) Lucchese – Family Boss\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//thenewyorkmafia.com/gaetano-lucchese/"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hunt_2007_7-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hunt_2007_7-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hunt_2007_7-2"},{"link_name":"\"White-Collar Mafioso: Tommy Lucchese (1899–1967)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.onewal.com/a010/f_tommylucchese.html"},{"link_name":"The American Mafia.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.onewal.com/index.html"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Bio_Channel_8-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Bio_Channel_8-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Bio_Channel_8-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Bio_Channel_8-3"},{"link_name":"Tommy 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Gaetano Lucchese (247 F.2d 123)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//bulk.resource.org/courts.gov/c/F2/247/247.F2d.123.274.24424_1.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120517012958/http://bulk.resource.org/courts.gov/c/F2/247/247.F2d.123.274.24424_1.html"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"Justia.com (US Law)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F2/247/123/232736/"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-five_families_book_13-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-five_families_book_13-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-five_families_book_13-2"},{"link_name":"Five Families: The Rise, Decline, and Resurgence of America's Most Powerful Mafia Empires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=5nAt6N8iQnYC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-312-30094-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-30094-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-slain_14-0"},{"link_name":"\"Racket Chief Slain By Gangster Gunfire. Giuseppe Masseria, Known as Joe the Boss, Shot Mysteriously in Coney Island Cafe. Police Say He Was Leader in Every Kind of Racket. He Escaped Death Many Times. Shooting Still a Mystery\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1931/04/16/96193033.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"\"Coney Island's Big Hit\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/2012/07/01/nyregion/answer-to-a-question-about-a-mobsters-death-in-coney-island.html?_r=0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"The Last Testament of Lucky Luciano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/lasttestamentofl00gosc/page/130"},{"link_name":"130–132","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/lasttestamentofl00gosc/page/130"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-316-32140-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-316-32140-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"Mafia dynasty : the rise and fall of the Gambino crime family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=Tw-Pd-CmoW0C&q=%22Albert+Anastasia%22&pg=PA56"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-06-109184-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-109184-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Dec._7,_1998_19-0"},{"link_name":"Dec. 7, 1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,989779,00.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Cohen_20-0"},{"link_name":"Tough Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=Oj1P520aEcoC&q=Genovese+maranzano&pg=PA65"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-375-70547-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-375-70547-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-origins_21-0"},{"link_name":"\"The Commission's Origins\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/1986/11/20/nyregion/the-commission-s-origins.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"p.118","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=cxLsAAAAIAAJ&q=Buchalter+alliance+with+Tommy+Lucchese"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Lucchese_and_Trafficante_23-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Lucchese_and_Trafficante_23-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Lucchese_and_Trafficante_23-2"},{"link_name":"Five Families The Rise, Decline, and Resurgence of America's Most Powerful Mafia Empires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=VhRmDQAAQBAJ&dq=Frank+Ragano+said+Trafficante+and+Lucchese&pg=PA105"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781250101709","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781250101709"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-costello_shot_24-0"},{"link_name":"\"Costello is Shot Entering Home; Gunman Escapes\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1957/05/03/317458602.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-orange_creme_25-0"},{"link_name":"\"Hint: It Wasn't the Orange Crème Frappucino\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/10/25/hint-it-wasnt-the-orange-creme-frappucino/?scp=6&sq=%22Albert%20Anastasia%22&st=cse"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Genovese_dies_26-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Genovese_dies_26-1"},{"link_name":"\"Ruled 'Family' of 450. Genovese Dies in Prison at 71. 'Boss of Bosses' of Mafia Here\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/1969/02/15/archives/ruled-family-of-450-genovese-dies-in-prison-at-71-boss-of-bosses-of.html?sq=%2522Vito%2520Genovese%2522&scp=6&st=cse"},{"link_name":"New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-attorney_general_27-0"},{"link_name":"\"Attorney General Acts\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1958/04/09/83408052.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"The Gambino Crime Family — A Squirrel of a Man — Crime Library on truTV.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.trutv.com/library/crime/gangsters_outlaws/family_epics/gambino/3.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20130520091550/http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/gangsters_outlaws/family_epics/gambino/3.html"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-29"},{"link_name":"\"Police Say Their Chinatown Sting Ties Mob to the Garment Industry\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/1990/03/20/nyregion/police-say-their-chinatown-sting-ties-mob-to-the-garment-industry.html?scp=18&sq=Joseph%20Lucchese%20dies&st=cse"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-30"},{"link_name":"\"Gambino Gained 'Mob Tax' With Fear, Prosecutor Says\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/1992/02/05/nyregion/gambino-gained-mob-tax-with-fear-prosecutor-says.html?scp=3&sq=Tommy%20Lucchese%20brother&st=cse"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-31"},{"link_name":"\"Thomas Gambino: It's All in the Name\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/1992/12/02/nyregion/thomas-gambino-it-s-all-in-the-name.html?pagewanted=1"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-32"},{"link_name":"\"Jailed Capo Out 2m Stuck In Stock Scam, Gambino Charges\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20090608110032/http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/news/1999/05/06/1999-05-06_jailed_capo_out_2m_stuck_in_.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.nydailynews.com/archives/news/1999/05/06/1999-05-06_jailed_capo_out_2m_stuck_in_.html"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Life_Magazine_1967_33-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Life_Magazine_1967_33-1"},{"link_name":"\"The Mob: How Joe Bonanno Schemed to kill – and lost\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=UFYEAAAAMBAJ&q=Colombo&pg=PA18"},{"link_name":"Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-funeral_34-0"},{"link_name":"\"L.I. Police Record A Mafia Funeral. Mourners at Services for Luchese Are Photographed\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/1967/07/16/archives/li-police-record-a-mafia-funeral-mourners-at-services-for-luchese-a.html"},{"link_name":"New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-35"},{"link_name":"IMDb: The Gangster Chronicles (1981)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.imdb.com/title/tt0081867/fullcredits#cast"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-36"},{"link_name":"IMDb: Gangster Wars (1981)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.imdb.com/genre/history"}],"text":"^ \"Thomas Luchese, Rackets Boss Called 3-Finger Brown, Is Dead; Leader in Underworld Was Said to Be the Head of a Cosa Nostra 'Family'\". The New York Times. July 14, 1967. Retrieved February 10, 2020.\n\n^ a b Bureau of Narcotics, Sam Giancana (2009) pg.510\n\n^ a b c d Feinberg, Alexander (November 18, 1952). \"M'Granery Acts to Deport Luchese to his Native Italy\" (PDF). New York Times. Retrieved 30 November 2011.\n\n^ Harrell (2009) pg. 99-101\n\n^ a b c Volkman (1998) pg. 8-37\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j \"Tommy (Tommy Brown) Lucchese – Family Boss\". The New York Mafia. Retrieved 25 March 2023.\n\n^ a b c Hunt, Thomas. \"White-Collar Mafioso: Tommy Lucchese (1899–1967)\". 2007. The American Mafia.com\n\n^ a b c d Biography Channel.\nTommy Lucchese Archived 2015-07-24 at the Wayback Machine\n\n^ a b c d United States. Congress. Senate. Select Committee on Improper Activities in the Labor or Management Field. \"Investigation of improper activities in the labor or management field\". Testimony of Thomas Lucchese, Accompanied by Counsel, Richard J. Burke. (July 1958) Washington : U.S. Govt. Print. Off. Boston Public Library\n\n^ Lucania, Salvatore. \"Tommy Lucchese's home -1952- 104 Parsons Blvd Queens NY\". Gangsters Inc. Retrieved 23 January 2021.\n\n^ Ragano, Raab (1994) pg. 219\n\n^ a b c United States of America v. Gaetano Lucchese (247 F.2d 123) Archived 2012-05-17 at the Wayback Machine United States Court of Appeals Second Circuit (Docket #24424) Argued March 15, 1957 — Decided June 17, 1957 Justia.com (US Law)\n\n^ a b c Raab, Selwyn. Five Families: The Rise, Decline, and Resurgence of America's Most Powerful Mafia Empires. New York: St. Martin Press, 2005. ISBN 0-312-30094-8\n\n^ \"Racket Chief Slain By Gangster Gunfire. Giuseppe Masseria, Known as Joe the Boss, Shot Mysteriously in Coney Island Cafe. Police Say He Was Leader in Every Kind of Racket. He Escaped Death Many Times. Shooting Still a Mystery\" (PDF). New York Times. April 16, 1931. Retrieved November 23, 2011. It took ten years and a lot of shooting to kill Giuseppe Masseria—he was Joe the Boss to the underworld—but his enemies found him with his back turned yesterday in a little Italian restaurant in Coney Island, and when they walked out into\n\n^ Pollak, Michael (June 29, 2012). \"Coney Island's Big Hit\". The New York Times. Retrieved 31 October 2012.\n\n^ Sifakis, (2005). pp. 87–88\n\n^ Martin A. Gosch; Richard Hammer; Lucky Luciano (1975). The Last Testament of Lucky Luciano. Little, Brown. pp. 130–132. ISBN 978-0-316-32140-2.\n\n^ Davis, John H. (1994). Mafia dynasty : the rise and fall of the Gambino crime family (1st Harper paperbacks ed.). New York, N.Y.: HarperPaperbacks. p. 40. ISBN 0-06-109184-7.\n\n^ \"Lucky Luciano: Criminal Mastermind,\" Time, Dec. 7, 1998\n\n^ Cohen, Rich (1999). Tough Jews (1st Vintage Books ed.). New York: Vintage Books. pp. 65–66. ISBN 0-375-70547-3.\n\n^ \"The Commission's Origins\". The New York Times. 1986. Retrieved 22 February 2017.\n\n^ Ryan, p.118\n\n^ a b c Raab, Selwyn (4 October 2016). Five Families The Rise, Decline, and Resurgence of America's Most Powerful Mafia Empires. St. Martin's Publishing Group. pp. 105–106. ISBN 9781250101709. Retrieved 26 December 2022.\n\n^ \"Costello is Shot Entering Home; Gunman Escapes\" (PDF). New York Times. May 3, 1957. Retrieved 30 November 2011.\n\n^ Dunlap, David W. (October 25, 2007). \"Hint: It Wasn't the Orange Crème Frappucino\". New York Times. Retrieved 30 November 2011.\n\n^ a b Grutzner, Charles (February 16, 1959). \"Ruled 'Family' of 450. Genovese Dies in Prison at 71. 'Boss of Bosses' of Mafia Here\". New York Times. Retrieved 30 November 2011.\n\n^ \"Attorney General Acts\" (PDF). New York Times. April 9, 1958. Retrieved 1 December 2011.\n\n^ The Gambino Crime Family — A Squirrel of a Man — Crime Library on truTV.com Archived 2013-05-20 at the Wayback Machine\n\n^ Raab, Selwyn (March 20, 1990). \"Police Say Their Chinatown Sting Ties Mob to the Garment Industry\". The New York Times.\n\n^ Sullivanfirst=Ronald (February 5, 1992). \"Gambino Gained 'Mob Tax' With Fear, Prosecutor Says\". The New York Times.\n\n^ Barron, James (December 2, 1992). \"Thomas Gambino: It's All in the Name\". The New York Times.\n\n^ \"Jailed Capo Out 2m Stuck In Stock Scam, Gambino Charges\". New York Daily News. New York. Archived from the original on June 8, 2009.\n\n^ a b Staff (September 1, 1967) \"The Mob: How Joe Bonanno Schemed to kill – and lost\" Life p.15-21\n\n^ Clines, Francis X. (July 16, 1967). \"L.I. Police Record A Mafia Funeral. Mourners at Services for Luchese Are Photographed\". New York Times. Retrieved August 15, 2012. A quiet funeral mass was celebrated here this morning for Thomas Luchese, the reputed underworld leader, as police detectives in sports clothes photographed the mourners and jotted down limousine license numbers.\n\n^ IMDb: The Gangster Chronicles (1981)\n\n^ IMDb: Gangster Wars (1981)","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bureau of Narcotics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Narcotics_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"United States Treasury Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Treasury_Department"},{"link_name":"Charles Scribner's Sons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Scribner%27s_Sons"}],"text":"Bureau of Narcotics, Sam Giancana, United States Treasury Department. Mafia: The Government's Secret File on Organized Crime. Skyhorse Publishing, 2009.\nHarrell, G. T. (2009). For Members Only: The Story of the Mob's Secret Judge. Arthur House Publishing.\nVolkman, Ernest (1998). Gangbusters: The Destruction of America's Last Great Mafia Dynasty. New York: Avon Books.\nRagano, Frank; Raab, Selwyn (1994). Mob Lawyer. Charles Scribner's Sons.","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-06-016357-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-016357-7"},{"link_name":"Vicious Circles: The Mafia in the Marketplace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/viciouscirclesma00kwit"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-393-01188-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-01188-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-441-34010-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-441-34010-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-312-30094-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-30094-8"},{"link_name":"Tommy Lucchese, the quiet don in Malba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.qchron.com/qboro/i_have_often_walked/tommy-lucchese-the-quiet-don-in-malba/article_35483f16-cd56-5fe1-be03-340aa3ccfc45.html"},{"link_name":"A Death in the Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20140307162249/http://realdealmafia.com/mobcorner_pappadio.html"}],"text":"Davis, John H. (1993). Mafia Dynasty: The Rise and Fall of the Gambino Crime Family. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-016357-7.\nKwitny, Jonathan (1979). Vicious Circles: The Mafia in the Marketplace. New York: W.W. Norton. ISBN 0-393-01188-7.\nMoldea, Dan E. (1978). The Hoffa Wars. New York: Charter Books. ISBN 0-441-34010-5.\nRaab, Selwyn (2005). Five Families: The Rise, Decline, and Resurgence of America's Most Powerful Mafia Empires. New York: St. Martin Press. ISBN 0-312-30094-8.\nTommy Lucchese, the quiet don in Malba by Ron Marzlock (November 23, 2011) Queens Chronicle\nA Death in the Family by Thom L. Jones. Real deal mafia.com","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Our Lady of the Miraculous Medal","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/OL_Miraculous_Medal_RCC_Bleecker_St_60th_Pl_jeh.jpg/220px-OL_Miraculous_Medal_RCC_Bleecker_St_60th_Pl_jeh.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Thomas Luchese, Rackets Boss Called 3-Finger Brown, Is Dead; Leader in Underworld Was Said to Be the Head of a Cosa Nostra 'Family'\". The New York Times. July 14, 1967. Retrieved February 10, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1967/07/14/archives/thomas-luchese-rackets-boss-called-3finger-brown-is-dead-leader-in.html","url_text":"\"Thomas Luchese, Rackets Boss Called 3-Finger Brown, Is Dead; Leader in Underworld Was Said to Be the Head of a Cosa Nostra 'Family'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Feinberg, Alexander (November 18, 1952). \"M'Granery Acts to Deport Luchese to his Native Italy\" (PDF). New York Times. Retrieved 30 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1952/11/18/92676362.pdf","url_text":"\"M'Granery Acts to Deport Luchese to his Native Italy\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tommy (Tommy Brown) Lucchese – Family Boss\". The New York Mafia. Retrieved 25 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://thenewyorkmafia.com/gaetano-lucchese/","url_text":"\"Tommy (Tommy Brown) Lucchese – Family Boss\""}]},{"reference":"Lucania, Salvatore. \"Tommy Lucchese's home -1952- 104 Parsons Blvd Queens NY\". Gangsters Inc. Retrieved 23 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://gangstersinc.ning.com/photo/tommy-lucchese-s-home-1952-104-parsons-blvd-queens-ny","url_text":"\"Tommy Lucchese's home -1952- 104 Parsons Blvd Queens NY\""}]},{"reference":"\"Racket Chief Slain By Gangster Gunfire. Giuseppe Masseria, Known as Joe the Boss, Shot Mysteriously in Coney Island Cafe. Police Say He Was Leader in Every Kind of Racket. He Escaped Death Many Times. Shooting Still a Mystery\" (PDF). New York Times. April 16, 1931. Retrieved November 23, 2011. It took ten years and a lot of shooting to kill Giuseppe Masseria—he was Joe the Boss to the underworld—but his enemies found him with his back turned yesterday in a little Italian restaurant in Coney Island, and when they walked out into","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1931/04/16/96193033.pdf","url_text":"\"Racket Chief Slain By Gangster Gunfire. Giuseppe Masseria, Known as Joe the Boss, Shot Mysteriously in Coney Island Cafe. Police Say He Was Leader in Every Kind of Racket. He Escaped Death Many Times. Shooting Still a Mystery\""}]},{"reference":"Pollak, Michael (June 29, 2012). \"Coney Island's Big Hit\". The New York Times. Retrieved 31 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/01/nyregion/answer-to-a-question-about-a-mobsters-death-in-coney-island.html?_r=0","url_text":"\"Coney Island's Big Hit\""}]},{"reference":"Martin A. Gosch; Richard Hammer; Lucky Luciano (1975). The Last Testament of Lucky Luciano. Little, Brown. pp. 130–132. ISBN 978-0-316-32140-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/lasttestamentofl00gosc/page/130","url_text":"The Last Testament of Lucky Luciano"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/lasttestamentofl00gosc/page/130","url_text":"130–132"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-316-32140-2","url_text":"978-0-316-32140-2"}]},{"reference":"Davis, John H. (1994). Mafia dynasty : the rise and fall of the Gambino crime family (1st Harper paperbacks ed.). New York, N.Y.: HarperPaperbacks. p. 40. ISBN 0-06-109184-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Tw-Pd-CmoW0C&q=%22Albert+Anastasia%22&pg=PA56","url_text":"Mafia dynasty : the rise and fall of the Gambino crime family"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-109184-7","url_text":"0-06-109184-7"}]},{"reference":"Cohen, Rich (1999). Tough Jews (1st Vintage Books ed.). New York: Vintage Books. pp. 65–66. ISBN 0-375-70547-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Oj1P520aEcoC&q=Genovese+maranzano&pg=PA65","url_text":"Tough Jews"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-375-70547-3","url_text":"0-375-70547-3"}]},{"reference":"\"The Commission's Origins\". The New York Times. 1986. Retrieved 22 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1986/11/20/nyregion/the-commission-s-origins.html","url_text":"\"The Commission's Origins\""}]},{"reference":"Raab, Selwyn (4 October 2016). Five Families The Rise, Decline, and Resurgence of America's Most Powerful Mafia Empires. St. Martin's Publishing Group. pp. 105–106. ISBN 9781250101709. Retrieved 26 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VhRmDQAAQBAJ&dq=Frank+Ragano+said+Trafficante+and+Lucchese&pg=PA105","url_text":"Five Families The Rise, Decline, and Resurgence of America's Most Powerful Mafia Empires"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781250101709","url_text":"9781250101709"}]},{"reference":"\"Costello is Shot Entering Home; Gunman Escapes\" (PDF). New York Times. May 3, 1957. Retrieved 30 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1957/05/03/317458602.pdf","url_text":"\"Costello is Shot Entering Home; Gunman Escapes\""}]},{"reference":"Dunlap, David W. (October 25, 2007). \"Hint: It Wasn't the Orange Crème Frappucino\". New York Times. Retrieved 30 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/10/25/hint-it-wasnt-the-orange-creme-frappucino/?scp=6&sq=%22Albert%20Anastasia%22&st=cse","url_text":"\"Hint: It Wasn't the Orange Crème Frappucino\""}]},{"reference":"Grutzner, Charles (February 16, 1959). \"Ruled 'Family' of 450. Genovese Dies in Prison at 71. 'Boss of Bosses' of Mafia Here\". New York Times. Retrieved 30 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1969/02/15/archives/ruled-family-of-450-genovese-dies-in-prison-at-71-boss-of-bosses-of.html?sq=%2522Vito%2520Genovese%2522&scp=6&st=cse","url_text":"\"Ruled 'Family' of 450. Genovese Dies in Prison at 71. 'Boss of Bosses' of Mafia Here\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times","url_text":"New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Attorney General Acts\" (PDF). New York Times. April 9, 1958. Retrieved 1 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1958/04/09/83408052.pdf","url_text":"\"Attorney General Acts\""}]},{"reference":"Raab, Selwyn (March 20, 1990). \"Police Say Their Chinatown Sting Ties Mob to the Garment Industry\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1990/03/20/nyregion/police-say-their-chinatown-sting-ties-mob-to-the-garment-industry.html?scp=18&sq=Joseph%20Lucchese%20dies&st=cse","url_text":"\"Police Say Their Chinatown Sting Ties Mob to the Garment Industry\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Sullivanfirst=Ronald (February 5, 1992). \"Gambino Gained 'Mob Tax' With Fear, Prosecutor Says\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1992/02/05/nyregion/gambino-gained-mob-tax-with-fear-prosecutor-says.html?scp=3&sq=Tommy%20Lucchese%20brother&st=cse","url_text":"\"Gambino Gained 'Mob Tax' With Fear, Prosecutor Says\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Barron, James (December 2, 1992). \"Thomas Gambino: It's All in the Name\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1992/12/02/nyregion/thomas-gambino-it-s-all-in-the-name.html?pagewanted=1","url_text":"\"Thomas Gambino: It's All in the Name\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Jailed Capo Out 2m Stuck In Stock Scam, Gambino Charges\". New York Daily News. New York. Archived from the original on June 8, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090608110032/http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/news/1999/05/06/1999-05-06_jailed_capo_out_2m_stuck_in_.html","url_text":"\"Jailed Capo Out 2m Stuck In Stock Scam, Gambino Charges\""},{"url":"http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/news/1999/05/06/1999-05-06_jailed_capo_out_2m_stuck_in_.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Clines, Francis X. (July 16, 1967). \"L.I. Police Record A Mafia Funeral. Mourners at Services for Luchese Are Photographed\". New York Times. Retrieved August 15, 2012. A quiet funeral mass was celebrated here this morning for Thomas Luchese, the reputed underworld leader, as police detectives in sports clothes photographed the mourners and jotted down limousine license numbers.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1967/07/16/archives/li-police-record-a-mafia-funeral-mourners-at-services-for-luchese-a.html","url_text":"\"L.I. Police Record A Mafia Funeral. Mourners at Services for Luchese Are Photographed\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times","url_text":"New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Harrell, G. T. (2009). For Members Only: The Story of the Mob's Secret Judge. Arthur House Publishing.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Volkman, Ernest (1998). Gangbusters: The Destruction of America's Last Great Mafia Dynasty. New York: Avon Books.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ragano, Frank; Raab, Selwyn (1994). Mob Lawyer. Charles Scribner's Sons.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Scribner%27s_Sons","url_text":"Charles Scribner's Sons"}]},{"reference":"Davis, John H. (1993). Mafia Dynasty: The Rise and Fall of the Gambino Crime Family. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-016357-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-016357-7","url_text":"0-06-016357-7"}]},{"reference":"Kwitny, Jonathan (1979). Vicious Circles: The Mafia in the Marketplace. New York: W.W. Norton. ISBN 0-393-01188-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/viciouscirclesma00kwit","url_text":"Vicious Circles: The Mafia in the Marketplace"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-01188-7","url_text":"0-393-01188-7"}]},{"reference":"Moldea, Dan E. (1978). The Hoffa Wars. New York: Charter Books. ISBN 0-441-34010-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-441-34010-5","url_text":"0-441-34010-5"}]},{"reference":"Raab, Selwyn (2005). Five Families: The Rise, Decline, and Resurgence of America's Most Powerful Mafia Empires. New York: St. Martin Press. ISBN 0-312-30094-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-30094-8","url_text":"0-312-30094-8"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1967/07/14/archives/thomas-luchese-rackets-boss-called-3finger-brown-is-dead-leader-in.html","external_links_name":"\"Thomas Luchese, Rackets Boss Called 3-Finger Brown, Is Dead; Leader in Underworld Was Said to Be the Head of a Cosa Nostra 'Family'\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=v_px8mLRXKsC&dq=Tom+Lucchese&pg=PA510","external_links_name":"pg.510"},{"Link":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1952/11/18/92676362.pdf","external_links_name":"\"M'Granery Acts to Deport Luchese to his Native Italy\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=q8pP80RjPgIC&dq=Gaetano+Lucchese+born&pg=PA99","external_links_name":"pg. 99-101"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QJtHIB-M6b0C&q=accident&pg=PA60","external_links_name":"pg. 8-37"},{"Link":"https://thenewyorkmafia.com/gaetano-lucchese/","external_links_name":"\"Tommy (Tommy Brown) Lucchese – Family Boss\""},{"Link":"http://www.onewal.com/a010/f_tommylucchese.html","external_links_name":"\"White-Collar Mafioso: Tommy Lucchese (1899–1967)\""},{"Link":"http://www.onewal.com/index.html","external_links_name":"The American Mafia.com"},{"Link":"http://www.biography.com/people/tommy-lucchese-328760?page=1#profile","external_links_name":"Tommy Lucchese"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150724113757/http://www.biography.com/people/tommy-lucchese-328760?page=1#profile","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/investigationofi32unit/investigationofi32unit_djvu.txt","external_links_name":"\"Investigation of improper activities in the labor or management field\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/investigationofi32unit","external_links_name":"Boston Public Library"},{"Link":"http://gangstersinc.ning.com/photo/tommy-lucchese-s-home-1952-104-parsons-blvd-queens-ny","external_links_name":"\"Tommy Lucchese's home -1952- 104 Parsons Blvd Queens NY\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=P-aPAAAAMAAJ&q=Lucchese","external_links_name":"pg. 219"},{"Link":"http://bulk.resource.org/courts.gov/c/F2/247/247.F2d.123.274.24424_1.html","external_links_name":"United States of America v. Gaetano Lucchese (247 F.2d 123)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120517012958/http://bulk.resource.org/courts.gov/c/F2/247/247.F2d.123.274.24424_1.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F2/247/123/232736/","external_links_name":"Justia.com (US Law)"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5nAt6N8iQnYC","external_links_name":"Five Families: The Rise, Decline, and Resurgence of America's Most Powerful Mafia Empires"},{"Link":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1931/04/16/96193033.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Racket Chief Slain By Gangster Gunfire. Giuseppe Masseria, Known as Joe the Boss, Shot Mysteriously in Coney Island Cafe. Police Say He Was Leader in Every Kind of Racket. He Escaped Death Many Times. Shooting Still a Mystery\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/01/nyregion/answer-to-a-question-about-a-mobsters-death-in-coney-island.html?_r=0","external_links_name":"\"Coney Island's Big Hit\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/lasttestamentofl00gosc/page/130","external_links_name":"The Last Testament of Lucky Luciano"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/lasttestamentofl00gosc/page/130","external_links_name":"130–132"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Tw-Pd-CmoW0C&q=%22Albert+Anastasia%22&pg=PA56","external_links_name":"Mafia dynasty : the rise and fall of the Gambino crime family"},{"Link":"http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,989779,00.html","external_links_name":"Dec. 7, 1998"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Oj1P520aEcoC&q=Genovese+maranzano&pg=PA65","external_links_name":"Tough Jews"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1986/11/20/nyregion/the-commission-s-origins.html","external_links_name":"\"The Commission's Origins\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=cxLsAAAAIAAJ&q=Buchalter+alliance+with+Tommy+Lucchese","external_links_name":"p.118"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VhRmDQAAQBAJ&dq=Frank+Ragano+said+Trafficante+and+Lucchese&pg=PA105","external_links_name":"Five Families The Rise, Decline, and Resurgence of America's Most Powerful Mafia Empires"},{"Link":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1957/05/03/317458602.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Costello is Shot Entering Home; Gunman Escapes\""},{"Link":"http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/10/25/hint-it-wasnt-the-orange-creme-frappucino/?scp=6&sq=%22Albert%20Anastasia%22&st=cse","external_links_name":"\"Hint: It Wasn't the Orange Crème Frappucino\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1969/02/15/archives/ruled-family-of-450-genovese-dies-in-prison-at-71-boss-of-bosses-of.html?sq=%2522Vito%2520Genovese%2522&scp=6&st=cse","external_links_name":"\"Ruled 'Family' of 450. Genovese Dies in Prison at 71. 'Boss of Bosses' of Mafia Here\""},{"Link":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1958/04/09/83408052.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Attorney General Acts\""},{"Link":"http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/gangsters_outlaws/family_epics/gambino/3.html","external_links_name":"The Gambino Crime Family — A Squirrel of a Man — Crime Library on truTV.com"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130520091550/http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/gangsters_outlaws/family_epics/gambino/3.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1990/03/20/nyregion/police-say-their-chinatown-sting-ties-mob-to-the-garment-industry.html?scp=18&sq=Joseph%20Lucchese%20dies&st=cse","external_links_name":"\"Police Say Their Chinatown Sting Ties Mob to the Garment Industry\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1992/02/05/nyregion/gambino-gained-mob-tax-with-fear-prosecutor-says.html?scp=3&sq=Tommy%20Lucchese%20brother&st=cse","external_links_name":"\"Gambino Gained 'Mob Tax' With Fear, Prosecutor Says\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1992/12/02/nyregion/thomas-gambino-it-s-all-in-the-name.html?pagewanted=1","external_links_name":"\"Thomas Gambino: It's All in the Name\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090608110032/http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/news/1999/05/06/1999-05-06_jailed_capo_out_2m_stuck_in_.html","external_links_name":"\"Jailed Capo Out 2m Stuck In Stock Scam, Gambino Charges\""},{"Link":"http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/news/1999/05/06/1999-05-06_jailed_capo_out_2m_stuck_in_.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UFYEAAAAMBAJ&q=Colombo&pg=PA18","external_links_name":"\"The Mob: How Joe Bonanno Schemed to kill – and lost\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1967/07/16/archives/li-police-record-a-mafia-funeral-mourners-at-services-for-luchese-a.html","external_links_name":"\"L.I. Police Record A Mafia Funeral. Mourners at Services for Luchese Are Photographed\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0081867/fullcredits#cast","external_links_name":"IMDb: The Gangster Chronicles (1981)"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/genre/history","external_links_name":"IMDb: Gangster Wars (1981)"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/viciouscirclesma00kwit","external_links_name":"Vicious Circles: The Mafia in the Marketplace"},{"Link":"http://www.qchron.com/qboro/i_have_often_walked/tommy-lucchese-the-quiet-don-in-malba/article_35483f16-cd56-5fe1-be03-340aa3ccfc45.html","external_links_name":"Tommy Lucchese, the quiet don in Malba"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140307162249/http://realdealmafia.com/mobcorner_pappadio.html","external_links_name":"A Death in the Family"},{"Link":"http://www.alldocumentaries.org/mobsters-tommy-lucchese/","external_links_name":"Mobsters: Tommy Lucchese"},{"Link":"https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/650","external_links_name":"Tommy Lucchese"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodgson_Hamilton_Madden
Dodgson Hamilton Madden
["1 Biography","2 Reputation","3 Notable judgments","4 References","5 External links"]
Dodgson Hamilton Madden (28 March 1840 – 6 March 1928) was an Irish Unionist Alliance Member of Parliament (MP) in the United Kingdom Parliament He was also a leading barrister, who held office as Serjeant-at-law, Attorney General for Ireland and subsequently as a judge of the Irish High Court. The Irish Unionists were the Irish wing of the Conservative Party. Biography He was the only son of the Reverend Hugh Hamilton Madden of Templemore, County Tipperary, and Isabella Monck Mason, daughter of the barrister Henry Monck Mason. His father was Chancellor of the Diocese of Cashel; his grandfather and his great-grandfather, Hugh Hamilton (1729-1805), had also been Church of Ireland clergymen: Hugh became Bishop of Ossory. C.S. Lewis was a distant cousin on the Hamilton side of the family. Dodgson's father was descended from the author and scholar Samuel Madden (1686-1765), of whom Samuel Johnson said that all Ireland should honour his name. He married firstly in 1868 Mary (Minna) Moore, daughter of Lewis Moore of Cremorgan, County Laois; she died in 1895. He married secondly in 1898 Jessie Isabelle Warburton, daughter of Richard Warburton of Garryhinch, County Offaly. He had no children by either marriage. He attended Trinity College Dublin, where he was elected a Scholar, before being called to the Irish Bar in 1864. He became a Queen's Counsel (QC) in 1880 and Third Serjeant in 1887. Madden wrote several books on legal topics; but his best-known work is The Diary of Master William Silence; a Study of Shakespeare and of Elizabethan Sport, an imaginative reconstruction of the world of Shakespeare's Falstaff, in which he made full use of his own knowledge of country sports, especially horse riding. His scholarship led Maurice Healy to describe him as a don who had strayed into the Courts. Of his legal works, the best known is Madden on Deeds, which remained the standard work on the subject for many years. Madden was Solicitor-General for Ireland 1888–1890, and Attorney-General for Ireland in 1890–1892. He was made a member of the Privy Council of Ireland on 9 December 1889. Though not much interested in politics, he was diligent in performing his duties, and worked well with Arthur Balfour, the Chief Secretary for Ireland, particularly on the issue of land purchase. He was MP for Dublin University 1887–1892. He was subsequently Vice-Chancellor of the University of Dublin 1895–1919. Madden left the House of Commons when he was appointed to the office of Justice of the Queen's Bench Division of the Irish High Court in 1892, an office which he held until 1919 when he retired and moved to England. Reputation Maurice Healy in his memoir The Old Munster Circuit described him with respect and affection: "he was one of the most charming judges I ever met". Yet Healy did not rate Madden especially highly as a judge. Admittedly his reputation was bound to suffer in comparison to such outstanding contemporaries as Christopher Palles and Hugh Holmes, in an era when the quality of Irish judges was as high as it has ever been. Healy recalled that to appear before Madden was a pleasure, especially if one could think of an appropriate literary reference, but thought that his actual judgments were "weak and diffuse". This verdict was probably too severe; in particular, Madden's judgment in Boyers v Duke remains a valuable decision on the formation of business contracts. There are many tributes to his courtesy, generosity and hospitality. Notable judgments His judgment in Powell v McGlynn and Bradlaw, concerning liability for a runaway pony, affords an excellent example of his judicial style. The question of whether one defendant employed the other depended partly on whether the expression "humph" had any legal meaning. Madden, drawing on his knowledge of English literature, cited Jane Austen and Sir Walter Scott, among other authors, to prove that "humph" had a definite meaning, namely an expression of disagreement. His judgment in Boyers v Duke is a leading decision on the concept of offer and acceptance in contract law, and in particular, the precise meaning of a quotation by a seller of goods. Madden held that a quotation cannot be an offer to enter a contract, but is merely an indication of the terms on which the seller will do business. Applying normal rules of commercial practice, he found that if every quotation was in itself an offer which could lead to a binding contract, the business in question would be so swamped with obligations which it could not meet that it might well go bankrupt. Therefore, it followed that the letter of acceptance by the prospective buyer was in fact the first offer. The judgment has been described as an excellent example of how commercial practice may influence the development of the law. References ^ Michael Joseph Ltd. London 1939 ^ 2 I.R.154 ^ 2 I.R. 617 ^ Byrne, Raymond Cases on Irish commercial law and legal technique Round Hall Press Dublin 1988 p.112 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Leigh Rayment's Historical List of MPs External links Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by Dodgson Hamilton Madden Works by or about Dodgson Hamilton Madden at Internet Archive "Madden, Right Hon. Dodgson Hamilton" . Thom's Irish Who's Who . Dublin: Alexander Thom and Son Ltd. 1923. p. 157  – via Wikisource. Parliament of the United Kingdom Preceded byHugh Holmes andDavid Robert Plunket Member of Parliament for Dublin University 1887–1892 With: David Robert Plunket Succeeded byEdward Carson andDavid Robert Plunket Legal offices Preceded byPeter O'Brien Solicitor-General for Ireland 1888–1890 Succeeded byJohn Atkinson Preceded byPeter O'Brien Attorney-General for Ireland 1890–1892 Succeeded byJohn Atkinson vteSolicitors-General for Ireland Thomas Rochfort Thomas Luttrell Patrick Barnewall John Bathe James Dowdall Nicholas Nugent Richard Bellings Jesse Smythes Roger Wilbraham Sir John Davies Robert Jacobe Richard Bolton Edward Bolton William Sambach William Ellis Robert Shapcote John Temple Theobald Butler Richard Levinge Alan Brodrick Richard Levinge John Forster William Whitshed Francis Bernard John Rogerson Thomas Marlay Robert Jocelyn John Bowes St George Caulfeild Warden Flood Philip Tisdall John Gore Marcus Paterson Godfrey Lill John Scott Robert Hellen Hugh Carleton Arthur Wolfe John Toler John Stewart William Cusack-Smith James McClelland William Plunkett Charles Kendal Bushe Henry Joy John Doherty Philip Cecil Crampton Michael O'Loghlen Edward Pennefather Michael O'Loghlen John Richards Stephen Woulfe Maziere Brady David Richard Pigot Richard Moore Edward Pennefather Joseph Devonsher Jackson Thomas Cusack-Smith Richard Wilson Greene Abraham Brewster James Henry Monahan John Hatchell Henry George Hughes James Whiteside William Keogh John Fitzgerald Jonathan Christian Henry George Hughes Edmund Hayes John George Rickard Deasy Thomas O'Hagan James Anthony Lawson Sir Edward Sullivan, 1st Baronet Michael Morris, Baron Morris Hedges Eyre Chatterton Robert Warren Michael Harrison John Thomas Ball Henry Ormsby Charles Robert Barry Richard Dowse Christopher Palles Hugh Law Henry Ormsby David Plunket Gerald Fitzgibbon Hugh Holmes William Moore Johnson Andrew Porter John Naish Samuel Walker The MacDermot John Monroe John George Gibson The MacDermot John George Gibson Peter O'Brien Dodgson Hamilton Madden John Atkinson Edward Carson Charles Hare Hemphill William Kenny Dunbar Barton George Wright James Campbell Redmond Barry Charles O'Connor Ignatius O'Brien Thomas Molony John Moriarty Jonathan Pim James O'Connor James Chambers Arthur Samuels John Blake Powell Denis Henry Daniel Martin Wilson Thomas Watters Brown Category Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Latvia People Ireland Other SNAC IdRef
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Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.S._Lewis"},{"link_name":"Samuel Madden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Madden_(author)"},{"link_name":"Samuel Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Johnson"},{"link_name":"County Laois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Laois"},{"link_name":"County Offaly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Offaly"},{"link_name":"Trinity College Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_College_Dublin"},{"link_name":"elected a Scholar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Scholars_of_Trinity_College_Dublin"},{"link_name":"Irish Bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Bar"},{"link_name":"Queen's Counsel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Counsel"},{"link_name":"Serjeant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serjeant-at-law_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"Shakespeare's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare"},{"link_name":"Falstaff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falstaff"},{"link_name":"Maurice Healy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Healy_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Solicitor-General for Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solicitor-General_for_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Attorney-General for Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney-General_for_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Privy Council of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privy_Council_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Arthur Balfour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Balfour"},{"link_name":"Chief Secretary for Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Secretary_for_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Dublin University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin_University_(constituency)"},{"link_name":"Vice-Chancellor of the University of Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice-Chancellor_of_the_University_of_Dublin"},{"link_name":"House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_House_of_Commons"},{"link_name":"Queen's Bench Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Bench_Division"},{"link_name":"High Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Court_(Ireland)"}],"text":"He was the only son of the Reverend Hugh Hamilton Madden of Templemore, County Tipperary, and Isabella Monck Mason, daughter of the barrister Henry Monck Mason. His father was Chancellor of the Diocese of Cashel; his grandfather and his great-grandfather, Hugh Hamilton (1729-1805), had also been Church of Ireland clergymen: Hugh became Bishop of Ossory. C.S. Lewis was a distant cousin on the Hamilton side of the family. Dodgson's father was descended from the author and scholar Samuel Madden (1686-1765), of whom Samuel Johnson said that all Ireland should honour his name.He married firstly in 1868 Mary (Minna) Moore, daughter of Lewis Moore of Cremorgan, County Laois; she died in 1895. He married secondly in 1898 Jessie Isabelle Warburton, daughter of Richard Warburton of Garryhinch, County Offaly. He had no children by either marriage.He attended Trinity College Dublin, where he was elected a Scholar, before being called to the Irish Bar in 1864. He became a Queen's Counsel (QC) in 1880 and Third Serjeant in 1887.Madden wrote several books on legal topics; but his best-known work is The Diary of Master William Silence; a Study of Shakespeare and of Elizabethan Sport, an imaginative reconstruction of the world of Shakespeare's Falstaff, in which he made full use of his own knowledge of country sports, especially horse riding. His scholarship led Maurice Healy to describe him as a don who had strayed into the Courts. Of his legal works, the best known is Madden on Deeds, which remained the standard work on the subject for many years.Madden was Solicitor-General for Ireland 1888–1890, and Attorney-General for Ireland in 1890–1892. He was made a member of the Privy Council of Ireland on 9 December 1889. Though not much interested in politics, he was diligent in performing his duties, and worked well with Arthur Balfour, the Chief Secretary for Ireland, particularly on the issue of land purchase. He was MP for Dublin University 1887–1892. He was subsequently Vice-Chancellor of the University of Dublin 1895–1919.Madden left the House of Commons when he was appointed to the office of Justice of the Queen's Bench Division of the Irish High Court in 1892, an office which he held until 1919 when he retired and moved to England.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Christopher Palles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Palles"},{"link_name":"Hugh Holmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Holmes"}],"text":"Maurice Healy in his memoir The Old Munster Circuit[1] described him with respect and affection: \"he was one of the most charming judges I ever met\". Yet Healy did not rate Madden especially highly as a judge. Admittedly his reputation was bound to suffer in comparison to such outstanding contemporaries as Christopher Palles and Hugh Holmes, in an era when the quality of Irish judges was as high as it has ever been. Healy recalled that to appear before Madden was a pleasure, especially if one could think of an appropriate literary reference, but thought that his actual judgments were \"weak and diffuse\". This verdict was probably too severe; in particular, Madden's judgment in Boyers v Duke remains a valuable decision on the formation of business contracts. There are many tributes to his courtesy, generosity and hospitality.","title":"Reputation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"pony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pony"},{"link_name":"Jane Austen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Austen"},{"link_name":"Sir Walter Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Walter_Scott"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"offer and acceptance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offer_and_acceptance"},{"link_name":"contract law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract_law"},{"link_name":"quotation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sales_quote"},{"link_name":"bankrupt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankrupt"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"His judgment in Powell v McGlynn and Bradlaw,[2] concerning liability for a runaway pony, affords an excellent example of his judicial style. The question of whether one defendant employed the other depended partly on whether the expression \"humph\" had any legal meaning. Madden, drawing on his knowledge of English literature, cited Jane Austen and Sir Walter Scott, among other authors, to prove that \"humph\" had a definite meaning, namely an expression of disagreement.His judgment in Boyers v Duke[3] is a leading decision on the concept of offer and acceptance in contract law, and in particular, the precise meaning of a quotation by a seller of goods. Madden held that a quotation cannot be an offer to enter a contract, but is merely an indication of the terms on which the seller will do business. Applying normal rules of commercial practice, he found that if every quotation was in itself an offer which could lead to a binding contract, the business in question would be so swamped with obligations which it could not meet that it might well go bankrupt. Therefore, it followed that the letter of acceptance by the prospective buyer was in fact the first offer. The judgment has been described as an excellent example of how commercial practice may influence the development of the law.[4]","title":"Notable judgments"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playboy_Entertainment_Group
PLBY Group
["1 History","1.1 Segments","2 Subsidiaries","3 References","4 External links"]
US global media and lifestyle company PLBY Group, Inc.FormerlyPlayboy Enterprises, Inc.Company typePublicTraded asNasdaq: PLBYIndustry Lifestyle Mass media Wellness Founded1953; 71 years ago (1953), in Chicago, Illinois, U.S.FounderHugh HefnerHeadquartersChicago, Illinois, U.S. (1953–2012)Los Angeles, California, U.S. (2012–present)Area servedGlobalKey peopleSuhail Rizvi (chairman)Ben Kohn (president and CEO)Products Playboy magazine Playboy TV Playboy Online Centerfold.com Adult entertainment  Revenue $147.7 million (2020)Operating income $13.61 million (2020)Net income −$5.27 million (2020)Total assets $412.13 million (2020)Total equity $83.02 million (2020)Number of employees211 (2020)SubsidiariesPlayboy EnterprisesLoversCenterfold.comWebsiteplayboyenterprises.com PLBY Group, Inc. is an American global media and lifestyle company founded by Hugh Hefner as Playboy Enterprises, Inc. to oversee the Playboy magazine and related assets. Its headquarters are in Los Angeles, California. The company is focused on four primary business lines: Sexual Wellness, Style & Apparel, Gaming and Lifestyle, and Beauty & Grooming. Today, PLBY Group, together with its subsidiaries, engages in the development and distribution of content, products and high-profile events that embody both "eroticism and fine art", and apparel retailing. It is in the top twenty most licensed brands globally. History Sales of Playboy magazine peaked in 1972 at over 7 million copies. By 2015, the circulation had fallen to 800,000. The company completed its shift to consumer products in 2020 with the shuttering of the magazine division, and is now known to generate more than $3 billion in consumer spending annually across 180 countries. Playboy Enterprises, Inc. made its initial public offering on November 3, 1971, at $23.50. Playboy ran forty Playboy Club properties from 1960 to 1986 and operated casinos in England from the mid-1960s to 1981, when they lost their operating license. Playboy also operated a casino in Nassau, Bahamas, from 1978 to 1982. From 1981 to 1984, the company was a partner in the Playboy Hotel and Casino in Atlantic City, New Jersey. Playboy Enterprises was denied a permanent New Jersey gaming license and was forced to sell out to its partner, which changed the name of the hotel/casino to the Atlantis Hotel and Casino. The company returned to the nightlife business with the Playboy Club at the Palms Casino Resort in Las Vegas, which opened in 2006 and closed in 2012. Other Playboy Clubs opened in Cancun, Macau, and London in 2010 and 2011. Meanwhile, the company said it would open at least three Playboy stores in each of the next three years. In 1959, the company formed Alta Loma Entertainment (formerly Playboy Productions from 1959 to 1988, and Alta Loma Productions from 1988 to 1999), to produce movies and television shows. The first project was Playboy's Penthouse, a television show on WBKB-TV, which was followed by Playboy After Dark, a television series that ran for two seasons, and the format was revived as After Hours in 1989. In 1982, Playboy Enterprises founded Playboy Home Video (later Playboy Home Entertainment). At first, the Playboy Premiere titles were distributed by MGM/UA Home Video, with others going to CBS/Fox Video, but the label changed hands to other distributors since 1985. The Age reported in October 2008 that, for the first-time ever, Hugh Hefner was selling tickets to his celebrity-filled parties to offset his cash-flow problems due to setbacks Playboy Enterprises had suffered, including decreasing Playboy circulation, decreasing stock value, and ventures that have yet to turn a profit. Christie Hefner released a memo to employees about her efforts to streamline the company's operations, including eliminating its DVD division and laying off staff. In March 2011, founder Hugh Hefner succeeded in a bid to take Playboy Enterprises private after 40 years as a publicly traded company. He partnered with private equity firm Rizvi Traverse. Playboy Enterprises closed its former headquarters in the top office floors of 680 N. Lake Shore Drive in Chicago, Illinois, in April 2012. In January 2013, the company said it employed 165. In 2018, less than a year after Hugh Hefner's death, his estate sold its remaining Playboy shares of 33%, worth $35 million, to Icon Acquisition Holdings LP. The money was split between Hefner's widow and his four children. In March 2020, CEO Ben Kohn announced that the Spring issue of the magazine would be the last to be printed, and the publication would be online-only going forward. In October 2020, Playboy Enterprises announced a reverse merger with Mountain Crest Acquisition Corp, a special purpose acquisition company (SPAC). On February 11, 2021, PLBY Group, Inc. completed its merger and began trading on the Nasdaq stock market under the PLBY ticker. PLBY Group, Inc. and its subsidiaries, including Playboy Enterprises, is headed by Ben Kohn, chief executive officer, president and director. Segments The company has three reportable segments: Licensing, which includes licensing of Playboy brands to third parties; Direct-to-Consumer, including sales of third-party products through its owned-and-operated e-commerce platforms; and Digital Subscriptions and Content, including the sale of subscriptions to Playboy programming and trademark licensing for online gaming products. As of the 2020 re-organization the business had four main market categories: Sexual Wellness, comprising own-branded lingerie and sexual amenities including CBD products. This segment contributed over 40% to revenue in 2020. Style & Apparel, comprising licensed fashion sales globally, especially in China, where it is the leading men's fashion brand with over 3500 stores. This segment contributed around 52% of revenue in 2020. Gaming and Lifestyle, comprising its chain of licensed Playboy Clubs and digital gaming ventures in partnership with Scientific Games and Microgaming. This segment contributed 3% to 2020 revenue. Beauty & Grooming, comprising skincare, beauty and grooming products. This segment contributed around 2% to revenue in 2020. The company's Playboy Foundation provides grants to non-profit groups involved in fighting censorship and researching human sexuality. The company licenses the Playboy name, the Rabbit Head design and other images, trademarks, and artwork to "appear on a wide range of consumer products including apparel, accessories, footwear, lingerie, jewelry, fragrances and home fashions." Its licensed products generate "more than $3 billion in global sales in more than 180 countries." The company's trademarks and copyrights are critical to the success and potential growth of its business as "Playboy is one of the most recognized, celebrated and popular consumer brands in the world." In 2019, Playboy ranked number 21 among the Top 150 Global Licensors by License Global magazine. As of 2013, the licensing accounts for about 65% of revenue. PB Lifestyle Ltd. is promoted by Mumbai-based entrepreneurs. Following their interests in media and entertainment, PB Lifestyle Ltd. has signed the master and exclusive franchise/licensee agreement with Playboy Enterprises USA (for ten years) for the use of the Playboy brand in India for various businesses. PB Lifestyle representatives have also stated that the company will adapt the Playboy brand to suit India's decency standards and will not allow content/material that is deemed "lascivious or appealing to prurient interests". Playboy first entered the Chinese market in a 1988 licensing deal with Hong Kong-based Chaifa Group. By the early 1990s, Licenses were divided into subcategories of products and sold to mainland manufacturers. The company claimed roughly 650 stores by 2003. This had grown to 3100 by 2015. The company has attempted to open a club in Shanghai, once in 2004, and again in 2017. In May 2015, Playboy signed a 10-year licensing agreement with Handong United to manufacture and distribute fashion apparel. Subsidiaries In December 2019, Playboy Enterprises acquired the online retailer Yandy for an undisclosed sum. In February 2021, PLBY announced the acquisition of the sexual wellness retailer Lovers for $25m in cash. In October 2021 PLBY Group acquired Dream, a social content platform that provides creators with tools to interact directly with their fans. This acquisition was used to support the launch of Playboys creator community Centerfold.com that went live on December 20, 2021. References ^ a b c d e "PLBY Group Reports Fourth Quarter & Full Year 2020 Financial Results" (Press release). March 23, 2021. Retrieved May 19, 2021. ^ a b "PLBY Group, Inc. Propectus". U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. Retrieved May 19, 2021. ^ "Playboy Men's Grooming – Walmart.com". www.walmart.com. Archived from the original on November 4, 2021. ^ a b Stattmann, Dean (May 19, 2021). "The New (Old) Playboy". Men's Journal. ^ Lee, Chris (September 14, 2013). "To Playboy magazine, sophistication is the new sexy". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 19, 2021. ^ "About". PLBY Group. Retrieved March 19, 2021. ^ "The Girls Next Door". The New Yorker. March 20, 2006. ^ "Hugh Hefner, Who Built Playboy Empire and Embodied It, Dies at 91". The New York Times. September 27, 2017. ^ Jasinski, Nicholas (February 11, 2021). "Playboy Has Gone Public. Here's What to Know". Barron's. Retrieved May 10, 2021. ^ "Playboy Enterprises, Inc". March 26, 2006. Archived from the original on March 26, 2006. Retrieved February 9, 2023. ^ Playboy Chips and Tokens – The Rise and Fall of the Bunny Chip www.ccgtcc-ccn.com PDF ^ Bracelin, Jason (October 7, 2006). "Bunnies Are Back: Palms' Fantasy Tower takes Playboy Club concept to new heights". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Retrieved July 9, 2012. ^ "Playboy Club at Las Vegas' Palms casino closes". USA Today. AP. June 4, 2012. Retrieved July 9, 2012. ^ Kee Hua Chee (June 27, 2001). "Playboy Bunnies a tourist attraction". The Star. Retrieved July 9, 2012. ^ "Playboy Pull A Rabbit". MSN. ^ "Playboy head to have new show on WBKB". The Chicago Tribune. August 13, 1959. p. 14. ^ "'Playboy' production begins" (PDF). Broadcasting Magazine. July 15, 1968. p. 62. Retrieved April 4, 2024. ^ "Syndication Marketplace" (PDF). Broadcasting Magazine. November 14, 1988. p. 54. Retrieved April 4, 2024. ^ "MGM/UA Now To Handle Playboy Vids". Cashbox. December 10, 1983. p. 8. ^ Dobrin, Gregory (June 1, 1985). "Playboy Home Video Enters Dist. Pact With Lorimar". Cashbox. p. 8. ^ "Party's over for Playboy king Hugh Hefner." The Age 18 October 2008. Retrieved 30 October 2008. ^ "Playboy Enterprises Does Restructuring; Shutting DVD Division For Online Focus; 80 Positions Will Go." Yahoo! Finance 15 October 2008. Retrieved 30 October 2008. ^ "Playboy Enterprises, Inc. Announces Closing of Acquisition by Icon Acquisition Holdings, L.P." (Press release). March 4, 2011. Retrieved June 4, 2017. ^ "Playboy's Move to Los Angeles Set for April 30". January 17, 2012. Archived from the original on April 17, 2012. Retrieved July 9, 2012. ^ "Hugh Hefner's Family Sells Their Remaining Shares in Playboy". Fortune. August 3, 2018. Retrieved October 26, 2019. ^ "An Open Letter To Our Team And Partners". Medium. November 18, 2020. Retrieved March 13, 2021. ^ Jasinski, Nicholas (February 11, 2021). "Playboy Has Gone Public. Here's What to Know". Barron's. Retrieved April 19, 2021. ^ Maurer, Mark (March 25, 2021). "Owner of Playboy Brand Looks to Invest SPAC Money in 'Sexual Wellness' Sector". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved April 19, 2021. ^ a b c d e "Mountain Crest Investor Presentation". www.sec.gov. Retrieved March 13, 2021. ^ "Playboy CEO on telling the story from a female perspective". finance.yahoo.com. Retrieved March 13, 2021. ^ "About | PLBY Group". www.plbygroup.com. Retrieved March 13, 2021. ^ "IMG Brand and clients". Archived from the original on September 30, 2013. Retrieved October 7, 2013. ^ "Top 150 Leading Licensors of 2019". licenseglobal.com. November 27, 2019. Retrieved June 10, 2021. ^ Bain, Marc (February 12, 2021). "Playboy has big plans but Wall Street is unimpressed". Quartz. Retrieved March 13, 2021. ^ "Playboy Enterprises plans to open clubs, cafes and retail stores in India". The Economic Times. November 1, 2012. Retrieved December 16, 2012. ^ "India to get first Playboy Club in Goa". BBC News. November 1, 2012. Retrieved December 16, 2012. ^ Hunwick, Robert Foyle. "Playboy Is Ditching the Sex and Betting on China". Foreign Policy. Retrieved March 19, 2021. ^ a b "Playboy Expands Licensing Presence in China". PR Newswire (Press release). Los Angeles: Playboy Enterprises. May 6, 2015. Retrieved March 19, 2021. ^ "China officials halt Playboy club". December 9, 2004. Retrieved March 19, 2021. ^ "Playboy Club - Club, Shanghai | SmartShanghai". www.smartshanghai.com. Retrieved March 19, 2021. ^ "Playboy Expands Direct-to-Consumer and Retail Store Reach with Deal to Acquire Leading Sexual Wellness Omni-Channel Retailer". PLBY Group. ^ Franklin, Joshua (February 1, 2021). "Playboy agrees to buy sexual wellness chain Lovers". Reuters. Retrieved June 10, 2021. ^ "PLBY Group to Acquire Dream for $30M; Street Says Buy". Yahoo Finance. October 19, 2021. Retrieved February 28, 2024. External links Official website vtePLBY GroupKey people Hugh Hefner (founder, former Editor-in-chief, CCO) Christie Hefner (former Chairman and CEO) Victor Lownes ProductsMagazines Playboy Special Edition Television Playboy's Penthouse Playboy TV† Playboy After Dark Film And Now for Something Completely Different Macbeth The Naked Ape The Third Girl from the Left The Crazy World of Julius Vrooder Basic Training Other Playboy Bunny Playboy Clubs Playboy Mansion Playboy Radio Playboy: The Mansion (soundtrack) Playboy's 40th Anniversary: Four Decades of Jazz 1953–1993 Related American Playboy: The Hugh Hefner Story Hugh Hefner: Playboy, Activist and Rebel Stocks House The Playboy Club † Owned by Aylo, branded Playboy under a licensing agreement. vteAyloPeople Feras Antoon Fabian Thylmann Studios Brazzers Digital Playground Men.com Mofos Reality Kings Babes.com FakeHub.com Sean Cody Twistys WhyNotBi.com Video sharing websitesPornhub NETWORK Pornhub RedTube YouPorn Xtube Index website PornMD Other MyDirtyHobby Television Playboy TV Spice Networks Video games Nutaku Related articles Fake Taxi Playboy Enterprises Too Much Media Wicked Pictures vtePremium television services in the United StatesvtePremium television services in the United States (movies, series and specials)Movies, series, and specials Home Box Office, Inc. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hugh Hefner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Hefner"},{"link_name":"Playboy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playboy"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-propectus-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_New_Old_Playboy-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"PLBY Group, Inc. is an American global media and lifestyle company founded by Hugh Hefner as Playboy Enterprises, Inc. to oversee the Playboy magazine and related assets. Its headquarters are in Los Angeles, California.[2]The company is focused on four primary business lines: Sexual Wellness, Style & Apparel, Gaming and Lifestyle, and Beauty & Grooming.[3][4] Today, PLBY Group, together with its subsidiaries, engages in the development and distribution of content, products and high-profile events that embody both \"eroticism and fine art\", and apparel retailing.[5] It is in the top twenty most licensed brands globally.[6]","title":"PLBY Group"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NewYorker20060320-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"consumer spending","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_spending"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"initial public offering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initial_public_offering"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Playboy Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playboy_Club"},{"link_name":"Nassau, Bahamas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nassau,_Bahamas"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Playboy Hotel and Casino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_World%27s_Fair"},{"link_name":"Atlantic City, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Playboy Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playboy_Club_(Las_Vegas)"},{"link_name":"Palms Casino Resort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palms_Casino_Resort"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Playboy's Penthouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playboy%27s_Penthouse"},{"link_name":"WBKB-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WLS-TV"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Playboy After Dark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playboy_After_Dark"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"MGM/UA Home Video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGM_Home_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"CBS/Fox Video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Century_Home_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"The Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Age"},{"link_name":"stock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"DVD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"publicly traded company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publicly_traded_company"},{"link_name":"Rizvi Traverse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rizvi_Traverse"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"680 N. Lake Shore Drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/680_N_Lake_Shore_Drive"},{"link_name":"Chicago, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_New_Old_Playboy-4"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"Sales of Playboy magazine peaked in 1972 at over 7 million copies.[7] By 2015, the circulation had fallen to 800,000.[8] The company completed its shift to consumer products in 2020 with the shuttering of the magazine division, and is now known to generate more than $3 billion in consumer spending annually across 180 countries.[9]Playboy Enterprises, Inc. made its initial public offering on November 3, 1971, at $23.50.[10]Playboy ran forty Playboy Club properties from 1960 to 1986 and operated casinos in England from the mid-1960s to 1981, when they lost their operating license. Playboy also operated a casino in Nassau, Bahamas, from 1978 to 1982.[11] From 1981 to 1984, the company was a partner in the Playboy Hotel and Casino in Atlantic City, New Jersey. Playboy Enterprises was denied a permanent New Jersey gaming license and was forced to sell out to its partner, which changed the name of the hotel/casino to the Atlantis Hotel and Casino. The company returned to the nightlife business with the Playboy Club at the Palms Casino Resort in Las Vegas, which opened in 2006[12] and closed in 2012.[13] Other Playboy Clubs opened in Cancun, Macau, and London in 2010 and 2011.[14] Meanwhile, the company said it would open at least three Playboy stores in each of the next three years.[15]In 1959, the company formed Alta Loma Entertainment (formerly Playboy Productions from 1959 to 1988, and Alta Loma Productions from 1988 to 1999), to produce movies and television shows. The first project was Playboy's Penthouse, a television show on WBKB-TV,[16] which was followed by Playboy After Dark, a television series that ran for two seasons,[17] and the format was revived as After Hours in 1989.[18]In 1982, Playboy Enterprises founded Playboy Home Video (later Playboy Home Entertainment). At first, the Playboy Premiere titles were distributed by MGM/UA Home Video,[19] with others going to CBS/Fox Video, but the label changed hands to other distributors since 1985.[20]The Age reported in October 2008 that, for the first-time ever, Hugh Hefner was selling tickets to his celebrity-filled parties to offset his cash-flow problems due to setbacks Playboy Enterprises had suffered, including decreasing Playboy circulation, decreasing stock value, and ventures that have yet to turn a profit.[21] Christie Hefner released a memo to employees about her efforts to streamline the company's operations, including eliminating its DVD division and laying off staff.[22]In March 2011, founder Hugh Hefner succeeded in a bid to take Playboy Enterprises private after 40 years as a publicly traded company. He partnered with private equity firm Rizvi Traverse.[23]Playboy Enterprises closed its former headquarters in the top office floors of 680 N. Lake Shore Drive in Chicago, Illinois, in April 2012.[24] In January 2013, the company said it employed 165.[4]In 2018, less than a year after Hugh Hefner's death, his estate sold its remaining Playboy shares of 33%, worth $35 million, to Icon Acquisition Holdings LP. The money was split between Hefner's widow and his four children.[25]In March 2020, CEO Ben Kohn announced that the Spring issue of the magazine would be the last to be printed, and the publication would be online-only going forward.[26]In October 2020, Playboy Enterprises announced a reverse merger with Mountain Crest Acquisition Corp, a special purpose acquisition company (SPAC). On February 11, 2021, PLBY Group, Inc. completed its merger and began trading on the Nasdaq stock market under the PLBY ticker. PLBY Group, Inc. and its subsidiaries, including Playboy Enterprises, is headed by Ben Kohn, chief executive officer, president and director.[27][28]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MtnCrest_Inv_Pres-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MtnCrest_Inv_Pres-29"},{"link_name":"Scientific Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_Games"},{"link_name":"Microgaming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microgaming"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MtnCrest_Inv_Pres-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MtnCrest_Inv_Pres-29"},{"link_name":"Playboy Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playboy_Foundation"},{"link_name":"censorship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censorship"},{"link_name":"human sexuality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_sexuality"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Mumbai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Economic_Times-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_News-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PR-China-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PR-China-38"}],"sub_title":"Segments","text":"The company has three reportable segments: Licensing, which includes licensing of Playboy brands to third parties; Direct-to-Consumer, including sales of third-party products through its owned-and-operated e-commerce platforms; and Digital Subscriptions and Content, including the sale of subscriptions to Playboy programming and trademark licensing for online gaming products.As of the 2020 re-organization the business had four main market categories:Sexual Wellness, comprising own-branded lingerie and sexual amenities including CBD products. This segment contributed over 40% to revenue in 2020.[29]\nStyle & Apparel, comprising licensed fashion sales globally, especially in China, where it is the leading men's fashion brand with over 3500 stores. This segment contributed around 52% of revenue in 2020.[29]\nGaming and Lifestyle, comprising its chain of licensed Playboy Clubs and digital gaming ventures in partnership with Scientific Games and Microgaming.[30] This segment contributed 3% to 2020 revenue.[29]\nBeauty & Grooming, comprising skincare, beauty and grooming products. This segment contributed around 2% to revenue in 2020.[29]The company's Playboy Foundation provides grants to non-profit groups involved in fighting censorship and researching human sexuality.The company licenses the Playboy name, the Rabbit Head design and other images, trademarks, and artwork to \"appear on a wide range of consumer products including apparel, accessories, footwear, lingerie, jewelry, fragrances and home fashions.\" Its licensed products generate \"more than $3 billion in global sales in more than 180 countries.\"[31] The company's trademarks and copyrights are critical to the success and potential growth of its business as \"Playboy is one of the most recognized, celebrated and popular consumer brands in the world.\"[32] In 2019, Playboy ranked number 21 among the Top 150 Global Licensors by License Global magazine.[33] As of 2013, the licensing accounts for about 65% of revenue.[34]PB Lifestyle Ltd. is promoted by Mumbai-based entrepreneurs. Following their interests in media and entertainment, PB Lifestyle Ltd. has signed the master and exclusive franchise/licensee agreement with Playboy Enterprises USA (for ten years) for the use of the Playboy brand in India for various businesses.[35] PB Lifestyle representatives have also stated that the company will adapt the Playboy brand to suit India's decency standards and will not allow content/material that is deemed \"lascivious or appealing to prurient interests\".[36]Playboy first entered the Chinese market in a 1988 licensing deal with Hong Kong-based Chaifa Group. By the early 1990s, Licenses were divided into subcategories of products and sold to mainland manufacturers. The company claimed roughly 650 stores by 2003.[37] This had grown to 3100 by 2015.[38] The company has attempted to open a club in Shanghai, once in 2004,[39] and again in 2017.[40] In May 2015, Playboy signed a 10-year licensing agreement with Handong United to manufacture and distribute fashion apparel.[38]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yandy.com"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MtnCrest_Inv_Pres-29"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}],"text":"In December 2019, Playboy Enterprises acquired the online retailer Yandy for an undisclosed sum.[29] In February 2021, PLBY announced the acquisition of the sexual wellness retailer Lovers for $25m in cash.[41][42] In October 2021 PLBY Group acquired Dream, a social content platform that provides creators with tools to interact directly with their fans.[43] This acquisition was used to support the launch of Playboys creator community Centerfold.com that went live on December 20, 2021.","title":"Subsidiaries"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"PLBY Group Reports Fourth Quarter & Full Year 2020 Financial Results\" (Press release). March 23, 2021. Retrieved May 19, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.plbygroup.com/news-releases/news-release-details/plby-group-reports-fourth-quarter-full-year-2020-financial","url_text":"\"PLBY Group Reports Fourth Quarter & Full Year 2020 Financial Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"PLBY Group, Inc. Propectus\". U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. Retrieved May 19, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1803914/000110465921021065/tm2035405-12_424b3.htm","url_text":"\"PLBY Group, Inc. Propectus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Securities_and_Exchange_Commission","url_text":"U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission"}]},{"reference":"\"Playboy Men's Grooming – Walmart.com\". www.walmart.com. Archived from the original on November 4, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211104013845/https://www.walmart.com/browse/beauty/men-s-grooming/playboy/1085666_7192911_8845470/YnJhbmQ6UGxheWJveQieie","url_text":"\"Playboy Men's Grooming – Walmart.com\""},{"url":"https://www.walmart.com/browse/beauty/men-s-grooming/playboy/1085666_7192911_8845470/YnJhbmQ6UGxheWJveQieie","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Stattmann, Dean (May 19, 2021). \"The New (Old) Playboy\". Men's Journal.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mensfitness.com/leisure/entertainment/the-new-old-playboy","url_text":"\"The New (Old) Playboy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men%27s_Journal","url_text":"Men's Journal"}]},{"reference":"Lee, Chris (September 14, 2013). \"To Playboy magazine, sophistication is the new sexy\". Los Angeles Times. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XVI_International_Chopin_Piano_Competition
XVI International Chopin Piano Competition
["1 Winners","2 Jurors","3 Participants","3.1 Results","4 References","5 Further reading","6 External links"]
Piano competition (2010) You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Polish. (July 2021) Click for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the Polish article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Consider adding a topic to this template: there are already 294 articles in the main category, and specifying|topic= will aid in categorization. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Polish Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|pl|XVI Międzynarodowy Konkurs Pianistyczny im. Fryderyka Chopinaa Chopina}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. AwardThe Sixteenth International Fryderyk Chopin Piano CompetitionOfficial posterDateOctober 3–20, 2010 (2010-10-03 – 2010-10-20)VenueNational Philharmonic, WarsawHosted byFryderyk Chopin InstituteWinner Yulianna AvdeevaWebsitehttp://konkurs.chopin.pl ← 15th · Chopin Competition · 17th → The XVI International Chopin Piano Competition (Polish: XVI Międzynarodowy Konkurs Pianistyczny im. Fryderyka Chopina) was held in Warsaw, Poland from 3 to 20 October 2010, for the first time organized by the Fryderyk Chopin Institute. Prize winners' concerts were held October 21–23. The first prize was awarded to Yulianna Avdeeva. Winners Polish President Bronisław Komorowski awarding the first prize to Yulianna Avdeeva The competition consisted of three stages and a final. The following prizes were awarded: Prize Winner €30,000 Yulianna Avdeeva  Russia €25,000 Lukas Geniušas  Russia Lithuania €25,000 Ingolf Wunder  Austria €20,000 Daniil Trifonov  Russia 4th €15,000 Evgeni Bozhanov  Bulgaria 5th €10,000 François Dumont  France 6th not awarded F €4,000 Nikolay Khozyainov  Russia €4,000 Miroslav Kultyshev  Russia €4,000 Pawel Wakarecy  Poland €4,000 Hélène Tysman  France In addition, five special prizes were awarded independently: Special prize Winner Best Performance of a Concerto Ingolf Wunder  Austria Best Performance of Mazurkas Daniil Trifonov  Russia Best Performance of a Polonaise Lukas Geniušas  Russia Lithuania Best Performance of a Sonata Yulianna Avdeeva  Russia Best Performance of the Polonaise-Fantaisie Ingolf Wunder  Austria Jurors The jury panel for the competition included: Martha Argerich ( VII) Bella Davidovich ( IV) Jan Ekier (honorary chairman) Philippe Entremont Nelson Freire Adam Harasiewicz ( V) Andrzej Jasiński (chairman) Kevin Kenner ( XII) Michie Koyama  Piotr Paleczny (vice-chairman) Katarzyna Popowa-Zydroń Đặng Thái Sơn ( X) Fou Ts'ong ( V) Participants Polish President Bronisław Komorowski at the Laureates' Concert, October 2010 Results Contestant I II III F Soo Jung Ann Leonora Armellini Yulianna Avdeeva 1 Fares Marek Basmadji Evgeni Bozhanov 4th Marek Bracha Rachel Wai-Ching Cheung Fei-Fei Dong François Dumont 5th Denis Evstukhin Anna Fedorova Madoka Fukami Lukas Geniušas 2 Leonard Gilbert Jayson Gilham Eri Goto Giuseppe Greco Antoine de Grolée Peng Cheng He Bo Hu Ching-Yun Hu Shih-Wei Huang Claire Huangci Junna Iwasaki Julian Zhi Chao Jia Kaoru Jitsukawa Aljoša Jurinić Airi Katada Lusine Khachatryan Nikolay Khozyainov Da-Sol Kim Sung-Jae Kim Marie Kiyone Yaron Kohlberg Jacek Kortus Marcin Koziak Sheng-Yuan Kwang Rachel Naomi Kudo Miroslav Kultyshev Hanchien Lee Eri Mantani Guillaume Masson Vladimir Matusevich Maiko Mine Shota Miyazaki Kotaro Nagano Mamikon Nakhapetov Mariko Nogami Kana Okada Yuma Osaki Ainobu Ota Anke Pan Esther Park Nimrod David Pfeffer Marianna Prjevalskaya Ilya Rashkovsky Joanna Różewska Takaya Sano Louis Schwizgebel-Wang Yury Shadrin 1 Ishay Shaer Meng-Sheng Shen Natalia Sokolovskaya Rina Sudo Hyung-Ming Suh Hannah Sun Hiayi Sun Mei-Ting Sun Gracjan Szymczak Xin Tong Daniil Trifonov 3 Hélène Tysman Andrew Tyson Irene Veneziano Paweł Wakarecy Yuri Watanabe Ingolf Wunder 2 Denis Zhdanov Eric Zuber 1 Withdrawal References ^ "Fryderyk Chopin - The International Fryderyk Chopin Piano Competition". Archived from the original on 2010-12-30. Retrieved 2010-12-20. ^ "Fryderyk Chopin - The International Fryderyk Chopin Piano Competition". Archived from the original on 2010-12-24. Retrieved 2010-12-20. ^ "Fryderyk Chopin - The International Fryderyk Chopin Piano Competition". Archived from the original on 2010-12-30. Retrieved 2010-12-20. ^ "Fryderyk Chopin - The International Fryderyk Chopin Piano Competition". Archived from the original on 2010-12-30. Retrieved 2010-12-20. ^ "Fryderyk Chopin - The International Fryderyk Chopin Piano Competition". Archived from the original on 2011-01-01. Retrieved 2010-12-20. ^ "Fryderyk Chopin - The International Fryderyk Chopin Piano Competition". Archived from the original on 2010-12-24. Retrieved 2010-12-20. ^ "Fryderyk Chopin - The International Fryderyk Chopin Piano Competition". Archived from the original on 2010-12-09. Retrieved 2010-12-20. Further reading Ekiert, Janusz (2010). The Endless Search for Chopin: The History of the International Fryderyk Chopin Piano Competition in Warsaw (1st ed.). Warsaw: Muza. ISBN 978-83-7495-812-7. OCLC 670048637. Arendt, Ada; Bogucki, Marcin; Majewski, Paweł; Sobczak, Kornelia (2020). Chopinowskie igrzysko. Historia Międzynarodowego Konkursu Pianistycznego im. Fryderyka Chopina 1927–2015 (in Polish) (1st ed.). Warsaw: Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego. ISBN 978-83-235-4127-1. OCLC 1153285192. External links The International Chopin Piano Competition Archived 2010-12-30 at the Wayback Machine vteInternational Chopin Piano CompetitionList of jurorsEditions I (1927) II (1932) III (1937) IV (1949) V (1955) VI (1960) VII (1965) VIII (1970) IX (1975) X (1980) XI (1985) XII (1990) XIII (1995) XIV (2000) XV (2005) XVI (2010) XVII (2015) XVIII (2021) XIX (2025) Winners Lev Oborin (1927) Alexander Uninsky (1932) Yakov Zak (1937) Bella Davidovich / Halina Czerny-Stefańska (1949) Adam Harasiewicz (1955) Maurizio Pollini (1960) Martha Argerich (1965) Garrick Ohlsson (1970) Krystian Zimerman (1975) Dang Thai Son (1980) Stanislav Bunin (1985) not awarded (1990) not awarded (1995) Li Yundi (2000) Rafał Blechacz (2005) Yulianna Avdeeva (2010) Seong-Jin Cho (2015) Bruce Liu (2021) Fryderyk Chopin Institute Authority control databases International VIAF National Poland
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"International Chopin Piano Competition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Chopin_Piano_Competition"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_language"},{"link_name":"Fryderyk Chopin Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fryderyk_Chopin_Institute"},{"link_name":"Yulianna Avdeeva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yulianna_Avdeeva"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"AwardThe XVI International Chopin Piano Competition (Polish: XVI Międzynarodowy Konkurs Pianistyczny im. Fryderyka Chopina) was held in Warsaw, Poland from 3 to 20 October 2010, for the first time organized by the Fryderyk Chopin Institute. Prize winners' concerts were held October 21–23. The first prize was awarded to Yulianna Avdeeva.[1]","title":"XVI International Chopin Piano Competition"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:International_Chopin_Piano_Competition_2010_(01).jpg"},{"link_name":"Bronisław Komorowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronis%C5%82aw_Komorowski"},{"link_name":"Yulianna Avdeeva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yulianna_Avdeeva"}],"text":"Polish President Bronisław Komorowski awarding the first prize to Yulianna AvdeevaThe competition consisted of three stages and a final.The following prizes were awarded:In addition, five special prizes were awarded independently:","title":"Winners"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Martha Argerich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Argerich"},{"link_name":"VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VII_International_Chopin_Piano_Competition"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Bella Davidovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bella_Davidovich"},{"link_name":"IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IV_International_Chopin_Piano_Competition"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Jan Ekier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Ekier"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Philippe Entremont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Entremont"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Nelson Freire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Freire"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Adam Harasiewicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Harasiewicz"},{"link_name":"V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V_International_Chopin_Piano_Competition"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Andrzej Jasiński","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrzej_Jasi%C5%84ski"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Kevin Kenner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Kenner"},{"link_name":"XII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XII_International_Chopin_Piano_Competition"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Michie Koyama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michie_Koyama&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"jp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E5%B1%B1%E5%AE%9F%E7%A8%9A%E6%81%B5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Piotr Paleczny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piotr_Paleczny"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Katarzyna Popowa-Zydroń","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katarzyna_Popowa-Zydro%C5%84"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Đặng Thái Sơn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%B7ng_Th%C3%A1i_S%C6%A1n"},{"link_name":"X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_International_Chopin_Piano_Competition"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Fou Ts'ong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fou_Ts%27ong"},{"link_name":"V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V_International_Chopin_Piano_Competition"}],"text":"The jury panel for the competition included:[2]Martha Argerich ( VII)\n Bella Davidovich ( IV)\n Jan Ekier (honorary chairman)\n Philippe Entremont\n Nelson Freire\n Adam Harasiewicz ( V)\n Andrzej Jasiński (chairman)\n Kevin Kenner ( XII)\n Michie Koyama [jp]\n Piotr Paleczny (vice-chairman)\n Katarzyna Popowa-Zydroń\n Đặng Thái Sơn ( X)\n Fou Ts'ong ( V)","title":"Jurors"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chopin_competition_2010.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bronisław Komorowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronis%C5%82aw_Komorowski"}],"text":"Polish President Bronisław Komorowski at the Laureates' Concert, October 2010","title":"Participants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Results","text":"1 Withdrawal[3]\n[4] \n[5]\n[6]\n[7]","title":"Participants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Endless Search for Chopin: The History of the International Fryderyk Chopin Piano Competition in Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/670048637"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-83-7495-812-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-7495-812-7"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"670048637","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/670048637"},{"link_name":"Chopinowskie igrzysko. Historia Międzynarodowego Konkursu Pianistycznego im. Fryderyka Chopina 1927–2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1153285192"},{"link_name":"Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Warsaw"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-83-235-4127-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-235-4127-1"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1153285192","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1153285192"}],"text":"Ekiert, Janusz (2010). The Endless Search for Chopin: The History of the International Fryderyk Chopin Piano Competition in Warsaw (1st ed.). Warsaw: Muza. ISBN 978-83-7495-812-7. OCLC 670048637.\nArendt, Ada; Bogucki, Marcin; Majewski, Paweł; Sobczak, Kornelia (2020). Chopinowskie igrzysko. Historia Międzynarodowego Konkursu Pianistycznego im. Fryderyka Chopina 1927–2015 [The Chopin Games. The History of the International Fryderyk Chopin Piano Competition 1927–2015] (in Polish) (1st ed.). Warsaw: Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego. ISBN 978-83-235-4127-1. OCLC 1153285192.","title":"Further reading"}]
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_Eye_Movement_(album)
Rapid Eye Movement (album)
["1 Background","2 Track listing","3 Personnel","4 Charts","5 References"]
For other uses, see Rapid eye movement (disambiguation). 2007 studio album by RiversideRapid Eye MovementStudio album by RiversideReleasedSeptember 28, 2007 (European InsideOut release)September 24, 2007 (Mystic Production release)October 9, 2007 (InsideOut release)Recorded2006–2007StudioSerakos Studio, WarsawGenreProgressive rock, progressive metalLength55:51 (original album)33:26 (bonus disc)LabelInsideOut MusicProducerRiverside, Magda and Robert SrzedniccyRiverside chronology Second Life Syndrome(2005) Rapid Eye Movement(2007) Reality Dream(2008) Singles from Rapid Eye Movement "02 Panic Room"Released: June 10, 2007 "Schizophrenic Prayer"Released: March 17, 2008 Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingDPRP8-9½/10Metal Storm(9/10)HardRockHouse(8.9/10)Sea of Tranquility Rapid Eye Movement is the third studio album by Polish progressive rock band Riverside. It was released on September 28, 2007 in Europe by InsideOut Music, on September 24 by Mystic Productions in Poland, and internationally by InsideOut Music on October 9, 2007. Background Rapid Eye Movement is the final installment of the Reality Dream Trilogy which includes Out of Myself and Second Life Syndrome. The album is split into two parts, entitled "Fearless" (tracks 1-5) and "Fearland" (tracks 6-9). A two-CD Digipack version of the album was also released and includes extra tracks and some video footage. There are also two outtakes from the last Reality Dream Suite, the title track and "Reality Dream IV". Instead, both are included in the bonus disk, and the final instrumental suite is titled "Lucid Dream IV". The album was named as one of Classic Rock‘s 10 essential progressive rock albums of the decade. In 2009, Century Media Records Ltd., under exclusive license from InsideOut Music, released a 2-CD version including the bonus disk originally included in the 2007 Digipak version, without the video footage. Track listing All lyrics are written by Mariusz Duda; all music is written by Riverside, except a portion of bonus track "Back to the River", which is an excerpt of "Shine On You Crazy Diamond" by Pink Floyd. Part One: FearlessNo.TitleLength1."Beyond the Eyelids"7:562."Rainbow Box"3:373."02 Panic Room"5:294."Schizophrenic Prayer"4:215."Parasomnia"8:10 Part Two: FearlandNo.TitleLength6."Through the Other Side"4:067."Embryonic"4:108."Cybernetic Pillow"4:469."Ultimate Trip"13:13 Special edition bonus discNo.TitleLength1."Behind the Eyelids"6:172."Lucid Dream IV"4:323."02 Panic Room" (remix)3:234."Back to the River"6:285."Rapid Eye Movement"12:39 Personnel Mariusz Duda – vocals, bass guitar, acoustic guitar Piotr Grudziński – guitars Michał Łapaj – keyboards Piotr Kozieradzki – drums Charts Chart (2010) Peakposition Dutch Albums Chart 73 Polish Albums Chart 2 References ^ "Album Reviews". DPRP. No. 2007–047. August 12, 2007. ^ "Riverside - Rapid Eye Movement review". Metal Storm. ^ "Riverside - Rapid Eye Movement". HardRockHouse. Archived from the original on October 24, 2007. ^ Murat Batmaz (October 17, 2007). "Riverside: Rapid Eye Movement". Sea of Tranquility. ^ Classic Rock, February 2010, issue 141. ^ "Riverside - Acronym Love". ^ "Oficjalna lista sprzedaży :: OLiS - Official Retail Sales Chart". OLiS. September 30, 2007. Retrieved January 7, 2012. vteRiverside Mariusz Duda Piotr Kozieradzki Michał Łapaj Maciej Meller Jacek Melnicki Piotr Grudziński Studio albums Out of Myself Second Life Syndrome Rapid Eye Movement Anno Domini High Definition Shrine of New Generation Slaves Love, Fear and the Time Machine Wasteland ID.Entity Live albums Reality Dream Compilation albums Eye of the Soundscape EPs Memories in My Head Singles "02 Panic Room" Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N._O._Murphy
Oakes Murphy
["1 Policies as governor","2 Frank Murphy","3 References","3.1 Citations","3.2 Sources"]
American politician (1849–1908) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Oakes Murphy" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Nathan Oakes Murphy10th and 14th Governor of Arizona TerritoryIn officeAugust 1, 1898 – July 1, 1902Appointed byWilliam McKinleyPreceded byMyron H. McCordSucceeded byAlexander Oswald BrodieIn officeMay 11, 1892 – April 12, 1893Appointed byBenjamin HarrisonPreceded byJohn N. IrwinSucceeded byLouis Cameron HughesDelegate to the U.S. House of Representatives from Arizona TerritoryIn officeMarch 4, 1895 – March 3, 1897Preceded byMarcus A. SmithSucceeded byMarcus A. Smith Personal detailsBorn(1849-10-14)October 14, 1849Jefferson, Maine, U.S.DiedAugust 22, 1908(1908-08-22) (aged 58)Coronado, California, U.S.Resting placeRock Creek CemeteryWashington, D.C., U.S.Political partyRepublicanSpouses Sarah E. Banghart ​ ​(m. 1884; div. 1903)​ Emma D. Sells ​(m. 1904)​ Nathan Oakes Murphy (October 14, 1849 – August 22, 1908) was the tenth and fourteenth Governor of Arizona Territory. As well as the territory's delegate to the House of Representatives. Born in Jefferson, Maine to Benjamin F. Murphy and Lucy Oakes Murphy. He attended the public schools. In 1856 the family moved to Wisconsin. From 1866 to 1869 he taught school in Wisconsin. He went to the western frontier and finally settled in Prescott, Arizona, in April 1883 where he engaged in mining and the real estate business. Secretary to the Governor of Arizona Territory in 1885. He was appointed secretary of Arizona Territory March 21, 1889. He served as delegate to the Republican National Convention in 1892. Governor of Arizona Territory 1892–1894. Murphy was elected as a Republican to the Fifty-fourth Congress (March 4, 1895 – March 3, 1897). He was not a candidate for renomination in 1896. Again Governor of Arizona Territory and served from 1898 to 1902, when he resigned. He was an unsuccessful Republican candidate for election in 1900 to the Fifty-seventh Congress. He died in Coronado, California, August 22, 1908. He was interred in the Masonic Cemetery, San Diego, California but reinterred at Rock Creek Cemetery, Washington, D.C. in December 1909. Policies as governor He supported the Mormon settlers in Arizona. He was an advocate for the statehood of Arizona. His efforts to make Arizona a more legitimate state included a territorial library in Phoenix, increasing mining operations, and a museum at the University of Arizona. He wanted the reduction on Indian reservations in Arizona. He also wanted the Prohibition of armed Indians. Frank Murphy Oakes's brother, Frank, was the owner of the Congress Mine, the Sasco smelter, and the (MEOW) builder of Castle Hot Springs. He also worked on what is now the Santa Fe Railroad, in northern Arizona. References Citations ^ "Morristown Area History". Ena McGuire. Retrieved January 23, 2014. Sources United States Congress. "Oakes Murphy (id: M001102)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. U.S. House of Representatives Preceded byMarcus A. Smith Delegate to the U.S. House of Representatives from Arizona Territory 1895–1897 Succeeded byMarcus A. Smith vteGovernors of ArizonaTerritorial (1863–1912) Goodwin McCormick Safford Hoyt Frémont Tritle Zulick Wolfley Irwin Murphy Hughes Franklin McCord Murphy Brodie Kibbey Sloan State (since 1912) Hunt Campbell Hunt Campbell Hunt Phillips Hunt Moeur Stanford Jones Osborn Garvey Pyle McFarland Fannin Goddard Williams Castro Bolin Babbitt Mecham Mofford Symington Hull Napolitano Brewer Ducey Hobbs vteArizona's delegation(s) to the 54th United States Congress (ordered by seniority) 54th Senate: None House: ▌O. Murphy (R) Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Germany People US Congress
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9my_Stricker
Rémy Stricker
["1 Biography","2 Selected publications","3 Bibliography","4 References","5 External links"]
French musician Rémy Stricker (3 January 1936 – 19 November 2019) was a French pianist, music educator, radio producer, musicologist and writer. Biography Born in Mulhouse, Rémy Stricker studied the piano with Yvonne Lefébure, then at the Conservatoire de Paris. From 1964 to 1969, along Jean-Pierre Armengaud and Michel Capelier, he seconded Germaine Arbeau-Bonnefoy in the presentation of the Musigrains , pedagogical concerts-lectures given at the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées. Before being a professor of musical esthetics at the Conservatoire de Paris from 1971 to 2001, Rémy Stricker was a radio producer for France Musique and France Culture from 1962 to 1997. In 2004, he was awarded the prix spécial du jury of the Prix des Muses for his book Berlioz dramaturge. Selected publications 1969: Musique du Baroque, Gallimard, ISBN 2070273830. 1980: Mozart et ses opéras : fiction et vérité, series Bibliothèque des Idées , Gallimard, 355p. 1993: Franz Liszt, les ténèbres de la gloire, series Bibliothèque des Idées, NRF – Gallimard, 482 p. ISBN 2-07-073353-X 1996: Robert Schumann : Le Musicien et la Folie. Gallimard. 1995. p. 252. ISBN 2070743543. 1996: les Mélodies de Duparc, Actes Sud ISBN 9782742706914. 1999: Georges Bizet : 1838-1875, Gallimard, Paris, 377 p. ISBN 2-07-074803-0. 2001: Le dernier Beethoven, series Bibliothèque des Idées, Gallimard, 328 p. ISBN 2-07-075849-4 2003: Berlioz dramaturge, series Bibliothèque des Idées, Gallimard, 664 p. ISBN 2-07-072367-4 Bibliography Laurent Herz, Les Musigrains, une institution pédagogique et musicale (1939–1986), Éditions L'Harmattan, Paris, 2013 ISBN 978-2-343-02020-4 References ^ "Décès du musicologue, pédagogue et ancien producteur de radio Rémy Stricker". 20 November 2019. ^ Les Musigrains ^ Musique du Baroque ^ Dialogues du baroque et de la musique, full text ^ Mozart et ses opéras : fiction et vérité ^ les Mélodies de Duparc ^ Georges Bizet External links Rémy Stricker on Babelio Rémy Stricker on Symétrie Rémy Stricker at Gallimard Publications of Rémy Stricker at Cairn info Rémy Stricker at Encyclopédie Larousse Rémy STRICKER at Actes Sud Rémy Stricker, musicologue: Chez elle, l'humilité ouvre la voie à l'humanité on La Croix (6 June 2009) Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel Belgium United States Czech Republic Netherlands Artists MusicBrainz Other IdRef Portals: classical music France
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"radio producer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_producer"},{"link_name":"musicologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musicologist"}],"text":"Rémy Stricker (3 January 1936 – 19 November 2019)[1] was a French pianist, music educator, radio producer, musicologist and writer.","title":"Rémy Stricker"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mulhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulhouse"},{"link_name":"Yvonne Lefébure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvonne_Lef%C3%A9bure"},{"link_name":"Conservatoire de Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatoire_de_Paris"},{"link_name":"Jean-Pierre Armengaud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Armengaud"},{"link_name":"Michel Capelier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michel_Capelier&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Germaine Arbeau-Bonnefoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaine_Arbeau-Bonnefoy"},{"link_name":"Musigrains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Musigrains&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musigrains"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Théâtre des Champs-Élysées","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_des_Champs-%C3%89lys%C3%A9es"},{"link_name":"France Musique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_Musique"},{"link_name":"France Culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_Culture"},{"link_name":"Prix des Muses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prix_des_Muses&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Born in Mulhouse, Rémy Stricker studied the piano with Yvonne Lefébure, then at the Conservatoire de Paris. From 1964 to 1969, along Jean-Pierre Armengaud and Michel Capelier, he seconded Germaine Arbeau-Bonnefoy in the presentation of the Musigrains [fr],[2] pedagogical concerts-lectures given at the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées. Before being a professor of musical esthetics at the Conservatoire de Paris from 1971 to 2001, Rémy Stricker was a radio producer for France Musique and France Culture from 1962 to 1997.In 2004, he was awarded the prix spécial du jury of the Prix des Muses for his book Berlioz dramaturge.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gallimard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Gallimard"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2070273830","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2070273830"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-07-073353-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-07-073353-X"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2070743543","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2070743543"},{"link_name":"Actes Sud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actes_Sud"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9782742706914","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782742706914"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-07-074803-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-07-074803-0"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-07-075849-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-07-075849-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-07-072367-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-07-072367-4"}],"text":"1969: Musique du Baroque, Gallimard, ISBN 2070273830.[3][4]\n1980: Mozart et ses opéras : fiction et vérité,[5] series Bibliothèque des Idées , Gallimard, 355p.\n1993: Franz Liszt, les ténèbres de la gloire, series Bibliothèque des Idées, NRF – Gallimard, 482 p. ISBN 2-07-073353-X\n1996: Robert Schumann : Le Musicien et la Folie. Gallimard. 1995. p. 252. ISBN 2070743543.\n1996: les Mélodies de Duparc, Actes Sud ISBN 9782742706914.[6]\n1999: Georges Bizet : 1838-1875, Gallimard, Paris, 377 p. ISBN 2-07-074803-0.[7]\n2001: Le dernier Beethoven, series Bibliothèque des Idées, Gallimard, 328 p. ISBN 2-07-075849-4\n2003: Berlioz dramaturge, series Bibliothèque des Idées, Gallimard, 664 p. ISBN 2-07-072367-4","title":"Selected publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"L'Harmattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Harmattan"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2-343-02020-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-343-02020-4"}],"text":"Laurent Herz, Les Musigrains, une institution pédagogique et musicale (1939–1986), Éditions L'Harmattan, Paris, 2013 ISBN 978-2-343-02020-4","title":"Bibliography"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Robert Schumann : Le Musicien et la Folie. Gallimard. 1995. p. 252. ISBN 2070743543.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2070743543","url_text":"2070743543"}]},{"reference":"\"Décès du musicologue, pédagogue et ancien producteur de radio Rémy Stricker\". 20 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.francemusique.fr/actualite-musicale/deces-du-musicologue-pedagogue-et-ancien-producteur-de-radio-remy-stricker-78774","url_text":"\"Décès du musicologue, pédagogue et ancien producteur de radio Rémy Stricker\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vic_Mauro
Vic Mauro
["1 Background","2 Playing career","3 References","4 External links"]
Italy international rugby league footballer Vic MauroPersonal informationFull nameVitaliano MauroBorn (1987-03-24) 24 March 1987 (age 37)Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaPlaying informationHeight1.79 m (5 ft 10 in)Weight102 kg (16 st 1 lb)PositionLock, Second-row Club Years Team Pld T G FG P 2007–12 Manly Sea Eagles 47 1 0 0 4 2013 Salford City Reds 9 2 0 0 8 Total 56 3 0 0 12 Representative Years Team Pld T G FG P 2011 Italy 2 0 0 0 0 Source: Vitaliano "Vic" Mauro (born 24 March 1987) is a former Italy international rugby league footballer who played for the Manly Warringah Sea Eagles in the National Rugby League and the Salford City Reds in the Super League. He played as a lock and can also play as a second-rower. Background Mauro was born in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Of Italian heritage, Mauro attended St. Paul's Catholic College and played junior football for the North Curl Curl Knights club in the Manly junior region. Playing career He made his first grade début for Manly-Warringah against the New Zealand Warriors at Mount Smart Stadium in 2007, and played 47 first grade games for the Manly club. In 2011 he was announced as a member of the Italian side that competed in the 2013 World Cup qualifying. He made his début in a 52–6 win against Serbia. On 2 October, Mauro was part of the Manly team that defeated the New Zealand Warriors in the 2011 NRL Grand Final. Mauro signed with Salford City Reds after being released from Manly on 1 February 2013. He was released by the club on 24 July 2013, after playing in nine games. References ^ loverugbyleague ^ Ferguson, Shawn Dollin and Andrew. "Vic Mauro - Career Stats & Summary - Rugby League Project". ^ "NRL Player Statistics". NRL.com. Retrieved 27 March 2017. ^ Minichiello to lead Italy in 2011 RLWC European Qualifiers Archived 8 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine rleague.com, 6 April 2011 ^ "Manly Sea Eagles release Vic Mauro and Liam Foran to English Super League club Salford City Reds". Dailytelegraph.com.au. Retrieved 27 March 2017. ^ "Vic Mauro in Salford City Reds exit". Manchester Evening News. 25 July 2013. External links Manly Sea Eagles profile NRL profile vteSunshine Coast Sea Eagles squad - 2009 Queensland Cup premiers (1st title) 1. Dennis Sandow 2. Michael Chapman 3. Shane Neumann 4. Andrew Suniula 5. Ryan Walker 6. Tony Williams 7. Trent Hodkinson 8. Phil Morwood 9. Cameron Joyce (c) 10. Junior Palau 11. Vic Mauro 12. Jon Grieve 13. Jon Muir 14. Tim Browne 16. Rob Godfrey 18. Steve McPhee 19. Heath L'Estrange Coach: Brandon Costin vteManly-Warringah Sea Eagles squad – 2011 NRL premiers (8th title) 1 Brett Stewart 2 Michael Robertson 3 Jamie Lyon (c) 4 Steve Matai 5 William Hopoate 6 Kieran Foran 7 Daly Cherry-Evans 8 Joe Galuvao 9 Matt Ballin 10 Brent Kite 11 Anthony Watmough 12 Tony Williams 13 Glenn Stewart 14 Shane Rodney 15 Jamie Buhrer 16 Vic Mauro 17 George Rose Coach: Des Hasler
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_national_rugby_league_team"},{"link_name":"rugby league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league"},{"link_name":"Manly Warringah Sea Eagles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manly_Warringah_Sea_Eagles"},{"link_name":"National Rugby League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rugby_League"},{"link_name":"Salford City Reds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salford_Red_Devils"},{"link_name":"Super League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_League"},{"link_name":"lock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league_positions#Loose_forward_/_Lock_forward"},{"link_name":"second-rower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league_positions#Second-row_forward"}],"text":"Vitaliano \"Vic\" Mauro (born 24 March 1987) is a former Italy international rugby league footballer who played for the Manly Warringah Sea Eagles in the National Rugby League and the Salford City Reds in the Super League. He played as a lock and can also play as a second-rower.","title":"Vic Mauro"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney"},{"link_name":"New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_people"}],"text":"Mauro was born in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.Of Italian heritage, Mauro attended St. Paul's Catholic College and played junior football for the North Curl Curl Knights club in the Manly junior region.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Zealand Warriors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Warriors"},{"link_name":"Mount Smart Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Smart_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Italian side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_national_rugby_league_team"},{"link_name":"2013 World Cup qualifying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Rugby_League_World_Cup_qualifying"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia_national_rugby_league_team"},{"link_name":"New Zealand Warriors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Warriors"},{"link_name":"2011 NRL Grand Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_NRL_Grand_Final"},{"link_name":"Salford City Reds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salford_City_Reds"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"He made his first grade début for Manly-Warringah against the New Zealand Warriors at Mount Smart Stadium in 2007, and played 47 first grade games for the Manly club.In 2011 he was announced as a member of the Italian side that competed in the 2013 World Cup qualifying.[4] He made his début in a 52–6 win against Serbia.On 2 October, Mauro was part of the Manly team that defeated the New Zealand Warriors in the 2011 NRL Grand Final.Mauro signed with Salford City Reds after being released from Manly on 1 February 2013.[5] He was released by the club on 24 July 2013, after playing in nine games.[6]","title":"Playing career"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Ferguson, Shawn Dollin and Andrew. \"Vic Mauro - Career Stats & Summary - Rugby League Project\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rugbyleagueproject.org/players/vic-mauro/summary.html","url_text":"\"Vic Mauro - Career Stats & Summary - Rugby League Project\""}]},{"reference":"\"NRL Player Statistics\". NRL.com. Retrieved 27 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nrl.com/stats/playerstatsnew/seaeaglesplayerstats/seaeaglesplayerlist/tabid/10837/default.aspx?playerid=16127","url_text":"\"NRL Player Statistics\""}]},{"reference":"\"Manly Sea Eagles release Vic Mauro and Liam Foran to English Super League club Salford City Reds\". Dailytelegraph.com.au. Retrieved 27 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/sport/nrl/manly-sea-eagles-release-vic-mauro-and-kieran-foran-to-english-super-league-club-salford-city-reds/story-e6frexnr-1226566685802","url_text":"\"Manly Sea Eagles release Vic Mauro and Liam Foran to English Super League club Salford City Reds\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vic Mauro in Salford City Reds exit\". Manchester Evening News. 25 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/sport/rugby-league/vic-mauro-salford-city-reds-5317999","url_text":"\"Vic Mauro in Salford City Reds exit\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaipur_Junction_railway_station
Jaipur Junction railway station
["1 Overview","2 Infrastructure and amenities","3 Lines","4 Nearby railway stations","5 Gallery","6 References","7 External links"]
Indian railway station This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article may rely excessively on sources too closely associated with the subject, potentially preventing the article from being verifiable and neutral. Please help improve it by replacing them with more appropriate citations to reliable, independent, third-party sources. (January 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "Jaipur Junction railway station" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Jaipur Junction Express train and Passenger train stationGeneral informationLocationHasanpura, Jaipur, RajasthanIndiaCoordinates26°55′15″N 75°47′12″E / 26.9208°N 75.7866°E / 26.9208; 75.7866Elevation428.000 metres (1,404.199 ft)Owned byIndian RailwaysOperated byNorth Western RailwaysLine(s)Delhi–Ahmedabad line,Delhi–Jodhpur,Jaipur–Sawai Madhopur,Jaipur–Ringas–Sikar–ChuruPlatforms9 (1A, 1, 2A, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7)Tracks16 broad gaugeConstructionParkingAvailableAccessible AvailableOther informationStatusFunctioningStation codeJP Zone(s) North Western Railway Division(s) JaipurHistoryOpened1895; 129 years ago (1895)Electrified2020; 4 years ago (2020)LocationJaipur JunctionLocation within JaipurShow map of JaipurJaipur JunctionJaipur Junction (Rajasthan)Show map of RajasthanInteractive map Jaipur Junction (Code: JP) is a railway station in Jaipur, the largest city of the Indian state of Rajasthan. It serves the Capital City of Rajasthan. This station serves as the headquarters of the Jaipur Railway Division and the North Western Railway zone of the Indian Railways. Overview Jaipur station was built in 1875 and is situated at the centre of Rajasthan. Serving almost 35,000 passengers daily, Jaipur Junction is the busiest station in Rajasthan. The cornerstone of the existing Jaipur railway station building was laid on 4 May 1956 by Maharaja Sawai Man Singh II of Jaipur and construction took three years to complete. The station harnesses solar energy technology to power its operations. Being centrally located, Jaipur Junction hosts or is close to other transportation facilities such as the inter-state bus terminal Sindhi Camp, and the newly constructed Jaipur Metro at its Railway Station metro station. One of India's luxury trains, the Palace on Wheels, also makes a scheduled stop in Jaipur. Infrastructure and amenities The Jaipur railway station has provided free Wi-Fi for the convenience of passengers since 2015. A water recycling plant with a 500 kl/day capacity and waste-to-energy plant that converts plastic waste to diesel has also been set up. In 2019, the northwestern zone of Indian Railways upgraded the Jaipur Junction railway station by installing LED lights to improve the brightness inside the station. The station has been brought up to "airport standard" by Indian Railways through modernization and new facilities. A plan has been created by the Railways Board to further improve lighting in concourse halls, station platforms, circulating areas, waiting rooms, reservation counters, inquiry counters, foot bridges (FOB), stairs, parking areas, escalators and lifts, among other places. Recently, the Indian Government also introduced retiring rooms and can be booked from Jaipur Junction Railway station. Lines This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The main lines passing through Jaipur are: Delhi–Jodhpur line via Makrana, Degana, Merta road (double broad-gauge electrified line till Phulera) Delhi–Ahmedabad line via Bandikui, Jaipur, Ajmer (double broad-gauge electrified line) Sawai Madhopur–Jaipur line terminates at Jaipur (single broad-gauge electrified line) Jaipur–Sikar (single broad-gauge electrified line) Nearby railway stations Gandhinagar Jaipur railway station Getor Jagatpura railway station Durgapura railway station Dahar Ka Balaji railway station Bais Godam railway station (Decommissioned and used for unscheduled halts only) Kanakpura railway station Sanganer railway station Gallery Train at platform Platform ″Railway station″ station of Jaipur Metro References ^ North Western Railway Website ^ "Welcome to Jaipur Junction". www.jaipurjunction.in. Retrieved 10 March 2021. ^ Railways, North Western. "A historical view - Jaipur Division". North Western Railways / Indian Railways Portal. Retrieved 29 January 2021. ^ "Palace on Wheels - Jaipur". Archived from the original on 20 September 2012. Retrieved 13 February 2011. ^ "Wi-Fi facility at Jaipur railway station by March". The Economic Times. The Economic Times. 4 November 2015. Retrieved 11 February 2021. ^ a b Devanjana, Nag (24 January 2019). "How Indian Railways has given its Jaipur station an 'airport-like' feel; beautiful images of makeover". The Financial Express. Financial Express. Retrieved 11 February 2021. ^ "Passengers can again enjoy safe, comfortable stay at stations! Indian Railways likely to reopen retiring rooms". The Financial Express. 4 March 2021. ^ @NWRailways (31 May 2021). "जयपुर-सवाई माधोपुर के बीच जल्द दौड़ेगी विद्युत इंजन से ट्रेन।" (Tweet) – via Twitter. External links Jaipur Junction railway station at the India Rail Info vteRailway stations in RajasthanIndianRailwaysNRTooltip Northern Railway zoneAmbala Hindumalkote NCRTooltip North Central Railway zoneAgra Brijnagar Deeg Dholpur Junction Kherli Mandawar Mahwa Road Mohari Junction Nadbai Rupbas NWRTooltip North Western Railway zoneAjmer Abu Road Adarshnagar Ajmer Junction Beawar Bhilwara Bijainagar Budha Pushkar Halt Daurai Dungarpur Falna Fatehnagar Gangrar Gulabpura Hamirgarh Jawai Bandh Kapasan Kharwa Chanda Khwaja Garib Nawaz Madar Junction Marwar Junction Marwar Ranawas Mavli Junction Nathdwara Nasirabad Pindwara Pushkar Terminus Rani Rana Pratap Nagar Sojat Road Udaipur City Umra Vallabhnagar Bikaner Anupgarh Bikaner Junction Churu Junction Hanumangarh Junction Hanumangarh Town Kolayat Lalgarh Junction Lunkaransar Napasar Nohar Pilibanga Rajaldesar Ratangarh Junction Sadulpur Junction Sadul Shahar Sangaria Sardar Shahar Sarupsar Junction Suratgarh Junction Shri Ganganagar Junction Shri Dungargarh Tahsil Bhadra Jaipur Alwar Junction Asalpur Jobner Bandikui Junction Banasthali Niwai Baswa Chauth Ka Barwara Chirawa Dahar Ka Balaji Dausa Dundlod Mukundgarh Durgapura Fatehpur Shekhawati Gandhinagar Jaipur Getor Jagatpura Isarda Jaipur Junction Jhunjhunu Kanakpura Khairthal Kishangarh Malakhera Naraina Nawalgarh Nim Ka Thana Nua Palsana Phulera Junction Rajgarh Ratan Shahar Renwal Ringas Junction Sanganer Shri Madhopur Sikar Junction Surajgarh Jodhpur Ashapura Gomat Balotra Banar Barmer Basni Baytu Bhagat Ki Kothi Bilara Chhoti Khatu Degana Junction Deshnoke Didwana Gadra Road Gotan Jaisalmer Jalor Jodhpur Cantt Jodhpur Junction Kuchaman City Ladnun Luni Junction Mahamandir Makrana Junction Merta Road Junction Merta City Mandor Marwar Bhinmal Marwar Lohawat Marwar Mathania Marwar Mundwa Modran Mokalsar Munabao Nagaur Nawa City Nokha Osiyan Pali Marwar Parbatsar City Phalodi Junction Pipar Road Junction Pipar City Pokaran Raikabag Palace Junction Ramdevra Raniwara Ren Salawas Sambhar Lake Town Samdari Junction Sanu Shri Bhadriya Lathi Sujangarh Uttarlai WCRTooltip West Central Railway zoneKota Antah Atru Baran Bayana Junction Bharatpur Junction Bhawani Mandi Bundi Chaumahla Chhabra Gugor Dakaniya Talav Fateh Singhpura Gangapur City Gurla Junction Hindaun City Indragarh Sumerganj Mandi Jhalawar City Jhalawar Road Lakheri Kota Junction Malarna Mandalgarh Narayanpur Tatwara Ramganj Mandi Junction Salpura Sawai Madhopur Junction Shri Mahabirji WRTooltip Western Railway zoneRatlam Chanderiya Chittaurgarh Junction Nimbahera Shambhupura Jaipur metro Jaipur Metro stations vteTop 100 booking stations of Indian Railways Agra Cantonment Ahmedabad Junction Ajmer Junction Akola Junction Ambala Cantonment Junction Amritsar Junction Asansol Junction Aurangabad Bangalore City Bareilly Junction Bhagalpur Junction Bhopal Junction Bhubaneswar Bhusaval Junction Bilaspur Junction Chandigarh Junction Chennai Central Chhapra Junction Coimbatore Junction Cuttack Junction Darbhanga Junction Dehradun Dhanbad Junction Durg Junction Ernakulam Junction Erode Junction Gaya Junction Ghaziabad Junction Gorakhpur Junction Guntur Junction Guwahati Gwalior Junction Haridwar Junction Hatia Hazur Sahib Nanded Howrah Hubli Junction Indore Junction Jabalpur Junction Jaipur Junction Jalandhar City Junction Jammu Tawi Jhansi Junction Jodhpur Junction Kanpur Central Katihar Junction Katni Junction Katpadi Junction Kharagpur Junction Kollam Junction Kota Junction Kozhikode Lucknow Charbagh Ludhiana Junction Madgaon Junction Madurai Junction Malda Town Malkapur Mangalore Central Manmad Junction Mathura Junction Moradabad Mumbai Central Muzaffarpur Junction Mysore Junction Nagpur Junction Nasik Road Nellore New Delhi New Jalpaiguri Junction Palakkad Junction Patna Junction Prayagraj Junction Pune Junction Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Junction Puri Raipur Junction Rajahmundry Rajkot Junction Ranchi Junction Ratlam Junction Rourkela Junction Salem Junction Satna Junction Secunderabad Junction Siwan Junction Solapur Surat Tatanagar Junction Tiruchirappalli Junction Tirunelveli Junction Tirupati Thrissur Thiruvananthapuram Central Udaipur City Ujjain Junction Vapi Vadodara Junction Varanasi Junction Vijayawada Junction Visakhapatnam Source: "100 Booking Stations of Indian Railways". This article about a railway station in the Indian state of Rajasthan is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jaipur Railway Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaipur_railway_division"},{"link_name":"North Western Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Western_Railway_(India)"},{"link_name":"Indian Railways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hq-1"}],"text":"Jaipur Junction (Code: JP) is a railway station in Jaipur, the largest city of the Indian state of Rajasthan. It serves the Capital City of Rajasthan. This station serves as the headquarters of the Jaipur Railway Division and the North Western Railway zone of the Indian Railways.[1]","title":"Jaipur Junction railway station"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Maharaja Sawai Man Singh II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharaja_Sawai_Man_Singh_II"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Sindhi Camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhi_Camp"},{"link_name":"Jaipur Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaipur_metro"},{"link_name":"Railway Station metro station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_Station_metro_station"},{"link_name":"Palace on Wheels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_on_Wheels"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pow-4"}],"text":"Jaipur station was built in 1875 and is situated at the centre of Rajasthan. Serving almost 35,000 passengers daily, Jaipur Junction is the busiest station in Rajasthan.[2] The cornerstone of the existing Jaipur railway station building was laid on 4 May 1956 by Maharaja Sawai Man Singh II of Jaipur and construction took three years to complete.[3] The station harnesses solar energy technology to power its operations.Being centrally located, Jaipur Junction hosts or is close to other transportation facilities such as the inter-state bus terminal Sindhi Camp, and the newly constructed Jaipur Metro at its Railway Station metro station. One of India's luxury trains, the Palace on Wheels, also makes a scheduled stop in Jaipur.[4]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jaipur_Reference_1-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jaipur_Reference_2-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jaipur_Reference_2-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The Jaipur railway station has provided free Wi-Fi for the convenience of passengers since 2015.[5] A water recycling plant with a 500 kl/day capacity and waste-to-energy plant that converts plastic waste to diesel has also been set up. In 2019, the northwestern zone of Indian Railways upgraded the Jaipur Junction railway station by installing LED lights to improve the brightness inside the station.[6] The station has been brought up to \"airport standard\" by Indian Railways through modernization and new facilities. A plan has been created by the Railways Board to further improve lighting in concourse halls, station platforms, circulating areas, waiting rooms, reservation counters, inquiry counters, foot bridges (FOB), stairs, parking areas, escalators and lifts, among other places.[6] Recently, the Indian Government also introduced retiring rooms and can be booked from Jaipur Junction Railway station.[7]","title":"Infrastructure and amenities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jaipur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaipur"},{"link_name":"Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi"},{"link_name":"Jodhpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jodhpur"},{"link_name":"Makrana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makrana"},{"link_name":"Degana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degana"},{"link_name":"Merta road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merta_City"},{"link_name":"Phulera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phulera_Junction_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi"},{"link_name":"Ahmedabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmedabad"},{"link_name":"Bandikui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandikui"},{"link_name":"Jaipur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaipur"},{"link_name":"Ajmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajmer"},{"link_name":"Sawai Madhopur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawai_Madhopur"},{"link_name":"Jaipur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaipur"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Jaipur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaipur"},{"link_name":"Sikar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikar"}],"text":"The main lines passing through Jaipur are:Delhi–Jodhpur line via Makrana, Degana, Merta road (double broad-gauge electrified line till Phulera)\nDelhi–Ahmedabad line via Bandikui, Jaipur, Ajmer (double broad-gauge electrified line)\nSawai Madhopur–Jaipur line terminates at Jaipur (single broad-gauge electrified line)[8]\nJaipur–Sikar (single broad-gauge electrified line)","title":"Lines"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gandhinagar Jaipur railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandhinagar_Jaipur_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Getor Jagatpura railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getor_Jagatpura_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Durgapura railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durgapura_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Dahar Ka Balaji railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahar_Ka_Balaji_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Bais Godam railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bais_Godam_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Kanakpura railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanakpura_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Sanganer railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanganer_railway_station"}],"text":"Gandhinagar Jaipur railway station\nGetor Jagatpura railway station\nDurgapura railway station\nDahar Ka Balaji railway station\nBais Godam railway station (Decommissioned and used for unscheduled halts only)\nKanakpura railway station\nSanganer railway station","title":"Nearby railway stations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jaipur_03-2016_30_Jaipur_railway_station.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jaipur_Junction_platform_scene,_2008_(8).JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jaipur_03-2016_36_Jaipur_Metro.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jaipur Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaipur_Metro"}],"text":"Train at platform\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPlatform\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t″Railway station″ station of Jaipur Metro","title":"Gallery"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Welcome to Jaipur Junction\". www.jaipurjunction.in. Retrieved 10 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jaipurjunction.in/about/","url_text":"\"Welcome to Jaipur Junction\""}]},{"reference":"Railways, North Western. \"A historical view - Jaipur Division\". North Western Railways / Indian Railways Portal. Retrieved 29 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://nwr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1328523668343-A%20Historical%20Preview%20Jaipur%20Division.html","url_text":"\"A historical view - Jaipur Division\""}]},{"reference":"\"Palace on Wheels - Jaipur\". Archived from the original on 20 September 2012. Retrieved 13 February 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120920233051/http://www.palacesonwheels.com/jaipur","url_text":"\"Palace on Wheels - Jaipur\""},{"url":"http://www.palacesonwheels.com/jaipur/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Wi-Fi facility at Jaipur railway station by March\". The Economic Times. The Economic Times. 4 November 2015. Retrieved 11 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/wi-fi-facility-at-jaipur-railway-station-by-march/articleshow/49663706.cms?from=mdr","url_text":"\"Wi-Fi facility at Jaipur railway station by March\""}]},{"reference":"Devanjana, Nag (24 January 2019). \"How Indian Railways has given its Jaipur station an 'airport-like' feel; beautiful images of makeover\". The Financial Express. Financial Express. Retrieved 11 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/railways/how-indian-railways-has-given-its-jaipur-station-an-airport-like-feel-beautiful-images-of-makeover/1453241/","url_text":"\"How Indian Railways has given its Jaipur station an 'airport-like' feel; beautiful images of makeover\""}]},{"reference":"\"Passengers can again enjoy safe, comfortable stay at stations! Indian Railways likely to reopen retiring rooms\". The Financial Express. 4 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/railways/passengers-can-again-enjoy-safe-comfortable-stay-at-stations-indian-railways-likely-to-reopen-retiring-rooms/2205965/","url_text":"\"Passengers can again enjoy safe, comfortable stay at stations! Indian Railways likely to reopen retiring rooms\""}]},{"reference":"@NWRailways (31 May 2021). \"जयपुर-सवाई माधोपुर के बीच जल्द दौड़ेगी विद्युत इंजन से ट्रेन।\" (Tweet) – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/NWRailways/status/1399253246812647425","url_text":"\"जयपुर-सवाई माधोपुर के बीच जल्द दौड़ेगी विद्युत इंजन से ट्रेन।\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Girl_(album)
Super Girl (album)
["1 Background and recording","2 Composition","3 Singles","4 Commercial performance","5 Awards","6 Track listing","7 Charts","7.1 Weekly charts","7.2 Year-end charts","8 Sales and certifications","9 Release history","10 References"]
2011 studio album by KaraSuper GirlRegular edition coverStudio album by KaraReleasedNovember 23, 2011Recorded2010–2011GenrePop, dance-popLength40:53LanguageJapaneseLabelUniversal SigmaKara chronology Step(2011) Super Girl(2011) Pandora(2012) Singles from Super Girl "Jet Coaster Love"Released: April 6, 2011 "Go Go Summer!"Released: June 22, 2011 "Winter Magic"Released: October 19, 2011 Super Girl (スーパーガール, Sūpā Gāru) is the second Japanese studio album and fifth overall studio album by South Korean girl group Kara. It was released digitally on November 16, 2011 and physically on November 23, 2011. A special Tour Edition of the album was released on April 11, 2012. Background and recording On October 24, DSP Media announced on the group's official website that their second Japanese full-length album is slated for release on November 23. In addition, the album will include all of the group's past three singles that were released on the same year along with their B-sides. The following day, album covers and track list were unveiled on the group's official homepage by Universal Music Japan. The album was nominated on 2012 MTV Video Music Awards Japan on the category Album of the Year. Composition The album includes the songs from the group's last three singles: "Jet Coaster Love", "Go Go Summer!", and "Winter Magic". It also includes their corresponding B-side songs from these singles which are "Ima, Okuritai 「Arigatou」", "Girls Be Ambitious", and "Whisper". Other tracks are brand new songs such as "Dreamin' Girl" and "Do It! Do It!". The album was released in three limited editions: a CD+DVD, CD+Photobook (36-pages) and a CD-Only First Press, all coming with three bonus tracks and a regular edition: CD-Only Normal Press coming with no bonus tracks. All editions come with a 20-page lyrics booklet. Singles Three singles were released before the album. The first single, "Jet Coaster Love", was released on April 6, 2011. The song is described as an R&B track with an upbeat tune that urges the listener to "fall in love". Promotions for the single were hindered due to the 2011 Great Tohoku Earthquake and tsunami disaster in Japan so instead the group decided to donate all proceeds from the sales of the single, both physical and digital, to relief efforts. Despite the lack of promotion, the single received commercial success as it topped the Oricon Daily and Weekly charts making it the group's first number one single in Japan. The second single, "Go Go Summer!", was released on June 22, 2011. The single was also used as a commercial song for LG's new phone "Optimus Bright" where the group also served as models. The single performed well digitally as it has topped the Recochoku's monthly chart of July, as well as topping 4 other charts in 'Ringtone', 'Full Version Ringtones', 'Video Clip', and 'Callback Tone' earning the group a Recochoku Award. It was also nominated for the Best Song Award at the 53rd annual Japanese Record Awards making it the group's first song to be receive a nomination and was their most successful one of the year. "Winter Magic", served as the last single to be released before the album. It was released on October 19, 2011. Commercial performance The album drew 360,000 pre-order sales the day before its release. The album went on to debut at number one on the Oricon Daily album chart, selling 73,076 copies on its first day. The album continued its consistent sales throughout its first week and was certified platinum on the sixth day of its release with 259,602 copies sold. It eventually placed at number one on the Oricon Weekly album chart by selling over 275,000 copies on its first week. According to Oricon, this is the group's second time on the top of the charts, as their third single, "Jet Coaster Love" reached number one in the single chart back in April 2011. With this achievement, the girls has become the newest foreign female group to dominate both the single and album rankings in over a year. The record was previously set over 30 years ago by The Nolans with their single, "I'm in the Mood for Dancing", and the LP, "Gotta Pull Myself Together". Additionally, the girls have set a new record for their first week sales, and has become the top selling foreign female group of 2011. Their sales have surpassed fellow South Korean group SNSD's debut album Girls' Generation which sold 232,000 copies on its first week. The album rose to top position once again during its fourth week on the chart. Awards Year Organization Category Result Ref. 2012 MTV Video Music Awards Japan Album of the Year Nominated 2013 Japan Gold Disc Awards Album of the Year Won Best 3 Albums Won Track listing No.TitleLyricsMusicLength1."Jet Coaster Love (ジェットコースターラブ)"Natsumi Watanabe, Yu ShimojiHwang Seong-je3:402."Winter Magic (ウィンターマジック)"Simon IsogaiArmySlick, M.I.4:523."Go Go Summer! (GO GO サマー!)"Yu ShimojiHan Sang-won, Lee Sang-ho & Kimzart3:204."Dreamin' Girl (ドリーミンガール)"LitzRyu Hyun-sang3:155."Ima, Okuritai 'Arigatō' (今、贈りたい「ありがとう」)" ("Now I Say 'Thank You'")Simon IsogaiSimon Isogai5:516."Only For You (オンリーフォーユー)"EMI K.LynnRyonosuke Hirama3:417."Whisper (ウィスパー)"Nice73GEN3:378."Missing (ミッシング)"Kenn Kato, Jam9Jam9, ArmySlick5:049."Do It! Do It!"Mohombi Moupondo, Victoria Sandstrom, Joachim Alte, Tom Roger Rogstad, Litz, EMYLIM. Moupondo, V. Sandstrom, J. Alte, T.R. Rogstad3:5710."Girls Be Ambitious (ガールズビーアンビシャス!)"PA-NONHwang S.J.3:36Total length:40:53 All lyrics are written by Song Soo Yun; all music is composed by Han Jae-Ho and Kim Seung SooLimited editions bonus tracksNo.TitleLyricsMusicLength11."Mister (ミスター)"Song Soo Yun, Han Jae-Ho, Kim Seung Soo, Natsumi Watanabe, PA-NONHan Jae-Ho, Kim Seung Soo3:1312."Jumping (ジャンピン)"Song Soo Yun, Han Jae-Ho, Kim Seung Soo, Natsumi WatanabeHan Jae-Ho, Kim Seung Soo2:5813."Step"Song Soo YunHan Jae-Ho, Kim Seung Soo3:24Total length:50:59 DVD (type A)No.TitleLength1."Go Go Summer!" (music video – director's cut) 2."Jet Coaster Love" (live performance (CJ Media Japan (Mnet) 「JJ's M Studio」)) 3."Winter Magic" (music video – close-up version) 4."Step" (music video) 5."Super Girl album jacket shooting footage" (offshoot movie) 6."Winter Magic jacket shooting footage" (offshoot movie)  Japan Tour Special Edition bonus trackNo.TitleLyricsMusicLength14."We're with You"Han Jae-Ho, Kim Seung SooHan Jae-Ho, Kim Seung Soo3:23Total length:53:49 Japan Tour Special Edition – DVDNo.TitleLength1."KARA Japan History" 2."We're With You" (music video) 3."We're With You" (art movie) 4."We're With You" (Gyuri off-shot version) 5."We're With You" (Hara off-shot version) 6."We're With You" (SeungYeon off-shot version) 7."We're With You" (Nicole off-shot version) 8."We're With You" (JiYoung off-shot version)  Charts Weekly charts Chart (2011–12) Peakposition Japanese Albums (Oricon) 1 Japanese Top Albums (Billboard) 1 Year-end charts Chart (2011) Position Japanese Albums (Oricon) 7 Chart (2012) Position Japanese Albums (Oricon) 18 Japanese Top Albums (Billboard) 4 Sales and certifications Region Certification Certified units/sales Japan (RIAJ) 3× Platinum 746,246 Release history Country Date Format Label Japan November 16, 2011 Digital download Universal Sigma November 23, 2011 CD April 11, 2012 CD + DVD (Tour Special Edition) References ^ a b "iTunes – ミュージック – KARA「スーパーガール」" (in Japanese). iTunes. November 16, 2011. Retrieved November 15, 2011. ^ a b 11/23、ニューアルバム 「スーパーガール」 リリース決定！ 購入者特典有！ (in Japanese). Universal Music Group. October 25, 2011. Retrieved October 25, 2011. ^ a b c d "KARA / スーパーガール JAPAN TOUR Special Edition【CD】【+DVD】【2012年4月11日発売】" (in Japanese). Universal Music Group. March 25, 2012. Retrieved March 25, 2012. ^ a b (in Japanese) 2ndオリジナルNEWアルバム「スーパーガール」リリース決定！ DSP Media. October 25, 2011. Retrieved October 24, 2011 ^ "카라, 일본 대지진 피해복구 위해 싱글 '제트코스터 러브' 수익금 전액 기부" . Hankyung (in Korean). Naver. March 15, 2011. Retrieved December 30, 2022. ^ 카라, 일본서 보아 넘었다 (in Korean). August 3, 2011. Retrieved August 17, 2011. ^ "카라, 日두번째 앨범 '슈퍼 걸' 선주문 36만장". November 22, 2011. ^ "Cdアルバム デイリーランキング-Oricon Style ランキング". Archived from the original on November 27, 2011. Retrieved November 23, 2011. ^ http://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ja/d/2011-11-27/ ^ a b "KARA、2ndアルバムが初日首位" (in Japanese). Oricon. November 24, 2011. Retrieved November 24, 2011. ^ "【オリコン】Kara、海外女性最高初動でアルバム初首位". ^ 2011年12月12日～2011年12月18日のCDアルバム週間ランキング (Oricon Weekly chart for December 26th) ^ "The Gold Disc Awards 2013 - Winners" (in Japanese). Recording Industry Association of Japan. Retrieved January 9, 2013. ^ "The Gold Disc Awards 2013 - Winners" (in Japanese). Recording Industry Association of Japan. Retrieved January 9, 2013. ^ "Billboard Japan Top Albums Sales". Billboard Japan (in Japanese). November 30, 2011. Retrieved November 30, 2011. ^ "Oricon Top 100 2011: Albums". JaME. December 31, 2011. Retrieved December 30, 2022. ^ "Oricon Top 100 2012: Albums". JaME. December 30, 2012. Retrieved December 30, 2022. ^ "Yearly Albums / JAPAN Charts / Billboard JAPAN" (in Japanese). Billboard. Retrieved December 7, 2012. ^ 450,595 (2011) + 295,651 (2012) "Oricon Albums – 2011" (in Japanese). Oricon. December 19, 2011. Archived from the original on February 28, 2012. Retrieved March 17, 2014. "Oricon Albums – 2012" (in Japanese). Oricon. Archived from the original on July 28, 2016. Retrieved March 4, 2024. ^ "Japanese album certifications – Kara – Super Girl" (in Japanese). Recording Industry Association of Japan. Select 2012年01月 on the drop-down menu vteKara Park Gyu-ri Han Seung-yeon Nicole Kang Ji-young Heo Young-ji Kim Sung-hee Goo Hara Studio albumsKorean The First Bloooooming Revolution Step Full Bloom Japanese Girl's Talk Super Girl Girls Forever Fantastic Girls Compilation albums Best 2007–2010 Kara Collection Best Girls Extended plays Rock U Pretty Girl (Special Edition) Lupin Jumping Pandora Day & Night In Love Move Again SinglesKorean "Wanna" "Mister" "Jumping" "Step" Japanese "Mister" "Jumping" "Jet Coaster Love" "Go Go Summer!" "Winter Magic" "Speed Up" / "Girl's Power" "Electric Boy" "Bye Bye Happy Days!" "Thank You Summer Love" "French Kiss" "Mamma Mia!" Other songs "Stars Falling from the Sky" "We're with You" Video albums Kara Best Clips Kara Best Clips II & Shows Kara 1st Japan Tour 2012 Karasia Tours Karasia Reality shows Idol Show Urakara Kara Project Related articles Songs Kara Special Premium Box for Japan DSP Media RBW Category Discography Awards and nominations Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language"},{"link_name":"Kara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara_(South_Korean_band)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-itunesjp-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-universal-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-touredition-3"}],"text":"2011 studio album by KaraSuper Girl (スーパーガール, Sūpā Gāru) is the second Japanese studio album and fifth overall studio album by South Korean girl group Kara. It was released digitally on November 16, 2011[1] and physically on November 23, 2011.[2] A special Tour Edition of the album was released on April 11, 2012.[3]","title":"Super Girl (album)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Universal Music Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Music_Japan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-universal-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tracklist-4"},{"link_name":"2012 MTV Video Music Awards Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_MTV_Video_Music_Awards_Japan"},{"link_name":"Album of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Video_Music_Award_Japan_for_Album_of_the_Year"}],"text":"On October 24, DSP Media announced on the group's official website that their second Japanese full-length album is slated for release on November 23. In addition, the album will include all of the group's past three singles that were released on the same year along with their B-sides. The following day, album covers and track list were unveiled on the group's official homepage by Universal Music Japan.[2][4] The album was nominated on 2012 MTV Video Music Awards Japan on the category Album of the Year.","title":"Background and recording"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jet Coaster Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_Coaster_Love"},{"link_name":"Go Go Summer!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_Go_Summer!"},{"link_name":"Winter Magic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Magic_(song)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tracklist-4"}],"text":"The album includes the songs from the group's last three singles: \"Jet Coaster Love\", \"Go Go Summer!\", and \"Winter Magic\". It also includes their corresponding B-side songs from these singles which are \"Ima, Okuritai 「Arigatou」\", \"Girls Be Ambitious\", and \"Whisper\".[4] Other tracks are brand new songs such as \"Dreamin' Girl\" and \"Do It! Do It!\".The album was released in three limited editions: a CD+DVD, CD+Photobook (36-pages) and a CD-Only First Press, all coming with three bonus tracks and a regular edition: CD-Only Normal Press coming with no bonus tracks. All editions come with a 20-page lyrics booklet.","title":"Composition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jet Coaster Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_Coaster_Love"},{"link_name":"R&B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%26B"},{"link_name":"2011 Great Tohoku Earthquake and tsunami disaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_T%C5%8Dhoku_earthquake"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Go Go Summer!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_Go_Summer!"},{"link_name":"LG's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LG_Electronics"},{"link_name":"53rd annual Japanese Record Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Record_Awards"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Winter Magic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Magic_(song)"}],"text":"Three singles were released before the album. The first single, \"Jet Coaster Love\", was released on April 6, 2011. The song is described as an R&B track with an upbeat tune that urges the listener to \"fall in love\". Promotions for the single were hindered due to the 2011 Great Tohoku Earthquake and tsunami disaster in Japan so instead the group decided to donate all proceeds from the sales of the single, both physical and digital, to relief efforts. Despite the lack of promotion, the single received commercial success as it topped the Oricon Daily and Weekly charts making it the group's first number one single in Japan.[5]The second single, \"Go Go Summer!\", was released on June 22, 2011. The single was also used as a commercial song for LG's new phone \"Optimus Bright\" where the group also served as models. The single performed well digitally as it has topped the Recochoku's monthly chart of July, as well as topping 4 other charts in 'Ringtone', 'Full Version Ringtones', 'Video Clip', and 'Callback Tone' earning the group a Recochoku Award. It was also nominated for the Best Song Award at the 53rd annual Japanese Record Awards making it the group's first song to be receive a nomination and was their most successful one of the year.[6]\"Winter Magic\", served as the last single to be released before the album. It was released on October 19, 2011.","title":"Singles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Oricon Daily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oricon"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Oricon Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oricon"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-weekly1-10"},{"link_name":"Jet Coaster Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_Coaster_Love"},{"link_name":"The Nolans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nolans"},{"link_name":"SNSD's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girls%27_Generation"},{"link_name":"Girls' Generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girls%27_Generation_(2011_album)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"The album drew 360,000 pre-order sales the day before its release.[7] The album went on to debut at number one on the Oricon Daily album chart, selling 73,076 copies on its first day.[8] The album continued its consistent sales throughout its first week and was certified platinum on the sixth day of its release with 259,602 copies sold. It eventually placed at number one on the Oricon Weekly album chart by selling over 275,000 copies on its first week.[9][10]According to Oricon, this is the group's second time on the top of the charts, as their third single, \"Jet Coaster Love\" reached number one in the single chart back in April 2011. With this achievement, the girls has become the newest foreign female group to dominate both the single and album rankings in over a year. The record was previously set over 30 years ago by The Nolans with their single, \"I'm in the Mood for Dancing\", and the LP, \"Gotta Pull Myself Together\". Additionally, the girls have set a new record for their first week sales, and has become the top selling foreign female group of 2011. Their sales have surpassed fellow South Korean group SNSD's debut album Girls' Generation which sold 232,000 copies on its first week.[11] The album rose to top position once again during its fourth week on the chart.[12]","title":"Commercial performance"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jet Coaster Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_Coaster_Love"},{"link_name":"Winter Magic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Magic_(song)"},{"link_name":"Simon Isogai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Isogai"},{"link_name":"Go Go Summer!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_Go_Summer!"},{"link_name":"Ryonosuke Hirama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryonosuke_Hirama"},{"link_name":"Mohombi Moupondo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohombi"},{"link_name":"Mister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mister_(song)"},{"link_name":"Jumping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jumping_(Kara_song)"},{"link_name":"Step","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Step_(Kara_song)"},{"link_name":"music video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_video"},{"link_name":"Mnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnet_(TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-touredition-3"},{"link_name":"We're with You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We%27re_with_You"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-touredition-3"},{"link_name":"music video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_video"},{"link_name":"Gyuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Gyuri"},{"link_name":"Hara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goo_Ha-ra"},{"link_name":"SeungYeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Seung-yeon"},{"link_name":"Nicole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicole_Jung"},{"link_name":"JiYoung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kang_Jiyoung"}],"text":"No.TitleLyricsMusicLength1.\"Jet Coaster Love (ジェットコースターラブ)\"Natsumi Watanabe, Yu ShimojiHwang Seong-je3:402.\"Winter Magic (ウィンターマジック)\"Simon IsogaiArmySlick, M.I.4:523.\"Go Go Summer! (GO GO サマー!)\"Yu ShimojiHan Sang-won, Lee Sang-ho & Kimzart3:204.\"Dreamin' Girl (ドリーミンガール)\"LitzRyu Hyun-sang3:155.\"Ima, Okuritai 'Arigatō' (今、贈りたい「ありがとう」)\" (\"Now I Say 'Thank You'\")Simon IsogaiSimon Isogai5:516.\"Only For You (オンリーフォーユー)\"EMI K.LynnRyonosuke Hirama3:417.\"Whisper (ウィスパー)\"Nice73GEN3:378.\"Missing (ミッシング)\"Kenn Kato, Jam9Jam9, ArmySlick5:049.\"Do It! Do It!\"Mohombi Moupondo, Victoria Sandstrom, Joachim Alte, Tom Roger Rogstad, Litz, EMYLIM. Moupondo, V. Sandstrom, J. Alte, T.R. Rogstad3:5710.\"Girls Be Ambitious (ガールズビーアンビシャス!)\"PA-NONHwang S.J.3:36Total length:40:53All lyrics are written by Song Soo Yun; all music is composed by Han Jae-Ho and Kim Seung SooLimited editions bonus tracksNo.TitleLyricsMusicLength11.\"Mister (ミスター)\"Song Soo Yun, Han Jae-Ho, Kim Seung Soo, Natsumi Watanabe, PA-NONHan Jae-Ho, Kim Seung Soo3:1312.\"Jumping (ジャンピン)\"Song Soo Yun, Han Jae-Ho, Kim Seung Soo, Natsumi WatanabeHan Jae-Ho, Kim Seung Soo2:5813.\"Step\"Song Soo YunHan Jae-Ho, Kim Seung Soo3:24Total length:50:59DVD (type A)No.TitleLength1.\"Go Go Summer!\" (music video – director's cut) 2.\"Jet Coaster Love\" (live performance (CJ Media Japan (Mnet) 「JJ's M Studio」)) 3.\"Winter Magic\" (music video – close-up version) 4.\"Step\" (music video) 5.\"Super Girl album jacket shooting footage\" (offshoot movie) 6.\"Winter Magic jacket shooting footage\" (offshoot movie)Japan Tour Special Edition bonus track[3]No.TitleLyricsMusicLength14.\"We're with You\"Han Jae-Ho, Kim Seung SooHan Jae-Ho, Kim Seung Soo3:23Total length:53:49Japan Tour Special Edition – DVD[3]No.TitleLength1.\"KARA Japan History\" 2.\"We're With You\" (music video) 3.\"We're With You\" (art movie) 4.\"We're With You\" (Gyuri off-shot version) 5.\"We're With You\" (Hara off-shot version) 6.\"We're With You\" (SeungYeon off-shot version) 7.\"We're With You\" (Nicole off-shot version) 8.\"We're With You\" (JiYoung off-shot version)","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Super_Girl_(album)&action=edit&section=8"},{"link_name":"Oricon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oricon_Albums_Chart"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-weekly1-10"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Japan"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboardjp1-15"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Super_Girl_(album)&action=edit&section=9"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboardjp2-18"}],"text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\n\n\nChart (2011–12)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nJapanese Albums (Oricon)[10]\n\n1\n\n\nJapanese Top Albums (Billboard)[15]\n\n1\n\n\n\n\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\n\n\nChart (2011)\n\nPosition\n\n\nJapanese Albums (Oricon)[16]\n\n7\n\n\n\n\nChart (2012)\n\nPosition\n\n\nJapanese Albums (Oricon)[17]\n\n18\n\n\nJapanese Top Albums (Billboard)[18]\n\n4","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Sales and certifications"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release history"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"iTunes – ミュージック – KARA「スーパーガール」\" (in Japanese). iTunes. November 16, 2011. Retrieved November 15, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://itunes.apple.com/jp/album/super-girl/id477733695","url_text":"\"iTunes – ミュージック – KARA「スーパーガール」\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes","url_text":"iTunes"}]},{"reference":"11/23、ニューアルバム 「スーパーガール」 リリース決定！ 購入者特典有！ (in Japanese). Universal Music Group. October 25, 2011. Retrieved October 25, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://beta.universal-music.co.jp/kara/news/2011/10/25topics","url_text":"11/23、ニューアルバム 「スーパーガール」 リリース決定！ 購入者特典有！"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Music_Group","url_text":"Universal Music Group"}]},{"reference":"\"KARA / スーパーガール JAPAN TOUR Special Edition【CD】【+DVD】【2012年4月11日発売】\" (in Japanese). Universal Music Group. March 25, 2012. Retrieved March 25, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://store.universal-music.co.jp/fs/artist/umck9480","url_text":"\"KARA / スーパーガール JAPAN TOUR Special Edition【CD】【+DVD】【2012年4月11日発売】\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Music_Group","url_text":"Universal Music Group"}]},{"reference":"\"카라, 일본 대지진 피해복구 위해 싱글 '제트코스터 러브' 수익금 전액 기부\" [Kara Donates 100% of Proceeds from Single 'Coaster Love' to Relief from Japan Earthquake]. Hankyung (in Korean). Naver. March 15, 2011. Retrieved December 30, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=015&aid=0002410385","url_text":"\"카라, 일본 대지진 피해복구 위해 싱글 '제트코스터 러브' 수익금 전액 기부\""}]},{"reference":"카라, 일본서 보아 넘었다 (in Korean). August 3, 2011. Retrieved August 17, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.nate.com/view/20110803n02337","url_text":"카라, 일본서 보아 넘었다"}]},{"reference":"\"카라, 日두번째 앨범 '슈퍼 걸' 선주문 36만장\". November 22, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://osen.mt.co.kr/article/G1109322092","url_text":"\"카라, 日두번째 앨범 '슈퍼 걸' 선주문 36만장\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cdアルバム デイリーランキング-Oricon Style ランキング\". Archived from the original on November 27, 2011. Retrieved November 23, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111127222508/http://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ja/d/2011-11-22/","url_text":"\"Cdアルバム デイリーランキング-Oricon Style ランキング\""},{"url":"http://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ja/d/2011-11-22/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"KARA、2ndアルバムが初日首位\" (in Japanese). Oricon. November 24, 2011. Retrieved November 24, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oricon.co.jp/news/rankmusic/2004027/full/","url_text":"\"KARA、2ndアルバムが初日首位\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oricon","url_text":"Oricon"}]},{"reference":"\"【オリコン】Kara、海外女性最高初動でアルバム初首位\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oricon.co.jp/news/rankmusic/2004149/full/?cat_id=tw","url_text":"\"【オリコン】Kara、海外女性最高初動でアルバム初首位\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Gold Disc Awards 2013 - Winners\" (in Japanese). Recording Industry Association of Japan. Retrieved January 9, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.golddisc.jp/award/27/Prize_1.html#gd27_09","url_text":"\"The Gold Disc Awards 2013 - Winners\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_Japan","url_text":"Recording Industry Association of Japan"}]},{"reference":"\"The Gold Disc Awards 2013 - Winners\" (in Japanese). Recording Industry Association of Japan. Retrieved January 9, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.golddisc.jp/award/27/Prize_1.html#gd27_12","url_text":"\"The Gold Disc Awards 2013 - Winners\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_Japan","url_text":"Recording Industry Association of Japan"}]},{"reference":"\"Billboard Japan Top Albums Sales\". Billboard Japan (in Japanese). November 30, 2011. Retrieved November 30, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard-japan.com/charts/detail?a=top_albums&year=2011&month=12&day=05","url_text":"\"Billboard Japan Top Albums Sales\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Japan","url_text":"Billboard Japan"}]},{"reference":"\"Oricon Top 100 2011: Albums\". JaME. December 31, 2011. Retrieved December 30, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jame-world.com/en/article/99339-oricon-top-100-2011-albums.html","url_text":"\"Oricon Top 100 2011: Albums\""}]},{"reference":"\"Oricon Top 100 2012: Albums\". JaME. December 30, 2012. Retrieved December 30, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jame-world.com/en/article/109543-oricon-top-100-2012-albums.html","url_text":"\"Oricon Top 100 2012: Albums\""}]},{"reference":"\"Yearly Albums / JAPAN Charts / Billboard JAPAN\" (in Japanese). Billboard. Retrieved December 7, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard-japan.com/charts/detail?a=albums_year&year=2012","url_text":"\"Yearly Albums / JAPAN Charts / Billboard JAPAN\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Oricon Albums – 2011\" (in Japanese). Oricon. December 19, 2011. Archived from the original on February 28, 2012. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hobo%27s_Last_Ride
The Hobo's Last Ride
["1 Track listing","2 Personnel","3 References"]
1996 studio album by Norman Blake, Nancy BlakeThe Hobo's Last RideStudio album by Norman Blake, Nancy BlakeReleasedAugust 20, 1996GenreAmericana, bluegrass, folkLength65:46LabelShanachieProducerNorman Blake, Nancy BlakeNorman Blake chronology While Passing Along This Way(1994) The Hobo's Last Ride(1996) Chattanooga Sugar Babe(1998) Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllmusic The Hobo's Last Ride is an album of American musicians Norman Blake and Nancy Blake, released in 1996. Track listing "The Democratic Donkey (Is in His Stall Again)" – 3:30 "Tell Mother I'll Meet Her" – 3:32 "Forked Deer" – 3:21 "The Hobo's Last Ride" – 4:23 "Thebes" – 6:27 "Leaving Home" – 4:14 "Home of the Soul" – 3:04 "Midnight, the Unconquered Outlaw" – 4:32 "The Old Grey Mare Came Tearin' Out of the Wilderness" – 3:09 "I Know My Name Is There" – 3:56 "Starving to Death on the Government Claim" – 4:47 "Old Shady Bothreen" – 3:15 "Tying a Knot in the Devil's Tail" – 4:17 "Angel Gabriel" – 4:42 "The Two Little Orphans" – 4:11 "Memories That Never Die" – 4:26 Personnel Norman Blake – guitar, mandolin, banjo, fiddle, viola, vocals Nancy Blake – guitar, mandolin, cello, vocals References ^ The Hobo's Last Ride at AllMusic vteNorman BlakeStudio albums Home in Sulphur Springs The Fields of November Old and New Live at McCabe's Whiskey Before Breakfast Blackberry Blossom Directions Nashville Blues Lighthouse on the Shore The Norman & Nancy Blake Compact Disc Blind Dog Just Gimme Somethin' I'm Used To While Passing Along This Way The Hobo's Last Ride Chattanooga Sugar Babe Far Away, Down on a Georgia Farm Flower from the Fields of Alabama The Morning Glory Ramblers Back Home in Sulphur Springs with the Rising Fawn String Ensemble Rising Fawn String Ensemble Full Moon on the Farm Original Underground Music from the Mysterious South With Tony Rice Blake & Rice Norman Blake and Tony Rice 2 Soundtracks O Brother, Where Art Thou? Cold Mountain Walk the Line Compilation albums Natasha's Waltz Slow Train Through Georgia Old Ties Collaborations or as sideman Nashville Skyline Aereo-Plain Will the Circle Be Unbroken Friar Tut Norman Blake/Tut Taylor/Sam Bush/Butch Robins/Vassar Clements/David Holland/Jethro Burns Norman Blake and Red Rector Be Ready Boys: Appalachia to Abilene Meeting on Southern Soil Steam Powered Aereo-Takes Shacktown Road Raising Sand Rising Fawn Gathering Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group
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[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gause%27s_law
Competitive exclusion principle
["1 History","2 Experimental basis","3 Prediction","4 Paradoxical traits","5 Redefinition","6 Phylogenetic context","7 Application to humans","8 See also","9 References"]
Ecology proposition "Gause's law" redirects here. Not to be confused with Gauss's law. 1: A smaller (yellow) species of bird forages across the whole tree.2: A larger (red) species competes for resources.3: Red dominates in the middle for the more abundant resources. Yellow adapts to a new niche restricted to the top and bottom and avoiding competition. In ecology, the competitive exclusion principle, sometimes referred to as Gause's law, is a proposition that two species which compete for the same limited resource cannot coexist at constant population values. When one species has even the slightest advantage over another, the one with the advantage will dominate in the long term. This leads either to the extinction of the weaker competitor or to an evolutionary or behavioral shift toward a different ecological niche. The principle has been paraphrased in the maxim "complete competitors cannot coexist". History The competitive exclusion principle is classically attributed to Georgy Gause, although he actually never formulated it. The principle is already present in Darwin's theory of natural selection. Throughout its history, the status of the principle has oscillated between a priori ('two species coexisting must have different niches') and experimental truth ('we find that species coexisting do have different niches'). Experimental basis Paramecium aurelia and Paramecium caudatum grow well individually, but when they compete for the same resources, P. aurelia outcompetes P. caudatum. Based on field observations, Joseph Grinnell formulated the principle of competitive exclusion in 1904: "Two species of approximately the same food habits are not likely to remain long evenly balanced in numbers in the same region. One will crowd out the other". Georgy Gause formulated the law of competitive exclusion based on laboratory competition experiments using two species of Paramecium, P. aurelia and P. caudatum. The conditions were to add fresh water every day and input a constant flow of food. Although P. caudatum initially dominated, P. aurelia recovered and subsequently drove P. caudatum extinct via exploitative resource competition. However, Gause was able to let the P. caudatum survive by differing the environmental parameters (food, water). Thus, Gause's law is valid only if the ecological factors are constant. Prediction Cellular automaton model of interspecific competition for a single limited resource Competitive exclusion is predicted by mathematical and theoretical models such as the Lotka–Volterra models of competition. However, for poorly understood reasons, competitive exclusion is rarely observed in natural ecosystems, and many biological communities appear to violate Gause's law. The best-known example is the so-called "paradox of the plankton". All plankton species live on a very limited number of resources, primarily solar energy and minerals dissolved in the water. According to the competitive exclusion principle, only a small number of plankton species should be able to coexist on these resources. Nevertheless, large numbers of plankton species coexist within small regions of open sea. Some communities that appear to uphold the competitive exclusion principle are MacArthur's warblers and Darwin's finches, though the latter still overlap ecologically very strongly, being only affected negatively by competition under extreme conditions. Paradoxical traits A partial solution to the paradox lies in raising the dimensionality of the system. Spatial heterogeneity, trophic interactions, multiple resource competition, competition-colonization trade-offs, and lag may prevent exclusion (ignoring stochastic extinction over longer time-frames). However, such systems tend to be analytically intractable. In addition, many can, in theory, support an unlimited number of species. A new paradox is created: Most well-known models that allow for stable coexistence allow for unlimited number of species to coexist, yet, in nature, any community contains just a handful of species. Redefinition Recent studies addressing some of the assumptions made for the models predicting competitive exclusion have shown these assumptions need to be reconsidered. For example, a slight modification of the assumption of how growth and body size are related leads to a different conclusion, namely that, for a given ecosystem, a certain range of species may coexist while others become outcompeted. One of the primary ways niche-sharing species can coexist is the competition-colonization trade-off. In other words, species that are better competitors will be specialists, whereas species that are better colonizers are more likely to be generalists. Host-parasite models are effective ways of examining this relationship, using host transfer events. There seem to be two places where the ability to colonize differs in ecologically closely related species. In feather lice, Bush and Clayton provided some verification of this by showing two closely related genera of lice are nearly equal in their ability to colonize new host pigeons once transferred. Harbison continued this line of thought by investigating whether the two genera differed in their ability to transfer. This research focused primarily on determining how colonization occurs and why wing lice are better colonizers than body lice. Vertical transfer is the most common occurrence, between parent and offspring, and is much-studied and well understood. Horizontal transfer is difficult to measure, but in lice seems to occur via phoresis or the "hitchhiking" of one species on another. Harbison found that body lice are less adept at phoresis and excel competitively, whereas wing lice excel in colonization. Support for a model of competition-colonization trade-off is also found in small mammals related to fire disturbances. In a project focused on the long-term impacts of the 1988 Yellowstone Fires Allen et al. used stable isotopes and spatial mark-recapture data to show that Southern red-backed voles (Clethrionomys gapperi)), a specialist, are excluding deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus), a generalist, from food resources in old-growth forests. However, after wildfire disturbance deer mice are more effective colonizers, and able to take advantage of the release from competitive pressure from voles. This dynamic of establishes a pattern of ecological succession in these ecosystems, with competitive exclusion from voles shaping the amount and quality of resources deer mice can access. Phylogenetic context An ecological community is the assembly of species which is maintained by ecological (Hutchinson, 1959; Leibold, 1988) and evolutionary process (Weiher and Keddy, 1995; Chase et al., 2003). These two processes play an important role in shaping the existing community and will continue in the future (Tofts et al., 2000; Ackerly, 2003; Reich et al., 2003). In a local community, the potential members are filtered first by environmental factors such as temperature or availability of required resources and then secondly by its ability to co-exist with other resident species. In an approach of understanding how two species fit together in a community or how the whole community fits together, The Origin of Species (Darwin, 1859) proposed that under homogeneous environmental condition struggle for existence is greater between closely related species than distantly related species. He also hypothesized that the functional traits may be conserved across phylogenies. Such strong phylogenetic similarities among closely related species are known as phylogenetic effects (Derrickson et al., 1988.) With field study and mathematical models, ecologists have pieced together a connection between functional traits similarity between species and its effect on species co-existence. According to competitive-relatedness hypothesis (Cahil et al., 2008) or phylogenetic limiting similarity hypothesis (Violle et al., 2011) interspecific competition is high among the species which have similar functional traits, and which compete for similar resources and habitats. Hence, it causes reduction in the number of closely related species and even distribution of it, known as phylogenetic overdispersion (Webb et al., 2002). The reverse of phylogenetic overdispersion is phylogenetic clustering in which case species with conserved functional traits are expected to co-occur due to environmental filtering (Weiher et al., 1995; Webb, 2000). In the study performed by Webb et al., 2000, they showed that a small-plots of Borneo forest contained closely related trees together. This suggests that closely related species share features that are favored by the specific environmental factors that differ among plots causing phylogenetic clustering. For both phylogenetic patterns (phylogenetic overdispersion and phylogenetic clustering), the baseline assumption is that phylogenetically related species are also ecologically similar (H. Burns et al., 2011). There are no significant number of experiments answering to what degree the closely related species are also similar in niche. Due to that, both phylogenetic patterns are not easy to interpret. It's been shown that phylogenetic overdispersion may also result from convergence of distantly related species (Cavender-Bares et al. 2004; Kraft et al. 2007). In their study , they have shown that traits are convergent rather than conserved. While, in another study , it's been shown that phylogenetic clustering may also be due to historical or bio-geographical factors which prevents species from leaving their ancestral ranges. So, more phylogenetic experiments are required for understanding the strength of species interaction in community assembly. Application to humans Evidence showing that the competitive exclusion principle operates in human groups has been reviewed and integrated into regality theory to explain warlike and peaceful societies. For example, hunter-gatherer groups surrounded by other hunter-gatherer groups in the same ecological niche will fight, at least occasionally, while hunter-gatherer groups surrounded by groups with a different means of subsistence can coexist peacefully. Another recent application: in his work Historical Dynamics, Peter Turchin developed the so-called meta-ethnic frontier theory, wherein both rise and eventual fall of empires derives from geographically and or -politically colliding populations. Accordingly, boundary regions, in which the competitive exclusion principle applies, are supposed to be key to human ethnogenesis. Summarizing its more wide-ranging predictions all in one:Asabiya is a concept from the writings of Ibn Khaldun which Turchin defines as “the capacity for collective action” of a society. The Metaethnic Frontier theory is meant to incorporate asabiya as a key factor in predicting the dynamics of imperial agrarian societies - how they grow, shrink, and begin. Turchin posits that multi-level selection can help us identify the dynamics of asabiya in groups. He follows by noting three ways in which the logic of multi-level selection can be relevant in understanding change in “collective solidarity”: intergroup conflict, population and resource constraints, and ethnic boundaries. For small groups, intergroup conflict can increase asabiya as people need to band together to survive as a group. Conversely (again for small groups), a large population with respect to available resources can decrease asabiya as individuals compete for limited resources. For larger groups, Turchin proposes that ethnic boundries can influence how bands of small groups with moderate ethnic differences can band together against people who are even more “ethnically distanced” - more “Other”. In this process of small groups banding together against peoples more Other than themselves, they can form what Turchin calls a Metaethnic Frontier … Turchin notes that the this ethnic boundry dynamic which generates asabiya in a large group (composed of smaller groups) is weak because as the size of the group grows larger, the central regions are less exposed to intergroup conflict and asabiya decreases, leading to greater internal division. Finally, Turchin notes that all three aforementioned possiblities occur at regions which constitute imperial and metaethnic frontiers (imperial and metaethnic frontiers often coincide, he notes). It is in these regions of intense dynamics where asabiya is forged which are most prone to ethnogenesis. See also Limiting factor Limiting similarity Paradox of the plankton References ^ a b c Garrett Hardin (1960). "The competitive exclusion principle" (PDF). Science. 131 (3409): 1292–1297. Bibcode:1960Sci...131.1292H. doi:10.1126/science.131.3409.1292. PMID 14399717. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-11-17. Retrieved 2016-11-24. ^ a b c Pocheville, Arnaud (2015). "The Ecological Niche: History and Recent Controversies". In Heams, Thomas; Huneman, Philippe; Lecointre, Guillaume; et al. (eds.). Handbook of Evolutionary Thinking in the Sciences. Dordrecht: Springer. pp. 547–586. ISBN 978-94-017-9014-7. ^ Gause, Georgii Frantsevich (1934). The Struggle For Existence (1st ed.). Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins. Archived from the original on 2016-11-28. Retrieved 2016-11-24. ^ Darwin, Charles (1859). On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life (1st ed.). London: John Murray. ISBN 1-4353-9386-4. ^ Grinnell, J. (1904). "The Origin and Distribution of the Chestnut-Backed Chickadee". The Auk. 21 (3). American Ornithologists' Union: 364–382. doi:10.2307/4070199. JSTOR 4070199. ^ Hutchinson, George Evelyn (1961). "The paradox of the plankton". American Naturalist. 95 (882): 137–145. doi:10.1086/282171. S2CID 86353285. ^ MacArthur, R.H. (1958). "Population ecology of some warblers of northeastern coniferous forests". Ecology. 39 (4): 599–619. Bibcode:1958Ecol...39..599M. doi:10.2307/1931600. JSTOR 1931600. S2CID 45585254. ^ Lack, D.L. (1945). "The Galapagos finches (Geospizinae); a study in variation". Occasional Papers of the California Academy of Sciences. 21: 36–49. ^ De León, LF; Podos, J; Gardezi, T; Herrel, A; Hendry, AP (Jun 2014). "Darwin's finches and their diet niches: the sympatric coexistence of imperfect generalists". J Evol Biol. 27 (6): 1093–104. doi:10.1111/jeb.12383. PMID 24750315. ^ Rastetter, E.B.; Ågren, G.I. (2002). "Changes in individual allometry can lead to coexistence without niche separation". Ecosystems. 5: 789–801. doi:10.1007/s10021-002-0188-3. S2CID 30089349. ^ Moll, J.D.; Brown, J.S. (2008). "Competition and Coexistence with Multiple Life-History Stages". American Naturalist. 171 (6): 839–843. doi:10.1086/587517. PMID 18462131. S2CID 26151311. ^ Clayton, D.H.; Bush, S.E. (2006). "The role of body size in host specificity: Reciprocal transfer experiments with feather lice". Evolution. 60 (10): 2158–2167. doi:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2006.tb01853.x. PMID 17133872. S2CID 221734637. ^ Harbison, C.W. (2008). "Comparative transmission dynamics of competing parasite species". Ecology. 89 (11): 3186–3194. Bibcode:2008Ecol...89.3186H. doi:10.1890/07-1745.1. PMID 31766819. ^ Allen, A.G.; Roehrs, Z.P.; Seville, R.S.; Lanier, H.C. (2022). "Competitive release during fire succession influences ecological turnover in a small mammal community". Ecology. 103 (8): 1–12. Bibcode:2022Ecol..103E3733A. doi:10.1002/ecy.3733. PMC 9891167. PMID 35430726. ^ Hutchinson, G. E. (1959). "Homage to Santa Rosalia or Why Are There So Many Kinds of Animals?". The American Naturalist. 93 (870): 145–159. doi:10.1086/282070. ISSN 0003-0147. JSTOR 2458768. S2CID 26401739. ^ Leibold, MATHEW A. (1998-01-01). "Similarity and local co-existence of species in regional biotas". Evolutionary Ecology. 12 (1): 95–110. Bibcode:1998EvEco..12...95L. doi:10.1023/A:1006511124428. ISSN 1573-8477. S2CID 6678357. ^ Weiher, Evan; Keddy, Paul A. (1995). "The Assembly of Experimental Wetland Plant Communities". Oikos. 73 (3): 323–335. Bibcode:1995Oikos..73..323W. doi:10.2307/3545956. ISSN 0030-1299. JSTOR 3545956. ^ Derrickson, E. M.; Ricklefs, R. E. (1988). "Taxon-Dependent Diversification of Life-History Traits and the Perception of Phylogenetic Constraints". Functional Ecology. 2 (3): 417–423. Bibcode:1988FuEco...2..417D. doi:10.2307/2389415. ISSN 0269-8463. JSTOR 2389415. ^ Cahill, James F.; Kembel, Steven W.; Lamb, Eric G.; Keddy, Paul A. (2008-03-12). "Does phylogenetic relatedness influence the strength of competition among vascular plants?". Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics. 10 (1): 41–50. Bibcode:2008PPEES..10...41C. doi:10.1016/j.ppees.2007.10.001. ISSN 1433-8319. ^ Violle, Cyrille; Nemergut, Diana R.; Pu, Zhichao; Jiang, Lin (2011). "Phylogenetic limiting similarity and competitive exclusion". Ecology Letters. 14 (8): 782–787. Bibcode:2011EcolL..14..782V. doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01644.x. ISSN 1461-0248. PMID 21672121. ^ Tarjuelo, R.; Morales, M. B.; Arroyo, B.; Mañosa, S.; Bota, G.; Casas, F.; Traba, J. (2017). "Intraspecific and interspecific competition induces density-dependent habitat niche shifts in an endangered steppe bird". Ecology and Evolution. 7 (22): 9720–9730. Bibcode:2017EcoEv...7.9720T. doi:10.1002/ece3.3444. PMC 5696386. PMID 29188003. ^ Webb, Campbell O.; Ackerly, David D.; McPeek, Mark A.; Donoghue, Michael J. (2002). "Phylogenies and Community Ecology". Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. 33 (1): 475–505. doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.33.010802.150448. S2CID 535590. ^ Burns, Jean H.; Strauss, Sharon Y. (2011-03-29). "More closely related species are more ecologically similar in an experimental test". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 108 (13): 5302–5307. Bibcode:2011PNAS..108.5302B. doi:10.1073/pnas.1013003108. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 3069184. PMID 21402914. ^ Cavender-Bares, J.; Ackerly, D. D.; Baum, D. A.; Bazzaz, F. A. (June 2004). "Phylogenetic overdispersion in Floridian oak communities". The American Naturalist. 163 (6): 823–843. doi:10.1086/386375. ISSN 1537-5323. PMID 15266381. S2CID 2959918. ^ Kraft, Nathan J. B.; Cornwell, William K.; Webb, Campbell O.; Ackerly, David D. (August 2007). "Trait evolution, community assembly, and the phylogenetic structure of ecological communities". The American Naturalist. 170 (2): 271–283. doi:10.1086/519400. ISSN 1537-5323. PMID 17874377. S2CID 7222026. ^ a b Fog, Agner (2017). Warlike and Peaceful Societies: The Interaction of Genes and Culture. Open Book Publishers. doi:10.11647/OBP.0128. ISBN 978-1-78374-403-9. ^ Turchin, Peter (2019). Historical Dynamics: Why States Rise and Fall. NJ: Princeton University Press. pp. 50–77. ^ Byim, Martin (3 December 2019). "Implementing Turchin's Metaethnic Frontier Theory With NetLogo". Retrieved 21 February 2024. vteBiological rulesRules Allen's rule Shorter appendages in colder climates Bateson's rule Extra limbs mirror their neighbours Bergmann's rule Larger bodies in colder climates Cope's rule Bodies get larger over time Deep-sea gigantism Larger bodies in deep-sea animals Dollo's law Loss of complex traits is irreversible Eichler's rule Parasites co-vary with their hosts Emery's rule Insect social parasites are often in same genus as their hosts Fahrenholz's rule Host and parasite phylogenies become congruent Foster's rule (Insular gigantism, Insular dwarfism) Small species get larger, large species smaller, after colonizing islands Gause's law Complete competitors cannot coexist Gloger's rule Lighter coloration in colder, drier climates Haldane's rule Hybrid sexes that are absent, rare, or sterile, are heterogamic Harrison's rule Parasites co-vary in size with their hosts Hamilton's rule Genes increase in frequency when relatedness of recipient to actor times benefit to recipient exceeds reproductive cost to actor Kleiber's law An animals metabolic rate decreases with its size Hennig's progression rule In cladistics, the most primitive species are found in earliest, central, part of group's area Jarman–Bell principle The correlation between the size of an animal and its diet quality; larger animals can consume lower quality diet Jordan's rule Inverse relationship between water temperature and no. of fin rays, vertebrae Lack's principle Birds lay only as many eggs as they can provide food for Rapoport's rule Latitudinal range increases with latitude Rensch's rule Sexual size dimorphism increases with size when males are larger, decreases with size when females are larger Rosa's rule Groups evolve from character variation in primitive species to a fixed character state in advanced ones Schmalhausen's law A population at limit of tolerance in one aspect is vulnerable to small differences in any other aspect Thorson's rule No. of eggs of benthic marine invertebrates decreases with latitude Van Valen's law Probability of extinction of a group is constant over time von Baer's laws Embryos start from a common form and develop into increasingly specialised forms Williston's law Parts in an organism become reduced in number and specialized in function Related Countergradient variation Where genetics opposes environment as a factor Gigantothermy Large ectothermic animals more easily maintain constant body temperature vteEcology: Modelling ecosystems: Trophic componentsGeneral Abiotic component Abiotic stress Behaviour Biogeochemical cycle Biomass Biotic component Biotic stress Carrying capacity Competition Ecosystem Ecosystem ecology Ecosystem model Green world hypothesis Keystone species List of feeding behaviours Metabolic theory of ecology Productivity Resource Restoration Producers Autotrophs Chemosynthesis Chemotrophs Foundation species Kinetotrophs Mixotrophs Myco-heterotrophy Mycotroph Organotrophs Photoheterotrophs Photosynthesis Photosynthetic efficiency Phototrophs Primary nutritional groups Primary production Consumers Apex predator Bacterivore Carnivores Chemoorganotroph Foraging Generalist and specialist species Intraguild predation Herbivores Heterotroph Heterotrophic nutrition Insectivore Mesopredators Mesopredator release hypothesis Omnivores Optimal foraging theory Planktivore Predation Prey switching Decomposers Chemoorganoheterotrophy Decomposition Detritivores Detritus Microorganisms Archaea Bacteriophage Lithoautotroph Lithotrophy Marine Microbial cooperation Microbial ecology Microbial food web Microbial intelligence Microbial loop Microbial mat Microbial metabolism Phage ecology Food webs Biomagnification Ecological efficiency Ecological pyramid Energy flow Food chain Trophic level Example webs Lakes Rivers Soil Tritrophic interactions in plant defense Marine food webs cold seeps hydrothermal vents intertidal kelp forests North Pacific Gyre San Francisco Estuary tide pool Processes Ascendency Bioaccumulation Cascade effect Climax community Competitive exclusion principle Consumer–resource interactions Copiotrophs Dominance Ecological network Ecological succession Energy quality Energy systems language f-ratio Feed conversion ratio Feeding frenzy Mesotrophic soil Nutrient cycle Oligotroph Paradox of the plankton Trophic cascade Trophic mutualism Trophic state index Defense,counter Animal coloration Anti-predator adaptations Camouflage Deimatic behaviour Herbivore adaptations to plant defense Mimicry Plant defense against herbivory Predator avoidance in schooling fish vteEcology: Modelling ecosystems: Other componentsPopulationecology Abundance Allee effect Consumer-resource model Depensation Ecological yield Effective population size Intraspecific competition Logistic function Malthusian growth model Maximum sustainable yield Overpopulation Overexploitation Population cycle Population dynamics Population modeling Population size Predator–prey (Lotka–Volterra) equations Recruitment Small population size Stability Resilience Resistance Random generalized Lotka–Volterra model Species Biodiversity Density-dependent inhibition Ecological effects of biodiversity Ecological extinction Endemic species Flagship species Gradient analysis Indicator species Introduced species Invasive species / Native species Latitudinal gradients in species diversity Minimum viable population Neutral theory Occupancy–abundance relationship Population viability analysis Priority effect Rapoport's rule Relative abundance distribution Relative species abundance Species diversity Species homogeneity Species richness Species distribution Species–area curve Umbrella species Speciesinteraction Antibiosis Biological interaction Commensalism Community ecology Ecological facilitation Interspecific competition Mutualism Parasitism Storage effect Symbiosis Spatialecology Biogeography Cross-boundary subsidy Ecocline Ecotone Ecotype Disturbance Edge effects Foster's rule Habitat fragmentation Ideal free distribution Intermediate disturbance hypothesis Insular biogeography Land change modeling Landscape ecology Landscape epidemiology Landscape limnology Metapopulation Patch dynamics r/K selection theory Resource selection function Source–sink dynamics Niche Ecological niche Ecological trap Ecosystem engineer Environmental niche modelling Guild Habitat marine habitats Limiting similarity Niche apportionment models Niche construction Niche differentiation Ontogenetic niche shift Othernetworks Assembly rules Bateman's principle Bioluminescence Ecological collapse Ecological debt Ecological deficit Ecological energetics Ecological indicator Ecological threshold Ecosystem diversity Emergence Extinction debt Kleiber's law Liebig's law of the minimum Marginal value theorem Thorson's rule Xerosere Other Allometry Alternative stable state Balance of nature Biological data visualization Ecological economics Ecological footprint Ecological forecasting Ecological humanities Ecological stoichiometry Ecopath Ecosystem based fisheries Endolith Evolutionary ecology Functional ecology Industrial ecology Macroecology Microecosystem Natural environment Regime shift Sexecology Systems ecology Urban ecology Theoretical ecology Outline of ecology
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gauss's law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauss%27s_law"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Competitive-20Exclusion-20Principle.svg"},{"link_name":"competition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition"},{"link_name":"ecology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecology"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hardin60-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pocheville2015-2"},{"link_name":"species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species"},{"link_name":"compete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_(biology)"},{"link_name":"resource","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_(biology)"},{"link_name":"evolutionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution"},{"link_name":"ecological niche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_niche"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hardin60-1"}],"text":"\"Gause's law\" redirects here. Not to be confused with Gauss's law.1: A smaller (yellow) species of bird forages across the whole tree.2: A larger (red) species competes for resources.3: Red dominates in the middle for the more abundant resources. Yellow adapts to a new niche restricted to the top and bottom and avoiding competition.In ecology, the competitive exclusion principle,[1] sometimes referred to as Gause's law,[2] is a proposition that two species which compete for the same limited resource cannot coexist at constant population values. When one species has even the slightest advantage over another, the one with the advantage will dominate in the long term. This leads either to the extinction of the weaker competitor or to an evolutionary or behavioral shift toward a different ecological niche. The principle has been paraphrased in the maxim \"complete competitors cannot coexist\".[1]","title":"Competitive exclusion principle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Georgy Gause","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgy_Gause"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gause1934-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hardin60-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pocheville2015-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-darwin1859-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pocheville2015-2"}],"text":"The competitive exclusion principle is classically attributed to Georgy Gause,[3] although he actually never formulated it.[1] The principle is already present in Darwin's theory of natural selection.[2][4]Throughout its history, the status of the principle has oscillated between a priori ('two species coexisting must have different niches') and experimental truth ('we find that species coexisting do have different niches').[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Graph_of_competitive_exclusion_principle.jpg"},{"link_name":"Paramecium aurelia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramecium_aurelia"},{"link_name":"Paramecium caudatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramecium_caudatum"},{"link_name":"Joseph Grinnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Grinnell"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Georgy Gause","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgy_Gause"},{"link_name":"Paramecium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramecium"},{"link_name":"resource","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_(biology)"}],"text":"Paramecium aurelia and Paramecium caudatum grow well individually, but when they compete for the same resources, P. aurelia outcompetes P. caudatum.Based on field observations, Joseph Grinnell formulated the principle of competitive exclusion in 1904: \"Two species of approximately the same food habits are not likely to remain long evenly balanced in numbers in the same region. One will crowd out the other\".[5] Georgy Gause formulated the law of competitive exclusion based on laboratory competition experiments using two species of Paramecium, P. aurelia and P. caudatum. The conditions were to add fresh water every day and input a constant flow of food. Although P. caudatum initially dominated, P. aurelia recovered and subsequently drove P. caudatum extinct via exploitative resource competition. However, Gause was able to let the P. caudatum survive by differing the environmental parameters (food, water). Thus, Gause's law is valid only if the ecological factors are constant.","title":"Experimental basis"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Logical_deterministic_individual-based_cellular_automata_model_of_interspecific_competition_for_a_single_limited_resource.gif"},{"link_name":"Cellular automaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_automaton"},{"link_name":"Lotka–Volterra models","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotka%E2%80%93Volterra_equations"},{"link_name":"ecosystems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem"},{"link_name":"paradox of the plankton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradox_of_the_plankton"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"plankton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plankton"},{"link_name":"solar energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy"},{"link_name":"MacArthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_H._MacArthur"},{"link_name":"warblers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warbler"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Darwin's finches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin%27s_finches"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Cellular automaton model of interspecific competition for a single limited resourceCompetitive exclusion is predicted by mathematical and theoretical models such as the Lotka–Volterra models of competition. However, for poorly understood reasons, competitive exclusion is rarely observed in natural ecosystems, and many biological communities appear to violate Gause's law. The best-known example is the so-called \"paradox of the plankton\".[6] All plankton species live on a very limited number of resources, primarily solar energy and minerals dissolved in the water. According to the competitive exclusion principle, only a small number of plankton species should be able to coexist on these resources. Nevertheless, large numbers of plankton species coexist within small regions of open sea.Some communities that appear to uphold the competitive exclusion principle are MacArthur's warblers[7] and Darwin's finches,[8] though the latter still overlap ecologically very strongly, being only affected negatively by competition under extreme conditions.[9]","title":"Prediction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"heterogeneity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterogeneity"},{"link_name":"resource","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource"},{"link_name":"competition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition"},{"link_name":"competition-colonization trade-offs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition-colonization_trade-off"}],"text":"A partial solution to the paradox lies in raising the dimensionality of the system. Spatial heterogeneity, trophic interactions, multiple resource competition, competition-colonization trade-offs, and lag may prevent exclusion (ignoring stochastic extinction over longer time-frames). However, such systems tend to be analytically intractable. In addition, many can, in theory, support an unlimited number of species. A new paradox is created: Most well-known models that allow for stable coexistence allow for unlimited number of species to coexist, yet, in nature, any community contains just a handful of species.","title":"Paradoxical traits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"competition-colonization trade-off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition-colonization_trade-off"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"competition-colonization trade-off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition-colonization_trade-off"},{"link_name":"1988 Yellowstone Fires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellowstone_fires_of_1988"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Southern red-backed voles (Clethrionomys gapperi)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_red-backed_vole"},{"link_name":"deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_deer_mouse"}],"text":"Recent studies addressing some of the assumptions made for the models predicting competitive exclusion have shown these assumptions need to be reconsidered. For example, a slight modification of the assumption of how growth and body size are related leads to a different conclusion, namely that, for a given ecosystem, a certain range of species may coexist while others become outcompeted.[10][11]One of the primary ways niche-sharing species can coexist is the competition-colonization trade-off. In other words, species that are better competitors will be specialists, whereas species that are better colonizers are more likely to be generalists. Host-parasite models are effective ways of examining this relationship, using host transfer events. There seem to be two places where the ability to colonize differs in ecologically closely related species. In feather lice, Bush and Clayton[12] provided some verification of this by showing two closely related genera of lice are nearly equal in their ability to colonize new host pigeons once transferred. Harbison[13] continued this line of thought by investigating whether the two genera differed in their ability to transfer. This research focused primarily on determining how colonization occurs and why wing lice are better colonizers than body lice. Vertical transfer is the most common occurrence, between parent and offspring, and is much-studied and well understood. Horizontal transfer is difficult to measure, but in lice seems to occur via phoresis or the \"hitchhiking\" of one species on another. Harbison found that body lice are less adept at phoresis and excel competitively, whereas wing lice excel in colonization.Support for a model of competition-colonization trade-off is also found in small mammals related to fire disturbances. In a project focused on the long-term impacts of the 1988 Yellowstone Fires Allen et al.[14] used stable isotopes and spatial mark-recapture data to show that Southern red-backed voles (Clethrionomys gapperi)), a specialist, are excluding deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus), a generalist, from food resources in old-growth forests. However, after wildfire disturbance deer mice are more effective colonizers, and able to take advantage of the release from competitive pressure from voles. This dynamic of establishes a pattern of ecological succession in these ecosystems, with competitive exclusion from voles shaping the amount and quality of resources deer mice can access.","title":"Redefinition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ecological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecology"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Darwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"An ecological community is the assembly of species which is maintained by ecological (Hutchinson, 1959;[15] Leibold, 1988[16]) and evolutionary process (Weiher and Keddy, 1995;[17] Chase et al., 2003). These two processes play an important role in shaping the existing community and will continue in the future (Tofts et al., 2000; Ackerly, 2003; Reich et al., 2003). In a local community, the potential members are filtered first by environmental factors such as temperature or availability of required resources and then secondly by its ability to co-exist with other resident species.In an approach of understanding how two species fit together in a community or how the whole community fits together, The Origin of Species (Darwin, 1859) proposed that under homogeneous environmental condition struggle for existence is greater between closely related species than distantly related species. He also hypothesized that the functional traits may be conserved across phylogenies. Such strong phylogenetic similarities among closely related species are known as phylogenetic effects (Derrickson et al., 1988.[18])With field study and mathematical models, ecologists have pieced together a connection between functional traits similarity between species and its effect on species co-existence. According to competitive-relatedness hypothesis (Cahil et al., 2008[19]) or phylogenetic limiting similarity hypothesis (Violle et al., 2011[20]) interspecific competition[21] is high among the species which have similar functional traits, and which compete for similar resources and habitats. Hence, it causes reduction in the number of closely related species and even distribution of it, known as phylogenetic overdispersion (Webb et al., 2002[22]). The reverse of phylogenetic overdispersion is phylogenetic clustering in which case species with conserved functional traits are expected to co-occur due to environmental filtering (Weiher et al., 1995; Webb, 2000). In the study performed by Webb et al., 2000, they showed that a small-plots of Borneo forest contained closely related trees together. This suggests that closely related species share features that are favored by the specific environmental factors that differ among plots causing phylogenetic clustering.For both phylogenetic patterns (phylogenetic overdispersion and phylogenetic clustering), the baseline assumption is that phylogenetically related species are also ecologically similar (H. Burns et al., 2011[23]). There are no significant number of experiments answering to what degree the closely related species are also similar in niche. Due to that, both phylogenetic patterns are not easy to interpret. It's been shown that phylogenetic overdispersion may also result from convergence of distantly related species (Cavender-Bares et al. 2004;[24] Kraft et al. 2007[25]). In their study [citation needed], they have shown that traits are convergent rather than conserved. While, in another study [citation needed], it's been shown that phylogenetic clustering may also be due to historical or bio-geographical factors which prevents species from leaving their ancestral ranges. So, more phylogenetic experiments are required for understanding the strength of species interaction in community assembly.","title":"Phylogenetic context"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"regality theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_Regal_and_Kungic_Societal_Structures"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fog2017-26"},{"link_name":"ecological niche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_niche"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fog2017-26"},{"link_name":"Peter Turchin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Turchin"},{"link_name":"frontier theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontier_Thesis"},{"link_name":"fall of empires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Empires"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"ethnogenesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnogenesis"},{"link_name":"Asabiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asabiyyah"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"Evidence showing that the competitive exclusion principle operates in human groups has been reviewed and integrated into regality theory to explain warlike and peaceful societies.[26] For example, hunter-gatherer groups surrounded by other hunter-gatherer groups in the same ecological niche will fight, at least occasionally, while hunter-gatherer groups surrounded by groups with a different means of subsistence can coexist peacefully.[26]Another recent application: in his work Historical Dynamics, Peter Turchin developed the so-called meta-ethnic frontier theory, wherein both rise and eventual fall of empires derives from geographically and or -politically colliding populations.[27] Accordingly, boundary regions, in which the competitive exclusion principle applies, are supposed to be key to human ethnogenesis. Summarizing its more wide-ranging predictions all in one:Asabiya is a concept from the writings of Ibn Khaldun which Turchin defines as “the capacity for collective action” of a society. The Metaethnic Frontier theory is meant to incorporate asabiya as a key factor in predicting the dynamics of imperial agrarian societies - how they grow, shrink, and begin. Turchin posits that multi-level selection can help us identify the dynamics of asabiya in groups. He follows by noting three ways in which the logic of multi-level selection can be relevant in understanding change in “collective solidarity”: intergroup conflict, population and resource constraints, and ethnic boundaries.\nFor small groups, intergroup conflict can increase asabiya as people need to band together to survive as a group. Conversely (again for small groups), a large population with respect to available resources can decrease asabiya as individuals compete for limited resources. For larger groups, Turchin proposes that ethnic boundries can influence how bands of small groups with moderate ethnic differences can band together against people who are even more “ethnically distanced” - more “Other”. In this process of small groups banding together against peoples more Other than themselves, they can form what Turchin calls a Metaethnic Frontier … Turchin notes that the this ethnic boundry dynamic which generates asabiya in a large group (composed of smaller groups) is weak because as the size of the group grows larger, the central regions are less exposed to intergroup conflict and asabiya decreases, leading to greater internal division. Finally, Turchin notes that all three aforementioned possiblities occur at regions which constitute imperial and metaethnic frontiers (imperial and metaethnic frontiers often coincide, he notes). It is in these regions of intense dynamics where asabiya is forged which are most prone to ethnogenesis.[28]","title":"Application to humans"}]
[{"image_text":"1: A smaller (yellow) species of bird forages across the whole tree.2: A larger (red) species competes for resources.3: Red dominates in the middle for the more abundant resources. Yellow adapts to a new niche restricted to the top and bottom and avoiding competition.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Competitive-20Exclusion-20Principle.svg/300px-Competitive-20Exclusion-20Principle.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Paramecium aurelia and Paramecium caudatum grow well individually, but when they compete for the same resources, P. aurelia outcompetes P. caudatum.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Graph_of_competitive_exclusion_principle.jpg/220px-Graph_of_competitive_exclusion_principle.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cellular automaton model of interspecific competition for a single limited resource","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Logical_deterministic_individual-based_cellular_automata_model_of_interspecific_competition_for_a_single_limited_resource.gif/220px-Logical_deterministic_individual-based_cellular_automata_model_of_interspecific_competition_for_a_single_limited_resource.gif"}]
[{"title":"Limiting factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limiting_factor"},{"title":"Limiting similarity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limiting_similarity"},{"title":"Paradox of the plankton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradox_of_the_plankton"}]
[{"reference":"Garrett Hardin (1960). \"The competitive exclusion principle\" (PDF). Science. 131 (3409): 1292–1297. Bibcode:1960Sci...131.1292H. doi:10.1126/science.131.3409.1292. PMID 14399717. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-11-17. 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Warlike and Peaceful Societies: The Interaction of Genes and Culture. Open Book Publishers. doi:10.11647/OBP.0128. ISBN 978-1-78374-403-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.11647%2FOBP.0128","url_text":"10.11647/OBP.0128"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78374-403-9","url_text":"978-1-78374-403-9"}]},{"reference":"Turchin, Peter (2019). Historical Dynamics: Why States Rise and Fall. NJ: Princeton University Press. pp. 50–77.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Byim, Martin (3 December 2019). \"Implementing Turchin's Metaethnic Frontier Theory With NetLogo\". Retrieved 21 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"http://mbyim.com/2019/12/03/Metaethnic-Frontier-Implementation/","url_text":"\"Implementing Turchin's Metaethnic Frontier Theory With NetLogo\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_superiority
Command of the sea
["1 Historic command of the sea during the age of sail","1.1 National capabilities","1.2 Asymmetric countermeasures","2 Historic command of the sea in the era of steam","3 Historic command of the sea in the era of naval aviation","4 Modern command of the sea","4.1 Requirements for modern sea control","4.2 Countermeasures to imposed command","5 See also","6 References","6.1 Notes","6.2 Sources"]
Complete control of naval warfare This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Command of the sea" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) "Sea power" redirects here. For other uses, see Sea power (disambiguation). USS Abraham Lincoln, a United States Navy aircraft carrier, a means of global maritime power projection. Part of a series onWarOutline History Prehistoric Ancient Post-classical castles Early modern pike and shot napoleonic Late modern industrial fourth-gen Military Organization Command and control Defense ministry Army Navy Air force Marines Coast guard Space force Reserves Regular / Irregular Ranks Specialties: Staff Engineers Intelligence Reconnaissance Medical Military police Land units: Infantry Armor Cavalry Artillery Special forces Signal corps Naval units: Warships Submarines Aircraft carriers Landing craft Auxiliary ships Air units: Fighters Bombers Command Close air support Electronic-warfare Reconnaissance Combat systems: Fire-control system Fire-control radar Director (military) Combat information center Sonar Radar Historical: Ship gun fire-control Gun data computer Torpedo data computer Development: Basic training Military manoeuvrers Combat training Battlespace Aerospace Air Airborne Space Land Cold-region Desert Jungle Mountain Urban Subterranean Tunnel Sea Amphibious Blue Brown Green Surface Underwater Cyber Information Weapons Air defence Armor Artillery Barrage Biological Camouflage Cavalry Horses Air cavalry Chemical Combined arms Conventional Cyber Denial Disinformation Drone / Robot Electromagnetic Infantry Loitering Missile Music Nuclear Psychological Radiological Unconventional TacticsList of military tactics Aerial Airlift Air assault Airbridge Airdrop Battle Cavalry Charge Counterattack Counterinsurgency Defeat in detail Foxhole Drone Envelopment Guerrilla Morale Naval Rapid dominance Siege Swarm Screen Tactical objective Target saturation Trench Withdrawal Operational Military operation Operations research Blitzkrieg Expeditionary Deep operation Maneuver Operational manoeuvre group Raid StrategyList of military strategies and concepts Military campaign Attrition Commerce raiding Counter-offensive Culminating Defence in depth Fabian Empty fort Mosaic Deception Defensive Depth Goal Nuclear Naval Offensive Scorched earth Grand strategy Asymmetric Blockade Broken-backed Class Cold war Colonial Conquest Containment Divide and conquer Economic Endemic Fleet in being Irregular Liberation Limited Network-centric New generation Perpetual Political Princely Proxy Religious Resource Strategic Succession Technology Theater Total war World war Administrative Branch Policy Staff Training Service Sociology Organization Area of responsibility Chain of command Command and control Doctrine Principles of war Economy of force Medicine Engineers Intelligence Ranks Technology and equipment Personnel Recruitment counter Conscription Training Specialism Women Children Transgender harassment Conscientious objector Volunteer foreign Mercenary Logistics History Military–industrial complex Arms industry Materiel Supply-chain management Base MOB FOB Outpost Science Power projection Loss-of-strength gradient Lanchester's laws Force multiplication Law Court-martial Geneva Conventions Geneva Protocol Islamic rules Justice Perfidy Jewish laws on war Right of conquest Rules of engagement Martial law War crime Theory Air supremacy Appeasement Command of the sea Deterrence theory Full-spectrum dominance Overmatch Unrestricted Warfare Just war theory Principles of war Philosophy of war Security dilemma Tripwire force War games Non-warfare Arms control Counter-insurgency deterrence Disaster response Grey-zone Gunboat diplomacy Humanitarian aid Law enforcement Low-intensity conflict Military engineering Multilateralism Peacekeeping Peacebuilding Peace through strength Show of force Culture Awards and decorations Warrior caste War film Military science fiction War novel Anti-war movement Foot drill War song Uniform Wargame Related Women in war War resister War studies Horses in warfare Wartime sexual violence Fifth column Lists Battles Military occupations Military terms Operations Sieges War crimes Wars Weapons Writers vte Command of the sea (also called control of the sea or sea control) is a naval military concept regarding the strength of a particular navy to a specific naval area it controls. A navy has command of the sea when it is so strong that its rivals cannot attack it directly. This dominance may apply to its surrounding waters (i.e., the littoral) or may extend far into the oceans, meaning the country has a blue-water navy. It is the naval equivalent of air supremacy. With command of the sea, a country (or alliance) can ensure that its own military and merchant ships can move around at will, while its rivals are forced either to stay in port or to try to evade it. It also enables free use of amphibious operations that can expand ground-based strategic options. The British Royal Navy held command of the sea for most of the period between the 18th to the early 20th centuries, allowing Britain and its allies to trade and to move troops and supplies easily in wartime, while its enemies could not. In the post-World War II period, the United States Navy has had command of the sea. Few navies can operate as blue-water navies, but "many States are converting green-water navies to blue-water navies and this will increase military use of foreign Exclusive Economic Zones with possible repercussions for the EEZ regime." Historic command of the sea during the age of sail Britannia rule the waves: decorated plate made in Liverpool circa 1793-1794 (Musée de la Révolution française). National capabilities Historically, many powers attempted to extend command of the sea into peacetime, imposing taxes or other restrictions on shipping using areas of open sea. For example, Venice claimed the Adriatic Sea, and exacted a heavy toll from vessels navigating its northern waters. Genoa and France each claimed portions of the western Mediterranean Sea. Denmark and Sweden claimed to share the Baltic Sea between them. Spain claimed dominion over the Pacific Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico, and Portugal over the Indian Ocean and all the Atlantic Ocean south of Morocco (Hall, 148-9). Asymmetric countermeasures During the age of sail, there were two primary counter measures to another power holding control of the sea: smuggling, and privateering. Smuggling helped to ensure that a country could continue trading (and obtaining food and other vital supplies) even when under blockade, while privateering allowed the weaker power to disrupt the stronger power's trade. As these measures, which are examples of asymmetric warfare, came from non-governmental and sometimes criminal organizations, they fell into disfavor with stronger governments. The 1856 Paris Declaration Respecting Maritime Law banned privateering. That treaty was ratified by relatively few countries, but has become the customary law of the sea. Historic command of the sea in the era of steam A more modern countermeasure, similar to privateering, was the use of submarine warfare by Germany during World War I and World War II to attack allied merchant shipping primarily in the Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean Sea, and Baltic Sea. Historic command of the sea in the era of naval aviation During World War II, aircraft also became an effective countermeasure to command of the sea, since ships could not defend themselves well against air attack. The Battle of Britain was largely an attempt by Germany to eliminate the Royal Air Force, so that it would not be able to defend the Royal Navy from air attack and even to allow a maritime invasion of Great Britain proper. The entire Japanese naval strategy during World War II in the Pacific was to acquire command of the sea by largescale destruction of Allied naval power, until their fleet was either destroyed or rendered irrelevant by the Battle of Leyte Gulf giving command of the sea to the Allies. Modern command of the sea HMS Daring, a Royal Navy Type 45 guided missile destroyer. Advanced navies, with access to surveillance satellites and large-scale submarine detection systems, can rarely be surprised at sea, but cannot be everywhere. Individual ships of advanced navies can be vulnerable at sea (e.g., the USS Stark hit by an Iraqi aircraft-delivered anti-ship missile while patrolling the Persian Gulf) or in port (e.g., by the suicide attack on the USS Cole.) "Blue-water" naval capability means that a fleet is able to operate on the "high seas." While traditionally a distinction was made between the coastal brown-water navy, operating in the littoral zone to 200 nautical miles (370 km), and a seagoing blue-water navy, a new term, "green-water navy," has been created by the U.S. Navy, which refers to the coastal submarines and fast attack boats of many nations, the larger littoral combat corvettes and similar vessels of a substantial number of powers, and amphibious vessels ranging from elderly LSTs to complex S/VTOL carriers and other specialized ships. In modern warfare blue-water navy implies self-contained force protection from sub-surface, surface and airborne threats and a sustainable logistic reach, allowing a persistent presence at range. In some maritime environments such a defence is given by natural obstacles, such as the Arctic ice shelf. The US Navy studied a concept for an economically priced ship capable of surface and subsurface sea control with ASW helicopters and STOVL fighters for light air defense but not large enough to be well suited to power projection known as a Sea Control Ship. This small aircraft carrier was not built by the US although a long deck Amphibious assault ship equipped with STOVL fighters and ASW helicopters instead of its primary transport helicopters is operating in a secondary sea control role. Requirements for modern sea control During the Falklands War, the British lacked long-range Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS), which led to ship losses and major damage to others, when the Argentinian attack aircraft came into the view of ship radar at approximately the same time they would fire antiship missiles, and only a short time before they made bombing attacks. A number of navies have learned this lesson. Many navies with STOVL carriers have developed helicopter-mounted AWACS like the British and Spanish Westland Sea King AEW, Italian EH-101 AEW, and the Russian Ka-31 AEW helicopter. Recently the French with a new larger CATOBAR aircraft carrier obtained the US E-2 Hawkeye AWACS aircraft. An example for the difference between a blue-water navy and a green-water navy: "...The first should be a 'green-water active defense' that would enable the People's Liberation Army Navy to protect China's territorial waters and enforce its sovereignty claims in the Taiwan Strait and the South China Sea. The second phase would be to develop a blue-water navy capable of projecting power into the western Pacific . . . Liu believed that in order to fulfill a blue-water capability, the PLAN had to obtain aircraft carriers . . ." Aircraft carriers are deployed with other specialized vessels in carrier battle groups, providing protection against sub-surface, surface and airborne threats. As there is no clear definition of a blue-water navy, the status is disputed. Given the importance of naval aviation, the term may be considered to be strongly linked to the maintenance of aircraft carriers capable of operating in the oceans. "In the early 80s there was a bitter and very public battle fought over whether or not to replace Australia's last aircraft carrier, HMAS Melbourne. Senior Royal Australian Navy personnel warned without a carrier, Australia would be vulnerable to all types of threat. One ex-Chief of Navy went so far as to claim that we" (the Australians) "would no longer have a blue-water navy (one capable of operating away from friendly coasts)." Yet although the Royal Thai Navy operates a sea-going carrier, the RTN is not absolutely a "blue-water navy." Countermeasures to imposed command While a blue-water navy can project sea control power into another nation's littoral, it remains susceptible to threats from less capable forces. Sustainment and logistics at range yield high costs and there may be a saturation advantage over a deployed force through the use of land-based air or surface-to-surface missile assets (whether on terrain-following or ballistic trajectories), diesel-electric submarines, or asymmetric tactics such as Fast Inshore Attack Craft. An example of this vulnerability was the October 2000 USS Cole bombing in Aden. In response to these threats, the U.S. Navy has developed the Littoral Combat Ship (LCS). See also Oceans portal Battleplan (documentary TV series) Air supremacy Naval blockade Sea denial Alfred Thayer Mahan Maritime republics Maritime power Thalassocracy References Notes ^ Skaridov, Alexander S., Naval activity in the foreign EEZ—the role of terminology in law regime, St. Petersburg Association of the Law of the Sea, 7 Kazanskaya St., St. Petersburg 191186, Russia, Available online 11 November 2004, archived from the original on 17 October 2006 ^  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Bridge, Cyprian Arthur George (1911). "Sea, Command of the". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 529. ^ a b Storey, You; Ji (Winter 2004), "China's aircraft carrier ambitions: seeking truth from rumors", Naval War College Review ^ "Q&A with Adm. Michael G. Mullen 2006 CNO's Guidance Release Media Roundtable Pentagon, Washington, DC 13 October 2005". Archived from the original on 15 October 2019. Retrieved 4 February 2008. ^ Why buy Abrams Tanks? We need to look at more appropriate options By Gary Brown - posted Wednesday, 31 March 2004 ^ EDP24 Frontline – the gateway to East Anglia's Armed Forces Archived 2007-11-30 at the Wayback Machine ^ TNO Presentation ^ "Protecting Naval Surface Ships from Fast Attack Boat Swarm Threats". Archived from the original on 2007-01-16. Retrieved 2008-02-04. Sources WE Hall, Treatise on International Law, 4th ed., 1895. vteMilitary and warConcepts Military Service History Technology Occupational roles Recruitment Roles: Soldier Sailor Airman Enlisted rank Officer Commanding officer Executive officer Protocols and structure: Ranks List Uniforms Awards and decorations By country Highest Categories: Ranks Forces Command and control Defense ministry Armed Forces: Army Navy Air force Marines Space force Special forces Airborne forces Commando Frogman Militia Reserves Functional specialties: Communications Engineers Intelligence Reconnaissance List Medical Military police Gendarmerie Security forces Border guard Coast guard Logistics By country Categories: Combat occupations Development: Basic training Military maneuvers Combat training Branches Land units: Combat arms Infantry Armor Cavalry Artillery Special reconnaissance Signal corps Naval units: Warships Surface Littoral Patrol Submarines Aircraft carriers Landing craft Auxiliary ship Air units: Fighters Bombers Command Close air support Electronic-warfare Reconnaissance Structure Organization By country Armies by country Chain of command Unified combatant command General staff Land: Army group Field army Corps List Division List Brigade By type Regiment By country By type Battalion By country By type Platoon Squad Naval: Naval fleet Task force Carrier strike group Division Flotilla Squadron Air: Combat box Special units by nation: Battle Fleet; U.S. Navy Front; Russian land forces Vehicles Ground: Ground List Combat Tracked vehicles Wheeled vehicles Armor Tank Infantry fighting vehicle Lists By country Armored car Scout car Truck List Gun truck Self-propelled artillery List Anti-aircraft Rail WeaponsLand Weapons List Artillery: Artillery List By country Battery Field gun List Howitzer List Rocket List Infantry guns: Pistols Machine guns List Service rifles: Battle rifles List Assault rifle List Sniper rifle Other infantry weapons: Bazooka Anti-tank gun List Grenade List Flamethrower Bayonet Combat knife List Missiles: Shoulder-fired Anti-tank List By country Mortar Lists: Infantry Heavy Other: Land mine Shells Sea/Air: Guided missiles List Naval: Naval artillery List Anti-ship missiles Torpedoes Depth charges Close-in weapons Aerial: Guns Missiles Bombs Equipment Military equipment Lists By country Helmet List Camouflage List Body armor Facilities: Military base Lists Field hospital Combat systems Fire-control system Fire-control radar Director (military) Combat information center Sonar Radar Historical: Ship gun fire-control Gun data computer Torpedo Data Computer Warfare War Battle Strategy Tactics Combat Military science Diplomacy International law By era: Prehistoric Ancient Post-classical Early modern Late modern industrial fourth-gen By type: Armoured warfare Artillery Barrage Biological Camouflage Cavalry Chemical Class Combined arms Conventional Cyber Denial Disinformation Drone Electronic Infantry Lawfare Loitering Music Nuclear Psychological Radiological Unconventional Battlespace Aerospace Air Airborne Space Land Cold-region Desert Jungle Mountain Urban Sea Amphibious Blue Brown Green Surface Underwater Subterranean Tunnel Cyber Information Tactics List of military tactics Aerial Airlift Airbridge Airdrop Battle Cavalry Charge Counterattack Counterinsurgency Defeat in detail Foxhole Envelopment Guerrilla Morale Rapid dominance Siege Swarming Tactical objective Target saturation Trench Withdrawal Operational Military operation Operations research Blitzkrieg Expeditionary Deep operation Maneuver Operational manoeuvre group Strategy List of military strategies and concepts Military campaign Attrition Counter-offensive Culminating Defence in depth Fabian Mosaic Deception Defensive Depth Goal Naval Offensive Scorched earth Policy Diplomacy: Alliances Peace treaty Cooperation United Nations Mediation Public policy: Conscription Defense budget Defense policy Related: Government Nation Lists Military lists Wars Weapons Military tactics History lists: Wars Battles Military occupations Operations Sieges Related lists: War crimes Writers Other namespace Templates: Overviews {{War}} {{Weapons}} {{Ranks}} Vehicles and weapons: {{Tanks}} {{Weapons}} {{Infantry fighting vehicles}} {{Modern warships}} {{Aircraft}} Specific modern wars: {{Napoleonic Wars}} {{World War I}} {{World War II}} {{Cold War}} Categories: Lists of wars by country Conflicts by time Related Peace Peace and conflict studies Peace movement Peace process Disarmament Pacifism Détente Global studies Conscientious objector Anti-war movement Idealism in international relations Humanitarianism International cooperation Crimes against humanity {{International relations}} Categories: Peace organizations Category  Commons Authority control databases: National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Latvia Korea
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For other uses, see Sea power (disambiguation).USS Abraham Lincoln, a United States Navy aircraft carrier, a means of global maritime power projection.Command of the sea (also called control of the sea or sea control) is a naval military concept regarding the strength of a particular navy to a specific naval area it controls. A navy has command of the sea when it is so strong that its rivals cannot attack it directly. This dominance may apply to its surrounding waters (i.e., the littoral) or may extend far into the oceans, meaning the country has a blue-water navy. It is the naval equivalent of air supremacy.With command of the sea, a country (or alliance) can ensure that its own military and merchant ships can move around at will, while its rivals are forced either to stay in port or to try to evade it. It also enables free use of amphibious operations that can expand ground-based strategic options. The British Royal Navy held command of the sea for most of the period between the 18th to the early 20th centuries, allowing Britain and its allies to trade and to move troops and supplies easily in wartime, while its enemies could not. In the post-World War II period, the United States Navy has had command of the sea.Few navies can operate as blue-water navies, but \"many States are converting green-water navies to blue-water navies and this will increase military use of foreign Exclusive Economic Zones [littoral zone to 200 nautical miles (370 km)] with possible repercussions for the EEZ regime.\"[1]","title":"Command of the sea"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Britannia_rules_the_waves_IMG_2210.JPG"},{"link_name":"Musée de la Révolution française","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_la_R%C3%A9volution_fran%C3%A7aise"}],"text":"Britannia rule the waves: decorated plate made in Liverpool circa 1793-1794 (Musée de la Révolution française).","title":"Historic command of the sea during the age of sail"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Venice"},{"link_name":"Adriatic Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriatic_Sea"},{"link_name":"northern waters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Venice"},{"link_name":"Genoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genoa"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_France"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Baltic Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Sea"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Empire"},{"link_name":"Pacific Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Gulf of Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Empire"},{"link_name":"Indian Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"National capabilities","text":"Historically, many powers attempted to extend command of the sea into peacetime, imposing taxes or other restrictions on shipping using areas of open sea. For example, Venice claimed the Adriatic Sea, and exacted a heavy toll from vessels navigating its northern waters. Genoa and France each claimed portions of the western Mediterranean Sea. Denmark and Sweden claimed to share the Baltic Sea between them. Spain claimed dominion over the Pacific Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico, and Portugal over the Indian Ocean and all the Atlantic Ocean south of Morocco (Hall, 148-9).[2]","title":"Historic command of the sea during the age of sail"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"age of sail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_sail"},{"link_name":"smuggling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smuggling"},{"link_name":"privateering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privateering"},{"link_name":"asymmetric warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymmetric_warfare"},{"link_name":"Paris Declaration Respecting Maritime Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Declaration_Respecting_Maritime_Law"}],"sub_title":"Asymmetric countermeasures","text":"During the age of sail, there were two primary counter measures to another power holding control of the sea: smuggling, and privateering. Smuggling helped to ensure that a country could continue trading (and obtaining food and other vital supplies) even when under blockade, while privateering allowed the weaker power to disrupt the stronger power's trade. As these measures, which are examples of asymmetric warfare, came from non-governmental and sometimes criminal organizations, they fell into disfavor with stronger governments. The 1856 Paris Declaration Respecting Maritime Law banned privateering. That treaty was ratified by relatively few countries, but has become the customary law of the sea.","title":"Historic command of the sea during the age of sail"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"submarine warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine_warfare"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea"},{"link_name":"Baltic Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Sea"}],"text":"A more modern countermeasure, similar to privateering, was the use of submarine warfare by Germany during World War I and World War II to attack allied merchant shipping primarily in the Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean Sea, and Baltic Sea.","title":"Historic command of the sea in the era of steam"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft"},{"link_name":"Battle of Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Britain"},{"link_name":"Royal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"maritime invasion of Great Britain proper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Sea_Lion"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Battle of Leyte Gulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf"}],"text":"During World War II, aircraft also became an effective countermeasure to command of the sea, since ships could not defend themselves well against air attack. The Battle of Britain was largely an attempt by Germany to eliminate the Royal Air Force, so that it would not be able to defend the Royal Navy from air attack and even to allow a maritime invasion of Great Britain proper.[citation needed] The entire Japanese naval strategy during World War II in the Pacific was to acquire command of the sea by largescale destruction of Allied naval power, until their fleet was either destroyed or rendered irrelevant by the Battle of Leyte Gulf giving command of the sea to the Allies.","title":"Historic command of the sea in the era of naval aviation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_Navy_Type_45_destroyer_HMS_Daring_MOD_45154175.jpg"},{"link_name":"HMS Daring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Daring_(D32)"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"Type 45","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_45_destroyer"},{"link_name":"guided missile destroyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guided_missile_destroyer"},{"link_name":"surveillance satellites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveillance_satellites"},{"link_name":"USS Stark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Stark"},{"link_name":"Iraqi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq"},{"link_name":"Persian Gulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Gulf"},{"link_name":"suicide attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_attack"},{"link_name":"USS Cole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Cole_(DDG-67)"},{"link_name":"Blue-water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue-water_navy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Storey2004-3"},{"link_name":"high seas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_seas"},{"link_name":"brown-water navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown-water_navy"},{"link_name":"littoral zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littoral"},{"link_name":"green-water navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green-water_navy"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"LSTs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landing_Ship,_Tank"},{"link_name":"Arctic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic"},{"link_name":"ice shelf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_shelf"},{"link_name":"US Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Navy"},{"link_name":"Sea Control Ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_Control_Ship"},{"link_name":"Amphibious assault ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibious_assault_ship"}],"text":"HMS Daring, a Royal Navy Type 45 guided missile destroyer.Advanced navies, with access to surveillance satellites and large-scale submarine detection systems, can rarely be surprised at sea, but cannot be everywhere. Individual ships of advanced navies can be vulnerable at sea (e.g., the USS Stark hit by an Iraqi aircraft-delivered anti-ship missile while patrolling the Persian Gulf) or in port (e.g., by the suicide attack on the USS Cole.)\"Blue-water\" naval capability [3] means that a fleet is able to operate on the \"high seas.\" While traditionally a distinction was made between the coastal brown-water navy, operating in the littoral zone to 200 nautical miles (370 km), and a seagoing blue-water navy, a new term, \"green-water navy,\" has been created by the U.S. Navy,[4] which refers to the coastal submarines and fast attack boats of many nations, the larger littoral combat corvettes and similar vessels of a substantial number of powers, and amphibious vessels ranging from elderly LSTs to complex S/VTOL carriers and other specialized ships.In modern warfare blue-water navy implies self-contained force protection from sub-surface, surface and airborne threats and a sustainable logistic reach, allowing a persistent presence at range. In some maritime environments such a defence is given by natural obstacles, such as the Arctic ice shelf.The US Navy studied a concept for an economically priced ship capable of surface and subsurface sea control with ASW helicopters and STOVL fighters for light air defense but not large enough to be well suited to power projection known as a Sea Control Ship. This small aircraft carrier was not built by the US although a long deck Amphibious assault ship equipped with STOVL fighters and ASW helicopters instead of its primary transport helicopters is operating in a secondary sea control role.","title":"Modern command of the sea"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Falklands War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falklands_War"},{"link_name":"Airborne Warning and Control System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airborne_Early_Warning_and_Control"},{"link_name":"Argentinian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"STOVL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STOVL"},{"link_name":"Westland Sea King AEW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westland_Sea_King#Airborne_surveillance_and_area_control"},{"link_name":"EH-101 AEW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AgustaWestland_EH101"},{"link_name":"Ka-31 AEW helicopter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamov_Ka-27"},{"link_name":"aircraft carrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_carrier"},{"link_name":"E-2 Hawkeye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-2_Hawkeye"},{"link_name":"People's Liberation Army Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Navy"},{"link_name":"China's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"Taiwan Strait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_Strait"},{"link_name":"South China Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_China_Sea"},{"link_name":"Central Military Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_(China)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Storey2004-3"},{"link_name":"Aircraft carriers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_carrier"},{"link_name":"carrier battle groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrier_battle_group"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"HMAS Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMAS_Melbourne_(R21)"},{"link_name":"Royal Australian Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Australian_Navy"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Royal Thai Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Thai_Navy"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Requirements for modern sea control","text":"During the Falklands War, the British lacked long-range Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS), which led to ship losses and major damage to others, when the Argentinian attack aircraft came into the view of ship radar at approximately the same time they would fire antiship missiles, and only a short time before they made bombing attacks. A number of navies have learned this lesson. Many navies with STOVL carriers have developed helicopter-mounted AWACS like the British and Spanish Westland Sea King AEW, Italian EH-101 AEW, and the Russian Ka-31 AEW helicopter. Recently the French with a new larger CATOBAR aircraft carrier obtained the US E-2 Hawkeye AWACS aircraft.An example for the difference between a blue-water navy and a green-water navy: \"...The first should be a 'green-water active defense' that would enable the People's Liberation Army Navy to protect China's territorial waters and enforce its sovereignty claims in the Taiwan Strait and the South China Sea. The second phase would be to develop a blue-water navy capable of projecting power into the western Pacific . . . Liu [commander in chief of the PLAN 1982-88 and vice chairman of the Central Military Commission 1989-97] believed that in order to fulfill a blue-water capability, the PLAN had to obtain aircraft carriers . . .\"[3] Aircraft carriers are deployed with other specialized vessels in carrier battle groups, providing protection against sub-surface, surface and airborne threats.As there is no clear definition of a blue-water navy, the status is disputed. Given the importance of naval aviation, the term may be considered to be strongly linked to the maintenance of aircraft carriers capable of operating in the oceans. \"In the early 80s there was a bitter and very public battle fought over whether or not to replace Australia's last aircraft carrier, HMAS Melbourne. Senior Royal Australian Navy personnel warned without a carrier, Australia would be vulnerable to all types of threat. One ex-Chief of Navy went so far as to claim that we\" (the Australians) \"would no longer have a blue-water navy (one capable of operating away from friendly coasts).\"[5] Yet although the Royal Thai Navy operates a sea-going carrier, the RTN is not absolutely a \"blue-water navy.\"[citation needed]","title":"Modern command of the sea"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"surface-to-surface missile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface-to-surface_missile"},{"link_name":"diesel-electric submarines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel-electric#Submarines"},{"link_name":"USS Cole bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Cole_bombing"},{"link_name":"Aden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aden"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Littoral Combat Ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littoral_Combat_Ship"}],"sub_title":"Countermeasures to imposed command","text":"While a blue-water navy can project sea control power into another nation's littoral, it remains susceptible to threats from less capable forces. Sustainment and logistics at range yield high costs and there may be a saturation advantage over a deployed force through the use of land-based air or surface-to-surface missile assets (whether on terrain-following or ballistic trajectories), diesel-electric submarines, or asymmetric tactics such as Fast Inshore Attack Craft. An example of this vulnerability was the October 2000 USS Cole bombing in Aden.[6][7][8] In response to these threats, the U.S. Navy has developed the Littoral Combat Ship (LCS).","title":"Modern command of the sea"}]
[{"image_text":"USS Abraham Lincoln, a United States Navy aircraft carrier, a means of global maritime power projection.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/USS_Abraham_Lincoln_%28CVN-72%29_underway_in_the_South_China_Sea_on_8_May_2006_%28060508-N-4166B-030%29.jpg/220px-USS_Abraham_Lincoln_%28CVN-72%29_underway_in_the_South_China_Sea_on_8_May_2006_%28060508-N-4166B-030%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Britannia rule the waves: decorated plate made in Liverpool circa 1793-1794 (Musée de la Révolution française).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Britannia_rules_the_waves_IMG_2210.JPG/220px-Britannia_rules_the_waves_IMG_2210.JPG"},{"image_text":"HMS Daring, a Royal Navy Type 45 guided missile destroyer.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Royal_Navy_Type_45_destroyer_HMS_Daring_MOD_45154175.jpg/220px-Royal_Navy_Type_45_destroyer_HMS_Daring_MOD_45154175.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"Skaridov, Alexander S., Naval activity in the foreign EEZ—the role of terminology in law regime, St. Petersburg Association of the Law of the Sea, 7 Kazanskaya St., St. Petersburg 191186, Russia, Available online 11 November 2004, archived from the original on 17 October 2006","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061017183601/http://community.middlebury.edu/~scs/docs/ScienceDirect%20-%20Marine%20Policy%20%20Naval%20activity%20in%20the%20foreign.htm","url_text":"Naval activity in the foreign EEZ—the role of terminology in law regime"},{"url":"http://community.middlebury.edu/~scs/docs/ScienceDirect%20-%20Marine%20Policy%20%20Naval%20activity%20in%20the%20foreign.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bridge, Cyprian Arthur George (1911). \"Sea, Command of the\". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 529.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprian_Bridge","url_text":"Bridge, Cyprian Arthur George"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Sea,_Command_of_the","url_text":"Sea, Command of the"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"Storey, You; Ji (Winter 2004), \"China's aircraft carrier ambitions: seeking truth from rumors\", Naval War College Review","urls":[{"url":"http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0JIW/is_1_57/ai_113755343","url_text":"\"China's aircraft carrier ambitions: seeking truth from rumors\""}]},{"reference":"\"Q&A with Adm. Michael G. Mullen 2006 CNO's Guidance Release Media Roundtable Pentagon, Washington, DC 13 October 2005\". Archived from the original on 15 October 2019. Retrieved 4 February 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191015040114/https://www.navy.mil/navydata/cno/mullen/speeches/mullen051013.txt","url_text":"\"Q&A with Adm. Michael G. Mullen 2006 CNO's Guidance Release Media Roundtable Pentagon, Washington, DC 13 October 2005\""},{"url":"http://www.navy.mil/navydata/cno/mullen/speeches/mullen051013.txt","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Protecting Naval Surface Ships from Fast Attack Boat Swarm Threats\". Archived from the original on 2007-01-16. Retrieved 2008-02-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070116024340/http://www.defense-update.com/newscast/0107/news/110107_fiac.htm","url_text":"\"Protecting Naval Surface Ships from Fast Attack Boat Swarm Threats\""},{"url":"http://www.defense-update.com/newscast/0107/news/110107_fiac.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eystein
Eystein
["1 See also"]
Eystein or Eysteinn is the name of: Eystein Erlendsson (d. 1188), Norwegian bishop and saint Eystein Halfdansson (fl. c. 730), king of Romerike and Vestfold in what is now Norway Eystein Haraldson (died 1157), king of Norway Eystein Ivarsson (d. 830) was Jarl of Oplande and Hedmark in Norway Eystein Magnusson (c.1088–1123), king of Norway Eystein Meyla (died 1177), also known as Eystein Eysteinson, Norwegian pretender Eysteinn, legendary Swedish king See also Øystein Name listThis page or section lists people that share the same given name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change that link to point directly to the intended article.
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[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Ladyship
Little Ladyship
["1 References","2 Bibliography"]
1939 play Little LadyshipWritten byIan HayDate premiered16 January 1939Place premieredKing's Theatre, GlasgowOriginal languageEnglishGenreComedy Little Ladyship is a 1939 comedy play by the British writer Ian Hay. It premiered at the King's Theatre, Glasgow before beginning its West End run at the Strand Theatre and later transferring to the Aldwych Theatre. The original West End run lasted for 126 performances. The cast included Cecil Parker, Lilli Palmer, David Tree, Joan Greenwood, Aubrey Mather, Norma Varden, Diana King and Iris Vandeleur. In March 1939, the BBC broadcast a recorded version of the play on television. References ^ Wearing, p. 732 ^ "Little Ladyship". 5 March 1939. p. 16 – via BBC Genome. Bibliography Wearing, J.P. The London Stage 1930-1939: A Calendar of Productions, Performers, and Personnel. Rowman & Littlefield, 2014. This article on a play from the 1930s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Locke_Elliot
Edward Locke Elliot
["1 Biography","2 Family","3 References"]
British Army general (1850–1938) Lieutenant General Sir Edward Locke Elliot, KCB, KCIE, DSO (28 January 1850 – 12 December 1938) was a British Army General during the Second Boer War and in British India. Biography Elliot was the son of Colonel Edward King Elliot. He was educated at Harrow School and Royal Military College, Sandhurst, before being commissioned into the 108th (Madras Infantry) Regiment of Foot in January 1868. He served in the Second Anglo-Afghan War in 1879, and in Burma, 1885–1889, being mentioned in despatches (dated 2 September 1887) and awarded the Distinguished Service Order (DSO). Elliott participated in the Dongola Expedition of 1896, when he was again mentioned in despatches and after it was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath. Two years later, in 1898, he was promoted to colonel and appointed Inspector-General of Cavalry in India. He served in South Africa for 15 months from 1901 to 1902, after the Second Boer War had changed from conventional warfare to a guerrilla war. During the latter part of the war he commanded troops in the east of the Orange River Colony, and following the announcement of peace on 31 May 1902, he supervised the surrender of arms in that area. For his services in the war he was twice mentioned in despatches (dated 17 June and 23 June), and was created a KCB. He was promoted to Major-General on 1 April 1902. Following the end of the second Boer war, Elliot returned home to the United Kingdom, but in late 1902 was back in India to take up his former employment as Inspector General of Cavalry. From 1905 to 1910, he commanded the 8th (Lucknow) Division in India. He retired from the army in 1911, having been promoted to the rank of Lieutenant-General in 1906. During the First World War he served in France as Military Adviser, Indian Army. He was appointed KCIE in 1919 and also received the Legion d'Honneur. He died at The Coppice in Nottingham on 12 December 1938. Family Elliot married, in 1893, Eva Sybil Smith, eldest daughter of Colonel Percy Smith, by whom he had a daughter. References ^ The London Gazette, 25 November 1887 ^ The VC and DSO Book (vol. II), page 27. ^ "Latest arrangements - The peace, military arrangements". The Times. No. 36785. London. 4 June 1902. p. 7. ^ "No. 27459". The London Gazette. 29 July 1902. ^ "Naval & Military intelligence". The Times. No. 36898. London. 14 October 1902. p. 7. ^ The Times (Saturday, 17 December 1938), p. 16.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"KCB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath"},{"link_name":"KCIE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_Indian_Empire"},{"link_name":"DSO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Order"},{"link_name":"British Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army"},{"link_name":"Second Boer War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Boer_War"},{"link_name":"British India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_India"}],"text":"Lieutenant General Sir Edward Locke Elliot, KCB, KCIE, DSO (28 January 1850 – 12 December 1938) was a British Army General during the Second Boer War and in British India.","title":"Edward Locke Elliot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harrow School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrow_School"},{"link_name":"Royal Military College, Sandhurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Military_College,_Sandhurst"},{"link_name":"commissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commissioned_officer"},{"link_name":"108th (Madras Infantry) Regiment of Foot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/108th_(Madras_Infantry)_Regiment_of_Foot"},{"link_name":"Second Anglo-Afghan War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Anglo-Afghan_War"},{"link_name":"Burma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Anglo-Burmese_War"},{"link_name":"mentioned in despatches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mentioned_in_despatches"},{"link_name":"Distinguished Service Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Order"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Dongola Expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dongola_Expedition"},{"link_name":"Order of the Bath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath"},{"link_name":"colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel_(British_Army)"},{"link_name":"Inspector-General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inspector-General"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Second Boer War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Boer_War"},{"link_name":"conventional warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conventional_warfare"},{"link_name":"guerrilla war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerrilla_war"},{"link_name":"Orange River Colony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_River_Colony"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"KCB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant-General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant-General"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War"},{"link_name":"KCIE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_Indian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Legion d'Honneur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legion_d%27Honneur"},{"link_name":"Nottingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Elliot was the son of Colonel Edward King Elliot. He was educated at Harrow School and Royal Military College, Sandhurst, before being commissioned into the 108th (Madras Infantry) Regiment of Foot in January 1868.He served in the Second Anglo-Afghan War in 1879, and in Burma, 1885–1889, being mentioned in despatches (dated 2 September 1887) and awarded the Distinguished Service Order (DSO).[1][2]Elliott participated in the Dongola Expedition of 1896, when he was again mentioned in despatches and after it was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath. Two years later, in 1898, he was promoted to colonel and appointed Inspector-General of Cavalry in India.He served in South Africa for 15 months from 1901 to 1902, after the Second Boer War had changed from conventional warfare to a guerrilla war. During the latter part of the war he commanded troops in the east of the Orange River Colony, and following the announcement of peace on 31 May 1902, he supervised the surrender of arms in that area.[3] For his services in the war he was twice mentioned in despatches (dated 17 June and 23 June[4]), and was created a KCB. He was promoted to Major-General on 1 April 1902.Following the end of the second Boer war, Elliot returned home to the United Kingdom, but in late 1902 was back in India to take up his former employment as Inspector General of Cavalry.[5]From 1905 to 1910, he commanded the 8th (Lucknow) Division in India. He retired from the army in 1911, having been promoted to the rank of Lieutenant-General in 1906.During the First World War he served in France as Military Adviser, Indian Army. He was appointed KCIE in 1919 and also received the Legion d'Honneur.He died at The Coppice in Nottingham on 12 December 1938.[6]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Elliot married, in 1893, Eva Sybil Smith, eldest daughter of Colonel Percy Smith, by whom he had a daughter.","title":"Family"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_of_Ten
Committee of Ten
["1 Background","2 Membership of the Committee of Ten","3 Recommendations","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
The National Education Association of the United States Committee on Secondary School Studies known as the NEA Committee of Ten was a working group of educators that convened in 1892. They were charged with taking stock of current practices in American high schools and making recommendations for future practice. They collected data via surveys and interviews with educators across the United States, met in a series of multi-day committee meetings, and developed consensus and dissenting reports. Background Education is a matter left up to individual states and territories in the United States. This meant that each state developed its own system, including its own structure for secondary education, or high school. These disparate systems often led to a disconnect between high schools in the same state or large gaps between the skills students had when they left high school and what colleges were looking for. The rise of the common school helped even out differences in different states grammar schools but by the late 1800s, a desire for educational standardization had manifested across the country. Across the nation and within communities, there were competing academic philosophies which the Committee of Ten aimed to resolve. One philosophy favored rote memorization, whereas another favored critical thinking. One philosophy designated American high schools as institutions that would divide students into college-bound and working-trades groups from the start; these institutions sometimes further divided students based on race or ethnic background. Another philosophy attempted to provide standardized courses for all students. Somewhat similarly, another philosophy promoted classic Latin/Greek studies, whereas other philosophies stressed practical studies. Membership of the Committee of Ten To resolve these issues, the National Education Association formed The 1892 Committee of Ten. The committee was largely composed of representatives of higher education. Its subgroups, consisting of eight to ten members each, were convened by the following individuals: Charles William Eliot, President of Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts Chairman William T. Harris, Commissioner of Education, Washington, D.C. James B. Angell, President of the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan John Tetlow, Head Master of the Girls’ High School, Boston, Massachusetts James Monroe Taylor, President of Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, New York Oscar D. Robinson, Principal of the High School, Albany, New York James H. Baker, President of the University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado Richard Henry Jesse, President of the University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri James C. Mackenzie, Head Master of the Lawrenceville School, Lawrenceville, New Jersey Henry Churchill King, Professor in Oberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio Recommendations External videos You can view Coursera's summary on the Committee of Ten on YouTube The committee provided its recommendations in a report published in 1894 that answered an initial set of eleven questions, and outlined important curricular knowledge within each major instructional specialty including Latin, Greek, English, "Other Modern Languages", mathematics, and the sciences (physics, chemistry, and astronomy). Twelve years of education were recommended, with eight years of elementary education followed by four years of high school. The committee was explicitly asked to address tracking, or course differentiation based upon postsecondary pursuit. The committee responded unanimously that "...every subject which is taught at all in a secondary school should be taught in the same way and to the same extent to every pupil so long as he pursues it, no matter what the probable destination of the pupil may be, or at what point his education is to cease." In addition to promoting equality in instruction, they stated that by unifying courses of study, school instruction and the training of new teachers could be greatly simplified. These recommendations were generally interpreted as a call to teach English, mathematics, and history or civics to every student every academic year in high school. The recommendations also formed the basis of the practice of teaching chemistry, and physics, respectively, in ascending high school academic years. The Committee identified the need for more highly qualified educators, and proposed that universities could enhance training by offering subject-education courses, lowering tuition and paying travel fees for classroom teachers and that superintendents, principals or other "leading teachers" could show other teachers, "... by precept and example, how to better". See also 21st century skills Flexner Report Committee of Seven, American Historical Association, 1896-1898 References ^ Hertzberg, Hazel W. (February 1988). Foundations. The 1892 Committee of Ten. Social Education, v52 n2. ERIC EJ365372. ^ Report of the Committee of Ten on Secondary School Studies: With the Reports ... - National Education Association of the United States. Committee of Ten on Secondary School Studies - Google Boeken. 1894. Retrieved November 3, 2012. ^ National Education Association of the United States. Committee of Ten on Secondary School Studies. (1894). Report of the Committee of ten on secondary school studies: with the reports of the conferences arranged by the committee. Pub. for the National Education Association by the American Book Co.. p. 17. ^ National Education Association of the United States. Committee of Ten on Secondary School Studies. (1894). Report of the Committee of ten on secondary school studies: with the reports of the conferences arranged by the committee. Pub. for the National Education Association by the American Book Co.. pp. 53–54. External links Report of the Committee of Ten
[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Committee of Ten"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"high school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_school"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Education is a matter left up to individual states and territories in the United States. This meant that each state developed its own system, including its own structure for secondary education, or high school. These disparate systems often led to a disconnect between high schools in the same state or large gaps between the skills students had when they left high school and what colleges were looking for. The rise of the common school helped even out differences in different states grammar schools but by the late 1800s, a desire for educational standardization had manifested across the country.[1] Across the nation and within communities, there were competing academic philosophies which the Committee of Ten aimed to resolve. One philosophy favored rote memorization, whereas another favored critical thinking. One philosophy designated American high schools as institutions that would divide students into college-bound and working-trades groups from the start; these institutions sometimes further divided students based on race or ethnic background. Another philosophy attempted to provide standardized courses for all students. Somewhat similarly, another philosophy promoted classic Latin/Greek studies, whereas other philosophies stressed practical studies.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Education Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Education_Association"},{"link_name":"Charles William Eliot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_William_Eliot"},{"link_name":"Harvard University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University"},{"link_name":"William T. Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_T._Harris"},{"link_name":"Commissioner of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Commissioner_of_Education"},{"link_name":"James B. Angell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_B._Angell"},{"link_name":"University of Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Girls’ High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girls%E2%80%99_High_School_(Boston,_Massachusetts)"},{"link_name":"James Monroe Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Monroe_Taylor"},{"link_name":"Vassar College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vassar_College"},{"link_name":"Principal of the High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany_High_School_(New_York)"},{"link_name":"James H. Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Baker_(university_president)"},{"link_name":"University of Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Richard Henry Jesse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Henry_Jesse"},{"link_name":"University of Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Missouri"},{"link_name":"James C. Mackenzie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cameron_Mackenzie"},{"link_name":"Lawrenceville School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrenceville_School"},{"link_name":"Henry Churchill King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Churchill_King"},{"link_name":"Oberlin College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberlin_College"}],"text":"To resolve these issues, the National Education Association formed The 1892 Committee of Ten. The committee was largely composed of representatives of higher education. Its subgroups, consisting of eight to ten members each, were convened by the following individuals:Charles William Eliot, President of Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts Chairman\nWilliam T. Harris, Commissioner of Education, Washington, D.C.\nJames B. Angell, President of the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan\nJohn Tetlow, Head Master of the Girls’ High School, Boston, Massachusetts\nJames Monroe Taylor, President of Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, New York\nOscar D. Robinson, Principal of the High School, Albany, New York\nJames H. Baker, President of the University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado\nRichard Henry Jesse, President of the University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri\nJames C. Mackenzie, Head Master of the Lawrenceville School, Lawrenceville, New Jersey\nHenry Churchill King, Professor in Oberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio","title":"Membership of the Committee of Ten"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_(language)"},{"link_name":"mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics"},{"link_name":"sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science"},{"link_name":"physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics"},{"link_name":"chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistry"},{"link_name":"astronomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"elementary education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_education"},{"link_name":"postsecondary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postsecondary"},{"link_name":"secondary school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_school"},{"link_name":"pupil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History"},{"link_name":"civics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civics"},{"link_name":"academic year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_year"},{"link_name":"high school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_school"},{"link_name":"universities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universities"},{"link_name":"tuition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuition"},{"link_name":"superintendents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superintendent_(education)"},{"link_name":"principals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal_(education)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The committee provided its recommendations in a report published in 1894 that answered an initial set of eleven questions, and outlined important curricular knowledge within each major instructional specialty including Latin, Greek, English, \"Other Modern Languages\", mathematics, and the sciences (physics, chemistry, and astronomy).[2]Twelve years of education were recommended, with eight years of elementary education followed by four years of high school. The committee was explicitly asked to address tracking, or course differentiation based upon postsecondary pursuit. The committee responded unanimously that \"...every subject which is taught at all in a secondary school should be taught in the same way and to the same extent to every pupil so long as he pursues it, no matter what the probable destination of the pupil may be, or at what point his education is to cease.\"[3] In addition to promoting equality in instruction, they stated that by unifying courses of study, school instruction and the training of new teachers could be greatly simplified.These recommendations were generally interpreted as a call to teach English, mathematics, and history or civics to every student every academic year in high school. The recommendations also formed the basis of the practice of teaching chemistry, and physics, respectively, in ascending high school academic years.The Committee identified the need for more highly qualified educators, and proposed that universities could enhance training by offering subject-education courses, lowering tuition and paying travel fees for classroom teachers and that superintendents, principals or other \"leading teachers\" could show other teachers, \"... by precept and example, how to [teach] better\".[4]","title":"Recommendations"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vera_Sto_Dexi
Vera sto Dexi
["1 Origin and story overview","2 Plot and characters","2.1 First season (2004-2005)","2.2 Second season (2005-2006)","2.3 Third season (2006-2007)","3 Cultural impact and references"]
This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Vera sto Dexi" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Greek TV series or program Vera sto DexiGenreDramaCreated byHelena AkritaYiorgos KiritsisStarringKatia DandoulakiKostas KazakosMarianna ToumassatouElissavet MoutafiAlexandros StavrouIro LoupiDanis KatranidisKonstantinos KonstantopoulosMandy LambouKonstantinos KazakosCountry of originGreeceOriginal languageGreekNo. of episodes625ProductionRunning timeApproximately 45 minutesOriginal releaseNetworkMega ChannelReleaseSeptember 19, 2004 (2004-09-19) –July 1, 2007 (2007-07-01) Vera sto Dexi (Greek: Βέρα στο Δεξί; English translation: wedding ring on the right ) is a Greek television soap opera. Created by Helena Akrita and Yiorgos Kiritsis, Vera sto Dexi combines elements of drama, mystery, adventure and occasionally comedy. The series stars Katia Dandoulaki, Kostas Kazakos, Marianna Toumassatou, Elissavet Moutafi, Alexandros Stavrou, Iro Loupi and Danis Katranidis, among others, and aired daily on Mega Channel. Origin and story overview Vera sto Dexi was created by journalist Helena Akrita and writer Yiorgos Kiritsis as a lead-in to the 8 p.m. Mega Channel's newscast and as a daily series that would revolutionize the concept of a daily show as a regular dramatic series instead of a soap opera. The pilot episode aired in Greece, Cyprus, Europe, Africa and Asia at the same time, through NOVA Greece, Mega Channel and Mega Cyprus and other TV stations. In early 2007, Mega Channel announced that the third season, which premiered September 17, 2006, would be the last one for the series. The third season's finale aired on July 1, 2007. A total of 625 episodes were broadcast and one behind-the-scenes/bloopers featurette, which aired one day after the series' finale. A major concept of the series is the influence the past has on the present and the future. Vera sto Dexi refers to the consequences of a murder in which three young women had been involved, twenty years before the time setting of the series' storyline. The ongoing war between two ruthless businessmen, the very wealthy and powerful Diamantis Amiras (Kostas Kazakos), who owns the largest group of companies in the Balkans, and Aggelos Antipas (Danis Katranidis), and its influence on the lives of the characters of the series is also a recurring theme. The title refers to the exploration of marital relationships and the use of the wedding band as a symbol of commitment to another person or cause. Many of the show's most important events take place during a wedding or relate to the influence of such an event. Plot and characters First season (2004-2005) The main storyline of the first season was that of Stratos Antipas (Alexandros Stavrou), brother of the murdered Aggelos Antipas and his efforts to avenge his brother's death, by ruining the lives of the four women he considered responsible for the murder. The women are Kleri Mela (Katia Dandoulaki), a widely respected book publisher, her niece Reggina Kamba (Marianna Toumassatou), renowned lawyer, and Reggina's best friends, Elsa Saranti (Elissavet Moutafi), a young former singer engaged to the son of businessman Diamantis Amiras, Stefanos (Konstantinos Kazakos), and Dora Aggelidi-Sarri (Iro Loupi), a repressed housewife whose quotidian life is falling apart. As a child, Stratos witnessed the three younger women murder his older brother and legal guardian in self-defence (as he had attacked Reggina, who had been his lover, in jealous rage over their separation) and was sent to an orphanage. Having closely followed the women's lives, Stratos also targeted Kleri, who knew about the murder and kept it a secret. At that point in the series, Stratos was working as an assistant/hitman for Amiras, who had adopted him and had raised him like a son, resulting in a competitive relationship with Amiras's biological son, Stefanos. Stratos pursued Reggina romantically under an alias, and went on to ruin her life on many levels, culminating on the public and personal humiliation of abandoning her at the altar on their wedding. Stratos subsequently revealed his true identity and the reasons behind his actions to a desperate Reggina, and tortured her by forcing her to endure his affair with her best friend Dora, blackmailing her not to reveal the truth. He also made sure Elsa was sent to jail on her wedding day for a murder she did not commit, and engaged in a heated affair with Dora, after introducing a young prostitute named Aliki Karra (Mandy Lambou) to her husband Antonis Sarris (Konstantinos Konstantopoulos), thus ruining her seemingly perfect family life. Enchanted by Dora's strict ethics and healthy lifestyle as well as fond of her children who reminded him of his own traumatic childhood in the orphanage, Stratos chose to give up on his war against the four women. Meanwhile, Elsa was cleared of all charges and moved in with the severely depressed Reggina. Eventually, Kleri, Reggina and Elsa decided to reveal the truth about Stratos to Dora. When Dora found out the truth, she suffered a nervous breakdown and violently repelled Stratos. The latter, feeling he had been deprived of his chance to rebuild his life, attacked Reggina and tried to kill her. Reggina shot him, in an echo of her encounter with his late brother. Stratos survived the injury and, in an act of remorse, cleared Reggina of all charges. After Stratos's recovery, a mysterious benefactor contacted Reggina with information on the murder and the events that led to it. Stratos was thus forced to collaborate with Reggina in order to uncover the mystery. The evidence led to the war between Amiras, Stratos's employer and stepfather and Aggelos Antipas, Stratos's presumably deceased brother. Stratos discovered the truth about himself: he was Amiras's son and was not related to Aggelos by blood. Feeling lost and betrayed, Stratos confronted Amiras, his biological father and was forced to confess his developing attraction to Reggina. The two shared a night of passion, resulting in Reggina's pregnancy. Feeling guilty about his relationship to Aggelos's former lover, Stratos left Reggina a second time. The season ended with the discovery that Aggelos was still alive. He had been hiding in New York City for years, waiting for his return. The discovery and Aggelos's comeback changed everything for everyone. Second season (2005-2006) Having returned to Athens, Greece, Aggelos was finally ready to avenge his rival, Amiras. Explaining his disappearance, Aggelos claimed to have been hunted down by Amiras, after a tragic and much publicized shipwreck scandal. Amiras made sure his former partner, Aggelos, was entirely blamed for the tragedy. As a direct consequence, Aggelos was wanted and had to flee the country. He staged his own death, convincing the young women they had killed him. Aggelos asked for Stratos's help to destroy Amiras, but Stratos rebelled against him, telling him he had destroyed his life by letting him go to an orphanage and abandoning him without a second thought. Other new characters include Andreas Kairis (Panayiotis Bouyiouris), a successful journalist and old friend of Stratos's, and his newspaper editor, Iakovos Sideris (Kostas Arzoglou). Meanwhile, Reggina's pregnancy continued, but the father's identity was kept secret from everyone, except Kleri and Elsa. Stratos eventually discovered the truth about Reggina's pregnancy and decided to take the baby from her and raise the child on his own. Reggina told him that she would rather die than let him take the baby, and fought in every possible way to protect her from him. In the meantime, Dora had re-approached Stratos and the two re-entered their relationship, with Stratos lying about Reggina's pregnancy. Aggelos had already started his vengeance rampage, with Kleri. Right before Aggelos left Greece, staging his death, his wife had abandoned him, taking his only daughter with her. For a long time, Aggelos had researched the cause of her actions, only to discover Kleri had informed his wife of his affair with the then-teenage Reggina. After returning to Greece, Aggelos seduced Kleri, exposed her infidelity to her politician husband Aris Moschonas (Stathis Kakavas) and the media, destroying her personally and professionally. He then approached his former lover Reggina and offered to protect her from Stratos, when she gave birth to the baby. She declined his offers repeatedly, until she gave birth to her daughter. At that point, Dora discovered the truth about Stratos and Reggina's night of passion and their platonic relationship. Borderline psychotic, Dora decided to stay with Stratos, offering to raise his baby with Reggina with him. She kept making elaborate schemes, considering mostly legal action against Reggina, going almost insane in her effort to defeat her old friend. She eventually married Stratos, but her personality was largely changed by the fame and wealth she eventually obtained. Meanwhile, Elsa embarked on a romantic relationship with Andreas, Stratos's best friend. Their relationship is widely regarded as the healthiest relationship of the series, as opposed to the sadistic and frequently perverse love of Reggina and Stratos. However, Elsa and Andreas were also challenged in many ways, particularly by her ex-husband, Stefanos, who pursued them and took legal action against Elsa's capacity as legal guardian of their child. However, the charges were cleared when Stefanos was discovered to have been the mastermind behind many criminal actions, including a murderous attack against Elsa. Stefanos was aided by his lover, the murderous Ragna. Reggina finally accepted Aggelos's marriage proposal, when Stratos attempted to abduct their daughter. However, the two finally managed to resolve their differences, and finally admitted their love for one another, moving in together. Stratos divorced Dora, who went on to regain her mental health, but Aggelos refused to leave Reggina. Towards the end of the series, Aggelos presented Reggina with a tape featuring Stratos murdering a man. Reggina was forced to succumb to his blackmail. In order to save Stratos, Reggina lied to him and hurt his feelings to prevent the final battle between him and Aggelos. Unable to keep going with the lies and pain, Reggina attempted to kill both herself and Aggelos. Aggelos was saved with light injuries, but Reggina ended up in a coma. Stratos finally discovered the truth and went back to Reggina, who recovered. Eventually, working as a team, Kleri, Amiras, Reggina, Elsa, Stratos and Andreas managed to destroy Aggelos's plan to gain control of Amiras' group of companies. Realizing everything he fought for had fallen apart, Aggelos vowed to take revenge. In the 2-hour season finale, he attempted to murder Reggina and frame Stratos for the crime. Stratos found him and shot him, freeing Reggina. Realizing what he had done, Stratos was consumed by horror and guilt and ran away. Kleri and Elsa tried to help Reggina overcome her grief, while Amiras stepped up and took full responsibility for the shooting of Aggelos, thus saving his son. It was announced that Aggelos would in fact survive the injuries, but would be left incapacitated. Stratos's friends, Andreas and Takis were left looking for the guilt-driven Stratos. Dora left Athens with her family, in an optimistic attempt to start over, having finally managed to mend her relationship with her ex-husband Antonis and her friends. The season ended with a scene of Reggina holding her baby daughter, telling her that they would have to survive alone from this point on. Third season (2006-2007) In the third season, the storyline took place in Trikala where Reggina, Elsa, Andreas and Iakovos moved to start a new life. However, Reggina still couldn't forget Stratos and cried all day for him. Meanwhile, new characters were presented such as Danae with her husband Miltos and Olia with her husband Christos. In addition, Kleri decided to also come to Trikala but unfortunately she witnessed the death of Christos who fell from Trikala's clock tower. This remarked the beginning of new stories of mystery. Stratos was in a desert and he was thinking of Reggina and his daughter. At the same time Aggelos made his new plans to destroy his enemies and most of all Amiras after he was left disabled. Back to Trikala the police began to investigate the case of Christos's death. At the beginning, they thought he committed suicide but then they were sure he was murdered because of a legend called the "13th key" about a treasure with enormous power. However, they couldn't find the murderer. The main suspect was Olia, who went to jail and Reggina decided to defend her as her lawyer. Those days, Amiras was released from prison and Stratos after a stranger had visited him and left him a piece of a map was afraid that something bad would happen. In addition to all this, Elsa was pregnant, told Andreas about her pregnancy and decided to marry. Stratos on the other hand found out that Reggina and his daughter were in terrible danger and decided to come as soon as possible after a man was murdered in front of him. Meanwhile, Elsa and Andreas got married and Stratos came to Trikala the other day. Reggina was shocked when she saw Stratos but he kissed her. Everybody was shocked by Stratos's return and at first didn't want to see him. Cultural impact and references Contrary to the usual negative buzz surrounding daytime soap operas, Vera sto Dexi has been critically lauded. Many scholars and academics have praised the series for its powerful use of dialogue, and its ingenious character development. Despite the fact that the series has featured a love triangle, the romantic storyline has never been the center of the action. Many Greek actors have appeared in the series, including theater veterans Katia Dandoulaki, Kostas Kazakos, Danis Katranidis and Kostas Arzoglou. The series has also been praised by the media as genuinely complex, powerfully moving and well-written. One of the series' creators, Helena Akrita, has been quoted as saying that she is usually in charge of the more emotional storylines and the development of the female characters, whereas her co-writer and fellow creator of the show Yiorgos Kiritsis chooses the more mysterious, adventurous storylines and is responsible for the development of the male characters. The show is full of references to poetry, music, film and worldwide literature, and is known for its expression of frequent and different political opinions. It is also known for the many social issues it has tackled, such as the position of women in modern societies and cultures, childhood abuse, the state of the penitentiary system and justice and more.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"wedding ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wedding_ring"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"soap opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap_opera"},{"link_name":"Katia Dandoulaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katia_Dandoulaki"},{"link_name":"Kostas Kazakos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kostas_Kazakos"},{"link_name":"Marianna Toumassatou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marianna_Toumassatou&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Elissavet Moutafi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elissavet_Moutafi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Alexandros Stavrou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexandros_Stavrou&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Iro Loupi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iro_Loupi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Danis Katranidis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Danis_Katranidis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mega Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mega_Channel"}],"text":"Greek TV series or programVera sto Dexi (Greek: Βέρα στο Δεξί; English translation: wedding ring on the right [hand]) is a Greek television soap opera. Created by Helena Akrita and Yiorgos Kiritsis, Vera sto Dexi combines elements of drama, mystery, adventure and occasionally comedy. The series stars Katia Dandoulaki, Kostas Kazakos, Marianna Toumassatou, Elissavet Moutafi, Alexandros Stavrou, Iro Loupi and Danis Katranidis, among others, and aired daily on Mega Channel.","title":"Vera sto Dexi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Balkans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkans"}],"text":"Vera sto Dexi was created by journalist Helena Akrita and writer Yiorgos Kiritsis as a lead-in to the 8 p.m. Mega Channel's newscast and as a daily series that would revolutionize the concept of a daily show as a regular dramatic series instead of a soap opera. The pilot episode aired in Greece, Cyprus, Europe, Africa and Asia at the same time, through NOVA Greece, Mega Channel and Mega Cyprus and other TV stations. In early 2007, Mega Channel announced that the third season, which premiered September 17, 2006, would be the last one for the series. The third season's finale aired on July 1, 2007. A total of 625 episodes were broadcast and one behind-the-scenes/bloopers featurette, which aired one day after the series' finale.A major concept of the series is the influence the past has on the present and the future. Vera sto Dexi refers to the consequences of a murder in which three young women had been involved, twenty years before the time setting of the series' storyline. The ongoing war between two ruthless businessmen, the very wealthy and powerful Diamantis Amiras (Kostas Kazakos), who owns the largest group of companies in the Balkans, and Aggelos Antipas (Danis Katranidis), and its influence on the lives of the characters of the series is also a recurring theme. The title refers to the exploration of marital relationships and the use of the wedding band as a symbol of commitment to another person or cause. Many of the show's most important events take place during a wedding or relate to the influence of such an event.","title":"Origin and story overview"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Plot and characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hitman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitman"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"}],"sub_title":"First season (2004-2005)","text":"The main storyline of the first season was that of Stratos Antipas (Alexandros Stavrou), brother of the murdered Aggelos Antipas and his efforts to avenge his brother's death, by ruining the lives of the four women he considered responsible for the murder. The women are Kleri Mela (Katia Dandoulaki), a widely respected book publisher, her niece Reggina Kamba (Marianna Toumassatou), renowned lawyer, and Reggina's best friends, Elsa Saranti (Elissavet Moutafi), a young former singer engaged to the son of businessman Diamantis Amiras, Stefanos (Konstantinos Kazakos), and Dora Aggelidi-Sarri (Iro Loupi), a repressed housewife whose quotidian life is falling apart. As a child, Stratos witnessed the three younger women murder his older brother and legal guardian in self-defence (as he had attacked Reggina, who had been his lover, in jealous rage over their separation) and was sent to an orphanage. Having closely followed the women's lives, Stratos also targeted Kleri, who knew about the murder and kept it a secret. At that point in the series, Stratos was working as an assistant/hitman for Amiras, who had adopted him and had raised him like a son, resulting in a competitive relationship with Amiras's biological son, Stefanos. Stratos pursued Reggina romantically under an alias, and went on to ruin her life on many levels, culminating on the public and personal humiliation of abandoning her at the altar on their wedding. Stratos subsequently revealed his true identity and the reasons behind his actions to a desperate Reggina, and tortured her by forcing her to endure his affair with her best friend Dora, blackmailing her not to reveal the truth. He also made sure Elsa was sent to jail on her wedding day for a murder she did not commit, and engaged in a heated affair with Dora, after introducing a young prostitute named Aliki Karra (Mandy Lambou) to her husband Antonis Sarris (Konstantinos Konstantopoulos), thus ruining her seemingly perfect family life. Enchanted by Dora's strict ethics and healthy lifestyle as well as fond of her children who reminded him of his own traumatic childhood in the orphanage, Stratos chose to give up on his war against the four women. Meanwhile, Elsa was cleared of all charges and moved in with the severely depressed Reggina. Eventually, Kleri, Reggina and Elsa decided to reveal the truth about Stratos to Dora. When Dora found out the truth, she suffered a nervous breakdown and violently repelled Stratos. The latter, feeling he had been deprived of his chance to rebuild his life, attacked Reggina and tried to kill her. Reggina shot him, in an echo of her encounter with his late brother. Stratos survived the injury and, in an act of remorse, cleared Reggina of all charges. After Stratos's recovery, a mysterious benefactor contacted Reggina with information on the murder and the events that led to it. Stratos was thus forced to collaborate with Reggina in order to uncover the mystery. The evidence led to the war between Amiras, Stratos's employer and stepfather and Aggelos Antipas, Stratos's presumably deceased brother. Stratos discovered the truth about himself: he was Amiras's son and was not related to Aggelos by blood. Feeling lost and betrayed, Stratos confronted Amiras, his biological father and was forced to confess his developing attraction to Reggina. The two shared a night of passion, resulting in Reggina's pregnancy. Feeling guilty about his relationship to Aggelos's former lover, Stratos left Reggina a second time. The season ended with the discovery that Aggelos was still alive. He had been hiding in New York City for years, waiting for his return. The discovery and Aggelos's comeback changed everything for everyone.","title":"Plot and characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens"},{"link_name":"Panayiotis Bouyiouris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Panayiotis_Bouyiouris&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kostas Arzoglou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kostas_Arzoglou&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Stathis Kakavas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stathis_Kakavas&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Second season (2005-2006)","text":"Having returned to Athens, Greece, Aggelos was finally ready to avenge his rival, Amiras. Explaining his disappearance, Aggelos claimed to have been hunted down by Amiras, after a tragic and much publicized shipwreck scandal. Amiras made sure his former partner, Aggelos, was entirely blamed for the tragedy. As a direct consequence, Aggelos was wanted and had to flee the country. He staged his own death, convincing the young women they had killed him. Aggelos asked for Stratos's help to destroy Amiras, but Stratos rebelled against him, telling him he had destroyed his life by letting him go to an orphanage and abandoning him without a second thought. Other new characters include Andreas Kairis (Panayiotis Bouyiouris), a successful journalist and old friend of Stratos's, and his newspaper editor, Iakovos Sideris (Kostas Arzoglou). Meanwhile, Reggina's pregnancy continued, but the father's identity was kept secret from everyone, except Kleri and Elsa. Stratos eventually discovered the truth about Reggina's pregnancy and decided to take the baby from her and raise the child on his own. Reggina told him that she would rather die than let him take the baby, and fought in every possible way to protect her from him. In the meantime, Dora had re-approached Stratos and the two re-entered their relationship, with Stratos lying about Reggina's pregnancy. Aggelos had already started his vengeance rampage, with Kleri. Right before Aggelos left Greece, staging his death, his wife had abandoned him, taking his only daughter with her. For a long time, Aggelos had researched the cause of her actions, only to discover Kleri had informed his wife of his affair with the then-teenage Reggina. After returning to Greece, Aggelos seduced Kleri, exposed her infidelity to her politician husband Aris Moschonas (Stathis Kakavas) and the media, destroying her personally and professionally. He then approached his former lover Reggina and offered to protect her from Stratos, when she gave birth to the baby. She declined his offers repeatedly, until she gave birth to her daughter. At that point, Dora discovered the truth about Stratos and Reggina's night of passion and their platonic relationship. Borderline psychotic, Dora decided to stay with Stratos, offering to raise his baby with Reggina with him. She kept making elaborate schemes, considering mostly legal action against Reggina, going almost insane in her effort to defeat her old friend. She eventually married Stratos, but her personality was largely changed by the fame and wealth she eventually obtained. Meanwhile, Elsa embarked on a romantic relationship with Andreas, Stratos's best friend. Their relationship is widely regarded as the healthiest relationship of the series, as opposed to the sadistic and frequently perverse love of Reggina and Stratos. However, Elsa and Andreas were also challenged in many ways, particularly by her ex-husband, Stefanos, who pursued them and took legal action against Elsa's capacity as legal guardian of their child. However, the charges were cleared when Stefanos was discovered to have been the mastermind behind many criminal actions, including a murderous attack against Elsa. Stefanos was aided by his lover, the murderous Ragna. Reggina finally accepted Aggelos's marriage proposal, when Stratos attempted to abduct their daughter. However, the two finally managed to resolve their differences, and finally admitted their love for one another, moving in together. Stratos divorced Dora, who went on to regain her mental health, but Aggelos refused to leave Reggina. Towards the end of the series, Aggelos presented Reggina with a tape featuring Stratos murdering a man. Reggina was forced to succumb to his blackmail. In order to save Stratos, Reggina lied to him and hurt his feelings to prevent the final battle between him and Aggelos. Unable to keep going with the lies and pain, Reggina attempted to kill both herself and Aggelos. Aggelos was saved with light injuries, but Reggina ended up in a coma. Stratos finally discovered the truth and went back to Reggina, who recovered. Eventually, working as a team, Kleri, Amiras, Reggina, Elsa, Stratos and Andreas managed to destroy Aggelos's plan to gain control of Amiras' group of companies. Realizing everything he fought for had fallen apart, Aggelos vowed to take revenge. In the 2-hour season finale, he attempted to murder Reggina and frame Stratos for the crime. Stratos found him and shot him, freeing Reggina. Realizing what he had done, Stratos was consumed by horror and guilt and ran away. Kleri and Elsa tried to help Reggina overcome her grief, while Amiras stepped up and took full responsibility for the shooting of Aggelos, thus saving his son. It was announced that Aggelos would in fact survive the injuries, but would be left incapacitated. Stratos's friends, Andreas and Takis were left looking for the guilt-driven Stratos. Dora left Athens with her family, in an optimistic attempt to start over, having finally managed to mend her relationship with her ex-husband Antonis and her friends. The season ended with a scene of Reggina holding her baby daughter, telling her that they would have to survive alone from this point on.","title":"Plot and characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Trikala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trikala"},{"link_name":"clock tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clock_tower"}],"sub_title":"Third season (2006-2007)","text":"In the third season, the storyline took place in Trikala where Reggina, Elsa, Andreas and Iakovos moved to start a new life. However, Reggina still couldn't forget Stratos and cried all day for him. Meanwhile, new characters were presented such as Danae with her husband Miltos and Olia with her husband Christos. In addition, Kleri decided to also come to Trikala but unfortunately she witnessed the death of Christos who fell from Trikala's clock tower. This remarked the beginning of new stories of mystery. Stratos was in a desert and he was thinking of Reggina and his daughter. At the same time Aggelos made his new plans to destroy his enemies and most of all Amiras after he was left disabled. Back to Trikala the police began to investigate the case of Christos's death. At the beginning, they thought he committed suicide but then they were sure he was murdered because of a legend called the \"13th key\" about a treasure with enormous power. However, they couldn't find the murderer. The main suspect was Olia, who went to jail and Reggina decided to defend her as her lawyer. Those days, Amiras was released from prison and Stratos after a stranger had visited him and left him a piece of a map was afraid that something bad would happen. In addition to all this, Elsa was pregnant, told Andreas about her pregnancy and decided to marry. Stratos on the other hand found out that Reggina and his daughter were in terrible danger and decided to come as soon as possible after a man was murdered in front of him. Meanwhile, Elsa and Andreas got married and Stratos came to Trikala the other day. Reggina was shocked when she saw Stratos but he kissed her. Everybody was shocked by Stratos's return and at first didn't want to see him.","title":"Plot and characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Contrary to the usual negative buzz surrounding daytime soap operas, Vera sto Dexi has been critically lauded[citation needed]. Many scholars and academics have praised the series for its powerful use of dialogue, and its ingenious character development[citation needed]. Despite the fact that the series has featured a love triangle, the romantic storyline has never been the center of the action. Many Greek actors have appeared in the series, including theater veterans Katia Dandoulaki, Kostas Kazakos, Danis Katranidis and Kostas Arzoglou. The series has also been praised by the media as genuinely complex, powerfully moving and well-written[citation needed]. One of the series' creators, Helena Akrita, has been quoted as saying that she is usually in charge of the more emotional storylines and the development of the female characters, whereas her co-writer and fellow creator of the show Yiorgos Kiritsis chooses the more mysterious, adventurous storylines and is responsible for the development of the male characters. The show is full of references to poetry, music, film and worldwide literature, and is known for its expression of frequent and different political opinions. It is also known for the many social issues it has tackled, such as the position of women in modern societies and cultures, childhood abuse, the state of the penitentiary system and justice and more.","title":"Cultural impact and references"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Framlingham_Forest_Indigenous_Protected_Area
Framlingham, Victoria
["1 History","1.1 1840s: White settlement","1.2 1861: Aboriginal reserve established","1.3 1970-1987: Land rights","1.4 1983: Ash Wednesday","1.5 2009: Framlingham Forest IPA","2 Traditional ownership","3 Post offices","4 Description","5 Notable citizens","6 See also","7 References","8 Further reading"]
Coordinates: 38°14′0″S 142°42′0″E / 38.23333°S 142.70000°E / -38.23333; 142.70000 Suburb of Warrnambool, Victoria, AustraliaFramlinghamWarrnambool, VictoriaFramlinghamCoordinates38°14′0″S 142°42′0″E / 38.23333°S 142.70000°E / -38.23333; 142.70000Population158 (2016)Postcode(s)3265Location 233 km (145 mi) SW of Melbourne 12 km (7 mi) E of Panmure 18 km (11 mi) W of Terang LGA(s)Shire of MoyneState electorate(s)PolwarthFederal division(s)Wannon Framlingham is a rural township located by the Hopkins River in the Western District of Victoria, Australia, about 20 kilometres (12 mi) north-east of the coastal city of Warrnambool. In the 2016 census, the township had a population of 158. The town lies within the traditional lands of the Girai wurrung (Kirrae Wuurong) people. In the decades following European settlement in the 1840s, a general store, post office, hotel, school and Presbyterian church were established in Framlingham, as increasing numbers of graziers and dairy farmers settled the area. The Framlingham Aboriginal Reserve was established by the Board for the Protection of Aborigines between Purnim and the township of Framlingham in 1861, upon the request of an Anglican mission. It was located beside the Hopkins River, not far from the boundary with the Gunditjmara people. After various attempts at closure, the reserve operated until 1916, albeit with the land reduced in size. Much of the Aboriginal community continued to live there until the present time. Some of the land that was originally part of the reserve became Framlingham Forest, which is now part of the Framlingham Forest Indigenous Protected Area (IPA). History Kaawirn Kuunawarn (Hissing Swan), also known as King David, Chief of the Kirrae Wuurong, who lived in Framlingham from 1865 until his death in 1889. 1840s: White settlement European settlement began around 1840, the village beginning with the establishment of the Brefnay Hotel in about 1848. A store opened within the next decade, and a Presbyterian church in 1870. A great deal of land was cleared of trees in order to establish dairy farms and other forms of agriculture. 1861: Aboriginal reserve established The Church of England in Warrnambool obtained 1,416 hectares (3,500 acres) of land for an Aboriginal mission station to "ameliorate the present wretched conditions of the Aborigines", and requested establishment of an Aboriginal reserve in the area. The Victorian Board for the Protection of Aborigines created Framlingham Aboriginal Reserve in response. The reserve was occupied in 1865 by many of the surviving members of the Kirrae Wuurong clans, who originally inhabited the area between Mount Emu Creek and the Hopkins River, and much of whose language was recorded by a Scottish squatter, James Dawson. Members of the Djargurd Wurrung from the Camperdown area and Gunditjmara people from Warrnambool were also relocated to Framlingham, but Gunditjmara from Portland and Lake Condah refused to settle here due to tension with the other clans, leading to the establishment of the Lake Condah reserve in 1869. In 1867 the reserve was closed by the Central Board appointed by the Government of Victoria and attempts were made to relocate the residents to Lake Condah Mission but in September 1868 the Kirrae Wuurong won the re-establishment of the reserve. Residents of Warrnambool campaigned from 1877 to 1890 to close the reserve and turn it into an experimental agricultural farm, and in 1894 the reserve was reduced to 222 hectares (2.22 km2) and the majority of the land given to the Council of Agricultural Education. However, the agricultural farm plans never eventuated, with this land becoming the Framlingham Forest. In 1889 the Board attempted to close the reserve again, but it finally agreed to reserve 500 acres (200 ha)} for Aboriginal use. In 1916 the Government of Victoria decided to concentrate Aboriginal Victorians at Lake Tyers Mission in Gippsland. The reserve was eventually closed but some residents were allowed to remain, with the community being granted ownership in 1971 of the 237 hectares (2.37 km2) they held at that time. In the 1930s, public concern over the conditions led the government to build extra housing and a school, and to provide rations. When the reserve was established, it was declared to be 3,500 acres (14 km2) in area, although its actual size may have been closer to 4,400 acres (18 km2). As parts of the reserve were sold to private landowners, its size diminished, until only the 586 acres (2.37 km2) remained when it was closed in 1971. Some of this land was also set aside as a State Forest. 1970-1987: Land rights In 1957 the Board for the Protection of Aborigines was abolished, and in 1970 the Aboriginal Lands Act 1970 was passed by the Parliament of Victoria. Under the provisions of that Act, ownership of Framlingham was handed over to a trust held by Aboriginal residents of the site, Framlingham Aboriginal Trust, on 1 July 1971. Along with Lake Tyers, in the eastern Gippsland region of the state, Framlingham was the last reserve to close in Victoria. In 1976 the Framlingham community began a campaign to regain rights to the Framlingham Forest, that had been excised from the original 1861 reserve in 1894. In April 1979 the community blockaded the road to the forest picnic ground. The Victorian Government proposed allowing Aboriginal management of the forest in 1980 but maintained that it would continue as crown land. The proposal was rejected by the community, who resumed the blockade. In 1987, the Victorian Labor government under John Cain attempted to grant some of the Framlingham State Forest to the trust as inalienable title, but the legislation was blocked by the Liberal Party opposition in the Legislative Council. However, the federal Labor government under Bob Hawke intervened, passing the Aboriginal Land (Lake Condah and Framlingham Forest) Act 1987, which gave 1,130 acres (4.6 km2) of the Framlingham forest to the Framlingham trust. Although the title is essentially inalienable, in that it can only be transferred to another Indigenous land trust, the Framlingham trust has no rights to prevent mining on the land, unlike trusts or communities holding native title. The Kirrae Whurrong Aboriginal Corporation was established under the Aboriginal Lands Act 1970 in order to hold in trust "the land of the Framlingham Forest and Reserve returned to the Aboriginal community". 1983: Ash Wednesday On 16 February 1983, one of the Ash Wednesday fires started here and swept through the district killing nine people, destroying many homes, farm buildings and livestock. The cause was believed to be poorly maintained power lines. 2009: Framlingham Forest IPA In 2009, an Indigenous Protected Area was dedicated, known as the Framlingham Forest IPA, covering 1,130 hectares (2,800 acres) of native forests. It is the largest remnant of native forest containing the stringybark and manna gum savannah in the area. The Framlingham Aboriginal Trust manages the land. Traditional ownership The formally recognised traditional owners for the area in which Framlingham sits are groups within the Eastern Maar peoples, who are represented by the Eastern Maar Aboriginal Corporation (EMAC). Post offices Framlingham post office nearby opened on 1 March 1859 and closed in 1975. A Framlingham East post office was also open from 1925 until 1945. Description In the 2016 census, the township had a population of 158. The town has a hall and a public reserve with tennis court and barbecue facilities. The fire station was opened in 2015. The school, established in 1872, was closed in 1993. Notable citizens Archie Roach, iconic singer, songwriter and musician, resided in Framlingham in his early years before forced removal of Roach and his siblings by government agencies, as described in his 1990 debut single, 'Took the Children Away' Reg Saunders, famous Aboriginal soldier, born in Framlingham in 1920 Paul McGinness, founder of Qantas, born in Framlingham in 1896 Jamarra Ugle-Hagan, AFL football player for the Western Bulldogs, number 1 national draft pick for 2020 AFL draft See also Girai Wurrung Gunditjmara Royal Commission on the Aborigines (1877) References ^ a b "2016 Census QuickStats: Framlingham". Australian Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 5 April 2020. ^ a b c "Framlingham". Victorian Places. Retrieved 5 April 2020. ^ "Girai Wurrung". Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 27 March 2017. ^ Ian D. Clark, pp12, Scars on the Landscape. A Register of Massacre sites in Western Victoria 1803–1859, Aboriginal Studies Press, 1995 ISBN 0-85575-281-5 ^ a b c Ian D. Clark, pp125-133, Scars on the Landscape. A Register of Massacre sites in Western Victoria 1803–1859, Aboriginal Studies Press, 1995 ISBN 0-85575-281-5 ^ a b c "Framlingham Aboriginal Reserve". ATNS. 16 January 2003. Retrieved 5 April 2020. ^ "Aboriginal Lands Act 1970". Australasian Legal Information Institute. Retrieved 5 April 2020. ^ Kerry Wakefield, pp3, Warrnambool blacks had century of misery: report, The Age, 2 September 1980. Accessed from Google News Archive on 29 September 2009 ^ ABC News archival video, Framlingham Blockade, Koorie Heritage Trust. Retrieved 29 September 2009 ^ "Aboriginal Land (Lake Condah and Framlingham Forest) Act 1987". Australasian Legal Information Institute. Retrieved 5 April 2020. ^ "Kirrae Whurrong Aboriginal Corporation". ATNS. 25 January 2005. Retrieved 5 April 2020. ^ "About Ash Wednesday". Country Fire Authority Victoria, Australia. Archived from the original on 23 March 2008. Retrieved 10 May 2008. ^ "Framlingham Forest IPA". National Indigenous Australians AgencyVic Projects. 10 December 2015. Archived from the original on 4 April 2020. Retrieved 5 April 2020. ^ "Map of formally recognised traditional owners". Aboriginal Victoria. Retrieved 2 June 2020. ^ "Eastern Maar Aboriginal Corporation". Eastern Maar Aboriginal Corporation. Retrieved 2 June 2020. ^ Phoenix Auctions History, Post Office List, retrieved 29 March 2021 Further reading "Royal Commission on the Aborigines: Report of the Commissioners appointed to inquire into the present condition of the Aborigines of this colony, and to advise as to the best means of caring for, and dealing with them, in the future" (PDF). 1877 – via AIATSIS. Framlingham Community Stories vteLocalities in the Shire of MoyneCity Warrnambool^ Town Allansford^ Bushfield^ Caramut^ Crossley Cudgee Dennington^ Ecklin South^ Garvoc^ Grassmere Hawkesdale Illowa^ Kirkstall Koroit Macarthur Mailors Flat Mortlake Noorat^ Nullawarre Panmure Penshurst^ Peterborough^ Port Fairy Purnim Terang^ Wangoom Winslow Woodford^ Woolsthorpe Yambuk Locality Ayrford^ Ballangeich Bessiebelle^ Breakaway Creek^ Broadwater Brucknell^ Byaduk^ Chatsworth^ Codrington Condah Swamp Curdievale^ Darlington^ Dundonnell Ellerslie Framlingham Framlingham East Gazette^ Gerrigerrup Glenormiston North^ Hexham Killarney Knebsworth Kolora^ Laang Lake Condah^ Mepunga Mepunga East Mepunga West Minhamite Minjah Nareeb^ Naringal Naringal East Nerrin Nerrin^ Nirranda Nirranda East^ Nirranda South Nullawarre North Orford Pura Pura^ Purdeet^ Purnim West Rosebrook Southern Cross St Helens Taroon^ Tarrone The Cove The Sisters Toolong Tower Hill Tyrendarra^ Tyrendarra East Wallacedale^ Warrabkook Warrong Willatook Woorndoo^ Yangery^ Yarpturk ^ - Territory divided with another LGA vteAboriginal VictoriansPeoples Barababaraba Bidawal Brabiralung Braiakaulung Brataualung Bungandidj Boonwurrung Dadi Dadi Dhudhuroa Djab Wurrung Dja Dja Wurrung Djargurd Wurrung Djilamatang Gadubanud Girai wurrung Gulidjan Gunnai/Kurnai Gunditjmara Jardwadjali Jari Jari Jupagalk Krauatungalang Koori Kulin Kurung Kwatkwat Ladji Ladji Mardidjali Minyambuta Ngooraialum Ngurelban Pallanganmiddang Pangerang Tatungalung Taungurung Wadawurrung Warkawarka Wemba Wemba Wergaia Woiwurrung Wotjobaluk Wurundjeri Yalukit Yorta Yorta Communities Coranderrk Deen Maar Indigenous Protected Area Ebenezer Mission Framlingham Lake Boga mission Registered Aboriginal Parties / Land councils Barengi Gadjin Bunurong Wathaurung Wurundjeri Sites Bend Road Box Gulley Carisbrook stone arrangement Chiltern-Mt Pilot National Park Cloggs Cave Grampians National Park Keilor Kow Swamp Lake Bolac stone arrangement Mount William stone axe quarry New Guinea II cave Sunbury earth rings Tarragal Caves Wurdi Youang See also Victorian Aboriginal Heritage Register Victoria Archaeological Survey State organisations Heritage Victoria Minister for Aboriginal Affairs Legislation Aboriginal Heritage Act 2006 Aboriginal Protection Act 1869 Half-Caste Act Laws concerning Indigenous Australians Cases: Members of the Yorta Yorta Aboriginal Community v Victoria Wotjobaluk, Jaadwa, Jadawadjali, Wergaia and Jupagulk Peoples v Victoria History Batman's Treaty Battle of Yering Blood Hole massacre Campaspe Plains massacre Convincing Ground massacre Coranderrk Gippsland massacres Mudgegonga rock shelter Munangabum Murdering Gully massacre By state or territory New South Wales Northern Territory Queensland South Australia Tasmania Victoria Western Australia Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hopkins River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopkins_River"},{"link_name":"Western District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_District,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"Warrnambool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrnambool,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"2016 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Australian_census"},{"link_name":"Girai wurrung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girai_wurrung"},{"link_name":"Presbyterian church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterian_church"},{"link_name":"Board for the Protection of Aborigines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_for_the_Protection_of_Aborigines"},{"link_name":"Purnim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purnim,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Anglican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican_Church_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"Hopkins River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopkins_River"},{"link_name":"Gunditjmara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunditjmara"},{"link_name":"reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aboriginal_reserve"}],"text":"Suburb of Warrnambool, Victoria, AustraliaFramlingham is a rural township located by the Hopkins River in the Western District of Victoria, Australia, about 20 kilometres (12 mi) north-east of the coastal city of Warrnambool. In the 2016 census, the township had a population of 158.The town lies within the traditional lands of the Girai wurrung (Kirrae Wuurong) people. In the decades following European settlement in the 1840s, a general store, post office, hotel, school and Presbyterian church were established in Framlingham, as increasing numbers of graziers and dairy farmers settled the area. The Framlingham Aboriginal Reserve was established by the Board for the Protection of Aborigines between Purnim and the township of Framlingham in 1861, upon the request of an Anglican mission. It was located beside the Hopkins River, not far from the boundary with the Gunditjmara people. After various attempts at closure, the reserve operated until 1916, albeit with the land reduced in size. Much of the Aboriginal community continued to live there until the present time. Some of the land that was originally part of the reserve became Framlingham Forest, which is now part of the Framlingham Forest Indigenous Protected Area (IPA).","title":"Framlingham, Victoria"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kaawirn_kuunawarn.jpeg"}],"text":"Kaawirn Kuunawarn (Hissing Swan), also known as King David, Chief of the Kirrae Wuurong, who lived in Framlingham from 1865 until his death in 1889.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dairy farms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dairy_farm"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vicplace-2"}],"sub_title":"1840s: White settlement","text":"European settlement began around 1840, the village beginning with the establishment of the Brefnay Hotel in about 1848. A store opened within the next decade, and a Presbyterian church in 1870. A great deal of land was cleared of trees in order to establish dairy farms and other forms of agriculture.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mission station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_station"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vicplace-2"},{"link_name":"Aboriginal reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aboriginal_reserve"},{"link_name":"Kirrae Wuurong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girai_Wurrung"},{"link_name":"Mount Emu Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Emu_Creek"},{"link_name":"squatter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squatting_(pastoral)"},{"link_name":"James Dawson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Dawson_(activist)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Djargurd Wurrung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djargurd_Wurrung"},{"link_name":"Gunditjmara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunditjmara"},{"link_name":"Gunditjmara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunditjmara"},{"link_name":"Lake Condah reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Condah_Mission"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scars_on_the_landscape_pp12-4"},{"link_name":"Government of Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Victoria"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scars_on_the_landscape_pp125-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-atns-6"},{"link_name":"Aboriginal Victorians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aboriginal_Victorians"},{"link_name":"Lake Tyers Mission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Tyers_Mission"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scars_on_the_landscape_pp125-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-atns-6"}],"sub_title":"1861: Aboriginal reserve established","text":"The Church of England in Warrnambool obtained 1,416 hectares (3,500 acres) of land for an Aboriginal mission station to \"ameliorate the present wretched conditions of the Aborigines\",[2] and requested establishment of an Aboriginal reserve in the area. The Victorian Board for the Protection of Aborigines created Framlingham Aboriginal Reserve in response. The reserve was occupied in 1865 by many of the surviving members of the Kirrae Wuurong clans, who originally inhabited the area between Mount Emu Creek and the Hopkins River, and much of whose language was recorded by a Scottish squatter, James Dawson.[3] Members of the Djargurd Wurrung from the Camperdown area and Gunditjmara people from Warrnambool were also relocated to Framlingham, but Gunditjmara from Portland and Lake Condah refused to settle here due to tension with the other clans, leading to the establishment of the Lake Condah reserve in 1869.[4]In 1867 the reserve was closed by the Central Board appointed by the Government of Victoria and attempts were made to relocate the residents to Lake Condah Mission but in September 1868 the Kirrae Wuurong won the re-establishment of the reserve. Residents of Warrnambool campaigned from 1877 to 1890 to close the reserve and turn it into an experimental agricultural farm, and in 1894 the reserve was reduced to 222 hectares (2.22 km2) and the majority of the land given to the Council of Agricultural Education. However, the agricultural farm plans never eventuated, with this land becoming the Framlingham Forest.[5] In 1889 the Board attempted to close the reserve again, but it finally agreed to reserve 500 acres (200 ha)} for Aboriginal use.[6]In 1916 the Government of Victoria decided to concentrate Aboriginal Victorians at Lake Tyers Mission in Gippsland. The reserve was eventually closed but some residents were allowed to remain, with the community being granted ownership in 1971 of the 237 hectares (2.37 km2) they held at that time.[5] In the 1930s, public concern over the conditions led the government to build extra housing and a school, and to provide rations.[6]When the reserve was established, it was declared to be 3,500 acres (14 km2) in area, although its actual size may have been closer to 4,400 acres (18 km2). As parts of the reserve were sold to private landowners, its size diminished, until only the 586 acres (2.37 km2) remained when it was closed in 1971. Some of this land was also set aside as a State Forest.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aboriginal Lands Act 1970","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aboriginal_Lands_Act_1970&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lands1970-7"},{"link_name":"Parliament of Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Victoria"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-atns-6"},{"link_name":"Gippsland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gippsland"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scars_on_the_landscape_pp125-5"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Labor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party"},{"link_name":"John Cain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cain_II"},{"link_name":"Framlingham State Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Framlingham_State_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Liberal Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"Legislative Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Bob Hawke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Hawke"},{"link_name":"Aboriginal Land (Lake Condah and Framlingham Forest) Act 1987","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aboriginal_Land_(Lake_Condah_and_Framlingham_Forest)_Act_1987&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allcff1987-10"},{"link_name":"native title","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_title"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"1970-1987: Land rights","text":"In 1957 the Board for the Protection of Aborigines was abolished, and in 1970 the Aboriginal Lands Act 1970[7] was passed by the Parliament of Victoria. Under the provisions of that Act, ownership of Framlingham was handed over to a trust held by Aboriginal residents of the site, Framlingham Aboriginal Trust,[6] on 1 July 1971. Along with Lake Tyers, in the eastern Gippsland region of the state, Framlingham was the last reserve to close in Victoria.In 1976 the Framlingham community began a campaign to regain rights to the Framlingham Forest, that had been excised from the original 1861 reserve in 1894. In April 1979 the community blockaded the road to the forest picnic ground. The Victorian Government proposed allowing Aboriginal management of the forest in 1980 but maintained that it would continue as crown land. The proposal was rejected by the community, who resumed the blockade.[5][8][9]In 1987, the Victorian Labor government under John Cain attempted to grant some of the Framlingham State Forest to the trust as inalienable title, but the legislation was blocked by the Liberal Party opposition in the Legislative Council. However, the federal Labor government under Bob Hawke intervened, passing the Aboriginal Land (Lake Condah and Framlingham Forest) Act 1987,[10] which gave 1,130 acres (4.6 km2) of the Framlingham forest to the Framlingham trust. Although the title is essentially inalienable, in that it can only be transferred to another Indigenous land trust, the Framlingham trust has no rights to prevent mining on the land, unlike trusts or communities holding native title.[citation needed] The Kirrae Whurrong Aboriginal Corporation was established under the Aboriginal Lands Act 1970 in order to hold in trust \"the land of the Framlingham Forest and Reserve returned to the Aboriginal community\".[11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ash Wednesday fires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ash_Wednesday_fires"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"1983: Ash Wednesday","text":"On 16 February 1983, one of the Ash Wednesday fires started here and swept through the district killing nine people, destroying many homes, farm buildings and livestock. The cause was believed to be poorly maintained power lines.[12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indigenous Protected Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_Protected_Area"},{"link_name":"stringybark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stringybark"},{"link_name":"manna gum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manna_gum"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"2009: Framlingham Forest IPA","text":"In 2009, an Indigenous Protected Area was dedicated, known as the Framlingham Forest IPA, covering 1,130 hectares (2,800 acres) of native forests. It is the largest remnant of native forest containing the stringybark and manna gum savannah in the area. The Framlingham Aboriginal Trust manages the land.[13]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"traditional owners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_owner"},{"link_name":"Eastern Maar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Maar"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AV-14"},{"link_name":"Eastern Maar Aboriginal Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Maar_Aboriginal_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EMAC-15"}],"text":"The formally recognised traditional owners for the area in which Framlingham sits are groups within the Eastern Maar peoples,[14] who are represented by the Eastern Maar Aboriginal Corporation (EMAC).[15]","title":"Traditional ownership"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a-16"}],"text":"Framlingham post office nearby opened on 1 March 1859 and closed in 1975. A Framlingham East post office was also open from 1925 until 1945.[16]","title":"Post offices"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2016 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Australian_census"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2016census-1"},{"link_name":"fire station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_station"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vicplace-2"}],"text":"In the 2016 census, the township had a population of 158.[1]The town has a hall and a public reserve with tennis court and barbecue facilities. The fire station was opened in 2015. The school, established in 1872, was closed in 1993.[2]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Archie Roach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archie_Roach"},{"link_name":"Reg Saunders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reg_Saunders"},{"link_name":"Paul McGinness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_McGinness"},{"link_name":"Qantas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qantas"},{"link_name":"Jamarra Ugle-Hagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamarra_Ugle-Hagan"},{"link_name":"Western Bulldogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Bulldogs"},{"link_name":"2020 AFL draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_AFL_draft"}],"text":"Archie Roach, iconic singer, songwriter and musician, resided in Framlingham in his early years before forced removal of Roach and his siblings by government agencies, as described in his 1990 debut single, 'Took the Children Away'\nReg Saunders, famous Aboriginal soldier, born in Framlingham in 1920\nPaul McGinness, founder of Qantas, born in Framlingham in 1896\nJamarra Ugle-Hagan, AFL football player for the Western Bulldogs, number 1 national draft pick for 2020 AFL draft","title":"Notable citizens"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Royal Commission on the Aborigines: Report of the Commissioners appointed to inquire into the present condition of the Aborigines of this colony, and to advise as to the best means of caring for, and dealing with them, in the future\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//aiatsis.gov.au/sites/default/files/docs/digitised_collections/remove/92914.pdf"},{"link_name":"Framlingham Community Stories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20150402164811/https://open.abc.net.au/people/2993"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Towns_in_Moyne_Shire"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Towns_in_Moyne_Shire"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Towns_in_Moyne_Shire"},{"link_name":"Shire of Moyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shire_of_Moyne"},{"link_name":"Warrnambool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrnambool,_Victoria"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Australia_Victoria_Moyne_Shire_location_map.svg"},{"link_name":"Allansford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allansford,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Bushfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushfield,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Caramut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caramut,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Crossley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossley,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Cudgee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cudgee,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Dennington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennington,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Ecklin South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecklin_South,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Garvoc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garvoc,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Grassmere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grassmere,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Hawkesdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawkesdale,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Illowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illowa,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Kirkstall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkstall,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Koroit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koroit,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Macarthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macarthur,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Mailors Flat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mailors_Flat,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Mortlake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortlake,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Noorat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noorat,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Nullawarre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nullawarre,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Panmure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panmure,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Penshurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penshurst,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Peterborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peterborough,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Port Fairy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Fairy,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Purnim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purnim,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Terang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terang,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Wangoom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangoom,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Winslow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winslow,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Woodford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodford,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Woolsthorpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woolsthorpe,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Yambuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yambuk,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Ayrford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayrford,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Ballangeich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballangeich,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Bessiebelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bessiebelle,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Breakaway Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breakaway_Creek,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Broadwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Broadwater,_Victoria&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Brucknell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brucknell,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Byaduk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byaduk,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Chatsworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chatsworth,_Victoria&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Codrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codrington,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Condah Swamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Condah_Swamp,_Victoria&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Curdievale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curdievale,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Darlington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darlington,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Dundonnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dundonnell,_Victoria&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ellerslie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellerslie,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Framlingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Framlingham East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Framlingham_East,_Victoria&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gazette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gazette,_Victoria&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gerrigerrup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerrigerrup,_Victoria&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Glenormiston North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glenormiston_North,_Victoria&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hexham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexham,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Killarney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killarney,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Knebsworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Knebsworth,_Victoria&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kolora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kolora,_Victoria&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Laang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laang,_Victoria&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lake Condah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lake_Condah,_Victoria&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mepunga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mepunga,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Mepunga East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mepunga_East,_Victoria&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mepunga West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mepunga_West,_Victoria&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Minhamite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minhamite,_Victoria&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Minjah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minjah,_Victoria&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nareeb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nareeb,_Victoria&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Naringal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naringal,_Victoria&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Naringal East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naringal_East,_Victoria&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nerrin Nerrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nerrin_Nerrin,_Victoria&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nirranda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirranda,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Nirranda East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nirranda_East,_Victoria&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nirranda South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nirranda_South,_Victoria&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nullawarre North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nullawarre_North,_Victoria&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Orford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orford,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Pura Pura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pura_Pura,_Victoria&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Purdeet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Purdeet,_Victoria&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Purnim West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Purnim_West,_Victoria&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rosebrook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosebrook,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Southern Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Cross,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"St Helens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Helens,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Taroon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taroon,_Victoria&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tarrone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tarrone,_Victoria&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The Cove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Cove,_Victoria&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The Sisters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sisters,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Toolong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Toolong,_Victoria&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tower Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tower_Hill,_Victoria&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tyrendarra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrendarra,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Tyrendarra East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tyrendarra_East,_Victoria&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Wallacedale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wallacedale,_Victoria&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Warrabkook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Warrabkook,_Victoria&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Warrong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrong,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Willatook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willatook,_Victoria&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Woorndoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woorndoo,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Yangery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangery,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Yarpturk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yarpturk,_Victoria&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"LGA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_government_areas_of_Victoria"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Victorian_Aborigines"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Victorian_Aborigines"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Victorian_Aborigines"},{"link_name":"Aboriginal Victorians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aboriginal_Victorians"},{"link_name":"Barababaraba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barababaraba"},{"link_name":"Bidawal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidawal"},{"link_name":"Brabiralung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brabiralung"},{"link_name":"Braiakaulung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braiakaulung_people"},{"link_name":"Brataualung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brataualung_people"},{"link_name":"Bungandidj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bungandidj_people"},{"link_name":"Boonwurrung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boonwurrung"},{"link_name":"Dadi Dadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dadi_Dadi"},{"link_name":"Dhudhuroa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhudhuroa_people"},{"link_name":"Djab Wurrung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djab_wurrung"},{"link_name":"Dja Dja Wurrung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dja_Dja_Wurrung"},{"link_name":"Djargurd Wurrung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djargurd_Wurrung"},{"link_name":"Djilamatang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djilamatang"},{"link_name":"Gadubanud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadubanud"},{"link_name":"Girai wurrung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girai_wurrung"},{"link_name":"Gulidjan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulidjan"},{"link_name":"Gunnai/Kurnai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunai_people"},{"link_name":"Gunditjmara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunditjmara"},{"link_name":"Jardwadjali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jardwadjali"},{"link_name":"Jari Jari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarijari"},{"link_name":"Jupagalk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupagalk"},{"link_name":"Krauatungalang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krauatungalang"},{"link_name":"Koori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koori"},{"link_name":"Kulin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulin_people"},{"link_name":"Kurung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurung_people"},{"link_name":"Kwatkwat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwatkwat"},{"link_name":"Ladji Ladji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latji_Latji"},{"link_name":"Mardidjali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mardidjali"},{"link_name":"Minyambuta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minyambuta"},{"link_name":"Ngooraialum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngooraialum"},{"link_name":"Ngurelban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngurelban_people"},{"link_name":"Pallanganmiddang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallanganmiddang_people"},{"link_name":"Pangerang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangerang"},{"link_name":"Tatungalung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatungalung_people"},{"link_name":"Taungurung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taungurung"},{"link_name":"Wadawurrung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadawurrung"},{"link_name":"Warkawarka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warkawarka"},{"link_name":"Wemba Wemba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wemba_Wemba"},{"link_name":"Wergaia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wergaia"},{"link_name":"Woiwurrung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woiwurrung"},{"link_name":"Wotjobaluk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wotjobaluk_people"},{"link_name":"Wurundjeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wurundjeri"},{"link_name":"Yalukit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yalukit"},{"link_name":"Yorta Yorta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorta_Yorta"},{"link_name":"Communities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Aboriginal_communities_in_Victoria_(Australia)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Coranderrk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coranderrk"},{"link_name":"Deen Maar Indigenous Protected Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deen_Maar_Indigenous_Protected_Area"},{"link_name":"Ebenezer Mission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebenezer_Mission"},{"link_name":"Framlingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Lake Boga mission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Boga_mission"},{"link_name":"Registered Aboriginal Parties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registered_Aboriginal_Party"},{"link_name":"Land councils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_council"},{"link_name":"Barengi Gadjin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barengi_Gadjin_Land_Council_Aboriginal_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Bunurong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunurong_Land_Council_Aboriginal_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Wathaurung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wathaurung_Aboriginal_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Wurundjeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wurundjeri_Woi_Wurrung_Cultural_Heritage_Aboriginal_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Sites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aboriginal_sites_of_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Bend Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bend_Road_archaeological_site"},{"link_name":"Box Gulley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_Gully_archaeological_site"},{"link_name":"Carisbrook stone arrangement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carisbrook_stone_arrangement"},{"link_name":"Chiltern-Mt Pilot National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiltern-Mt_Pilot_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Cloggs Cave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloggs_Cave"},{"link_name":"Grampians National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grampians_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Keilor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keilor_archaeological_site"},{"link_name":"Kow Swamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kow_Swamp_Archaeological_Site"},{"link_name":"Lake Bolac stone arrangement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Bolac_stone_arrangement"},{"link_name":"Mount William stone axe quarry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_William_stone_axe_quarry"},{"link_name":"New Guinea II cave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Guinea_II_cave"},{"link_name":"Sunbury earth rings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunbury_earth_rings"},{"link_name":"Tarragal Caves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarragal_Caves"},{"link_name":"Wurdi Youang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wurdi_Youang"},{"link_name":"Victorian Aboriginal Heritage Register","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_Aboriginal_Heritage_Register"},{"link_name":"Victoria Archaeological Survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Archaeological_Survey"},{"link_name":"Heritage Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Minister for Aboriginal Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_for_Aboriginal_Affairs_(Victoria)"},{"link_name":"Aboriginal Heritage Act 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aboriginal_Heritage_Act_2006"},{"link_name":"Aboriginal Protection Act 1869","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aboriginal_Protection_Act_1869"},{"link_name":"Half-Caste Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-Caste_Act"},{"link_name":"Laws concerning Indigenous Australians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_laws_concerning_Indigenous_Australians"},{"link_name":"Members of the Yorta Yorta Aboriginal Community v Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Members_of_the_Yorta_Yorta_Aboriginal_Community_v_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Wotjobaluk, Jaadwa, Jadawadjali, Wergaia and Jupagulk Peoples v Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wotjobaluk,_Jaadwa,_Jadawadjali,_Wergaia_and_Jupagulk_Peoples_v_Victoria"},{"link_name":"History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Batman's Treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman%27s_Treaty"},{"link_name":"Battle of Yering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Yering"},{"link_name":"Blood Hole massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_Hole_massacre"},{"link_name":"Campaspe Plains massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaspe_Plains_massacre"},{"link_name":"Convincing Ground massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convincing_Ground_massacre"},{"link_name":"Coranderrk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coranderrk"},{"link_name":"Gippsland massacres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gippsland_massacres"},{"link_name":"Mudgegonga rock shelter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudgegonga_rock_shelter"},{"link_name":"Munangabum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munangabum"},{"link_name":"Murdering Gully massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murdering_Gully_massacre"},{"link_name":"New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Aboriginal_peoples_in_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Northern Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Aboriginal_peoples_of_the_Northern_Territory"},{"link_name":"Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Aboriginal_peoples_of_Queensland"},{"link_name":"South Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Aboriginal_South_Australians"},{"link_name":"Tasmania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Aboriginal_peoples_in_Tasmania"},{"link_name":"Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Victorian_Aborigines"},{"link_name":"Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Aboriginal_peoples_of_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177502#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/147899567"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007531062205171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n93106424"}],"text":"\"Royal Commission on the Aborigines: Report of the Commissioners appointed to inquire into the present condition of the Aborigines of this colony, and to advise as to the best means of caring for, and dealing with them, in the future\" (PDF). 1877 – via AIATSIS.\nFramlingham Community StoriesvteLocalities in the Shire of MoyneCity\nWarrnambool^\nTown\nAllansford^\nBushfield^\nCaramut^\nCrossley\nCudgee\nDennington^\nEcklin South^\nGarvoc^\nGrassmere\nHawkesdale\nIllowa^\nKirkstall\nKoroit\nMacarthur\nMailors Flat\nMortlake\nNoorat^\nNullawarre\nPanmure\nPenshurst^\nPeterborough^\nPort Fairy\nPurnim\nTerang^\nWangoom\nWinslow\nWoodford^\nWoolsthorpe\nYambuk\nLocality\nAyrford^\nBallangeich\nBessiebelle^\nBreakaway Creek^\nBroadwater\nBrucknell^\nByaduk^\nChatsworth^\nCodrington\nCondah Swamp\nCurdievale^\nDarlington^\nDundonnell\nEllerslie\nFramlingham\nFramlingham East\nGazette^\nGerrigerrup\nGlenormiston North^\nHexham\nKillarney\nKnebsworth\nKolora^\nLaang\nLake Condah^\nMepunga\nMepunga East\nMepunga West\nMinhamite\nMinjah\nNareeb^\nNaringal\nNaringal East\nNerrin Nerrin^\nNirranda\nNirranda East^\nNirranda South\nNullawarre North\nOrford\nPura Pura^\nPurdeet^\nPurnim West\nRosebrook\nSouthern Cross\nSt Helens\nTaroon^\nTarrone\nThe Cove\nThe Sisters\nToolong\nTower Hill\nTyrendarra^\nTyrendarra East\nWallacedale^\nWarrabkook\nWarrong\nWillatook\nWoorndoo^\nYangery^\nYarpturk\n^ - Territory divided with another LGAvteAboriginal VictoriansPeoples\nBarababaraba\nBidawal\nBrabiralung\nBraiakaulung\nBrataualung\nBungandidj\nBoonwurrung\nDadi Dadi\nDhudhuroa\nDjab Wurrung\nDja Dja Wurrung\nDjargurd Wurrung\nDjilamatang\nGadubanud\nGirai wurrung\nGulidjan\nGunnai/Kurnai\nGunditjmara\nJardwadjali\nJari Jari\nJupagalk\nKrauatungalang\nKoori\nKulin\nKurung\nKwatkwat\nLadji Ladji\nMardidjali\nMinyambuta\nNgooraialum\nNgurelban\nPallanganmiddang\nPangerang\nTatungalung\nTaungurung\nWadawurrung\nWarkawarka\nWemba Wemba\nWergaia\nWoiwurrung\nWotjobaluk\nWurundjeri\nYalukit\nYorta Yorta\nCommunities\nCoranderrk\nDeen Maar Indigenous Protected Area\nEbenezer Mission\nFramlingham\nLake Boga mission\nRegistered Aboriginal Parties / Land councils\nBarengi Gadjin\nBunurong\nWathaurung\nWurundjeri\nSites\nBend Road\nBox Gulley\nCarisbrook stone arrangement\nChiltern-Mt Pilot National Park\nCloggs Cave\nGrampians National Park\nKeilor\nKow Swamp\nLake Bolac stone arrangement\nMount William stone axe quarry\nNew Guinea II cave\nSunbury earth rings\nTarragal Caves\nWurdi Youang\nSee also\nVictorian Aboriginal Heritage Register\nVictoria Archaeological Survey\nState organisations\nHeritage Victoria\nMinister for Aboriginal Affairs\nLegislation\nAboriginal Heritage Act 2006\nAboriginal Protection Act 1869\nHalf-Caste Act\nLaws concerning Indigenous Australians\nCases:\nMembers of the Yorta Yorta Aboriginal Community v Victoria\nWotjobaluk, Jaadwa, Jadawadjali, Wergaia and Jupagulk Peoples v Victoria\nHistory\nBatman's Treaty\nBattle of Yering\nBlood Hole massacre\nCampaspe Plains massacre\nConvincing Ground massacre\nCoranderrk\nGippsland massacres\nMudgegonga rock shelter\nMunangabum\nMurdering Gully massacre\n\nBy state or territory\nNew South Wales\nNorthern Territory\nQueensland\nSouth Australia\nTasmania\nVictoria\nWestern AustraliaAuthority control databases International\nVIAF\nNational\nIsrael\nUnited States","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Kaawirn Kuunawarn (Hissing Swan), also known as King David, Chief of the Kirrae Wuurong, who lived in Framlingham from 1865 until his death in 1889.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Kaawirn_kuunawarn.jpeg/220px-Kaawirn_kuunawarn.jpeg"}]
[{"title":"Girai Wurrung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girai_Wurrung"},{"title":"Gunditjmara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunditjmara"},{"title":"Royal Commission on the Aborigines (1877)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_the_Aborigines_(1877)"}]
[{"reference":"\"2016 Census QuickStats: Framlingham\". Australian Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 5 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/SSC20938?opendocument","url_text":"\"2016 Census QuickStats: Framlingham\""}]},{"reference":"\"Framlingham\". Victorian Places. Retrieved 5 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.victorianplaces.com.au/framlingham","url_text":"\"Framlingham\""}]},{"reference":"\"Girai Wurrung\". Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 27 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160305030025/http://ccmaindig.info/culture/lng_girai.html","url_text":"\"Girai Wurrung\""},{"url":"http://www.ccmaindig.info/culture/Lng_Girai.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Framlingham Aboriginal Reserve\". ATNS. 16 January 2003. Retrieved 5 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.atns.net.au/agreement.asp?EntityID=1032","url_text":"\"Framlingham Aboriginal Reserve\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aboriginal Lands Act 1970\". Australasian Legal Information Institute. Retrieved 5 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www8.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdb/au/legis/vic/consol_act/ala1970144/","url_text":"\"Aboriginal Lands Act 1970\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aboriginal Land (Lake Condah and Framlingham Forest) Act 1987\". Australasian Legal Information Institute. Retrieved 5 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www8.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdb/au/legis/cth/consol_act/alcaffa1987374/","url_text":"\"Aboriginal Land (Lake Condah and Framlingham Forest) Act 1987\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kirrae Whurrong Aboriginal Corporation\". ATNS. 25 January 2005. Retrieved 5 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.atns.net.au/agreement.asp?EntityID=2487","url_text":"\"Kirrae Whurrong Aboriginal Corporation\""}]},{"reference":"\"About Ash Wednesday\". Country Fire Authority Victoria, Australia. Archived from the original on 23 March 2008. Retrieved 10 May 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080323132901/http://www.cfa.vic.gov.au/about/history/about_ash_wednesday.htm","url_text":"\"About Ash Wednesday\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_Fire_Authority","url_text":"Country Fire Authority"},{"url":"http://www.cfa.vic.gov.au/about/history/about_ash_wednesday.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Framlingham Forest IPA\". National Indigenous Australians AgencyVic Projects. 10 December 2015. Archived from the original on 4 April 2020. Retrieved 5 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200404221820/https://www.niaa.gov.au/indigenous-affairs/environment/indigenous-protected-areas/framlingham-forest-ipa","url_text":"\"Framlingham Forest IPA\""},{"url":"https://www.niaa.gov.au/indigenous-affairs/environment/indigenous-protected-areas/framlingham-forest-ipa","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Map of formally recognised traditional owners\". Aboriginal Victoria. Retrieved 2 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://achris.vic.gov.au/weave/wca.html","url_text":"\"Map of formally recognised traditional owners\""}]},{"reference":"\"Eastern Maar Aboriginal Corporation\". Eastern Maar Aboriginal Corporation. Retrieved 2 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://easternmaar.com.au/","url_text":"\"Eastern Maar Aboriginal Corporation\""}]},{"reference":"Phoenix Auctions History, Post Office List, retrieved 29 March 2021","urls":[{"url":"http://www.phoenixauctions.com.au/cgi-bin/wsPhoenix.sh/Viewpocdwrapper.p?SortBy=VIC&filter=*Framlingham*","url_text":"Post Office List"}]},{"reference":"\"Royal Commission on the Aborigines: Report of the Commissioners appointed to inquire into the present condition of the Aborigines of this colony, and to advise as to the best means of caring for, and dealing with them, in the future\" (PDF). 1877 – via AIATSIS.","urls":[{"url":"https://aiatsis.gov.au/sites/default/files/docs/digitised_collections/remove/92914.pdf","url_text":"\"Royal Commission on the Aborigines: Report of the Commissioners appointed to inquire into the present condition of the Aborigines of this colony, and to advise as to the best means of caring for, and dealing with them, in the future\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Framlingham,_Victoria&params=38_14_0_S_142_42_0_E_type:city_region:AU-VIC","external_links_name":"38°14′0″S 142°42′0″E / 38.23333°S 142.70000°E / -38.23333; 142.70000"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Framlingham,_Victoria&params=38_14_0_S_142_42_0_E_type:city_region:AU-VIC","external_links_name":"38°14′0″S 142°42′0″E / 38.23333°S 142.70000°E / -38.23333; 142.70000"},{"Link":"https://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/SSC20938?opendocument","external_links_name":"\"2016 Census QuickStats: Framlingham\""},{"Link":"https://www.victorianplaces.com.au/framlingham","external_links_name":"\"Framlingham\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160305030025/http://ccmaindig.info/culture/lng_girai.html","external_links_name":"\"Girai Wurrung\""},{"Link":"http://www.ccmaindig.info/culture/Lng_Girai.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.atns.net.au/agreement.asp?EntityID=1032","external_links_name":"\"Framlingham Aboriginal Reserve\""},{"Link":"http://www8.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdb/au/legis/vic/consol_act/ala1970144/","external_links_name":"\"Aboriginal Lands Act 1970\""},{"Link":"http://www.abc.net.au/missionvoices/framlingham/art_photos_videos/documentary_footage/default.htm","external_links_name":"Framlingham Blockade"},{"Link":"http://www8.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdb/au/legis/cth/consol_act/alcaffa1987374/","external_links_name":"\"Aboriginal Land (Lake Condah and Framlingham Forest) Act 1987\""},{"Link":"https://www.atns.net.au/agreement.asp?EntityID=2487","external_links_name":"\"Kirrae Whurrong Aboriginal Corporation\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080323132901/http://www.cfa.vic.gov.au/about/history/about_ash_wednesday.htm","external_links_name":"\"About Ash Wednesday\""},{"Link":"http://www.cfa.vic.gov.au/about/history/about_ash_wednesday.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200404221820/https://www.niaa.gov.au/indigenous-affairs/environment/indigenous-protected-areas/framlingham-forest-ipa","external_links_name":"\"Framlingham Forest IPA\""},{"Link":"https://www.niaa.gov.au/indigenous-affairs/environment/indigenous-protected-areas/framlingham-forest-ipa","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://achris.vic.gov.au/weave/wca.html","external_links_name":"\"Map of formally recognised traditional owners\""},{"Link":"http://easternmaar.com.au/","external_links_name":"\"Eastern Maar Aboriginal Corporation\""},{"Link":"http://www.phoenixauctions.com.au/cgi-bin/wsPhoenix.sh/Viewpocdwrapper.p?SortBy=VIC&filter=*Framlingham*","external_links_name":"Post Office List"},{"Link":"https://aiatsis.gov.au/sites/default/files/docs/digitised_collections/remove/92914.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Royal Commission on the Aborigines: Report of the Commissioners appointed to inquire into the present condition of the Aborigines of this colony, and to advise as to the best means of caring for, and dealing with them, in the future\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150402164811/https://open.abc.net.au/people/2993","external_links_name":"Framlingham Community Stories"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/147899567","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007531062205171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n93106424","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Chaise
La Chaise
["1 Population","2 See also","3 References"]
Coordinates: 48°21′47″N 4°39′38″E / 48.3631°N 4.6606°E / 48.3631; 4.6606 Commune in Grand Est, France You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in French. (December 2008) Click for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the French article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|fr|La Chaise}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Commune in Grand Est, FranceLa ChaiseCommuneThe church in La ChaiseLocation of La Chaise La ChaiseShow map of FranceLa ChaiseShow map of Grand EstCoordinates: 48°21′47″N 4°39′38″E / 48.3631°N 4.6606°E / 48.3631; 4.6606CountryFranceRegionGrand EstDepartmentAubeArrondissementBar-sur-AubeCantonBar-sur-AubeGovernment • Mayor (2020–2026) Christophe TournemeulleArea18.81 km2 (3.40 sq mi)Population (2021)33 • Density3.7/km2 (9.7/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)INSEE/Postal code10072 /10500Elevation132–182 m (433–597 ft) (avg. 165 m or 541 ft)1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. La Chaise (French pronunciation: ) is a commune in the Aube department in north-central France. Population Historical populationYearPop.±% p.a.1968 43—    1975 35−2.90%1982 32−1.27%1990 27−2.10%1999 29+0.80%2009 35+1.90%2014 41+3.22%2020 34−3.07%Source: INSEE See also Communes of the Aube department References ^ "Répertoire national des élus: les maires" (in French). data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises. 13 September 2022. ^ "Populations légales 2021" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023. ^ Population en historique depuis 1968, INSEE Wikimedia Commons has media related to La Chaise. vte Communes of the Aube department Ailleville Aix-Villemaur-Pâlis Allibaudières Amance Arcis-sur-Aube Arconville Argançon Arrelles Arrembécourt Arrentières Arsonval Assenay Assencières Aubeterre Aulnay Auxon Avant-lès-Marcilly Avant-lès-Ramerupt Avirey-Lingey Avon-la-Pèze Avreuil Bagneux-la-Fosse Bailly-le-Franc Balignicourt Balnot-la-Grange Balnot-sur-Laignes Barberey-Saint-Sulpice Barbuise Baroville Bar-sur-Aubesubpr Bar-sur-Seine Bayel Bercenay-en-Othe Bercenay-le-Hayer Bergères Bernon Bertignolles Bérulle Bessy Bétignicourt Beurey Blaincourt-sur-Aube Blignicourt Bligny Les Bordes-Aumont Bossancourt Bouilly Boulages Bouranton Bourdenay Bourguignons Bouy-Luxembourg Bouy-sur-Orvin Bragelogne-Beauvoir Braux Bréviandes Brévonnes Briel-sur-Barse Brienne-la-Vieille Brienne-le-Château Brillecourt Bucey-en-Othe Buchères Buxeuil Buxières-sur-Arce Celles-sur-Ource Chacenay La Chaise Chalette-sur-Voire Chamoy Champfleury Champignol-lez-Mondeville Champigny-sur-Aube Champ-sur-Barse Channes Chaource La Chapelle-Saint-Luc Chapelle-Vallon Chappes Charmont-sous-Barbuise Charmoy Charny-le-Bachot Chaserey Châtres Chauchigny Chaudrey Chauffour-lès-Bailly Chaumesnil Chavanges Le Chêne Chennegy Chervey Chesley Chessy-les-Prés Clérey Coclois Colombé-la-Fosse Colombé-le-Sec Cormost Courcelles-sur-Voire Courceroy Coursan-en-Othe Courtaoult Courtenot Courteranges Courteron Coussegrey Couvignon Crancey Creney-près-Troyes Crésantignes Crespy-le-Neuf Les Croûtes Cunfin Cussangy Dampierre Davrey Dienville Dierrey-Saint-Julien Dierrey-Saint-Pierre Dolancourt Dommartin-le-Coq Donnement Dosches Dosnon Droupt-Saint-Basle Droupt-Sainte-Marie Eaux-Puiseaux Échemines Éclance Éguilly-sous-Bois Engente Épagne Épothémont Ervy-le-Châtel Essoyes Estissac Étourvy Étrelles-sur-Aube Faux-Villecerf Fay-lès-Marcilly Fays-la-Chapelle Ferreux-Quincey Feuges Fontaine Fontaine-les-Grès Fontaine-Mâcon Fontenay-de-Bossery Fontette Fontvannes La Fosse-Corduan Fouchères Fralignes Fravaux Fresnay Fresnoy-le-Château Fuligny Gélannes Géraudot Les Grandes-Chapelles Grandville Les Granges Gumery Gyé-sur-Seine Hampigny Herbisse Isle-Aubigny Isle-Aumont Jasseines Jaucourt Javernant Jessains Jeugny Joncreuil Jully-sur-Sarce Juvancourt Juvanzé Juzanvigny Lagesse Laines-aux-Bois Landreville Lantages Lassicourt Laubressel Lavau Lentilles Lesmont Lévigny Lhuître Lignières Lignol-le-Château Lirey Loches-sur-Ource La Loge-aux-Chèvres La Loge-Pomblin Les Loges-Margueron Longchamp-sur-Aujon Longeville-sur-Mogne Longpré-le-Sec Longsols Longueville-sur-Aube La Louptière-Thénard Lusigny-sur-Barse Luyères Macey Machy Magnant Magnicourt Magny-Fouchard Mailly-le-Camp Maison-des-Champs Maisons-lès-Chaource Maisons-lès-Soulaines Maizières-la-Grande-Paroisse Maizières-lès-Brienne Maraye-en-Othe Marcilly-le-Hayer Marigny-le-Châtel Marnay-sur-Seine Marolles-lès-Bailly Marolles-sous-Lignières Mathaux Maupas Mergey Le Mériot Merrey-sur-Arce Méry-sur-Seine Mesgrigny Mesnil-la-Comtesse Mesnil-Lettre Mesnil-Saint-Loup Mesnil-Saint-Père Mesnil-Sellières Messon Metz-Robert Meurville Molins-sur-Aube Montaulin Montceaux-lès-Vaudes Montfey Montgueux Montiéramey Montier-en-l'Isle Montigny-les-Monts Montmartin-le-Haut Montmorency-Beaufort Montpothier Montreuil-sur-Barse Montsuzain Morembert Morvilliers La Motte-Tilly Moussey Mussy-sur-Seine Neuville-sur-Seine Neuville-sur-Vanne Noé-les-Mallets Les Noës-près-Troyes Nogent-en-Othe Nogent-sur-Aube Nogent-sur-Seinesubpr Nozay Onjon Origny-le-Sec Ormes Ortillon Orvilliers-Saint-Julien Ossey-les-Trois-Maisons Paisy-Cosdon Pargues Pars-lès-Chavanges Pars-lès-Romilly Le Pavillon-Sainte-Julie Payns Pel-et-Der Périgny-la-Rose Perthes-lès-Brienne Petit-Mesnil Piney Plaines-Saint-Lange Plancy-l'Abbaye Planty Plessis-Barbuise Poivres Poligny Polisot Polisy Pont-Sainte-Marie Pont-sur-Seine Pouan-les-Vallées Pougy Pouy-sur-Vannes Praslin Précy-Notre-Dame Précy-Saint-Martin Prémierfait Proverville Prugny Prunay-Belleville Prusy Puits-et-Nuisement Racines Radonvilliers Ramerupt Rances Rhèges Les Riceys Rigny-la-Nonneuse Rigny-le-Ferron Rilly-Sainte-Syre La Rivière-de-Corps Romilly-sur-Seine Roncenay Rosières-près-Troyes Rosnay-l'Hôpital La Rothière Rouilly-Sacey Rouilly-Saint-Loup Rouvres-les-Vignes Rumilly-lès-Vaudes Ruvigny Saint-André-les-Vergers Saint-Aubin Saint-Benoist-sur-Vanne Saint-Benoît-sur-Seine Saint-Christophe-Dodinicourt Sainte-Maure Sainte-Savine Saint-Étienne-sous-Barbuise Saint-Flavy Saint-Germain Saint-Hilaire-sous-Romilly Saint-Jean-de-Bonneval Saint-Julien-les-Villas Saint-Léger-près-Troyes Saint-Léger-sous-Brienne Saint-Léger-sous-Margerie Saint-Loup-de-Buffigny Saint-Lupien Saint-Lyé Saint-Mards-en-Othe Saint-Martin-de-Bossenay Saint-Mesmin Saint-Nabord-sur-Aube Saint-Nicolas-la-Chapelle Saint-Oulph Saint-Parres-aux-Tertres Saint-Parres-lès-Vaudes Saint-Phal Saint-Pouange Saint-Remy-sous-Barbuise Saint-Thibault Saint-Usage Salon Saulcy La Saulsotte Savières Semoine Soligny-les-Étangs Sommeval Soulaines-Dhuys Souligny Spoy Thennelières Thieffrain Thil Thors Torcy-le-Grand Torcy-le-Petit Torvilliers Traînel Trancault Trannes Trouans Troyespref Turgy Unienville Urville Vailly Val-d'Auzon Vallant-Saint-Georges Vallentigny Vallières Vanlay Vauchassis Vauchonvilliers Vaucogne Vaudes Vaupoisson Vendeuvre-sur-Barse La Vendue-Mignot Vernonvilliers Verpillières-sur-Ource Verricourt Verrières Viâpres-le-Petit Villacerf Villadin La Ville-aux-Bois Villechétif Villeloup Villemereuil Villemoiron-en-Othe Villemorien Villemoyenne Villenauxe-la-Grande La Villeneuve-au-Châtelot Villeneuve-au-Chemin La Villeneuve-au-Chêne Villeret Villery Ville-sous-la-Ferté Ville-sur-Arce Ville-sur-Terre Villette-sur-Aube Villiers-Herbisse Villiers-le-Bois Villiers-sous-Praslin Villy-en-Trodes Villy-le-Bois Villy-le-Maréchal Vinets Virey-sous-Bar Vitry-le-Croisé Viviers-sur-Artaut Voigny Vosnon Voué Vougrey Vulaines Yèvres-le-Petit pref: prefecture subpr: subprefecture Authority control databases: National France BnF data This Aube geographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louie_McCarthy-Scarsbrook
Louie McCarthy-Scarsbrook
["1 Background","2 Playing career","2.1 Early career","2.2 Harlequins RL","2.3 St Helens","2.4 International career","3 References","4 External links"]
Ireland & England international rugby league footballer Louie "LMS" McCarthy ScarsbrookPersonal informationFull nameLouie McCarthy-ScarsbrookBorn (1986-01-14) 14 January 1986 (age 38)Whitechapel, London, EnglandHeight6 ft 2 in (1.88 m)Weight16 st 5 lb (104 kg)Playing informationPositionProp, Loose forward, Second-row Club Years Team Pld T G FG P 2006–10 Harlequins RL 97 20 0 0 70 2011–23 St Helens 373 63 0 0 252 Total 470 83 0 0 322 Representative Years Team Pld T G FG P 2008–09 England 2 2 0 0 8 2017 Ireland 3 1 0 0 4 Source: As of 10 October 2023 Louie McCarthy-Scarsbrook (born 14 January 1986) is a former rugby league footballer who last played as a prop, second-row or loose forward for St Helens in the Betfred Super League. He has played for both England and Ireland at international level. He came through the London Broncos academy, but only played for the first team when it was named Harlequins RL in the Super League. LMS was contracted to play for St. Helens until 2020, which would be his testimonial season. In close to twelve years, he won four League Leader's Shields in 2014, 2018, 2019 and 2022 plus five Super League championships. He also won the 2021 Challenge Cup with St Helens. Background McCarthy-Scarsbrook was born on 14 January 1986 in Whitechapel, London, England. He grew up on the Isle of Dogs, and was educated at St Joseph's Academy, Blackheath. He played football as a goalkeeper during his youth, but was persuaded by one of his schoolteachers to try rugby league. He played for Greenwich Admirals before joining London Broncos Academy ranks in 2004. Playing career Early career McCarthy-Scarsbrook was a product of the Quins RL Junior Academy squad. He toured Australia with British Amateur Rugby League Association U18s in 2004. He spent the 2005 season on loan at Hull FC's Senior Academy, and played a prominent role in Hull's reserve grade Grand Final winning season. McCarthy-Scarsbrook playing for Harlequins Rugby League Harlequins RL McCarthy-Scarsbrook returned to London and in 2006 made his Super League début. By 2008 Harlequins coach Brian McDermott was tipping McCarthy-Scarsbrook for a place in England's World Cup squad. McCarthy-Scarsbrook was named in the England training squad for the 2008 Rugby League World Cup. McCarthy-Scarsbrook was named in the England team to face Wales at the Keepmoat Stadium, Doncaster prior to England's departure for the 2008 Rugby League World Cup. McCarthy-Scarsbrook announced on 1 September 2010 that he was to leave Quins at the end of the season after turning down a new contract. St Helens On 3 September 2010, St Helens confirmed the capture of Louie McCarthy-Scarsbrook on a four-year deal starting in 2011, where he'll join up with St. Helens' other new signings Josh Perry and Michael Shenton. Upon Signing the deal Louie said, '"St Helens are entering an exciting time in their history and to be a part of that was a great pull." He continued: "Not only will they have a new stadium in 2012 but the quality of the players already in the squad means they will be challenging on all fronts. "I am looking forward to linking up with my new teammates and continuing to learn under Royce Simmons. "I would like to thank Quins for giving me the chance to play rugby league and I have enjoyed my time there. The fans and players have been excellent with me and I wish them all well in the future." He played in the 2011 Super League Grand Final defeat by the Leeds Rhinos at Old Trafford. In 2014, McCarthy-Scarsbrook made his 100th appearance for St Helens in their Challenge Cup fixture against Leeds. St Helens reached the 2014 Super League Grand Final, and McCarthy-Scarsbrook was selected to play at second-row in their 14-6 victory over the Wigan Warriors at Old Trafford. He played in the 2019 Challenge Cup Final defeat by the Warrington Wolves at Wembley Stadium. He played in the 2019 Super League Grand Final victory over the Salford Red Devils at Old Trafford. He played in St Helens 2020 Super League Grand Final victory over Wigan at the Kingston Communications Stadium in Hull. He played for St. Helens in their 2021 Challenge Cup Final victory over Castleford. On 9 October 2021, he played for St. Helens in their 2021 Super League Grand Final victory over Catalans Dragons. In round 23 of the 2022 Super League season, McCarthy-Scarsbrook scored a rare double in St Helens 60-6 victory over Hull F.C. On 24 September 2022, McCarthy-Scarsbrook played off the interchange bench in St Helens 24-12 victory over Leeds in the 2022 Super League Grand Final. On 18 February 2023, McCarthy-Scarsbrook played in St Helens 13-12 upset victory over Penrith in the 2023 World Club Challenge. On 20 September 2023, McCarthy-Scarsbrook announced he would be retiring from rugby league. He played 26 games for St Helens in the 2023 Super League season as the club finished third on the table. He played in St Helens narrow loss against the Catalans Dragons in the semi-final which stopped them reaching a fifth successive grand final. This would also be McCarthy-Scarsbrook's final game as a player. International career McCarthy-Scarsbrook made his England début in the victory over Wales on 10 October 2008. His second game for England was also against Wales, a 48-12 victory in the 2009 Four Nations tournament in which he scored a try. He later switched allegiance to Ireland, and was named in their 2017 Rugby League World Cup squad. References ^ "Before the 'Captain's Run' for the Castleford semi-final, there was a special presentation from Saints' Heritage Society to the one-and-only Louie McCarthy Scarsbrook". Saints RLFC. 27 September 2017. Retrieved 6 November 2017. ^ "Louie McCarthy-Scarsbrook". au.sports.yahoo.com. Yahoo! 7 Sport. Retrieved 27 May 2014. ^ a b "Louie McCarthy-Scarsbrook St Helens". www.superleague.co.uk. Rugby Football League. 2015. Archived from the original on 30 March 2014. Retrieved 26 July 2015. ^ "Saints Heritage Society". www.saints.org.uk. ^ Ferguson, Shawn Dollin and Andrew. "Louie McCarthy-Scarsbrook - Career Stats & Summary - Rugby League Project". www.rugbyleagueproject.org. ^ "Player Summary: Louie McCarthy-Scarsbrook". Rugby League Records. Rugby League Record Keepers Club. Retrieved 7 September 2023. ^ a b "England Statistics at englandrl.co.uk". englandrl.co.uk. 31 December 2017. Archived from the original on 13 December 2013. Retrieved 1 January 2018. ^ "How a scouse-cockney combo can buck trend for St Helens in Grand Final". The Guardian. 6 October 2011. Retrieved 7 September 2023. ^ "Nine picked for Broncos". News Shopper. 12 March 2004. Retrieved 7 September 2023. ^ "What became of Hull FC's 2005 Academy Grand Final winners". Hull Daily Mail. 30 January 2021. Retrieved 7 September 2023. ^ Fletcher, Paul (5 February 2008). "Quins ace tipped for England call". BBC. Retrieved 6 February 2008. ^ Fletcher, Paul (6 February 2008). "Leading the way in London". BBC. Retrieved 6 February 2008. ^ "Myler gets England call". England Rugby League. 29 September 2008. Archived from the original on 7 October 2008. Retrieved 3 October 2008. ^ "Gleeson to lead new-look England". BBC. 9 October 2008. Retrieved 10 October 2008. ^ "Prop Louis McCarthy-Scarsbrook to leave Harlequins". BBC Sport. 1 September 2010. Retrieved 9 January 2010. ^ "St Helens sign Harlequins' Louie McCarthy-Scarsbrook". BBC Sport. 3 September 2010. Retrieved 9 March 2010. ^ "Leeds claim Grand Final glory as inspired Rob Burrow sinks St Helens". Guardian. 8 October 2011. Retrieved 21 November 2019. ^ "St Helens 16 Leeds 32". Daily Telegraph. 8 October 2011. Retrieved 21 November 2019. ^ "St Helens 14 Wigan Warriors 6: Moment of madness from Wales international Ben Flower costs Wigan dear". Daily Telegraph. 11 October 2014. Retrieved 15 October 2014. ^ "St Helens win Grand Final after Wigan's Ben Flower is sent off". Guardian. 11 October 2014. Retrieved 15 October 2014. ^ "St Helens 14–6 Wigan Warriors". BBC Sport. 11 October 2014. Retrieved 15 October 2014. ^ Cartwright, Phil (11 October 2014). "St Helens v Wigan as it happened". BBC Sport. BBC. Retrieved 12 October 2014. ^ "St Helens 4-18 Warrington RESULT: Challenge Cup Final as it happened from Wembley". Mirror. 24 August 2019. Retrieved 1 November 2019. ^ "St Helens give Justin Holbrook the perfect send-off with commanding Grand Final victory over Salford". Telegraph. 12 October 2019. Retrieved 25 October 2019. ^ Unwin, Will (12 October 2019). "St Helens 23-6 Salford Red Devils: Super League Grand Final – as it happened". The Guardian. ^ "St Helens win 2019 Super League League Leaders' shield". Sky Sports. ^ "Super League Grand Final: Wigan 4-8 St Helens". BBC Sport. ^ "How St Helens players have celebrated their first Challenge Cup win in 13 years". www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk. ^ "Super League Grand Final: Catalans Dragons 10-12 St Helens: Saints win three in a row". BBC Sport. ^ "Super League: Hull FC 6-60 St Helens - Saints confirm semi-final with 11-try demolition". www.bbc.co.uk. ^ "St Helens sink Leeds to win record fourth consecutive Grand Final". www.theguardian.com. ^ "St Helens stun Penrith to win World Club Challenge". BBC Sport. ^ "Louie McCarthy-Scarsbrook: St Helens stalwart to retire after 18 seasons". www.bbc.co.uk. ^ "Paul Wellens Q&A: Saints review of year and a look to 2024". www.sthelensstar.co.uk. ^ "England warm up in style". Sky Sports. 10 October 2008. Retrieved 11 October 2008. ^ "Ireland name Rugby League World Cup squad". sbs.com.au. 7 October 2017. Retrieved 7 October 2017. External links St Helens profile (archived by web.archive.org) Quins RL profile Louie McCarthy-Scarsbrook, Harlequins Quins targeting top six SL profile Statistics at rlwc2017.com Saints Heritage Society profile St Helens vteSt Helens squad - 2014 Super League Grand Final winners 17. Paul Wellens (c) 2. Tommy Makinson 22. Mark Percival 4. Josh Jones 5. Adam Swift 15. Mark Flanagan 6. Lance Hohaia 16. Kyle Amor 9. James Roby 8. Mose Masoe 10. Louie McCarthy-Scarsbrook 11. Iosia Soliola 3. Jordan Turner 13. Willie Manu 18. Alex Walmsley 27. Greg Richards 28. Luke Thompson Coach: Nathan Brown see also Super League XIX vteSt Helens squad - 2019 Super League Grand Final winners 23. Lachlan Coote 2. Tommy Makinson 3. Kevin Naiqama 4. Mark Percival 5. Regan Grace 6. Theo Fages 1. Jonny Lomax 8. Alex Walmsley 9. James Roby (c) 10. Luke Thompson 11. Zeb Taia 17. Dominique Peyroux 15. Morgan Knowles 13. Louie McCarthy-Scarsbrook 16. Kyle Amor 20. Jack Ashworth 21. Aaron Smith Coach: Justin Holbrook see also Super League XXIV vteSt Helens squad - 2020 Super League Grand Final winners 1. Lachlan Coote 2. Tommy Makinson 3. Kevin Naiqama 23. Jack Welsby 5. Regan Grace 7. Theo Fages 6. Jonny Lomax 32. James Graham 9. James Roby (c) 8. Alex Walmsley 20. James Bentley 11. Zeb Taia 14. Morgan Knowles 12. Dominique Peyroux 13. Louie McCarthy-Scarsbrook 15. Matty Lees 16. Kyle Amor Coach: Kristian Woolf vteSt Helens squad – 2021 Challenge Cup Final winners 1. Lachlan Coote 2. Tommy Makinson 3. Kevin Naiqama 4. Mark Percival 5. Regan Grace 6. Jonny Lomax 7. Theo Fages 8. Alex Walmsley 9. James Roby (c) 15. Louie McCarthy-Scarsbrook 11. Joel Thompson 20. Joe Batchelor 13. Morgan Knowles 10. Matty Lees 16. Kyle Amor 17. Agnatius Paasi 18. Jack Welsby Coach: Kristian Woolf vteSt Helens squad – 2021 Super League Grand Final winners 1. Lachlan Coote 2. Tommy Makinson 3. Kevin Naiqama 4. Mark Percival 5. Regan Grace 6. Jonny Lomax 21. Lewis Dodd 8. Alex Walmsley 9. James Roby (c) 10. Matty Lees 14. Sione Mata'utia 20. Joe Batchelor 13. Morgan Knowles 15. Louie McCarthy-Scarsbrook 16. Kyle Amor 17. Agnatius Paasi 18. Jack Welsby Coach: Kristian Woolf vteSt Helens squad – 2022 Super League Grand Final winners 27. Jon Bennison 2. Tommy Makinson 23. Konrad Hurrell 4. Mark Percival 3. William Hopoate 1. Jack Welsby 6. Jonny Lomax 17. Agnatius Paasi 9. James Roby (c) 10. Matty Lees 12. Joe Batchelor 16. Curtis Sironen 13. Morgan Knowles 11. Sione Mata'utia 14. Joey Lussick 15. Louie McCarthy-Scarsbrook 19. Jake Wingfield Coach: Kristian Woolf vteIreland squad – 2017 Rugby League World Cup Amor Chamberlain Dunne Finn (c) Grix Hadden Hasson Higginson Hope Kay Kelly Keyes G. King T. King McCarthy McCarthy-Scarsbrook McDonnell McIlorum McMahon Morgan Mullally Pewhairangi Philbin Roberts Singleton Coach: Aston
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rugby league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league"},{"link_name":"prop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league_positions#prop_forward"},{"link_name":"second-row","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league_positions#Second-row_forward"},{"link_name":"loose forward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league_positions#Loose_forward_/_Lock_forward"},{"link_name":"St Helens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Helens_R.F.C."},{"link_name":"Betfred Super League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_League"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_national_rugby_league_team"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland_national_rugby_league_team"},{"link_name":"Harlequins RL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Broncos#2006%E2%80%932011:_Harlequins_Rugby_League"},{"link_name":"Super League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_League"},{"link_name":"St. Helens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Helens_R.F.C."}],"text":"Louie McCarthy-Scarsbrook (born 14 January 1986) is a former rugby league footballer who last played as a prop, second-row or loose forward for St Helens in the Betfred Super League. He has played for both England and Ireland at international level.He came through the London Broncos academy, but only played for the first team when it was named Harlequins RL in the Super League.LMS was contracted to play for St. Helens until 2020, which would be his testimonial season. In close to twelve years, he won four League Leader's Shields in 2014, 2018, 2019 and 2022 plus five Super League championships. He also won the 2021 Challenge Cup with St Helens.","title":"Louie McCarthy-Scarsbrook"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Whitechapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitechapel"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Isle of Dogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Dogs"},{"link_name":"St Joseph's Academy, Blackheath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Joseph%27s_Academy,_Blackheath"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"goalkeeper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goalkeeper_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"rugby league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league"},{"link_name":"Greenwich Admirals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwich_Admirals"},{"link_name":"London Broncos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Broncos"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"McCarthy-Scarsbrook was born on 14 January 1986 in Whitechapel, London, England. He grew up on the Isle of Dogs, and was educated at St Joseph's Academy, Blackheath.[8] He played football as a goalkeeper during his youth, but was persuaded by one of his schoolteachers to try rugby league. He played for Greenwich Admirals before joining London Broncos Academy ranks in 2004.[9]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Quins RL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Broncos#2006%E2%80%932011:_Harlequins_Rugby_League"},{"link_name":"British Amateur Rugby League Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Amateur_Rugby_League_Association"},{"link_name":"Hull FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hull_F.C."},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Louie_McCarthy-Scarsbrook.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Early career","text":"McCarthy-Scarsbrook was a product of the Quins RL Junior Academy squad. He toured Australia with British Amateur Rugby League Association U18s in 2004. He spent the 2005 season on loan at Hull FC's Senior Academy, and played a prominent role in Hull's reserve grade Grand Final winning season.[10]McCarthy-Scarsbrook playing for Harlequins Rugby League","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Super League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_League"},{"link_name":"Brian McDermott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_McDermott_(rugby_league)"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_national_rugby_league_team"},{"link_name":"World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Rugby_League_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Quins_ace_tipped_for_England_call-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Leading_the_way_in_London-12"},{"link_name":"England training squad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Rugby_League_World_Cup_squads#England"},{"link_name":"2008 Rugby League World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Rugby_League_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Myler_gets_England_call-13"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_national_rugby_league_team"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales_national_rugby_league_team"},{"link_name":"Keepmoat Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keepmoat_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Doncaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doncaster"},{"link_name":"2008 Rugby League World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Rugby_League_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gleeson_to_lead_new-look_England-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Prop_Louis_McCarthy-Scarsbrook_to_leave_Harlequins-15"}],"sub_title":"Harlequins RL","text":"McCarthy-Scarsbrook returned to London and in 2006 made his Super League début. By 2008 Harlequins coach Brian McDermott was tipping McCarthy-Scarsbrook for a place in England's World Cup squad.[11][12]McCarthy-Scarsbrook was named in the England training squad for the 2008 Rugby League World Cup.[13]McCarthy-Scarsbrook was named in the England team to face Wales at the Keepmoat Stadium, Doncaster prior to England's departure for the 2008 Rugby League World Cup.[14]McCarthy-Scarsbrook announced on 1 September 2010[15] that he was to leave Quins at the end of the season after turning down a new contract.","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Josh Perry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Perry"},{"link_name":"Michael Shenton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Shenton"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Saints_sign_Quins_Prop_McCarthy-Scarsbrook-16"},{"link_name":"2011 Super League Grand Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Super_League_Grand_Final"},{"link_name":"Leeds Rhinos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_Rhinos"},{"link_name":"Old Trafford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Trafford"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Challenge Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Challenge_Cup#Fifth_round"},{"link_name":"Leeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_Rhinos"},{"link_name":"2014 Super League Grand Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Super_League_Grand_Final"},{"link_name":"second-row","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league_positions#Second-row_forward"},{"link_name":"Wigan Warriors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wigan_Warriors"},{"link_name":"Old Trafford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Trafford"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"2019 Challenge Cup Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Challenge_Cup_Final"},{"link_name":"Warrington Wolves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrington_Wolves"},{"link_name":"Wembley Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wembley_Stadium"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-St_Helens_4-18_Warrington_RESULT:_Challenge_Cup_Final_as_it_happened_from_Wembley-23"},{"link_name":"2019 Super League Grand Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Super_League_Grand_Final"},{"link_name":"Salford Red Devils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salford_Red_Devils"},{"link_name":"Old Trafford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Trafford"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-St_Helens_give_Justin_Holbrook_the_perfect_send-off_with_commanding_Grand_Final_victory_over_Salford-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"2020 Super League Grand Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Super_League_Grand_Final"},{"link_name":"Kingston Communications Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_Communications_Stadium"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"2021 Challenge Cup Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Challenge_Cup_Final"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"2021 Super League Grand Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Super_League_Grand_Final"},{"link_name":"Catalans Dragons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalans_Dragons"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Hull F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hull_F.C."},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Leeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_Rhinos"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Penrith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penrith_Panthers"},{"link_name":"2023 World Club Challenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_World_Club_Challenge"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"sub_title":"St Helens","text":"On 3 September 2010, St Helens confirmed the capture of Louie McCarthy-Scarsbrook on a four-year deal starting in 2011, where he'll join up with St. Helens' other new signings Josh Perry and Michael Shenton. Upon Signing the deal Louie said, '\"St Helens are entering an exciting time in their history and to be a part of that was a great pull.\"\nHe continued: \"Not only will they have a new stadium in 2012 but the quality of the players already in the squad means they will be challenging on all fronts.\n\"I am looking forward to linking up with my new teammates and continuing to learn under Royce Simmons.\n\"I would like to thank Quins for giving me the chance to play rugby league and I have enjoyed my time there. The fans and players have been excellent with me and I wish them all well in the future.\"[16]He played in the 2011 Super League Grand Final defeat by the Leeds Rhinos at Old Trafford.[17][18]In 2014, McCarthy-Scarsbrook made his 100th appearance for St Helens in their Challenge Cup fixture against Leeds.St Helens reached the 2014 Super League Grand Final, and McCarthy-Scarsbrook was selected to play at second-row in their 14-6 victory over the Wigan Warriors at Old Trafford.[19][20][21][22]He played in the 2019 Challenge Cup Final defeat by the Warrington Wolves at Wembley Stadium.[23]He played in the 2019 Super League Grand Final victory over the Salford Red Devils at Old Trafford.[24][25][26]He played in St Helens 2020 Super League Grand Final victory over Wigan at the Kingston Communications Stadium in Hull.[27]He played for St. Helens in their 2021 Challenge Cup Final victory over Castleford.[28]\nOn 9 October 2021, he played for St. Helens in their 2021 Super League Grand Final victory over Catalans Dragons.[29]\nIn round 23 of the 2022 Super League season, McCarthy-Scarsbrook scored a rare double in St Helens 60-6 victory over Hull F.C.[30]\nOn 24 September 2022, McCarthy-Scarsbrook played off the interchange bench in St Helens 24-12 victory over Leeds in the 2022 Super League Grand Final.[31]\nOn 18 February 2023, McCarthy-Scarsbrook played in St Helens 13-12 upset victory over Penrith in the 2023 World Club Challenge.[32]\nOn 20 September 2023, McCarthy-Scarsbrook announced he would be retiring from rugby league.[33]\nHe played 26 games for St Helens in the 2023 Super League season as the club finished third on the table. He played in St Helens narrow loss against the Catalans Dragons in the semi-final which stopped them reaching a fifth successive grand final. This would also be McCarthy-Scarsbrook's final game as a player.[34]","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_national_rugby_league_team"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales_national_rugby_league_team"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-England_warm_up_in_style-35"},{"link_name":"2009 Four Nations tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Four_Nations_tournament"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-England_Statistics_at_englandrl.co.uk-7"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland_national_rugby_league_team"},{"link_name":"2017 Rugby League World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Rugby_League_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"sub_title":"International career","text":"McCarthy-Scarsbrook made his England début in the victory over Wales on 10 October 2008.[35] His second game for England was also against Wales, a 48-12 victory in the 2009 Four Nations tournament in which he scored a try.[7]He later switched allegiance to Ireland, and was named in their 2017 Rugby League World Cup squad.[36]","title":"Playing career"}]
[{"image_text":"McCarthy-Scarsbrook playing for Harlequins Rugby League","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Louie_McCarthy-Scarsbrook.jpg/220px-Louie_McCarthy-Scarsbrook.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Before the 'Captain's Run' for the Castleford semi-final, there was a special presentation from Saints' Heritage Society to the one-and-only Louie McCarthy Scarsbrook\". Saints RLFC. 27 September 2017. Retrieved 6 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.saintsrlfc.com/2017/09/27/heritage-society-thanks-louie","url_text":"\"Before the 'Captain's Run' for the Castleford semi-final, there was a special presentation from Saints' Heritage Society to the one-and-only Louie McCarthy Scarsbrook\""}]},{"reference":"\"Louie McCarthy-Scarsbrook\". au.sports.yahoo.com. Yahoo! 7 Sport. Retrieved 27 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://au.sports.yahoo.com/league/player/1885/41/louie-mccarthy-scarsbrook","url_text":"\"Louie McCarthy-Scarsbrook\""}]},{"reference":"\"Louie McCarthy-Scarsbrook St Helens\". www.superleague.co.uk. Rugby Football League. 2015. Archived from the original on 30 March 2014. Retrieved 26 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140330120000/http://www.superleague.co.uk/matchday/player/2427","url_text":"\"Louie McCarthy-Scarsbrook St Helens\""},{"url":"http://www.superleague.co.uk/matchday/player/2427","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Saints Heritage Society\". www.saints.org.uk.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.saints.org.uk/saints.org.uk/home/viewpage.php?page_id=10&num=16713","url_text":"\"Saints Heritage Society\""}]},{"reference":"Ferguson, Shawn Dollin and Andrew. \"Louie McCarthy-Scarsbrook - Career Stats & Summary - Rugby League Project\". www.rugbyleagueproject.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rugbyleagueproject.org/players/Louie_McCarthy-Scarsbrook/summary.html","url_text":"\"Louie McCarthy-Scarsbrook - Career Stats & Summary - Rugby League Project\""}]},{"reference":"\"Player Summary: Louie McCarthy-Scarsbrook\". Rugby League Records. Rugby League Record Keepers Club. Retrieved 7 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://stats.rugbyleaguerecords.com/playersummary.php?tselect=2211","url_text":"\"Player Summary: Louie McCarthy-Scarsbrook\""}]},{"reference":"\"England Statistics at englandrl.co.uk\". englandrl.co.uk. 31 December 2017. Archived from the original on 13 December 2013. Retrieved 1 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20131213124713/http://www.englandrl.co.uk/player_records?search=McCarthy-Scarsbrook&submit=Go&c=England","url_text":"\"England Statistics at englandrl.co.uk\""},{"url":"http://www.englandrl.co.uk/player_records?search=McCarthy-Scarsbrook&submit=Go&c=England","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"How a scouse-cockney combo can buck trend for St Helens in Grand Final\". The Guardian. 6 October 2011. Retrieved 7 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2011/oct/06/st-helens-grand-final-mccarthy-scarsbrook","url_text":"\"How a scouse-cockney combo can buck trend for St Helens in Grand Final\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nine picked for Broncos\". News Shopper. 12 March 2004. Retrieved 7 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newsshopper.co.uk/sport/othersport/469821.nine-picked-for-broncos/","url_text":"\"Nine picked for Broncos\""}]},{"reference":"\"What became of Hull FC's 2005 Academy Grand Final winners\". Hull Daily Mail. 30 January 2021. Retrieved 7 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hulldailymail.co.uk/sport/rugby-league/hull-fc-2005-happened-next-4138296","url_text":"\"What became of Hull FC's 2005 Academy Grand Final winners\""}]},{"reference":"Fletcher, Paul (5 February 2008). \"Quins ace tipped for England call\". BBC. Retrieved 6 February 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_league/super_league/london/7220608.stm","url_text":"\"Quins ace tipped for England call\""}]},{"reference":"Fletcher, Paul (6 February 2008). \"Leading the way in London\". BBC. Retrieved 6 February 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_league/super_league/london/7220679.stm","url_text":"\"Leading the way in London\""}]},{"reference":"\"Myler gets England call\". England Rugby League. 29 September 2008. Archived from the original on 7 October 2008. Retrieved 3 October 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081007232803/http://www.englandrl.co.uk/article.php?id=11890","url_text":"\"Myler gets England call\""},{"url":"http://www.englandrl.co.uk/article.php?id=11890","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Gleeson to lead new-look England\". BBC. 9 October 2008. Retrieved 10 October 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_league/7642490.stm","url_text":"\"Gleeson to lead new-look England\""}]},{"reference":"\"Prop Louis McCarthy-Scarsbrook to leave Harlequins\". BBC Sport. 1 September 2010. Retrieved 9 January 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_league/super_league/london/8961108.stm","url_text":"\"Prop Louis McCarthy-Scarsbrook to leave Harlequins\""}]},{"reference":"\"St Helens sign Harlequins' Louie McCarthy-Scarsbrook\". BBC Sport. 3 September 2010. Retrieved 9 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_league/super_league/st_helens/8961108.stm","url_text":"\"St Helens sign Harlequins' Louie McCarthy-Scarsbrook\""}]},{"reference":"\"Leeds claim Grand Final glory as inspired Rob Burrow sinks St Helens\". Guardian. 8 October 2011. Retrieved 21 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2011/oct/08/super-league-grand-final-match-report?newsfeed=true","url_text":"\"Leeds claim Grand Final glory as inspired Rob Burrow sinks St Helens\""}]},{"reference":"\"St Helens 16 Leeds 32\". Daily Telegraph. 8 October 2011. Retrieved 21 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/rugbyleague/8815944/St-Helens-16-Leeds-32-match-report.html","url_text":"\"St Helens 16 Leeds 32\""}]},{"reference":"\"St Helens 14 Wigan Warriors 6: Moment of madness from Wales international Ben Flower costs Wigan dear\". Daily Telegraph. 11 October 2014. Retrieved 15 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/rugbyleague/11156623/St-Helens-14-Wigan-Warriors-6-Moment-of-madness-from-Wales-international-Ben-Flower-costs-Wigan-dear.html","url_text":"\"St Helens 14 Wigan Warriors 6: Moment of madness from Wales international Ben Flower costs Wigan dear\""}]},{"reference":"\"St Helens win Grand Final after Wigan's Ben Flower is sent off\". Guardian. 11 October 2014. Retrieved 15 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2014/oct/11/st-helens-wigan-super-league-grand-final-match-report","url_text":"\"St Helens win Grand Final after Wigan's Ben Flower is sent off\""}]},{"reference":"\"St Helens 14–6 Wigan Warriors\". BBC Sport. 11 October 2014. Retrieved 15 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/rugby-league/29559845","url_text":"\"St Helens 14–6 Wigan Warriors\""}]},{"reference":"Cartwright, Phil (11 October 2014). \"St Helens v Wigan as it happened\". BBC Sport. BBC. Retrieved 12 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/sport/live/rugby-league/29416637","url_text":"\"St Helens v Wigan as it happened\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Sport","url_text":"BBC Sport"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC","url_text":"BBC"}]},{"reference":"\"St Helens 4-18 Warrington RESULT: Challenge Cup Final as it happened from Wembley\". Mirror. 24 August 2019. Retrieved 1 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/rugby-league/st-helens-vs-warrington-live-18996678","url_text":"\"St Helens 4-18 Warrington RESULT: Challenge Cup Final as it happened from Wembley\""}]},{"reference":"\"St Helens give Justin Holbrook the perfect send-off with commanding Grand Final victory over Salford\". Telegraph. 12 October 2019. Retrieved 25 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/rugby-league/2019/10/12/st-helens-vs-salford-red-devils-super-league-grand-final-live/","url_text":"\"St Helens give Justin Holbrook the perfect send-off with commanding Grand Final victory over Salford\""}]},{"reference":"Unwin, Will (12 October 2019). \"St Helens 23-6 Salford Red Devils: Super League Grand Final – as it happened\". The Guardian.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/sport/live/2019/oct/12/st-helens-v-salford-red-devils-super-league-grand-final-live/","url_text":"\"St Helens 23-6 Salford Red Devils: Super League Grand Final – as it happened\""}]},{"reference":"\"St Helens win 2019 Super League League Leaders' shield\". Sky Sports.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.skysports.com/rugby-league/news/12196/11777123/st-helens-win-2019-super-league-league-leaders-shield/","url_text":"\"St Helens win 2019 Super League League Leaders' shield\""}]},{"reference":"\"Super League Grand Final: Wigan 4-8 St Helens\". BBC Sport.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/rugby-league/55072997/","url_text":"\"Super League Grand Final: Wigan 4-8 St Helens\""}]},{"reference":"\"How St Helens players have celebrated their first Challenge Cup win in 13 years\". www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/sport/rugby-league/st-helens-celebrate-challenge-cup-21081897/","url_text":"\"How St Helens players have celebrated their first Challenge Cup win in 13 years\""}]},{"reference":"\"Super League Grand Final: Catalans Dragons 10-12 St Helens: Saints win three in a row\". BBC Sport.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/rugby-league/58858850/","url_text":"\"Super League Grand Final: Catalans Dragons 10-12 St Helens: Saints win three in a row\""}]},{"reference":"\"Super League: Hull FC 6-60 St Helens - Saints confirm semi-final with 11-try demolition\". www.bbc.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/sport/rugby-league/62493296/","url_text":"\"Super League: Hull FC 6-60 St Helens - Saints confirm semi-final with 11-try demolition\""}]},{"reference":"\"St Helens sink Leeds to win record fourth consecutive Grand Final\". www.theguardian.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2022/sep/24/st-helens-leeds-super-league-grand-final-match-report-rugby-league/","url_text":"\"St Helens sink Leeds to win record fourth consecutive Grand Final\""}]},{"reference":"\"St Helens stun Penrith to win World Club Challenge\". BBC Sport.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/rugby-league/64666651","url_text":"\"St Helens stun Penrith to win World Club Challenge\""}]},{"reference":"\"Louie McCarthy-Scarsbrook: St Helens stalwart to retire after 18 seasons\". www.bbc.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/rugby-league/66870327/","url_text":"\"Louie McCarthy-Scarsbrook: St Helens stalwart to retire after 18 seasons\""}]},{"reference":"\"Paul Wellens Q&A: Saints review of year and a look to 2024\". www.sthelensstar.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sthelensstar.co.uk/sport/23856044.paul-wellens-q-saints-review-year-look-2024/","url_text":"\"Paul Wellens Q&A: Saints review of year and a look to 2024\""}]},{"reference":"\"England warm up in style\". Sky Sports. 10 October 2008. Retrieved 11 October 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,12196_4297504,00.html","url_text":"\"England warm up in style\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ireland name Rugby League World Cup squad\". sbs.com.au. 7 October 2017. Retrieved 7 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2017/10/07/ireland-name-rugby-league-world-cup-squad","url_text":"\"Ireland name Rugby League World Cup squad\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vafa_Fatullayeva
Vafa Fatullayeva
["1 Biography","2 Roles","3 References"]
Vafa FatullayevaVəfa FətullayevaBornVafa Nusrat Fatullayeva(1945-08-25)August 25, 1945Baku, Azerbaijan SSR, Soviet UnionDied(1987-05-21)May 21, 1987 (aged 41)Baku, Azerbaijan SSR, Soviet UnionNationalityAzerbaijaniKnown forrole of "Firangiz"Parent(s)Hokuma Gurbanova, Nusrat Hafiz FatullayevAwardsAzerbaijan SSR State Prize 1984 Azerbaijan SSR Honored artist Vafa Nusrat Fatullayeva (Azerbaijani: Vəfa Fətullayeva; August 25, 1945, Baku – May 21, 1987, Baku) was an Azerbaijani actress. She was awarded the title Honored Artist of the Azerbaijan USSR (1982), and State Prize Winner of the Azerbaijan USSR (1984). Biography Vafa Fatullayeva was born on August 25, 1945, in Baku to actor Nusrat Fatullayev and actress Hokuma Gurbanova. In 1971 she graduated from the Azerbaijan State Institute of Arts named after M. A. Aliyev. Since 1970 she played on the stage of Azerbaijan State Drama Theater named after M. Azizbekov. In 1982, Vafa Fatullaeva was awarded the title of Honored Artist of the Azerbaijan USSR, and in 1984 she became a laureate of the State Prize of the Azerbaijan USSR. Vafa Fatullaeva was terminally ill and died on May 21, 1987. Two months later her father Nusrat Fatullayev died, for whom the loss of Vafa was a huge tragedy. After the death of her daughter, Hokuma Gurbanova fell ill and a year later died. Vafa Featullayev's father Nusrat Fatullayev was the first artist of the Azerbaijani theater and a national artist. Her mother Hokuma Gurbanova was one of the most famous actresses, the USSR People's Artist. Roles Gulgaz ("The song remains in the mountains", I. Efendiyev), Shirin ("The Legend of Love", N. Hikmet), Tanzila ("If you do not burn", N. Khazri), Sharafnisa ("Monsieur Jordan and Dervish Mastalishah", M.F. Akhundov), Beatrice ("Much ado about Nothing ", W. Shakespeare), Banovsha ("The Village Girl", M. Ibrahimov), Rana (" I came for you", Anar) and others. Vafa Fatullayeva's Television performances are "Ophthalmologist", "Alov", "Atayevs family" and others. References ^ Фәтуллајев Вәфа Нүсрәт гызы / Под ред. Дж. Кулиева. — Азербайджанская советская энциклопедия: Главная редакция Азербайджанской советской энциклопедии, 1986. — Т. IX. — С. 540. ^ "Vafa Fatullayeva". IMDb. Retrieved 2018-05-22. ^ "A theatrical legend". Region Plus. Retrieved 2018-05-22. ^ "Sceinema | Azerbaijani artist: Vafa Fatullayeva". sceinema.blogspot.com. Retrieved 2018-05-22.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Azerbaijani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijani_language"},{"link_name":"Honored Artist of the Azerbaijan USSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honored_Artist_of_the_Azerbaijan_SSR"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-imdb-2"}],"text":"Vafa Nusrat Fatullayeva (Azerbaijani: Vəfa Fətullayeva; August 25, 1945, Baku – May 21, 1987, Baku) was an Azerbaijani actress. She was awarded the title Honored Artist of the Azerbaijan USSR (1982), and State Prize Winner of the Azerbaijan USSR (1984).[1][2]","title":"Vafa Fatullayeva"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-regionplus-3"},{"link_name":"Hokuma Gurbanova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokuma_Gurbanova"},{"link_name":"Hokuma Gurbanova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokuma_Gurbanova"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blogspot-4"}],"text":"Vafa Fatullayeva was born on August 25, 1945, in Baku to actor Nusrat Fatullayev and actress Hokuma Gurbanova. In 1971 she graduated from the Azerbaijan State Institute of Arts named after M. A. Aliyev. Since 1970 she played on the stage of Azerbaijan State Drama Theater named after M. Azizbekov.[3]In 1982, Vafa Fatullaeva was awarded the title of Honored Artist of the Azerbaijan USSR, and in 1984 she became a laureate of the State Prize of the Azerbaijan USSR. Vafa Fatullaeva was terminally ill and died on May 21, 1987. Two months later her father Nusrat Fatullayev died, for whom the loss of Vafa was a huge tragedy. After the death of her daughter, Hokuma Gurbanova fell ill and a year later died.Vafa Featullayev's father Nusrat Fatullayev was the first artist of the Azerbaijani theater and a national artist. Her mother Hokuma Gurbanova was one of the most famous actresses, the USSR People's Artist.[4]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Beatrice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatrice_(Much_Ado_About_Nothing)"},{"link_name":"W. Shakespeare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._Shakespeare"}],"text":"Gulgaz (\"The song remains in the mountains\", I. Efendiyev),\nShirin (\"The Legend of Love\", N. Hikmet),\nTanzila (\"If you do not burn\", N. Khazri),\nSharafnisa (\"Monsieur Jordan and Dervish Mastalishah\", M.F. Akhundov),\nBeatrice (\"Much ado about Nothing \", W. Shakespeare),\nBanovsha (\"The Village Girl\", M. Ibrahimov),\nRana (\" I came for you\", Anar) and others.Vafa Fatullayeva's Television performances are \"Ophthalmologist\", \"Alov\", \"Atayevs family\" and others.","title":"Roles"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Querfurt
August Querfurt
["1 References","2 Sources"]
Austrian painter (1696–1761) Battle of the imperial cavalry with the Turks, Palace on the Water in Warsaw. August Querfurt (1696, Wolfenbüttel – 1761, Vienna) was an Austrian painter. He painted primarily soldiers and battle scenes. He was first instructed by his father, Tobias Querfurt, a landscape and animal painter, and afterwards studied under Rugendas at Augsburg. He painted encampments, battles, skirmishes of cavalry, and hunting subjects, in all of which he appears rather as an imitator than as an original painter. He sometimes imitated the manner of Bourguignon , Parrocel, and Van der Meulen, but more especially sought to form his style after Wouwerman. He died at Vienna in 1761. The Belvedere Museum possesses two hunting-pieces by him ; the Augsburg Gallery, four, and a battle ; others are in Berlin, Dresden, Stuttgart and Bratislava. References ^ "Brief Bio of August Querfurt". Retrieved 2009-10-20. Sources Wikimedia Commons has media related to August Querfurt.  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Bryan, Michael (1889). "Querfurth, August". In Armstrong, Sir Walter; Graves, Robert Edmund (eds.). Bryan's Dictionary of Painters and Engravers (L–Z). Vol. II (3rd ed.). London: George Bell & Sons. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Poland Artists KulturNav RKD Artists ULAN People Deutsche Biographie This article about an Austrian painter is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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He painted encampments, battles, skirmishes of cavalry, and hunting subjects, in all of which he appears rather as an imitator than as an original painter. He sometimes imitated the manner of Bourguignon , Parrocel, and Van der Meulen, but more especially sought to form his style after Wouwerman. He died at Vienna in 1761.The Belvedere Museum possesses two hunting-pieces by him ; the Augsburg Gallery, four, and a battle ; others are in Berlin, Dresden, Stuttgart and Bratislava.","title":"August Querfurt"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"August Querfurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:August_Querfurt"},{"link_name":"public domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain"},{"link_name":"Bryan, Michael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Bryan_(art_historian)"},{"link_name":"\"Querfurth, August\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/cu31924092716970#page/n6/mode/1up"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q763488#identifiers"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000066896859"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/81234884"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJrrxmXcrjKFHvChBBGrbd"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/136979904"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810593497805606"},{"link_name":"KulturNav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//kulturnav.org/d782e557-6d12-4c2a-a81d-57e0806107d9"},{"link_name":"RKD Artists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/65235"},{"link_name":"ULAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500021783"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Biographie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd136979904.html?language=en"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Klimt_-_Pallas_Athene.jpeg"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=August_Querfurt&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Austria-painter-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Austria-painter-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Austria-painter-stub"}],"text":"Wikimedia Commons has media related to August Querfurt.This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Bryan, Michael (1889). \"Querfurth, August\". In Armstrong, Sir Walter; Graves, Robert Edmund (eds.). Bryan's Dictionary of Painters and Engravers (L–Z). Vol. II (3rd ed.). London: George Bell & Sons.Authority control databases International\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nGermany\nPoland\nArtists\nKulturNav\nRKD Artists\nULAN\nPeople\nDeutsche BiographieThis article about an Austrian painter is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Sources"}]
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dub-I-Dub_(song)
Dub-I-Dub
["1 Remixes","2 Critical reception","3 Chart performance","4 Music video","5 Track listings","6 Credits","7 Charts","7.1 Weekly charts","7.2 Year-end charts","8 Certification","9 References"]
1995 single by Me & My"Dub-I-Dub"Single by Me & Myfrom the album Me & My B-side"Remix"Released24 August 1995Genre Eurodance Length3:21LabelEMISongwriter(s) Susanne Georgi Pernille Georgi Producer(s) Johnny Jam Dean 'N Me & My singles chronology "Dub-I-Dub" (1995) "Baby Boy" (1995) Music video"Dub-I-Dub" on YouTube "Dub-I-Dub" is the debut single by Danish Eurodance duo Me & My, released in August 1995 from their eponymous album (1995). It was successful on the charts in many countries, peaking at number-one in Denmark and Japan, and being a top 10 hit in Belgium, Hungary, Iceland, Israel, Italy, Mexico, Russia, Spain and Sweden. Remixes The single was the subject of multiple remixes and was included on band's best of The Ultimate Collection, released in 2007. "Dub-I-Dub" was used in video games, such as Dance Dance Revolution 2ndMix, Dancing Stage EuroMix, Dance Dance Revolution Party Collection, and Dance Dance Revolution X. "KCP remix" version has appeared on Dancemania's Speed series. This happy hardcore version is much faster than any other version of "Dub-I-Dub", at 170 BPM. The first appearance was on the first issue of the series, Speed 1. This was later included on the 2000 greatest hits album of the series, Dancemania Speed Best 2001 Hyper Nonstop Megamix. Critical reception Larry Flick from Billboard wrote that "popsters with a penchant for Euro-styled dance music are gonna love this one." He added that "this cute and oh-so-perky female duo romps through this NRGetic jam with infectious glee. First released in Denmark earlier this year, this anthemic track has already earned major props from club spinners and radio programmers throughout much of the world, and it looks like the U.S. will wisely follow suit. Some singles just define the carefree fun of the summer season ... this is one of 'em." Pan-European magazine Music & Media commented, "Doop-E-Doop-E-Doop, We're The Scat-women." And again a scatdance product is coming to you from Denmark. How long will it take before DJs across Europe join in with the chorus?". They also noted that head of music Marc Deschuyter by BRTN Radio Donna/Brussels was the first outside Denmark to report the song. He said, "It's the definition of the summer holiday radio format. My reaction to it was the same as when I first heard Nina's "The Reason Is You", a German singer who went to number 1 in Belgium." A reviewer from Music Week gave "Dub-I-Dub" three out of five, stating that "the bouncing pop-corny sound of Me & My is bound to get punters singing along, a la MCA's Scatman John." Upon the 1996 re-release, the magazine gave the song four out of five, complimenting it as a "catchy pop number". James Hamilton from the RM Dance Update described it as an "irritating Eurovision-ish chirpy girls cooed and chanted galloping Continental hit". Chart performance "Dub-I-Dub" was very successful in many European countries, peaking at number-one in Denmark, and within the top 10 in Sweden (2), Belgium (5), Hungary (6), Iceland (6), Italy (5) and Spain (10). Additionally, it was a top 20 hit in Finland (16), Switzerland (14), Norway (12) and Austria (11). In the UK, the single only reached number 148 on the UK Singles Chart. On the Eurochart Hot 100, it peaked at number 28 in October 1995. Outside Europe, it reached number-one in Japan and number two on the RPM Dance/Urban chart in Canada. It was also a sizeable hit in Israel, peaking at number eight, while in Australia, it only reached number 135. The song also achieved success in Mexico and Russia, becoming a top 5 hit there. "Dub-I-Dub" earned a platinum record in Denmark, after 8000 singles were sold. Music video The accompanying music video for "Dub-I-Dub" was directed by Danish artist Peter Ravn. It features Me & My as milkmaids, milking a cow. Other scenes features the sisters as beauty salon workers and nurses. The video was later published on Warner Music Denmark's official YouTube channel in February 2009, and had generated almost 10 million views as of January 2023. Track listings CD single "Dub I Dub" (radio mix) – 3:21 "Dub I Dub" (club remix) – 5:19 CD maxi "Dub-I-Dub" (radio mix) – 3:21 "Dub-I-Dub" (MG radio remix) – 4:06 "Dub-I-Dub" (club remix) – 5:19 "Dub-I-Dub" (underground dub) – 5:32 "Dub-I-Dub" (boomin' club remix) – 6:24 12" maxi "Dub-I-Dub" (extended version) – 4:30 "Dub-I-Dub" (club remix) – 5:18 "Dub-I-Dub" (underground dub) – 5:32 "Dub-I-Dub" (boomin' club remix) – 6:24 CD single - promo "Dub-I-Dub" (radio mix) – 3:21 12" maxi - promo "Dub-I-Dub" (Diddy's Indian summer mix) – 6:04 "Dub-I-Dub" (club remix) – 5:18 "Dub-I-Dub" (Madame X mix) – 8:56 "Dub-I-Dub" (Andy Allder mix) – 6:39 Credits Music, lyrics and vocals by Pernille Georgi and Susanne Georgi Arranged by Dean 'N Engineered by Johnny Jam Mixed and produced by Dean 'N and Johnny Jam Charts Weekly charts Chart (1995–1996) Peakposition Australia (ARIA) 135 Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40) 11 Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders) 5 Belgian (Ultratop 50 Wallonia) 9 Canada Dance/Urban (RPM) 2 Denmark (IFPI) 1 Europe (Eurochart Hot 100 Singles) 28 Finland (Suomen virallinen lista) 16 France (SNEP) 43 Germany (Media Control Charts) 37 Hungary (Mahasz) 6 Iceland (Íslenski Listinn Topp 40) 6 Israel (IBA) 8 Italy (Musica e dischi) 5 Japan 1 Netherlands (Dutch Top 40) 27 Netherlands (Mega Top 100) 25 Norway (VG-lista) 12 Spain (AFYVE) 10 Sweden (Sverigetopplistan) 2 Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade) 14 UK Singles (OCC) 148 Year-end charts Chart (1995) Position Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders) 51 Belgium (Ultratop Wallonia) 69 Europe (Eurochart Hot 100) 84 Iceland (Íslenski Listinn Topp 40) 94 Netherlands (Dutch Top 40) 209 Sweden (Sverigetopplistan) 52 Certification Region Certification Certified units/sales Denmark (IFPI Danmark) Platinum 8,000^ ^ Shipments figures based on certification alone. References ^ a b "News" (PDF). Music Week. 12 October 1996. p. 5. Retrieved 14 September 2021. ^ Discogs, Dancemania Speed ^ Discogs, Dancemania Speed Best 2001 Hyper Nonstop Megamix ^ Flick, Larry (21 June 1997). "Single Reviews: New & Noteworthy" (PDF). Billboard. p. 73. Retrieved 6 February 2020. ^ "New Releases: Singles" (PDF). Music & Media. 12 August 1995. Retrieved 24 September 2020. ^ "Reviews: Singles" (PDF). Music Week. 3 February 1996. p. 27. Retrieved 26 May 2021. ^ "Reviews: Singles" (PDF). Music Week. 31 August 1996. p. 10. Retrieved 1 September 2021. ^ Hamilton, James (17 February 1996). "Dj directory" (PDF). Music Week, in Record Mirror (Dance Update Supplemental Insert). p. 15. Retrieved 26 May 2021. ^ "Me & My - Dub-I-Dub" (PDF). Music Week. 19 October 1996. p. 23. Retrieved 14 September 2021. ^ "Me & My - Dub-I-Dub". YouTube. Retrieved 26 January 2023. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Dub-I-Dub", in various singles charts Lescharts.com (Retrieved 9 April 2009) ^ "Canada dance peak". Archived from the original on 23 October 2014. Retrieved 14 January 2012. ^ "Top National Sellers". Music & Media. Vol. 12, no. 31. 5 August 1995. p. 11. ^ "Eurochart Hot 100 Singles" (PDF). Music & Media. 14 October 1995. Retrieved 17 March 2018. ^ "Top 10 Sales in Europe" (PDF). Music & Media. 2 March 1996. Retrieved 5 March 2018. ^ "Íslenski Listinn Topp 40 (21.10.1995 - 27.10.1995)" (PDF). Dagblaðið Vísir - Tónlist. Retrieved 3 February 2018. ^ "Classifiche". Musica e Dischi (in Italian). Retrieved 29 May 2022. Set "Tipo" on "Singoli". Then, in the "Artista" field, search "Me & My". ^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – Me & My" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40. ^ Salaverri, Fernando (September 2005). Sólo éxitos: año a año, 1959–2002 (1st ed.). Spain: Fundación Autor-SGAE. ISBN 84-8048-639-2. ^ "Chart Log UK: M - My Vitriol". Archived from the original on 21 July 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2012. ^ "1995 Belgian (Flanders) Singles Chart". Ultratop.be (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 30 March 2014. Retrieved 5 July 2013. ^ "Ultratop rapports annuels 1995". Ultratop.be. Retrieved 4 December 2019. ^ "1995 Year-End Sales Charts: Eurochart Hot 100 Singles" (PDF). Music & Media. 23 December 1995. Retrieved 2 December 2019. ^ "Árslistinn 1995". Dagblaðið Vísir (in Icelandic). 2 January 1996. p. 25. Retrieved 14 July 2020. ^ "Jaarlijsten 1995" (in Dutch). Stichting Nederlandse Top 40. Retrieved 3 December 2019. ^ "Årslista Singlar, 1995" (in Swedish). Sverigetopplistan. Retrieved 24 November 2019. ^ "Music and Media" (PDF). Worldradiohistory.com. 25 May 1996. Retrieved 1 April 2022. vteMe & My Susanne Georgi Pernille Georgi Albums Me & My (1995) Let the Love Go On (1999) Fly High (2001) Singles "Dub-I-Dub" (1995) "Baby Boy" (1995) Authority control databases MusicBrainz work
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It was successful on the charts in many countries, peaking at number-one in Denmark and Japan,[1] and being a top 10 hit in Belgium, Hungary, Iceland, Israel, Italy, Mexico, Russia, Spain and Sweden.","title":"Dub-I-Dub"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dance Dance Revolution 2ndMix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_Dance_Revolution_2ndMix"},{"link_name":"Dancing Stage EuroMix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dancing_Stage_EuroMix"},{"link_name":"Dance Dance Revolution Party Collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_Dance_Revolution_Party_Collection"},{"link_name":"Dance Dance Revolution X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_Dance_Revolution_X"},{"link_name":"Dancemania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dancemania"},{"link_name":"Speed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dancemania_Speed"},{"link_name":"BPM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beats_per_minute"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"greatest hits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greatest_hits"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The single was the subject of multiple remixes and was included on band's best of The Ultimate Collection, released in 2007. \"Dub-I-Dub\" was used in video games, such as Dance Dance Revolution 2ndMix, Dancing Stage EuroMix, Dance Dance Revolution Party Collection, and Dance Dance Revolution X.\"KCP remix\" version has appeared on Dancemania's Speed series. This happy hardcore version is much faster than any other version of \"Dub-I-Dub\", at 170 BPM. The first appearance was on the first issue of the series, Speed 1.[2] This was later included on the 2000 greatest hits album of the series, Dancemania Speed Best 2001 Hyper Nonstop Megamix.[3]","title":"Remixes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Larry Flick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Flick"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Euro-styled dance music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurodance"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Music & Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_%26_Media"},{"link_name":"scatdance product","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scatman_(Ski-Ba-Bop-Ba-Dop-Bop)"},{"link_name":"Radio Donna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Donna"},{"link_name":"Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels"},{"link_name":"Nina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nina_Gerhard"},{"link_name":"The Reason Is You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Reason_Is_You"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Music Week","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Week"},{"link_name":"Me & My","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me_%26_My"},{"link_name":"Scatman John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scatman_John"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"James Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Hamilton_(DJ_and_journalist)"},{"link_name":"RM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_Mirror"},{"link_name":"Eurovision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Larry Flick from Billboard wrote that \"popsters with a penchant for Euro-styled dance music are gonna love this one.\" He added that \"this cute and oh-so-perky female duo romps through this NRGetic jam with infectious glee. First released in Denmark earlier this year, this anthemic track has already earned major props from club spinners and radio programmers throughout much of the world, and it looks like the U.S. will wisely follow suit. Some singles just define the carefree fun of the summer season ... this is one of 'em.\"[4] Pan-European magazine Music & Media commented, \"Doop-E-Doop-E-Doop, We're The Scat-women.\" And again a scatdance product is coming to you from Denmark. How long will it take before DJs across Europe join in with the chorus?\". They also noted that head of music Marc Deschuyter by BRTN Radio Donna/Brussels was the first outside Denmark to report the song. He said, \"It's the definition of the summer holiday radio format. My reaction to it was the same as when I first heard Nina's \"The Reason Is You\", a German singer who went to number 1 in Belgium.\"[5] A reviewer from Music Week gave \"Dub-I-Dub\" three out of five, stating that \"the bouncing pop-corny sound of Me & My is bound to get punters singing along, a la MCA's Scatman John.\"[6] Upon the 1996 re-release, the magazine gave the song four out of five, complimenting it as a \"catchy pop number\".[7] James Hamilton from the RM Dance Update described it as an \"irritating Eurovision-ish chirpy girls cooed and chanted galloping Continental hit\".[8]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"Eurochart Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurochart_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"RPM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"platinum record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_recording_certification"}],"text":"\"Dub-I-Dub\" was very successful in many European countries, peaking at number-one in Denmark, and within the top 10 in Sweden (2), Belgium (5), Hungary (6), Iceland (6), Italy (5) and Spain (10). Additionally, it was a top 20 hit in Finland (16), Switzerland (14), Norway (12) and Austria (11). In the UK, the single only reached number 148 on the UK Singles Chart. On the Eurochart Hot 100, it peaked at number 28 in October 1995. Outside Europe, it reached number-one in Japan and number two on the RPM Dance/Urban chart in Canada. It was also a sizeable hit in Israel, peaking at number eight, while in Australia, it only reached number 135. The song also achieved success in Mexico and Russia, becoming a top 5 hit there.[9]\"Dub-I-Dub\" earned a platinum record in Denmark, after 8000 singles were sold.","title":"Chart performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"music video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_video"},{"link_name":"Peter Ravn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Ravn_(artist)"},{"link_name":"Me & My","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me_%26_My"},{"link_name":"milkmaids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milkmaid"},{"link_name":"cow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cow"},{"link_name":"beauty salon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beauty_salon"},{"link_name":"nurses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nurse"},{"link_name":"Warner Music Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Music"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The accompanying music video for \"Dub-I-Dub\" was directed by Danish artist Peter Ravn. It features Me & My as milkmaids, milking a cow. Other scenes features the sisters as beauty salon workers and nurses. The video was later published on Warner Music Denmark's official YouTube channel in February 2009, and had generated almost 10 million views as of January 2023.[10]","title":"Music video"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Track listings"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Music, lyrics and vocals by Pernille Georgi and Susanne Georgi\nArranged by Dean 'N\nEngineered by Johnny Jam\nMixed and produced by Dean 'N and Johnny Jam","title":"Credits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dub-I-Dub&action=edit&section=8"},{"link_name":"ARIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Charts"},{"link_name":"Ö3 Austria Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%963_Austria_Top_40"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lescharts-11"},{"link_name":"Ultratop 50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultratop_50"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lescharts-11"},{"link_name":"Ultratop 50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultratop_50"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lescharts-11"},{"link_name":"RPM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"IFPI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFPI_Danmark"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Eurochart Hot 100 Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurochart_Hot_100_Singles"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Suomen virallinen lista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suomen_virallinen_lista"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lescharts-11"},{"link_name":"SNEP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNEP"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lescharts-11"},{"link_name":"Media Control Charts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_Control_Charts"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lescharts-11"},{"link_name":"Mahasz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahasz"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Íslenski Listinn Topp 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dslenski_listinn"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"IBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Broadcasting_Authority"},{"link_name":"Musica e dischi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musica_e_dischi"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-1"},{"link_name":"Dutch Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Top_40"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Dutch40_Me_&_My-18"},{"link_name":"Mega Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mega_Top_100"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lescharts-11"},{"link_name":"VG-lista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VG-lista"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lescharts-11"},{"link_name":"AFYVE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Productores_de_M%C3%BAsica_de_Espa%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Sverigetopplistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sverigetopplistan"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lescharts-11"},{"link_name":"Schweizer Hitparade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schweizer_Hitparade"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lescharts-11"},{"link_name":"UK Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dub-I-Dub&action=edit&section=9"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\n\nChart (1995–1996)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nAustralia (ARIA)\n\n135\n\n\nAustria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[11]\n\n11\n\n\nBelgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[11]\n\n5\n\n\nBelgian (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)[11]\n\n9\n\n\nCanada Dance/Urban (RPM)[12]\n\n2\n\n\nDenmark (IFPI)[13]\n\n1\n\n\nEurope (Eurochart Hot 100 Singles)[14]\n\n28\n\n\nFinland (Suomen virallinen lista)[11]\n\n16\n\n\nFrance (SNEP)[11]\n\n43\n\n\nGermany (Media Control Charts)[11]\n\n37\n\n\nHungary (Mahasz)[15]\n\n6\n\n\nIceland (Íslenski Listinn Topp 40)[16]\n\n6\n\n\nIsrael (IBA)\n\n8\n\n\nItaly (Musica e dischi)[17]\n\n5\n\n\nJapan[1]\n\n1\n\n\nNetherlands (Dutch Top 40)[18]\n\n27\n\n\nNetherlands (Mega Top 100)[11]\n\n25\n\n\nNorway (VG-lista)[11]\n\n12\n\n\nSpain (AFYVE)[19]\n\n10\n\n\nSweden (Sverigetopplistan)[11]\n\n2\n\n\nSwitzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[11]\n\n14\n\n\nUK Singles (OCC)[20]\n\n148\n\n\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\n\nChart (1995)\n\nPosition\n\n\nBelgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[21]\n\n51\n\n\nBelgium (Ultratop Wallonia)[22]\n\n69\n\n\nEurope (Eurochart Hot 100)[23]\n\n84\n\n\nIceland (Íslenski Listinn Topp 40)[24]\n\n94\n\n\nNetherlands (Dutch Top 40)[25]\n\n209\n\n\nSweden (Sverigetopplistan)[26]\n\n52","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certification"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"\"News\" (PDF). Music Week. 12 October 1996. p. 5. Retrieved 14 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-Week/1996/Music-Week-1996-10-12.pdf","url_text":"\"News\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Week","url_text":"Music Week"}]},{"reference":"Flick, Larry (21 June 1997). \"Single Reviews: New & Noteworthy\" (PDF). Billboard. p. 73. Retrieved 6 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Flick","url_text":"Flick, Larry"},{"url":"https://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-Billboard/90s/1997/Billboard-1997-06-21.pdf","url_text":"\"Single Reviews: New & Noteworthy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"New Releases: Singles\" (PDF). Music & Media. 12 August 1995. Retrieved 24 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-and-Media/90s/1995/MM-1995-08-12.pdf","url_text":"\"New Releases: Singles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_%26_Media","url_text":"Music & Media"}]},{"reference":"\"Reviews: Singles\" (PDF). Music Week. 3 February 1996. p. 27. Retrieved 26 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-Week/1996/Music-Week-1996-02-03.pdf","url_text":"\"Reviews: Singles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Week","url_text":"Music Week"}]},{"reference":"\"Reviews: Singles\" (PDF). Music Week. 31 August 1996. p. 10. Retrieved 1 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-Week/1996/Music-Week-1996-08-31.pdf","url_text":"\"Reviews: Singles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Week","url_text":"Music Week"}]},{"reference":"Hamilton, James (17 February 1996). \"Dj directory\" (PDF). Music Week, in Record Mirror (Dance Update Supplemental Insert). p. 15. Retrieved 26 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Hamilton_(DJ_and_journalist)","url_text":"Hamilton, James"},{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-Week/1996/Music-Week-1996-02-17.pdf","url_text":"\"Dj directory\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Week","url_text":"Music Week"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_Mirror","url_text":"Record Mirror"}]},{"reference":"\"Me & My - Dub-I-Dub\" (PDF). Music Week. 19 October 1996. p. 23. Retrieved 14 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-Week/1996/Music-Week-1996-10-19.pdf","url_text":"\"Me & My - Dub-I-Dub\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Week","url_text":"Music Week"}]},{"reference":"\"Me & My - Dub-I-Dub\". YouTube. 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Music & Media. 14 October 1995. Retrieved 17 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-and-Media/90s/1995/MM-1995-10-14.pdf","url_text":"\"Eurochart Hot 100 Singles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_%26_Media","url_text":"Music & Media"}]},{"reference":"\"Top 10 Sales in Europe\" (PDF). Music & Media. 2 March 1996. Retrieved 5 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-and-Media/90s/1996/MM-1996-03-02.pdf","url_text":"\"Top 10 Sales in Europe\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_%26_Media","url_text":"Music & Media"}]},{"reference":"\"Íslenski Listinn Topp 40 (21.10.1995 - 27.10.1995)\" (PDF). Dagblaðið Vísir - Tónlist. Retrieved 3 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://timarit.is/files/12266405.pdf#navpanes=1&view=FitH","url_text":"\"Íslenski Listinn Topp 40 (21.10.1995 - 27.10.1995)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Classifiche\". Musica e Dischi (in Italian). Retrieved 29 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.musicaedischi.it/classifiche_archivio.php","url_text":"\"Classifiche\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musica_e_Dischi","url_text":"Musica e Dischi"}]},{"reference":"Salaverri, Fernando (September 2005). Sólo éxitos: año a año, 1959–2002 (1st ed.). Spain: Fundación Autor-SGAE. ISBN 84-8048-639-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-8048-639-2","url_text":"84-8048-639-2"}]},{"reference":"\"Chart Log UK: M - My Vitriol\". Archived from the original on 21 July 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150721043340/http://zobbel.de/cluk/CLUK_M.HTM","url_text":"\"Chart Log UK: M - My Vitriol\""},{"url":"http://zobbel.de/cluk/CLUK_M.HTM","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"1995 Belgian (Flanders) Singles Chart\". Ultratop.be (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 30 March 2014. Retrieved 5 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140330022958/http://www.ultratop.be/nl/annual.asp?year=1995","url_text":"\"1995 Belgian (Flanders) Singles Chart\""},{"url":"http://www.ultratop.be/nl/annual.asp?year=1995","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ultratop rapports annuels 1995\". Ultratop.be. Retrieved 4 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ultratop.be/fr/annual.asp?year=1995","url_text":"\"Ultratop rapports annuels 1995\""}]},{"reference":"\"1995 Year-End Sales Charts: Eurochart Hot 100 Singles\" (PDF). Music & Media. 23 December 1995. Retrieved 2 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-and-Media/90s/1995/MM-1995-12-23.pdf","url_text":"\"1995 Year-End Sales Charts: Eurochart Hot 100 Singles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_%26_Media","url_text":"Music & Media"}]},{"reference":"\"Árslistinn 1995\". Dagblaðið Vísir (in Icelandic). 2 January 1996. p. 25. Retrieved 14 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://timarit.is/page/2935413?iabr=on#page/n15/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Árslistinn 1995\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DV_(newspaper)","url_text":"Dagblaðið Vísir"}]},{"reference":"\"Jaarlijsten 1995\" (in Dutch). Stichting Nederlandse Top 40. Retrieved 3 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.top40web.nl/jaarlijsten/jr1995.html","url_text":"\"Jaarlijsten 1995\""}]},{"reference":"\"Årslista Singlar, 1995\" (in Swedish). Sverigetopplistan. Retrieved 24 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sverigetopplistan.se/chart/43?dspy=1995&dspp=1","url_text":"\"Årslista Singlar, 1995\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sverigetopplistan","url_text":"Sverigetopplistan"}]},{"reference":"\"Music and Media\" (PDF). Worldradiohistory.com. 25 May 1996. Retrieved 1 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-and-Media/90s/1996/MM-1996-05-25.pdf","url_text":"\"Music and Media\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_(jg.)
Lieutenant (junior grade)
["1 United States","1.1 Notable LTJGs","2 Gallery","3 See also","4 References"]
Junior commissioned officer naval rank Not to be confused with Junior lieutenant. Naval officer ranks Flag officers Admiral of the fleet Grand admiral Admiral General admiral Vice admiral Squadron admiral Lieutenant admiral Rear admiral Admiral-superintendent Port admiral Counter admiral Divisional admiral Commodore Flotilla admiral Schout-bij-nacht Senior officers Captain of the fleet Captain Captain at sea Captain of sea and war Flag captain Fleet captain Post-captain Ship-of-the-line captain Commander Frigate captain Corvette captain Junior officers Captain lieutenant Lieutenant commander Lieutenant Ship-of-the-line lieutenant Frigate lieutenant Lieutenant junior-grade Sub-lieutenant Corvette lieutenant Ensign Midshipman vte This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Lieutenant" junior grade – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Lieutenant junior grade is a junior commissioned officer rank used in a number of navies. United States Lieutenant (junior grade) Navy and Coast Guard insignia Public Health Service and NOAA insigniaCountry United StatesService branch United States Navy United States Coast Guard United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps NOAA Commissioned Officer CorpsRank groupJunior officerNATO rank codeOF-1Pay gradeO-2FormationMarch 3, 1883Next higher rankLieutenantNext lower rankEnsignEquivalent ranksFirst lieutenant Lieutenant (junior grade), commonly abbreviated as LTJG or, historically, Lt. (j.g.) (as well as variants of both abbreviations), is a junior commissioned officer rank of the United States Navy, the United States Coast Guard, the United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commissioned Officer Corps (NOAA Corps). LTJG has a US military pay grade of O-2, and a NATO rank code of OF-1. The rank is also used in the United States Maritime Service. The NOAA Corps's predecessors, the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey Corps (1917–1965) and the Environmental Science Services Administration Corps or ESSA Corps (1965–1970), also used the rank. Lieutenant (junior grade) ranks above ensign and below lieutenant and is equivalent to a first lieutenant in the other uniformed services (the Army, Marine Corps, Air Force, and Space Force) and sub-lieutenant in the Royal Navy and the navies of many Commonwealth countries. Promotion to LTJG is governed by Department of Defense policies derived from the Defense Officer Personnel Management Act of 1980. DOPMA guidelines suggest all "fully qualified" ensigns should be promoted to LTJG. The time for promotion to LTJG is a minimum of two years after commissioning in the Navy or 18 months in the Coast Guard. Lieutenants, junior grade typically lead petty officers and non-rated personnel, unless assigned to small aircraft or on staff duty. A LTJG's usual shipboard billet is as a division officer. Lieutenant, junior grade is often referred to colloquially as JG. Prior to March 3, 1883, this rank was known in the U.S. Navy as master. Notable LTJGs Neil Armstrong, Korean War naval aviator and astronaut, Commander of Apollo 11 Francis Bellotti, former Massachusetts Attorney General, served in World War II Paul Brown, football coach and executive, spent WW2 as coach of Great Lakes Navy Bluejackets George H. W. Bush, WW2 naval aviator and 41st president of the United States Johnny Carson, host of The Tonight Show for 30 years, served in WW2 Albert David, only Atlantic Fleet sailor awarded the Medal of Honor in World War II Kirk Douglas, American actor, served in WW2 Henry Fonda, American film and stage actor, served in WW2 L. Ron Hubbard, science fiction writer and founder of Scientology, served in WW2 John F. Kennedy, WW2 PT boat CO and 35th president of the United States Bob Kerrey, Navy SEAL Medal of Honor recipient and U.S. senator Brian Lamb, founder of C-SPAN, PAO during the Vietnam era. Harvey Milk, gay rights activist and San Francisco Board Supervisor, served in Korea Thomas R. Norris, Navy SEAL and Medal of Honor recipient David Robinson, Naval Academy graduate, NBA Hall of Fame player Potter Stewart, associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court, served in WW2 Madeline Swegle, Navy Pilot The United States Navy’s first Black female tactical air pilot after 110 years of American Aviation. Madeline is the first known Black woman to be certified for the TACAIR mission, which enabled her to fly fighters like the F/A-18E/F Super Hornet, EA-18G Growler or F-35C Joint Strike Fighter. Malcolm Wilson, New York politician, served in WW2 William Sylvester White, Illinois Appellate Court justice, member of the Golden Thirteen Gallery Lieutenant (junior grade)(Antigua and Barbuda Coast Guard) Lieutenant (junior grade)(Belize Coast Guard) ሌፍተናንት ጁኒየር ግሬድLēfitenaniti junīyeri girēdi(Ethiopian Navy) Lieutenant (junior grade)(Gambian Navy) Lieutenant (junior grade)(Guyana Coast Guard) Lieutenant (junior grade)(Liberian National Coast Guard) Lieutenant (junior grade)(Jamaican Coast Guard) Lieutenant junior grade(Namibian Navy) Lieutenant (junior grade)(Philippine Navy) Lieutenant (junior grade)(Sierra Leone Navy) Lieutenant (junior grade)(United States Navy) Lieutenant (junior grade)(United States Coast Guard) See also Comparative military ranks U.S. Navy officer rank insignia References ^ 10 USC 5501. Navy: grades above chief warrant officer, W–5 ^ 37 USC 201. Pay grades: assignment to; general rules ^ Mallory, John A. (1914). Compiled Statutes of the United States 1913. Vol. 1. St. Paul: Wast Publishing Company. p. 1062. ^ "G.I. Jobs -April 2008". Archived from the original on 2006-03-10. ^ Antigua & Barbuda Defence Force. "Paratus" (PDF). Regional Publications Ltd. pp. 12–13. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 June 2022. Retrieved 2 March 2020. ^ "Defense Act of 2008" (PDF). 3 September 2008. p. 8. Retrieved 20 November 2017. ^ "BADGES OF RANK". Official Jamaica Defence Force Website. 2019. Archived from the original on 20 August 2020. Retrieved 16 November 2019. ^ "Government Notice" (PDF). Government Gazette of the Republic of Namibia. Vol. 4547. 20 August 2010. pp. 99–102. Retrieved 20 December 2021. ^ a b "U.S. Military Rank Insignia". defense.gov. Department of Defense. Retrieved 13 January 2022. vteUnited States uniformed services commissioned officer and officer candidate ranks Pay grade / branch of service Officercandidate O-1 O-2 O-3 O-4 O-5 O-6 O-7 O-8 O-9 O-10 Wartimegrade Special grade Insignia Army CDT / OC 2LT 1LT CPT MAJ LTC COL BG MG LTG GEN GA GAS Marine Corps Midn / Cand 2ndLt 1stLt Capt Maj LtCol Col BGen MajGen LtGen Gen Navy MIDN / OC ENS LTJG LT LCDR CDR CAPT RDML RADM VADM ADM FADM Air Force Cdt / OT 2nd Lt 1st Lt Capt Maj Lt Col Col Brig Gen Maj Gen Lt Gen Gen GAF Space Force Cdt / OT 2nd Lt 1st Lt Capt Maj Lt Col Col Brig Gen Maj Gen Lt Gen Gen Coast Guard CDT / OC ENS LTJG LT LCDR CDR CAPT RDML RADM VADM ADM PHS Corps OC ENS LTJG LT LCDR CDR CAPT RDML RADM VADM ADM NOAA Corps OC ENS LTJG LT LCDR CDR CAPT RDML RADM VADM No universal insignia for officer candidate rank No official insignia and not currently listed by the Army as an obtainable rank. John J. Pershing's GAS insignia: (collar) (epaulettes) These ranks are reserved for wartime use only, and are still listed as ranks within their respective services Grade is authorized by the U.S. Code for use but has not been created Grade has never been created or authorized
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Prior to March 3, 1883, this rank was known in the U.S. Navy as master.[3]","title":"United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Neil Armstrong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong"},{"link_name":"naval aviator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_aviator"},{"link_name":"astronaut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronaut"},{"link_name":"Apollo 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11"},{"link_name":"Francis Bellotti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Bellotti"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts Attorney General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Attorney_General"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWII"},{"link_name":"Paul Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Brown"},{"link_name":"Great Lakes Navy Bluejackets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lakes_Navy_Bluejackets_football"},{"link_name":"George H. W. 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Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy"},{"link_name":"president of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Bob Kerrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Kerrey"},{"link_name":"Navy SEAL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_SEAL"},{"link_name":"U.S. senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"Brian Lamb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Lamb"},{"link_name":"C-SPAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"Harvey Milk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_Milk"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War"},{"link_name":"Thomas R. Norris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_R._Norris"},{"link_name":"David Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Robinson"},{"link_name":"Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Potter Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potter_Stewart"},{"link_name":"associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Madeline Swegle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeline_Swegle"},{"link_name":"Navy Pilot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Navy_Pilot&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Malcolm Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Wilson_(governor)"},{"link_name":"William Sylvester White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Sylvester_White"},{"link_name":"Golden Thirteen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Thirteen"}],"sub_title":"Notable LTJGs","text":"Neil Armstrong, Korean War naval aviator and astronaut, Commander of Apollo 11\nFrancis Bellotti, former Massachusetts Attorney General, served in World War II\nPaul Brown, football coach and executive, spent WW2 as coach of Great Lakes Navy Bluejackets\nGeorge H. W. Bush, WW2 naval aviator and 41st president of the United States\nJohnny Carson, host of The Tonight Show for 30 years, served in WW2\nAlbert David, only Atlantic Fleet sailor awarded the Medal of Honor in World War II\nKirk Douglas, American actor, served in WW2\nHenry Fonda, American film and stage actor, served in WW2\nL. Ron Hubbard, science fiction writer and founder of Scientology, served in WW2\nJohn F. Kennedy, WW2 PT boat CO and 35th president of the United States\nBob Kerrey, Navy SEAL Medal of Honor recipient and U.S. senator\nBrian Lamb, founder of C-SPAN, PAO during the Vietnam era.\nHarvey Milk, gay rights activist and San Francisco Board Supervisor, served in Korea\nThomas R. Norris, Navy SEAL and Medal of Honor recipient\nDavid Robinson, Naval Academy graduate, NBA Hall of Fame player[4]\nPotter Stewart, associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court, served in WW2\nMadeline Swegle, Navy Pilot The United States Navy’s first Black female tactical air pilot after 110 years of American Aviation. Madeline is the first known Black woman to be certified for the TACAIR mission, which enabled her to fly fighters like the F/A-18E/F Super Hornet, EA-18G Growler or F-35C Joint Strike Fighter.\nMalcolm Wilson, New York politician, served in WW2\nWilliam Sylvester White, Illinois Appellate Court justice, member of the Golden Thirteen","title":"United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Generic-Navy-3.svg"},{"link_name":"Antigua and Barbuda Coast Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda_Coast_Guard"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Antigua&Barbuda-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Belize_Coast_Guard_OF-1b.svg"},{"link_name":"Belize Coast Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belize_Coast_Guard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Generic-Navy-3.svg"},{"link_name":"Ethiopian Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Navy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Generic-Navy-3.svg"},{"link_name":"Gambian Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambian_Navy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Generic-Navy-3.svg"},{"link_name":"Guyana Coast Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyana_Defence_Force#Coast_Guard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Generic-Navy-(star)-O2.svg"},{"link_name":"Liberian National Coast Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberian_National_Coast_Guard"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liberia-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Generic-Navy-3.svg"},{"link_name":"Jamaican Coast Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica_Defence_Force#JDF_Coast_Guard"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jamaica-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Generic-Navy-3.svg"},{"link_name":"Namibian Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibian_Navy"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Namibia-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PN_LTJG_BlkDr-Slv.svg"},{"link_name":"Philippine Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Navy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Generic-Navy-3.svg"},{"link_name":"Sierra Leone Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Navy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_Navy_O2_insignia.svg"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dod_Ranks-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USCG_O-2_insignia.svg"},{"link_name":"United States Coast Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dod_Ranks-9"}],"text":"Lieutenant (junior grade)(Antigua and Barbuda Coast Guard)[5]\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLieutenant (junior grade)(Belize Coast Guard)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tሌፍተናንት ጁኒየር ግሬድLēfitenaniti junīyeri girēdi(Ethiopian Navy)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLieutenant (junior grade)(Gambian Navy)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLieutenant (junior grade)(Guyana Coast Guard)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLieutenant (junior grade)(Liberian National Coast Guard)[6]\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLieutenant (junior grade)(Jamaican Coast Guard)[7]\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLieutenant junior grade(Namibian Navy)[8]\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLieutenant (junior grade)(Philippine Navy)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLieutenant (junior grade)(Sierra Leone Navy)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLieutenant (junior grade)(United States Navy)[9]\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLieutenant (junior grade)(United States Coast Guard)[9]","title":"Gallery"}]
[]
[{"title":"Comparative military ranks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_military_ranks"},{"title":"U.S. Navy officer rank insignia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Navy_officer_rank_insignia"}]
[{"reference":"Mallory, John A. (1914). Compiled Statutes of the United States 1913. Vol. 1. St. Paul: Wast Publishing Company. p. 1062.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=L-Y4AAAAIAAJ","url_text":"Compiled Statutes of the United States 1913"}]},{"reference":"\"G.I. Jobs -April 2008\". Archived from the original on 2006-03-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060310050511/http://www.gijobs.net/gijobs/index.cfm?event=Columns&id=187","url_text":"\"G.I. Jobs -April 2008\""},{"url":"http://www.gijobs.net/gijobs/index.cfm?event=Columns&id=187","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Antigua & Barbuda Defence Force. \"Paratus\" (PDF). Regional Publications Ltd. pp. 12–13. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 June 2022. Retrieved 2 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220607174320/http://abdf.gov.ag/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/ABDF_mag_2011.pdf","url_text":"\"Paratus\""},{"url":"http://abdf.gov.ag/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/ABDF_mag_2011.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Defense Act of 2008\" (PDF). 3 September 2008. p. 8. Retrieved 20 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vertic.org/media/National%20Legislation/Liberia/LR_Defense%20Act%20of%202008.pdf","url_text":"\"Defense Act of 2008\""}]},{"reference":"\"BADGES OF RANK\". Official Jamaica Defence Force Website. 2019. Archived from the original on 20 August 2020. Retrieved 16 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200820143541/https://www.jdfweb.com/badges-of-rank/","url_text":"\"BADGES OF RANK\""},{"url":"https://www.jdfweb.com/badges-of-rank/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Government Notice\" (PDF). Government Gazette of the Republic of Namibia. Vol. 4547. 20 August 2010. pp. 99–102. Retrieved 20 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lac.org.na/laws/2010/4547.pdf","url_text":"\"Government Notice\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Military Rank Insignia\". defense.gov. Department of Defense. Retrieved 13 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.defense.gov/Resources/Insignia/","url_text":"\"U.S. Military Rank Insignia\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangea_Day
Pangea Day
["1 Goals","2 Live broadcast locations","3 Featured Films","4 Global partner","5 Key participants","5.1 Hosts","5.2 Advisory board","5.3 Speakers","5.4 Musicians","6 Notes and references","7 External links"]
2008 international multimedia event This article contains content that is written like an advertisement. Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view. (July 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: "Pangea Day" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Pangea Day is an international multimedia event conducted on May 10, 2008. Cairo, Kigali, London, Los Angeles, Mumbai and Rio de Janeiro were linked to produce a 4-hour program of films, music, and speakers. The program was broadcast live across the globe from 1800 to 2200 UTC, culminating in a global drum circle, symbolizing the common heartbeat of the world. According to the festival organizers, "Pangea Day plans to use the power of film to bring the world a little closer together." Pangea Day originated in 2006 when documentary filmmaker Jehane Noujaim won the TED Prize. Jehane wished to use film to bring the world together. Pangea refers to the supercontinent from which all current continents initially separated. It serves as a reminder of the "connectedness" or unitary nature of all people on Planet Earth. Goals Bring together millions of people from all over the world in a unique shared experience. Use the power of film to create a better understanding of one another. Form a global community striving for a better future. Live broadcast locations Pangea Day was broadcast live from seven cities: Cairo - The Pyramids Kigali - Jali Gardens London - Somerset House Los Angeles - Sony Pictures Studios Mumbai - National Centre for the Performing Arts Rio de Janeiro - Morro da Urca Buenos Aires - In the United States, Current TV was the exclusive, English-language broadcaster. Featured Films A Thousand Words directed by Ted Chung More directed by Mark Osborne L'Homme Sans Tete directed by Juan Diego Solanas Happy Together directed by Sam Nozik Dreaming of Zhejiang directed by Marineta Mak Kritikou Global partner Nokia was Pangea Day's premier global partner. In addition to providing financial support, Nokia sent video enabled devices to film schools and programs in disadvantaged areas and conflict zones, and to UNHCR refugee camps. Some of the films made in these locations were included in the Pangea Day broadcast. Key participants Hosts June Arunga Lisa Ling Max Lugavere Jason Silva Advisory board J. J. Abrams Lawrence Bender Nancy Buirski Alan Cumming Richard Curtis Ami Dar Cameron Diaz Matthew Freud Bob Geldof Goldie Hawn Jim Hornthal Judy McGrath Pat Mitchell Vik Muniz Clare Munn Mira Nair Dr. Tero Ojanperä Eboo Patel Alexander Payne Richard Rogers Meg Ryan Deborah Scranton Paul Simon Jeffrey Skoll Sir Martin Sorrell Philippe Starck Dave Stewart Yossi Vardi Kevin Wall Forest Whitaker will.i.am Paul Zilk Speakers Christiane Amanpour Bassam Aramin Karen Armstrong June Arunga Ali Abu Awwad Ishmael Beah Donald Brown Assaad Chaftari Muhieddine Chehab Robi Damelin Jonathan Harris Robert Kurzban Lisa Ling Max Lugavere Khaled Aboul Naga Queen Noor of Jordan Eboo Patel Carolyn Porco Jean-Paul Samputu Yonathan Shapira Jason Silva Musicians Dave Stewart Gilberto Gil Hypernova Rokia Traoré Notes and references ^ http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/content_display/film/news/e3i12490cf38336fdda945e6048e35c6f19 retrieved January 12/08 ^ a b Pangea Day Archived 2008-01-05 at the Wayback Machine ^ http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/11/07/arts/NA-A-E-CEL-US-Goldie-Hawn.php?WT.mc_id=rssap_news retrieved January 12/08 ^ Pangea Day Archived 2008-05-05 at the Wayback Machine ^ Pangea Day Archived 2008-05-02 at the Wayback Machine ^ Pangea Day Archived 2011-07-27 at the Wayback Machine ^ Pangea Day: Advisory Board Archived 2008-02-26 at the Wayback Machine ^ Pangea Day: Speakers Archived 2008-05-06 at the Wayback Machine ^ Pangea Day: Musical Performers Archived 2008-05-12 at the Wayback Machine External links Wikiquote has quotations related to Pangea Day. "Can Your Film Change the World?" - Pangea Day promo video at YouTube
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cairo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo"},{"link_name":"Kigali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kigali"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Mumbai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai"},{"link_name":"Rio de Janeiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro"},{"link_name":"UTC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pangea_Day-2"},{"link_name":"Jehane Noujaim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehane_Noujaim"},{"link_name":"TED Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TED_(conference)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Pangea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangea"},{"link_name":"Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth"}],"text":"Pangea Day is an international multimedia event conducted on May 10, 2008. Cairo, Kigali, London, Los Angeles, Mumbai and Rio de Janeiro were linked to produce a 4-hour program of films, music, and speakers. The program was broadcast live across the globe from 1800 to 2200 UTC, culminating in a global drum circle, symbolizing the common heartbeat of the world. According to the festival organizers, \"Pangea Day plans to use the power of film to bring the world a little closer together.\"[1][2]Pangea Day originated in 2006 when documentary filmmaker Jehane Noujaim won the TED Prize. Jehane wished to use film to bring the world together.[3]Pangea refers to the supercontinent from which all current continents initially separated. It serves as a reminder of the \"connectedness\" or unitary nature of all people on Planet Earth.","title":"Pangea Day"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pangea_Day-2"}],"text":"Bring together millions of people from all over the world in a unique shared experience.\nUse the power of film to create a better understanding of one another.\nForm a global community striving for a better future.[2]","title":"Goals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Pyramids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Pyramids"},{"link_name":"Jali Gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jali_Gardens&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Somerset House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerset_House"},{"link_name":"Sony Pictures Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Pictures_Studios"},{"link_name":"National Centre for the Performing Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Centre_for_the_Performing_Arts_(India)"},{"link_name":"Morro da Urca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urca"},{"link_name":"Current TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current_TV"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Pangea Day was broadcast live from seven cities:Cairo - The Pyramids\nKigali - Jali Gardens\nLondon - Somerset House\nLos Angeles - Sony Pictures Studios\nMumbai - National Centre for the Performing Arts\nRio de Janeiro - Morro da Urca\nBuenos Aires - [KONEX Theater]In the United States, Current TV was the exclusive, English-language broadcaster.[4]","title":"Live broadcast locations"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"A Thousand Words directed by Ted Chung\nMore directed by Mark Osborne\nL'Homme Sans Tete directed by Juan Diego Solanas\nHappy Together directed by Sam Nozik\nDreaming of Zhejiang directed by Marineta Mak Kritikou","title":"Featured Films"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nokia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokia"},{"link_name":"Nokia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokia"},{"link_name":"UNHCR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNHCR"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Nokia was Pangea Day's premier global partner. In addition to providing financial support, Nokia sent video enabled devices to film schools and programs in disadvantaged areas and conflict zones, and to UNHCR refugee camps. Some of the films made in these locations were included in the Pangea Day broadcast.\n[5]\n[6]","title":"Global partner"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Key participants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"June Arunga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_Arunga"},{"link_name":"Lisa Ling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Ling"},{"link_name":"Max Lugavere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Lugavere"},{"link_name":"Jason Silva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Silva"}],"sub_title":"Hosts","text":"June Arunga\nLisa Ling\nMax Lugavere\nJason Silva","title":"Key participants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"J. J. Abrams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._J._Abrams"},{"link_name":"Lawrence Bender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Bender"},{"link_name":"Nancy Buirski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Buirski"},{"link_name":"Alan Cumming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Cumming"},{"link_name":"Richard Curtis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Curtis"},{"link_name":"Ami Dar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ami_Dar"},{"link_name":"Cameron Diaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameron_Diaz"},{"link_name":"Matthew Freud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Freud"},{"link_name":"Bob Geldof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Geldof"},{"link_name":"Goldie Hawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldie_Hawn"},{"link_name":"Jim Hornthal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jim_Hornthal&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Judy McGrath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judy_McGrath"},{"link_name":"Pat Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Mitchell"},{"link_name":"Vik Muniz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vik_Muniz"},{"link_name":"Mira Nair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mira_Nair"},{"link_name":"Dr. Tero Ojanperä","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dr._Tero_Ojanper%C3%A4&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Eboo Patel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eboo_Patel"},{"link_name":"Alexander Payne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Payne"},{"link_name":"Richard Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Rogers"},{"link_name":"Meg Ryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meg_Ryan"},{"link_name":"Deborah Scranton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deborah_Scranton"},{"link_name":"Paul Simon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Simon"},{"link_name":"Jeffrey Skoll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Skoll"},{"link_name":"Sir Martin Sorrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Sorrell"},{"link_name":"Philippe Starck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Starck"},{"link_name":"Dave Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Stewart_(Eurythmics)"},{"link_name":"Yossi Vardi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yossi_Vardi"},{"link_name":"Kevin Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Wall"},{"link_name":"Forest Whitaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_Whitaker"},{"link_name":"will.i.am","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will.i.am"},{"link_name":"Paul Zilk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Zilk&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Advisory board","text":"J. J. Abrams\nLawrence Bender\nNancy Buirski\nAlan Cumming\nRichard Curtis\nAmi Dar\nCameron Diaz\nMatthew Freud\nBob Geldof\nGoldie Hawn\nJim Hornthal\nJudy McGrath\nPat Mitchell\nVik Muniz\nClare Munn\nMira Nair\nDr. Tero Ojanperä\nEboo Patel\nAlexander Payne\nRichard Rogers\nMeg Ryan\nDeborah Scranton\nPaul Simon\nJeffrey Skoll\nSir Martin Sorrell\nPhilippe Starck\nDave Stewart\nYossi Vardi\nKevin Wall\nForest Whitaker\nwill.i.am\nPaul Zilk[7]","title":"Key participants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Christiane Amanpour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christiane_Amanpour"},{"link_name":"Bassam Aramin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bassam_Aramin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Karen Armstrong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Armstrong"},{"link_name":"June Arunga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_Arunga"},{"link_name":"Ali Abu Awwad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Abu_Awwad"},{"link_name":"Ishmael Beah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishmael_Beah"},{"link_name":"Donald Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Brown_(anthropologist)"},{"link_name":"Assaad Chaftari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assaad_Chaftari"},{"link_name":"Muhieddine Chehab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muhieddine_Chehab&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Robi Damelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robi_Damelin"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Harris_(artist)"},{"link_name":"Robert Kurzban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Kurzban"},{"link_name":"Lisa Ling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Ling"},{"link_name":"Max Lugavere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Lugavere"},{"link_name":"Khaled Aboul Naga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khaled_Aboul_Naga"},{"link_name":"Queen Noor of Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Noor_of_Jordan"},{"link_name":"Eboo Patel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eboo_Patel"},{"link_name":"Carolyn Porco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolyn_Porco"},{"link_name":"Jean-Paul Samputu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Samputu"},{"link_name":"Yonathan Shapira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yonathan_Shapira&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jason Silva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Silva"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Speakers","text":"Christiane Amanpour\nBassam Aramin\nKaren Armstrong\nJune Arunga\nAli Abu Awwad\nIshmael Beah\nDonald Brown\nAssaad Chaftari\nMuhieddine Chehab\nRobi Damelin\nJonathan Harris\nRobert Kurzban\nLisa Ling\nMax Lugavere\nKhaled Aboul Naga\nQueen Noor of Jordan\nEboo Patel\nCarolyn Porco\nJean-Paul Samputu\nYonathan Shapira\nJason Silva[8]","title":"Key participants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dave Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Stewart_(Eurythmics)"},{"link_name":"Gilberto Gil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilberto_Gil"},{"link_name":"Hypernova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypernova_(band)"},{"link_name":"Rokia Traoré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rokia_Traor%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Musicians","text":"Dave Stewart\nGilberto Gil\nHypernova\nRokia Traoré[9]","title":"Key participants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/content_display/film/news/e3i12490cf38336fdda945e6048e35c6f19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/content_display/film/news/e3i12490cf38336fdda945e6048e35c6f19"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Pangea_Day_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Pangea_Day_2-1"},{"link_name":"Pangea Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.pangeaday.org/"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080105164926/http://www.pangeaday.org/"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/11/07/arts/NA-A-E-CEL-US-Goldie-Hawn.php?WT.mc_id=rssap_news","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/11/07/arts/NA-A-E-CEL-US-Goldie-Hawn.php?WT.mc_id=rssap_news"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Pangea Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.pangeaday.org/liveevents.php/"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080505104424/http://www.pangeaday.org/liveEvents.php"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Pangea Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.pangeaday.org/partners.php/"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080502160618/http://www.pangeaday.org/partners.php"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Pangea Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.pangeaday.org/filmDetail.php?id=80/"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110727163846/http://www.pangeaday.org/filmDetail.php?id=80%2F"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Pangea Day: Advisory Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.pangeaday.org/advisoryBoard.php"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080226062223/http://www.pangeaday.org/advisoryBoard.php"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"Pangea Day: Speakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.pangeaday.org/speakers.php"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080506144248/http://www.pangeaday.org/speakers.php"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"Pangea Day: Musical Performers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.pangeaday.org/musicians.php"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080512080946/http://www.pangeaday.org/musicians.php"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"}],"text":"^ http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/content_display/film/news/e3i12490cf38336fdda945e6048e35c6f19 retrieved January 12/08\n\n^ a b Pangea Day Archived 2008-01-05 at the Wayback Machine\n\n^ http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/11/07/arts/NA-A-E-CEL-US-Goldie-Hawn.php?WT.mc_id=rssap_news retrieved January 12/08\n\n^ Pangea Day Archived 2008-05-05 at the Wayback Machine\n\n^ Pangea Day Archived 2008-05-02 at the Wayback Machine\n\n^ Pangea Day Archived 2011-07-27 at the Wayback Machine\n\n^ Pangea Day: Advisory Board Archived 2008-02-26 at the Wayback Machine\n\n^ Pangea Day: Speakers Archived 2008-05-06 at the Wayback Machine\n\n^ Pangea Day: Musical Performers Archived 2008-05-12 at the Wayback Machine","title":"Notes and references"}]
[]
null
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_Hibernian_F.C._season
2006–07 Hibernian F.C. season
["1 Pre-season","1.1 Results","2 League season","2.1 Results","2.2 Final table","3 Scottish League Cup","3.1 Results","4 Scottish Cup","4.1 Results","5 Transfers","5.1 Players in","5.2 Players out","5.3 Loans in","5.4 Loans out","6 Young players","7 Player stats","8 See also","9 Notes","10 External links"]
Hibernian 2006–07 football seasonHibernian2006–07 seasonChairmanRod PetrieManagerTony Mowbray John CollinsSPL6thScottish CupSemiCIS CupWinnersIntertoto CupR3Top goalscorerLeague: Killen, 13All: Killen, 15Highest home attendance16747Lowest home attendance10674Average home league attendance14488 (up 670)← 2005–062007–08 → Season 2006–07 was a mixed season for Hibernian; their league form suffered from extended cup runs, and they eventually finished sixth. The reward for their cup form was a first trophy in 16 years, thrashing Kilmarnock 5–1 in the final to lift the CIS Cup. Hibs were knocked out of the Scottish Cup in a semi-final replay by Dunfermline. The season was also notable for the departure of manager Tony Mowbray, the appointment of John Collins as his replacement and a players' revolt that quickly followed the CIS Cup triumph. Pre-season The competitive football started early in 2006–07 for Hibs due to their qualification for the Intertoto Cup. They were given a bye to the second round, where they comfortably beat their first opponents Dinaburg (Latvia) 8–0 on aggregate. Hibs were eliminated from European competition on the away goals rule by Danish team OB in the third and final Intertoto Cup round. Hibs only played one friendly match in the 2006 pre-season, a 3–2 win at Easter Road against Premier League side Charlton Athletic. Results Hibernian v Dinaburg 2 July 2006 Intertoto Cup Hibernian 5–0 Dinaburg Easter Road, Edinburgh Killen 38' Brown 49' Sproule 72' Murphy 75' Fletcher 85' Attendance: 11,731Referee: Sinisa Zrnic Dinaburg v Hibernian 8 July 2006 Intertoto Cup Dinaburg 0–3 Hibernian Celtnieks Stadium, Daugavpils Konte 18', 56' Sproule 75' Attendance: 350Referee: Petteri Kari Odense v Hibernian 15 July 2006 Intertoto Cup Odense 1–0 Hibernian Fionia Park, Odense Sorensen 33' (pen.) Attendance: 2,341Referee: Philippe Kalt Hibernian v Odense 22 July 2006 Intertoto Cup Hibernian 2–1 Odense Easter Road, Edinburgh Jones 55' Dalglish 80' Grahn 51' Attendance: 10,640Referee: Matteo Trefoloni Hibernian v Charlton Athletic 25 July 2006 Friendly match Hibernian 3–2 Charlton Athletic Easter Road, Edinburgh Brown Brown Campbell Hasselbaink Walker Referee: Calum Murray League season John Collins is introduced as the new Hibs manager by Hibs chairman Rod Petrie at a news conference on 31 October 2006. Hibs got off to a slow start in the new league season, taking eleven points from the first nine matches. The highlight of the early part of the league season was a 2–1 win over Rangers on 17 September, but this was then followed with two disappointing losses against Falkirk and St Mirren, both by 1–0. On 7 September 2006, the management team of Tony Mowbray and Mark Venus signed new 12-month rolling contracts that were due to come into force in July 2007. A month later, however, Mowbray left the club to become manager of West Bromwich Albion. Venus took charge of the team for their next game, an Edinburgh derby, but followed Mowbray to West Bromwich in the following week. John Park and Mark Proctor took charge of two games on a caretaker basis, before John Collins was appointed as manager, with Tommy Craig as his assistant. Mark Proctor became the reserve team coach before taking the manager's job at Livingston, while John Park returned to his "behind the scenes" role before taking a similar post at Celtic. Before Collins took over as manager, Hibs had gone through a particularly inconsistent start to the league campaign. They were capable of beating Rangers and causing problems for every team in the league, but were also capable of losing to "lesser" sides, including St Mirren and Falkirk. In the period immediately after Collins took over, Hibs' league form improved somewhat, meaning that they clinched a place in the "top six" of the SPL with three games to spare. After that, however, Hibs didn't win another game until they beat a shadow Celtic side on the final day. During this winless run, reports emerged in the media of a dispute between Collins and many of the Hibs players. The players strongly criticised the manager for constantly chopping and changing the team and formation. Reports claimed that almost all of the first team players went to chairman Rod Petrie hoping to get Collins replaced. The period of unrest was apparently quelled when club captain Rob Jones made a statement on behalf of the squad apologising "to the management, supporters and board of the club for any distress or embarrassment that has been caused". Results Hibernian v Aberdeen 29 July 2006 SPL Hibernian 1–1 Aberdeen Easter Road, Edinburgh Shiels 31' Crawford 19' Attendance: 15,046Referee: Stuart Dougal Kilmarnock v Hibernian 5 August 2006 SPL Kilmarnock 2–1 Hibernian Rugby Park, Kilmarnock Nish 48' Naismith 72' Shiels 31' Attendance: 6,299Referee: Mike McCurry Inverness CT v Hibernian 12 August 2006 SPL Inverness CT 0–0 Hibernian Caley Stadium, Inverness Attendance: 4,623Referee: Iain Brines Hibernian v Motherwell 19 August 2006 SPL Hibernian 3–1 Motherwell Easter Road, Edinburgh Benjelloun 30' Brown 65' Jones 82' McDonald 90' Attendance: 13,274Referee: Dougie McDonald Celtic v Hibernian 26 August 2006 SPL Celtic 2–1 Hibernian Celtic Park, Glasgow Zurawski 62' Vennegoor of Hesselink 66' Brown 8' Attendance: 58,078Referee: Charlie Richmond Dundee United v Hibernian 10 September 2006 SPL Dundee United 0–3 Hibernian Tannadice Park, Dundee Killen 52' Shiels 81' Sproule 90' Attendance: 6,387Referee: Craig Thomson Hibernian v Rangers 17 September 2006 SPL Hibernian 2–1 Rangers Easter Road, Edinburgh Killen 8', 81' Sebo 65' Attendance: 16,450Referee: John Underhill Hibernian v Falkirk 23 September 2006 SPL Hibernian 0–1 Falkirk Easter Road, Edinburgh Milne 9' Attendance: 14,828Referee: Alan Freeland St Mirren v Hibernian 30 September 2006 SPL St Mirren 1–0 Hibernian Love Street, Paisley van Zanten 39' Attendance: 6,008Referee: Stuart Dougal Hibernian v Heart of Midlothian 15 October 2006 SPL Hibernian 2–2 Heart of Midlothian Easter Road, Edinburgh Zemmama 5' Killen 16' Velicka 28', 72' Attendance: 16,623Referee: Charlie Richmond Dunfermline Athletic v Hibernian 23 October 2006 SPL Dunfermline Athletic 0–4 Hibernian East End Park, Dunfermline Sproule 44' Killen 62', 90' Benjelloun 89' Attendance: 6,057Referee: Mike McCurry Aberdeen v Hibernian 30 October 2006 SPL Aberdeen 2–1 Hibernian Pittodrie Stadium, Aberdeen Miller 56' Severin 90' Killen 47' Attendance: 11,179Referee: Kenny Clark Hibernian v Kilmarnock 4 November 2006 SPL Hibernian 2–2 Kilmarnock Easter Road, Edinburgh Stewart 53' Fletcher 57' Martis 48' (o.g.) Naismith 65' Attendance: 13,510Referee: Charlie Richmond Hibernian v Inverness CT 11 November 2006 SPL Hibernian 2–0 Inverness CT Easter Road, Edinburgh Fletcher 65' Killen 83' (pen.) Attendance: 12,868Referee: John Underhill Motherwell v Hibernian 18 November 2006 SPL Motherwell 1–6 Hibernian Fir Park, Motherwell McGarry 83' Brown 10' Killen 25' Sproule 29', 40' Jones 73' Shiels 90' Attendance: 6,190Referee: Iain Brines Hibernian v Celtic 26 November 2006 SPL Hibernian 2–2 Celtic Easter Road, Edinburgh Sproule 12' Thomson 63' Sno 70' McGeady 74' Attendance: 16,747Referee: Mike McCurry Hibernian v Dundee United 2 December 2006 SPL Hibernian 2–1 Dundee United Easter Road, Edinburgh Jones 45' Fletcher 73' Martis 24' (o.g.) Attendance: 14,032Referee: Steve Conroy Rangers v Hibernian 9 December 2006 SPL Rangers 3–0 Hibernian Ibrox Stadium, Glasgow Prso 16' Sionko 32' Ferguson 36' Attendance: 49,708Referee: Iain Brines Falkirk v Hibernian 16 December 2006 SPL Falkirk 2–1 Hibernian Falkirk Stadium, Falkirk Martis 14' (o.g.) Craig 21' Fletcher 56' Attendance: 6,142Referee: Charlie Richmond Hibernian v St Mirren 23 December 2006 SPL Hibernian 5–1 St Mirren Easter Road, Edinburgh Beuzelin 21' Killen 32' Shiels 58' Zemmama 65' Benjelloun 74' Sutton 41' Attendance: 13,053Referee: Craig Thomson Heart of Midlothian v Hibernian 26 December 2006 SPL Heart of Midlothian 3–2 Hibernian Tynecastle, Edinburgh Hartley 2' Jankauskas 49' Mikoliunas 70' Killen 55' Shiels 61' (pen.) Attendance: 17,369Referee: Mike McCurry Hibernian v Dunfermline Athletic 30 December 2006 SPL Hibernian 2–0 Dunfermline Athletic Easter Road, Edinburgh Killen 63', 72' (pen.) Attendance: 14,061Referee: Iain Brines Hibernian v Aberdeen 2 January 2007 SPL Hibernian 0–0 Aberdeen Easter Road, Edinburgh Attendance: 16,278Referee: Brian Winter Kilmarnock v Hibernian 15 January 2007 SPL Kilmarnock 0–2 Hibernian Rugby Park, Kilmarnock Sproule 51' Fletcher 87' Attendance: 4,963Referee: Charlie Richmond Inverness CT v Hibernian 21 January 2007 SPL Inverness CT 3–0 Hibernian Caley Stadium, Inverness Dargo 20' McBain 30' Wilson 42' Attendance: 4,577Referee: William Collum Hibernian v Motherwell 27 January 2007 SPL Hibernian 2–0 Motherwell Easter Road, Edinburgh Brown 66' Benjelloun 90' Attendance: 14,280Referee: Mike McCurry Celtic v Hibernian 10 February 2007 SPL Celtic 1–0 Hibernian Celtic Park, Glasgow Beattie 54' Attendance: 59,659Referee: Stuart Dougal Dundee United v Hibernian 18 February 2007 SPL Dundee United 0–0 Hibernian Tannadice Park, Dundee Attendance: 6,453Referee: Kenny Clark Hibernian v Rangers 4 March 2007 SPL Hibernian 0–2 Rangers Easter Road, Edinburgh Adam 4', 60' Attendance: 16,265Referee: Charlie Richmond Hibernian v Falkirk 10 March 2007 SPL Hibernian 2–0 Falkirk Easter Road, Edinburgh Benjelloun 52', 74' Attendance: 12,572Referee: Craig Thomson Hibernian v Heart of Midlothian 1 April 2007 SPL Hibernian 0–1 Heart of Midlothian Easter Road, Edinburgh Zaliukas 81' Attendance: 15,953Referee: Kenny Clark St Mirren v Hibernian 4 April 2007 SPL St Mirren 1–1 Hibernian Love Street, Paisley Sutton 89' Jones 20' Attendance: 4,031Referee: Iain Brines Dunfermline Athletic v Hibernian 7 April 2007 SPL Dunfermline Athletic 1–0 Hibernian East End Park, Dunfermline McGuire 84' Attendance: 6,001Referee: Craig Mackay Aberdeen v Hibernian 21 April 2007 SPL Aberdeen 2–2 Hibernian Pittodrie Stadium, Aberdeen Anderson 25' Foster 80' Gray 19' Shiels 44' Attendance: 9,753Referee: Stuart Dougal Hibernian v Rangers 28 April 2007 SPL Hibernian 3–3 Rangers Easter Road, Edinburgh Fletcher 20' McCann 45' Whittaker 62' Adam 24', 78' Hutton 54' Attendance: 16,747Referee: Charlie Richmond Hibernian v Kilmarnock 5 May 2007 SPL Hibernian 0–1 Kilmarnock Easter Road, Edinburgh Nish 49' Attendance: 10,674Referee: David Somers Heart of Midlothian v Hibernian 12 May 2007 SPL Heart of Midlothian 2–0 Hibernian Tynecastle, Edinburgh Pospisil 1' Driver 23' Attendance: 17,349Referee: Stuart Dougal Hibernian v Celtic 20 May 2007 SPL Hibernian 2–1 Celtic Easter Road, Edinburgh Brown 60' Sproule 90' Riordan 56' Attendance: 13,885Referee: Iain Brines Final table Pos Teamvte Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts Qualification or relegation 4 Heart of Midlothian 38 17 10 11 47 35 +12 61 5 Kilmarnock 38 16 7 15 47 54 −7 55 6 Hibernian 38 13 10 15 56 46 +10 49 7 Falkirk 38 15 5 18 49 47 +2 50 8 Inverness Caledonian Thistle 38 11 13 14 42 48 −6 46 Source: Scottish Professional Football LeagueRules for classification: 1) Points; 2) Goal difference; 3) Goals scoredNotes: ^ Teams played each other three times (33 matches), before the league split into two groups (the top six and the bottom six) for the last five matches. Scottish League Cup See also: 2007 Scottish League Cup Final The CIS Cup is paraded. 18 March 2007 Hibs advanced to the League Cup quarter finals under Tony Mowbray due to two straightforward wins over lower division opposition (4–0 v Peterhead and 6–0 v Gretna). Following John Collins' appointment as manager, the team defeated Hearts 1–0 in the quarter-final and St Johnstone 3–1 after extra time in the semi-final at Tynecastle. On 18 March 2007, Hibs beat Kilmarnock 5–1 at Hampden Park to win the League Cup for the third time in their history. This was the first major trophy that Hibs had won in 16 years; the previous trophy win being the 1991–92 League Cup competition. Results Hibernian v Peterhead 22 August 2006 Scottish League Cup Hibernian 4–0 Peterhead Easter Road, Edinburgh Good 7' (o.g.) Benjelloun 32' Brown 52' McCluskey 66' (pen.) Attendance: 5,500Referee: Chris Boyle Hibernian v Gretna 20 September 2006 Scottish League Cup Hibernian 6–0 Gretna Easter Road, Edinburgh Fletcher 11' Brown 18' Jones 20' Shiels 24', 63' Benjelloun 72' Attendance: 11,075Referee: Craig Thomson Hibernian v Heart of Midlothian 8 November 2006 Scottish League Cup Hibernian 1–0 Heart of Midlothian Easter Road, Edinburgh Jones 32' Attendance: 15,825Referee: Calum Murray St Johnstone v Hibernian 31 January 2007 Scottish League Cup St Johnstone 1–3 (a.e.t.) Hibernian Tynecastle, Edinburgh Scotland 76' Fletcher 3' Murphy 92' Benjelloun 120' Attendance: 16,112Referee: Craig Thomson Kilmarnock v Hibernian 18 March 2007 Scottish League Cup Kilmarnock 1–5 Hibernian Hampden Park, Glasgow Greer 77' Jones 28' Benjelloun 59', 85' Fletcher 66', 87' Attendance: 52,000Referee: Dougie McDonald Scottish Cup Hibs faced Queen of the South in the 2007 Scottish Cup quarter-final. Hibs started their Scottish Cup campaign with a difficult tie away to Aberdeen, where they drew 2–2. In the replay, Hibs produced one of their best performances of the season to win 4–1 despite conceding the first goal of the game. In the next round Hibs comfortably beat Gretna, who they had already hammered in the Scottish League Cup, by 3–1. Hibs were then drawn away to Queen of the South, where they won 2–1 thanks to a free kick by David Murphy. The semi-final with Dunfermline Athletic on 15 April was overshadowed by the player revolt which had immediately preceded it. The match was drawn 0–0 and the tie was replayed on 24 April. Hibs lost the replay 1–0 to a late Panenka penalty by Jim McIntyre. Results Aberdeen v Hibernian 10 January 2007 Scottish Cup Aberdeen 2–2 Hibernian Pittodrie Stadium, Aberdeen Brewster 58' Nicholson 89' Sproule 43' Killen 73' Attendance: 7,905Referee: Craig Thomson Hibernian v Aberdeen 18 January 2007 Scottish Cup Hibernian 4–1 Aberdeen Easter Road, Edinburgh Fletcher 13' Stewart 45' Benjelloun 47', 56' Nicholson 10' Attendance: 11,375Referee: Craig Thomson Hibernian v Gretna 3 February 2007 Scottish Cup Hibernian 3–1 Gretna Easter Road, Edinburgh Jones 28' Fleming 54' (o.g.) Benjelloun 59' Berkeley 80' Attendance: 14,075Referee: Iain Brines Queen of the South v Hibernian 24 February 2007 Scottish Cup Queen of the South 1–2 Hibernian Palmerston Park, Dumfries O'Neill 48' Murphy 45' Sowunmi 51' Attendance: 6,400Referee: Stuart Dougal Hibernian v Dunfermline Athletic 15 April 2007 Scottish Cup Hibernian 0–0 Dunfermline Athletic Hampden Park, Glasgow Attendance: 25,336Referee: Craig Thomson Dunfermline Athletic v Hibernian 24 April 2007 Scottish Cup Dunfermline Athletic 1–0 Hibernian Hampden Park, Glasgow McIntyre 88' (pen.) Attendance: 8,536Referee: Craig Thomson Transfers Hibernian home kit (2006–07) Hibernian away kit (2006–07) Before the season started, Tony Mowbray made some significant changes to the Hibs squad. He brought in two new central defenders (Rob Jones and Shelton Martis) to replace the departing Gary Smith and Gary Caldwell. Derek Riordan had also left the club, but Merouane Zemmama was brought in to provide more creativity. Top goalscorer Chris Killen had a prolific season for the Hibees, but it was cut short by an Achilles injury suffered while playing Aberdeen in the Scottish Cup. With Killen out for the rest of the season, John Collins signed Thomas Sowunmi, a 28-year-old Hungarian international striker, on a six-month contract as cover. Former Hibs striker Tam McManus, released by Falkirk in the January transfer window, was offered a trial period but did not earn a full contract and later signed for Dunfermline Atthletic. The most high-profile transfer activity during the season involved Kevin Thomson and Scott Brown. Speculation persisted that both would be sold during the January transfer window, despite Collins' insistence otherwise. Thomson eventually departed to Rangers, for a reported fee of £2M, on the transfer window's final day. Brown was eventually sold to Celtic at the end of the season for a record transfer fee between Scottish clubs of £4.4 million. Players in Player From Fee Shelton Martis Darlington Free Thomas Sowunmi Ferencváros Free Rob Jones Grimsby Town £100,000 Merouane Zemmama Raja Casablanca Free Players out Player To Fee Gary Smith Cowdenbeath Free Paul Dalglish Houston Dynamo Free Antonio Murray Histon Free Amadou Konte Messiniakos Free Derek Riordan Celtic £150,000 Gary Caldwell Celtic Free Loans in Loans out Player To Zbigniew Małkowski Gretna Kevin McDonald Airdrie United Alistair Brown Ayr United Jay Shields Dundee Stephen Glass Dunfermline Atthletic Sam Morrow Partick Thistle Young players Some younger players in the Hibs squad developed significantly during the season, particularly Abdessalam Benjelloun. 'Benji' gained a reputation as a 'supersub', scoring important goals in the Scottish Cup ties against Aberdeen and Gretna, the CIS Cup Semi Final against St Johnstone, and two goals in the CIS Cup Final victory. Steven Fletcher also scored two goals in the CIS Cup Final and one goal in the CIS Cup Semi Final. Several youngsters were given their first opportunities in the Hibs first team by John Collins. These included 20-year-old goalkeeper Andrew McNeil, 19-year-old right back Kevin McCann and 18-year-old left back / midfielder Lewis Stevenson. Midfielder Sean Lynch made his debut aged 20 against Gretna and then followed that up by keeping his place in the starting line up against Celtic at Parkhead. Ross Campbell, Dermot McCaffrey, Ross Chisholm and Damon Gray (who scored on his league debut at Pittodrie) also featured. Some of these opportunities were because Collins has had to balance a relatively small squad with a heavy workload due to the two extended cup runs, but most of the young players performed creditably. Player stats During the 2007–08 season, Hibs used 32 different players in competitive games. The table below shows the number of appearances and goals scored by each player. No. Pos Nat Player Total SPL Scottish Cup League Cup Intertoto Cup Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals GK  ENG Simon Brown 10 0 4 0 2 0 0 0 4 0 GK  POL Zibi Malkowski 22 0 19 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 GK  SCO Andrew McNeil 22 0 15 0 5 0 2 0 0 0 DF  ENG Chris Hogg 24 0 15 0 4 0 1 0 4 0 DF  ENG Rob Jones 49 9 34 4 6 1 5 3 4 1 DF  SUI Oumar Kondé 3 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 DF  ANT Shelton Martis 34 0 27 0 2 0 5 0 0 0 DF  NIR Dermot McCaffrey 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 DF  SCO Kevin McCann 12 1 8 1 2 0 2 0 0 0 DF  ENG David Murphy 47 3 33 0 5 1 5 1 4 1 DF  SCO Jay Shields 6 0 4 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 DF  SCO Steven Whittaker 49 1 35 1 6 0 4 0 4 0 MF  FRA Guillaume Beuzelin 34 1 25 1 6 0 3 0 0 0 MF  SCO Scott Brown 42 8 30 5 5 0 5 2 2 1 MF  SCO Ross Chisholm 7 0 6 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 MF  SCO Stephen Glass 13 0 10 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 MF  SCO Sean Lynch 5 0 3 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 MF  SCO Jamie McCluskey 8 1 5 0 0 0 2 1 1 0 MF  NIR Dean Shiels 33 9 23 7 4 0 3 2 3 0 MF  NIR Ivan Sproule 46 10 32 7 6 1 4 0 4 2 MF  SCO Lewis Stevenson 24 0 16 0 6 0 2 0 0 0 MF  SCO Michael Stewart 39 2 29 1 3 1 3 0 4 0 MF  SCO Kevin Thomson 31 1 23 1 1 0 3 0 4 0 MF  MAR Merouane Zemmama 26 2 23 2 0 0 3 0 0 0 FW  MAR Abdessalam Benjelloun 45 14 33 6 6 3 5 5 1 0 FW  SCO Ross Campbell 4 0 3 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 FW  SCO Paul Dalglish 5 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 FW  SCO Steven Fletcher 44 12 31 6 5 1 5 4 3 1 FW  ENG Damon Gray 5 1 3 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 FW  NZL Chris Killen 24 15 18 13 1 1 2 0 3 1 FW  MLI Amadou Konte 3 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 FW  HUN Thomas Sowunmi 6 1 5 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 See also List of Hibernian F.C. seasons Notes ^ a b c "Average Home League Game Attendances". fitbastats.com. Retrieved 4 November 2013. ^ Park wants to stay at Hibernian, BBC Sport, 23 October 2006. ^ Proctor takes over at Livingston, BBC Sport, 22 May 2007. ^ Hibs lose youth chief to Celtic, BBC Sport, 23 January 2007. ^ "Hibs Revolt". Daily Record. Trinity Mirror. 9 April 2007. Archived from the original on 25 April 2007. Retrieved 5 June 2007. ^ "Col: I won't walk away". Daily Record. Trinity Mirror. 12 April 2007. Retrieved 5 June 2007. ^ "Hibs players apologise to Collins". BBC Sport. BBC. 16 April 2007. Archived from the original on 25 May 2007. Retrieved 5 June 2007. ^ "Sean Lynch - U20 Squad". Scottish Football Association. Retrieved 23 January 2011. ^ "Hibernian 2006–07 player appearances". Soccerbase. Retrieved 24 November 2008. External links First Team Fixtures 2006–07, Hibernian official site Hibernian 2006–07 results and fixtures, Soccerbase vteHibernian F.C. seasons 1875–76 1876–77 1877–78 1878–79 1879–80 1880–81 1881–82 1882–83 1883–84 1884–85 1885–86 1886–87 1887–88 1888–89 1889–90 1890–91 1891–92 1892–93 1893–94 1894–95 1895–96 1896–97 1897–98 1898–99 1899–1900 1900–01 1901–02 1902–03 1903–04 1904–05 1905–06 1906–07 1907–08 1908–09 1909–10 1910–11 1911–12 1912–13 1913–14 1914–15 1915–16 1916–17 1917–18 1918–19 1919–20 1920–21 1921–22 1922–23 1923–24 1924–25 1925–26 1926–27 1927–28 1928–29 1929–30 1930–31 1931–32 1932–33 1933–34 1934–35 1935–36 1936–37 1937–38 1938–39 1939–40 1940–41 1941–42 1942–43 1943–44 1944–45 1945–46 1946–47 1947–48 1948–49 1949–50 1950–51 1951–52 1952–53 1953–54 1954–55 1955–56 1956–57 1957–58 1958–59 1959–60 1960–61 1961–62 1962–63 1963–64 1964–65 1965–66 1966–67 1967–68 1968–69 1969–70 1970–71 1971–72 1972–73 1973–74 1974–75 1975–76 1976–77 1977–78 1978–79 1979–80 1980–81 1981–82 1982–83 1983–84 1984–85 1985–86 1986–87 1987–88 1988–89 1989–90 1990–91 1991–92 1992–93 1993–94 1994–95 1995–96 1996–97 1997–98 1998–99 1999–2000 2000–01 2001–02 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 2024–25 vte2006–07 in Scottish football « 2005–06 2007–08 » Domestic leagues Premier League Football League First Division Second Division Third Division Highland League Women's Premier League Domestic cups Scottish Cup Final League Cup Final Challenge Cup Final Junior Cup Women's Cup Women's League Cup European competitions Champions League UEFA Cup Final Intertoto Cup Related to national team Results Euro 2008 qualifying Club seasonsPremier League Aberdeen Celtic Dundee United Dunfermline Athletic Falkirk Heart of Midlothian Hibernian Inverness Caledonian Thistle Kilmarnock Motherwell Rangers St Mirren First Division Airdrie United Clyde Dundee Gretna Hamilton Academical Livingston Queen of the South Partick Thistle Ross County St. Johnstone Second Division Alloa Athletic Ayr United Brechin City Cowdenbeath Forfar Athletic Greenock Morton Peterhead Raith Rovers Stirling Albion Stranraer Third Division Albion Rovers Arbroath Berwick Rangers Dumbarton East Fife East Stirlingshire Elgin City Montrose Queen's Park Stenhousemuir Major transfer deals 2006–07
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The reward for their cup form was a first trophy in 16 years, thrashing Kilmarnock 5–1 in the final to lift the CIS Cup. Hibs were knocked out of the Scottish Cup in a semi-final replay by Dunfermline.The season was also notable for the departure of manager Tony Mowbray, the appointment of John Collins as his replacement and a players' revolt that quickly followed the CIS Cup triumph.","title":"2006–07 Hibernian F.C. season"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2006–07","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_in_Scottish_football"},{"link_name":"Intertoto Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Intertoto_Cup_2006"},{"link_name":"Dinaburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinaburg_F.C."},{"link_name":"Latvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia"},{"link_name":"away goals rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Away_goals_rule"},{"link_name":"Danish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"OB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odense_BK"},{"link_name":"friendly match","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friendly_match"},{"link_name":"Easter Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_Road"},{"link_name":"Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Charlton Athletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlton_Athletic_F.C."}],"text":"The competitive football started early in 2006–07 for Hibs due to their qualification for the Intertoto Cup. They were given a bye to the second round, where they comfortably beat their first opponents Dinaburg (Latvia) 8–0 on aggregate. Hibs were eliminated from European competition on the away goals rule by Danish team OB in the third and final Intertoto Cup round.Hibs only played one friendly match in the 2006 pre-season, a 3–2 win at Easter Road against Premier League side Charlton Athletic.","title":"Pre-season"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hibernian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernian_F.C."},{"link_name":"Dinaburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinaburg_F.C."},{"link_name":"Intertoto Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Intertoto_Cup"},{"link_name":"Hibernian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernian_F.C."},{"link_name":"Dinaburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinaburg_F.C."},{"link_name":"Easter 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Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Intertoto_Cup"},{"link_name":"Odense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odense_Boldklub"},{"link_name":"Hibernian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernian_F.C."},{"link_name":"Fionia Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fionia_Park"},{"link_name":"Odense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odense"},{"link_name":"Sorensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Sorensen"},{"link_name":"pen.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_kick_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Philippe Kalt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philippe_Kalt&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hibernian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernian_F.C."},{"link_name":"Odense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odense_Boldklub"},{"link_name":"Intertoto Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Intertoto_Cup"},{"link_name":"Hibernian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernian_F.C."},{"link_name":"Odense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odense_Boldklub"},{"link_name":"Easter Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_Road"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Jones_(footballer_born_1979)"},{"link_name":"Dalglish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Dalglish"},{"link_name":"Grahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobias_Grahn"},{"link_name":"Matteo Trefoloni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matteo_Trefoloni"},{"link_name":"Hibernian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernian_F.C."},{"link_name":"Charlton Athletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlton_Athletic_F.C."},{"link_name":"Friendly match","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friendly_match"},{"link_name":"Hibernian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernian_F.C."},{"link_name":"Charlton Athletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlton_Athletic_F.C."},{"link_name":"Easter Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_Road"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Brown_(footballer,_born_June_1985)"},{"link_name":"Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Brown_(footballer,_born_June_1985)"},{"link_name":"Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Campbell_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Hasselbaink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Floyd_Hasselbaink"},{"link_name":"Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Walker_(footballer_born_1987)"},{"link_name":"Calum Murray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calum_Murray"}],"sub_title":"Results","text":"Hibernian v Dinaburg\n2 July 2006 Intertoto Cup Hibernian 5–0 Dinaburg Easter Road, Edinburgh\nKillen 38' Brown 49' Sproule 72' Murphy 75' Fletcher 85'\n\n\nAttendance: 11,731Referee: Sinisa ZrnicDinaburg v Hibernian\n8 July 2006 Intertoto Cup Dinaburg 0–3 Hibernian Celtnieks Stadium, Daugavpils\n\n\nKonte 18', 56' Sproule 75'\nAttendance: 350Referee: Petteri KariOdense v Hibernian\n15 July 2006 Intertoto Cup Odense 1–0 Hibernian Fionia Park, Odense\nSorensen 33' (pen.)\n\n\nAttendance: 2,341Referee: Philippe KaltHibernian v Odense\n22 July 2006 Intertoto Cup Hibernian 2–1 Odense Easter Road, Edinburgh\nJones 55' Dalglish 80'\n\nGrahn 51'\nAttendance: 10,640Referee: Matteo TrefoloniHibernian v Charlton Athletic\n25 July 2006 Friendly match Hibernian 3–2 Charlton Athletic Easter Road, Edinburgh\nBrown Brown Campbell \n\nHasselbaink Walker \nReferee: Calum Murray","title":"Pre-season"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_Collins_Hibs.jpg"},{"link_name":"John Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Collins_(footballer_born_1968)"},{"link_name":"manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_coach"},{"link_name":"chairman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chair_(official)"},{"link_name":"Rod Petrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod_Petrie"},{"link_name":"news conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_conference"},{"link_name":"Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangers_F.C."},{"link_name":"Falkirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falkirk_F.C."},{"link_name":"St Mirren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mirren_F.C."},{"link_name":"Tony Mowbray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Mowbray"},{"link_name":"Mark Venus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Venus"},{"link_name":"West Bromwich Albion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bromwich_Albion_F.C."},{"link_name":"Edinburgh derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_derby"},{"link_name":"John Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Park_(football,_born_1958)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mark Proctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Proctor_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"John Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Collins_(footballer_born_1968)"},{"link_name":"Tommy Craig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Craig"},{"link_name":"reserve team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserve_team"},{"link_name":"Livingston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livingston_F.C."},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Celtic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_F.C."},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"St Mirren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mirren_F.C."},{"link_name":"Falkirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falkirk_F.C."},{"link_name":"SPL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Celtic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_F.C."},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Rod Petrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod_Petrie"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"John Collins is introduced as the new Hibs manager by Hibs chairman Rod Petrie at a news conference on 31 October 2006.Hibs got off to a slow start in the new league season, taking eleven points from the first nine matches. The highlight of the early part of the league season was a 2–1 win over Rangers on 17 September, but this was then followed with two disappointing losses against Falkirk and St Mirren, both by 1–0.On 7 September 2006, the management team of Tony Mowbray and Mark Venus signed new 12-month rolling contracts that were due to come into force in July 2007. A month later, however, Mowbray left the club to become manager of West Bromwich Albion. Venus took charge of the team for their next game, an Edinburgh derby, but followed Mowbray to West Bromwich in the following week. John Park and Mark Proctor took charge of two games on a caretaker basis,[2] before John Collins was appointed as manager, with Tommy Craig as his assistant. Mark Proctor became the reserve team coach before taking the manager's job at Livingston,[3] while John Park returned to his \"behind the scenes\" role before taking a similar post at Celtic.[4]Before Collins took over as manager, Hibs had gone through a particularly inconsistent start to the league campaign. They were capable of beating Rangers and causing problems for every team in the league, but were also capable of losing to \"lesser\" sides, including St Mirren and Falkirk. In the period immediately after Collins took over, Hibs' league form improved somewhat, meaning that they clinched a place in the \"top six\" of the SPL with three games to spare.After that, however, Hibs didn't win another game until they beat a shadow Celtic side on the final day. During this winless run, reports emerged in the media of a dispute between Collins and many of the Hibs players.[5] The players strongly criticised the manager for constantly chopping and changing the team and formation. Reports claimed that almost all of the first team players went to chairman Rod Petrie hoping to get Collins replaced.[6] The period of unrest was apparently quelled when club captain Rob Jones made a statement on behalf of the squad apologising \"to the management, supporters and board of the club for any distress or embarrassment that has been caused\".[7]","title":"League season"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hibernian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernian_F.C."},{"link_name":"Aberdeen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen_F.C."},{"link_name":"SPL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_Scottish_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Hibernian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernian_F.C."},{"link_name":"Aberdeen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen_F.C."},{"link_name":"Easter Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_Road"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Shiels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Shiels"},{"link_name":"Crawford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevie_Crawford"},{"link_name":"Stuart Dougal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Dougal"},{"link_name":"Kilmarnock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilmarnock_F.C."},{"link_name":"Hibernian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernian_F.C."},{"link_name":"SPL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_Scottish_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Kilmarnock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilmarnock_F.C."},{"link_name":"Hibernian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernian_F.C."},{"link_name":"Rugby Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_Park"},{"link_name":"Kilmarnock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilmarnock"},{"link_name":"Nish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Nish"},{"link_name":"Naismith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Naismith"},{"link_name":"Shiels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Shiels"},{"link_name":"Mike McCurry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_McCurry_(referee)"},{"link_name":"Inverness CT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverness_Caledonian_Thistle_F.C."},{"link_name":"Hibernian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernian_F.C."},{"link_name":"SPL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_Scottish_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Inverness CT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverness_Caledonian_Thistle_F.C."},{"link_name":"Hibernian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernian_F.C."},{"link_name":"Caley Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caledonian_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Inverness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverness"},{"link_name":"Iain Brines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iain_Brines"},{"link_name":"Hibernian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernian_F.C."},{"link_name":"Motherwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motherwell_F.C."},{"link_name":"SPL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_Scottish_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Hibernian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernian_F.C."},{"link_name":"Motherwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motherwell_F.C."},{"link_name":"Easter Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_Road"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Benjelloun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdessalam_Benjelloun"},{"link_name":"Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Brown_(footballer,_born_June_1985)"},{"link_name":"Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Jones_(footballer_born_1979)"},{"link_name":"McDonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_McDonald"},{"link_name":"Dougie McDonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dougie_McDonald"},{"link_name":"Celtic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_F.C."},{"link_name":"Hibernian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernian_F.C."},{"link_name":"SPL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_Scottish_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Celtic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_F.C."},{"link_name":"Hibernian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernian_F.C."},{"link_name":"Celtic 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Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tannadice_Park"},{"link_name":"Dundee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundee"},{"link_name":"Killen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Killen"},{"link_name":"Shiels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Shiels"},{"link_name":"Sproule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Sproule"},{"link_name":"Craig Thomson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Thomson_(referee)"},{"link_name":"Hibernian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernian_F.C."},{"link_name":"Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangers_F.C."},{"link_name":"SPL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_Scottish_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Hibernian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernian_F.C."},{"link_name":"Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangers_F.C."},{"link_name":"Easter Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_Road"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Killen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Killen"},{"link_name":"Sebo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filip_Sebo"},{"link_name":"John Underhill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_R._Underhill"},{"link_name":"Hibernian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernian_F.C."},{"link_name":"Falkirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falkirk_F.C."},{"link_name":"SPL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_Scottish_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Hibernian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernian_F.C."},{"link_name":"Falkirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falkirk_F.C."},{"link_name":"Easter Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_Road"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Milne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny_Milne_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"St Mirren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mirren_F.C."},{"link_name":"Hibernian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernian_F.C."},{"link_name":"SPL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_Scottish_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"St Mirren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mirren_F.C."},{"link_name":"Hibernian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernian_F.C."},{"link_name":"Love Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Street_(stadium)"},{"link_name":"Paisley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paisley,_Renfrewshire"},{"link_name":"van Zanten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_van_Zanten"},{"link_name":"Stuart Dougal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Dougal"},{"link_name":"Hibernian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernian_F.C."},{"link_name":"Heart of Midlothian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_of_Midlothian_F.C."},{"link_name":"SPL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_Scottish_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Hibernian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernian_F.C."},{"link_name":"Heart of Midlothian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_of_Midlothian_F.C."},{"link_name":"Easter Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_Road"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Zemmama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merouane_Zemmama"},{"link_name":"Killen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Killen"},{"link_name":"Velicka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrius_Velicka"},{"link_name":"Charlie Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Richmond_(referee)"},{"link_name":"Dunfermline Athletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunfermline_Athletic_F.C."},{"link_name":"Hibernian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernian_F.C."},{"link_name":"SPL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_Scottish_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Dunfermline Athletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunfermline_Athletic_F.C."},{"link_name":"Hibernian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernian_F.C."},{"link_name":"East End Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_End_Park"},{"link_name":"Dunfermline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunfermline"},{"link_name":"Sproule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Sproule"},{"link_name":"Killen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Killen"},{"link_name":"Benjelloun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdessalam_Benjelloun"},{"link_name":"Mike McCurry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_McCurry_(referee)"},{"link_name":"Aberdeen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen_F.C."},{"link_name":"Hibernian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernian_F.C."},{"link_name":"SPL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_Scottish_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Aberdeen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen_F.C."},{"link_name":"Hibernian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernian_F.C."},{"link_name":"Pittodrie Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittodrie_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Aberdeen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen"},{"link_name":"Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Miller"},{"link_name":"Severin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Severin"},{"link_name":"Killen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Killen"},{"link_name":"Kenny 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CT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverness_Caledonian_Thistle_F.C."},{"link_name":"Hibernian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernian_F.C."},{"link_name":"SPL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_Scottish_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Inverness CT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverness_Caledonian_Thistle_F.C."},{"link_name":"Hibernian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernian_F.C."},{"link_name":"Caley Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caledonian_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Inverness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverness"},{"link_name":"Dargo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Dargo"},{"link_name":"McBain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_McBain"},{"link_name":"Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Wilson_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"William Collum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Collum_(referee)"},{"link_name":"Hibernian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernian_F.C."},{"link_name":"Motherwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motherwell_F.C."},{"link_name":"SPL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_Scottish_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Hibernian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernian_F.C."},{"link_name":"Motherwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motherwell_F.C."},{"link_name":"Easter Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_Road"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Brown_(footballer,_born_June_1985)"},{"link_name":"Benjelloun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdessalam_Benjelloun"},{"link_name":"Mike 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Mirren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mirren_F.C."},{"link_name":"Hibernian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernian_F.C."},{"link_name":"Love Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Street_(stadium)"},{"link_name":"Paisley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paisley,_Renfrewshire"},{"link_name":"Sutton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Sutton_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Jones_(footballer_born_1979)"},{"link_name":"Iain Brines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iain_Brines"},{"link_name":"Dunfermline Athletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunfermline_Athletic_F.C."},{"link_name":"Hibernian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernian_F.C."},{"link_name":"SPL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_Scottish_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Dunfermline Athletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunfermline_Athletic_F.C."},{"link_name":"Hibernian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernian_F.C."},{"link_name":"East End Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_End_Park"},{"link_name":"Dunfermline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunfermline"},{"link_name":"McGuire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_McGuire_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Craig Mackay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Craig_Mackay_(referee)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Aberdeen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen_F.C."},{"link_name":"Hibernian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernian_F.C."},{"link_name":"SPL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_Scottish_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Aberdeen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen_F.C."},{"link_name":"Hibernian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernian_F.C."},{"link_name":"Pittodrie Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittodrie_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Aberdeen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen"},{"link_name":"Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Anderson"},{"link_name":"Foster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Foster_(Scottish_footballer)"},{"link_name":"Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damon_Gray"},{"link_name":"Shiels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Shiels"},{"link_name":"Stuart Dougal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Dougal"},{"link_name":"Hibernian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernian_F.C."},{"link_name":"Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangers_F.C."},{"link_name":"SPL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_Scottish_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Hibernian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernian_F.C."},{"link_name":"Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangers_F.C."},{"link_name":"Easter Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_Road"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Fletcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Fletcher_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"McCann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_McCann_(footballer,_born_1987)"},{"link_name":"Whittaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Whittaker"},{"link_name":"Adam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Adam_(footballer_born_1985)"},{"link_name":"Hutton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Hutton"},{"link_name":"Charlie Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Richmond_(referee)"},{"link_name":"Hibernian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernian_F.C."},{"link_name":"Kilmarnock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilmarnock_F.C."},{"link_name":"SPL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_Scottish_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Hibernian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernian_F.C."},{"link_name":"Kilmarnock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilmarnock_F.C."},{"link_name":"Easter Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_Road"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Nish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Nish"},{"link_name":"David Somers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Somers_(referee)"},{"link_name":"Heart of Midlothian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_of_Midlothian_F.C."},{"link_name":"Hibernian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernian_F.C."},{"link_name":"SPL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_Scottish_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Heart of Midlothian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_of_Midlothian_F.C."},{"link_name":"Hibernian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernian_F.C."},{"link_name":"Tynecastle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tynecastle_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Pospisil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michal_Pospisil"},{"link_name":"Driver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Driver"},{"link_name":"Stuart Dougal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Dougal"},{"link_name":"Hibernian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernian_F.C."},{"link_name":"Celtic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_F.C."},{"link_name":"SPL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_Scottish_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Hibernian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernian_F.C."},{"link_name":"Celtic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_F.C."},{"link_name":"Easter Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_Road"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Brown_(footballer,_born_June_1985)"},{"link_name":"Sproule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Sproule"},{"link_name":"Riordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Riordan"},{"link_name":"Iain Brines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iain_Brines"}],"sub_title":"Results","text":"Hibernian v Aberdeen\n29 July 2006 SPL Hibernian 1–1 Aberdeen Easter Road, Edinburgh\nShiels 31'\n\nCrawford 19'\nAttendance: 15,046Referee: Stuart DougalKilmarnock v Hibernian\n5 August 2006 SPL Kilmarnock 2–1 Hibernian Rugby Park, Kilmarnock\nNish 48' Naismith 72'\n\nShiels 31'\nAttendance: 6,299Referee: Mike McCurryInverness CT v Hibernian\n12 August 2006 SPL Inverness CT 0–0 Hibernian Caley Stadium, Inverness\n\n\n\nAttendance: 4,623Referee: Iain BrinesHibernian v Motherwell\n19 August 2006 SPL Hibernian 3–1 Motherwell Easter Road, Edinburgh\nBenjelloun 30' Brown 65' Jones 82'\n\nMcDonald 90'\nAttendance: 13,274Referee: Dougie McDonaldCeltic v Hibernian\n26 August 2006 SPL Celtic 2–1 Hibernian Celtic Park, Glasgow\nZurawski 62' Vennegoor of Hesselink 66'\n\nBrown 8'\nAttendance: 58,078Referee: Charlie RichmondDundee United v Hibernian\n10 September 2006 SPL Dundee United 0–3 Hibernian Tannadice Park, Dundee\n\n\nKillen 52' Shiels 81' Sproule 90'\nAttendance: 6,387Referee: Craig ThomsonHibernian v Rangers\n17 September 2006 SPL Hibernian 2–1 Rangers Easter Road, Edinburgh\nKillen 8', 81'\n\nSebo 65'\nAttendance: 16,450Referee: John UnderhillHibernian v Falkirk\n23 September 2006 SPL Hibernian 0–1 Falkirk Easter Road, Edinburgh\n\n\nMilne 9'\nAttendance: 14,828Referee: Alan FreelandSt Mirren v Hibernian\n30 September 2006 SPL St Mirren 1–0 Hibernian Love Street, Paisley\nvan Zanten 39'\n\n\nAttendance: 6,008Referee: Stuart DougalHibernian v Heart of Midlothian\n15 October 2006 SPL Hibernian 2–2 Heart of Midlothian Easter Road, Edinburgh\nZemmama 5' Killen 16'\n\nVelicka 28', 72'\nAttendance: 16,623Referee: Charlie RichmondDunfermline Athletic v Hibernian\n23 October 2006 SPL Dunfermline Athletic 0–4 Hibernian East End Park, Dunfermline\n\n\nSproule 44' Killen 62', 90' Benjelloun 89'\nAttendance: 6,057Referee: Mike McCurryAberdeen v Hibernian\n30 October 2006 SPL Aberdeen 2–1 Hibernian Pittodrie Stadium, Aberdeen\nMiller 56' Severin 90'\n\nKillen 47'\nAttendance: 11,179Referee: Kenny ClarkHibernian v Kilmarnock\n4 November 2006 SPL Hibernian 2–2 Kilmarnock Easter Road, Edinburgh\nStewart 53' Fletcher 57'\n\nMartis 48' (o.g.) Naismith 65'\nAttendance: 13,510Referee: Charlie RichmondHibernian v Inverness CT\n11 November 2006 SPL Hibernian 2–0 Inverness CT Easter Road, Edinburgh\nFletcher 65' Killen 83' (pen.)\n\n\nAttendance: 12,868Referee: John UnderhillMotherwell v Hibernian\n18 November 2006 SPL Motherwell 1–6 Hibernian Fir Park, Motherwell\nMcGarry 83'\n\nBrown 10' Killen 25' Sproule 29', 40' Jones 73' Shiels 90'\nAttendance: 6,190Referee: Iain BrinesHibernian v Celtic\n26 November 2006 SPL Hibernian 2–2 Celtic Easter Road, Edinburgh\nSproule 12' Thomson 63'\n\nSno 70' McGeady 74'\nAttendance: 16,747Referee: Mike McCurryHibernian v Dundee United\n2 December 2006 SPL Hibernian 2–1 Dundee United Easter Road, Edinburgh\nJones 45' Fletcher 73'\n\nMartis 24' (o.g.)\nAttendance: 14,032Referee: Steve ConroyRangers v Hibernian\n9 December 2006 SPL Rangers 3–0 Hibernian Ibrox Stadium, Glasgow\nPrso 16' Sionko 32' Ferguson 36'\n\n\nAttendance: 49,708Referee: Iain BrinesFalkirk v Hibernian\n16 December 2006 SPL Falkirk 2–1 Hibernian Falkirk Stadium, Falkirk\nMartis 14' (o.g.) Craig 21'\n\nFletcher 56'\nAttendance: 6,142Referee: Charlie RichmondHibernian v St Mirren\n23 December 2006 SPL Hibernian 5–1 St Mirren Easter Road, Edinburgh\nBeuzelin 21' Killen 32' Shiels 58' Zemmama 65' Benjelloun 74'\n\nSutton 41'\nAttendance: 13,053Referee: Craig ThomsonHeart of Midlothian v Hibernian\n26 December 2006 SPL Heart of Midlothian 3–2 Hibernian Tynecastle, Edinburgh\nHartley 2' Jankauskas 49' Mikoliunas 70'\n\nKillen 55' Shiels 61' (pen.)\nAttendance: 17,369Referee: Mike McCurryHibernian v Dunfermline Athletic\n30 December 2006 SPL Hibernian 2–0 Dunfermline Athletic Easter Road, Edinburgh\nKillen 63', 72' (pen.)\n\n\nAttendance: 14,061Referee: Iain BrinesHibernian v Aberdeen\n2 January 2007 SPL Hibernian 0–0 Aberdeen Easter Road, Edinburgh\n\n\n\nAttendance: 16,278Referee: Brian WinterKilmarnock v Hibernian\n15 January 2007 SPL Kilmarnock 0–2 Hibernian Rugby Park, Kilmarnock\n\n\nSproule 51' Fletcher 87'\nAttendance: 4,963Referee: Charlie RichmondInverness CT v Hibernian\n21 January 2007 SPL Inverness CT 3–0 Hibernian Caley Stadium, Inverness\nDargo 20' McBain 30' Wilson 42'\n\n\nAttendance: 4,577Referee: William CollumHibernian v Motherwell\n27 January 2007 SPL Hibernian 2–0 Motherwell Easter Road, Edinburgh\nBrown 66' Benjelloun 90'\n\n\nAttendance: 14,280Referee: Mike McCurryCeltic v Hibernian\n10 February 2007 SPL Celtic 1–0 Hibernian Celtic Park, Glasgow\nBeattie 54'\n\n\nAttendance: 59,659Referee: Stuart DougalDundee United v Hibernian\n18 February 2007 SPL Dundee United 0–0 Hibernian Tannadice Park, Dundee\n\n\n\nAttendance: 6,453Referee: Kenny ClarkHibernian v Rangers\n4 March 2007 SPL Hibernian 0–2 Rangers Easter Road, Edinburgh\n\n\nAdam 4', 60'\nAttendance: 16,265Referee: Charlie RichmondHibernian v Falkirk\n10 March 2007 SPL Hibernian 2–0 Falkirk Easter Road, Edinburgh\nBenjelloun 52', 74'\n\n\nAttendance: 12,572Referee: Craig ThomsonHibernian v Heart of Midlothian\n1 April 2007 SPL Hibernian 0–1 Heart of Midlothian Easter Road, Edinburgh\n\n\nZaliukas 81'\nAttendance: 15,953Referee: Kenny ClarkSt Mirren v Hibernian\n4 April 2007 SPL St Mirren 1–1 Hibernian Love Street, Paisley\nSutton 89'\n\nJones 20'\nAttendance: 4,031Referee: Iain BrinesDunfermline Athletic v Hibernian\n7 April 2007 SPL Dunfermline Athletic 1–0 Hibernian East End Park, Dunfermline\nMcGuire 84'\n\n\nAttendance: 6,001Referee: Craig MackayAberdeen v Hibernian\n21 April 2007 SPL Aberdeen 2–2 Hibernian Pittodrie Stadium, Aberdeen\nAnderson 25' Foster 80'\n\nGray 19' Shiels 44'\nAttendance: 9,753Referee: Stuart DougalHibernian v Rangers\n28 April 2007 SPL Hibernian 3–3 Rangers Easter Road, Edinburgh\nFletcher 20' McCann 45' Whittaker 62'\n\nAdam 24', 78' Hutton 54'\nAttendance: 16,747Referee: Charlie RichmondHibernian v Kilmarnock\n5 May 2007 SPL Hibernian 0–1 Kilmarnock Easter Road, Edinburgh\n\n\nNish 49'\nAttendance: 10,674Referee: David SomersHeart of Midlothian v Hibernian\n12 May 2007 SPL Heart of Midlothian 2–0 Hibernian Tynecastle, Edinburgh\nPospisil 1' Driver 23'\n\n\nAttendance: 17,349Referee: Stuart DougalHibernian v Celtic\n20 May 2007 SPL Hibernian 2–1 Celtic Easter Road, Edinburgh\nBrown 60' Sproule 90'\n\nRiordan 56'\nAttendance: 13,885Referee: Iain Brines","title":"League season"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scottish Professional Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//spfl.co.uk/premiership/archive/2006-2007"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"}],"sub_title":"Final table","text":"Source: Scottish Professional Football LeagueRules for classification: 1) Points; 2) Goal difference; 3) Goals scoredNotes:^ Teams played each other three times (33 matches), before the league split into two groups (the top six and the bottom six) for the last five matches.","title":"League season"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2007 Scottish League Cup Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Scottish_League_Cup_Final"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HibsCupwinnersEasterRoad2007.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hibs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernian_F.C."},{"link_name":"League Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_League_Cup"},{"link_name":"Tony Mowbray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Mowbray"},{"link_name":"lower division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Peterhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peterhead_F.C."},{"link_name":"Gretna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gretna_F.C."},{"link_name":"John Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Collins_(footballer_born_1968)"},{"link_name":"Hearts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_of_Midlothian_F.C."},{"link_name":"St Johnstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Johnstone_F.C."},{"link_name":"extra time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extra_time"},{"link_name":"Tynecastle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tynecastle_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Kilmarnock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilmarnock_F.C."},{"link_name":"Hampden Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampden_Park"},{"link_name":"1991–92 League Cup competition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991%E2%80%9392_Scottish_League_Cup"}],"text":"See also: 2007 Scottish League Cup FinalThe CIS Cup is paraded. 18 March 2007Hibs advanced to the League Cup quarter finals under Tony Mowbray due to two straightforward wins over lower division opposition (4–0 v Peterhead and 6–0 v Gretna). Following John Collins' appointment as manager, the team defeated Hearts 1–0 in the quarter-final and St Johnstone 3–1 after extra time in the semi-final at Tynecastle.On 18 March 2007, Hibs beat Kilmarnock 5–1 at Hampden Park to win the League Cup for the third time in their history. This was the first major trophy that Hibs had won in 16 years; the previous trophy win being the 1991–92 League Cup competition.","title":"Scottish League Cup"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hibernian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernian_F.C."},{"link_name":"Peterhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peterhead_F.C."},{"link_name":"Scottish League Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_League_Cup"},{"link_name":"Hibernian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernian_F.C."},{"link_name":"Peterhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peterhead_F.C."},{"link_name":"Easter Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_Road"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Good","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iain_Good&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"o.g.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Own_goal#Association_football"},{"link_name":"Benjelloun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdessalam_Benjelloun"},{"link_name":"Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Brown_(footballer,_born_June_1985)"},{"link_name":"McCluskey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_McCluskey"},{"link_name":"pen.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_kick_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Chris Boyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Boyle"},{"link_name":"Hibernian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernian_F.C."},{"link_name":"Gretna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gretna_F.C."},{"link_name":"Scottish League Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_League_Cup"},{"link_name":"Hibernian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernian_F.C."},{"link_name":"Gretna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gretna_F.C."},{"link_name":"Easter Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_Road"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Fletcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Fletcher_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Brown_(footballer,_born_June_1985)"},{"link_name":"Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Jones_(footballer_born_1979)"},{"link_name":"Shiels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Shiels"},{"link_name":"Benjelloun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdessalam_Benjelloun"},{"link_name":"Craig Thomson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Thomson_(referee)"},{"link_name":"Hibernian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernian_F.C."},{"link_name":"Heart of Midlothian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_of_Midlothian_F.C."},{"link_name":"Scottish League Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_League_Cup"},{"link_name":"Hibernian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernian_F.C."},{"link_name":"Heart of Midlothian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_of_Midlothian_F.C."},{"link_name":"Easter Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_Road"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Jones_(footballer_born_1979)"},{"link_name":"Calum Murray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calum_Murray"},{"link_name":"St Johnstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Johnstone_F.C."},{"link_name":"Hibernian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernian_F.C."},{"link_name":"Scottish League Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_League_Cup"},{"link_name":"St Johnstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Johnstone_F.C."},{"link_name":"a.e.t.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtime_(sports)#Association_football"},{"link_name":"Hibernian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernian_F.C."},{"link_name":"Tynecastle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tynecastle_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Fletcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Fletcher_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Murphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Murphy_(footballer,_born_1984)"},{"link_name":"Benjelloun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdessalam_Benjelloun"},{"link_name":"Craig Thomson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Thomson_(referee)"},{"link_name":"Kilmarnock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilmarnock_F.C."},{"link_name":"Hibernian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernian_F.C."},{"link_name":"Scottish League Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_League_Cup"},{"link_name":"Kilmarnock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilmarnock_F.C."},{"link_name":"Hibernian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernian_F.C."},{"link_name":"Hampden Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampden_Park"},{"link_name":"Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow"},{"link_name":"Greer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Greer"},{"link_name":"Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Jones_(footballer_born_1979)"},{"link_name":"Benjelloun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdessalam_Benjelloun"},{"link_name":"Fletcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Fletcher_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Dougie McDonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dougie_McDonald"}],"sub_title":"Results","text":"Hibernian v Peterhead\n22 August 2006 Scottish League Cup Hibernian 4–0 Peterhead Easter Road, Edinburgh\nGood 7' (o.g.) Benjelloun 32' Brown 52' McCluskey 66' (pen.)\n\n\nAttendance: 5,500Referee: Chris BoyleHibernian v Gretna\n20 September 2006 Scottish League Cup Hibernian 6–0 Gretna Easter Road, Edinburgh\nFletcher 11' Brown 18' Jones 20' Shiels 24', 63' Benjelloun 72'\n\n\nAttendance: 11,075Referee: Craig ThomsonHibernian v Heart of Midlothian\n8 November 2006 Scottish League Cup Hibernian 1–0 Heart of Midlothian Easter Road, Edinburgh\nJones 32'\n\n\nAttendance: 15,825Referee: Calum MurraySt Johnstone v Hibernian\n31 January 2007 Scottish League Cup St Johnstone 1–3 (a.e.t.) Hibernian Tynecastle, Edinburgh\nScotland 76'\n\nFletcher 3' Murphy 92' Benjelloun 120'\nAttendance: 16,112Referee: Craig ThomsonKilmarnock v Hibernian\n18 March 2007 Scottish League Cup Kilmarnock 1–5 Hibernian Hampden Park, Glasgow\nGreer 77'\n\nJones 28' Benjelloun 59', 85' Fletcher 66', 87'\nAttendance: 52,000Referee: Dougie McDonald","title":"Scottish League Cup"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Qos1hibs2feb2007.jpg"},{"link_name":"Queen of the South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_of_the_South_F.C."},{"link_name":"2007 Scottish Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_Scottish_Cup"},{"link_name":"Scottish Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Cup"},{"link_name":"Aberdeen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen_F.C."},{"link_name":"replay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replay_(sports)"},{"link_name":"Gretna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gretna_F.C."},{"link_name":"Scottish League Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_League_Cup"},{"link_name":"Queen of the South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_of_the_South_F.C."},{"link_name":"free kick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_free_kick"},{"link_name":"David Murphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Murphy_(footballer,_born_1984)"},{"link_name":"Dunfermline Athletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunfermline_Athletic_F.C."},{"link_name":"replayed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replay_(sports)"},{"link_name":"Panenka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Panenka"},{"link_name":"penalty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_kick_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Jim McIntyre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_McIntyre_(footballer)"}],"text":"Hibs faced Queen of the South in the 2007 Scottish Cup quarter-final.Hibs started their Scottish Cup campaign with a difficult tie away to Aberdeen, where they drew 2–2. In the replay, Hibs produced one of their best performances of the season to win 4–1 despite conceding the first goal of the game.In the next round Hibs comfortably beat Gretna, who they had already hammered in the Scottish League Cup, by 3–1. Hibs were then drawn away to Queen of the South, where they won 2–1 thanks to a free kick by David Murphy.The semi-final with Dunfermline Athletic on 15 April was overshadowed by the player revolt which had immediately preceded it. The match was drawn 0–0 and the tie was replayed on 24 April. Hibs lost the replay 1–0 to a late Panenka penalty by Jim McIntyre.","title":"Scottish Cup"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aberdeen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen_F.C."},{"link_name":"Hibernian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernian_F.C."},{"link_name":"Scottish Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Cup"},{"link_name":"Aberdeen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen_F.C."},{"link_name":"Hibernian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernian_F.C."},{"link_name":"Pittodrie Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittodrie_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Aberdeen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen"},{"link_name":"Brewster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Brewster"},{"link_name":"Nicholson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Nicholson"},{"link_name":"Sproule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Sproule"},{"link_name":"Killen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Killen"},{"link_name":"Craig Thomson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Thomson_(referee)"},{"link_name":"Hibernian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernian_F.C."},{"link_name":"Aberdeen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen_F.C."},{"link_name":"Scottish Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Cup"},{"link_name":"Hibernian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernian_F.C."},{"link_name":"Aberdeen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen_F.C."},{"link_name":"Easter Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_Road"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Fletcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Fletcher_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Stewart_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Benjelloun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdessalam_Benjelloun"},{"link_name":"Nicholson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Nicholson"},{"link_name":"Craig Thomson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Thomson_(referee)"},{"link_name":"Hibernian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernian_F.C."},{"link_name":"Gretna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gretna_F.C."},{"link_name":"Scottish Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Cup"},{"link_name":"Hibernian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernian_F.C."},{"link_name":"Gretna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gretna_F.C."},{"link_name":"Easter Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_Road"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Jones_(footballer_born_1979)"},{"link_name":"Fleming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Fleming_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"o.g.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Own_goal#Association_football"},{"link_name":"Benjelloun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdessalam_Benjelloun"},{"link_name":"Berkeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Berkeley"},{"link_name":"Iain Brines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iain_Brines"},{"link_name":"Queen of the South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_of_the_South_F.C."},{"link_name":"Hibernian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernian_F.C."},{"link_name":"Scottish Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Cup"},{"link_name":"Queen of the South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_of_the_South_F.C."},{"link_name":"Hibernian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernian_F.C."},{"link_name":"Palmerston Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmerston_Park"},{"link_name":"Dumfries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumfries"},{"link_name":"O'Neill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_O%27Neill_(Scottish_footballer)"},{"link_name":"Murphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Murphy_(footballer,_born_1984)"},{"link_name":"Sowunmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Sowunmi"},{"link_name":"Stuart Dougal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Dougal"},{"link_name":"Hibernian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernian_F.C."},{"link_name":"Dunfermline Athletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunfermline_Athletic_F.C."},{"link_name":"Scottish Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Cup"},{"link_name":"Hibernian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernian_F.C."},{"link_name":"Dunfermline Athletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunfermline_Athletic_F.C."},{"link_name":"Hampden Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampden_Park"},{"link_name":"Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow"},{"link_name":"Craig Thomson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Thomson_(referee)"},{"link_name":"Dunfermline Athletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunfermline_Athletic_F.C."},{"link_name":"Hibernian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernian_F.C."},{"link_name":"Scottish Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Cup"},{"link_name":"Dunfermline Athletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunfermline_Athletic_F.C."},{"link_name":"Hibernian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernian_F.C."},{"link_name":"Hampden Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampden_Park"},{"link_name":"Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow"},{"link_name":"McIntyre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_McIntyre_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"pen.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_kick_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Craig Thomson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Thomson_(referee)"}],"sub_title":"Results","text":"Aberdeen v Hibernian\n10 January 2007 Scottish Cup Aberdeen 2–2 Hibernian Pittodrie Stadium, Aberdeen\nBrewster 58' Nicholson 89'\n\nSproule 43' Killen 73'\nAttendance: 7,905Referee: Craig ThomsonHibernian v Aberdeen\n18 January 2007 Scottish Cup Hibernian 4–1 Aberdeen Easter Road, Edinburgh\nFletcher 13' Stewart 45' Benjelloun 47', 56'\n\nNicholson 10'\nAttendance: 11,375Referee: Craig ThomsonHibernian v Gretna\n3 February 2007 Scottish Cup Hibernian 3–1 Gretna Easter Road, Edinburgh\nJones 28' Fleming 54' (o.g.) Benjelloun 59'\n\nBerkeley 80'\nAttendance: 14,075Referee: Iain BrinesQueen of the South v Hibernian\n24 February 2007 Scottish Cup Queen of the South 1–2 Hibernian Palmerston Park, Dumfries\nO'Neill 48'\n\nMurphy 45' Sowunmi 51'\nAttendance: 6,400Referee: Stuart DougalHibernian v Dunfermline Athletic\n15 April 2007 Scottish Cup Hibernian 0–0 Dunfermline Athletic Hampden Park, Glasgow\n\n\n\nAttendance: 25,336Referee: Craig ThomsonDunfermline Athletic v Hibernian\n24 April 2007 Scottish Cup Dunfermline Athletic 1–0 Hibernian Hampden Park, Glasgow\nMcIntyre 88' (pen.)\n\n\nAttendance: 8,536Referee: Craig Thomson","title":"Scottish Cup"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hibernian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernian_F.C."},{"link_name":"Hibernian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernian_F.C."},{"link_name":"Tony Mowbray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Mowbray"},{"link_name":"Hibs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernian_F.C."},{"link_name":"central defenders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_back"},{"link_name":"Rob Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Jones_(footballer_born_1979)"},{"link_name":"Shelton Martis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelton_Martis"},{"link_name":"Gary Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Smith_(footballer_born_1971)"},{"link_name":"Gary Caldwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Caldwell"},{"link_name":"Derek Riordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Riordan"},{"link_name":"Merouane Zemmama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merouane_Zemmama"},{"link_name":"Chris Killen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Killen"},{"link_name":"John Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Collins_(footballer_born_1968)"},{"link_name":"Thomas Sowunmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Sowunmi"},{"link_name":"Hungarian international","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Tam McManus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tam_McManus"},{"link_name":"Falkirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falkirk_F.C."},{"link_name":"Dunfermline Atthletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunfermline_Athletic_F.C."},{"link_name":"Kevin Thomson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Thomson"},{"link_name":"Scott Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Brown_(footballer,_born_June_1985)"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2006%E2%80%9307_Hibernian_F.C._season&action=edit&section=11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands_Antilles"},{"link_name":"Shelton Martis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelton_Martis"},{"link_name":"Darlington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darlington_F.C."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Thomas Sowunmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Sowunmi"},{"link_name":"Ferencváros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferencv%C3%A1rosi_TC"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Rob Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Jones_(footballer_born_1979)"},{"link_name":"Grimsby Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimsby_Town"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco"},{"link_name":"Merouane Zemmama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merouane_Zemmama"},{"link_name":"Raja Casablanca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_Casablanca"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2006%E2%80%9307_Hibernian_F.C._season&action=edit&section=12"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Gary Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Smith_(footballer_born_1971)"},{"link_name":"Cowdenbeath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowdenbeath_F.C."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Paul Dalglish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Dalglish"},{"link_name":"Houston Dynamo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Dynamo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Antonio Murray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Murray"},{"link_name":"Histon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histon_F.C."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali"},{"link_name":"Amadou Konte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amadou_Konte"},{"link_name":"Messiniakos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messiniakos_F.C."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Derek Riordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Riordan"},{"link_name":"Celtic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_F.C."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Gary Caldwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Caldwell"},{"link_name":"Celtic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_F.C."},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2006%E2%80%9307_Hibernian_F.C._season&action=edit&section=13"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2006%E2%80%9307_Hibernian_F.C._season&action=edit&section=14"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Zbigniew Małkowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbigniew_Ma%C5%82kowski"},{"link_name":"Gretna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gretna_F.C."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Kevin McDonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_McDonald_(footballer_born_1985)"},{"link_name":"Airdrie United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airdrie_United"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Alistair Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alistair_Brown_(footballer_born_1985)"},{"link_name":"Ayr United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayr_United_F.C."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Jay Shields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Shields"},{"link_name":"Dundee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundee_F.C."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Stephen Glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Glass_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Dunfermline Atthletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunfermline_Athletic_F.C."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Sam Morrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Morrow"},{"link_name":"Partick Thistle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partick_Thistle_F.C."}],"text":"Hibernian home kit (2006–07)Hibernian away kit (2006–07)Before the season started, Tony Mowbray made some significant changes to the Hibs squad. He brought in two new central defenders (Rob Jones and Shelton Martis) to replace the departing Gary Smith and Gary Caldwell. Derek Riordan had also left the club, but Merouane Zemmama was brought in to provide more creativity.Top goalscorer Chris Killen had a prolific season for the Hibees, but it was cut short by an Achilles injury suffered while playing Aberdeen in the Scottish Cup. With Killen out for the rest of the season, John Collins signed Thomas Sowunmi, a 28-year-old Hungarian international striker, on a six-month contract as cover. Former Hibs striker Tam McManus, released by Falkirk in the January transfer window, was offered a trial period but did not earn a full contract and later signed for Dunfermline Atthletic.The most high-profile transfer activity during the season involved Kevin Thomson and Scott Brown. Speculation persisted that both would be sold during the January transfer window, despite Collins' insistence otherwise. Thomson eventually departed to Rangers, for a reported fee of £2M, on the transfer window's final day. Brown was eventually sold to Celtic at the end of the season for a record transfer fee between Scottish clubs of £4.4 million.Players in[edit]\n\n\nPlayer\n\nFrom\n\nFee\n\n\n Shelton Martis\nDarlington\nFree\n\n\n Thomas Sowunmi\nFerencváros\nFree\n\n\n Rob Jones\nGrimsby Town\n£100,000\n\n\n Merouane Zemmama\nRaja Casablanca\nFree\n\n\n\n\n\nPlayers out[edit]\n\n\nPlayer\n\nTo\n\nFee\n\n\n Gary Smith\nCowdenbeath\nFree\n\n\n Paul Dalglish\nHouston Dynamo\nFree\n\n\n Antonio Murray\nHiston\nFree\n\n\n Amadou Konte\nMessiniakos\nFree\n\n\n Derek Riordan\nCeltic\n£150,000\n\n\n Gary Caldwell\nCeltic\nFreeLoans in[edit]\n\n\nLoans out[edit]\n\n\nPlayer\n\nTo\n\n\n Zbigniew Małkowski\nGretna\n\n\n Kevin McDonald\nAirdrie United\n\n\n Alistair Brown\nAyr United\n\n\n Jay Shields\nDundee\n\n\n Stephen Glass\nDunfermline Atthletic\n\n\n Sam Morrow\nPartick Thistle","title":"Transfers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Abdessalam Benjelloun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdessalam_Benjelloun"},{"link_name":"CIS Cup Final victory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Scottish_League_Cup_Final"},{"link_name":"Steven Fletcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Fletcher_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"John Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Collins_(footballer_born_1968)"},{"link_name":"goalkeeper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goalkeeper_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Andrew McNeil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_McNeil"},{"link_name":"right back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_back"},{"link_name":"Kevin McCann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_McCann_(footballer,_born_1987)"},{"link_name":"left back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_back"},{"link_name":"midfielder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midfielder"},{"link_name":"Lewis Stevenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Stevenson_(Scottish_footballer)"},{"link_name":"Sean Lynch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Lynch_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Gretna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gretna_F.C."},{"link_name":"Celtic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_F.C."},{"link_name":"Parkhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_Park"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Ross Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Campbell_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Dermot McCaffrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermot_McCaffrey"},{"link_name":"Ross Chisholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Chisholm"},{"link_name":"Damon Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damon_Gray"},{"link_name":"Pittodrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittodrie_Stadium"}],"text":"Some younger players in the Hibs squad developed significantly during the season, particularly Abdessalam Benjelloun. 'Benji' gained a reputation as a 'supersub', scoring important goals in the Scottish Cup ties against Aberdeen and Gretna, the CIS Cup Semi Final against St Johnstone, and two goals in the CIS Cup Final victory. Steven Fletcher also scored two goals in the CIS Cup Final and one goal in the CIS Cup Semi Final.Several youngsters were given their first opportunities in the Hibs first team by John Collins. These included 20-year-old goalkeeper Andrew McNeil, 19-year-old right back Kevin McCann and 18-year-old left back / midfielder Lewis Stevenson. Midfielder Sean Lynch made his debut aged 20 against Gretna and then followed that up by keeping his place in the starting line up against Celtic at Parkhead.[8]Ross Campbell, Dermot McCaffrey, Ross Chisholm and Damon Gray (who scored on his league debut at Pittodrie) also featured. Some of these opportunities were because Collins has had to balance a relatively small squad with a heavy workload due to the two extended cup runs, but most of the young players performed creditably.","title":"Young players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stats-10"}],"text":"During the 2007–08 season, Hibs used 32 different players in competitive games. The table below shows the number of appearances and goals scored by each player.[9]","title":"Player stats"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-att_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-att_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-att_1-2"},{"link_name":"\"Average Home League Game Attendances\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.fitbastats.com/hibs/club_records_league_attendance.php"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Park wants to stay at Hibernian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/scot_prem/6076594.stm"},{"link_name":"BBC Sport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Sport"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Proctor takes over at Livingston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/l/livingston/6648535.stm"},{"link_name":"BBC Sport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Sport"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Hibs lose youth chief to Celtic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/c/celtic/6291133.stm"},{"link_name":"BBC Sport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Sport"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Hibs Revolt\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.dailyrecord.co.uk/sport/football/tm_headline=hibs-revolt%26method=full%26objectid=18879262%26siteid=66633-name_page.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070425042126/http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/sport/football/tm_headline%3Dhibs-revolt%26method%3Dfull%26objectid%3D18879262%26siteid%3D66633-name_page.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"Col: I won't walk away\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.dailyrecord.co.uk/sport/football/tm_headline=col--i-won-t-walk-away%26method=full%26objectid=18892539%26siteid=66633-name_page.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"Hibs players apologise to Collins\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/h/hibernian/6560587.stm"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070525193726/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/h/hibernian/6560587.stm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"\"Sean Lynch - U20 Squad\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.scottishfa.co.uk/football_player_profile.cfm?page=456&playerID=33126&squadID=7"},{"link_name":"Scottish Football Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-stats_10-0"},{"link_name":"\"Hibernian 2006–07 player appearances\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.soccerbase.com/squad_season.sd?teamid=1227"}],"text":"^ a b c \"Average Home League Game Attendances\". fitbastats.com. Retrieved 4 November 2013.\n\n^ Park wants to stay at Hibernian, BBC Sport, 23 October 2006.\n\n^ Proctor takes over at Livingston, BBC Sport, 22 May 2007.\n\n^ Hibs lose youth chief to Celtic, BBC Sport, 23 January 2007.\n\n^ \"Hibs Revolt\". Daily Record. Trinity Mirror. 9 April 2007. Archived from the original on 25 April 2007. Retrieved 5 June 2007.\n\n^ \"Col: I won't walk away\". Daily Record. Trinity Mirror. 12 April 2007. Retrieved 5 June 2007.\n\n^ \"Hibs players apologise to Collins\". BBC Sport. BBC. 16 April 2007. Archived from the original on 25 May 2007. Retrieved 5 June 2007.\n\n^ \"Sean Lynch - U20 Squad\". Scottish Football Association. Retrieved 23 January 2011.\n\n^ \"Hibernian 2006–07 player appearances\". Soccerbase. Retrieved 24 November 2008.","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"John Collins is introduced as the new Hibs manager by Hibs chairman Rod Petrie at a news conference on 31 October 2006.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/John_Collins_Hibs.jpg/220px-John_Collins_Hibs.jpg"},{"image_text":"The CIS Cup is paraded. 18 March 2007","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/HibsCupwinnersEasterRoad2007.jpg/220px-HibsCupwinnersEasterRoad2007.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hibs faced Queen of the South in the 2007 Scottish Cup quarter-final.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Qos1hibs2feb2007.jpg/220px-Qos1hibs2feb2007.jpg"}]
[{"title":"List of Hibernian F.C. seasons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Hibernian_F.C._seasons"}]
[{"reference":"\"Average Home League Game Attendances\". fitbastats.com. Retrieved 4 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fitbastats.com/hibs/club_records_league_attendance.php","url_text":"\"Average Home League Game Attendances\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hibs Revolt\". Daily Record. Trinity Mirror. 9 April 2007. Archived from the original on 25 April 2007. Retrieved 5 June 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/sport/football/tm_headline=hibs-revolt%26method=full%26objectid=18879262%26siteid=66633-name_page.html","url_text":"\"Hibs Revolt\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070425042126/http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/sport/football/tm_headline%3Dhibs-revolt%26method%3Dfull%26objectid%3D18879262%26siteid%3D66633-name_page.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Col: I won't walk away\". Daily Record. Trinity Mirror. 12 April 2007. Retrieved 5 June 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/sport/football/tm_headline=col--i-won-t-walk-away%26method=full%26objectid=18892539%26siteid=66633-name_page.html","url_text":"\"Col: I won't walk away\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hibs players apologise to Collins\". BBC Sport. BBC. 16 April 2007. Archived from the original on 25 May 2007. Retrieved 5 June 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/h/hibernian/6560587.stm","url_text":"\"Hibs players apologise to Collins\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070525193726/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/h/hibernian/6560587.stm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Sean Lynch - U20 Squad\". Scottish Football Association. Retrieved 23 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.scottishfa.co.uk/football_player_profile.cfm?page=456&playerID=33126&squadID=7","url_text":"\"Sean Lynch - U20 Squad\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Football_Association","url_text":"Scottish Football Association"}]},{"reference":"\"Hibernian 2006–07 player appearances\". Soccerbase. Retrieved 24 November 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.soccerbase.com/squad_season.sd?teamid=1227","url_text":"\"Hibernian 2006–07 player appearances\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christine_Brand
Christine Brand
["1 Life","2 Publications","2.1 Milla Nova series","2.2 Bandini & Nova series","2.3 Short stories","2.4 Other","3 References","4 External links"]
Not to be confused with Christianna Brand. Swiss writer and journalist Christine BrandBorn (1973-04-11) 11 April 1973 (age 51)Burgdorf, SwitzerlandOccupation(s)Writer and journalistWebsitechristinebrand.ch Christine Brand (born 11 April 1973, Burgdorf, Switzerland) is a Swiss writer and journalist. Life Christine Brand grew up in Oberburg in Emmental. She completed her training as a teacher at the teachers' seminar in Langenthal. After an internship at the Berner Zeitung, she became editor there. From 1996 to 2004, she was editor and court reporter in the department "Canton" of the newspaper The Bund, starting in 2003 with reduced workloads. From 2003 to 2005, she was Correspondent for Canton and City of Bern of a pool of daily newspapers Basler Zeitung, Aargauer Zeitung, Southeastern Switzerland and St. Galler Tagblatt. In 2005, she completed an apprenticeship as a television journalist on the editorial board of the "Rundschau" of Swiss television, with two external internships at the Federal Parliament and in Geneva. From 2006 to 2008 she was editor of the "Rundschau". From June 2008 until the end of 2017, she was editor at the NZZ am Sonntag in the section "Background and Opinions". In 2013 she was awarded the Media Prize of the Swiss Bar Association for a court report. For a report on family killings, she received the media prize of SRG SSR idée suisse. She teaches courses in journalism at the EB Zürich. After being signed by Blanvalet publisher of the Random House Publishing, Brand became a self-employed writer in 2017. Brand is a member of the associations Autorengruppe deutschsprachige Kriminalliteratur – Das Syndikat and Authors of Switzerland. She lives in Zürich and in Zanzibar. Publications Milla Nova series Todesstrich, Landverlag, Langnau 2009, ISBN 978-3-9523520-3-8 Revised edition: Atlantis Verlag, Zürich 2023, ISBN 978-3-7152-5512-5 Das Geheimnis der Söhne, Landverlag, Langnau 2010, ISBN 978-3-9523520-7-6 Revised edition: Atlantis Verlag, Zürich 2023, ISBN 978-3-7152-5502-6 Kalte Seelen, Atlantis, Zürich 2013, ISBN 978-3-7152-5006-9 Revised edition: Atlantis Verlag, Zürich 2022, ISBN 978-3-7152-5006-9 Stiller Hass, Landverlag, Langnau 2015, ISBN 978-3-905980-25-7 Revised edition: Atlantis, Zürich 2022, ISBN 978-3-7152-5005-2 Bandini & Nova series Blind, Blanvalet, München 2019, ISBN 978-3-7341-0620-0 Die Patientin, Blanvalet München 2020, ISBN 978-3-7341-1047-4 Der Bruder, Blanvalet, München 2021, ISBN 978-3-7645-0745-9 Der Unbekannte, Blanvalet, München 2022, ISBN 978-3-7645-0770-1 Der Feind, Blanvalet, München 2023, ISBN 978-3-7645-0771-8 Short stories Späte Rache, Landverlag, Langnau 2008, ISBN 978-3-03301577-7 Lochbach-Geist, Landverlag, Langnau 2009, ISBN 978-3-9523520-1-4 Tod am Napf, Landverlag, Langnau 2012, ISBN 978-3-905980-08-0 Toter Hund, Gmeiner, Messkirch 2013, ISBN 978-3-8392-1381-0 Grüngesprenkelte Augen, Vidal Verlag, Winterthur 2014, ISBN 978-3-9523734-7-7 Totes Vieh, Landverlag, Langnau 2015, ISBN 978-3-905980-26-4 Im Ameisenhaufen, Appenzeller Verlag, Schwellbrunn 2016, ISBN 978-3-85882-736-4 Other Schattentaten: wahre Kriminalgeschichten ans Licht gebracht, Stämpfli, Bern 2008, ISBN 3-7272-1300-0 Heimliche Touristenattraktion. In: David Aebi (ed.): Burgdorf. Nabel der Welt mit stolzer Geschichte. Kulturbuchverlag, Burgdorf 2009, ISBN 978-3-9523304-9-4, p. 7–9 Mond: Geschichten aus aller Welt, Unionsverlag, Zürich 2016, ISBN 978-3-293-00498-6 Bis er gesteht, Kampa Verlag, Zürich 2021, ISBN 978-3-311-12038-4 Wahre Verbrechen: Die dramatischsten Fälle einer Gerichtsreporterin, Blanvalet, München 2021, ISBN 978-3-7645-0784-8 Wahre Verbrechen: Die erschütterndsten Fälle einer Gerichtsreporterin, Blanvalet, München 2023, ISBN 978-3-7645-0829-6 References ^ a b c Jean-Claude Galli (5 June 2021). "Sie lebt in den Tropen und schreibt vom Winter". Blick. Retrieved 6 December 2023. ^ a b c "Christine Brand verlässt die «NZZ am Sonntag»". Persoenlich. 16 October 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2023. ^ "Impressum". Neue Zürcher Zeitung. 9 February 2017. Archived from the original on 3 June 2017. Retrieved 12 February 2018. ^ "13. Medienpreis des Schweizerischen Anwaltsverbands SAV an Christine Brand und Fiona Strebel". Ch-Cultura. 7 June 2013. Retrieved 6 December 2023. ^ "Christine Brand". Das Syndikat. Retrieved 12 December 2023. ^ "Christine Brand". A*dS. Retrieved 12 December 2023. ^ "Christine Brand". Christine Brand. Retrieved 12 February 2018. ^ "Lesezeichen und Verlosung mit Christine Brand". WDR. 23 October 2023. Retrieved 12 December 2023. ^ Mirjam Comtesse (3 May 2023). "«Wieso schiesst jemand aus Wut auf Frauen um sich?»". Der Bund. Retrieved 12 December 2023. ^ Anita Bachmann (17 October 2009). "Fiktiver Mord im friedvollen Dorf" (PDF). Der Bund. Retrieved 12 February 2018. ^ Urs Steiner (19 November 2010). "Stammbaum-Kriminologie". Neue Zürcher Zeitung. Retrieved 12 February 2018. ^ Simon Jäggi (9 April 2013). ""Ich habe in einem Leichenwagen gelernt, Auto zu fahren"". Der Bund. Retrieved 12 February 2018. ^ Alexandra Sury (25 March 2015). "Die Suche nach den Mördern, deren Opfer auch Täter waren". Der Bund. Retrieved 12 February 2018. ^ "Der Täter und sein Gesicht" (PDF). Der Bund. 13 May 2008. Retrieved 12 February 2018. External links Official website Christine Brand Publications by and about Christine Brand in the catalogue Helveticat of the Swiss National Library Werke von Christine Brand in the German National Library catalogue Philippe Zweifel: Die nordischen Autoren haben eine Grenze erreicht. Tages-Anzeiger 17 April 2013 (Interview) Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States Czech Republic Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Christianna Brand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianna_Brand"},{"link_name":"Burgdorf, Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgdorf,_Switzerland"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Christianna Brand.Swiss writer and journalistChristine Brand (born 11 April 1973, Burgdorf, Switzerland) is a Swiss writer and journalist.","title":"Christine Brand"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oberburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberburg,_Bern"},{"link_name":"Emmental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmental"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A-1"},{"link_name":"Langenthal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langenthal"},{"link_name":"Berner Zeitung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berner_Zeitung"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-B-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-B-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-B-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Zürich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Zanzibar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanzibar"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Christine Brand grew up in Oberburg in Emmental.[1] She completed her training as a teacher at the teachers' seminar in Langenthal. After an internship at the Berner Zeitung, she became editor there. From 1996 to 2004, she was editor and court reporter in the department \"Canton\" of the newspaper The Bund, starting in 2003 with reduced workloads. From 2003 to 2005, she was Correspondent for Canton and City of Bern of a pool of daily newspapers Basler Zeitung, Aargauer Zeitung, Southeastern Switzerland and St. Galler Tagblatt.[2] In 2005, she completed an apprenticeship as a television journalist on the editorial board of the \"Rundschau\" of Swiss television, with two external internships at the Federal Parliament and in Geneva. From 2006 to 2008 she was editor of the \"Rundschau\". From June 2008 until the end of 2017, she was editor at the NZZ am Sonntag in the section \"Background and Opinions\".[3][1]In 2013 she was awarded the Media Prize of the Swiss Bar Association for a court report.[4] For a report on family killings, she received the media prize of SRG SSR idée suisse. She teaches courses in journalism at the EB Zürich.[2]After being signed by Blanvalet publisher of the Random House Publishing, Brand became a self-employed writer in 2017.[2][1]Brand is a member of the associations Autorengruppe deutschsprachige Kriminalliteratur – Das Syndikat[5] and Authors of Switzerland.[6] She lives in Zürich[7] and in Zanzibar.[8][9]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-9523520-3-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-9523520-3-8"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-7152-5512-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7152-5512-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-9523520-7-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-9523520-7-6"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-7152-5502-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7152-5502-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-7152-5006-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7152-5006-9"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-7152-5006-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7152-5006-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-905980-25-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-905980-25-7"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-7152-5005-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7152-5005-2"}],"sub_title":"Milla Nova series","text":"Todesstrich, Landverlag, Langnau 2009, ISBN 978-3-9523520-3-8[10] Revised edition: Atlantis Verlag, Zürich 2023, ISBN 978-3-7152-5512-5\nDas Geheimnis der Söhne, Landverlag, Langnau 2010, ISBN 978-3-9523520-7-6[11] Revised edition: Atlantis Verlag, Zürich 2023, ISBN 978-3-7152-5502-6\nKalte Seelen, Atlantis, Zürich 2013, ISBN 978-3-7152-5006-9[12] Revised edition: Atlantis Verlag, Zürich 2022, ISBN 978-3-7152-5006-9\nStiller Hass, Landverlag, Langnau 2015, ISBN 978-3-905980-25-7[13] Revised edition: Atlantis, Zürich 2022, ISBN 978-3-7152-5005-2","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-7341-0620-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7341-0620-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-7341-1047-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7341-1047-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-7645-0745-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7645-0745-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-7645-0770-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7645-0770-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-7645-0771-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7645-0771-8"}],"sub_title":"Bandini & Nova series","text":"Blind, Blanvalet, München 2019, ISBN 978-3-7341-0620-0\nDie Patientin, Blanvalet München 2020, ISBN 978-3-7341-1047-4\nDer Bruder, Blanvalet, München 2021, ISBN 978-3-7645-0745-9\nDer Unbekannte, Blanvalet, München 2022, ISBN 978-3-7645-0770-1\nDer Feind, Blanvalet, München 2023, ISBN 978-3-7645-0771-8","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-03301577-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-03301577-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-9523520-1-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-9523520-1-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-905980-08-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-905980-08-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-8392-1381-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8392-1381-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-9523734-7-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-9523734-7-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-905980-26-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-905980-26-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-85882-736-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-85882-736-4"}],"sub_title":"Short stories","text":"Späte Rache, Landverlag, Langnau 2008, ISBN 978-3-03301577-7\nLochbach-Geist, Landverlag, Langnau 2009, ISBN 978-3-9523520-1-4\nTod am Napf, Landverlag, Langnau 2012, ISBN 978-3-905980-08-0\nToter Hund, Gmeiner, Messkirch 2013, ISBN 978-3-8392-1381-0\nGrüngesprenkelte Augen, Vidal Verlag, Winterthur 2014, ISBN 978-3-9523734-7-7\nTotes Vieh, Landverlag, Langnau 2015, ISBN 978-3-905980-26-4\nIm Ameisenhaufen, Appenzeller Verlag, Schwellbrunn 2016, ISBN 978-3-85882-736-4","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-7272-1300-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7272-1300-0"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-9523304-9-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-9523304-9-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-293-00498-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-293-00498-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-311-12038-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-311-12038-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-7645-0784-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7645-0784-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-7645-0829-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7645-0829-6"}],"sub_title":"Other","text":"Schattentaten: wahre Kriminalgeschichten ans Licht gebracht, Stämpfli, Bern 2008, ISBN 3-7272-1300-0[14]\nHeimliche Touristenattraktion. In: David Aebi (ed.): Burgdorf. Nabel der Welt mit stolzer Geschichte. Kulturbuchverlag, Burgdorf 2009, ISBN 978-3-9523304-9-4, p. 7–9\nMond: Geschichten aus aller Welt, Unionsverlag, Zürich 2016, ISBN 978-3-293-00498-6\nBis er gesteht, Kampa Verlag, Zürich 2021, ISBN 978-3-311-12038-4\nWahre Verbrechen: Die dramatischsten Fälle einer Gerichtsreporterin, Blanvalet, München 2021, ISBN 978-3-7645-0784-8\nWahre Verbrechen: Die erschütterndsten Fälle einer Gerichtsreporterin, Blanvalet, München 2023, ISBN 978-3-7645-0829-6","title":"Publications"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Jean-Claude Galli (5 June 2021). \"Sie lebt in den Tropen und schreibt vom Winter\". Blick. Retrieved 6 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.blick.ch/people-tv/schweiz/krimi-autorin-christine-brand-lebt-auf-sansibar-sie-lebt-in-den-tropen-und-schreibt-vom-winter-id16573499.html","url_text":"\"Sie lebt in den Tropen und schreibt vom Winter\""}]},{"reference":"\"Christine Brand verlässt die «NZZ am Sonntag»\". Persoenlich. 16 October 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.persoenlich.com/medien/christine-brand-verlasst-die-nzz-am-sonntag","url_text":"\"Christine Brand verlässt die «NZZ am Sonntag»\""}]},{"reference":"\"Impressum\". Neue Zürcher Zeitung. 9 February 2017. Archived from the original on 3 June 2017. Retrieved 12 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170603002918/https://nzzas.nzz.ch/information/impressum-ld.144578","url_text":"\"Impressum\""},{"url":"https://nzzas.nzz.ch/information/impressum-ld.144578","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"13. Medienpreis des Schweizerischen Anwaltsverbands SAV an Christine Brand und Fiona Strebel\". Ch-Cultura. 7 June 2013. Retrieved 6 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ch-cultura.ch/de/archiv/journalismus/13.-medienpreis-des-schweizerischen-anwaltsverbands-sav-an-christine-brand-und-fiona-strebel","url_text":"\"13. Medienpreis des Schweizerischen Anwaltsverbands SAV an Christine Brand und Fiona Strebel\""}]},{"reference":"\"Christine Brand\". Das Syndikat. Retrieved 12 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.das-syndikat.com/autoren/autor/457-christine-brand.html","url_text":"\"Christine Brand\""}]},{"reference":"\"Christine Brand\". A*dS. Retrieved 12 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://lexikon.a-d-s.ch/Person/23001","url_text":"\"Christine Brand\""}]},{"reference":"\"Christine Brand\". Christine Brand. Retrieved 12 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.christinebrand.ch/Brandaktiv.htm","url_text":"\"Christine Brand\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lesezeichen und Verlosung mit Christine Brand\". WDR. 23 October 2023. Retrieved 12 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www1.wdr.de/fernsehen/hier-und-heute/lesezeichen-christine-brand-100.html","url_text":"\"Lesezeichen und Verlosung mit Christine Brand\""}]},{"reference":"Mirjam Comtesse (3 May 2023). \"«Wieso schiesst jemand aus Wut auf Frauen um sich?»\". Der Bund. Retrieved 12 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.derbund.ch/wieso-schiesst-jemand-aus-wut-auf-frauen-um-sich-771890672919","url_text":"\"«Wieso schiesst jemand aus Wut auf Frauen um sich?»\""}]},{"reference":"Anita Bachmann (17 October 2009). \"Fiktiver Mord im friedvollen Dorf\" (PDF). Der Bund. Retrieved 12 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.christinebrand.ch/view/userfiles/files/DerBund2009.pdf","url_text":"\"Fiktiver Mord im friedvollen Dorf\""}]},{"reference":"Urs Steiner (19 November 2010). \"Stammbaum-Kriminologie\". Neue Zürcher Zeitung. Retrieved 12 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nzz.ch/stammbaum-kriminologie-1.8501694","url_text":"\"Stammbaum-Kriminologie\""}]},{"reference":"Simon Jäggi (9 April 2013). \"\"Ich habe in einem Leichenwagen gelernt, Auto zu fahren\"\". Der Bund. Retrieved 12 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.derbund.ch/bern/kanton/Ich-habe-in-einem-Leichenwagen-gelernt-Auto-zu-fahren/story/31098790","url_text":"\"\"Ich habe in einem Leichenwagen gelernt, Auto zu fahren\"\""}]},{"reference":"Alexandra Sury (25 March 2015). \"Die Suche nach den Mördern, deren Opfer auch Täter waren\". Der Bund. Retrieved 12 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.derbund.ch/agenda/ausserdem/Die-Suche-nach-den-Moerdern-deren-Opfer-auch-Taeter-waren------/story/12581765","url_text":"\"Die Suche nach den Mördern, deren Opfer auch Täter waren\""}]},{"reference":"\"Der Täter und sein Gesicht\" (PDF). Der Bund. 13 May 2008. Retrieved 12 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.christinebrand.ch/view/userfiles/files/derbund2005.pdf","url_text":"\"Der Täter und sein Gesicht\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Nedelya
Saint Nedelya
["1 In Old Russian sources","2 Folk performance","3 See also","4 References","5 Literature","6 References"]
Slavic personification of Sunday Saint NedelyaIcon of Holy WeekFolkloreSlavic MythologyDetailsThe embodiment of the day of the week - Sunday Icon "Saints Anastasia and Paraskeva Friday", Russia, XV century. Week (St. Week, St. Anastasia, Church Slavonic: nadel) - In popular tradition of the Slavs personification Sunday as day of the week. It is correlated with Saint Anastasia (in Bulgarians also with Saint Kyriakia. The veneration of the Week is associated with the prohibition of various kinds of work (cf. the origin of the Slavic week from not to do). In Old Russian sources The Old Russian sermons against paganism ("Word about creatures and days of the week" and "Word of St. Gregory... How the first Gentiles worshipped idols"), it is said that one should not venerate the image of the Week as a "goon", not the day of the week as such, but "Christ's resurrection". The formation of the popular cult of the Holy Week was also influenced by the translated apocrypha "Epistle of Jesus on the Week." According to the Apocrypha, a stone falls from heaven in Rome or Jerusalem in which a "scroll" is found. In the name of Christ, it prescribes righteous living and observance of Sunday (week), as many significant events have taken place on this day: the Annunciation, Baptism and Resurrection of Christ, on which the Last Judgment will also take place. In conclusion, it is said that he who does not believe the "scriptures" will be cursed and condemned to torment. Moreover, the Polish and Southwestern Russian apocrypha copies, based on the Western European editions, mention only the veneration of Week, while the Great Russian apocrypha copies, based on a Byzantine protograph, along with Week, also mention Wednesday and Friday as venerable days "by which the earth stands". The apocryphal plot is reflected in Ukrainian and Belarusian folklore and in Russian spiritual verses. Besides apocryphal writings, the popular veneration of the Week was influenced by the cult of St. Anastasia (Greek: άναστασία "Sunday"). Folk performance Among the holy wives Paraskeva and Anastasia were especially revered in Russia. Their paired images are the most common in the iconography of Novgorod. The cults of the martyrs had much in common. Both saints were commonly associated in Russian tradition with the Mother of God, the events of the Gospel (Anastasia - with the "Birth of Christ", Paraskeva - with the "Crucifixion"), both patronizing the days of the week: Anastasia - with the Resurrection, Paraskeva - with Friday. According to popular beliefs, they were considered the patrons of women's work and worshipped as healers. Sometimes they were endowed with the same iconographic features. Paraskeva was usually represented wearing a red maforion, but occasionally Anastasia was also depicted in red. In the veneration of Anastasia her role as a healer is emphasized stronger. That is why she is more often depicted holding a vessel of medicine than Paraskeva. She was prayed to by women waiting for the birth of a child. The Belarusians Grodno Province said that the day of rest (Belarusian: nyadzel) was "given to the people after one day a man hid the holy Week from the dogs that pursued her; before that there were only weekdays. Ukrainians Volhynian Province said that "God gave the Week a whole day, but told her herself to see to it that people did not work on that day." According to Croatian beliefs, Holy Week was without hands, so it was sinful to work on this day. The Holy Week was believed to come to those who did not observe the prohibition against working on Sunday. The Week appears as a woman in white, gold or silver clothing, with a wounded body and complains that she is being poked with spindles, spun her hair, chopped, cut, etc. In the West Belarusian legend, the Week is paired with an ornate and beautiful Jewish nedzelka (i.e. Saturday, Sabbath, a non-working day for Jews) and complains that the Jews honor their "week" and "you all work on Sunday, and my clean body is ripped off". The week asks people not to forget the veneration of the holiday or severely punishes violators of the prohibitions with a long or fatal illness, beats them to death with a flax-crushing roller, tears the skin off the hands and body of weavers who do not finish their work in time, and hangs it on the loom (similar plots are associated in Ukrainians with Paraskeva Friday), strangles, puts human life in danger (e.g., turning over a cart), threatens death, scares (the woman, who excuses herself that she spins on Sunday because she is hungry, tosses horse heads and dead bodies into the house: "Eat if you're hungry"). The veneration of the Week is closely related to the veneration of the other personalized days of the week - Wednesday and Friday, which in popular beliefs are related by kinship ties. Serbs believe that Paraskeva Friday is the mother or sister of St. Week (see the consecutive days of St. Paraskeva Friday - October 28 and Saint Anastasia - October 29) See also Anastasia of Sirmium Mokosh References ^ "Golubkova O. В. Female mythological images in the beliefs of the Eastern Slavs of Siberia". Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2013-09-11. ^ a b c d e Неделя (персонаж) / О. В. Белова // Славянские древности: Этнолингвистический словарь : в 5 т. / под общ. ред. Н. И. Толстого; Институт славяноведения РАН. — М. : Межд. отношения, 2004. — Т. 3: К (Круг) — П (Перепёлка). — С. 391–392. — ISBN 5-7133-1207-0 ^ Folk Kultura na Balkanjiite. Scientific and ethnographic conference / Compiler and editor: Senior researcher Dr. Angel Goev. - Gabrovo: Architectural and Ethnographic Complex "Etar", 1996. - Vol. II. - 308 pp.  (Bulgarian). ^ "Н.М. Гальковский -- БОРЬБА ХРИСТИАНСТВА С ОСТАТКАМИ ЯЗЫЧЕСТВА В ДРЕВНЕЙ РУСИ". www.vernost.ru. Retrieved 2023-03-30. ^ Federowski M. Lud Białoruski na Rusi Lietewskij. Materiały do etnografii słowiańskiej zgromadzone w latach 1877–1905. T. 1–8 . - Kraków, 1897. - Vol. 1. Wiara, wierzenia i przesądy z okolic Wołkowyska, Słonima, Lidy i Sokółki.  (Polish) Literature The Slavic Antiquities: An Ethnolinguistic Dictionary : in 5 vols. / The Slavic Antiquities: An Ethnolinguistic Dictionary : 5 vol. - Moscow : International Relations, 2004. - Vol. 3: K (Circle) - P (Quail). - С. 391-392. - ISBN 5-7133-1207-0. Воскресенье, в этнографии // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона : в 86 т. (82 т. и 4 доп.). — Санкт-Петербург, 1890—1907. Gal'kovsky N. M. The struggle of Christianity with the remnants of paganism in ancient Russia. - Kharkov: Eparchial Typography, 1916. - VOL. I. - 376 с. Galkovsky N. M. The Struggle of Christianity with the Remains of Paganism in Ancient Rus. - M.: A.I. Snegireva Printing House, 1913. - Vol. II. - 308 pp. Federowski M. Lud Białoruski na Rusi Lietewskij. Materiały do etnografii słowiańskiej zgromadzone w latach 1877-1905. T. 1-8. - Kraków, 1897. - Т. 1. Wiara, wierzenia i przesądy z okolic Wołkowyska, Słonima, Lidy i Sokółki. (in Polish) References Veneration of Friday and Week in connection with the cult of Mokosha // Uspenskij B.A. Philological Investigations in the Field of Slavic Antiquities vteSlavic mythology and religionDeities Chernobog and BelobogH ChernoglavF Dazhbog DevanaH Dyi H Diviya H Khors KresnikH Lada mythology MoranaH Mokosh PizamarHH YariloH HennilH KyiH Lel and PolelH Niya Perun PodagaF Porenut Porevit Prove  or ProneF RadegastH Rod Rugiaevit PereplutH PerperunaH Simargl Stribog Pogoda H Zelu H Svarog Svarozhits Svetovit Triglav Veles Yarovit ZhivaF Zorya ŻywieH Personifications Dola Karna and Zhelya H Koliada Mat Zemlya Moryana Rod Rozhanitsy Zorya Pseudo-deities Chislobog Chur  Dana  Dzidzileyla Flins Krodo Kupala Lada Lelya  Pogvizd  Troyan  Vesna Yesha Priesthood and cult Vedmak Volkhv Zhrets Shamanism Legendary heroes Alyosha Popovich Burislav Damned Jerina Đerzelez Alija Dobrynya Nikitich Dragon of Bosnia Hrnjica Brothers Ilya Muromets Ivan Kosančić Ivan Tsarevich Jugović brothers Kyi, Shchek and Khoryv Lech, Czech, and Rus' Libuše Mikula Selyaninovich Mila Gojsalić Milan Toplica Miloš Obilić Misizla Mustay-Bey of Lika Nikita the Tanner Popiel Prince Marko Sadko Solovey-Razboynik Svyatogor Vasilisa the Beautiful Volga Svyatoslavich Legendary creaturesUnquiet dead Vila Drekavac Kikimora Mavka Upiór Place spirits Bannik Bolotnik Cornflower Wraith Domovoy Dvorovoy Lady Midday Leshy Boruta Mistress of the Copper Mountain Moryana Ovinnik Polevik Vodyanoy Shubin Water spirits Entities Ala Alkonost Baba Yaga Babay Baš Čelik Bauk Berehynia Bies Black Arab Błędnica Blud Boginki Bukavac Chernava Chuhaister Cikavac Chort Čuma Dukljan Dziwożona Fern flower-Chervona Ruta Firebird Gagana Gamayun Indrik Ispolin Karzełek Koshchei Krsnik Likho Likhoradka Mare Meduza Molfar Nav Nocnitsa Płanetnik Povitrulya Psoglav Raróg Rahmans Raskovnik Rozhanitsy Rusalka Samodiva Sirin Shishiga Skrzak Strzyga Stuhać Stricha Sudice Tintilinić Topielec Ved Vesna Zduhać Zmey Werewolf Ritual figures Baba Marta German Dodola and Perperuna Koliada Kupala Kostroma Marzanna Maslenitsa Jarilo Mythological places Alatyr Bald Mountain Buyan Faraway Tsardom Oponskoye Kingdom Kitezh Lukomorye Vyraj Objects Axe of Perun Sword Kladenets Beliefs Creation myth Russian traditions and superstitions Serbian folk astronomy Folklore Czech Russian Serbian Ukrainian Polish Literature Bosniak epic poetry Bylina Russian fairy tale Serbian epic poetry Christianization Moravia (830s) Bulgaria (860s) Bohemia (880s) Poland (960s) Kievan Rus' (980s) Pomerania (1120s–60s) Bogomilism Folk practices Apocryphal prayer Zagovory Egg decoration Martenitsa Folk cults (also including Ossetian) Ognyena Maria Paraskeva of Iconium Paraskeva Friday Nicholas the Wonderworker Veles Ilya the Prophet Uacilla George the Victorious Dazhbog Uastyrdzhi Saint Anastasia Saint Nedelya Saint Vlasius Veles Maslenitsa Saint Peter Donbettyr Saint Theodore Tutyr Saint Eustace Apsat Revivalist organizations God-Building Slavic Native Faith Authentism Bazhovism Ivanovism Kandybaism Levashovism Peterburgian Vedism Ringing Cedars' Anastasianism Slavic-Hill Rodnovery Sylenkoism Vseyasvetnaya Gramota Ynglism Roerichism Russian Zoroastrianism In popular culture Fantasy Film Related topics Book of Veles Slavic Native Faith's calendars and holidays Notes: H historicity of the deity is dubious; F functions of the deity are unclear.
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How the first Gentiles worshipped idols\"), it is said that one should not venerate the image of the Week as a \"goon\", not the day of the week as such, but \"Christ's resurrection\".[4]The formation of the popular cult of the Holy Week was also influenced by the translated apocrypha \"Epistle of Jesus on the Week.\" According to the Apocrypha, a stone falls from heaven in Rome or Jerusalem in which a \"scroll\" is found. In the name of Christ, it prescribes righteous living and observance of Sunday (week), as many significant events have taken place on this day: the Annunciation, Baptism and Resurrection of Christ, on which the Last Judgment will also take place. In conclusion, it is said that he who does not believe the \"scriptures\" will be cursed and condemned to torment. Moreover, the Polish and Southwestern Russian apocrypha copies, based on the Western European editions, mention only the veneration of Week, while the Great Russian apocrypha copies, based on a Byzantine protograph, along with Week, also mention Wednesday and Friday as venerable days \"by which the earth stands\". The apocryphal plot is reflected in Ukrainian and Belarusian folklore and in Russian spiritual verses. Besides apocryphal writings, the popular veneration of the Week was influenced by the cult of St. Anastasia (Greek: άναστασία \"Sunday\").[2]","title":"In Old Russian sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grodno Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grodno_Governorate"},{"link_name":"Belarusian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarusian_language"},{"link_name":"Volhynian Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volhynian_Governorate"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F-2004a-2"},{"link_name":"Sabbath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabbath"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F-2004a-2"},{"link_name":"personalized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personification"},{"link_name":"Saint Anastasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anastasia_the_Roman"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F-2004a-2"}],"text":"Among the holy wives Paraskeva and Anastasia were especially revered in Russia. Their paired images are the most common in the iconography of Novgorod. The cults of the martyrs had much in common. Both saints were commonly associated in Russian tradition with the Mother of God, the events of the Gospel (Anastasia - with the \"Birth of Christ\", Paraskeva - with the \"Crucifixion\"), both patronizing the days of the week: Anastasia - with the Resurrection, Paraskeva - with Friday. According to popular beliefs, they were considered the patrons of women's work and worshipped as healers. Sometimes they were endowed with the same iconographic features. Paraskeva was usually represented wearing a red maforion, but occasionally Anastasia was also depicted in red. In the veneration of Anastasia her role as a healer is emphasized stronger. That is why she is more often depicted holding a vessel of medicine than Paraskeva. She was prayed to by women waiting for the birth of a child.The Belarusians Grodno Province said that the day of rest (Belarusian: nyadzel) was \"given to the people after one day a man hid the holy Week from the dogs that pursued her; before that there were only weekdays. Ukrainians Volhynian Province said that \"God gave the Week a whole day, but told her herself to see to it that people did not work on that day.\" According to Croatian beliefs, Holy Week was without hands, so it was sinful to work on this day.[2]The Holy Week was believed to come to those who did not observe the prohibition against working on Sunday. The Week appears as a woman in white, gold or silver clothing, with a wounded body and complains that she is being poked with spindles, spun her hair, chopped, cut, etc. In the West Belarusian legend, the Week is paired with an ornate and beautiful Jewish nedzelka (i.e. Saturday, Sabbath, a non-working day for Jews) and complains that the Jews honor their \"week\" and \"you all work on Sunday, and my clean body is ripped off\".[5]The week asks people not to forget the veneration of the holiday or severely punishes violators of the prohibitions with a long or fatal illness, beats them to death with a flax-crushing roller, tears the skin off the hands and body of weavers who do not finish their work in time, and hangs it on the loom (similar plots are associated in Ukrainians with Paraskeva Friday), strangles, puts human life in danger (e.g., turning over a cart), threatens death, scares (the woman, who excuses herself that she spins on Sunday because she is hungry, tosses horse heads and dead bodies into the house: \"Eat if you're hungry\").[2]The veneration of the Week is closely related to the veneration of the other personalized days of the week - Wednesday and Friday, which in popular beliefs are related by kinship ties. Serbs believe that Paraskeva Friday is the mother or sister of St. Week (see the consecutive days of St. Paraskeva Friday - October 28 and Saint Anastasia - October 29) [2]","title":"Folk performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"5-7133-1207-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-7133-1207-0"},{"link_name":"Воскресенье, в этнографии","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%D0%AD%D0%A1%D0%91%D0%95/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%B5,_%D0%B2_%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B8"},{"link_name":"Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D0%95%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0"}],"text":"The Slavic Antiquities: An Ethnolinguistic Dictionary : in 5 vols. / The Slavic Antiquities: An Ethnolinguistic Dictionary : 5 vol. - Moscow : International Relations, 2004. - Vol. 3: K (Circle) - P (Quail). - С. 391-392. - ISBN 5-7133-1207-0.\nВоскресенье, в этнографии // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона : в 86 т. (82 т. и 4 доп.). — Санкт-Петербург, 1890—1907.\nGal'kovsky N. M. The struggle of Christianity with the remnants of paganism in ancient Russia. - Kharkov: Eparchial Typography, 1916. - VOL. I. - 376 с.\nGalkovsky N. M. The Struggle of Christianity with the Remains of Paganism in Ancient Rus. - M.: A.I. Snegireva Printing House, 1913. - Vol. II. - 308 pp.\n\nFederowski M. Lud Białoruski na Rusi Lietewskij. Materiały do etnografii słowiańskiej zgromadzone w latach 1877-1905. T. 1-8. - Kraków, 1897. - Т. 1. Wiara, wierzenia i przesądy z okolic Wołkowyska, Słonima, Lidy i Sokółki. (in Polish)","title":"Literature"}]
[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Saint_nedelja_%28kyriaki%29_bulgaria_icon.gif/220px-Saint_nedelja_%28kyriaki%29_bulgaria_icon.gif"},{"image_text":"Icon \"Saints Anastasia and Paraskeva Friday\", Russia, XV century.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Paraskeva_and_Anastasia_%2815th_c%2C_Russian_museum%29.jpg/250px-Paraskeva_and_Anastasia_%2815th_c%2C_Russian_museum%29.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Anastasia of Sirmium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anastasia_of_Sirmium"},{"title":"Mokosh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mokosh"}]
[{"reference":"\"Golubkova O. В. Female mythological images in the beliefs of the Eastern Slavs of Siberia\". Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2013-09-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150924094440/http://www.sati.archaeology.nsc.ru/Home/pub/Data/?html=sv25.htm&id=573","url_text":"\"Golubkova O. В. Female mythological images in the beliefs of the Eastern Slavs of Siberia\""},{"url":"http://www.sati.archaeology.nsc.ru/Home/pub/Data/?html=sv25.htm&id=573","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Н.М. Гальковский -- БОРЬБА ХРИСТИАНСТВА С ОСТАТКАМИ ЯЗЫЧЕСТВА В ДРЕВНЕЙ РУСИ\". www.vernost.ru. Retrieved 2023-03-30.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vernost.ru/poganye/","url_text":"\"Н.М. Гальковский -- БОРЬБА ХРИСТИАНСТВА С ОСТАТКАМИ ЯЗЫЧЕСТВА В ДРЕВНЕЙ РУСИ\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Hendren
Bob Hendren
["1 Early years","2 Professional career","3 Note"]
American football player (1923–1999) This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Bob Hendren" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) American football player Bob HendrenHendren at USC c. 1948No. 48Position:Offensive tacklePersonal informationBorn:(1923-08-10)August 10, 1923Burlington Junction, Missouri, U.S.Died:March 5, 1999(1999-03-05) (aged 75)Career informationCollege:USCCulver-StocktonNFL draft:1946 / Round: 9 / Pick: 59Career history Washington Redskins (1949–1951) Career highlights and awards First-team All-PCC (1947) Career NFL statisticsGames played:36Games started:1Fumble recoveries:2Player stats at PFR Robert Gerald Hendren (August 10, 1923 – March 5, 1999) was an American football offensive tackle in the National Football League (NFL) for the Washington Redskins. He played college football at the University of Southern California and was drafted in the ninth round (59th overall) of the 1946 NFL Draft. Early years Hendren attended Clarinda High School. He enrolled at Culver-Stockton College, before transferring to the University of Southern California. He was one of the stars of the 1948 East-West Shrine Game in San Francisco. Professional career Hendren was selected by the Washington Redskins in the seventhth round (59th overall) of the 1946 NFL Draft. He played 3 seasons in the NFL. Note His 1949 Leaf football card has a misspelled last name, shown as Hendreen. vteWashington Redskins 1946 NFL draft selections Cal Rossi Stan Kozlowski Gay Adelt Walt Trojanowski Bob Hendren George Callahan Bob Skoglund Jake Leicht Chick Maggioli Monte Moncrief Joe Tereshinski Stan Sprague Harry Adelman Bob Butchofsky Mike Prashaw Ed Robnett LeMar Dykstra Bob Ward John Pehar Roger Robinson Charley Cadenhead Bob Rados Charlie Webb Marion Flanagan Roland Phillips Jim Hallmark Fay Mills William Ritter Sarkis Takesain Mike Campbell This biographical article relating to an American football offensive lineman born in the 1920s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football"},{"link_name":"offensive tackle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offensive_tackle"},{"link_name":"National Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Washington Redskins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Redskins"},{"link_name":"college football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_football"},{"link_name":"University of Southern California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Southern_California"},{"link_name":"drafted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFL_Draft"},{"link_name":"1946 NFL Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946_NFL_Draft"}],"text":"American football playerRobert Gerald Hendren (August 10, 1923 – March 5, 1999) was an American football offensive tackle in the National Football League (NFL) for the Washington Redskins. He played college football at the University of Southern California and was drafted in the ninth round (59th overall) of the 1946 NFL Draft.","title":"Bob Hendren"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Culver-Stockton College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culver-Stockton_College"},{"link_name":"East-West Shrine Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East-West_Shrine_Game"}],"text":"Hendren attended Clarinda High School. He enrolled at Culver-Stockton College, before transferring to the University of Southern California. He was one of the stars of the 1948 East-West Shrine Game in San Francisco.","title":"Early years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Washington Redskins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Redskins"},{"link_name":"1946 NFL Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946_NFL_Draft"},{"link_name":"NFL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFL"}],"text":"Hendren was selected by the Washington Redskins in the seventhth round (59th overall) of the 1946 NFL Draft. He played 3 seasons in the NFL.","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Redskins1946DraftPicks"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Redskins1946DraftPicks"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Redskins1946DraftPicks"},{"link_name":"Washington Redskins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Redskins"},{"link_name":"1946 NFL draft selections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946_NFL_draft"},{"link_name":"Cal Rossi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cal_Rossi"},{"link_name":"Stan Kozlowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan_Kozlowski"},{"link_name":"Bob Hendren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Bob Skoglund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Skoglund"},{"link_name":"Jake Leicht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jake_Leicht"},{"link_name":"Chick Maggioli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chick_Maggioli"},{"link_name":"Joe Tereshinski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Tereshinski_Sr."},{"link_name":"Ed Robnett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Robnett"},{"link_name":"Roger Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Robinson_(American_football_coach)"},{"link_name":"Marion Flanagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion_Flanagan"},{"link_name":"Mike Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Campbell_(American_football)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Football_Template.svg"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bob_Hendren&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Offensive-lineman-1920s-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Offensive-lineman-1920s-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Offensive-lineman-1920s-stub"}],"text":"His 1949 Leaf football card has a misspelled last name, shown as Hendreen.vteWashington Redskins 1946 NFL draft selections\nCal Rossi\nStan Kozlowski\nGay Adelt\nWalt Trojanowski\nBob Hendren\nGeorge Callahan\nBob Skoglund\nJake Leicht\nChick Maggioli\nMonte Moncrief\nJoe Tereshinski\nStan Sprague\nHarry Adelman\nBob Butchofsky\nMike Prashaw\nEd Robnett\nLeMar Dykstra\nBob Ward\nJohn Pehar\nRoger Robinson\nCharley Cadenhead\nBob Rados\nCharlie Webb\nMarion Flanagan\nRoland Phillips\nJim Hallmark\nFay Mills\nWilliam Ritter\nSarkis Takesain\nMike CampbellThis biographical article relating to an American football offensive lineman born in the 1920s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Note"}]
[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coleophora_colutella
Coleophora colutella
["1 References"]
Species of moth Coleophora colutella Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Order: Lepidoptera Family: Coleophoridae Genus: Coleophora Species: C. colutella Binomial name Coleophora colutella(Fabricius, 1794) Synonyms Tinea colutella Fabricius, 1794 Coleophora crocinella Tengstrom, 1848 Coleophora serenella Duponchel, 1843 Membrania stanoiuii Nemes, 2004 Coleophora colutella is a moth of the family Coleophoridae. It is found in all of Europe, except Great Britain and Ireland. It is an introduced species in North America. Piece of leaf of Astragalus glycyphyllos, with larval mines and cases attached Larva The wingspan is 12–14 mm (0.47–0.55 in). The larvae feed on Anthyllis, Astragalus danicus, Astragalus glycyphyllos, Colutea arborescens, Coronilla emerus, Coronilla emerus emeroides, Coronilla vaginalis, Coronilla varia, Cytisus, Genista, Hippocrepis comosa, Laburnum, Lotus corniculatus, Lotus uliginosus, Oxytropis, Tetragonolobus maritimus and Vicia species. Larvae can be found from autumn to May. References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Coleophora colutella. Wikispecies has information related to Coleophora colutella. ^ Fauna Europaea ^ Coleophora colutella (Lepidoptera: Coleophoridae): A Palearctic Pest of Crownvetch, Coronilla varia (Fabaceae), New to North America ^ Swedish Moths ^ "Coleophora colutella". Plant Parasites of Europe. Retrieved 10 August 2020. Taxon identifiersColeophora colutella Wikidata: Q5143393 Wikispecies: Coleophora colutella BioLib: 46953 BOLD: 77575 CoL: WYD8 EoL: 953115 EUNIS: 301343 Fauna Europaea: 435782 Fauna Europaea (new): fb517afe-e267-4372-bfdb-c1f72ceb601d GBIF: 5121181 iNaturalist: 989123 IRMNG: 10262219 LepIndex: 124474 MONA: 1289.1 NCBI: 1150041 Observation.org: 181933 Open Tree of Life: 638801 PPE: coleophora-colutella This article on a moth of the family Coleophoridae is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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null
[{"reference":"\"Coleophora colutella\". Plant Parasites of Europe. Retrieved 10 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://bladmineerders.nl/parasites/animalia/arthropoda/insecta/lepidoptera/ditrysia/gelechioidea/coleophoridae/coleophora/coleophora-colutella/","url_text":"\"Coleophora colutella\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wafic_Sa%C3%AFd
Wafic Saïd
["1 Biography","1.1 Relationship with Syria","1.2 Saïd Foundation","1.3 Business career","1.4 Al-Yamamah contract","1.5 Saïd Business School","2 Relationship with Margaret Thatcher","3 Other interests","3.1 Other donations","3.2 Art collecting","3.3 Horse racing","3.4 Property","3.5 Awards","4 References","5 External links"]
Syrian businessman and philanthropist (born 1939) Wafic SaïdBorn (1939-12-21) 21 December 1939 (age 84)Damascus, SyriaCitizenshipSyrian, Saudi, CanadianOccupationBusinessmanYears active1959–presentKnown forSaïd FoundationAl-Yamamah arms dealThe University of Oxford'sSaïd Business SchoolSpouse Rosemary Thompson ​(m. 1969)​AwardsSheldon Medal, University of Oxford; Grand Commandeur Ordre de Mérite du Cèdre of Lebanon and Ordre de Mérite of MoroccoWebsitewaficsaid.com Wafic Rida Saïd (Arabic: وفيق رضا سعيد) (born 21 December 1939) is a Syrian-Saudi-Canadian businessman, financier, and philanthropist who has resided for many years in Monaco. Saïd lived in Syria until his early twenties, when he left for Switzerland and worked as a banker, before making his fortune in the Saudi Arabian construction industry in the 1970s. He came to public prominence after helping facilitate the Al-Yamamah arms deal between the United Kingdom and Saudi Arabia in the 1980s. He established the Saïd Foundation in 1982 and the Saïd Business School at the University of Oxford in 1996 with an initial £20 million donation. Saïd owns several properties worldwide, including Tusmore Park in Oxfordshire. He is a Foundation Fellow of Somerville College, Oxford. Biography Saïd was born in Damascus, Syria, in 1939 to a prominent Syrian family. Saïd's grandfather had served in the Turkish army during the Ottoman period, reaching the rank of general and was a colonial governor of Ottoman Syria. Saïd was the youngest son of Rida Saïd, a prominent Syrian ophthalmologist who was the Syrian Minister for Higher Education and who had founded the Syrian University in Damascus in 1926 under the request of the then King Faisal. Saïd's father died when he was still a child, and after initial schooling by Jesuits in Beirut, Lebanon, Saïd studied at the Institute of Bankers in London. Saïd had been offered a place at the University of Cambridge, but was unable to take up the place as a result of political instability in Syria in which his family's assets were sequestrated. Saïd finally left Syria amidst the 1963 Syrian coup d'état. Saïd described the atmosphere in Syria at the time as being similar to 'the Terror in the French Revolution' in which 'young men were being rounded up.' In Switzerland Saïd worked for the Union de Banque Suisse (now UBS), and later the Banque Commerciale Arabe SA, before his return to England. Saïd established two restaurants serving Middle Eastern cuisine in London in 1967, including Caravanserai on Kensington High Street, the restaurants were sold in 1969. In 1969, Saïd married Rosemary Thompson, whom he had met in Switzerland, and they had three children together; two sons, Karim and Khaled, and a daughter, Rasha. In 1981, their son Karim died in an accident at the home of Prince Sultan in Saudi Arabia. Saïd was attending a ceremony at the prince's house at the time to receive Saudi citizenship by royal decree. To honour his son Saïd established the Karim Rida Saïd Foundation to help disadvantaged children and young people of the Middle East. Saïd moved to Saudi Arabia in 1969. Saudi Arabia lacked much modern infrastructure at the time, and large infrastructure projects were subsequently funded by the rising price of oil in the early 1970s. During this period of time, he founded and invested in companies that supported large-scale infrastructural projects. Saïd was ambassador and head of the delegation of St Vincent and the Grenadines to UNESCO from 1996 to 2018. Saïd also previously served as St Vincent and the Grenadines ambassador to the Holy See. In March 2016, Saïd was told by British banking firm Barclays that he could no longer bank with them, despite having been a long-standing customer; the BBC reported that "The bank is understood to be concerned about holding accounts that are linked to what are described as 'high-risk countries'". In response, Saïd said he would be taking legal action against Barclays. Those proceedings were settled by June 2016. Relationship with Syria Saïd assisted the future Syrian president Bashar al-Assad with securing a place in Britain to study ophthalmology in 1992, and was acquainted with the Anglo-Syrian family of Assad's wife, Asma al-Assad (née Akhras). In a 2012 interview with Charles Moore in The Spectator, Saïd said that he had found Bashar '...civilised, nice, polished', and that he admired Asma as 'a caring person'. Saïd welcomed Bashar's ascension to the Presidency of Syria following the death of his father, Hafez al-Assad, feeling it was Syria's 'only salvation. His acceptance speech in 2000 was music to my ears. He said he wanted to reform the legal system, revoke the emergency laws, and fight corruption.' Saïd helped introduce Western politicians and businesspeople to Syria, and helped push for political reform in the country. Visiting Syria in 2011 at the advent of the Syrian uprisings in response to the Arab Spring, Saïd told Asma that 'the winds of change are contagious. Please tell the President to promise free elections. He must be the champion of change.' Saïd was appalled by the resulting Syrian Civil War and was summoned to see Bashar al-Assad in June 2011 as he wished to gauge Western views of the conflict. Saïd implored Assad to enact promised reforms and to engage with his political opponents. Saïd welcomed the Arab Spring and wished for a secular government in Egypt modelled on that of Turkey's. Saïd Foundation The Karim Rida Saïd Foundation was established in 1982 by Wafic and Rosemary Saïd in memory of their son. It was renamed the Saïd Foundation in 2008. It is an English charity. Since 1984, the Scholarships Programme has offered scholarships and training opportunities for talented young Syrians, Jordanians, Lebanese and Palestinians, mainly to study in the UK, to enable them to acquire skills that will bring benefits to others in their countries of origin. To date, the Foundation has funded scholarships for almost 900 students from these countries. In 1993 the Foundation established the Child Development Programme (CDP) with the aim of supporting Jordanian, Lebanese and Palestinian community-based organisations to develop and deliver good quality and sustainable care services for disabled children and education in areas of greatest need. The CDP has funded more than 250 project grants since its start, reaching tens of thousands of children. In 1996, the Foundation established the first Disability Programme in Syria, opening an office in 2001 to directly implement the Programme. The office became a locally registered charity in Syria in 2012, the Saïd Foundation for Development. The programme worked to strengthen the professional capacity of disability practitioners and organisations, raising awareness of disability, developing a cadre of national trainers in disability-related fields and supporting or providing services for children with disabilities (and their families), especially in marginalised communities. Due to the current turmoil in Syria, since late 2011 the Saïd Foundation has been providing support for non-political organisations that are delivering emergency humanitarian assistance, including shelters, medical care and schooling, to Syrians most affected by the crisis, whether refugees in Lebanon and Jordan or internally displaced within Syria itself. It has pledged over US$1.8 million to the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR) for university scholarships for Syrian refugees in Jordan and Lebanon. The Saïd Foundation also supports the Saïd Business School at the University of Oxford. Business career In the 1960s, Saïd became acquainted with the Saudi Arabian princes Bandar and Khalid, sons of Prince Sultan, who was the brother of King Fahd and would later become the Saudi defence minister. Princes Bandar and Khalid would later serve as the Saudi Arabian ambassador to the United States and co-commander of Allied forces in the Gulf War, respectively. Following his acquaintance with Akram Ojjeh, a fellow Syrian financier and the founder of the TAG Group, Saïd established TAG Systems Constructions SA, a civil engineering and telecommunications business, which he chaired. In 1992, Saïd won a unanimous verdict in a libel case in the British high court, and was awarded £400,000 in damages. The case concerned letters that had been published alleging that Saïd was untrustworthy. Saïd described the letters as "humiliating and untrue", and that the allegations in the letters had caused him "tremendous damage". Saïd owned almost 50% of British Mediterranean Airways, and loaned the airline £8 million before its 2007 sale to BMI. Saïd's wealth was estimated at £1.5 billion by the Sunday Times Rich List in 2014. In 1995 Saïd co-founded Sagitta Asset Management, which handled his family's wealth and the assets of other ultra high-net-worth individuals and their families, it was sold to Fleming Family & Partners in 2005. Saïd also invested in the merchant bank established by Jonathan Aitken, Aitken Hume, and invested £5 million in the short-lived Sunday Correspondent newspaper. In the United States, Saïd invested in the National Bank of Washington and Garfinckel's stores. Al-Yamamah contract Main article: Al-Yamamah arms deal Saïd helped facilitate the al-Yamamah deal between the British and Saudi governments in the 1980s. The al-Yamamah deal is the biggest export deal in British history and has generated £43 billion in revenue for the British company BAE Systems. The Daily Telegraph has described Saïd as a 'key fixer' who 'helped broker' the deal, with the Guardian describing Said as the 'fixer at the heart' of the deal. The Guardian newspaper wrote that from the proceeds of al-Yamamah ' Police later calculated that more than £6bn may have been distributed in corrupt commissions, via an array of agents and middlemen'. In June 2007, the BBC's Panorama alleged BAE Systems had paid Prince Bandar "hundreds of millions of pounds" in return for his role in the al-Yamamah deals. Turki bin Nasser was also a recipient of money from BAE. An investigation into the al-Yamamah deal was opened by the British Serious Fraud Office (SFO) and later closed for reasons of national security after the Saudi Arabian government had threatened to withhold cooperation on anti-terrorist issues. In a 2007 statement issued by Saïd on the al-Yamamah deal said that he had "...never been the 'business manager' for anybody, let alone any member of the Saudi Royal Family, nor has he ever 'distributed commissions' to any member of the Saudi Royal Family". Saïd's role in al-Yamamah has led to him being described as an arms dealer, a term that he rejects. In 2001 Saïd said that the deal '... brought a huge boost to British industry: you are talking about thousands of jobs. But for some reason, which I cannot understand, the press want to portray this as a shady, mysterious deal ... Quite honestly, I thought I was doing this country a favour; I have never even sold a penknife. I was not paid a penny but I benefited because the project led to construction in Saudi Arabia that involved my companies.' Saïd's friendship with Thatcher's son, Mark Thatcher, has been perceived as having played an important role in Britain securing the al-Yamahah deal. Mark Thatcher and Saïd have both denied allegations of commissions from the Saudi government. Companies linked to Saïd acquired properties in Belgravia and Mayfair that were 'put at the service' of Thatcher and Dick Evans, the BAE chief executive after the al-Yamamah deal according to The Guardian. Jonathan Aitken in his 2013 book, Margaret Thatcher: Power and Personality dismisses the belief that Mark Thatcher was pivotal to the deal. Aitken emphasises the role of Margaret's husband, Denis Thatcher as the intermediary between her and Prince Bandar with the assistance of Dick Evans. Aitken described a dinner party at his house in honour of Richard Nixon at which Saïd met the Defence Secretary Michael Heseltine who told him of his optimism that Britain would secure a large defence contract for BAE Hawk aircraft with Saudi Arabia. Saïd told Heseltine of his scepticism of the deal's success, and he was later approached by James Blyth, the Ministry of Defence's head of defence sales. Blyth asked Saïd about the progress of the deal and Prince Bandar reported from his father, Prince Sultan that he had signed a letter of intent with the French government instead of the British. Saïd informed Thatcher who impressed upon him the historic ties between Britain and Saudi Arabia, which appealed to the Pro-British Prince Bandar and Saïd. Saïd Business School Main article: Saïd Business School The copper covered ziggurat of the Saïd Business School In July 1996. it was announced that Saïd had donated £20 million to the University of Oxford to found a business school. Saïd had agreed to donate the money after the university had voted in 1990 for the creation of a business school, and needed funds of £40 million. Opposition initially arose to the school due to the lack of a suitable site and the nature of management as an academic discipline, and Saïd said that he would reconsider his gift after a potential site on a sports ground at Mansfield Road in Oxford was voted against. The new building for the school opened in August 2001, designed by Edward Jones and Jeremy Dixon. It was accompanied by protests over Saïd's role in the Al-Yamamah arms deal. A new building at the school, the Thatcher Business Education Centre was opened by The Prince of Wales in 2013 and named by Prime Minister David Cameron in 2014 in the presence of Saïd and his wife, Rosemary. Nelson Mandela visited the Saïd Business School at the invitation of Saïd in 2002, to open the lecture theatre named in his honour. Bust of Wafic Saïd by Michael Rizzello at the Saïd Business School, Oxford Saïd had donated over £70 million to the school by 2014, and he is a member of the University of Oxford's Chancellor's Court of Benefactors. The court consists of the largest individual donors to Oxford, and meets annually with senior officials from the university. Saïd's philanthropic efforts for the university have seen him honoured with the Sheldon Medal, the highest honour that Oxford bestows upon its benefactors. The Sheldon Medal is awarded annually to a member of the Chancellor’s Court of Benefactors that has 'made a strategic difference to the life of the university'. A bust of Saïd by Michael Rizzello stands at the entrance to the Saïd Business School, it was one of the last works sculpted by Rizzello before his death in 2004. Relationship with Margaret Thatcher Saïd was a passionate supporter of the British Conservative Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, and said of the effect of her premiership after the Winter of Discontent that 'We found we couldn't rely on British manufacturers any more. Then here she comes, this lioness. The honour of England is challenged in the Falklands and she sends an armada! She fights the most powerful union and defeats it.' and said that 'for me, her friendship is the biggest medal'. Saïd was a significant donor to Thatcher's Conservatives in the 1980s, donating at least £350,000 during her premiership. Saïd can no longer donate to British political parties due to his foreign citizenship. Saïd's wife, Rosemary, donated £580,000 to the Conservatives between 2012 and 2014, and Saïd's daughter, Rasha, was recorded as having given four donations totalling £47,000 to the Conservatives in 2008, but these were later explained as having come from her mother, after being incorrectly reported by the Conservatives to the Electoral Commission. The Sunday Times had reported that she had asked her parents to donate to the party on her behalf, and that some of the money had come from them, but her father said that she was mistaken as she could not afford to make such a donation. Saïd is close friends with Charles Powell, the former chief foreign affairs adviser to Thatcher. Saïd appointed Powell chairman of his Sagitta Asset Management in 2001, and Powell chairs the Saïd Business School Foundation. Other interests Saïd was an executive producer of the 1987 film The Fourth Protocol, based on Frederick Forsyth's novel of the same name. Saïd funded half the film's budget of £3.5 million due to his love of Forsyth's novel. Other donations Saïd has significantly donated to St Mary's Hospital in Paddington, London, The Prince of Wales's Charitable Foundation, Eton College, and the Royal Shakespeare Company. He also donated £250,000 to the victims of the 7 July 2005 London bombings. He is the founding donor of the Wafic Saïd Molecular Cardiology Research Laboratories at the Texas Heart Institute. Art collecting Saïd is a noted collector of Impressionist art, having owned paintings by Pierre Auguste Renoir, Claude Monet, Paul Cézanne, and paintings of sporting scenes. Saïd put 11 paintings from his collection up for auction at Phillips in New York in 2000, among the paintings that sold were Renoir's Women in the Garden (1873) and Girl in a Flowered Hat (1896), Pissarro's September Festival, Pontoise (1872) and Cézanne's Hill of Galet, Pontoise (1879–80). In 1982 Saïd paid a record £80,000 at auction for a Quran that had been made for Qaitbay, the 15th-century Egyptian sultan in 1488. The Quran was for a period displayed at the newly constructed Regent's Park Mosque in London. In 1987 Saïd acquired 20 pieces from the auction of the jewellery collection of Wallis Simpson, including the famous panther bracelet, the cross bracelet and the flamingo brooch by Cartier. All these were later sold at an auction in 2010. Horse racing Saïd was a prominent racehorse owner, having owned the Henry Cecil trained horses Bosra Sham and Lady Carla. Lady Carla was named for Carla Powell, the socialite wife of Charles Powell. Bosra Sham won the 1996 1,000 Guineas and Champion Stakes under Said's racing colours. Saïd's Sagitta Asset Management sponsored the 1,000 and 2,000 Guinea Stakes, and having ended their sponsorship in 2003, Saïd withdrew his racing interests, citing his non-residence in England as the reason. Property Tusmore House Saïd family trusts own two homes in the United Kingdom, a £10 million property in Eaton Square in London's Belgravia district, which when bought in 1992, was then the highest price paid for an apartment in the United Kingdom, and Tusmore Park, a 3,000 acre estate near Bicester in Oxfordshire. Tusmore Park is near Prince Bandar's 2,000 acre Glympton Park estate. In 2012 Saïd erected a 92 ft limestone obelisk topped with gold in the grounds of Tusmore Park to honour the Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II. The obelisk is the largest constructed in the United Kingdom since the 18th century. Margaret Thatcher frequently visited Saïd at Tusmore Park, staying for long periods in Tusmore Park's Clock House in the last years of her life. Saïd rebuilt Tusmore House in 2000 to an English Palladian design by Sir William Whitfield. In 2004 the Georgian Group gave the completed house its award for the "best new building in the Classical tradition". Saïd also owns homes in Marbella in Spain, France, Saudi Arabia, and Syria. Saïd is officially resident in the tax haven of Monaco. Awards Sheldon Medal, University of Oxford; Grand Commandeur Ordre de Mérite du Cèdre of Lebanon and Ordre de Mérite of Morocco. References ^ "Billionaire got Canadian citizenship after renting a Montreal basement". thestar.com. 30 November 2017. Retrieved 12 July 2020. ^ a b "Ashmolean". ^ a b Seccion W Wafic ^ Moore, Charles (14 January 2012). "The road from Damascus". The Spectator. Retrieved 23 April 2024. ^ a b c d e f g h i David Pallister, 'The man of substance in the shadows', The Guardian, London, 22 May 1992, pg. 25 ^ "Emeritus and Honorary Fellows". Somerville College, Oxford. Retrieved 26 August 2018. ^ a b c d e f Charles Moore (14 January 2012). "The road from Damascus". The Spectator. Retrieved 28 November 2014. ^ "Wafic Rida Said". waficsaid.com. Retrieved 1 September 2020. ^ a b Valerie Grove. 'My Battle with the Dons', The Times, London, 13 November 1996, pg .17 ^ "Mr Wafic R Saïd". Saïd Foundation – Mr Wafic R Saïd. Saïd Foundation. Retrieved 25 May 2013. ^ a b c d e Andrew Alderton (18 March 2001). "Do I deserve to be labelled a Syrian terrorist?". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 9 October 2014. ^ a b c d e f Brian Cathcart (21 July 1996). "Out of the shadows". The Independent. Retrieved 9 October 2014. ^ "Farewell United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization". UNESCO. ^ "UNESCO webpage re Saïd's Ambassadorial appointment". ^ "SVG | Diplomatic & Consular Missions". Archived from the original on 16 October 2014. Retrieved 9 October 2014. ^ Jack, Simon (18 March 2016). "Wafic Said shunned by Barclays". BBC News. Retrieved 18 March 2016. ^ Arnold, Martin (June 2016). "Wafic Saïd drops Barclays suit over cutting banking ties". Financial Times. ^ "Conservative donor Wafic Said sent British lawyer to Syria on peace mission". The Daily Telegraph. 10 February 2012. ^ "The Saïd Foundation". The Saïd Foundation. ^ Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "UNHCR – The UN Refugee Agency". unhcr.org.uk. ^ R. Randall Padfield (27 November 2007). "TAG Group president addresses AMI certificate action". Aviation International News. Retrieved 9 October 2014. ^ a b c David Davis. "Tycoon wins libel case over letters." The Times, London, 22 May 1992, pg. 3 ^ Alistair Osbourne (3 January 2007). "Lord Hesketh's plucky airline rescued by £30m Lebanese deal". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 26 October 2014. ^ Guardian Interactive team (1 July 2014). "Who sat with whom at the Conservative party fundraising dinner with an £11bn guest list". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 18 January 2021. Retrieved 26 March 2021. ^ Caroline Merrell. "Fleming buys arms broker's fund", The Times, London, 23 November 2005, pg. 51 ^ a b c d "The BAE files: Secrets of al-Yamamah". The Guardian. Retrieved 9 October 2014. ^ "Saudi prince 'received arms cash'". BBC News. 7 June 2007. Retrieved 28 November 2014. ^ Michael Robinson (5 October 2004). "BBC lifts the lid on secret BAE slush fund". BBC News. Retrieved 28 November 2014. ^ James Sturcke. "Lords rule SFO was lawful in halting BAE arms corruption inquiry". The Guardian. Retrieved 29 November 2014. ^ a b c David Leigh & Rob Evans (7 July 2007). "BAE Files: Wafic Said". The Guardian. Retrieved 9 October 2014. ^ Steven Castle; Paul Routledge; Brian Cathcart (9 October 1994). "Mark Thatcher accused: Sources say he got 12m pounds from arms deal signed by his mother". The Independent. Retrieved 29 November 2014. ^ Jonathan Aitken (2013). Margaret Thatcher: Power and Personality. A&C Black. pp. 427–438. ISBN 978-1-4088-3184-7. ^ John O'Leary. "Oxford given £20m by Arab magnate.", The Times, London, 17 July 1996. ^ Desmond Dearlove. "Will Oxford play the management game?", The Times, London, 7 October 1996. ^ David Charter, "Oxford's £20m gift at risk.", The Times, London, 6 November 1996. ^ Jonathan Glancey (10 December 2001). "When worlds collide". The Guardian. Retrieved 28 November 2014. ^ "Prime Minister names Thatcher Business Education Centre at School". Saïd Business School. University of Oxford. 13 June 2014. Archived from the original on 20 December 2014. Retrieved 28 November 2014. ^ "Saïd Business School's tribute to Nelson Mandela – Saïd Business School". University of Oxford. ^ "Founding benefactors". Saïd Business School. University of Oxford. Archived from the original on 15 November 2014. Retrieved 28 November 2014. ^ a b c "Recognising your gift – Oxford Thinking". Oxford Thinking. University of Oxford. Retrieved 12 October 2014. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 September 2015. Retrieved 10 January 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ "Michael Rizzello.", The Times, London, 9 October 2004, pg. 51 ^ a b Robert Winnett (31 March 2009). "Tories face investigation into donations from Syrian millionaire's family". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 26 October 2014. ^ Georgia Graham (23 January 2014). "£43 million given to Conservatives by members of exclusive Cameron dining club". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 26 October 2014. ^ Winnett, Robert (31 March 2009). "Tories face investigation into donations from Syrian millionaire's family". The Daily Telegraph. ^ Patrick Wintour (17 November 2008). "Tories blame clerical error in proxy cash row". The Guardian. Retrieved 9 October 2014. ^ apps.charitycommission.gov.uk/Accounts/Ends80%5C0001069380_AC_20130831_E_C.pdf ^ David Leigh & Rob Evans (7 July 2007). "BAE Files: Charles Powell". The Guardian. Retrieved 9 October 2014. ^ a b Frederick Forsyth's. "Spymaster trapped in the City." The Times, London, 17 March 1987, pg. 17 ^ David Leigh & Rob Evans. "From a kebab shop to Oxford: unlikely rise of the fixer in the biggest ever arms deal". The Guardian. Retrieved 28 November 2014. ^ "Our Leadership – Center for Cell and Organ Biotechnology". ccobtexas.org. ^ Nicholas Wapshott. "Collectors flock to London in Brit Art's wake.", The Times, London, 9 July 2004, pg. 15 ^ Carol Vogel (7 November 2000). "Costly Sale Falls Below Phillips's Expectations". The New York Times. Retrieved 9 October 2014. ^ a b Geraldine Norman, Sale Room Correspondent. "Regent's Park Mosque buys Sultan's manuscript for £80,000." The Times, London, 27 April 1982, pg. 14 ^ "Wallis' Jewels Sell". British Vogue. December 2010. Retrieved 14 October 2020. ^ "Jewels & Objects Formerly in the Collection of The Duchess of Windsor | Sotheby's". www.sothebys.com. Retrieved 14 October 2020. ^ a b Richard Evans. "Wafic Said to sponsor Guineas", The Times, London, 9 September 1997, pg. 43 ^ Richard Evans (31 July 2003). "Wafic Said calls it a day". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 9 October 2014. ^ Rory Ross. "The last lap of luxury." The Times, London, 14 October 1992, pg. 33 ^ Rob Evans and David Hencke, 'Tax loopholes on homes benefit the rich and cost UK millions', The Guardian, London, 25 May 2002, pg. 4. ^ a b Helen Davies (18 October 2012). "Tycoon's 300-ton homage to Queen". The Times. Archived from the original on 7 December 2014. Retrieved 9 October 2014. ^ Jonathan Aitken (14 October 2013). Margaret Thatcher: Power and Personality. A&C Black. pp. 437–. ISBN 978-1-4088-3185-4. ^ Marcus Binney and Sean O'Neill. "Stately £30m home wins classic award.", The Times, London, 2 November 2004. External links Official website Saïd Investment Holdings Saïd Business School
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He came to public prominence after helping facilitate the Al-Yamamah arms deal between the United Kingdom and Saudi Arabia in the 1980s. He established the Saïd Foundation in 1982 and the Saïd Business School at the University of Oxford in 1996 with an initial £20 million donation. Saïd owns several properties worldwide, including Tusmore Park in Oxfordshire.He is a Foundation Fellow of Somerville College, Oxford.[6]","title":"Wafic Saïd"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Damascus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"link_name":"Ottoman period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Syria"},{"link_name":"Rida Saïd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rida_Sa%C3%AFd"},{"link_name":"ophthalmologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophthalmology"},{"link_name":"Syrian University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus_University"},{"link_name":"Faisal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faisal_I_of_Iraq"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GuardMay92-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SpecJan12-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Institute of Bankers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifs_University_College"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GuardMay92-5"},{"link_name":"University of Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TimesNov96-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sa%C3%AFdFound-10"},{"link_name":"1963 Syrian coup d'état","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SpecJan12-7"},{"link_name":"UBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UBS"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GuardMay92-5"},{"link_name":"Middle Eastern cuisine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Eastern_cuisine"},{"link_name":"Kensington High Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kensington_High_Street"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GuardMay92-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GuardMay92-5"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TelegMar01-11"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GuardMay92-5"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IndJul96-12"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TelegMar01-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IndJul96-12"},{"link_name":"St Vincent and the Grenadines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines"},{"link_name":"UNESCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Holy See","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_See"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Barclays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barclays"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_News_18_March_2016-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Saïd was born in Damascus, Syria, in 1939 to a prominent Syrian family. Saïd's grandfather had served in the Turkish army during the Ottoman period, reaching the rank of general and was a colonial governor of Ottoman Syria. Saïd was the youngest son of Rida Saïd, a prominent Syrian ophthalmologist who was the Syrian Minister for Higher Education and who had founded the Syrian University in Damascus in 1926 under the request of the then King Faisal.[5][7][8]Saïd's father died when he was still a child, and after initial schooling by Jesuits in Beirut, Lebanon, Saïd studied at the Institute of Bankers in London.[5] Saïd had been offered a place at the University of Cambridge, but was unable to take up the place as a result of political instability in Syria in which his family's assets were sequestrated.[9][10]Saïd finally left Syria amidst the 1963 Syrian coup d'état. Saïd described the atmosphere in Syria at the time as being similar to 'the Terror in the French Revolution' in which 'young men were being rounded up.'[7] In Switzerland Saïd worked for the Union de Banque Suisse (now UBS), and later the Banque Commerciale Arabe SA, before his return to England.[5] Saïd established two restaurants serving Middle Eastern cuisine in London in 1967, including Caravanserai on Kensington High Street, the restaurants were sold in 1969.[5]In 1969, Saïd married Rosemary Thompson, whom he had met in Switzerland, and they had three children together; two sons, Karim and Khaled, and a daughter, Rasha.[5][11] In 1981, their son Karim died in an accident at the home of Prince Sultan in Saudi Arabia. Saïd was attending a ceremony at the prince's house at the time to receive Saudi citizenship by royal decree.[5][12] To honour his son Saïd established the Karim Rida Saïd Foundation to help disadvantaged children and young people of the Middle East.[11]Saïd moved to Saudi Arabia in 1969. Saudi Arabia lacked much modern infrastructure at the time, and large infrastructure projects were subsequently funded by the rising price of oil in the early 1970s. During this period of time, he founded and invested in companies that supported large-scale infrastructural projects.[12]Saïd was ambassador and head of the delegation of St Vincent and the Grenadines to UNESCO from 1996 to 2018.[13][14] Saïd also previously served as St Vincent and the Grenadines ambassador to the Holy See.[15]In March 2016, Saïd was told by British banking firm Barclays that he could no longer bank with them, despite having been a long-standing customer; the BBC reported that \"The bank is understood to be concerned about holding accounts that are linked to what are described as 'high-risk countries'\". In response, Saïd said he would be taking legal action against Barclays.[16] Those proceedings were settled by June 2016.[17]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bashar al-Assad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad"},{"link_name":"Asma al-Assad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asma_al-Assad"},{"link_name":"Charles Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Moore_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"The Spectator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spectator"},{"link_name":"Presidency of Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Syria"},{"link_name":"Hafez al-Assad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad"},{"link_name":"Syrian uprisings in response to the Arab Spring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_uprising_phase_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SpecJan12-7"},{"link_name":"Syrian Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Arab Spring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Spring"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SpecJan12-7"}],"sub_title":"Relationship with Syria","text":"Saïd assisted the future Syrian president Bashar al-Assad with securing a place in Britain to study ophthalmology in 1992, and was acquainted with the Anglo-Syrian family of Assad's wife, Asma al-Assad (née Akhras). In a 2012 interview with Charles Moore in The Spectator, Saïd said that he had found Bashar '...civilised, nice, polished', and that he admired Asma as 'a caring person'. Saïd welcomed Bashar's ascension to the Presidency of Syria following the death of his father, Hafez al-Assad, feeling it was Syria's 'only salvation. His acceptance speech in 2000 was music to my ears. He said he wanted to reform the legal system, revoke the [now 50-year-old] emergency laws, and fight corruption.' Saïd helped introduce Western politicians and businesspeople to Syria, and helped push for political reform in the country. Visiting Syria in 2011 at the advent of the Syrian uprisings in response to the Arab Spring, Saïd told Asma that 'the winds of change are contagious. Please tell the President to promise free elections. He must be the champion of change.'[7]Saïd was appalled by the resulting Syrian Civil War and was summoned to see Bashar al-Assad in June 2011[18] as he wished to gauge Western views of the conflict. Saïd implored Assad to enact promised reforms and to engage with his political opponents. Saïd welcomed the Arab Spring and wished for a secular government in Egypt modelled on that of Turkey's.[7]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Saïd Business School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%C3%AFd_Business_School"},{"link_name":"University of Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford"}],"sub_title":"Saïd Foundation","text":"The Karim Rida Saïd Foundation was established in 1982 by Wafic and Rosemary Saïd in memory of their son. It was renamed the Saïd Foundation[19] in 2008. It is an English charity.Since 1984, the Scholarships Programme has offered scholarships and training opportunities for talented young Syrians, Jordanians, Lebanese and Palestinians, mainly to study in the UK, to enable them to acquire skills that will bring benefits to others in their countries of origin. To date, the Foundation has funded scholarships for almost 900 students from these countries.In 1993 the Foundation established the Child Development Programme (CDP) with the aim of supporting Jordanian, Lebanese and Palestinian community-based organisations to develop and deliver good quality and sustainable care services for disabled children and education in areas of greatest need. The CDP has funded more than 250 project grants since its start, reaching tens of thousands of children.In 1996, the Foundation established the first Disability Programme in Syria, opening an office in 2001 to directly implement the Programme. The office became a locally registered charity in Syria in 2012, the Saïd Foundation for Development. The programme worked to strengthen the professional capacity of disability practitioners and organisations, raising awareness of disability, developing a cadre of national trainers in disability-related fields and supporting or providing services for children with disabilities (and their families), especially in marginalised communities.Due to the current turmoil in Syria, since late 2011 the Saïd Foundation has been providing support for non-political organisations that are delivering emergency humanitarian assistance, including shelters, medical care and schooling, to Syrians most affected by the crisis, whether refugees in Lebanon and Jordan or internally displaced within Syria itself. It has pledged over US$1.8 million to the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR) for university scholarships for Syrian refugees in Jordan and Lebanon.[20]The Saïd Foundation also supports the Saïd Business School at the University of Oxford.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bandar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandar_bin_Sultan"},{"link_name":"Khalid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalid_bin_Sultan"},{"link_name":"Prince Sultan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_bin_Abdulaziz"},{"link_name":"King Fahd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahd_of_Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"Gulf War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_War"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GuardMay92-5"},{"link_name":"Akram Ojjeh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akram_Ojjeh"},{"link_name":"TAG Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Techniques_d%27Avant_Garde"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GuardMay92-5"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AINNov07-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TimesMay88-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TimesMay88-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TimesMay88-22"},{"link_name":"British Mediterranean Airways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Mediterranean_Airways"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TelegJan07-23"},{"link_name":"Sunday Times Rich List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunday_Times_Rich_List"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian_Interactive_2014-24"},{"link_name":"ultra high-net-worth individuals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra_high-net-worth_individual"},{"link_name":"Fleming Family & Partners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleming_Family_%26_Partners"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"merchant bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchant_bank"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Aitken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Aitken"},{"link_name":"Sunday Correspondent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunday_Correspondent"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IndJul96-12"},{"link_name":"Garfinckel's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garfinckel%27s"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IndJul96-12"}],"sub_title":"Business career","text":"In the 1960s, Saïd became acquainted with the Saudi Arabian princes Bandar and Khalid, sons of Prince Sultan, who was the brother of King Fahd and would later become the Saudi defence minister. Princes Bandar and Khalid would later serve as the Saudi Arabian ambassador to the United States and co-commander of Allied forces in the Gulf War, respectively.[5]Following his acquaintance with Akram Ojjeh, a fellow Syrian financier and the founder of the TAG Group, Saïd established TAG Systems Constructions SA, a civil engineering and telecommunications business, which he chaired.[5][21]In 1992, Saïd won a unanimous verdict in a libel case in the British high court, and was awarded £400,000 in damages.[22] The case concerned letters that had been published alleging that Saïd was untrustworthy.[22] Saïd described the letters as \"humiliating and untrue\", and that the allegations in the letters had caused him \"tremendous damage\".[22]Saïd owned almost 50% of British Mediterranean Airways, and loaned the airline £8 million before its 2007 sale to BMI.[23]Saïd's wealth was estimated at £1.5 billion by the Sunday Times Rich List in 2014.[24] In 1995 Saïd co-founded Sagitta Asset Management, which handled his family's wealth and the assets of other ultra high-net-worth individuals and their families, it was sold to Fleming Family & Partners in 2005.[25] Saïd also invested in the merchant bank established by Jonathan Aitken, Aitken Hume, and invested £5 million in the short-lived Sunday Correspondent newspaper.[12] In the United States, Saïd invested in the National Bank of Washington and Garfinckel's stores.[12]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"al-Yamamah deal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Yamamah_arms_deal"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GuardBAE-26"},{"link_name":"BAE Systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAE_Systems"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GuardBAE-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GuardBAE-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GuardBAE-26"},{"link_name":"Panorama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panorama_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Turki bin Nasser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turki_bin_Nasser"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Serious Fraud Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serious_Fraud_Office_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GuardJul08-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WSGuardJul07-30"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TelegMar01-11"},{"link_name":"Mark Thatcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Thatcher"},{"link_name":"Dick Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Evans_(businessman)"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WSGuardJul07-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IndOct94-31"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Aitken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Aitken"},{"link_name":"Denis Thatcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_Thatcher"},{"link_name":"Richard Nixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon"},{"link_name":"Michael Heseltine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Heseltine"},{"link_name":"BAE Hawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAE_Systems_Hawk"},{"link_name":"Prince Sultan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_bin_Abdulaziz"},{"link_name":"letter of intent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letter_of_intent"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aitken2013-32"}],"sub_title":"Al-Yamamah contract","text":"Saïd helped facilitate the al-Yamamah deal between the British and Saudi governments in the 1980s.[26] The al-Yamamah deal is the biggest export deal in British history and has generated £43 billion in revenue for the British company BAE Systems.[26] The Daily Telegraph has described Saïd as a 'key fixer' who 'helped broker' the deal, with the Guardian describing Said as the 'fixer at the heart' of the deal.[26]The Guardian newspaper wrote that from the proceeds of al-Yamamah '[British] Police later calculated that more than £6bn may have been distributed in corrupt commissions, via an array of agents and middlemen'.[26] In June 2007, the BBC's Panorama alleged BAE Systems had paid Prince Bandar \"hundreds of millions of pounds\" in return for his role in the al-Yamamah deals.[27] Turki bin Nasser was also a recipient of money from BAE.[28]An investigation into the al-Yamamah deal was opened by the British Serious Fraud Office (SFO) and later closed for reasons of national security after the Saudi Arabian government had threatened to withhold cooperation on anti-terrorist issues.[29]In a 2007 statement issued by Saïd on the al-Yamamah deal said that he had \"...never been the 'business manager' for anybody, let alone any member of the Saudi Royal Family, nor has he ever 'distributed commissions' to any member of the Saudi Royal Family\".[30] Saïd's role in al-Yamamah has led to him being described as an arms dealer, a term that he rejects. In 2001 Saïd said that the deal '... brought a huge boost to British industry: you are talking about thousands of jobs. But for some reason, which I cannot understand, the press want to portray this as a shady, mysterious deal ... Quite honestly, I thought I was doing this country a favour; I have never even sold a penknife. I was not paid a penny [for advising British Aerospace] but I benefited because the project led to construction in Saudi Arabia that involved my companies.'[11]Saïd's friendship with Thatcher's son, Mark Thatcher, has been perceived as having played an important role in Britain securing the al-Yamahah deal. Mark Thatcher and Saïd have both denied allegations of commissions from the Saudi government. Companies linked to Saïd acquired properties in Belgravia and Mayfair that were 'put at the service' of Thatcher and Dick Evans, the BAE chief executive after the al-Yamamah deal according to The Guardian.[30][31]Jonathan Aitken in his 2013 book, Margaret Thatcher: Power and Personality dismisses the belief that Mark Thatcher was pivotal to the deal. Aitken emphasises the role of Margaret's husband, Denis Thatcher as the intermediary between her and Prince Bandar with the assistance of Dick Evans. Aitken described a dinner party at his house in honour of Richard Nixon at which Saïd met the Defence Secretary Michael Heseltine who told him of his optimism that Britain would secure a large defence contract for BAE Hawk aircraft with Saudi Arabia. Saïd told Heseltine of his scepticism of the deal's success, and he was later approached by James Blyth, the Ministry of Defence's head of defence sales. Blyth asked Saïd about the progress of the deal and Prince Bandar reported from his father, Prince Sultan that he had signed a letter of intent with the French government instead of the British. Saïd informed Thatcher who impressed upon him the historic ties between Britain and Saudi Arabia, which appealed to the Pro-British Prince Bandar and Saïd.[32]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Said_Business_School.jpg"},{"link_name":"ziggurat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziggurat"},{"link_name":"University of Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TimesNov96-9"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Edward Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Jones_(English_architect)"},{"link_name":"Al-Yamamah arms deal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Yamamah_arms_deal"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GuardDec01-36"},{"link_name":"David Cameron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cameron"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SBSOxf-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wafic_Said_bust_Oxford_Business_School.jpg"},{"link_name":"Michael Rizzello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Rizzello"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SBSOxfHis-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oxf-40"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oxf-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OxfBen-41"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oxf-40"},{"link_name":"Michael Rizzello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Rizzello"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"sub_title":"Saïd Business School","text":"The copper covered ziggurat of the Saïd Business SchoolIn July 1996. it was announced that Saïd had donated £20 million to the University of Oxford to found a business school.[33] Saïd had agreed to donate the money after the university had voted in 1990 for the creation of a business school, and needed funds of £40 million.[9] Opposition initially arose to the school due to the lack of a suitable site and the nature of management as an academic discipline,[34] and Saïd said that he would reconsider his gift after a potential site on a sports ground at Mansfield Road in Oxford was voted against.[35] The new building for the school opened in August 2001, designed by Edward Jones and Jeremy Dixon. It was accompanied by protests over Saïd's role in the Al-Yamamah arms deal.[36] A new building at the school, the Thatcher Business Education Centre was opened by The Prince of Wales in 2013 and named by Prime Minister David Cameron in 2014 in the presence of Saïd and his wife, Rosemary.[37] Nelson Mandela visited the Saïd Business School at the invitation of Saïd in 2002, to open the lecture theatre named in his honour.[38]Bust of Wafic Saïd by Michael Rizzello at the Saïd Business School, OxfordSaïd had donated over £70 million to the school by 2014,[39] and he is a member of the University of Oxford's Chancellor's Court of Benefactors.[40] The court consists of the largest individual donors to Oxford, and meets annually with senior officials from the university.[40] Saïd's philanthropic efforts for the university have seen him honoured with the Sheldon Medal, the highest honour that Oxford bestows upon its benefactors.[41] The Sheldon Medal is awarded annually to a member of the Chancellor’s Court of Benefactors that has 'made a strategic difference to the life of the university'.[40] A bust of Saïd by Michael Rizzello stands at the entrance to the Saïd Business School, it was one of the last works sculpted by Rizzello before his death in 2004.[42]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British Conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Margaret Thatcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher"},{"link_name":"Winter of Discontent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_of_Discontent"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SpecJan12-7"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WSGuardJul07-30"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TelegJan09-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TelegJan14-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Electoral Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_Commission"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TelegJan09-43"},{"link_name":"The Sunday Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sunday_Times"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GuardNov08-46"},{"link_name":"Charles Powell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Powell,_Baron_Powell_of_Bayswater"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CPGuardJul07-48"}],"text":"Saïd was a passionate supporter of the British Conservative Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, and said of the effect of her premiership after the Winter of Discontent that 'We found we couldn't rely on British manufacturers any more. Then here she comes, this lioness. The honour of England is challenged in the Falklands and she sends an armada! She fights the most powerful union and defeats it.' and said that 'for me, her friendship is the biggest medal'.[7]Saïd was a significant donor to Thatcher's Conservatives in the 1980s, donating at least £350,000 during her premiership.[30] Saïd can no longer donate to British political parties due to his foreign citizenship.[43] Saïd's wife, Rosemary, donated £580,000 to the Conservatives between 2012 and 2014,[44] and Saïd's daughter, Rasha, was recorded as having given four donations totalling £47,000 to the Conservatives in 2008, but these were later explained as having come from her mother, after being incorrectly reported by the Conservatives[45] to the Electoral Commission.[43] The Sunday Times had reported that she had asked her parents to donate to the party on her behalf, and that some of the money had come from them, but her father said that she was mistaken as she could not afford to make such a donation.[46]Saïd is close friends with Charles Powell, the former chief foreign affairs adviser to Thatcher. Saïd appointed Powell chairman of his Sagitta Asset Management in 2001, and Powell chairs the Saïd Business School Foundation.[47][48]","title":"Relationship with Margaret Thatcher"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Fourth Protocol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fourth_Protocol_(film)"},{"link_name":"Frederick Forsyth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Forsyth"},{"link_name":"novel of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fourth_Protocol"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TimesMar87-49"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TimesMar87-49"}],"text":"Saïd was an executive producer of the 1987 film The Fourth Protocol, based on Frederick Forsyth's novel of the same name.[49] Saïd funded half the film's budget of £3.5 million due to his love of Forsyth's novel.[49]","title":"Other interests"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St Mary's Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Hospital,_London"},{"link_name":"The Prince of Wales's Charitable Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Prince_of_Wales%27s_Charitable_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Eton College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eton_College"},{"link_name":"Royal Shakespeare Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Shakespeare_Company"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SpecJan12-7"},{"link_name":"7 July 2005 London bombings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7_July_2005_London_bombings"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GuardNov06-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"}],"sub_title":"Other donations","text":"Saïd has significantly donated to St Mary's Hospital in Paddington, London, The Prince of Wales's Charitable Foundation, Eton College, and the Royal Shakespeare Company.[7] He also donated £250,000 to the victims of the 7 July 2005 London bombings.[50] He is the founding donor of the Wafic Saïd Molecular Cardiology Research Laboratories at the Texas Heart Institute.[51]","title":"Other interests"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Impressionist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impressionism"},{"link_name":"Pierre Auguste Renoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Auguste_Renoir"},{"link_name":"Claude Monet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Monet"},{"link_name":"Paul Cézanne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_C%C3%A9zanne"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Phillips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillips_(auctioneers)"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTJul00-53"},{"link_name":"Quran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran"},{"link_name":"Qaitbay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qaitbay"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TimesApr82-54"},{"link_name":"Regent's Park Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Central_Mosque"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TimesApr82-54"},{"link_name":"Wallis Simpson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallis_Simpson"},{"link_name":"Cartier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartier_(jeweler)"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"}],"sub_title":"Art collecting","text":"Saïd is a noted collector of Impressionist art, having owned paintings by Pierre Auguste Renoir, Claude Monet, Paul Cézanne, and paintings of sporting scenes.[52] Saïd put 11 paintings from his collection up for auction at Phillips in New York in 2000, among the paintings that sold were Renoir's Women in the Garden (1873) and Girl in a Flowered Hat (1896), Pissarro's September Festival, Pontoise (1872) and Cézanne's Hill of Galet, Pontoise (1879–80).[53]In 1982 Saïd paid a record £80,000 at auction for a Quran that had been made for Qaitbay, the 15th-century Egyptian sultan in 1488.[54] The Quran was for a period displayed at the newly constructed Regent's Park Mosque in London.[54]In 1987 Saïd acquired 20 pieces from the auction of the jewellery collection of Wallis Simpson, including the famous panther bracelet, the cross bracelet and the flamingo brooch by Cartier. All these were later sold at an auction in 2010.[55][56]","title":"Other interests"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"racehorse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoroughbred_horse_racing"},{"link_name":"Henry Cecil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Cecil"},{"link_name":"Bosra Sham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosra_Sham"},{"link_name":"Lady Carla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Carla"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TimesSep97-57"},{"link_name":"Charles Powell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Powell,_Baron_Powell_of_Bayswater"},{"link_name":"1,000 Guineas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1,000_Guineas_Stakes"},{"link_name":"Champion Stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champion_Stakes"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TimesSep97-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TelegJul03-58"}],"sub_title":"Horse racing","text":"Saïd was a prominent racehorse owner, having owned the Henry Cecil trained horses Bosra Sham and Lady Carla.[57] Lady Carla was named for Carla Powell, the socialite wife of Charles Powell. Bosra Sham won the 1996 1,000 Guineas and Champion Stakes under Said's racing colours.[57] Saïd's Sagitta Asset Management sponsored the 1,000 and 2,000 Guinea Stakes, and having ended their sponsorship in 2003, Saïd withdrew his racing interests, citing his non-residence in England as the reason.[58]","title":"Other interests"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tusmore_House_-_geograph.org.uk_-_453458.jpg"},{"link_name":"Eaton Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eaton_Square"},{"link_name":"Belgravia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgravia"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Tusmore Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tusmore,_Oxfordshire#Tusmore_Park"},{"link_name":"Bicester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicester"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IndJul96-12"},{"link_name":"Glympton Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glympton_Park"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"obelisk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obelisk"},{"link_name":"Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_Jubilee_of_Elizabeth_II"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TimesOct12-61"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TimesOct12-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aitken2013_2-62"},{"link_name":"Palladian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palladian"},{"link_name":"William Whitfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Whitfield_(architect)"},{"link_name":"Georgian Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_Group"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TelegMar01-11"},{"link_name":"tax haven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_haven"},{"link_name":"Monaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monaco"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TelegMar01-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IndJul96-12"}],"sub_title":"Property","text":"Tusmore HouseSaïd family trusts own two homes in the United Kingdom, a £10 million property in Eaton Square in London's Belgravia district, which when bought in 1992, was then the highest price paid for an apartment in the United Kingdom,[59] and Tusmore Park, a 3,000 acre estate near Bicester in Oxfordshire.[12] Tusmore Park is near Prince Bandar's 2,000 acre Glympton Park estate.[60] In 2012 Saïd erected a 92 ft limestone obelisk topped with gold in the grounds of Tusmore Park to honour the Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II.[61] The obelisk is the largest constructed in the United Kingdom since the 18th century.[61] Margaret Thatcher frequently visited Saïd at Tusmore Park, staying for long periods in Tusmore Park's Clock House in the last years of her life.[62] Saïd rebuilt Tusmore House in 2000 to an English Palladian design by Sir William Whitfield. In 2004 the Georgian Group gave the completed house its award for the \"best new building in the Classical tradition\".[63]Saïd also owns homes in Marbella in Spain, France, Saudi Arabia, and Syria.[11] Saïd is officially resident in the tax haven of Monaco.[11][12]","title":"Other interests"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ashmolean.org-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-monindependancefinanciere.com-3"}],"sub_title":"Awards","text":"Sheldon Medal, University of Oxford;[2] Grand Commandeur Ordre de Mérite du Cèdre of Lebanon and Ordre de Mérite of Morocco.[3]","title":"Other interests"}]
[{"image_text":"The copper covered ziggurat of the Saïd Business School","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Said_Business_School.jpg/220px-Said_Business_School.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bust of Wafic Saïd by Michael Rizzello at the Saïd Business School, Oxford","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Wafic_Said_bust_Oxford_Business_School.jpg/220px-Wafic_Said_bust_Oxford_Business_School.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tusmore House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Tusmore_House_-_geograph.org.uk_-_453458.jpg/220px-Tusmore_House_-_geograph.org.uk_-_453458.jpg"}]
null
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Retrieved 9 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/horseracing/2408655/Wafic-Said-calls-it-a-day.html","url_text":"\"Wafic Said calls it a day\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph","url_text":"The Daily Telegraph"}]},{"reference":"Helen Davies (18 October 2012). \"Tycoon's 300-ton homage to Queen\". The Times. Archived from the original on 7 December 2014. Retrieved 9 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141207143319/http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/news/uk_news/People/article1153086.ece","url_text":"\"Tycoon's 300-ton homage to Queen\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times","url_text":"The Times"},{"url":"http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/news/uk_news/People/article1153086.ece","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Jonathan Aitken (14 October 2013). Margaret Thatcher: Power and Personality. A&C Black. pp. 437–. ISBN 978-1-4088-3185-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_XKuAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA437","url_text":"Margaret Thatcher: Power and Personality"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4088-3185-4","url_text":"978-1-4088-3185-4"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alxasauridae
Alxasaurus
["1 History of discovery","2 Description","3 Classification","4 See also","5 References"]
Therizinosauroid dinosaur genus from the Early Cretaceous AlxasaurusTemporal range: Albian, ~113–100.5 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Restored skeleton mount at the Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Clade: Dinosauria Clade: Saurischia Clade: Theropoda Clade: †Therizinosauria Superfamily: †Therizinosauroidea Genus: †AlxasaurusRussell & Dong, 1993 Type species †Alxasaurus elesitaiensisRussell & Dong, 1993 Alxasaurus (/ˌɑːlʃəˈsɔːrəs/; meaning "Alxa lizard") is a genus of therizinosauroid theropod dinosaurs from the Early Cretaceous (Albian age) Bayin-Gobi Formation of Inner Mongolia. History of discovery The fossil remains were first discovered in 1988 and described by the Canadian paleontologist Dale Russell and his Chinese colleague Dong Zhiming in 1993. However, although the paper is technically included in the last issue of the 1993 volume of the Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, this issue was actually released in the early weeks of 1994. Skeletal composite of specimens Alxasaurus is named after the Alxa Desert of Inner Mongolia, also known as the "Alashan" desert, and the name also includes the Greek word sauros ("lizard"). Alxa (or Alashan) is also the name of the league, or administrative division, of the Inner Mongolia (Nei Mongol Zizhiqu) region of the People's Republic of China. The single known species, elesitaiensis, is named after Elesitai, a village found in this region, near which the fossil remains of Alxasaurus were located. Five Alxasaurus specimens were recovered from the Bayin-Gobi Formation of Inner Mongolia, which dates to the Albian stage of the Early Cretaceous Period, or about 113 million to 100.5 million years ago. The holotype specimen, IVPP 88402 (large individual), which is considered to exemplify the genus and species, is the largest and most complete of the five, consisting of the right dentary (lower jaw) with some teeth, 5 cervical vertebrae, 28 caudal vertebrae, 5 sacral vertebrae, 9 ribs, 15 chevrons, an isolated scapula, both coracoids, both humeri, isolated radius, both ulnae, a virtually complete manus, both ilia, both ischia and both femora. The other four specimens are the paratypes IVPP 88301, IVPP 88402 (small individual), IVPP 88501 (immature individual) and IVPP 88510. Together the specimens represent most of the species hypodigm aside from the skull. Description Size comparison Left dentary of the holotype Several specimens are known and they vary in size, but Gregory S. Paul estimated its maximum adult length up to 4 m (13 ft) and mass up to 400 kg (880 lb). Alxasaurus is among the earliest known members of the Therizinosauroidea, but it already possessed the body shape—including the long neck, short tail, and relatively large claws—of later therizinosauroids. Like other members of this group, it was a bipedal herbivore with a large gut to process plant material. Classification While exhibiting many typical therizinosaur features in overall body shape and in the teeth, the skeleton of Alxasaurus also shows several features present in more typical theropods, and the discovery of this animal provided significant evidence that therizinosaurs were aberrant theropods. Specifically, the semilunate carpal bone of the wrist is found only in maniraptoran theropods, which also include oviraptorosaurs, dromaeosaurs, troodontids, and birds. Even more basal therizinosaurs such as the feathered Beipiaosaurus and primitive Falcarius have since been discovered with more theropod features and have helped to solidify this arrangement. Alxasaurus is now thought to occupy a position between the early Beipiaosaurus and later therizinosaurids such as Erlikosaurus, Segnosaurus, or Therizinosaurus. Comparison of therizinosaur mangual unguals, including Alxasaurus Although Rusell and Dong coined the Alxasauridae to contain Alxasaurus, the family has not been widely corroborated in most analyses. In 2010, Lindsay E. Zanno noted that, while technically still valid, the group currently consists of only a single species and is thus of dubious utility. The following cladogram is based on the phylogenetic analysis conducted by Hartman et al. 2019: Therizinosauria Falcarius Jianchangosaurus Therizinosauroidea Beipiaosaurus "Chilantaisaurus" zheziangensis Enigmosaurus Alxasaurus Therizinosauridae See also Timeline of therizinosaur research References ^ a b c d e f Russell, D. A.; Dong, Z. (1993). "The affinities of a new theropod from the Alxa Desert, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 30 (10): 2107−2127. Bibcode:1993CaJES..30.2107R. doi:10.1139/e93-183. ^ Paul, Gregory S. (2010). "Theropods". The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 67–162. doi:10.1515/9781400836154.67b. ISBN 9781400836154. ^ Xu, X.; Tang, Z.-L.; Wang, X. L. (1999). "A therizinosauroid dinosaur with integumentary structures from China". Nature. 339 (6734): 350–354. Bibcode:1999Natur.399..350X. doi:10.1038/20670. ISSN 1476-4687. S2CID 204993327. ^ Kirkland, J. I.; Zanno, L. E.; Sampson, S. D.; Clark, J. M.; DeBlieux, D. D. (2005). "A primitive therizinosauroid dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous of Utah". Nature. 435 (7038): 84–87. Bibcode:2005Natur.435...84K. doi:10.1038/nature03468. PMID 15875020. S2CID 4428196. ^ a b Zanno, L. E. (2010). "A taxonomic and phylogenetic re-evaluation of Therizinosauria (Dinosauria: Maniraptora)". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 8 (4): 503−543. Bibcode:2010JSPal...8..503Z. doi:10.1080/14772019.2010.488045. S2CID 53405097. ^ a b Hartman, S.; Mortimer, M.; Wahl, W. R.; Lomax, D. R.; Lippincott, J.; Lovelace, D. M. (2019). "A new paravian dinosaur from the Late Jurassic of North America supports a late acquisition of avian flight". PeerJ. 7: e7247. doi:10.7717/peerj.7247. PMC 6626525. PMID 31333906. vteManiraptora Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Clade: Dinosauria Clade: Theropoda Clade: Maniraptoriformes Avemetatarsalia see Avemetatarsalia Theropoda see Theropoda Maniraptora see below↓ ManiraptoraManiraptora †Elopteryx? †Fukuivenator? †Kakuru? †Migmanychion †Yaverlandia? †Alvarezsauroidea Achillesaurus Aorun? Bannykus Bonapartenykus Haplocheirus Patagonykus Shishugounykus Tugulusaurus? Xiyunykus Alvarezsauridae Achillesaurus? Alnashetri Alvarezsaurus Bonapartenykus? Bradycneme Heptasteornis Patagonykus? Parvicursorinae Dzharaonyx Jaculinykus Khulsanurus Kol? Nemegtonykus Ondogurvel Parvicursor Qiupanykus Trierarchuncus Ceratonykini Albinykus Ceratonykus Xixianykus Mononykini Albertonykus Linhenykus Mononykus Shuvuuia †Therizinosauria Eshanosaurus? Falcarius Fukuivenator? Jianchangosaurus Lingyuanosaurus Therizinosauroidea Alxasaurus Beipiaosaurus Enigmosaurus Martharaptor Suzhousaurus Therizinosauridae Erliansaurus Erlikosaurus Nanshiungosaurus Neimongosaurus Nothronychus Paralitherizinosaurus Segnosaurus Therizinosaurus Pennaraptora†Oviraptorosauria see Oviraptorosauria Paraves see below↓ ParavesParaves †Imperobator †Palaeopteryx? †Pneumatoraptor †Rahonavis †Scansoriopterygidae? Ambopteryx Epidexipteryx Scansoriopteryx Yi †Anchiornithidae Anchiornis Aurornis Caihong Eosinopteryx Fujianvenator Liaoningvenator? Ostromia Pedopenna Serikornis Xiaotingia Yixianosaurus †Archaeopterygidae Alcmonavis? Archaeopteryx Wellnhoferia Anchiornithidae? †Dromaeosauridae see Dromaeosauridae †Troodontidae see Troodontidae Avialae †Alcmonavis †Balaur? †Cretaaviculus? †Fukuipteryx †Overoraptor †Rahonavis? †Yandangornis †Zhongornis †Anchiornithidae? †Archaeopterygidae? †Scansoriopterygidae? †Jeholornithiformes Dalianraptor? Jeholornis Jixiangornis? Kompsornis Neimengornis Pygostylia †"Proornis" †Omnivoropterygidae? Omnivoropteryx Sapeornis †Confuciusornithidae Changchengornis Confuciusornis Eoconfuciusornis Yangavis †Jinguofortisidae Chongmingia Cratonavis Jinguofortis Ornithothoraces†Enantiornithes see Enantiornithes Euornithes see below↓ EuornithesEuornithes †Archaeorhynchus †Bellulornis †Brevidentavis †Changmaornis †Changzuiornis †Chaoyangia †Dingavis †Eogranivora †Gansus †Gargantuavis? †Hollanda †Horezmavis †Iteravis †Jianchangornis †Jiuquanornis †Juehuaornis †Kaririavis †Khinganornis †Meemannavis †Platanavis †Vorona †Wyleyia? †Xinghaiornis †Yumenornis †Zhongjianornis †Schizoouridae Mengciusornis Schizooura †Patagopterygiformes Alamitornis Kuszholia? Patagopteryx †Ambiortiformes Ambiortus Apsaravis? Palintropus? †Hongshanornithidae Archaeornithura Hongshanornis Longicrusavis Parahongshanornis Tianyuornis †Songlingornithidae Hollanda? Piscivoravis? Songlingornis Yanornis? Yixianornis? †Yanornithidae Abitusavis Similiyanornis Yanornis Ornithurae †Antarcticavis? †Apatornis †Cerebavis †Gallornis †Guildavis †Iaceornis †Kookne †Limenavis †Tingmiatornis †Ichthyornithes Ichthyornis Janavis †Hesperornithes Baptornis Brodavis Chupkaornis Enaliornis Judinornis Pasquiaornis Potamornis Hesperornithidae Asiahesperornis Canadaga Fumicollis Hesperornis Parahesperornis †Vegaviidae Australornis? Maaqwi Neogaeornis? Polarornis Vegavis †Cimolopterygidae Ceramornis Cimolopteryx Lamarqueavis? Aves / Neornithes see below↓ Aves / NeornithesPalaeognathae see Palaeognathae Neognathae Neoaves GalloanseraeAnserimorphae see Anserimorphae Pangalliformes see Pangalliformes Incertae sedis †Asteriornis †Perplexicervix †Qinornis? †Dromornithidae Barawertornis Dromornis Genyornis Ilbandornis †Gastornithiformes Brontornis? Gastornis Dromornithidae? †Pelagornithidae Aequornis Caspiodontornis Cyphornis Dasornis Gigantornis Laornis? Lutetodontopteris Macrodontopteryx Manu? Odontopteryx Odontoptila Osteodontornis Palaeochenoides Pelagornis Proceriavis? Protodontopteryx Protopelicanus? Pseudodontornis Tympanonesiotes See also: Archaeornithes Carinatae Deinonychosauria Odontognathae Odontornithes Sauriurae Unenlagiidae Category Taxon identifiersAlxasaurus Wikidata: Q311286 Wikispecies: Alxasaurus GBIF: 4822887 Open Tree of Life: 4127540 Paleobiology Database: 64123
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"/ˌɑːlʃəˈsɔːrəs/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"Alxa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alxa_League"},{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"therizinosauroid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therizinosauroidea"},{"link_name":"theropod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theropod"},{"link_name":"dinosaurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinosaurs"},{"link_name":"Early Cretaceous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Cretaceous"},{"link_name":"Albian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albian"},{"link_name":"Bayin-Gobi Formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayin-Gobi_Formation"},{"link_name":"Inner Mongolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_Mongolia"}],"text":"Alxasaurus (/ˌɑːlʃəˈsɔːrəs/; meaning \"Alxa lizard\") is a genus of therizinosauroid theropod dinosaurs from the Early Cretaceous (Albian age) Bayin-Gobi Formation of Inner Mongolia.","title":"Alxasaurus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fossil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil"},{"link_name":"Canadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadians"},{"link_name":"paleontologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontologist"},{"link_name":"Dale Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale_Russell"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_people"},{"link_name":"Dong Zhiming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dong_Zhiming"},{"link_name":"Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Journal_of_Earth_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Russel1993-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alxasaurus_elesitaiensis.jpg"},{"link_name":"Alxa Desert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alxa_Desert"},{"link_name":"desert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek"},{"link_name":"Alxa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alxa_League"},{"link_name":"league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leagues_of_China"},{"link_name":"administrative division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_administrative_divisions_of_Inner_Mongolia"},{"link_name":"People's Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species"},{"link_name":"fossil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Russel1993-1"},{"link_name":"Bayin-Gobi Formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayin-Gobi_Formation"},{"link_name":"Albian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albian"},{"link_name":"million years ago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Million_years_ago"},{"link_name":"holotype","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holotype"},{"link_name":"dentary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentary"},{"link_name":"cervical vertebrae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervical_vertebrae"},{"link_name":"caudal vertebrae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#caudals"},{"link_name":"sacral vertebrae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#sacrals"},{"link_name":"ribs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribs"},{"link_name":"chevrons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevron_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"scapula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scapula"},{"link_name":"coracoids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coracoids"},{"link_name":"humeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humeri"},{"link_name":"radius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radius_(bone)"},{"link_name":"ulnae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulnae"},{"link_name":"manus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manus_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"ilia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilium_(bone)"},{"link_name":"ischia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ischium"},{"link_name":"femora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femora"},{"link_name":"paratypes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paratypes"},{"link_name":"hypodigm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypodigm"},{"link_name":"skull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skull"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Russel1993-1"}],"text":"The fossil remains were first discovered in 1988 and described by the Canadian paleontologist Dale Russell and his Chinese colleague Dong Zhiming in 1993. However, although the paper is technically included in the last issue of the 1993 volume of the Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, this issue was actually released in the early weeks of 1994.[1]Skeletal composite of specimensAlxasaurus is named after the Alxa Desert of Inner Mongolia, also known as the \"Alashan\" desert, and the name also includes the Greek word sauros (\"lizard\"). Alxa (or Alashan) is also the name of the league, or administrative division, of the Inner Mongolia (Nei Mongol Zizhiqu) region of the People's Republic of China. The single known species, elesitaiensis, is named after Elesitai, a village found in this region, near which the fossil remains of Alxasaurus were located.[1]Five Alxasaurus specimens were recovered from the Bayin-Gobi Formation of Inner Mongolia, which dates to the Albian stage of the Early Cretaceous Period, or about 113 million to 100.5 million years ago. The holotype specimen, IVPP 88402 (large individual), which is considered to exemplify the genus and species, is the largest and most complete of the five, consisting of the right dentary (lower jaw) with some teeth, 5 cervical vertebrae, 28 caudal vertebrae, 5 sacral vertebrae, 9 ribs, 15 chevrons, an isolated scapula, both coracoids, both humeri, isolated radius, both ulnae, a virtually complete manus, both ilia, both ischia and both femora. The other four specimens are the paratypes IVPP 88301, IVPP 88402 (small individual), IVPP 88501 (immature individual) and IVPP 88510. Together the specimens represent most of the species hypodigm aside from the skull.[1]","title":"History of discovery"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alxasaurus_Scale.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Therizinosaurian_mandibular_morphology_(Alxasaurus_jaw).png"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"bipedal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipedal"},{"link_name":"herbivore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbivore"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Russel1993-1"}],"text":"Size comparisonLeft dentary of the holotypeSeveral specimens are known and they vary in size, but Gregory S. Paul estimated its maximum adult length up to 4 m (13 ft) and mass up to 400 kg (880 lb).[2] Alxasaurus is among the earliest known members of the Therizinosauroidea, but it already possessed the body shape—including the long neck, short tail, and relatively large claws—of later therizinosauroids. Like other members of this group, it was a bipedal herbivore with a large gut to process plant material.[1]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"carpal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpal"},{"link_name":"maniraptoran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maniraptora"},{"link_name":"oviraptorosaurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oviraptorosauria"},{"link_name":"dromaeosaurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dromaeosauridae"},{"link_name":"troodontids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troodontid"},{"link_name":"birds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Russel1993-1"},{"link_name":"basal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basal_(phylogenetics)"},{"link_name":"feathered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feathered_dinosaur"},{"link_name":"Beipiaosaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beipiaosaurus"},{"link_name":"Falcarius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falcarius"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Erlikosaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erlikosaurus"},{"link_name":"Segnosaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segnosaurus"},{"link_name":"Therizinosaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therizinosaurus"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zanno2010-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hartman2019-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Therizinosauria_unguals_comparison.png"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Russel1993-1"},{"link_name":"Lindsay E. Zanno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindsay_E._Zanno"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zanno2010-5"},{"link_name":"cladogram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladogram"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hartman2019-6"},{"link_name":"Therizinosauria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therizinosauria"},{"link_name":"Falcarius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falcarius"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Falcarius_Restoration.png"},{"link_name":"Jianchangosaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jianchangosaurus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jianchangosaurus_Restoration.png"},{"link_name":"Therizinosauroidea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therizinosauroidea"},{"link_name":"Beipiaosaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beipiaosaurus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beipiaosaurus_Restoration.png"},{"link_name":"zheziangensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilantaisaurus"},{"link_name":"Enigmosaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enigmosaurus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Enigmosaurus_Restoration.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alxasaurus_UDL.png"},{"link_name":"Therizinosauridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therizinosauridae"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Therizinosaurus_Restoration.png"}],"text":"While exhibiting many typical therizinosaur features in overall body shape and in the teeth, the skeleton of Alxasaurus also shows several features present in more typical theropods, and the discovery of this animal provided significant evidence that therizinosaurs were aberrant theropods. Specifically, the semilunate carpal bone of the wrist is found only in maniraptoran theropods, which also include oviraptorosaurs, dromaeosaurs, troodontids, and birds.[1] Even more basal therizinosaurs such as the feathered Beipiaosaurus and primitive Falcarius have since been discovered with more theropod features and have helped to solidify this arrangement.[3][4] Alxasaurus is now thought to occupy a position between the early Beipiaosaurus and later therizinosaurids such as Erlikosaurus, Segnosaurus, or Therizinosaurus.[5][6]Comparison of therizinosaur mangual unguals, including AlxasaurusAlthough Rusell and Dong coined the Alxasauridae to contain Alxasaurus,[1] the family has not been widely corroborated in most analyses. In 2010, Lindsay E. Zanno noted that, while technically still valid, the group currently consists of only a single species and is thus of dubious utility.[5]The following cladogram is based on the phylogenetic analysis conducted by Hartman et al. 2019:[6]Therizinosauria\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFalcarius \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nJianchangosaurus \n\n\n\n\n\nTherizinosauroidea\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nBeipiaosaurus \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Chilantaisaurus\" zheziangensis\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nEnigmosaurus \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAlxasaurus \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTherizinosauridae","title":"Classification"}]
[{"image_text":"Skeletal composite of specimens","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Alxasaurus_elesitaiensis.jpg/220px-Alxasaurus_elesitaiensis.jpg"},{"image_text":"Size comparison","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Alxasaurus_Scale.svg/220px-Alxasaurus_Scale.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Left dentary of the holotype","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Therizinosaurian_mandibular_morphology_%28Alxasaurus_jaw%29.png/220px-Therizinosaurian_mandibular_morphology_%28Alxasaurus_jaw%29.png"},{"image_text":"Comparison of therizinosaur mangual unguals, including Alxasaurus","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Therizinosauria_unguals_comparison.png/220px-Therizinosauria_unguals_comparison.png"}]
[{"title":"Timeline of therizinosaur research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_therizinosaur_research"}]
[{"reference":"Russell, D. A.; Dong, Z. (1993). \"The affinities of a new theropod from the Alxa Desert, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China\". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 30 (10): 2107−2127. Bibcode:1993CaJES..30.2107R. doi:10.1139/e93-183.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993CaJES..30.2107R","url_text":"1993CaJES..30.2107R"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1139%2Fe93-183","url_text":"10.1139/e93-183"}]},{"reference":"Paul, Gregory S. (2010). \"Theropods\". The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 67–162. doi:10.1515/9781400836154.67b. ISBN 9781400836154.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9781400836154.67b","url_text":"10.1515/9781400836154.67b"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400836154","url_text":"9781400836154"}]},{"reference":"Xu, X.; Tang, Z.-L.; Wang, X. L. (1999). \"A therizinosauroid dinosaur with integumentary structures from China\". Nature. 339 (6734): 350–354. Bibcode:1999Natur.399..350X. doi:10.1038/20670. ISSN 1476-4687. S2CID 204993327.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999Natur.399..350X","url_text":"1999Natur.399..350X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F20670","url_text":"10.1038/20670"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1476-4687","url_text":"1476-4687"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:204993327","url_text":"204993327"}]},{"reference":"Kirkland, J. I.; Zanno, L. E.; Sampson, S. D.; Clark, J. M.; DeBlieux, D. D. (2005). \"A primitive therizinosauroid dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous of Utah\". Nature. 435 (7038): 84–87. Bibcode:2005Natur.435...84K. doi:10.1038/nature03468. PMID 15875020. S2CID 4428196.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/225951","url_text":"\"A primitive therizinosauroid dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous of Utah\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Natur.435...84K","url_text":"2005Natur.435...84K"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature03468","url_text":"10.1038/nature03468"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15875020","url_text":"15875020"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4428196","url_text":"4428196"}]},{"reference":"Zanno, L. E. (2010). \"A taxonomic and phylogenetic re-evaluation of Therizinosauria (Dinosauria: Maniraptora)\". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 8 (4): 503−543. Bibcode:2010JSPal...8..503Z. doi:10.1080/14772019.2010.488045. S2CID 53405097.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/361763","url_text":"\"A taxonomic and phylogenetic re-evaluation of Therizinosauria (Dinosauria: Maniraptora)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010JSPal...8..503Z","url_text":"2010JSPal...8..503Z"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14772019.2010.488045","url_text":"10.1080/14772019.2010.488045"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53405097","url_text":"53405097"}]},{"reference":"Hartman, S.; Mortimer, M.; Wahl, W. R.; Lomax, D. R.; Lippincott, J.; Lovelace, D. M. (2019). \"A new paravian dinosaur from the Late Jurassic of North America supports a late acquisition of avian flight\". PeerJ. 7: e7247. doi:10.7717/peerj.7247. PMC 6626525. PMID 31333906.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6626525","url_text":"\"A new paravian dinosaur from the Late Jurassic of North America supports a late acquisition of avian flight\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.7717%2Fpeerj.7247","url_text":"10.7717/peerj.7247"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6626525","url_text":"6626525"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31333906","url_text":"31333906"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD_40873
HD 40873
["1 Components","2 References"]
Star in the constellation Auriga HD 40873 Location of HD 40873 (circled) Observation dataEpoch J2000      Equinox J2000 Constellation Auriga Right ascension 06h 04m 29.11992s Declination +51° 34′ 24.1921″ Apparent magnitude (V) 6.45 Characteristics Spectral type A7 V or A7 III U−B color index +0.16 B−V color index +0.196±0.007 AstrometryRadial velocity (Rv)19.6±2.9 km/sProper motion (μ) RA: +1.850 mas/yr Dec.: −41.692 mas/yr Parallax (π)7.1678 ± 0.0962 masDistance455 ± 6 ly (140 ± 2 pc)Absolute magnitude (MV)0.76 DetailsLuminosity38 L☉Temperature7,753 KRotational velocity (v sin i)134 km/s Other designations 35 Camelopardalis, NSV 2804, BD+51°1146, FK5 2463, HD 40873, HIP 28765, HR 2123, SAO 25548 Database referencesSIMBADdata HD 40873 is a star in the northern constellation of Auriga, a few degrees to the south of Delta Aurigae. Located around 455 light-years distant, it shines with a luminosity approximately 38 times that of the Sun and has an effective temperature of 7,753 K. It is a suspected variable star and has a fairly rapid rotation rate, showing a projected rotational velocity of 134 km/s. Eggen (1985) suggested it is a probable member of the Hyades Supercluster. Samuel Molyneux named this star Telescopica in Auriga. Flamsteed catalogued it as 35 Camelopardalis Heveliana, which is the name James Bradley continued to use, although it is within the borders of the modern constellation Auriga. Francis Baily reclassified it to Auriga as star 1924 in the British Association's 1845 Catalogue of 8377 Stars. HD 40873 is considered to be an Am star, a chemically peculiar star with unusually strong absorption lines of metals. It has been given a spectral type of kA5mA7IV, although other catalogues have given more normal classifications such as A7 V or A7 III. Components HD 40873 has a 9th magnitude class A5 companion about half an arc-minute away. It is designated as SAO 25549. The companion is itself a pair of stars, each of similar brightness, separated by 0.6". References ^ a b c d e f Brown, A. G. A.; et al. (Gaia collaboration) (August 2018). "Gaia Data Release 2: Summary of the contents and survey properties". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 616. A1. arXiv:1804.09365. Bibcode:2018A&A...616A...1G. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833051. Gaia DR2 record for this source at VizieR. ^ a b c Danziger, I. J.; Dickens, R. J. (July 1967). "Spectrophotometry of New Short-Period Variable Stars". Astrophysical Journal. 149: 55. Bibcode:1967ApJ...149...55D. doi:10.1086/149231. ^ a b Abt, Helmut A.; Morrell, Nidia I. (1995). "The Relation between Rotational Velocities and Spectral Peculiarities among A-Type Stars". Astrophysical Journal Supplement. 99: 135. Bibcode:1995ApJS...99..135A. doi:10.1086/192182. ^ a b Cowley, A.; et al. (April 1969). "A study of the bright A stars. I. A catalogue of spectral classifications". Astronomical Journal. 74: 375–406. Bibcode:1969AJ.....74..375C. doi:10.1086/110819. ^ a b c Anderson, E.; Francis, Ch. (2012). "XHIP: An extended hipparcos compilation". Astronomy Letters. 38 (5): 331. arXiv:1108.4971. Bibcode:2012AstL...38..331A. doi:10.1134/S1063773712050015. S2CID 119257644. ^ a b c McDonald, I.; et al. (2012). "Fundamental Parameters and Infrared Excesses of Hipparcos Stars". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 427 (1): 343–57. arXiv:1208.2037. Bibcode:2012MNRAS.427..343M. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21873.x. S2CID 118665352. ^ a b Royer, F.; et al. (October 2002). "Rotational velocities of A-type stars in the northern hemisphere. II. Measurement of v sin i". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 393 (3): 897–911. arXiv:astro-ph/0205255. Bibcode:2002A&A...393..897R. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20020943. S2CID 14070763. ^ Eggen, O. J. (June 1985). "A systematic search for members of the Hyades Supercluster. IV - The metallic-line stars and ultrashort-period Cepheids". Astronomical Journal. 90: 1046−1059. Bibcode:1985AJ.....90.1046E. doi:10.1086/113812. ^ Bradley, James; Rigaud, Stephen Peter (1832). Miscellaneous works and correspondence of the Rev. James Bradley, D.D., F.R.S. Oxford University Press. p. 212. ^ Wagman, M. (1987). "Flamsteed's Missing Stars". Journal for the History of Astronomy. 18 (3): 209–223. Bibcode:1987JHA....18..209W. doi:10.1177/002182868701800305. S2CID 118445625. ^ British Association for the Advancement of Science; Francis Baily (1845). The Catalogue of Stars of the British Association for the Advancement of Science: Containing the Mean Right Ascensions and North Polar Distances of Eight Thousand Three Hundred and Seventy-seven Fixed Stars, Reduced to January 1, 1850: Together with Their Annual Precessions, Secular Variations and Proper Motions, as Well as the Logarithmic Constants for Computing Precession, Aberration and Nutation. With a Preface Explanatory of Their Construction and Application. R. and J. E. Taylor. pp. 2–. ^ Renson, P.; Manfroid, J. (2009). "Catalogue of Ap, HGMN and Am stars". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 498 (3): 961. Bibcode:2009A&A...498..961R. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200810788. ^ Gray, R. O.; Garrison, R. F. (1989). "The Late A-Type Stars: Refined MK Classification, Confrontation with Stroemgren Photometry, and the Effects of Rotation". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 70: 623. Bibcode:1989ApJS...70..623G. doi:10.1086/191349. ^ "CCDM J06045+5135BC". SIMBAD. Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg. Retrieved 8 February 2018. ^ Mason, Brian D.; Wycoff, Gary L.; Hartkopf, William I.; Douglass, Geoffrey G.; Worley, Charles E. (2001). "The 2001 US Naval Observatory Double Star CD-ROM. I. The Washington Double Star Catalog". The Astronomical Journal. 122 (6): 3466. Bibcode:2001AJ....122.3466M. doi:10.1086/323920. vteConstellation of Auriga Auriga in Chinese astronomy List of stars in Auriga StarsBayer α (Capella) β (Menkalinan) γ (Elnath) δ ε (Almaaz) ζ (Saclateni) η (Haedus) θ (Mahasim) ι (Hassaleh) κ λ (Alhurr) μ ν ξ ο π ρ σ τ υ φ χ ψ1 ψ2 ψ3 ψ4 ψ5 ψ6 ψ7 ψ8 ψ9 ω Flamsteed 2 5 6 9 12 14 16 18 19 22 26 28 36 38 39 40 41 42 43 45 47 49 51 53 54 59 60 62 63 64 65 66 35 Cam Variable R T RT (48) RW SU UU WW AB AE AR (17) EO IQ IU LY MZ NO PU QZ V352 V361 V394 V420 V433 V538 HR 1558 1615 1738 1752 1794 1795 1822 1825 1866 1884 1938 1945 2028 2096 2137 HD 33203 33463 35619 43691 45350 (Lucilinburhuc) 49674 (Nervia) Other Gliese 268 HAT-P-9 (Tevel) KELT-2 MWC 480 SGR 0501+4516 UGPS J0521+3640 WASP-12 Exoplanets HAT-P-9b (Alef) HD 40979 b HD 43691 b HD 45350 b HD 49674 b KELT-2Ab WASP-12b StarclustersNGC 1664 1893 1907 1931 2240 2281 Other Messier 36 Messier 37 Messier 38 Palomar 2 NebulaeNGC 1985 2242 Other IC 405 IC 2149 Westbrook Nebula Galaxies 3C 147 Galaxy clusters MACS J0717.5+3745 Category
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star"},{"link_name":"constellation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation"},{"link_name":"Auriga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auriga_(constellation)"},{"link_name":"Delta Aurigae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_Aurigae"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GaiaDR2-1"},{"link_name":"luminosity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminosity"},{"link_name":"effective temperature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effective_temperature"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mcdonald2012-6"},{"link_name":"variable star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable_star"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-apj149_55-2"},{"link_name":"projected rotational velocity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projected_rotational_velocity"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aaa393_897-7"},{"link_name":"Eggen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olin_J._Eggen"},{"link_name":"Hyades Supercluster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyades_Supercluster"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eggen1985-8"},{"link_name":"Samuel Molyneux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Molyneux"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bradley-9"},{"link_name":"Flamsteed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Flamsteed"},{"link_name":"Camelopardalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camelopardalis"},{"link_name":"Heveliana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Hevelius"},{"link_name":"James Bradley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bradley"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wagman-10"},{"link_name":"Francis Baily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Baily"},{"link_name":"British Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Association"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ba-11"},{"link_name":"Am star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am_star"},{"link_name":"chemically peculiar star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemically_peculiar_star"},{"link_name":"absorption lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absorption_line"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-renson-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gray-13"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-abt-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cowley1969-4"}],"text":"HD 40873 is a star in the northern constellation of Auriga, a few degrees to the south of Delta Aurigae. Located around 455 light-years distant,[1] it shines with a luminosity approximately 38 times that of the Sun and has an effective temperature of 7,753 K.[6] It is a suspected variable star[2] and has a fairly rapid rotation rate, showing a projected rotational velocity of 134 km/s.[7] Eggen (1985) suggested it is a probable member of the Hyades Supercluster.[8]Samuel Molyneux named this star Telescopica in Auriga.[9] Flamsteed catalogued it as 35 Camelopardalis Heveliana, which is the name James Bradley continued to use, although it is within the borders of the modern constellation Auriga.[10] Francis Baily reclassified it to Auriga as star 1924 in the British Association's 1845 Catalogue of 8377 Stars.[11]HD 40873 is considered to be an Am star, a chemically peculiar star with unusually strong absorption lines of metals.[12] It has been given a spectral type of kA5mA7IV,[13] although other catalogues have given more normal classifications such as A7 V or A7 III.[3][4]","title":"HD 40873"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-simbadb-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wds-15"}],"text":"HD 40873 has a 9th magnitude class A5 companion about half an arc-minute away. It is designated as SAO 25549.[14] The companion is itself a pair of stars, each of similar brightness, separated by 0.6\".[15]","title":"Components"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machete_(character)
Machete (character)
["1 History","2 Character","3 Character biography","3.1 Spy Kids series","3.2 Machete series","4 Reception","5 In popular culture","6 Appearances","7 Canonicity","8 Notes","9 References","10 External links"]
For the Marvel Comics character, see Machete (comics). This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (March 2022) Fictional character MacheteSpy Kids, Grindhouse, and Machete characterDanny Trejo as Machete in Machete Kills (2013)First appearanceSpy Kids (2001)Last appearanceSpy Kids: Mission Critical (2018)Created byRobert RodriguezPortrayed byDanny TrejoIn-universe informationAliasMachete CortezNicknameMacheteSpeciesHumanGenderMaleOccupationPolice officer (formerly)Hired assassinSpy gadget inventorFamilyGregorio Cortez (younger brother; Spy Kids)Padre Benicio Del Toro (half-brother; Machete) Marissa Wilson (née Cortez) (sister; Spy Kids: All the Time in the World)Unnamed daughter (deceased; Machete)SpouseUnnamed wife (deceased; Machete)Sartana Rivera (deceased; Machete Kills)RelativesCarmen Cortez (niece; Spy Kids)Juni Cortez (nephew; Spy Kids)Ingrid Cortez (sister-in-law; Spy Kids)NationalityMexicanAmerican (naturalized) Isador Cortez, primarily known under the alias of Machete, is the name of two fictional characters who are featured in the Spy Kids and Machete films (the latter of which is also featured in a fake trailer in Grindhouse). Both versions of the character are played by Danny Trejo. The Spy Kids and Machete film series depict different versions of the character, and Rodriguez has stated that their continuities are not connected. History According to director Robert Rodriguez, the character Machete was always intended for Danny Trejo: "When I met Danny, I said, 'This guy should be like the Mexican Jean-Claude Van Damme or Charles Bronson, putting out a movie every year and his name should be Machete'". Rodriguez also said, in an interview, that he "wrote this idea of a federale from Mexico who gets hired to do hatchet jobs in the U.S. I had heard sometimes FBI or DEA have a really tough job that they don't want to get their own agents killed on, they'll hire an agent from Mexico to come do the job for $25,000. I thought, 'That's Machete. He would come and do a really dangerous job for a lot of money to him, but for everyone else over here, it's peanuts'. But I never got around to making it". Although Trejo joked in an interview that the events of the Machete films show what the character "does when he’s not taking care of the kids," implying continuity with the Spy Kids films, Rodriguez has stated that the two film series take place in separate narrative universes and follow alternative versions of the character. Character In the Machete films, Isador Cortez is depicted as a former Mexican Federale and mercenary. His weapon of choice is the machete, but he is also very proficient with firearms. Cortez is fluent in both Spanish and English. On his chest is a tattoo depicting a woman. Trejo has described Machete as a "badass", and said that his mother had started calling him "Machete". The Spy Kids version of the character has his own shop that sells spy gadgets, and is the uncle of Juni Cortez and Carmen Cortez, their father's estranged brother. Character biography Spy Kids series In Spy Kids, Machete is first seen in a flashback, at his brother Gregorio's wedding. When Gregorio and his wife Ingrid get captured by Fegan Floop, Carmen and Juni, Gregorio's children, visit their "Uncle Machete", hoping he will help them to save their parents. Machete refuses to go after Gregorio, as they are estranged, but allows his niece and nephew to stay with him, and shows them a one-passenger jet that could get them to Floop's castle. Carmen and Juni take the jet, some of his gadgets, and a map of the castle at night. Machete appears again near the end of the film, when he decides to help the Cortezes against an army of robotic children. When asked why he came back, Machete claimed it is the same reason he left. Gregorio no longer remembers the reason and neither does Machete. Machete then cries in his brother's arms. At the end of the film, he is seen with the Cortez family. In Spy Kids 2: The Island of Lost Dreams, Machete has built Carmen and Juni a high-tech treehouse after they have become secret agents. Machete then shows some of his latest gadgets - spy watches and the Machete elastic wonder. At the end of the film, Carmen claims she cannot sing, so Machete shows Carmen a microphone that autotunes her voice and Juni a guitar that plays itself. When they are done, Machete informs Carmen and Juni that he did not put any batteries in them and that Carmen was actually singing and Juni was actually playing guitar. Machete appears near the end of Spy Kids 3-D: Game Over, when he helps battle the Toymaker's video-game robots. After the battle, Machete becomes closer with the Cortezes. Machete makes a cameo appearance in Spy Kids: All the Time in the World, where he is seen tripping in a laboratory when time is frozen by Danger D'Amo (Armageddon). In a deleted scene, while Cecil and Rebecca are running from two OSS agents, they end up in his laboratory, managing to ruin several experiments. As they are found by Machete, he hides them from the OSS agents. Machete makes a brief cameo in an episode of Spy Kids: Mission Critical, where he is once again seen in a laboratory tinkering with gadgets. Machete series In Machete, Isador "Machete" Cortez witnesses his wife and daughter being murdered by ruthless drug baron Rogelio Torrez (Steven Seagal). Three years later, he is seen working at a construction site in Texas. There, he is paid $150,000 by businessman Michael Booth (Jeff Fahey) to assassinate the anti-illegal immigration politician John McLaughlin (Robert De Niro). After getting shot in the neck before he can shoot McLaughlin, Machete realizes that he has been set up in a false-flag operation. Booth is revealed to be working with Torrez, a staunch supporter of McLaughlin's. Seeking vengeance, Machete kidnaps Booth's daughter and wife with the help of a few allies, and also takes down his henchmen. This eventually leads to a confrontation between Machete and his allies (mostly Mexican immigrants) and Torrez and his gang. Machete triumphs, leaving the criminals for dead. Machete returns in Machete Kills, where he is employed by Rathcock (Charlie Sheen), the President of the United States, to foil a plan of world domination. The perpetrator is initially thought to be Mendez (Demián Bichir), a crazed revolutionary planning to missile-bomb the Congressional Palace. However, Machete finds out that the true mastermind is Luther Voz (Mel Gibson), who is keen on initiating rampage throughout the U.S. Machete finds Voz and foils his plans, but a now-disfigured Voz, having been burnt by Machete, escapes into outer space with his henchmen. Without hesitating, Machete agrees to track him down in space. The end of the film advertises a third Machete-led spin-off film entitled Machete Kills Again in Space. Reception Sharon Knolle of Moviefone called Machete the Mexican equivalent of fictional British spy James Bond. In popular culture In February 2015, Snickers' Super Bowl XLIX commercial featured a parody of a scene from an episode of The Brady Bunch entitled "The Subject Was Noses". In the commercial, Carol and Mike try to calm down a very angry Machete. When the parents give Machete a Snickers bar, he reverts into Marcia before an irate Jan (played by Steve Buscemi) rants upstairs and walks away. In a second commercial set earlier, Marcia (as Machete) angrily brushes her hair while yelling through her door. Appearances Spy Kids (2001) Spy Kids 2: The Island of Lost Dreams (2002) Spy Kids 3-D: Game Over (2003) Grindhouse (2007) (fake trailer) Machete (2010) Spy Kids: All the Time in the World (2011) Machete Kills (2013) Snickers: The Brady Bunch (2015) Spy Kids: Mission Critical (2018) (silent) Canonicity Trejo and Rodriguez made two different statements regarding the Machete films' relation to the Spy Kids movies. Trejo jokingly stated that it's "what Uncle Machete does when he's not taking care of the kids", while Rodriguez said in a Reddit AMA that they are alternate universes. Notes ^ In Machete, his legal name according to the federal database has been changed to "Machete Cortez". References ^ Frank Scheck. "Machete -- Film Review". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved September 5, 2010. ^ a b c Knolle, Sharon (October 7, 2013). "Danny Trejo Don't Tweet and Other Revelations From the Machete Kills Star". Moviefone. Archived from the original on October 12, 2013. Retrieved October 8, 2013. ^ a b Valverde, Hector (2020-09-06). "Do Spy Kids and Machete Take Place in the Same Universe?". CBR. Retrieved 2023-09-11. ^ Moro, Eric (March 11, 2007). "SXSW 07: Machete Movie Coming". IGN Film Force. ^ Edwards, Gavin (April 2007). "Horror Film Directors Dish About Grindhouse Trailers". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 12 June 2008. ^ "A roundtable chat with actor Danny Trejo, aka "Machete" | Premium Hollywood". Retrieved 2023-09-26. ^ Zach (2019-02-13). "Action Hero of the Week: Isador "Machete" Cortez | Everything Action". Retrieved 2022-07-06. ^ Robert Rodriguez (Director) (2010). Machete (Film). Event occurs at 37:42. ^ Chitwood, Adam (February 2, 2015). "Watch This Year's Best Super Bowl Commercials". Collider.com. Retrieved February 5, 2015. ^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: Super Bowl Ad 2015: SNICKERS "The Brady Bunch" Danny Trejo. YouTube. ^ Machete Kills the Brady Bunch for Snickers ^ Westel, Bob (April 1, 2011). "A roundtable chat with actor Danny Trejo, aka "Machete"". Premium Hollywood. ^ Rodriguez, Robert (February 2014). "I am director Robert Rodriguez, here again with El Rey. Let's play". Reddit. Retrieved July 18, 2021. External links Wikiquote has quotations related to Machete (character). Machete on IMDb vteGrindhouseFilms Planet Terror Death Proof Machete Hobo with a Shotgun Machete Kills Thanksgiving Soundtracks Planet Terror Death Proof Characters Machete Category vteSpy KidsFilms Spy Kids Spy Kids 2: The Island of Lost Dreams Spy Kids 3-D: Game Over Spy Kids: All the Time in the World Spy Kids: Armageddon Television series Spy Kids: Mission Critical Characters Isador "Machete" Cortez Related Machete Machete Kills Category
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Three years later, he is seen working at a construction site in Texas. There, he is paid $150,000 by businessman Michael Booth (Jeff Fahey) to assassinate the anti-illegal immigration politician John McLaughlin (Robert De Niro). After getting shot in the neck before he can shoot McLaughlin, Machete realizes that he has been set up in a false-flag operation. Booth is revealed to be working with Torrez, a staunch supporter of McLaughlin's. Seeking vengeance, Machete kidnaps Booth's daughter and wife with the help of a few allies, and also takes down his henchmen. This eventually leads to a confrontation between Machete and his allies (mostly Mexican immigrants) and Torrez and his gang. Machete triumphs, leaving the criminals for dead.Machete returns in Machete Kills, where he is employed by Rathcock (Charlie Sheen), the President of the United States, to foil a plan of world domination. The perpetrator is initially thought to be Mendez (Demián Bichir), a crazed revolutionary planning to missile-bomb the Congressional Palace. However, Machete finds out that the true mastermind is Luther Voz (Mel Gibson), who is keen on initiating rampage throughout the U.S. Machete finds Voz and foils his plans, but a now-disfigured Voz, having been burnt by Machete, escapes into outer space with his henchmen. Without hesitating, Machete agrees to track him down in space. The end of the film advertises a third Machete-led spin-off film entitled Machete Kills Again in Space.","title":"Character biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Moviefone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moviefone"},{"link_name":"James Bond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bond"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Moviefone_2013-3"}],"text":"Sharon Knolle of Moviefone called Machete the Mexican equivalent of fictional British spy James Bond.[2]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Snickers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snickers"},{"link_name":"Super Bowl XLIX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl_XLIX"},{"link_name":"The Brady Bunch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Brady_Bunch"},{"link_name":"The Subject Was Noses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_The_Brady_Bunch_episodes#ep90"},{"link_name":"Carol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_The_Brady_Bunch_characters#Carol_Brady"},{"link_name":"Mike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_The_Brady_Bunch_characters#Mike_Brady"},{"link_name":"Marcia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_The_Brady_Bunch_characters#Marcia_Brady"},{"link_name":"Jan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_The_Brady_Bunch_characters#Jan_Brady"},{"link_name":"Steve Buscemi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Buscemi"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"In February 2015, Snickers' Super Bowl XLIX commercial featured a parody of a scene from an episode of The Brady Bunch entitled \"The Subject Was Noses\". In the commercial, Carol and Mike try to calm down a very angry Machete. When the parents give Machete a Snickers bar, he reverts into Marcia before an irate Jan (played by Steve Buscemi) rants upstairs and walks away. In a second commercial set earlier, Marcia (as Machete) angrily brushes her hair while yelling through her door.[9][10][11]","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spy Kids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spy_Kids_(film)"},{"link_name":"Spy Kids 2: The Island of Lost Dreams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spy_Kids_2:_The_Island_of_Lost_Dreams"},{"link_name":"Spy Kids 3-D: Game Over","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spy_Kids_3-D:_Game_Over"},{"link_name":"Grindhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grindhouse_(film)"},{"link_name":"Machete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machete_(2010_film)"},{"link_name":"Spy Kids: All the Time in the World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spy_Kids:_All_the_Time_in_the_World"},{"link_name":"Machete Kills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machete_Kills"},{"link_name":"Snickers: The Brady Bunch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snickers#You're_Not_You_When_You're_Hungry"},{"link_name":"Spy Kids: Mission Critical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spy_Kids:_Mission_Critical"}],"text":"Spy Kids (2001)\nSpy Kids 2: The Island of Lost Dreams (2002)\nSpy Kids 3-D: Game Over (2003)\nGrindhouse (2007) (fake trailer)\nMachete (2010)\nSpy Kids: All the Time in the World (2011)\nMachete Kills (2013)\nSnickers: The Brady Bunch (2015)\nSpy Kids: Mission Critical (2018) (silent)","title":"Appearances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PR_Hollywood_1-13"},{"link_name":"Reddit AMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reddit_AMA"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Trejo and Rodriguez made two different statements regarding the Machete films' relation to the Spy Kids movies. Trejo jokingly stated that it's \"what Uncle Machete does when he's not taking care of the kids\",[12] while Rodriguez said in a Reddit AMA that they are alternate universes.[13]","title":"Canonicity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"}],"text":"^ In Machete, his legal name according to the federal database has been changed to \"Machete Cortez\".","title":"Notes"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Frank Scheck. \"Machete -- Film Review\". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved September 5, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/film-reviews/machete-film-review-1004112183.story","url_text":"\"Machete -- Film Review\""}]},{"reference":"Knolle, Sharon (October 7, 2013). \"Danny Trejo Don't Tweet and Other Revelations From the Machete Kills Star\". Moviefone. Archived from the original on October 12, 2013. Retrieved October 8, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131012071334/http://news.moviefone.com/2013/10/07/danny-trejo-machete-kills/","url_text":"\"Danny Trejo Don't Tweet and Other Revelations From the Machete Kills Star\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moviefone","url_text":"Moviefone"},{"url":"http://news.moviefone.com/2013/10/07/danny-trejo-machete-kills/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Valverde, Hector (2020-09-06). \"Do Spy Kids and Machete Take Place in the Same Universe?\". CBR. Retrieved 2023-09-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbr.com/spy-kids-machete-do-they-share-universe/","url_text":"\"Do Spy Kids and Machete Take Place in the Same Universe?\""}]},{"reference":"Moro, Eric (March 11, 2007). \"SXSW 07: Machete Movie Coming\". IGN Film Force.","urls":[{"url":"http://movies.ign.com/articles/772/772081p1.html","url_text":"\"SXSW 07: Machete Movie Coming\""}]},{"reference":"Edwards, Gavin (April 2007). \"Horror Film Directors Dish About Grindhouse Trailers\". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 12 June 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080612092048/http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/14022408/online_exclusive_horror_film_directors_dish_about_grindhouse_trailers/print","url_text":"\"Horror Film Directors Dish About Grindhouse Trailers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone","url_text":"Rolling Stone"},{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/14022408/online_exclusive_horror_film_directors_dish_about_grindhouse_trailers/print","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"A roundtable chat with actor Danny Trejo, aka \"Machete\" | Premium Hollywood\". Retrieved 2023-09-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.premiumhollywood.com/2011/01/04/a-roundtable-chat-with-actor-danny-trejo-aka-machete/","url_text":"\"A roundtable chat with actor Danny Trejo, aka \"Machete\" | Premium Hollywood\""}]},{"reference":"Zach (2019-02-13). \"Action Hero of the Week: Isador \"Machete\" Cortez | Everything Action\". Retrieved 2022-07-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.everythingaction.com/2019/02/13/action-hero-of-the-week-isador-machete-cortez/","url_text":"\"Action Hero of the Week: Isador \"Machete\" Cortez | Everything Action\""}]},{"reference":"Robert Rodriguez (Director) (2010). Machete (Film). Event occurs at 37:42.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Chitwood, Adam (February 2, 2015). \"Watch This Year's Best Super Bowl Commercials\". Collider.com. Retrieved February 5, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://collider.com/best-super-bowl-commercials-2015/","url_text":"\"Watch This Year's Best Super Bowl Commercials\""}]},{"reference":"Super Bowl Ad 2015: SNICKERS \"The Brady Bunch\" Danny Trejo. YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kXizLog2hms","url_text":"Super Bowl Ad 2015: SNICKERS \"The Brady Bunch\" Danny Trejo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"}]},{"reference":"Westel, Bob (April 1, 2011). \"A roundtable chat with actor Danny Trejo, aka \"Machete\"\". Premium Hollywood.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.premiumhollywood.com/2011/01/04/a-roundtable-chat-with-actor-danny-trejo-aka-machete/","url_text":"\"A roundtable chat with actor Danny Trejo, aka \"Machete\"\""}]},{"reference":"Rodriguez, Robert (February 2014). \"I am director Robert Rodriguez, here again with El Rey. Let's play\". Reddit. Retrieved July 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/IAmA/comments/1ytq7j/i_am_director_robert_rodriguez_here_again_with_el/cfnpq7k?context=1","url_text":"\"I am director Robert Rodriguez, here again with El Rey. Let's play\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reddit","url_text":"Reddit"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/film-reviews/machete-film-review-1004112183.story","external_links_name":"\"Machete -- Film Review\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131012071334/http://news.moviefone.com/2013/10/07/danny-trejo-machete-kills/","external_links_name":"\"Danny Trejo Don't Tweet and Other Revelations From the Machete Kills Star\""},{"Link":"http://news.moviefone.com/2013/10/07/danny-trejo-machete-kills/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.cbr.com/spy-kids-machete-do-they-share-universe/","external_links_name":"\"Do Spy Kids and Machete Take Place in the Same Universe?\""},{"Link":"http://movies.ign.com/articles/772/772081p1.html","external_links_name":"\"SXSW 07: Machete Movie Coming\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080612092048/http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/14022408/online_exclusive_horror_film_directors_dish_about_grindhouse_trailers/print","external_links_name":"\"Horror Film Directors Dish About Grindhouse Trailers\""},{"Link":"https://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/14022408/online_exclusive_horror_film_directors_dish_about_grindhouse_trailers/print","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.premiumhollywood.com/2011/01/04/a-roundtable-chat-with-actor-danny-trejo-aka-machete/","external_links_name":"\"A roundtable chat with actor Danny Trejo, aka \"Machete\" | Premium Hollywood\""},{"Link":"https://www.everythingaction.com/2019/02/13/action-hero-of-the-week-isador-machete-cortez/","external_links_name":"\"Action Hero of the Week: Isador \"Machete\" Cortez | Everything Action\""},{"Link":"http://collider.com/best-super-bowl-commercials-2015/","external_links_name":"\"Watch This Year's Best Super Bowl Commercials\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/kXizLog2hms","external_links_name":"Ghostarchive"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200424104035/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kXizLog2hms&gl=US&hl=en","external_links_name":"Wayback Machine"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kXizLog2hms","external_links_name":"Super Bowl Ad 2015: SNICKERS \"The Brady Bunch\" Danny Trejo"},{"Link":"http://www.dreadcentral.com/news/88110/machete-kills-brady-bunch-snickers/","external_links_name":"Machete Kills the Brady Bunch for Snickers"},{"Link":"http://www.premiumhollywood.com/2011/01/04/a-roundtable-chat-with-actor-danny-trejo-aka-machete/","external_links_name":"\"A roundtable chat with actor Danny Trejo, aka \"Machete\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.reddit.com/r/IAmA/comments/1ytq7j/i_am_director_robert_rodriguez_here_again_with_el/cfnpq7k?context=1","external_links_name":"\"I am director Robert Rodriguez, here again with El Rey. Let's play\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170207001328/http://www.imdb.com/character/ch0006776/","external_links_name":"Machete"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leodegar_of_Autun
Leodegar
["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Cultural significance","4 See also","5 Notes","6 Sources","6.1 Primary sources","6.2 Secondary sources","7 External links"]
Saint Leodegar (or Leger)Bishop of AutunBornc. 615Autun, Saône-et-Loire, Burgundy, Kingdom of the Franks (now France)Died(679-10-02)October 2, 679Sarcing, Somme, Picardy, Kingdom of the Franks(now France)Venerated inCatholic ChurchEastern Orthodox ChurchCanonizedPre-CongregationMajor shrineCathedral of Autun and the Grand Séminaire of SoissonsFeastOctober 2AttributesMan having his eyes bored out with a gimlet Bishop holding a gimlet Bishop holding a hook with two prongsPatronageMillers Invoked against blindness Eye disease Eye problems Sore eyes Leodegar of Poitiers (Latin: Leodegarius; French: Léger; c. 615 – October 2, 679 AD) was a martyred Burgundian Bishop of Autun. He was the son of Saint Sigrada and the brother of Saint Warinus. Leodegar was an opponent of Ebroin, the Frankish Mayor of the Palace of Neustria, and the leader of the faction of Burgundian nobles. His torture and death made him a martyr and saint. Early life Leodegar was the son of a high-ranking Burgundian nobleman, Bodilon, Count of Poitiers and Paris and St. Sigrada of Alsace, who later became a nun in the convent of Sainte-Marie at Soissons. His brother was Warinus. He spent his childhood in Paris at the court of Clotaire II, King of the Franks and was educated at the palace school. When he was older he was sent to Poitiers, where there was a long-established cathedral school, to study under his maternal uncle, Desiderius (Dido), Bishop of Poitiers. When he was twenty, his uncle made him an archdeacon. Shortly afterwards Leodegar became a priest, and in 650, with the bishop's permission, became a monk at the monastery of St Maxentius in Poitou. He was soon elected abbot, and initiated reforms including the introduction of the Benedictine rule. Career Around 656, Leodegar was called to the Neustrian court by the widowed Queen Bathilde to assist in the government of the united kingdoms and in the education of her children. Then in 659, he was installed at the see of Autun, in Burgundy; he again undertook the work of reform and held a council at Autun in 661. The council denounced Manichaeism. He made reforms among the secular clergy and in the religious communities, and had three baptisteries erected in the city. The church of Saint-Nazaire was enlarged and embellished, and a refuge established for the indigent. Leodegar also caused the public buildings to be repaired and the old Roman walls of Autun to be restored. His authority at Autun placed him as a leader among the Franco-Burgundian nobles. Leodegar became one of the leaders of the opposition against Ebroin, mayor of the palace in Neustria. Ebroin accused Leodegar before King Clothar III. but the king then died in 673, while the trial was still going on. Ebroin now installed Clothar's youngest brother, Theoderic III, as king. As the mayor denied the nobles of Neustria and Burgundy access to the king, they called in the middle brother, Childeric II, who had been king of Austrasia since 662 and now assumed rule over Neustria and Burgundy as well. Ebroin was interned at Luxeuil and Theoderic sent to St. Denis. Leodegar, who had supported this change, soon ran into conflict with the new king as the latter surrounded himself with advisors from Austrasia. The bishop also criticized the king for his uncanonical marriage to his first cousin Bilichild. After finding himself on the losing side in a hereditary dispute, the king banished Leodegar to Luxeuil as well. When Childeric II was murdered at Bondi in 675, by a disaffected Frank, Theoderic III was installed as king in Neustria, making Leudesius his mayor. Ebroin took advantage of the chaos to make his escape from Luxeuil and hasten to the court. In a short time Ebroin had Leudesius murdered and became mayor once again, still Leodegar's implacable enemy. The martyrdom of St. Leger About 675 the Duke of Champagne, the Bishop of Châlons-sur-Marne and the Bishop of Valence, stirred up by Ebroin, attacked Autun, and Leodegar fell into their hands. At Ebroin's instigation, Leodegar's eyes were gouged out and the sockets cauterized, and his tongue was cut out. Some years later Ebroin persuaded the king that Childeric had been assassinated at the instigation of Leodegar. The bishop was seized again, and, after a mock trial, was degraded and condemned to further exile, at Fécamp, in Normandy. Near Sarcing he was led out into a forest on Ebroin's order and beheaded. A dubious testament drawn up at the time of the council of Autun has been preserved as well as the Acts of the council. A letter which he caused to be sent to his mother after his mutilation is likewise extant. In 782, his relics were translated from the site of his death, Sarcing in Artois, to the site of his earliest hagiography – the Abbey of St Maxentius (Saint-Maixent) near Poitiers. Later they were removed to Rennes and thence to Ebreuil, which place took the name of Saint-Léger in his honour. Some relics are still kept in the cathedral of Autun and the Grand Séminaire of Soissons. In 1458 Cardinal Rolin caused his feast day to be observed as a holy day of obligation. For sources to his biography, there are two early Lives, drawn from the same lost source (Krusch 1891), and also two later ones (one of them in verse). Cultural significance Historically there was a custom among wealthy British merchants to sell in May, spend the summer outside of London, then to return on St Leger's Day. This gave rise to the saying used in regards to financial trading markets, "Sell in May and go away, and come on back on St. Leger's Day". See also Saints portal Liber Historiae Francorum List of Catholic saints Saint Leodegar, patron saint archive Saint-Léger de Cheylade Church Notes ^ a b c d Butler, Alban. "The Lives of the Saints, Volume X: October". St. Leodegarius, or Leger, Bishop and Martyr. bartleby.com. Retrieved June 28, 2012. ^ Now Saint-Maixent-l'École, in the région Poitou-Charentes ^ a b c MacErlean, Andrew. "St. Leodegar". The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 23 October 2017 ^ a b Eugen Ewig, "Die frankischen Teilreiche im 7. Jahrhundert (613–714)", Trierer Zeitschrift für Geschichte und Kunst des Trierer Landes und seiner Nachbargebiete 22(1953), 85-144 (Nachdruck in Eugen Ewig, Spätantikes und fränkisches Gallien. Gesammelte Schriften (1952–1973), Band 1 (Beihefte der Francia 3,1), Zürich/München 1976, S. 172–230), S. 127-129. ^ a b Adriaan Breukelaar (1992). "Leodegar". In Bautz, Traugott (ed.). Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL) (in German). Vol. 4. Herzberg: Bautz. cols. 1466–1468. ISBN 3-88309-038-7. ^ Weninger, Francis Xavier (1876). Lives of the Saints: July-Dec. P. O'Shea. ^ Passio Leudegarii I & II. The second one is much more embellished than the first.  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "St. Leodegar". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Sources Primary sources Liber Historiae Francorum, edited by B. Krusch, in MGH SS rer. Merov. vol. ii. Passio Leudegarii I & II, edited by B. Krusch and W. Levison, in MGH SS rer. Merov. vol v. Vita sancti Leodegarii, by Ursinus, then a monk of St Maixent (Migne, Patrilogia Latina, vol. xcvi.) Vita metrica in Poetae Latini aevi Carolini, vol. iii. (Mod. Germ. Hist.) Epistolae aevi Merovingici collectae 17, edited by W. Gundlach, in MGH EE vol iii. Secondary sources Adriaan Breukelaar (1992). "Leodegar". In Bautz, Traugott (ed.). Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL) (in German). Vol. 4. Herzberg: Bautz. cols. 1466–1468. ISBN 3-88309-038-7.  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Ebroïn". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 844. J. Friedrich, Zur Geschichte des Hausmeiers Ebroin, in the Proceedings of the Academy of Munich (1887, pp. 42–61) J. B. Pitra, Histoire de Saint Léger (Paris, 1846) External links Patron Saints Index: Saint Leodegarius La Vie de Saint-Léger, written ca 980 Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Netherlands People Deutsche Biographie Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Autun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Autun"},{"link_name":"Saint Sigrada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Sigrada"},{"link_name":"Saint Warinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Warinus"},{"link_name":"Ebroin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebroin"},{"link_name":"Mayor of the Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_the_Palace"},{"link_name":"Neustria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neustria"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lives_of_the_Saints-1"}],"text":"Leodegar of Poitiers (Latin: Leodegarius; French: Léger; c. 615 – October 2, 679 AD) was a martyred Burgundian Bishop of Autun. He was the son of Saint Sigrada and the brother of Saint Warinus.Leodegar was an opponent of Ebroin, the Frankish Mayor of the Palace of Neustria, and the leader of the faction of Burgundian nobles. His torture and death made him a martyr and saint.[1]","title":"Leodegar"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Burgundian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgundy_(historical_region)"},{"link_name":"Count of Poitiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_of_Poitiers"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_of_Paris"},{"link_name":"St. Sigrada of Alsace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Sigrada"},{"link_name":"Soissons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soissons"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lives_of_the_Saints-1"},{"link_name":"Clotaire II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clotaire_II"},{"link_name":"Poitiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poitiers"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Poitiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Poitiers"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lives_of_the_Saints-1"},{"link_name":"St Maxentius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Maixent"},{"link_name":"Poitou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poitou"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Benedictine rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedictine_rule"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lives_of_the_Saints-1"}],"text":"Leodegar was the son of a high-ranking Burgundian nobleman, Bodilon, Count of Poitiers and Paris and St. Sigrada of Alsace, who later became a nun in the convent of Sainte-Marie at Soissons. His brother was Warinus.[1]He spent his childhood in Paris at the court of Clotaire II, King of the Franks and was educated at the palace school. When he was older he was sent to Poitiers, where there was a long-established cathedral school, to study under his maternal uncle, Desiderius (Dido), Bishop of Poitiers. When he was twenty, his uncle made him an archdeacon.[1]Shortly afterwards Leodegar became a priest, and in 650, with the bishop's permission, became a monk at the monastery of St Maxentius in Poitou.[2] He was soon elected abbot, and initiated reforms including the introduction of the Benedictine rule.[1]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bathilde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balthild_of_Chelles"},{"link_name":"see of Autun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/See_of_Autun"},{"link_name":"Burgundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgundy_(region)"},{"link_name":"Manichaeism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manichaeism"},{"link_name":"baptisteries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptistery"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MacErlean-3"},{"link_name":"Ebroin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebroin"},{"link_name":"Theoderic III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theuderic_III"},{"link_name":"Childeric II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childeric_II"},{"link_name":"Luxeuil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxeuil-les-Bains"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MacErlean-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ewig-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ewig-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbkl-5"},{"link_name":"Theoderic III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theuderic_III"},{"link_name":"Leudesius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leudesius"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MacErlean-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leger_dutchms_500.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Châlons-sur-Marne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Ch%C3%A2lons-sur-Marne"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Valence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Valence"},{"link_name":"Fécamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9camp"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbkl-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Around 656, Leodegar was called to the Neustrian court by the widowed Queen Bathilde to assist in the government of the united kingdoms and in the education of her children. Then in 659, he was installed at the see of Autun, in Burgundy; he again undertook the work of reform and held a council at Autun in 661. The council denounced Manichaeism. He made reforms among the secular clergy and in the religious communities, and had three baptisteries erected in the city. The church of Saint-Nazaire was enlarged and embellished, and a refuge established for the indigent. Leodegar also caused the public buildings to be repaired and the old Roman walls of Autun to be restored.[3] His authority at Autun placed him as a leader among the Franco-Burgundian nobles.Leodegar became one of the leaders of the opposition against Ebroin, mayor of the palace in Neustria. Ebroin accused Leodegar before King Clothar III. but the king then died in 673, while the trial was still going on. Ebroin now installed Clothar's youngest brother, Theoderic III, as king. As the mayor denied the nobles of Neustria and Burgundy access to the king, they called in the middle brother, Childeric II, who had been king of Austrasia since 662 and now assumed rule over Neustria and Burgundy as well. Ebroin was interned at Luxeuil and Theoderic sent to St. Denis.[3][4]Leodegar, who had supported this change, soon ran into conflict with the new king as the latter surrounded himself with advisors from Austrasia. The bishop also criticized the king for his uncanonical marriage to his first cousin Bilichild. After finding himself on the losing side in a hereditary dispute, the king banished Leodegar to Luxeuil as well.[4][5]When Childeric II was murdered at Bondi in 675, by a disaffected Frank, Theoderic III was installed as king in Neustria, making Leudesius his mayor. Ebroin took advantage of the chaos to make his escape from Luxeuil and hasten to the court. In a short time Ebroin had Leudesius murdered and became mayor once again, still Leodegar's implacable enemy.[3]The martyrdom of St. LegerAbout 675 the Duke of Champagne, the Bishop of Châlons-sur-Marne and the Bishop of Valence, stirred up by Ebroin, attacked Autun, and Leodegar fell into their hands. At Ebroin's instigation, Leodegar's eyes were gouged out and the sockets cauterized, and his tongue was cut out. Some years later Ebroin persuaded the king that Childeric had been assassinated at the instigation of Leodegar. The bishop was seized again, and, after a mock trial, was degraded and condemned to further exile, at Fécamp, in Normandy. Near Sarcing he was led out into a forest on Ebroin's order and beheaded.[6]A dubious[5] testament drawn up at the time of the council of Autun has been preserved as well as the Acts of the council. A letter which he caused to be sent to his mother after his mutilation is likewise extant.In 782, his relics were translated from the site of his death, Sarcing in Artois, to the site of his earliest hagiography – the Abbey of St Maxentius (Saint-Maixent) near Poitiers. Later they were removed to Rennes and thence to Ebreuil, which place took the name of Saint-Léger in his honour. Some relics are still kept in the cathedral of Autun and the Grand Séminaire of Soissons. In 1458 Cardinal Rolin caused his feast day to be observed as a holy day of obligation.For sources to his biography, there are two early Lives,[7] drawn from the same lost source (Krusch 1891), and also two later ones (one of them in verse).","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"}],"text":"Historically there was a custom among wealthy British merchants to sell in May, spend the summer outside of London, then to return on St Leger's Day. This gave rise to the saying used in regards to financial trading markets, \"Sell in May and go away, and come on back on St. Leger's Day\".","title":"Cultural significance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Lives_of_the_Saints_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Lives_of_the_Saints_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Lives_of_the_Saints_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Lives_of_the_Saints_1-3"},{"link_name":"\"The Lives of the Saints, Volume X: October\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.bartleby.com/210/10/023.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Saint-Maixent-l'École","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Maixent-l%27%C3%89cole"},{"link_name":"Poitou-Charentes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poitou-Charentes"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-MacErlean_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-MacErlean_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-MacErlean_3-2"},{"link_name":"MacErlean, Andrew. \"St. Leodegar\". The Catholic Encyclopedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.newadvent.org/cathen/09174a.htm"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Ewig_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Ewig_4-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-bbkl_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-bbkl_5-1"},{"link_name":"Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.bbkl.de/l/Leodegar.shtml"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-88309-038-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-88309-038-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Lives of the Saints: July-Dec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=dl1IAAAAYAAJ&q=Saint+Leodegar&pg=PA417"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"public domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain"},{"link_name":"Catholic Encyclopedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia"}],"text":"^ a b c d Butler, Alban. \"The Lives of the Saints, Volume X: October\". St. Leodegarius, or Leger, Bishop and Martyr. bartleby.com. Retrieved June 28, 2012.\n\n^ Now Saint-Maixent-l'École, in the région Poitou-Charentes\n\n^ a b c MacErlean, Andrew. \"St. Leodegar\". The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 23 October 2017\n\n^ a b Eugen Ewig, \"Die frankischen Teilreiche im 7. Jahrhundert (613–714)\", Trierer Zeitschrift für Geschichte und Kunst des Trierer Landes und seiner Nachbargebiete 22(1953), 85-144 (Nachdruck in Eugen Ewig, Spätantikes und fränkisches Gallien. Gesammelte Schriften (1952–1973), Band 1 (Beihefte der Francia 3,1), Zürich/München 1976, S. 172–230), S. 127-129.\n\n^ a b Adriaan Breukelaar (1992). \"Leodegar\". In Bautz, Traugott (ed.). Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL) (in German). Vol. 4. Herzberg: Bautz. cols. 1466–1468. ISBN 3-88309-038-7.\n\n^ Weninger, Francis Xavier (1876). Lives of the Saints: July-Dec. P. O'Shea.\n\n^ Passio Leudegarii I & II. The second one is much more embellished than the first.This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). \"St. Leodegar\". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ursinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursinus_the_Abbot"},{"link_name":"Migne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Paul_Migne"}],"sub_title":"Primary sources","text":"Liber Historiae Francorum, edited by B. Krusch, in MGH SS rer. Merov. vol. ii.\nPassio Leudegarii I & II, edited by B. Krusch and W. Levison, in MGH SS rer. Merov. vol v.\nVita sancti Leodegarii, by Ursinus, then a monk of St Maixent (Migne, Patrilogia Latina, vol. xcvi.)\nVita metrica in Poetae Latini aevi Carolini, vol. iii. (Mod. Germ. Hist.)\nEpistolae aevi Merovingici collectae 17, edited by W. Gundlach, in MGH EE vol iii.","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.bbkl.de/l/Leodegar.shtml"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-88309-038-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-88309-038-7"},{"link_name":"public domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain"},{"link_name":"Chisholm, Hugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm"},{"link_name":"Ebroïn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Ebro%C3%AFn"},{"link_name":"Encyclopædia Britannica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition"},{"link_name":"J. B. Pitra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._B._Pitra"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"}],"sub_title":"Secondary sources","text":"Adriaan Breukelaar (1992). \"Leodegar\". In Bautz, Traugott (ed.). Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL) (in German). Vol. 4. Herzberg: Bautz. cols. 1466–1468. ISBN 3-88309-038-7.\n This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Ebroïn\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 844.\nJ. Friedrich, Zur Geschichte des Hausmeiers Ebroin, in the Proceedings of the Academy of Munich (1887, pp. 42–61)\nJ. B. Pitra, Histoire de Saint Léger (Paris, 1846)","title":"Sources"}]
[{"image_text":"The martyrdom of St. Leger","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Leger_dutchms_500.jpg/220px-Leger_dutchms_500.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Saints portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Saints"},{"title":"Liber Historiae Francorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liber_Historiae_Francorum"},{"title":"List of Catholic saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Catholic_saints"},{"title":"Saint Leodegar, patron saint archive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Catholicism/Patron_Archive/October_2"},{"title":"Saint-Léger de Cheylade Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-L%C3%A9ger_de_Cheylade_Church"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_Bootable_Image
Network Bootable Image
["1 References"]
Legacy format Network Bootable Image (NBI) is a legacy format that wraps operating system images to makes it possible for Etherboot to load the images directly. NBI format is able to combine kernel, file system and various boot parameters, such as location of remote file system or server IP address, into one bootable file. References ^ The mknbi utilities This computer networking article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
[]
[{"Link":"http://etherboot.org/wiki/mknbi","external_links_name":"The mknbi utilities"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Network_Bootable_Image&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Bostock
Cecil Bostock
["1 Early life","2 World War I","3 The Sydney Camera Circle","4 Professional work","5 Work as a pictorialist","6 Later life","7 Publications by Bostock","8 References","9 External links"]
Australian photographer Cecil Westmoreland Bostock (1884–1939) was born in England. He emigrated to New South Wales, Australia, with his parents in 1888. His father, George Bostock, was a bookbinder who died a few years later in 1892. Bostock had an important influence on the development of photography in Australia, initiating a response to the strong sunlight. He presided over the transition from Pictorialism to Modernism and was a mentor to several famous Australian photographers: notably Harold Cazneaux and Max Dupain Polperro Harbour: 1917, by Cecil Bostock Early life Cecil was first apprenticed as an electrical fitter in the Waverley Tramway Workshop. He left home around 1901 as his mother was not pleased with his decision at that time to become an artist. In 1916 he became secretary of the Photographic Society of N.S.W., and a foundation member of the Sydney Camera Circle. In addition he became a member of the Commercial Artists' Association of New South Wales, implying he worked as a photographer. World War I Bostock served in the Australian Imperial Forces from 1917 to 1920. His Unit was the Field Artillery Brigade, May 1917 Reinforcements, which embarked from Sydney, New South Wales, on board HMAT A28 Miltiades on 2 August 1917. He served as a gunner where he made his only image of the war Day breaks-cold-shrieking-bloody'. He was discharged from the army in February 1920 in Sydney, and soon after married an English girl he had met in London whilst stationed there for six months in 1919. In London, Bostock joined the Royal Photographic Society and socialized in photography circles. He also held a one-man show of his watercolours of war scenes at the Adelphi Gallery in 1920. The Sydney Camera Circle On 28 November 1916, a group of six photographers met at Bostock's 'Little Studio in Phillip Street' to form the Pictorialist " Sydney Camera Circle ". This initially included Cecil Bostock, James Stening, W. S. White, Malcolm McKinnon and James Paton, and they were later joined by Henri Mallard. A "manifesto" was drawn up by Cecil and signed by all six attendees who pledged "to work and to advance pictorial photography and to show our own Australia in terms of sunlight rather than those of greyness and dismal shadows". This established what was known as the 'sunshine school' of photography. The style of pictorialism practiced by Australians was "concerned with the play of light, sunshine and shadow, and the attention to nature and the landscape, and had an affinity with the Heidelberg School of painters." During the war Harold Cazneaux used Bostock's Phillip St. studio in Denman Chambers while Bostock was away. 'The Circle' records show that meetings continued to be held in Bostock's studio until 1921. The Sydney Camera Circle(1920's - 40's): In 2002 a photography exhibit was held at the Shoto Museum of Art in Tokyo and the Members listed by Yuri Mitsuda, Curator in the Exhibition Catalogue were: Cecil Westmoreland Bostock, Harold Pierce Cazneaux, Monte Luke(Charles Montague Luke), Henri Marie Joseph Mallard, D'Archy J. Webster, Charles E. Wakeford, William Stewart White, James E. Paton, Arthur William Christopher Ford, and Kiichiro(or Kihei) ISHIDA. Olive Cotton joined the Circle in 1939 as the first female member. Professional work From 1920 Bostock worked as a professional photographer. He opened commercial photography studios in various city locations in Sydney. His studio soon became notable for colourful and decorative work in the new field of advertising, illustration, and graphic design. Max Dupain started his career in Bostock's studio, and worked there from 1930 to 1934. Dupain worked as Bostock's assistant and was given an invaluable grounding in studio lighting, large format camera usage and the usage of black & white film and processing. Work as a pictorialist His photographs, on the other hand, used the techniques of pictorialism . However, as time went on, Bostock used the soft-focus, and painterly printing processes, such as bromoil, so characteristic of the era less than in his earlier years as a photographer. His work became more austere and less manipulated, than the work of other pictorialist colleagues. In 1917, Bostock produced an album titled: "A Portfolio of Art Photographs" in which were mounted ten small photographs. This was a limited edition of 25 copies. These met with mixed reviews, reflecting the new trends in photography towards modernism. Later life Just prior to his death from cancer, Bostock was instrumental in forming The Contemporary Camera Groupe, which was designed to unite artists and photographers. 'The Groupe' held a first and only exhibition in December 1938, for which Bostock designed the catalogue. He had previously edited and designed the catalogues for the Australian Salon exhibitions in 1924 and 1926. The logo and 'Declaration' of the Sydney Camera Circle were also his work. Bostock, who was a skilled craftsman and bookbinder, also bound various albums for 'The Circle'. In his later years, Bostock's work turned toward big prints, glossy surfaces and geometric pattern which were becoming fashionable with young photographers in the late 1930s. In 1934, he was largely responsible for the illustrations for The Book of the Anzac Memorial N.S.W. (1934). Bostock's work and studio pieces were scattered after his death, but a few examples are held by Australian National libraries and Museums. In 2005 an exhibition of his work was held at the Lady Denman Maritime Museum on the south coast of NSW. Publications by Bostock A portfolio of art photographs by Cecil W Bostock :Publisher: Sydney : C.W. Bostock, 1917. "Cameragraphs" of the year 1924 : a souvenir of the first exhibition of the Australian Salon of Photography "Cameragraphs" of the year 1926 : selections from the second exhibition of the Australian Salon of Photography Catalogue of an exhibition of camera pictures held in Farmer's Exhibition Hall 22 April to 3 May, inclusive, 1924 : officially opened by the Hon. Sir William Cullen, K.C.M.G. on Tuesday, 22 April 1924 References ^ The AIF Project: Cecil Westmoreland Bostock ^ An image of Day breaks-cold-shrieking-bloody Cecil Bostock ^ Photograph : sepia toned ; 23.8 x 27.5 cm. J.E. Paton, W.H. Moffitt, D.R. Hill, W.S. White, E. Poole, G. Morris, H. Bedgood, H. Mallard, S. Eutrope, J.W. Metcalfe, C. Bostock, The Camera Circle, Sydney :National Library of Australia Digital collections Pictures ^ The Sydney Camera Circle selecting prints for the First Australian Salon, 1924 / photograph by Harold Cazneaux (1878-1953)State Library of NSW. ^ Art Terms explained Art Gallery NSW ^ Gael Newton "Silver and Grey: fifty years of Australian photography 1900 - 1950", Sydney: Angus and Robertson, 1980 ^ Japanese Rare Out-of-print Vintage Photography Books ^ "Kiichiro ishida and the Sydney Camera Circle_1920s-1940s Museum of Sydney, 2004". Archived from the original on 24 March 2012. Retrieved 31 October 2011. ^ MDAA photo archives Archived 22 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine ^ Bostock, Cecil W.A portfolio of art photographs Sydney: C.W. Bostock, 1917. 1 album (10 photographs) : b&w ; approx. 14 x 19 cm. on mounts 32 x 44 cm. ^ "Cecil Bostock: Pictorialism to Modernism: Australian Photographers from the 20th Century". Archived from the original on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 27 October 2011. ^ a b A portfolio of art photographs by Cecil W Bostock :Publisher: Sydney : C.W. Bostock, 1917. ^ photo-web Australian Pictorial Photography: Gael Newton 1979 ^ The Book of the Anzac Memorial, New South Wales Sydney, N.S.W. : Beacon Press, 1934. ^ "Cameragraphs" of the year 1924: Sydney, N.S.W. : Harringtons Ltd., [1924 ^ "Cameragraphs" 1926 : selections from the second exhibition of the Australian Salon of Photography:Sydney, N.S.W. : Harringtons Ltd., ^ Catalogue of an exhibition of camera pictures held in Farmer's Exhibition Hall 22 April to 3 May, inclusive, 1924 Sydney : Farmer & Co., 1924. External links Works by Cecil Bostock (1884–1939):Art Gallery of New South Wales The Sydney Camera Circle selecting prints for the First Australian Salon, 1924 / photograph by Harold Cazneaux W. Bostock : Australian Art and Artists file : Files contain material such as art exhibition catalogues, invitations, press clippings, media releases and/or other ephemeral items relating to Australian artists and galleries. Art Gallery of N.S.W. Authority control databases International VIAF Artists Australian Artists Photographers' Identities RKD Artists People Trove Other SNAC
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"bookbinder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bookbinder"},{"link_name":"Pictorialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pictorialism"},{"link_name":"Modernism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernism"},{"link_name":"Harold Cazneaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Cazneaux"},{"link_name":"Max Dupain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Dupain"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cecil_Bostock_photograph.jpg"}],"text":"Cecil Westmoreland Bostock (1884–1939) was born in England. He emigrated to New South Wales, Australia, with his parents in 1888. His father, George Bostock, was a bookbinder who died a few years later in 1892.Bostock had an important influence on the development of photography in Australia, initiating a response to the strong sunlight. He presided over the transition from Pictorialism to Modernism and was a mentor to several famous Australian photographers: notably Harold Cazneaux and Max DupainPolperro Harbour: 1917, by Cecil Bostock","title":"Cecil Bostock"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Cecil was first apprenticed as an electrical fitter in the Waverley Tramway Workshop. He left home around 1901 as his mother was not pleased with his decision at that time to become an artist. In 1916 he became secretary of the Photographic Society of N.S.W., and a foundation member of the Sydney Camera Circle. In addition he became a member of the Commercial Artists' Association of New South Wales, implying he worked as a photographer.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Australian Imperial Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Australian_Imperial_Force"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Miltiades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miltiades_the_Younger"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Royal Photographic Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Photographic_Society"}],"text":"Bostock served in the Australian Imperial Forces from 1917 to 1920.[1]\nHis Unit was the Field Artillery Brigade, May 1917 Reinforcements, \nwhich embarked from Sydney, New South Wales, on board HMAT A28 Miltiades on 2 August 1917.He served as a gunner where he made his only image of the war Day breaks-cold-shrieking-bloody'.[2]He was discharged from the army in February 1920 in Sydney, and soon after married an English girl he had met in London whilst stationed there for six months in 1919. In London, Bostock joined the Royal Photographic Society and socialized in photography circles. He also held a one-man show of his watercolours of war scenes at the Adelphi Gallery in 1920.","title":"World War I"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sydney Camera Circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sydney_Camera_Circle"},{"link_name":"Henri Mallard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Mallard"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"pictorialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pictorialism"},{"link_name":"Heidelberg School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heidelberg_School"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Harold Cazneaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Cazneaux"},{"link_name":"Shoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dt%C5%8D,_Shibuya"},{"link_name":"Olive Cotton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_Cotton"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"On 28 November 1916, a group of six photographers met at Bostock's 'Little Studio in Phillip Street' to form the Pictorialist \" Sydney Camera Circle \". This initially included Cecil Bostock, James Stening, W. S. White, Malcolm McKinnon and James Paton, and they were later joined by Henri Mallard.[3][4]A \"manifesto\" was drawn up by Cecil and signed by all six attendees who pledged \"to work and to advance pictorial photography and to show our own Australia in terms of sunlight rather than those of greyness and dismal shadows\". This established what was known as the 'sunshine school' of photography. The style of pictorialism practiced by Australians was \"concerned with the play of light, sunshine and shadow, and the attention to nature and the landscape, and had an affinity with the Heidelberg School of painters.\"[5][6]During the war Harold Cazneaux used Bostock's Phillip St. studio in Denman Chambers while Bostock was away. 'The Circle' records show that meetings continued to be held in Bostock's studio until 1921.The Sydney Camera Circle(1920's - 40's): In 2002 a photography exhibit was held at the Shoto Museum of Art in Tokyo and the Members listed by Yuri Mitsuda, Curator in the Exhibition Catalogue were: Cecil Westmoreland Bostock, Harold Pierce Cazneaux, Monte Luke(Charles Montague Luke), Henri Marie Joseph Mallard, D'Archy J. Webster, Charles E. Wakeford, William Stewart White, James E. Paton, Arthur William Christopher Ford, and Kiichiro(or Kihei) ISHIDA. Olive Cotton joined the Circle in 1939 as the first female member.[7][8]","title":"The Sydney Camera Circle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney"},{"link_name":"illustration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illustration"},{"link_name":"graphic design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphic_design"},{"link_name":"Max Dupain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Dupain"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"From 1920 Bostock worked as a professional photographer. He opened commercial photography studios in various city locations in Sydney. His studio soon became notable for colourful and decorative work in the new field of advertising, illustration, and graphic design. Max Dupain started his career in Bostock's studio, and worked there from 1930 to 1934. Dupain worked as Bostock's assistant and was given an invaluable grounding in studio lighting, large format camera usage and the usage of black & white film and processing.[9]","title":"Professional work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pictorialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pictorialism"},{"link_name":"bromoil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromoil_Process"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-worldcat-12"}],"text":"His photographs, on the other hand, used the techniques of pictorialism . However, as time went on, Bostock used the soft-focus, and painterly printing processes, such as bromoil, so characteristic of the era less than in his earlier years as a photographer. His work became more austere and less manipulated, than the work of other pictorialist colleagues.In 1917, Bostock produced an album titled: \"A Portfolio of Art Photographs\" in which were mounted ten small photographs. This was a limited edition of 25 copies. These met with mixed reviews, reflecting the new trends in photography towards modernism.[10][11][12]","title":"Work as a pictorialist"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"NSW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSW"}],"text":"Just prior to his death from cancer, Bostock was instrumental in forming The Contemporary Camera Groupe, which was designed to unite artists and photographers. 'The Groupe' held a first and only exhibition in December 1938, for which Bostock designed the catalogue. He had previously edited and designed the catalogues for the Australian Salon exhibitions in 1924 and 1926. The logo and 'Declaration' of the Sydney Camera Circle were also his work. Bostock, who was a skilled craftsman and bookbinder, also bound various albums for 'The Circle'.[13]In his later years, Bostock's work turned toward big prints, glossy surfaces and geometric pattern which were becoming fashionable with young photographers in the late 1930s.In 1934, he was largely responsible for the illustrations for The Book of the Anzac Memorial N.S.W. (1934).[14]Bostock's work and studio pieces were scattered after his death, but a few examples are held by Australian National libraries and Museums.In 2005 an exhibition of his work was held at the Lady Denman Maritime Museum on the south coast of NSW.","title":"Later life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-worldcat-12"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"A portfolio of art photographs by Cecil W Bostock :Publisher: Sydney : C.W. Bostock, 1917.[12]\n\"Cameragraphs\" of the year 1924 : a souvenir of the first exhibition of the Australian Salon of Photography[15]\n\"Cameragraphs\" of the year 1926 : selections from the second exhibition of the Australian Salon of Photography[16]\nCatalogue of an exhibition of camera pictures held in Farmer's Exhibition Hall 22 April to 3 May, inclusive, 1924 : officially opened by the Hon. Sir William Cullen, K.C.M.G. on Tuesday, 22 April 1924[17]","title":"Publications by Bostock"}]
[{"image_text":"Polperro Harbour: 1917, by Cecil Bostock","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Cecil_Bostock_photograph.jpg/220px-Cecil_Bostock_photograph.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Kiichiro ishida and the Sydney Camera Circle_1920s-1940s Museum of Sydney, 2004\". Archived from the original on 24 March 2012. Retrieved 31 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120324015532/http://www.hht.net.au/whats_on/past_exhibitions/mos/kiichiro_ishida_and_the_sydney_camera_circle_1920s-1940s","url_text":"\"Kiichiro ishida and the Sydney Camera Circle_1920s-1940s Museum of Sydney, 2004\""},{"url":"http://www.hht.net.au/whats_on/past_exhibitions/mos/kiichiro_ishida_and_the_sydney_camera_circle_1920s-1940s","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Cecil Bostock: Pictorialism to Modernism: Australian Photographers from the 20th Century\". Archived from the original on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 27 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120320213553/http://www.joseflebovicgallery.com/Catalogue/Archive/Cat-105-2003/Pages/pg_02.html","url_text":"\"Cecil Bostock: Pictorialism to Modernism: Australian Photographers from the 20th Century\""},{"url":"http://www.joseflebovicgallery.com/Catalogue/Archive/Cat-105-2003/Pages/pg_02.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120718020255/http://www.aif.adfa.edu.au:8080/showPerson?pid=27420","external_links_name":"The AIF Project: Cecil Westmoreland Bostock"},{"Link":"http://www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au/work/164.1977/","external_links_name":"An image of Day breaks-cold-shrieking-bloody Cecil Bostock"},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.pic-vn3671632","external_links_name":"Photograph : sepia toned ; 23.8 x 27.5 cm. J.E. Paton, W.H. Moffitt, D.R. Hill, W.S. White, E. Poole, G. Morris, H. Bedgood, H. Mallard, S. Eutrope, J.W. Metcalfe, C. Bostock, The Camera Circle, Sydney :National Library of Australia Digital collections Pictures"},{"Link":"http://acms.sl.nsw.gov.au/item/itemLarge.aspx?itemID=879522","external_links_name":"The Sydney Camera Circle selecting prints for the First Australian Salon, 1924 / photograph by Harold Cazneaux (1878-1953)State Library of NSW."},{"Link":"http://www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au/discover-art/introduction-to-art/art-terms/","external_links_name":"Art Terms explained Art Gallery NSW"},{"Link":"http://www.bekkoame.ne.jp/ro/gj13019/gjbooks/notes/notes02.htm","external_links_name":"Japanese Rare Out-of-print Vintage Photography Books"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120324015532/http://www.hht.net.au/whats_on/past_exhibitions/mos/kiichiro_ishida_and_the_sydney_camera_circle_1920s-1940s","external_links_name":"\"Kiichiro ishida and the Sydney Camera Circle_1920s-1940s Museum of Sydney, 2004\""},{"Link":"http://www.hht.net.au/whats_on/past_exhibitions/mos/kiichiro_ishida_and_the_sydney_camera_circle_1920s-1940s","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.mdaa.com.au/Portals/www.mdaa.com.au/IFrame/people/max-01.html","external_links_name":"MDAA photo archives"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110822025938/http://www.mdaa.com.au/Portals/www.mdaa.com.au/IFrame/people/max-01.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.pic-an2947634","external_links_name":"Bostock, Cecil W.A portfolio of art photographs [picture] Sydney: C.W. Bostock, 1917. 1 album (10 photographs) : b&w ; approx. 14 x 19 cm. on mounts 32 x 44 cm."},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120320213553/http://www.joseflebovicgallery.com/Catalogue/Archive/Cat-105-2003/Pages/pg_02.html","external_links_name":"\"Cecil Bostock: Pictorialism to Modernism: Australian Photographers from the 20th Century\""},{"Link":"http://www.joseflebovicgallery.com/Catalogue/Archive/Cat-105-2003/Pages/pg_02.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/220328118","external_links_name":"A portfolio of art photographs by Cecil W Bostock :Publisher: Sydney : C.W. Bostock, 1917."},{"Link":"http://photo-web.com.au/AustPictorial/bios.htm","external_links_name":"photo-web Australian Pictorial Photography: Gael Newton 1979"},{"Link":"http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/417227","external_links_name":"The Book of the Anzac Memorial, New South Wales Sydney, N.S.W. : Beacon Press, 1934."},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/48761305","external_links_name":"\"Cameragraphs\" of the year 1924: Sydney, N.S.W. : Harringtons Ltd., [1924"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4062396","external_links_name":"\"Cameragraphs\" 1926 : selections from the second exhibition of the Australian Salon of Photography:Sydney, N.S.W. : Harringtons Ltd., [1926]"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/222028500","external_links_name":"Catalogue of an exhibition of camera pictures held in Farmer's Exhibition Hall 22 April to 3 May, inclusive, 1924 Sydney : Farmer & Co., 1924."},{"Link":"http://www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au/collection/search/?artist_id=bostock-cecil","external_links_name":"Works by Cecil Bostock (1884–1939):Art Gallery of New South Wales"},{"Link":"http://acms.sl.nsw.gov.au/item/itemLarge.aspx?itemID=879522","external_links_name":"The Sydney Camera Circle selecting prints for the First Australian Salon, 1924 / photograph by Harold Cazneaux"},{"Link":"http://www.worldcat.org/title/cecil-w-bostock-australian-art-and-artists-file/oclc/317401446&referer=brief_resultsCecil","external_links_name":"W. Bostock : Australian Art and Artists file : Files contain material such as art exhibition catalogues, invitations, press clippings, media releases and/or other ephemeral items relating to Australian artists and galleries. Art Gallery of N.S.W."},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/94684354","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://www.daao.org.au/bio/cecil-w-bostock","external_links_name":"Australian Artists"},{"Link":"https://pic.nypl.org/constituents/276845","external_links_name":"Photographers' Identities"},{"Link":"https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/393875","external_links_name":"RKD Artists"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/627712","external_links_name":"Trove"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6jd96hj","external_links_name":"SNAC"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypercacher_Kosher_Supermarket_siege
Hypercacher kosher supermarket siege
["1 Hostage-taking","2 Police intervention","3 Victims","4 Reactions","4.1 Aftermath","5 2020 trial","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
Coordinates: 48°50′49″N 2°24′55″E / 48.846963°N 2.415386°E / 48.846963; 2.4153862015 Islamist terrorist attack in Paris For broader coverage of this topic, see January 2015 Île-de-France attacks. Hypercacher kosher supermarket siegePart of the January 2015 Île-de-France attacksFlowers and a French flag outside the Hypercacher kosher supermarketLocationHypercacher kosher supermarket in Porte de Vincennes, Paris, FranceCoordinates48°50′49″N 2°24′55″E / 48.846963°N 2.415386°E / 48.846963; 2.415386Date9 January 2015; 9 years ago (2015-01-09) 13:00 CET – 17:30 CET (UTC+01:00)TargetJewish supermarket patronsAttack typeHostage taking, terrorism, mass murder, shootingWeapons Two Tokarev pistols One VZ.58 carbine Deaths5 (four hostages and the perpetrator)Injured9 (six hostages, two police officers, one RAID member, one BRI member)PerpetratorsAmedy CoulibalyMotiveIslamic terrorism Part of a series onAntisemitism Part of Jewish history and discrimination History Timeline Reference Definitions IHRA definition Jerusalem Declaration Nexus Document Three Ds Geography Argentina Australia Austria Belarus Belgium Canada Chinese Chilean Costa Rican Europe France Dreyfus affair 21st century 21st-century Germany Greece Hungary 21st-century Italy Japan Mexico New Zealand Norway Pakistan Palestine Romania Russia Imperial Russia Soviet Union Stalinist Saudi Arabia textbook controversy South Africa Spain Matar judíos Sweden Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Conservative Party Labour Party United States History 21st century Venezuela Manifestations Academic Alt-right Arab Creativity Economic Gaza War ('08-'09) Israel-Hamas war ('23-'24) Holocaust denial Jewish Medieval Nazism Neo-Nazi Strasserism New Olympic Racial Religious Christian Christian Identity Islamic Nation of Islam Secondary COVID-19 Zionist Weaponization Antisemitic tropes Andinia Plan Blood libel Cohen Plan Cultural Bolshevism Cultural Marxism Deicide Finance control Franklin Prophecy Host desecration International​ Jewish conspiracy Jewish lobby Jewish war conspiracy theory Judensau Judeo-Bolshevism Żydokomuna Judeo-Masonism Kosher tax Media control QAnon Rootless cosmopolitan Doctors' plot Slánský trial Self-hating Jew Stab-in-the-back myth Well poisoning White genocide ZOG conspiracy Antisemitic publications The Barnes Review Culture of Critique Currency Wars The Dearborn Independent Ethnic Cleansing (video game) La France juive Hitlers Zweites Buch Hunter (William Luther Pierce) 1988 Hamas Charter The International Jew La Libre Parole The Light Mein Kampf On the Jews and Their Lies Our Race Will RuleUndisputed Over The World Protocols of the Elders of Zion The Secret RelationshipBetween Blacks and Jews Siege The Turner Diaries Antisemitism on the Internet 4chan (/pol/) 8chan The Daily Stormer Disclose.tv Europa: The Last Battle Gab Goebbels Gap GoyimTV Groypers Jew Watch Metapedia The Occidental Observer Red Ice Renegade Tribune The Right Stuff (blog) StoneToss Stormfront Terrorgram Triple parentheses TruNews The Unz Review Veterans Today Prominent figures Baked Alaska Andrew Anglin Louis Beam Don Black James von Brunn Richard Girnt Butler Édouard Drumont David Duke Adolf Eichmann Louis Farrakhan Henry Ford Theodor Fritsch Nick Fuentes Joseph Goebbels Heinrich Himmler Adolf Hitler Arthur J. Jones Osama bin Laden David Lane Ernest G. Liebold Martin Luther Kevin MacDonald Eustace Mullins William Luther Pierce Richard B. Spencer Joseph Stalin Julius Streicher Kevin Alfred Strom Rick Wiles Ernst Zündel Corneliu Zelea Codreanu Ion Antonescu Horia Sima A. C. Cuza Octavian Goga Gheorghe Buzatu Nae Ionescu Nichifor Crainic Ioan Slavici László Ferenczy Philippe Pétain Symon Petliura Stepan Bandera Gamal Abdel Nasser Richard Wagner Kanye West Persecution Rhineland massacres Black Death persecutions Boycotts Expulsions Jewish quarter Ghettos in Europe Mellah The Holocaust Jewish hat Jewish quota Judensau Martyrdom in Judaism Nuremberg Laws Pale of Settlement Pogroms Russian Empire Russian Civil War Refuseniks Segregation Spanish Inquisition Yellow badge Opposition Anti-Defamation League Campaign Against Antisemitism Community Security Trust Fundamental Rights Agency Philosemitism Simon Wiesenthal Center Southern Poverty Law Center Stephen Roth Institute Swedish Committee Against Antisemitism Union of Councils for Soviet Jews UN Watch U.S. National Strategy to Counter Antisemitism Wiener Holocaust Library Working definition of antisemitism (IHRA) Jerusalem Declaration on Antisemitism Three Ds of antisemitism Yad Vashem Categoryvte On 9 January 2015, Amedy Coulibaly, armed with a submachine gun, an assault rifle, and two Tokarev pistols, entered and attacked a Hypercacher kosher supermarket in Porte de Vincennes in Paris, France. There, Coulibaly murdered four Jewish hostages and held fifteen other hostages during a siege in which he demanded that the Kouachi brothers not be harmed. The siege ended when police stormed the supermarket, killing Coulibaly. The attack and hostage crisis occurred in the wake of the Charlie Hebdo shooting two days earlier, and concurrently with the Dammartin-en-Goële hostage crisis in which the two Charlie Hebdo gunmen were cornered. On 16 December 2020, 14 accomplices to both the Jewish supermarket attack and the Charlie Hebdo shooting, including Coulibaly's former partner Hayat Boumeddiene, were convicted. At that time, three of the accomplices, including Bouddiene, had not been captured and were tried in absentia. Hostage-taking On 9 January 2015, Amedy Coulibaly, who had pledged allegiance to the Islamic State, attacked the people in a Hypercacher kosher food supermarket at Porte de Vincennes in east Paris. He killed four people, all of whom were Jewish, and took several hostages. Some media outlets claimed he had a female accomplice, speculated initially to be his common-law wife, Hayat Boumeddiene. Coulibaly was later confirmed to be the gunman in a shooting in Montrouge the previous day. In that shooting he killed a municipal police officer, Clarissa Jean-Philippe. A witness stated, "People were buying things when a man came in with a rifle and started shooting in all directions. I ran out. The shooting continued for several seconds." Coulibaly recorded seven minutes of his attack using a GoPro camera attached to his torso, and emailed a copy of the footage using a computer at the supermarket. The video included the deaths of three of the victims. In an interview with BFMTV during an ensuing standoff, Coulibaly stated that he targeted the Jews at the Kosher grocery to defend Muslims, notably Palestinians. Thanks to a mobile phone line that was unintentionally left open, Coulibaly's dialogue with his hostages was recorded and transcribed by RTL (French radio). Coulibaly said his action was revenge for the Syrian government action and against the Western coalition actions in Mali, Iraq, and Afghanistan. Yohan Cohen, aged 22, and Yoav Hattab, aged 21, were hailed as heroes by their fellow hostages, as they were murdered by Coulibaly while seeking to overcome him and free the other hostages in the store. Coulibaly reportedly abandoned one of his weapons on a counter-top in the store as he entered, after it had jammed. After Coulibaly proceeded to threaten a customer with a small child at the beginning of the attack, Cohen, an employee, attempted to grab the abandoned weapon with the help of Hattab, and take down Coulibaly. When the malfunctioning gun jammed on Cohen at that moment, Coulibaly shot Cohen in the head, and then proceeded to shoot Hattab. The remaining victims of the attack, François-Michel Saada and Philippe Braham, reportedly immediately sought to resist Coulibaly as well. Lassana Bathily, a Malian-born Muslim shop assistant, was also hailed as a hero in the hostage crisis for hiding people from the gunman and assisting police after his escape. During the hostage crisis, Bathily helped hide hostages in a cold storage container in the basement. Bathily then tried to call the police, but the line was busy, so he called his friend, a Frenchman named Dennis Mercier, and Mercier alerted the authorities about the hostage situation by flagging down a policeman. When Coulibaly opened fire in the store, killing Cohen, Hattab, Saada, and Braham and taking hostages, Bathily led fifteen people into the downstairs cold storage room for safety. Bathily was then able to escape alone by slipping out of the store using elevator equipment. Upon leaving the store, he was immediately handcuffed and arrested by police who suspected him of playing a role in the attack. He was released after an hour and a half. Bathily also provided the officers with a key to open the store's metal blinds. Coulibaly was reportedly in contact with the Kouachi brothers as the sieges of both and the brothers progressed simultaneously, and told police that he would kill hostages if the brothers were harmed. Nearby schools were placed under lock-down, and local Jewish businesses were shut down as a precaution. In 2015, several hostages sued French media over its coverage; in particular the French 24-hour news channel BFMTV. The lawyer representing the group, Patrick Klugman, said that hostages' lives were endangered by the coverage which revealed a cold room as one of their hiding places. Police intervention All remained relatively quiet until suddenly four very loud stun grenades went off in four places at around 17:09 local time. Heavily armed police marched towards the scene whilst backup came to the scene. They surrounded the shop, with Coulibaly firing shots in the air. Someone had opened the shutters and automatic sliding doors to the supermarket. This led to police storming the grocery store, shooting and killing Coulibaly, who had previously fired shots back at police and then charged at the entrance to attack police. As he jumped, police opened fire and killed him. At least four explosions were heard, all of which were stun grenades thrown by police. Hostages were seen running out, one with a child in his arms, as ambulances swarmed the area. Fifteen hostages were rescued. Several people, including two police officers, were wounded during the incident. French President François Hollande and a prosecutor later confirmed that four people had been killed by Coulibaly as he took the hostages before the siege began. Explosives tied to a detonator were later found around the store. Bathily provided information about the store to assist police. The Hypercacher supermarket, the day after the hostage crisis Victims Funeral in Jerusalem for the four Jewish murder victims Philippe Braham, 45, IT sales executive Yohan Cohen, 22, an economics student and worker at Hyper Cacher Yoav Hattab, 21, a Tunisian college student François-Michel Saada, 64, retiree. The victims were posthumously awarded the Legion of Honour by the French Republic. At the instigation of the Israeli government, and after some pressure on the families, it was decided that they should be buried at the Givat Shaul cemetery in Jerusalem on 13 January 2015. The funeral was attended by thousands, some holding signs reading "Je suis juif" or "Je suis Israelien," with pictures of the four dead. During the ceremony, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, Israeli President Reuven Rivlin, and French Ecology Minister Ségolène Royal gave brief speeches. Royal said, "Anti-Semitism has no place in France. I want to assure you of the unfailing determination of the French government to fight against all forms and acts of anti-Semitism." Reactions Marches in memory of the siege on 11 January 2015 Wreaths laid by public figures such as John Kerry outside the supermarket. Lassana Bathily being honored by John Kerry. President François Hollande described the event as a "terrifying act of anti-Semitism." Israel's Foreign Affairs Minister Avigdor Lieberman issued a statement, saying the attacks " not just against the French people or French Jews, they're against the entire free world. This is another attempt by the dark forces of radical Islam to unleash horror and terror on the West. The entire international community must stand strong and determined in the face of this terror." US Secretary of State John Kerry and French Foreign Minister Laurent Fabius laying wreaths outside the scene Hamas officially condemned the attack on Charlie Hebdo but was silent on the attack at the Hypercacher. Palestinian leader Mahmoud Abbas walked in the Republican marches on 11 January 2015. The Facebook page of "Al-Rasalah publication" praised the attackers. According to Arutz Sheva, the publication is linked to Hamas. Lassana Bathily, a Muslim store worker who moved from Mali to France in 2006, was hailed as a "hero," a title he himself rejected. Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu expressed his appreciation for Bathily's actions. Bathily was awarded French nationality for his life-saving actions. On 20 January 2015, at a special ceremony in Paris, he was given his passport by the French prime minister, Manuel Valls, in person; the interior minister, Bernard Cazeneuve, was also present. A petition was also started to grant him the Legion of Honour. On 24 March 2015, at a ceremony in Los Angeles, he was presented with the Medal of Valor of the Simon Wiesenthal Center. The manager of the kosher supermarket, 39-year-old Patrice Oalid, who was shot in the arm during the attack, announced he would move to Israel. French comedian and political activist Dieudonné M'bala M'bala likened himself to Amedy Coulibaly on Facebook, commenting that "I feel like Charlie Coulibaly." As a result, he was detained and questioned by the French police. Moreover, Paris prosecutor started a legal investigation due to his alleged "defense of terrorism." The French Prime Minister, Manuel Valls, stated, "Racism, antisemitism and the defense of terrorism are crimes," adding, "One should not confuse freedom of opinion and antisemitism." Moreover, Bernard Cazeneuve, the Interior Minister, called Dieudonné's remark "contemptible." The Conseil représentatif des institutions juives de France (CRIF) also denounced Dieudonné's comment, and called for French theatres to block him from performing. United States President Barack Obama stated deep concern about "a bunch of violent, vicious zealots who behead people or randomly shoot a bunch of folks in a deli in Paris." Some commentators criticized Obama's description of the attack as "random," arguing it downplayed the role of anti-semitism. One reporter asked government spokeswoman Jen Psaki, "If a guy goes into a kosher market and starts shooting it up, you don't – he's not looking for Buddhists, is he?" Aftermath French Interior Minister Bernard Cazeneuve attended the reopening of the market on 15 March. 2020 trial On December 16, 2020, a French court convicted 14 accomplices after the three attackers for crimes ranging from financing terrorism to membership of a criminal gang in relation to the attacks. However, three were convicted in absentia, including Hayat Boumeddiene, the former partner of Coulibaly. Boumeddiene would be convicted of financing terrorism and belonging to a criminal terrorist network, and received a sentence of 30 years in jail. See also Antisemitism in 21st-century France Jewish Museum of Belgium shooting List of hostage crises Strasbourg Cathedral bombing plot Toulouse and Montauban shootings 2019 Jersey City shooting References ^ "Charlie Hebdo shooting: Amedy Coulibaly linked to attack on jogger after magazine massacre". ABC News. 11 January 2015. Retrieved 13 January 2015. ^ Alexander, Harriet. "How did the Paris terrorists get hold of their weapons?". The Telegraph. Retrieved 13 March 2016. ^ a b "Le suspect de Montrouge, Amedy Coulibaly, était bien le tireur de Vincennes". Le Monde. 25 February 2016. Retrieved 13 March 2016. ^ a b c d e Salaün, Tangi (16 December 2020). "French court finds accomplices to Charlie Hebdo attackers guilty". Reuters. Retrieved 16 December 2020. ^ Jane Onyanga-Omara, USA TODAY (11 January 2015). 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KTLA. 31 January 2015. ^ Paul Cruickshank, Jim Sciutto and Steve Almasy, CNN (31 January 2015). "Official: Gunman recorded terror attack on Parisian kosher grocery - CNN.com". CNN. {{cite news}}: |author= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ Matthew Weaver (10 January 2015). "Charlie Hebdo attack: French officials establish link between gunmen in both attacks — live". the Guardian. Retrieved 10 January 2015. ^ "French forces kill newspaper attack suspects, hostages die in second siege". Reuters. 9 January 2015. Retrieved 10 January 2015. ^ a b "DOCUMENT RTL – Quand Coulibaly essaye de se justifier devant ses otages à l'épicerie casher". RTL.fr. ^ "Kosher supermarket attack victims to be laid to rest in Israel". ynet news. 10 January 2015. Retrieved 11 January 2015. ^ "Porte de Vincennes: Yohan Cohen, "mort en voulant sauver un enfant"". Yahoo France. Retrieved 11 January 2015. ^ "Paris attacks: Muslim store worker Lassana Bathily hailed as hero". 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"Paris Terror Attack: 4 Hostages Killed Before Police Staged Final Assault". ABC News. Retrieved 11 January 2015. ^ "Paris hostage situation ends with gunman dead". CBS News. 9 January 2015. Retrieved 9 January 2015. ^ "Who Is Amedy Coulibaly? Paris Kosher Deli Gunman Once Worked For Coca-Cola, Was Close With Kouachi Brothers". International Business Times. 9 January 2015. ^ "Quatre otages tués à Paris dans une supérette casher". Libération. 9 January 2015. ^ Matthew Weaver (10 January 2015). "Charlie Hebdo attack: French officials establish link between gunmen in both attacks — live". the Guardian. Retrieved 10 January 2015. ^ Yamiche Alcindor; Jabeen Bhatti (10 January 2015). "Supermarket employee hid customers during Paris attack". Usatoday.com. Retrieved 13 March 2016. ^ Louis, Cyrille (13 January 2015). "Jérusalem : une foule aux obsèques des victimes de la tuerie de Vincennes". Le Figaro (in French). Retrieved 10 December 2019. ^ Harley, Nicola (11 January 2015). "Hero hostage died saving child". Telegraph. Telegraph Media Group Limited. Retrieved 10 December 2019. ^ Margalit, Michal (1 December 2015). "Thirty years later, Hattab family loses another member to anti-Semitism". YnetNews. Retrieved 10 December 2019. ^ Qui étaient les quatre juifs tués à la porte de Vincennes?, Le Journal du Dimanche, 11 January 2015 ^ a b Jérusalem : pour Royal, "l'antisémitisme n'a pas sa place en France", Europe 1, 13 January 2015 ^ "Israel pressured Paris attack victim's family to bury him in Israel". Haaretz.com. 14 January 2015. ^ a b c Jonathan Beck, ‘We wanted you to come here alive,’ laments president as four Paris victims buried, The Times of Israel, 13 January 2015 ^ a b c Thousands attend funeral in Jerusalem for victims of Paris supermarket attack, World Jewish Congress, 13 January 2015 ^ No place in France for anti-Semistism, French minister Segolene Royal tells mourners, The Economic Times, 13 January 2015 ^ Alderman, Liz (10 January 2015). 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"January 2015 Île-de-France attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_2015_%C3%8Ele-de-France_attacks"},{"link_name":"Amedy Coulibaly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amedy_Coulibaly"},{"link_name":"submachine gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submachine_gun"},{"link_name":"assault rifle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assault_rifle"},{"link_name":"Tokarev pistols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TT_pistol"},{"link_name":"Hypercacher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypercacher"},{"link_name":"Porte de Vincennes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porte_de_Vincennes"},{"link_name":"Paris, France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris,_France"},{"link_name":"Kouachi brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouachi_brothers"},{"link_name":"hostage crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hostage_crisis"},{"link_name":"Charlie Hebdo shooting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Hebdo_shooting"},{"link_name":"Dammartin-en-Goële hostage crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Hebdo_shooting#Dammartin-en-Go%C3%ABle_hostage_crisis"},{"link_name":"Hayat Boumeddiene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayat_Boumeddiene"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-accompliceconvict-4"},{"link_name":"tried in absentia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial_in_absentia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-accompliceconvict-4"}],"text":"2015 Islamist terrorist attack in ParisFor broader coverage of this topic, see January 2015 Île-de-France attacks.On 9 January 2015, Amedy Coulibaly, armed with a submachine gun, an assault rifle, and two Tokarev pistols, entered and attacked a Hypercacher kosher supermarket in Porte de Vincennes in Paris, France. There, Coulibaly murdered four Jewish hostages and held fifteen other hostages during a siege in which he demanded that the Kouachi brothers not be harmed. The siege ended when police stormed the supermarket, killing Coulibaly. The attack and hostage crisis occurred in the wake of the Charlie Hebdo shooting two days earlier, and concurrently with the Dammartin-en-Goële hostage crisis in which the two Charlie Hebdo gunmen were cornered.On 16 December 2020, 14 accomplices to both the Jewish supermarket attack and the Charlie Hebdo shooting, including Coulibaly's former partner Hayat Boumeddiene, were convicted.[4] At that time, three of the accomplices, including Bouddiene, had not been captured and were tried in absentia.[4]","title":"Hypercacher kosher supermarket siege"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amedy Coulibaly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amedy_Coulibaly"},{"link_name":"Islamic State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_State"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-janeonyanga-omara,usatoday-5"},{"link_name":"Hypercacher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypercacher"},{"link_name":"kosher food","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosher_foods"},{"link_name":"Porte de Vincennes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porte_de_Vincennes"},{"link_name":"Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBClive-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Hayat Boumeddiene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayat_Boumeddiene"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"a shooting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_2015_%C3%8Ele-de-France_attacks#Fontenay-aux-Roses_and_Montrouge_shootings"},{"link_name":"Montrouge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montrouge"},{"link_name":"municipal police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_Police_(France)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lemonde.fr-3"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"GoPro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GoPro"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"BFMTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BFMTV"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"RTL (French radio)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RTL_(French_radio)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rtlmobile-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rtlmobile-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Malian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali"},{"link_name":"Muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Muslimstoreworker-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"cold storage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigeration"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"BFMTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BFM_TV"},{"link_name":"Patrick Klugman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Klugman"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"On 9 January 2015, Amedy Coulibaly, who had pledged allegiance to the Islamic State,[5] attacked the people in a Hypercacher kosher food supermarket at Porte de Vincennes in east Paris. He killed four people, all of whom were Jewish,[6][7][8] and took several hostages.[9][10] Some media outlets claimed he had a female accomplice, speculated initially to be his common-law wife, Hayat Boumeddiene.[11]Coulibaly was later confirmed to be the gunman in a shooting in Montrouge the previous day. In that shooting he killed a municipal police officer, Clarissa Jean-Philippe.[3]A witness stated, \"People were buying things when a man came in with a rifle and started shooting in all directions. I ran out. The shooting continued for several seconds.\"[12] Coulibaly recorded seven minutes of his attack using a GoPro camera attached to his torso, and emailed a copy of the footage using a computer at the supermarket. The video included the deaths of three of the victims.[13][14]In an interview with BFMTV during an ensuing standoff, Coulibaly stated that he targeted the Jews at the Kosher grocery to defend Muslims, notably Palestinians.[15][16] Thanks to a mobile phone line that was unintentionally left open, Coulibaly's dialogue with his hostages was recorded and transcribed by RTL (French radio).[17] Coulibaly said his action was revenge for the Syrian government action and against the Western coalition actions in Mali, Iraq, and Afghanistan.[17]Yohan Cohen, aged 22, and Yoav Hattab, aged 21, were hailed as heroes by their fellow hostages, as they were murdered by Coulibaly while seeking to overcome him and free the other hostages in the store. Coulibaly reportedly abandoned one of his weapons on a counter-top in the store as he entered, after it had jammed. After Coulibaly proceeded to threaten a customer with a small child at the beginning of the attack, Cohen, an employee, attempted to grab the abandoned weapon with the help of Hattab, and take down Coulibaly. When the malfunctioning gun jammed on Cohen at that moment, Coulibaly shot Cohen in the head, and then proceeded to shoot Hattab. The remaining victims of the attack, François-Michel Saada and Philippe Braham, reportedly immediately sought to resist Coulibaly as well.[18][19]Lassana Bathily, a Malian-born Muslim[20] shop assistant, was also hailed as a hero in the hostage crisis for hiding people from the gunman and assisting police after his escape.[21] During the hostage crisis, Bathily helped hide hostages in a cold storage container in the basement. Bathily then tried to call the police, but the line was busy, so he called his friend, a Frenchman named Dennis Mercier, and Mercier alerted the authorities about the hostage situation by flagging down a policeman.[22] When Coulibaly opened fire in the store, killing Cohen, Hattab, Saada, and Braham and taking hostages, Bathily led fifteen people into the downstairs cold storage room for safety. Bathily was then able to escape alone by slipping out of the store using elevator equipment.[23] Upon leaving the store, he was immediately handcuffed and arrested by police who suspected him of playing a role in the attack. He was released after an hour and a half. Bathily also provided the officers with a key to open the store's metal blinds.[24]Coulibaly was reportedly in contact with the Kouachi brothers as the sieges of both and the brothers progressed simultaneously, and told police that he would kill hostages if the brothers were harmed.[25] Nearby schools were placed under lock-down, and local Jewish businesses were shut down as a precaution.[26]In 2015, several hostages sued French media over its coverage; in particular the French 24-hour news channel BFMTV. The lawyer representing the group, Patrick Klugman, said that hostages' lives were endangered by the coverage which revealed a cold room as one of their hiding places.[27]","title":"Hostage-taking"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"stun grenades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stun_grenade"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paris_Terror_Attack:_4_Hostages_Killed_Before_Police_Staged_Final_Assault-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"François Hollande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Hollande"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paris_Terror_Attack:_4_Hostages_Killed_Before_Police_Staged_Final_Assault-29"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hyper_Cacher_porte_de_Vincennes_attentat_6.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hyper_Cacher_porte_de_Vincennes_attentat_5.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hyper_Cacher_porte_de_Vincennes_attentat_10.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hyper_Cacher_porte_de_Vincennes_attentat_8.jpg"}],"text":"All remained relatively quiet until suddenly four very loud stun grenades went off in four places at around 17:09 local time. Heavily armed police marched towards the scene whilst backup came to the scene. They surrounded the shop, with Coulibaly firing shots in the air. Someone had opened the shutters and automatic sliding doors to the supermarket. This led to police storming the grocery store, shooting and killing Coulibaly, who had previously fired shots back at police and then charged at the entrance to attack police. As he jumped, police opened fire and killed him. At least four explosions were heard, all of which were stun grenades thrown by police. Hostages were seen running out, one with a child in his arms, as ambulances swarmed the area.[28][29]Fifteen hostages were rescued.[30] Several people, including two police officers, were wounded during the incident.[31] French President François Hollande and a prosecutor later confirmed that four people had been killed by Coulibaly as he took the hostages before the siege began.[32][33] Explosives tied to a detonator were later found around the store.[29] Bathily provided information about the store to assist police.[34]The Hypercacher supermarket, the day after the hostage crisis","title":"Police intervention"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Funeral_of_the_4_murdered_in_Hypercacher_in_Paris_(1).jpg"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jddquietaient-38"},{"link_name":"Legion of Honour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legion_of_Honour"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-europe1-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Givat Shaul cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Har_HaMenuchot"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-timesofisraeljonathan-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-worldjewishcongressfuneral-42"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Netanyahu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu"},{"link_name":"Reuven Rivlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuven_Rivlin"},{"link_name":"Ségolène Royal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9gol%C3%A8ne_Royal"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-timesofisraeljonathan-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-worldjewishcongressfuneral-42"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-europe1-39"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-timesofisraeljonathan-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-worldjewishcongressfuneral-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}],"text":"Funeral in Jerusalem for the four Jewish murder victimsPhilippe Braham, 45, IT sales executive[35]\nYohan Cohen, 22, an economics student and worker at Hyper Cacher[36]\nYoav Hattab, 21, a Tunisian college student[37]\nFrançois-Michel Saada, 64, retiree.[38]The victims were posthumously awarded the Legion of Honour by the French Republic.[39] At the instigation of the Israeli government, and after some pressure on the families,[40] it was decided that they should be buried at the Givat Shaul cemetery in Jerusalem on 13 January 2015.[41] The funeral was attended by thousands, some holding signs reading \"Je suis juif\" or \"Je suis Israelien,\" with pictures of the four dead.[42] During the ceremony, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, Israeli President Reuven Rivlin, and French Ecology Minister Ségolène Royal gave brief speeches.[41][42] Royal said, \"Anti-Semitism has no place in France. I want to assure you of the unfailing determination of the French government to fight against all forms and acts of anti-Semitism.\"[39][41][42][43]","title":"Victims"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Charliekosher.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Wreath_Laid_by_Secretary_Kerry_and_French_Foreign_Minister_Fabius_Is_Pictured_Outside_the_Hyper_Cacher_Kosher_Market_in_Paris_(16106400057).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hyper_Cache_Worker_Bathily_Listens_As_Secretary_Kerry_Honors_Him_During_Speech_Commemorating_Victims_of_Last_Week%27s_Paris_Shootings.jpg"},{"link_name":"John Kerry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kerry"},{"link_name":"François Hollande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Hollande"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Avigdor Lieberman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avigdor_Lieberman"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Secretary_Kerry_and_French_Foreign_Minister_Fabius_Straighten_the_Ribbons_on_a_Wreath_They_Laid_at_Hyper_Cacher_Kosher_Grocery_Store_in_Paris_(16104894220).jpg"},{"link_name":"Laurent Fabius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurent_Fabius"},{"link_name":"Hamas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamas"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Mahmoud Abbas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmoud_Abbas"},{"link_name":"Republican marches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_marches"},{"link_name":"Facebook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook"},{"link_name":"Arutz Sheva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arutz_Sheva"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Mali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jtahero-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-haaretzap-49"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jtahero-48"},{"link_name":"French nationality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_nationality_law"},{"link_name":"Manuel Valls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Valls"},{"link_name":"Bernard Cazeneuve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Cazeneuve"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jtahero-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-haaretzap-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Legion of Honour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legion_of_Honour"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jtahero-48"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Simon Wiesenthal Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Wiesenthal_Center"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Dieudonné M'bala M'bala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieudonn%C3%A9_M%27bala_M%27bala"},{"link_name":"Amedy Coulibaly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amedy_Coulibaly"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wjcdetained-55"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wjcdetained-55"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wjcdetained-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-france24-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CRIFdenonce-58"},{"link_name":"Manuel Valls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Valls"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Bernard Cazeneuve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Cazeneuve"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-france24-57"},{"link_name":"Conseil représentatif des institutions juives de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conseil_Repr%C3%A9sentatif_des_Institutions_juives_de_France"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CRIFdenonce-58"},{"link_name":"Barack Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Jen Psaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jen_Psaki"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"}],"text":"Marches in memory of the siege on 11 January 2015Wreaths laid by public figures such as John Kerry outside the supermarket.Lassana Bathily being honored by John Kerry.President François Hollande described the event as a \"terrifying act of anti-Semitism.\"[44] Israel's Foreign Affairs Minister Avigdor Lieberman issued a statement, saying the attacks \"[were] not just against the French people or French Jews, they're against the entire free world. This is another attempt by the dark forces of radical Islam to unleash horror and terror on the West. The entire international community must stand strong and determined in the face of this terror.\"[45]US Secretary of State John Kerry and French Foreign Minister Laurent Fabius laying wreaths outside the sceneHamas officially condemned the attack on Charlie Hebdo but was silent on the attack at the Hypercacher.[46] Palestinian leader Mahmoud Abbas walked in the Republican marches on 11 January 2015.The Facebook page of \"Al-Rasalah publication\" praised the attackers. According to Arutz Sheva, the publication is linked to Hamas.[47]Lassana Bathily, a Muslim store worker who moved from Mali to France in 2006, was hailed as a \"hero,\" a title he himself rejected.[48][49] Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu expressed his appreciation for Bathily's actions.[48] Bathily was awarded French nationality for his life-saving actions. On 20 January 2015, at a special ceremony in Paris, he was given his passport by the French prime minister, Manuel Valls, in person; the interior minister, Bernard Cazeneuve, was also present.[48][49][50][51] A petition was also started to grant him the Legion of Honour.[48] On 24 March 2015, at a ceremony in Los Angeles, he was presented with the Medal of Valor of the Simon Wiesenthal Center.[52]The manager of the kosher supermarket, 39-year-old Patrice Oalid, who was shot in the arm during the attack, announced he would move to Israel.[53]French comedian and political activist Dieudonné M'bala M'bala likened himself to Amedy Coulibaly on Facebook, commenting that \"I feel like Charlie Coulibaly.\"[54][55] As a result, he was detained and questioned by the French police.[55] Moreover, Paris prosecutor started a legal investigation due to his alleged \"defense of terrorism.\"[55][56][57][58] The French Prime Minister, Manuel Valls, stated, \"Racism, antisemitism and the defense of terrorism are crimes,\" adding, \"One should not confuse freedom of opinion and antisemitism.\"[59] Moreover, Bernard Cazeneuve, the Interior Minister, called Dieudonné's remark \"contemptible.\"[57] The Conseil représentatif des institutions juives de France (CRIF) also denounced Dieudonné's comment, and called for French theatres to block him from performing.[58]United States President Barack Obama stated deep concern about \"a bunch of violent, vicious zealots who behead people or randomly shoot a bunch of folks in a deli in Paris.\"[60][61][62] Some commentators criticized Obama's description of the attack as \"random,\" arguing it downplayed the role of anti-semitism.[63][64] One reporter asked government spokeswoman Jen Psaki, \"If a guy goes into a kosher market and starts shooting it up, you don't – he's not looking for Buddhists, is he?\"[65]","title":"Reactions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bernard Cazeneuve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Cazeneuve"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"}],"sub_title":"Aftermath","text":"French Interior Minister Bernard Cazeneuve attended the reopening of the market on 15 March.[66]","title":"Reactions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-accompliceconvict-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-accompliceconvict-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-accompliceconvict-4"}],"text":"On December 16, 2020, a French court convicted 14 accomplices after the three attackers for crimes ranging from financing terrorism to membership of a criminal gang in relation to the attacks.[4] However, three were convicted in absentia, including Hayat Boumeddiene, the former partner of Coulibaly.[4] Boumeddiene would be convicted of financing terrorism and belonging to a criminal terrorist network, and received a sentence of 30 years in jail.[4]","title":"2020 trial"}]
[{"image_text":"Funeral in Jerusalem for the four Jewish murder victims","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Funeral_of_the_4_murdered_in_Hypercacher_in_Paris_%281%29.jpg/220px-Funeral_of_the_4_murdered_in_Hypercacher_in_Paris_%281%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Marches in memory of the siege on 11 January 2015","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Charliekosher.JPG/150px-Charliekosher.JPG"},{"image_text":"Wreaths laid by public figures such as John Kerry outside the supermarket.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/The_Wreath_Laid_by_Secretary_Kerry_and_French_Foreign_Minister_Fabius_Is_Pictured_Outside_the_Hyper_Cacher_Kosher_Market_in_Paris_%2816106400057%29.jpg/220px-The_Wreath_Laid_by_Secretary_Kerry_and_French_Foreign_Minister_Fabius_Is_Pictured_Outside_the_Hyper_Cacher_Kosher_Market_in_Paris_%2816106400057%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Lassana Bathily being honored by John Kerry.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Hyper_Cache_Worker_Bathily_Listens_As_Secretary_Kerry_Honors_Him_During_Speech_Commemorating_Victims_of_Last_Week%27s_Paris_Shootings.jpg/220px-Hyper_Cache_Worker_Bathily_Listens_As_Secretary_Kerry_Honors_Him_During_Speech_Commemorating_Victims_of_Last_Week%27s_Paris_Shootings.jpg"},{"image_text":"US Secretary of State John Kerry and French Foreign Minister Laurent Fabius laying wreaths outside the scene","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Secretary_Kerry_and_French_Foreign_Minister_Fabius_Straighten_the_Ribbons_on_a_Wreath_They_Laid_at_Hyper_Cacher_Kosher_Grocery_Store_in_Paris_%2816104894220%29.jpg/220px-Secretary_Kerry_and_French_Foreign_Minister_Fabius_Straighten_the_Ribbons_on_a_Wreath_They_Laid_at_Hyper_Cacher_Kosher_Grocery_Store_in_Paris_%2816104894220%29.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Antisemitism in 21st-century France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitism_in_21st-century_France"},{"title":"Jewish Museum of Belgium shooting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Museum_of_Belgium_shooting"},{"title":"List of hostage crises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hostage_crises"},{"title":"Strasbourg Cathedral bombing plot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strasbourg_Cathedral_bombing_plot"},{"title":"Toulouse and Montauban shootings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toulouse_and_Montauban_shootings"},{"title":"2019 Jersey City shooting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Jersey_City_shooting"}]
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Retrieved 18 April 2019. \"It is entirely legitimate for the American people to be deeply concerned when you've got a bunch of violent, vicious zealots who behead people or randomly shoot a bunch of folks in a deli in Paris,\" Obama told","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150210230022/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/white-house-shooting-kosher-market-paris-random/story?id=28871389","url_text":"\"White House Says Shooting at Kosher Market in Paris Was 'Random'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_News","url_text":"ABC News"},{"url":"https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/white-house-shooting-kosher-market-paris-random/story?id=28871389","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"JTA. \"French group slams Obama for calling market attack 'random'\". Times of Israel. 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Retrieved 28 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jpost.com/international/obama-lights-up-social-media-by-calling-paris-kosher-deli-attack-random-390662","url_text":"\"Obama ignites social media by calling Paris kosher deli attack 'random'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Paris kosher supermarket reopens after deadly hostage crisis\". France 24. 15 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.france24.com/en/20150314-kosher-supermarket-paris-hostage-reopen-coulibaly/","url_text":"\"Paris kosher supermarket reopens after deadly hostage crisis\""}]}]
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Paris Kosher Deli Gunman Once Worked For Coca-Cola, Was Close With Kouachi Brothers\""},{"Link":"http://www.liberation.fr/societe/2015/01/09/prise-d-otages-dans-une-epicerie-casher-a-la-sortie-de-paris_1176953","external_links_name":"\"Quatre otages tués à Paris dans une supérette casher\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2015/jan/09/charlie-hebdo-manhunt-kouachi-terrorist-links-live-updates","external_links_name":"\"Charlie Hebdo attack: French officials establish link between gunmen in both attacks — live\""},{"Link":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2015/01/10/supermarket-employee-hid-customers-during-paris-attack/21554777/","external_links_name":"\"Supermarket employee hid customers during Paris attack\""},{"Link":"https://www.lefigaro.fr/international/2015/01/13/01003-20150113ARTFIG00067-jerusalem-une-foule-nombreuse-attendue-pour-les-obseques-des-victimes-de-la-tuerie-de-vincennes.php","external_links_name":"\"Jérusalem : une foule aux obsèques des victimes de la tuerie de Vincennes\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/11338081/Hero-hostage-died-saving-child.html","external_links_name":"\"Hero hostage died saving child\""},{"Link":"https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4614387,00.html","external_links_name":"\"Thirty years later, Hattab family loses another member to anti-Semitism\""},{"Link":"http://www.lejdd.fr/Societe/Qui-etaient-les-quatre-juifs-tues-a-la-porte-de-Vincennes-711684","external_links_name":"Qui étaient les quatre juifs tués à la porte de Vincennes?"},{"Link":"http://www.europe1.fr/international/israel-une-ceremonie-d-etat-pour-les-victimes-juives-des-attentats-2342569","external_links_name":"Jérusalem : pour Royal, \"l'antisémitisme n'a pas sa place en France\""},{"Link":"http://www.haaretz.com/jewish-world/jewish-world-news/.premium-1.636979","external_links_name":"\"Israel pressured Paris attack victim's family to bury him in Israel\""},{"Link":"https://www.timesofisrael.com/we-wanted-you-to-come-here-alive-laments-president-as-4-paris-victims-buried/","external_links_name":"‘We wanted you to come here alive,’ laments president as four Paris victims buried"},{"Link":"http://www.worldjewishcongress.org/en/news/15582/thousands_attend_funeral_in_jerusalem_for_victims_of_paris_supermarket_attack","external_links_name":"Thousands attend funeral in Jerusalem for victims of Paris supermarket attack"},{"Link":"http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/no-place-in-france-for-anti-semistism-french-minister-segolene-royal-tells-mourners/articleshow/45871711.cms","external_links_name":"No place in France for anti-Semistism, French minister Segolene Royal tells mourners"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/11/world/europe/french-muslims-worry-about-backlash-after-charlie-hebdo-attack.html","external_links_name":"\"After Terrorist Attacks, Many French Muslims Wonder: What Now?\""},{"Link":"http://www.newsweek.com/third-shooting-paris-hostage-taken-kosher-grocery-shop-298082","external_links_name":"\"Gunman 'Neutralized' At Kosher Supermarket Siege\""},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-attacks-hamas-condemns-charlie-hebdo-massacre-after-netanyahu-makes-comparison-to-gaza-rockets-9970096.html","external_links_name":"\"Paris attacks: Hamas condemns Charlie Hebdo massacre after Netanyahu makes comparison to Gaza rockets\""},{"Link":"http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/189749","external_links_name":"\"Hamas-Linked Publication Praises 'Heroic' Paris Terrorists\""},{"Link":"http://www.jta.org/2015/01/15/news-opinion/world/paris-kosher-supermarket-hero-becoming-french-citizen","external_links_name":"Paris kosher supermarket hero becoming French citizen"},{"Link":"http://www.haaretz.com/news/world/1.638157","external_links_name":"Muslim who saved lives during attack on Paris kosher grocery awarded French citizenship"},{"Link":"http://time.com/3669230/paris-terror-attack-charlie-hebdo-lassana-bathily/","external_links_name":"\"Lassana Bathily to Get French Citizenship for Aiding Jewish Hostages\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150209113327/http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/Presse/Les-communiques/Demande-de-naturalisation-de-Lassana-Bathily","external_links_name":"\"Demande de naturalisation de Lassana Bathily\""},{"Link":"http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/Presse/Les-communiques/Demande-de-naturalisation-de-Lassana-Bathily","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151117031110/http://www.consulfrance-losangeles.org/spip.php?article2613","external_links_name":"\"Lassana Bathily honored in Los Angeles\""},{"Link":"http://www.consulfrance-losangeles.org/spip.php?article2613","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.jta.org/2015/01/12/news-opinion/world/manager-of-attacked-paris-kosher-market-says-he-will-leave-for-israel","external_links_name":"Manager of attacked Paris kosher market says he will leave for Israel"},{"Link":"https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2015/01/French-comedian-Dieudonne-i-feel-like-charlie-Coulibaly/384452/","external_links_name":"\"France's First Free-Speech Challenge After Charlie Hebdo\""},{"Link":"http://www.worldjewishcongress.org/en/news/15587/dozens_detained_as_france_cracks_down_on_hate_speech_and_incitement","external_links_name":"Dozens detained as France cracks down on hate speech and incitement"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/12/french-comedian-dieudonne-charlie-coulibaly-prosecutor","external_links_name":"French comedian Dieudonné faces inquiry over ‘Charlie Coulibaly’ remark"},{"Link":"http://www.france24.com/en/20150112-dieudonne-under-investigation-paris-shootings-remark-charlie-hebdo-amedy-coulibaly/","external_links_name":"Dieudonné under investigation for Paris shootings remark"},{"Link":"http://www.crif.org/fr/communiquedepresse/dieudonn%C3%A9-je-me-sens-charlie-coulibaly/53895","external_links_name":"Dieudonné : \" Je me sens Charlie Coulibaly\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150114082434/http://www.crif.org/fr/revuedepresse/%C2%ABle-racisme-lantis%C3%A9mitisme-et-lapologie-du-terrorisme-sont-des-d%C3%A9lits%C2%BB-d%C3%A9clare-manuel-valls/53879","external_links_name":"\"\"Le racisme, l'antisémitisme et l'apologie du terrorisme sont des délits\" déclare Manuel Valls | Crif - Conseil Représentatif des Institutions Juives de France\""},{"Link":"http://www.crif.org/fr/revuedepresse/%C2%ABle-racisme-lantis%C3%A9mitisme-et-lapologie-du-terrorisme-sont-des-d%C3%A9lits%C2%BB-d%C3%A9clare-manuel-valls/53879","external_links_name":"the 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'random'\""},{"Link":"https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/white-house-shooting-kosher-market-paris-random/story?id=28871389","external_links_name":"\"White House Says Shooting at Kosher Market in Paris Was 'Random'\""},{"Link":"https://www.jpost.com/international/obama-lights-up-social-media-by-calling-paris-kosher-deli-attack-random-390662","external_links_name":"\"Obama ignites social media by calling Paris kosher deli attack 'random'\""},{"Link":"http://www.france24.com/en/20150314-kosher-supermarket-paris-hostage-reopen-coulibaly/","external_links_name":"\"Paris kosher supermarket reopens after deadly hostage crisis\""},{"Link":"http://www.prefecturedepolice.interieur.gouv.fr/Nous-connaitre/Actualites/Evenements/Actualite-vigipirate-en-alerte-attentat-et-appel-a-temoins","external_links_name":"French Police wanted poster featuring Coulibaly and Boumeddiene"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Gurkha_Rifles
2nd King Edward VII's Own Gurkha Rifles (The Sirmoor Rifles)
["1 History","1.1 Formation and early service","1.2 First World War","1.3 Second World War","1.4 Indian independence","1.5 Post Indian independence","2 Battle honours","3 Victoria Crosses","4 Colonels-in-Chief","5 Regimental Colonels","6 Uniforms","7 See also","8 Notes","8.1 Footnotes","8.2 Citations","9 References","10 External links"]
2nd King Edward VII's Own Gurkha RiflesCap badgeActive1815–1994Country India United KingdomTypeInfantryRoleLight InfantryGarrison/HQBritish Hong KongNickname(s)The Sirmoor Rifles, Second (2nd) GRColorsGreen; faced and piped red, 1888 scarletMarchLützow's Wild Chase-Quick MarchCommandersColonel in ChiefThe Prince of WalesNotablecommandersLieutenant-Colonel BegbieMajor General D Macintyre VCColonel H T Macpherson VCSubadar-Major Santbir GurungLieutenant-Colonel Frederick William NicolayInsigniaShoulder FlashAbbreviation2 GRMilitary unit The 2nd King Edward VII's Own Gurkha Rifles (The Sirmoor Rifles) was a rifle regiment of the British Indian Army before being transferred to the British Army on India's independence in 1947. The 4th Battalion joined the Indian Army as the 5th Battalion, 8th Gorkha Rifles (Sirmoor Rifles), where it exists to this day. As part of the British Army, the regiment served in Malaya, Hong Kong and Brunei until 1994 when it was amalgamated with the other three British Army Gurkha infantry regiments to form the Royal Gurkha Rifles. It is the only Gurkha regiment which did not have a khukuri on its cap badge. History Formation and early service The regiment was first raised in 1815 as The Sirmoor Battalion. This was the first Gurkha unit in the service of the East India Company to see action, during the 3rd Mahratta War in 1817. The regiment, by now named the 8th (Sirmoor) Local Battalion, gained its first battle honour at Bhurtpore in 1825. During the First Sikh War, the regiment fought at Bhudaiwal and Sobraon, as well as the Battle of Aliwal. Personnel carried colours at the time, and the flagpole was broken by cannon fire. The colour itself was seized by the Sikhs but reclaimed by a small party of Gurkhas led by a Havildar who chopped their way into the densely packed enemy lines. Kabul expeditionary force on the march: Quarter Guard of the 3 Gorkha Rifles. 30 November 1878. During the Indian Mutiny, the Sirmoor Battalion was one of the Indian regiments that remained loyal to Britain. It was during this that the regiment took part in the defence of Hindu Rao's House, near Delhi. For their part in the action, the Sirmoor Battalion was presented with the Queen's Truncheon, which became a replacement for the colours that they relinquished when the regiment became a rifle regiment in 1858. With the decision to number the Gurkha regiments in 1861, the Sirmoor Rifles became the 2nd Gúrkha Regiment. In 1876, the battalion acquired a royal patron in the then Prince of Wales, becoming the 2nd (Prince of Wales's Own) Gúrkha Regiment (the Sirmoor Rifles). First World War During the First World War, the 2nd Gurkhas (by now named the 2nd King Edward's Own Gurkha Rifles), along with the other regiments of the Gurkha Brigade, served initially in Flanders. In 1915, the 2nd Battalion moved to Egypt, before returning to India in 1916. The 1st Battalion went to Persia and Mesopotamia in 1916, assisting in the fall of Baghdad. In 1919 it was assigned to the Norperforce in Iran. Second World War The Second World War saw the 2nd Gurkhas serving in many different theatres; the 1st Battalion was initially in Cyprus before moving to North Africa as part of 7th Indian Infantry Brigade, 4th Indian Division, where it fought at El Alamein. Following this it took part in the invasion of Italy, taking part in the battle for Monte Cassino. The 2nd Battalion meanwhile spent much of the war as prisoners of the Japanese after being captured in Malaya. The 3rd Battalion (raised during the war) took part in the Chindit operations in Burma in 1943. Indian independence In 1947, as part of India's independence, it was agreed that the Gurkha regiments would be split between the British and Indian armies—the British Army would take on four regiments (the 2nd, 6th, 7th and 10th), while the Indian Army would retain the rest. While the 2nd Gurkhas became one of the four Gurkha regiments to transfer to the British Army, the regiment's 4th Battalion was transferred to the Indian Army as 5th Battalion, 8th Gurkha Rifles (Sirmoor Rifles) where it exists to this day. The first Indian commanding officer of this battalion, Lieutenant Colonel (later Brigadier) Nisi Kanta Chatterji, requested Army Headquarters, to let the battalion keep the title 'Sirmoor Rifles', which was accepted. This battalion saw action in the 1965 Indo-Pakistan War (as part of the 3rd (Independent) Armoured Brigade, 28 and 191 Infantry Brigades) where it stopped the advance of the Pakistani armour to Akhnur in the Battle of the Fatwal Ridge. In the 1971 war against Pakistan, the battalion now as part of the 68th Mountain Brigade, the corps reserves, once again saw fierce action in the defence of Chamb-Akhnur. It launched five successful counterattacks and recaptured the bridge over the Tawi river. It also fought in the Indian North east against the Naga insurgents and in the Doda district of Jammu and Kashmir. Here it distinguished itself by killing the Supreme Commander of the Hizbul Mujahideen, the leading Kashmiri insurgent group. It was awarded the Northern Army Commanders Citation in 1998. It was deployed in Sierra Leone as part of UNAMSIL and distinguished itself in Operation Khukri in which the Revolutionary United Front rebels were decisively defeated. Post Indian independence Following this, the 2nd Gurkhas spent several years in the Far East, initially during the Malayan Emergency from 1948 to 1960. Following this, the regiment's two battalions alternated between Malaya, Borneo, Brunei and Hong Kong, before receiving a regimental depot at Church Crookham in Hampshire. In 1992, while serving in Hong Kong, the 1st and 2nd Battalions amalgamated to form a single 1st Battalion. This was followed in 1994 by the regiment being amalgamated with the 6th Queen Elizabeth's Own Gurkha Rifles to form the 1st Battalion, Royal Gurkha Rifles. Battle honours The regiment was awarded the following battle honours: Bhurtpore, Aliwal, Sobraon, Delhi 1857, Kabul 1879, Kandahar 1880, Afghanistan 1878–80, Chin-Lushai Expedition 1889-90, Tirah, Punjab Frontier First World War: La Bassée 1914, Festubert 1914 '15, Givenchy 1914, Neuve Chapelle, Aubers, Loos, France and Flanders 1914–15, Egypt 1915, Tigris 1916, Kut al Amara 1917, Baghdad, Mesopotamia 1916–18, Persia 1918, Baluchistan 1918 Afghanistan 1919 The Second World War: El Alamein, Mareth, Akarit, Djebel el Meida, Enfidaville, Tunis, North Africa 1942–43, Cassino I, Monastery Hill, Pian di Maggio, Gothic Line, Coriano, Poggio San Giovanni, Monte Reggiano, Italy 1944–45, Greece 1944–45, North Malaya, Jitra, Central Malaya, Kampar, Slim River, Johore, Singapore Island, Malaya 1941–42, North Arakan, Irrawaddy, Magwe, Sittang 1945, Point 1433, Arakan Beaches, Myebon, Tanbingon, Tamandu, Chindits 1943, Burma 1943–45. Victoria Crosses Major Donald MacIntyre (Bengal Staff Corps attached to the regiment) – 4 January 1872, Lalgnoora, India. Subedar Lalbahadur Thapa – 6 April 1943, Tunisia. Rifleman Bhanbhagta Gurung – 5 March 1945, Burma. Colonels-in-Chief 1904–: F.M. King Edward VII 1910–: F.M. King George V 1977–: Lt-Gen. Prince Charles, Prince of Wales, KG, KT, GCB, AK, QSO, ADC Regimental Colonels Colonels of the Regiment were: 1946–1956: Lt-Gen. Sir Francis Ivan Simms Tuker, KCIE, CB, DSO, OBE, FRGS, FRSA 1956–1969: Maj-Gen. Lewis Henry Owain Pugh, CB, CBE, DSO 1969–1976: Brig. Simon Patrick Martin Kent, CBE 1976–1986: F.M. Edwin Noel Westby Bramall, The Baron Bramall, KG, GCB, OBE, MC, KStJ 1986–1994: F.M. Sir John Lyon Chapple, KCB, CBE 1994: Regiment amalgamated with 6th Queen Elizabeth's Own Gurkha Rifles, 7th Duke of Edinburgh's Own Gurkha Rifles and 10th Princess Mary's Own Gurkha Rifles to form The Royal Gurkha Rifles Uniforms After a brief period of wearing their own indigenous clothing, the Sirmoor battalion adopted green jackets with red facings. These were worn with loose fitting blue trousers and a bonnet like headdress. By 1828 black facings, black leather equipment, white trousers and sandals had been issued. A variety of changes followed but the round Kilmarnock cap with red and black dicing had appeared by 1848. While the Kilmarnock was to become common to all Gurkha regiments, the red trim was to remain a distinctive feature of the 2nd Gurkha Rifles. In 1858 links forged during the Siege of Delhi led to the authorization of the Gurkha regiment to adopt the red piping and facings of the British 60th Rifles. Formally recognized as a rifle regiment since 1850 the 2nd Gurkha Regiment underwent various changes of title as recorded above. Throughout it wore the standard Gurkha parade and cold weather uniform of rifle green with leggings and then puttees, silver insignia and black metal buttons. A red toorie (bobble) on the cap was to remain a distinction of the 2nd Gurkha Rifles. In 1883 khaki (initially blue/grey) hot weather dress was adopted. The broad brimmed hat was worn with khaki drill service dress from 1902 and was retained as normal uniform between the two world wars. After World War I the historic rifle green was limited to a few limited dress orders such as officers' mess uniforms and full dress for mess orderlies. During World War II red and black patches were worn on the jungle slouch hats. See also List of Brigade of Gurkhas recipients of the Victoria Cross Notes Footnotes ^ Rifle regiments by tradition did not possess Colours. Citations ^ Lawrance Ordnance – Gurkha (British Army) Regiment Badges ^ Parker 2005, p. 46. ^ a b c Chappell 1993, p. 15. ^ a b c Chappell 1993, p. 13. ^ Chappell 1993, p. 14. ^ Chappell 1993, pp. 14–15. ^ Cecil John Edmonds (2009), East and West of Zagros, Brill Academic Publishers, OCLC 593346009, OL 25432016M ^ Parker 2005, p. 224. ^ Regimental History of the 8th Gorkha Rifles 1947–1991 by Colonel (Retd) R.D. Palsokar ^ "Article 35A and the basic structure". ^ Parker 2005, p. 302. ^ Parker 2005, pp. 385–386. ^ Parker 2005, pp. 391–393. ^ "2nd King Edward VII's Own Gurkha Rifles (The Sirmoor Rifles)". regiments.org. Archived from the original on 29 December 2005. Retrieved 14 February 2017. ^ W. Y. Carman, page 189 "Indian Army Uniforms Under the British From the 18th Century to 1947: Artillery, Engineers and Infantry", Morgsn-Grampian: London 1969 ^ W. Y. Carman, pages 202–202 "Indian Army Uniforms Under the British From the 18th Century to 1947: Artillery, Engineers and Infantry", Morgsn-Grampian: London 1969 References Chappell, Mike (1993). The Gurkhas. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-85532-357-5. Parker, John (2005). The Gurkhas: The Inside Story of the World's Most Feared Soldiers. London: Headline Book Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7553-1415-7. External links "2nd King Edward VII's Own Gurkha Rifles (The Sirmoor Rifles) at regiments.org by T.F.Mills". Archived from the original on 15 July 2007. Retrieved 30 July 2014.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rifle regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifle_regiment"},{"link_name":"British Indian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Indian_Army"},{"link_name":"British Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army"},{"link_name":"8th Gorkha Rifles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8th_Gorkha_Rifles"},{"link_name":"Royal Gurkha Rifles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Gurkha_Rifles"},{"link_name":"khukuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khukuri"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Military unitThe 2nd King Edward VII's Own Gurkha Rifles (The Sirmoor Rifles) was a rifle regiment of the British Indian Army before being transferred to the British Army on India's independence in 1947. The 4th Battalion joined the Indian Army as the 5th Battalion, 8th Gorkha Rifles (Sirmoor Rifles), where it exists to this day. As part of the British Army, the regiment served in Malaya, Hong Kong and Brunei until 1994 when it was amalgamated with the other three British Army Gurkha infantry regiments to form the Royal Gurkha Rifles. It is the only Gurkha regiment which did not have a khukuri on its cap badge.[1]","title":"2nd King Edward VII's Own Gurkha Rifles (The Sirmoor Rifles)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Gurkha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurkha"},{"link_name":"3rd Mahratta War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Mahratta_War"},{"link_name":"battle honour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_honour"},{"link_name":"Bhurtpore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhurtpore"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chappell15-3"},{"link_name":"First Sikh War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Sikh_War"},{"link_name":"Sobraon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sobraon"},{"link_name":"Battle of Aliwal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Aliwal"},{"link_name":"colours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colours_and_guidons"},{"link_name":"Sikhs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhs"},{"link_name":"Havildar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havildar"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chappell13-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AfghanWarIllustration1878.jpg"},{"link_name":"3 Gorkha Rifles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3_Gorkha_Rifles"},{"link_name":"Indian Mutiny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Mutiny"},{"link_name":"Hindu Rao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_Hindu_Rao"},{"link_name":"Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chappell13-4"},{"link_name":"Queen's Truncheon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Truncheon"},{"link_name":"[nb 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chappell13-4"},{"link_name":"Prince of Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_VII_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Formation and early service","text":"The regiment was first raised in 1815 as The Sirmoor Battalion.[2] This was the first Gurkha unit in the service of the East India Company to see action, during the 3rd Mahratta War in 1817. The regiment, by now named the 8th (Sirmoor) Local Battalion, gained its first battle honour at Bhurtpore in 1825.[3] During the First Sikh War, the regiment fought at Bhudaiwal and Sobraon, as well as the Battle of Aliwal. Personnel carried colours at the time, and the flagpole was broken by cannon fire. The colour itself was seized by the Sikhs but reclaimed by a small party of Gurkhas led by a Havildar who chopped their way into the densely packed enemy lines.[4]Kabul expeditionary force on the march: Quarter Guard of the 3 Gorkha Rifles. 30 November 1878.During the Indian Mutiny, the Sirmoor Battalion was one of the Indian regiments that remained loyal to Britain. It was during this that the regiment took part in the defence of Hindu Rao's House, near Delhi.[4] For their part in the action, the Sirmoor Battalion was presented with the Queen's Truncheon, which became a replacement for the colours that they relinquished when the regiment became a rifle regiment in 1858.[nb 1][4] With the decision to number the Gurkha regiments in 1861, the Sirmoor Rifles became the 2nd Gúrkha Regiment. In 1876, the battalion acquired a royal patron in the then Prince of Wales, becoming the 2nd (Prince of Wales's Own) Gúrkha Regiment (the Sirmoor Rifles).[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War"},{"link_name":"Flanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flanders"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"Persia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"Mesopotamia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamian_Campaign"},{"link_name":"fall of Baghdad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Baghdad_(1917)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Norperforce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norperforce"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"First World War","text":"During the First World War, the 2nd Gurkhas (by now named the 2nd King Edward's Own Gurkha Rifles), along with the other regiments of the Gurkha Brigade, served initially in Flanders. In 1915, the 2nd Battalion moved to Egypt, before returning to India in 1916. The 1st Battalion went to Persia and Mesopotamia in 1916, assisting in the fall of Baghdad.[6] In 1919 it was assigned to the Norperforce in Iran.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus"},{"link_name":"7th Indian Infantry Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7th_Indian_Infantry_Brigade"},{"link_name":"4th Indian Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_Indian_Division"},{"link_name":"El Alamein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Alamein"},{"link_name":"invasion of Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"battle for Monte Cassino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino"},{"link_name":"Malaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Malaya"},{"link_name":"Chindit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chindit"},{"link_name":"Burma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burma_Campaign"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chappell15-3"}],"sub_title":"Second World War","text":"The Second World War saw the 2nd Gurkhas serving in many different theatres; the 1st Battalion was initially in Cyprus before moving to North Africa as part of 7th Indian Infantry Brigade, 4th Indian Division, where it fought at El Alamein. Following this it took part in the invasion of Italy, taking part in the battle for Monte Cassino. The 2nd Battalion meanwhile spent much of the war as prisoners of the Japanese after being captured in Malaya. The 3rd Battalion (raised during the war) took part in the Chindit operations in Burma in 1943.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"8th Gurkha Rifles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8th_Gorkha_Rifles"},{"link_name":"1965 Indo-Pakistan War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1965"},{"link_name":"1971 war against Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Indian independence","text":"In 1947, as part of India's independence, it was agreed that the Gurkha regiments would be split between the British and Indian armies—the British Army would take on four regiments (the 2nd, 6th, 7th and 10th), while the Indian Army would retain the rest.[8]While the 2nd Gurkhas became one of the four Gurkha regiments to transfer to the British Army, the regiment's 4th Battalion was transferred to the Indian Army as 5th Battalion, 8th Gurkha Rifles (Sirmoor Rifles) where it exists to this day. The first Indian commanding officer of this battalion, Lieutenant Colonel (later Brigadier) Nisi Kanta Chatterji, requested Army Headquarters, to let the battalion keep the title 'Sirmoor Rifles', which was accepted. This battalion saw action in the 1965 Indo-Pakistan War (as part of the 3rd (Independent) Armoured Brigade, 28 and 191 Infantry Brigades) where it stopped the advance of the Pakistani armour to Akhnur in the Battle of the Fatwal Ridge. In the 1971 war against Pakistan, the battalion now as part of the 68th Mountain Brigade, the corps reserves, once again saw fierce action in the defence of Chamb-Akhnur. It launched five successful counterattacks and recaptured the bridge over the Tawi river.[9]It also fought in the Indian North east against the Naga insurgents and in the Doda district of Jammu and Kashmir. Here it distinguished itself by killing the Supreme Commander of the Hizbul Mujahideen, the leading Kashmiri insurgent group. It was awarded the Northern Army Commanders Citation in 1998. It was deployed in Sierra Leone as part of UNAMSIL and distinguished itself in Operation Khukri in which the Revolutionary United Front rebels were decisively defeated.[10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Malayan Emergency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayan_Emergency"},{"link_name":"Malaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya"},{"link_name":"Borneo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borneo"},{"link_name":"Brunei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei"},{"link_name":"Church Crookham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_Crookham"},{"link_name":"6th Queen Elizabeth's Own Gurkha Rifles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_Queen_Elizabeth%27s_Own_Gurkha_Rifles"},{"link_name":"Royal Gurkha Rifles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Gurkha_Rifles"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Post Indian independence","text":"Following this, the 2nd Gurkhas spent several years in the Far East, initially during the Malayan Emergency from 1948 to 1960. Following this, the regiment's two battalions alternated between Malaya, Borneo, Brunei and Hong Kong, before receiving a regimental depot at Church Crookham in Hampshire. In 1992, while serving in Hong Kong, the 1st and 2nd Battalions amalgamated to form a single 1st Battalion. This was followed in 1994 by the regiment being amalgamated with the 6th Queen Elizabeth's Own Gurkha Rifles to form the 1st Battalion, Royal Gurkha Rifles.[11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"battle honours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_honour"},{"link_name":"Bhurtpore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bharatpur"},{"link_name":"Aliwal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Aliwal"},{"link_name":"Sobraon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sobraon"},{"link_name":"Delhi 1857","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_1857"},{"link_name":"Kabul 1879","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabul_1879"},{"link_name":"Kandahar 1880","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kandahar_(1880)"},{"link_name":"Afghanistan 1878–80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Anglo-Afghan_War"},{"link_name":"Chin-Lushai Expedition 1889-90","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khai_Kam#Chin_Hills_Expedition_(1888-1889)"},{"link_name":"Tirah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirah_Campaign"},{"link_name":"Punjab Frontier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gujrat"},{"link_name":"La Bassée 1914","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_to_the_Sea"},{"link_name":"'15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Festubert"},{"link_name":"Givenchy 1914","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Givenchy_1914"},{"link_name":"Neuve Chapelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Neuve_Chapelle"},{"link_name":"Aubers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Aubers_Ridge"},{"link_name":"Loos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Loos"},{"link_name":"France and Flanders 1914–15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)"},{"link_name":"Egypt 1915","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Suez_Offensive"},{"link_name":"Tigris 1916","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wadi_(1916)"},{"link_name":"Kut al Amara 1917","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kut_al_Amara_1917"},{"link_name":"Baghdad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Baghdad_(1917)"},{"link_name":"Mesopotamia 1916–18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamian_Campaign"},{"link_name":"Persia 1918","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_campaign_(World_War_I)"},{"link_name":"Baluchistan 1918","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#Southern_theatres"},{"link_name":"Afghanistan 1919","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Afghan_War"},{"link_name":"El Alamein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein"},{"link_name":"Mareth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mareth_Line"},{"link_name":"Akarit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wadi_Akarit"},{"link_name":"Tunis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia_Campaign"},{"link_name":"North Africa 1942–43","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_African_Campaign"},{"link_name":"Cassino I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino"},{"link_name":"Monastery Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino"},{"link_name":"Italy 1944–45","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Campaign_(World_War_II)"},{"link_name":"North Malaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Malaya"},{"link_name":"Jitra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Jitra"},{"link_name":"Central Malaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Malaya"},{"link_name":"Kampar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kampar"},{"link_name":"Slim River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Slim_River"},{"link_name":"Johore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Muar"},{"link_name":"Singapore Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Singapore"},{"link_name":"Malaya 1941–42","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Malaya"},{"link_name":"Tamandu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamandu"},{"link_name":"Chindits 1943","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chindits"},{"link_name":"Burma 1943–45","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burma_Campaign"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chappell15-3"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"The regiment was awarded the following battle honours:Bhurtpore, Aliwal, Sobraon, Delhi 1857, Kabul 1879, Kandahar 1880, Afghanistan 1878–80, Chin-Lushai Expedition 1889-90, Tirah, Punjab Frontier\nFirst World War: La Bassée 1914, Festubert 1914 '15, Givenchy 1914, Neuve Chapelle, Aubers, Loos, France and Flanders 1914–15, Egypt 1915, Tigris 1916, Kut al Amara 1917, Baghdad, Mesopotamia 1916–18, Persia 1918, Baluchistan 1918\nAfghanistan 1919\nThe Second World War: El Alamein, Mareth, Akarit, Djebel el Meida, Enfidaville, Tunis, North Africa 1942–43, Cassino I, Monastery Hill, Pian di Maggio, Gothic Line, Coriano, Poggio San Giovanni, Monte Reggiano, Italy 1944–45, Greece 1944–45, North Malaya, Jitra, Central Malaya, Kampar, Slim River, Johore, Singapore Island, Malaya 1941–42, North Arakan, Irrawaddy, Magwe, Sittang 1945, Point 1433, Arakan Beaches, Myebon, Tanbingon, Tamandu, Chindits 1943, Burma 1943–45.[3][12]","title":"Battle honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Donald MacIntyre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Macintyre_(VC)"},{"link_name":"Lalbahadur Thapa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalbahadur_Thapa"},{"link_name":"Bhanbhagta Gurung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhanbhagta_Gurung"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Major Donald MacIntyre (Bengal Staff Corps attached to the regiment) – 4 January 1872, Lalgnoora, India.\nSubedar Lalbahadur Thapa – 6 April 1943, Tunisia.\nRifleman Bhanbhagta Gurung – 5 March 1945, Burma.[13]","title":"Victoria Crosses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"King Edward VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Edward_VII"},{"link_name":"King George V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_George_V"},{"link_name":"Prince Charles, Prince of Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Charles,_Prince_of_Wales"}],"text":"1904–:\tF.M. King Edward VII\n1910–:\tF.M. King George V\n1977–: Lt-Gen. Prince Charles, Prince of Wales, KG, KT, GCB, AK, QSO, ADC","title":"Colonels-in-Chief"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Francis Ivan Simms Tuker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Tuker"},{"link_name":"Lewis Henry Owain Pugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Pugh_(British_Army_officer)"},{"link_name":"Edwin Noel Westby Bramall, The Baron Bramall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Bramall"},{"link_name":"John Lyon Chapple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Chapple_(British_Army_officer)"},{"link_name":"6th Queen Elizabeth's Own Gurkha Rifles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_Queen_Elizabeth%27s_Own_Gurkha_Rifles"},{"link_name":"7th Duke of Edinburgh's Own Gurkha Rifles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7th_Duke_of_Edinburgh%27s_Own_Gurkha_Rifles"},{"link_name":"10th Princess Mary's Own Gurkha Rifles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_Princess_Mary%27s_Own_Gurkha_Rifles"},{"link_name":"The Royal Gurkha Rifles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Royal_Gurkha_Rifles"}],"text":"Colonels of the Regiment were:[14]1946–1956: Lt-Gen. Sir Francis Ivan Simms Tuker, KCIE, CB, DSO, OBE, FRGS, FRSA\n1956–1969: Maj-Gen. Lewis Henry Owain Pugh, CB, CBE, DSO\n1969–1976: Brig. Simon Patrick Martin Kent, CBE\n1976–1986: F.M. Edwin Noel Westby Bramall, The Baron Bramall, KG, GCB, OBE, MC, KStJ\n1986–1994: F.M. Sir John Lyon Chapple, KCB, CBE\n1994: Regiment amalgamated with 6th Queen Elizabeth's Own Gurkha Rifles, 7th Duke of Edinburgh's Own Gurkha Rifles and 10th Princess Mary's Own Gurkha Rifles to form The Royal Gurkha Rifles","title":"Regimental Colonels"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"facings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facings"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Siege of Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Delhi"},{"link_name":"60th Rifles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60th_Rifles"},{"link_name":"rifle green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifle_green"},{"link_name":"toorie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toorie"},{"link_name":"khaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khaki"},{"link_name":"mess uniforms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mess_uniform"},{"link_name":"slouch hats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slouch_hat"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"After a brief period of wearing their own indigenous clothing, the Sirmoor battalion adopted green jackets with red facings. These were worn with loose fitting blue trousers and a bonnet like headdress. By 1828 black facings, black leather equipment, white trousers and sandals had been issued. A variety of changes followed but the round Kilmarnock cap with red and black dicing had appeared by 1848.[15] While the Kilmarnock was to become common to all Gurkha regiments, the red trim was to remain a distinctive feature of the 2nd Gurkha Rifles. In 1858 links forged during the Siege of Delhi led to the authorization of the Gurkha regiment to adopt the red piping and facings of the British 60th Rifles. Formally recognized as a rifle regiment since 1850 the 2nd Gurkha Regiment underwent various changes of title as recorded above. Throughout it wore the standard Gurkha parade and cold weather uniform of rifle green with leggings and then puttees, silver insignia and black metal buttons. A red toorie (bobble) on the cap was to remain a distinction of the 2nd Gurkha Rifles. In 1883 khaki (initially blue/grey) hot weather dress was adopted. The broad brimmed hat was worn with khaki drill service dress from 1902 and was retained as normal uniform between the two world wars. After World War I the historic rifle green was limited to a few limited dress orders such as officers' mess uniforms and full dress for mess orderlies. During World War II red and black patches were worn on the jungle slouch hats.[16]","title":"Uniforms"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"}],"sub_title":"Footnotes","text":"^ Rifle regiments by tradition did not possess Colours.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Lawrance Ordnance – Gurkha (British Army) Regiment Badges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20100704052614/http://www.lawranceordnance.com/khaki_and_green/badges_british_gurkha/index.php"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Chappell15_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Chappell15_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Chappell15_3-2"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Chappell13_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Chappell13_4-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Chappell13_4-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"593346009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/593346009"},{"link_name":"OL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OL_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"25432016M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//openlibrary.org/books/OL25432016M"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"\"Article 35A and the basic structure\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//usiofindia.org/Article/?ano=609%20&pubno=550%20&pub=Journal"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"\"2nd King Edward VII's Own Gurkha Rifles (The Sirmoor Rifles)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20051229185523/http://www.regiments.org/regiments/southasia/gurkha/02GR.htm"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.regiments.org/regiments/southasia/gurkha/02GR.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"}],"sub_title":"Citations","text":"^ Lawrance Ordnance – Gurkha (British Army) Regiment Badges\n\n^ Parker 2005, p. 46.\n\n^ a b c Chappell 1993, p. 15.\n\n^ a b c Chappell 1993, p. 13.\n\n^ Chappell 1993, p. 14.\n\n^ Chappell 1993, pp. 14–15.\n\n^ Cecil John Edmonds (2009), East and West of Zagros, Brill Academic Publishers, OCLC 593346009, OL 25432016M\n\n^ Parker 2005, p. 224.\n\n^ Regimental History of the 8th Gorkha Rifles 1947–1991 by Colonel (Retd) R.D. Palsokar\n\n^ \"Article 35A and the basic structure\".\n\n^ Parker 2005, p. 302.\n\n^ Parker 2005, pp. 385–386.\n\n^ Parker 2005, pp. 391–393.\n\n^ \"2nd King Edward VII's Own Gurkha Rifles (The Sirmoor Rifles)\". regiments.org. Archived from the original on 29 December 2005. Retrieved 14 February 2017.\n\n^ W. Y. Carman, page 189 \"Indian Army Uniforms Under the British From the 18th Century to 1947: Artillery, Engineers and Infantry\", Morgsn-Grampian: London 1969\n\n^ W. Y. Carman, pages 202–202 \"Indian Army Uniforms Under the British From the 18th Century to 1947: Artillery, Engineers and Infantry\", Morgsn-Grampian: London 1969","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Kabul expeditionary force on the march: Quarter Guard of the 3 Gorkha Rifles. 30 November 1878.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/AfghanWarIllustration1878.jpg/220px-AfghanWarIllustration1878.jpg"}]
[{"title":"List of Brigade of Gurkhas recipients of the Victoria Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Brigade_of_Gurkhas_recipients_of_the_Victoria_Cross"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achyut_Charan_Choudhury
Achyut Charan Choudhury
["1 Life","2 Bibliography","3 References","4 External links"]
Bengali writer and historian Achyut Charan ChoudhuryChoudhury seated next a stone fragment from the Pratapgarh Kingdom, c. 1900s.Born(1866-02-05)5 February 1866Died25 September 1953(1953-09-25) (aged 87)LanguageBengaliGenresHistory, religionNotable worksSrihatter Itibritta Achyut Charan Choudhury (Bengali: অচ্যুৎচরণ চৌধুরী; 5 February 1866 – 25 September 1953) was a Bengali writer and historian. Though he wrote several books regarding Vaishnav Hinduism, Choudhury is most well known for his monumental work on the history of the Sylhet region, the Srihatter Itibritta. Life Born in the village of Moina in Karimganj (then part of the District of Sylhet), he was the son of Aditya Charan Choudhury and his wife Kotimoni. Through his father, Choudhury was a descendant of the Zamindars of Jafargarh. As a child, while he received some primary education, Choudhury also taught himself history and religion, with a special focus on literature and Vaishnav theory. The latter proved of particular importance in adulthood when he converted to the faith, performing pilgrimages to holy sites in places such as Puri, Vrindavan and Dhakadakkhin. In the last of these, he established a temple out of his own expenses. In 1897, he began his career as a teacher in Girish Middle English School in Sylhet, before later being appointed treasurer of the landed estate in Patharkandi. In 1897, Choudhury establish a monthly newspaper called Srihatter Durpun, though this ceased publication after only two years. A decade later, he began his magnum opus, an extensive work on the history of Sylhet, termed the Srihatter Itibritta. The text was published in two volumes. The first, released in 1910, focused its early chapters on the geography of Sylhet before chronicling the development of the region. This continued on in the second volume, published six years later, which also included the genealogies of prominent Sylheti families, as well as over a hundred short biographies of notable personages. The work was widely praised at the time of its release, with the contemporary historian Jadunath Sarkar applauding its "ideal technique" in chronicling regional history. The Srihatter Itibritta remains a lauded and popular work to the present-day. Choudhury maintained an extensive personal library composed of three thousand books and manuscripts regarding history and religion. He also wrote a series of books on Vaishnav theology, with his devotion to the faith leading him to be regarded by local people as a guru. He died on 25 September 1953, aged eighty-seven. Bibliography Vokti Niryash (1893) Srigopal Bhatta Goswamir Jibancharit (1896) Prem Prosongo (1898) Srimot Haridas Thakurer Jibancharit (1900) Oviram Charit (1902) Srimat Shyamananda Charit (1902) Sripad Ishwarpuri (1903) 'rimat Roop Sanatan (1906) 'richoitannya Charit (1906) Srihatter Itibritta: Purbangsho (1910) Nitai Lila Lohori (1913) Sadhucharit (1913) Shantilata (1914) Srihatter Itibritta: Uttarrangsho (1916) 'ribalasutramer Padyoanubad (1922) 'rigouranger Purbavchal Paribhramon ba Assam O Dhakadakkhin Lila Prosongo (1928) References ^ a b c d e Sharma, Nandalal (2014). "Choudhury, Achuyatcharan". Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh. Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. ^ Choudhury, Sujit (1960). The Mutiny Period in Cachar. Tagore Society. p. 53. External links Choudhury, Achyut Charan (2000) . Srihattar Itibritta: Purbangsho  (in Bengali) (first ed.). Kolkata: Kotha – via Wikisource. Choudhury, Achyut Charan (1917). Srihattar Itibritta: Uttarrangsho  (in Bengali) (first ed.). Kolkata: Kotha – via Wikisource. Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National United States Academics CiNii
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bengali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language"},{"link_name":"Bengali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengalis"},{"link_name":"Vaishnav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaishnavism"},{"link_name":"Hinduism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism"},{"link_name":"Sylhet region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylhet_region"}],"text":"Achyut Charan Choudhury (Bengali: অচ্যুৎচরণ চৌধুরী; 5 February 1866 – 25 September 1953) was a Bengali writer and historian. Though he wrote several books regarding Vaishnav Hinduism, Choudhury is most well known for his monumental work on the history of the Sylhet region, the Srihatter Itibritta.","title":"Achyut Charan Choudhury"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Karimganj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karimganj"},{"link_name":"District of Sylhet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylhet_Division"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Banglapedia-1"},{"link_name":"Zamindars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamindar"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Vaishnav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaishnavism"},{"link_name":"Puri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puri"},{"link_name":"Vrindavan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrindavan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Banglapedia-1"},{"link_name":"Patharkandi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patharkandi"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Banglapedia-1"},{"link_name":"Jadunath Sarkar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jadunath_Sarkar"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Banglapedia-1"},{"link_name":"guru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Banglapedia-1"}],"text":"Born in the village of Moina in Karimganj (then part of the District of Sylhet), he was the son of Aditya Charan Choudhury and his wife Kotimoni.[1] Through his father, Choudhury was a descendant of the Zamindars of Jafargarh.[2]As a child, while he received some primary education, Choudhury also taught himself history and religion, with a special focus on literature and Vaishnav theory. The latter proved of particular importance in adulthood when he converted to the faith, performing pilgrimages to holy sites in places such as Puri, Vrindavan and Dhakadakkhin. In the last of these, he established a temple out of his own expenses.[1]In 1897, he began his career as a teacher in Girish Middle English School in Sylhet, before later being appointed treasurer of the landed estate in Patharkandi. In 1897, Choudhury establish a monthly newspaper called Srihatter Durpun, though this ceased publication after only two years.[1]A decade later, he began his magnum opus, an extensive work on the history of Sylhet, termed the Srihatter Itibritta. The text was published in two volumes. The first, released in 1910, focused its early chapters on the geography of Sylhet before chronicling the development of the region. This continued on in the second volume, published six years later, which also included the genealogies of prominent Sylheti families, as well as over a hundred short biographies of notable personages. The work was widely praised at the time of its release, with the contemporary historian Jadunath Sarkar applauding its \"ideal technique\" in chronicling regional history. The Srihatter Itibritta remains a lauded and popular work to the present-day.[1]Choudhury maintained an extensive personal library composed of three thousand books and manuscripts regarding history and religion. He also wrote a series of books on Vaishnav theology, with his devotion to the faith leading him to be regarded by local people as a guru. He died on 25 September 1953, aged eighty-seven.[1]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Vokti Niryash (1893)\nSrigopal Bhatta Goswamir Jibancharit (1896)\nPrem Prosongo (1898)\nSrimot Haridas Thakurer Jibancharit (1900)\nOviram Charit (1902)\nSrimat Shyamananda Charit (1902)\nSripad Ishwarpuri (1903)\n'rimat Roop Sanatan (1906)\n'richoitannya Charit (1906)\nSrihatter Itibritta: Purbangsho (1910)\nNitai Lila Lohori (1913)\nSadhucharit (1913)\nShantilata (1914)\nSrihatter Itibritta: Uttarrangsho (1916)\n'ribalasutramer Padyoanubad (1922)\n'rigouranger Purbavchal Paribhramon ba Assam O Dhakadakkhin Lila Prosongo (1928)","title":"Bibliography"}]
[]
null
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