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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Allen_R._Schindler_Jr. | Murder of Allen R. Schindler Jr. | ["1 Background","2 Murder","3 Details revealed","4 Trial and outcomes","5 Legacy","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"] | American sailor murdered for being gay (1969–1992)
Allen R. Schindler Jr.Born(1969-12-13)December 13, 1969Chicago Heights, Illinois, USDiedOctober 27, 1992(1992-10-27) (aged 22)Sasebo, Nagasaki, JapanAllegianceUnited StatesService/branchUnited States NavyRankE4 Radioman 3rd Class
Allen R. Schindler Jr. (December 13, 1969 – October 27, 1992) was an American Radioman Petty Officer Third Class in the United States Navy who was murdered for being gay. He was killed in a public toilet in Sasebo, Nagasaki, Japan, by Terry M. Helvey, who acted with the aid of an accomplice, Charles E. Vins, in what Esquire called a "brutal murder". The case became synonymous with the debate concerning LGBT members of the military that had been brewing in the United States, culminating in the "Don't ask, don't tell" policy.
Schindler's family was only able to identify him by the tattoos on his arms. His killing remained front-page news throughout the spring of 1993. The case was later featured in The New York Times and Esquire.
The events surrounding Schindler's murder were the subject of ABC's 20/20 episode and were portrayed in the 1997 TV film Any Mother's Son. In 1998, Any Mother's Son won a GLAAD Media Award for Outstanding Made for TV Movie.
Background
Allen R. Schindler Jr. was born on December 13, 1969, in Chicago Heights, Cook County, Illinois to Dorothy Hajdys, now known as Clausen or Hajdys-Clausen, and Allen Schindler Sr. His parents divorced when he was four years old. Schindler was the third of four children and brought up in the Christian faith. He had two older sisters, Barbara and Kathy Eickhoff, and one younger half-sibling, William "Billy" Hajdys. Schindler was from a naval family; his grandfather served in World War II and his stepfather in the Vietnam War. Following in their footsteps, Schindler enlisted while still in junior high at Bloom High School. He graduated from Camp Pendleton in November 1988.
Schindler served in the Navy for four years (1988–1992) as a radioman on the USS San Jose, the USS Midway, and on the amphibious assault ship USS Belleau Wood in Sasebo, Nagasaki, where he was serving at the time of his death.
According to several of his friends, Schindler had complained repeatedly of anti-gay harassment to his chain of command in March and April 1992, citing incidents such as the gluing-shut of his locker and frequent comments from shipmates such as "There's a faggot on this ship and he should die". Schindler's complaints continued to go unanswered. By September, he had reached his breaking point and requested to see the captain, but his request was denied. While on transport from San Diego, California, to Sasebo, the USS Belleau Wood made a brief stop in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. Afterward, en route to Japan, Schindler broadcast an unauthorized statement "2-Q-T-2-B-S-T-R-8" (too cute to be straight) on secure lines reaching much of the Pacific Fleet.
On September 24, Schindler met with the ship's executive officer. At the meeting and with the ship's chaplain present, Schindler formally declared he was gay and requested a transfer and discharge. Schindler also informed his commanding officer, Captain Douglas J. Bradt, and the ship's legal officer, Captain Bernard Meyer. He was told the processing of his discharge would take two weeks, but his superiors insisted he remain on his ship until the process was finished. Though he knew his safety was at risk, Schindler obeyed orders. The following day, he was called to appear at captain's mast for the unauthorized radio message. He had requested that the hearing be closed for confidentiality, but Captain Bradt disregarded his request, and it was open, with two hundred to three hundred people in attendance. Schindler made no open admission of his homosexuality at the mast. Some shipmates took it as an invitation to harass him with impunity. Schindler's rank was reduced from RM1 to RM3, and he was placed on a thirty-day restriction aboard the ship. He was unable to leave the ship until a few weeks after arriving at Sasebo and four days before his death.
Murder
Airman Apprentice Terry M. Helvey, who was a member of the ship's weather department (OA Division, Operations Department), stomped Schindler to death in a bathroom in a park in Sasebo, Nagasaki. A key witness, Jonathan Witte, saw Helvey repeatedly stomp on Schindler's body while singing. Witte then ran to retrieve Shore Patrolmen nearby, which startled Helvey and his accomplice, Charles E. Vins, into running from the bathroom. Witte returned with Shore Patrolmen in less than 30 seconds and saw Schindler lying on the floor, struggling to breathe through a mouthful of blood. Witte and Shore Patrolmen carried Schindler to the nearby Albuquerque Bridge where he died from his injuries. Witte had met Schindler previously two days before his murder, but given the gravity of his injuries, he was unable to recognize Schindler. A second witness to the attack, Schindler's shipmate and friend Keith Sims, was also unable to recognize him.
Schindler had "at least four fatal injuries to the head, chest, and abdomen." He had eight broken ribs, his face and head were crushed, and the globes of his eyes were burst and ruptured. His nose was broken; his upper jaw was broken; the whole middle portion of his face was detached and floating loosely. There were bruises and cuts on the surface of his neck, head, and chest; there were bruises on his brain, on his lungs, his heart. The pericardial sac around his heart was filled with 250 milliliters of blood. His liver had been turned to pulp "like a tomato smushed up inside its cover." The impact of blows to the chest had torn his aorta, with "a blunt force exceeding a 20 G force." His bladder had been ripped open, his penis had been bruised and lacerated, and he had "sneaker-tread marks stamped on his forehead and chest", destroying "every organ in his body", leaving behind a "nearly unrecognizable corpse." Jonathan Witte was asked to explain in detail to the military court what the crime scene looked like, but he refused, as Schindler's mother and sister were present in the courtroom. Navy Commander Edward Kilbane, the medical examiner who conducted the autopsy on Schindler's body, compared Schindler's injuries to those sustained by a victim of a fatal horse trampling, saying they were worse "than the damage to a person who'd been stomped by a horse; they were similar to what might be sustained in a high-speed car crash or a low-speed aircraft accident." After reading Schindler's medical report, Hajdys-Clausen said that "just about everything was damaged except his heart."
Details revealed
The Navy was less than forthcoming about the details of the killing, both to the news media and to the victim's family, especially his mother, Dorothy Hajdys-Clausen. Navy officials failed to include his belongings: the log book Schindler kept of his time on board, and his record of harassment he was receiving on the advice of friends.
In the wake of Schindler's murder, the Navy denied that it had received any complaints of harassment and refused to speak publicly about the case or to release the Japanese police report on the murder.
Several Belleau Wood shipmates reported receiving harassment before and after Schindler's death. Keith Sims stated that he had reported Helvey and Vins to the ship's legal officer, Captain Bernard Meyer, but nothing was done in response. In a 2019 documentary, Jonathan Witte stated that he had been personally threatened by Captain Bradt and the Belleau Wood executive officer.
The Navy dismissed its failure to inform Hajdys-Clausen of Vin's court martial as "a bureaucratic screw-up." With the help of veteran LGBTQ rights activist Michael Petrelis, Hajdys-Clausen took Schindler's case to the public. In 2015, after 23 years of repeated Freedom of Information Act requests, the Navy released a conclusive 900-page report admitting Schindler was harassed. "Allen Schindler was destined to become yet another gay man killed and forgotten," Petrelis stated. "Now, 23 years after his death, we finally share the full details of his murder. In doing so, we honor his memory on Veterans Day 2015. People must know the role that governmental homophobia played in his murder and the subsequent cover-up."
On November 7, 1992, a wake was held for Schindler in his hometown of Chicago Heights, Illinois. Schindler was buried with full military honors. The day before, when Schindler's family was called down to the funeral home, his mother requested that his coffin be opened after the Navy advised against it. "There was a sailor in dress blues ... but it looked nothing like the boy I'd kissed goodbye two months earlier," Hajdys-Clausen said. At the wake, Schindler's sister Kathy asked that the coffin be opened again. They could only identify him by the tattoos on his arms, as his face was so disfigured.
Trial and outcomes
During the trial, Helvey denied that he killed Schindler because he was gay, stating, "I did not attack him because he was homosexual", but evidence presented by Navy investigator Kennon F. Privette, from the interrogation of Helvey the day after the murder, showed otherwise. "He said he hated homosexuals. He was disgusted by them," Privette said. On killing Schindler, Privette quoted Helvey as saying: "I don't regret it. I'd do it again. ... He deserved it."
To avoid a possible death sentence, Helvey pleaded guilty to unpremeditated murder, which carries a maximum sentence of life in prison.
After the trial, Helvey was convicted of murder and Douglas J. Bradt, the captain who kept the incident quiet, was transferred to shore duty in Florida. Helvey is serving a life sentence. By statute, Helvey is granted a clemency hearing every year. Initially, he was imprisoned in the United States Disciplinary Barracks. As of 2024, he is housed at FCI Greenville in Illinois under the inmate number 13867-045. Helvey's accomplice, Charles E. Vins, was allowed to plea bargain as guilty to three lesser offenses, including failure to report a serious crime and to testify truthfully against Helvey, and served a 78-day sentence before receiving a general discharge from the Navy.
Legacy
The events surrounding Schindler's murder were the subject of a 20/20 episode and were portrayed in the 1997 TV film Any Mother's Son. In 1998, Any Mother's Son won a GLAAD Media Award for Outstanding Made for TV Movie.
Schindler's mother Dorothy Hajdys-Clausen became a gay rights activist after his murder. In 1992 she received the National Leather Association International's Jan Lyon Award for Regional or Local Work. In April 1993 she marched in the March on Washington for Lesbian, Gay and Bi Equal Rights and Liberation, and on June 27, she led the Gay Pride Parade in Chicago. In 2011, Hajdys-Clausen went to Washington, D.C., to celebrate the repeal of DADT. "I'm so happy 'Don't Ask Don't Tell' got repealed." Dorothy said. "I just hope now there will be no more deaths like Allen Schindler's."
Schindler's case was presented in the 2018 TV documentary crime series, The 1990s: The Deadliest Decade, season 1, episode 8, "Don't Ask Don't Tell." The episode, which aired on Jan. 7, 2019, on Investigation Discovery, chronicled the events that led up to Schindler's murder and featured excerpts from Schindler's journal and autopsy report, as well as detailing Michael Petrelis' 900-page file on Schindler and Terry Helvey's written confession. Interviews were given by Schindler's mother, Dorothy Hajdys-Clausen, Petrelis, Jonathan Witte, and former reporter for the Stars and Stripes, Rick Rogers.
In 2020, U.S. Navy veteran Shon Washington honored Schindler on the 28th anniversary of his death in a viral social media post sharing his experiences as a gay Navy officer serving under DADT. Washington ended the post by thanking Schindler and his mother for impacting his life and helping repair his fraught relationship with his own mother.
Schindler is buried in Evergreen Hill Memory Gardens in Steger, Will County, Illinois. The date of death on Schindler's gravestone is marked October 28, 1992, in accordance to the doctor's pronouncement of death.
See also
Biography portalLGBT portalLaw portal
Barry Winchell
Judge Advocate General's Corps
Military law
References
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External links
Allen R. Schindler, Jr. FB Memorial Page
Memorial Hall: Allen Schindler, Jr.
Allen Schindler, Jr. news via Servicemembers Legal Defense Network
Crime of Gay Hate, the murder of Allen Schindler
Any Mother's Son at IMDb
Murder of Allen R. 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Schindler Jr. (December 13, 1969 – October 27, 1992) was an American Radioman Petty Officer Third Class in the United States Navy who was murdered for being gay. He was killed in a public toilet in Sasebo, Nagasaki, Japan, by Terry M. Helvey, who acted with the aid of an accomplice, Charles E. 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Schindler Jr."},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chicago Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Heights,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Christian faith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESprinkle2011247-11"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chip-2"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"Bloom High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloom_High_School"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Camp Pendleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Corps_Base_Camp_Pendleton"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"USS San Jose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_San_Jose"},{"link_name":"USS Midway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Midway_(CV-41)"},{"link_name":"amphibious assault ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibious_assault_ship"},{"link_name":"USS Belleau Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Belleau_Wood_(LHA-3)"},{"link_name":"anti-gay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterosexism"},{"link_name":"harassment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay_bashing"},{"link_name":"chain of command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_of_command"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Human-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Pearl Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Harbor"},{"link_name":"Pacific Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Pacific_Fleet"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes-3"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-15"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESprinkle2011250-17"},{"link_name":"captain's mast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonjudicial_punishment"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chip-2"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESprinkle2011251-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESprinkle2011251-19"},{"link_name":"Sasebo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Fleet_Activities_Sasebo"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESprinkle2011253%E2%80%93254-21"}],"text":"Allen R. Schindler Jr. was born on December 13, 1969, in Chicago Heights, Cook County, Illinois to Dorothy Hajdys, now known as Clausen or Hajdys-Clausen,[8][9] and Allen Schindler Sr. His parents divorced when he was four years old. Schindler was the third of four children and brought up in the Christian faith.[10][11] He had two older sisters, Barbara and Kathy Eickhoff, and one younger half-sibling, William \"Billy\" Hajdys. Schindler was from a naval family;[2] his grandfather served in World War II and his stepfather in the Vietnam War. Following in their footsteps, Schindler enlisted while still in junior high at Bloom High School.[12] He graduated from Camp Pendleton in November 1988.Schindler served in the Navy for four years (1988–1992)[13] as a radioman on the USS San Jose, the USS Midway, and on the amphibious assault ship USS Belleau Wood in Sasebo, Nagasaki, where he was serving at the time of his death.According to several of his friends, Schindler had complained repeatedly of anti-gay harassment to his chain of command in March and April 1992, citing incidents such as the gluing-shut of his locker and frequent comments from shipmates such as \"There's a faggot on this ship and he should die\".[14][15] Schindler's complaints continued to go unanswered. By September, he had reached his breaking point and requested to see the captain, but his request was denied.[16] While on transport from San Diego, California, to Sasebo, the USS Belleau Wood made a brief stop in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. Afterward, en route to Japan, Schindler broadcast an unauthorized statement \"2-Q-T-2-B-S-T-R-8\" (too cute to be straight) on secure lines reaching much of the Pacific Fleet.[3]On September 24, Schindler met with the ship's executive officer. At the meeting and with the ship's chaplain present, Schindler formally declared he was gay and requested a transfer and discharge.[15] Schindler also informed his commanding officer, Captain Douglas J. Bradt, and the ship's legal officer, Captain Bernard Meyer.[17] He was told the processing of his discharge would take two weeks, but his superiors insisted he remain on his ship until the process was finished. Though he knew his safety was at risk, Schindler obeyed orders. The following day, he was called to appear at captain's mast for the unauthorized radio message. He had requested that the hearing be closed for confidentiality, but Captain Bradt disregarded his request,[18] and it was open, with two hundred to three hundred people in attendance.[2] Schindler made no open admission of his homosexuality at the mast.[19] Some shipmates took it as an invitation to harass him with impunity.[20] Schindler's rank was reduced from RM1 to RM3, and he was placed on a thirty-day restriction aboard the ship.[19] He was unable to leave the ship until a few weeks after arriving at Sasebo and four days before his death. [21]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Albuquerque Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albuquerque_Bridge"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chip-2"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chip-2"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gltimes-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-belkin-28"},{"link_name":"medical examiner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coroner"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chip-2"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"Airman Apprentice Terry M. Helvey, who was a member of the ship's weather department (OA Division, Operations Department), stomped Schindler to death in a bathroom in a park in Sasebo, Nagasaki. A key witness, Jonathan Witte,[22] saw Helvey repeatedly stomp on Schindler's body while singing. Witte then ran to retrieve Shore Patrolmen nearby, which startled Helvey and his accomplice, Charles E. Vins, into running from the bathroom. Witte returned with Shore Patrolmen in less than 30 seconds and saw Schindler lying on the floor, struggling to breathe through a mouthful of blood. Witte and Shore Patrolmen carried Schindler to the nearby Albuquerque Bridge where he died from his injuries.[2] Witte had met Schindler previously two days before his murder, but given the gravity of his injuries, he was unable to recognize Schindler. A second witness to the attack, Schindler's shipmate and friend Keith Sims, was also unable to recognize him.[23][24]Schindler had \"at least four fatal injuries to the head, chest, and abdomen.\" He had eight broken ribs, his face and head were crushed, and the globes of his eyes were burst and ruptured.[25] His nose was broken; his upper jaw was broken; the whole middle portion of his face was detached and floating loosely. There were bruises and cuts on the surface of his neck, head, and chest; there were bruises on his brain, on his lungs, his heart. The pericardial sac around his heart was filled with 250 milliliters of blood.[2] His liver had been turned to pulp \"like a tomato smushed up inside its cover.\" The impact of blows to the chest had torn his aorta, with \"a blunt force exceeding a 20 G force.\"[26] His bladder had been ripped open, his penis had been bruised and lacerated, and he had \"sneaker-tread marks stamped on his forehead and chest\", destroying \"every organ in his body\",[27] leaving behind a \"nearly unrecognizable corpse.\"[28] Jonathan Witte was asked to explain in detail to the military court what the crime scene looked like, but he refused, as Schindler's mother and sister were present in the courtroom. Navy Commander Edward Kilbane, the medical examiner who conducted the autopsy on Schindler's body, compared Schindler's injuries to those sustained by a victim of a fatal horse trampling, saying they were worse \"than the damage to a person who'd been stomped by a horse; they were similar to what might be sustained in a high-speed car crash or a low-speed aircraft accident.\"[2] After reading Schindler's medical report, Hajdys-Clausen said that \"just about everything was damaged except his heart.\"[29]","title":"Murder"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-joyner-30"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Human-14"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Michael Petrelis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Petrelis"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Freedom of Information Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_Information_Act_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESprinkle2011242-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESprinkle2011260%E2%80%93261-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"text":"The Navy was less than forthcoming about the details of the killing, both to the news media and to the victim's family, especially his mother, Dorothy Hajdys-Clausen.[30] Navy officials failed to include his belongings: the log book Schindler kept of his time on board, and his record of harassment he was receiving on the advice of friends.In the wake of Schindler's murder, the Navy denied that it had received any complaints of harassment and refused to speak publicly about the case or to release the Japanese police report on the murder.[14]Several Belleau Wood shipmates reported receiving harassment before and after Schindler's death.[31][32][33] Keith Sims stated that he had reported Helvey and Vins to the ship's legal officer, Captain Bernard Meyer, but nothing was done in response.[34] In a 2019 documentary, Jonathan Witte stated that he had been personally threatened by Captain Bradt and the Belleau Wood executive officer.[35]The Navy dismissed its failure to inform Hajdys-Clausen of Vin's court martial as \"a bureaucratic screw-up.\"[36] With the help of veteran LGBTQ rights activist Michael Petrelis, Hajdys-Clausen took Schindler's case to the public.[37] In 2015, after 23 years of repeated Freedom of Information Act requests, the Navy released a conclusive 900-page report admitting Schindler was harassed.[38] \"Allen Schindler was destined to become yet another gay man killed and forgotten,\" Petrelis stated. \"Now, 23 years after his death, we finally share the full details of his murder. In doing so, we honor his memory on Veterans Day 2015. People must know the role that governmental homophobia played in his murder and the subsequent cover-up.\"[39]On November 7, 1992, a wake was held for Schindler in his hometown of Chicago Heights, Illinois. Schindler was buried with full military honors.[40] The day before, when Schindler's family was called down to the funeral home, his mother requested that his coffin be opened after the Navy advised against it.[41] \"There was a sailor in dress blues ... but it looked nothing like the boy I'd kissed goodbye two months earlier,\" Hajdys-Clausen said.[42][43] At the wake, Schindler's sister Kathy asked that the coffin be opened again. They could only identify him by the tattoos on his arms, as his face was so disfigured.[44][45]","title":"Details revealed"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jameson-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jameson-1"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"clemency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pardon"},{"link_name":"United States Disciplinary Barracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Disciplinary_Barracks"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Murder_of_Allen_R._Schindler_Jr.&action=edit"},{"link_name":"FCI Greenville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Correctional_Institution,_Greenville"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"plea bargain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plea_bargain"}],"text":"During the trial, Helvey denied that he killed Schindler because he was gay, stating, \"I did not attack him because he was homosexual\", but evidence presented by Navy investigator Kennon F. Privette, from the interrogation of Helvey the day after the murder, showed otherwise. \"He said he hated homosexuals. He was disgusted by them,\" Privette said. On killing Schindler, Privette quoted Helvey as saying: \"I don't regret it. I'd do it again. ... He deserved it.\"[1]To avoid a possible death sentence, Helvey pleaded guilty to unpremeditated murder, which carries a maximum sentence of life in prison.[1][46]After the trial, Helvey was convicted of murder and Douglas J. Bradt, the captain who kept the incident quiet, was transferred to shore duty in Florida. Helvey is serving a life sentence.[47] By statute, Helvey is granted a clemency hearing every year. Initially, he was imprisoned in the United States Disciplinary Barracks. As of 2024[update], he is housed at FCI Greenville in Illinois under the inmate number 13867-045.[48] Helvey's accomplice, Charles E. Vins, was allowed to plea bargain as guilty to three lesser offenses, including failure to report a serious crime and to testify truthfully against Helvey, and served a 78-day sentence before receiving a general discharge from the Navy.","title":"Trial and outcomes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"20/20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20/20_(US_television_series)"},{"link_name":"Any Mother's Son","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Any_Mother%27s_Son"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Any_Mother's_Son_%E2%80%93_About_the_Movie-6"},{"link_name":"GLAAD Media Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLAAD_Media_Awards"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GLAAD_Awards_Part_I_in_NYC-7"},{"link_name":"National Leather Association International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Leather_Association_International"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"March on Washington for Lesbian, Gay and Bi Equal Rights and Liberation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_on_Washington_for_Lesbian,_Gay_and_Bi_Equal_Rights_and_Liberation"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Gay Pride Parade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pride_parade"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Investigation Discovery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investigation_Discovery"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Stars and Stripes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stars_and_Stripes_(newspaper)"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chip-2"}],"text":"The events surrounding Schindler's murder were the subject of a 20/20 episode and were portrayed in the 1997 TV film Any Mother's Son.[6] In 1998, Any Mother's Son won a GLAAD Media Award for Outstanding Made for TV Movie.[7]Schindler's mother Dorothy Hajdys-Clausen became a gay rights activist after his murder. In 1992 she received the National Leather Association International's Jan Lyon Award for Regional or Local Work.[49] In April 1993 she marched in the March on Washington for Lesbian, Gay and Bi Equal Rights and Liberation,[50][51] and on June 27, she led the Gay Pride Parade in Chicago.[52][53] In 2011, Hajdys-Clausen went to Washington, D.C., to celebrate the repeal of DADT.[54] \"I'm so happy 'Don't Ask Don't Tell' got repealed.\" Dorothy said. \"I just hope now there will be no more deaths like Allen Schindler's.\"[55]Schindler's case was presented in the 2018 TV documentary crime series, The 1990s: The Deadliest Decade, season 1, episode 8, \"Don't Ask Don't Tell.\" The episode, which aired on Jan. 7, 2019, on Investigation Discovery,[56] chronicled the events that led up to Schindler's murder and featured excerpts from Schindler's journal and autopsy report, as well as detailing Michael Petrelis' 900-page file on Schindler and Terry Helvey's written confession. Interviews were given by Schindler's mother, Dorothy Hajdys-Clausen, Petrelis, Jonathan Witte, and former reporter for the Stars and Stripes, Rick Rogers.In 2020, U.S. Navy veteran Shon Washington honored Schindler on the 28th anniversary of his death in a viral social media post sharing his experiences as a gay Navy officer serving under DADT. Washington ended the post by thanking Schindler and his mother for impacting his life and helping repair his fraught relationship with his own mother.[57][58]Schindler is buried in Evergreen Hill Memory Gardens in Steger, Will County, Illinois. The date of death on Schindler's gravestone is marked October 28, 1992, in accordance to the doctor's pronouncement of death.[2]","title":"Legacy"}] | [] | [{"title":"Biography portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biography"},{"title":"LGBT portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:LGBT"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg"},{"title":"Law portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Law"},{"title":"Barry Winchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Winchell"},{"title":"Judge Advocate General's Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judge_Advocate_General%27s_Corps"},{"title":"Military law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_law"}] | [{"reference":"Jameson, Sam (May 28, 1994), \"U.S. Sailor Sentenced to Life Imprisonment in Murder\", Los Angeles Times, archived from the original on December 12, 2012, retrieved March 21, 2008","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20121212215128/http://tech.mit.edu/V113/N28/sailor.28w.txt.html","url_text":"\"U.S. Sailor Sentenced to Life Imprisonment in Murder\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"},{"url":"http://tech.mit.edu/V113/N28/sailor.28w.txt.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Brown, Chip (December 1993), \"The Accidental Martyr\", Esquire, archived from the original on March 27, 2008, retrieved March 21, 2008","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chipbrown.net/articles/martyr.htm","url_text":"\"The Accidental Martyr\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esquire_(magazine)","url_text":"Esquire"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080327121745/http://www.chipbrown.net/articles/martyr.htm","url_text":"archived"}]},{"reference":"Green, Jesse (September 12, 1993), \"What the Navy Taught Allen Schindler's Mother\", New York Times, archived from the original on April 10, 2023, retrieved March 29, 2010","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1993/09/12/magazine/what-the-navy-taught-allen-schindler-s-mother.html","url_text":"\"What the Navy Taught Allen Schindler's Mother\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times","url_text":"New York Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230410132109/https://www.nytimes.com/1993/09/12/magazine/what-the-navy-taught-allen-schindler-s-mother.html","url_text":"archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Who was Allen Schindler?\". Bay Area Reporter. Archived from the original on March 12, 2023. Retrieved March 12, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230312211620/https://www.ebar.com/story.php?234385","url_text":"\"Who was Allen Schindler?\""},{"url":"https://www.ebar.com/story.php?234385","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"BROWN, CHIP. \"The Accidental Martyr | Esquire | DECEMBER 1993\". Esquire | The Complete Archive. Retrieved March 11, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://classic.esquire.com/article/1993/12/1/the-accidental-martyr","url_text":"\"The Accidental Martyr | Esquire | DECEMBER 1993\""}]},{"reference":"\"Any Mother's Son – About the Movie\". Lifetime Television. Archived from the original on January 26, 2008. Retrieved January 12, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080126022232/http://www.mylifetime.com/on-tv/movies/any-mothers-son","url_text":"\"Any Mother's Son – About the Movie\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifetime_Television","url_text":"Lifetime Television"},{"url":"http://www.mylifetime.com/on-tv/movies/any-mothers-son","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"GLAAD Awards Part I in NYC\". PlanetOut Inc. March 31, 1998. Archived from the original on February 1, 2002. Retrieved February 12, 2002.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.planetout.com/news/article.html?1998/03/31/5","url_text":"\"GLAAD Awards Part I in NYC\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlanetOut_Inc.","url_text":"PlanetOut Inc."},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20020201231248/http://www.planetout.com/news/article.html?1998%2F03%2F31%2F5","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Tammye (March 11, 2022). \"Parole denied for man who murdered gay sailor in 1992\". Dallas Voice. Archived from the original on March 13, 2022. Retrieved October 27, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220313003052/https://dallasvoice.com/parole-denied-for-man-who-murdered-gay-sailor-in-1992/","url_text":"\"Parole denied for man who murdered gay sailor in 1992\""},{"url":"https://dallasvoice.com/parole-denied-for-man-who-murdered-gay-sailor-in-1992/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Manoukian, Marina (October 26, 2021). \"The Tragic Murder Of Allen R. Schindler Jr\". Grunge. Archived from the original on September 29, 2023. Retrieved October 27, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230929102018/https://www.grunge.com/642440/the-tragic-murder-of-allen-r-schindler-jr/","url_text":"\"The Tragic Murder Of Allen R. Schindler Jr\""},{"url":"https://www.grunge.com/642440/the-tragic-murder-of-allen-r-schindler-jr/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sprinkle, Stephen V. (January 20, 2011). 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Schindler Jr\""},{"Link":"https://www.grunge.com/642440/the-tragic-murder-of-allen-r-schindler-jr/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1LlMAwAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Unfinished Lives: Reviving the Memories of LGBTQ Hate Crimes Victims"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231220040015/https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1992-12-21-9204260153-story.html","external_links_name":"\"STRANGE CASE OF A DEAD SAILOR\""},{"Link":"https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1992-12-21-9204260153-story.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231220040011/https://navy.togetherweserved.com/usn/servlet/tws.webapp.WebApp?cmd=SBVTimeLine&type=Person&ID=555291","external_links_name":"\"TogetherWeServed - RM3 Allen R. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dade_County_Courthouse | Miami-Dade County Courthouse | ["1 History","2 Present day","3 Gallery","4 References","5 External links"] | Coordinates: 25°46′28.6″N 80°11′42.5″W / 25.774611°N 80.195139°W / 25.774611; -80.195139
United States historic placeMiami-Dade County CourthouseU.S. National Register of Historic Places
Miami-Dade County CourthouseShow map of MiamiShow map of FloridaShow map of the United StatesLocationMiami, FloridaCoordinates25°46′28.6″N 80°11′42.5″W / 25.774611°N 80.195139°W / 25.774611; -80.195139Built1925-1928ArchitectA. Ten Eyck Brown and August GeigerArchitectural styleClassical RevivalMPSDowntown Miami MRANRHP reference No.88002983Added to NRHPJanuary 4, 1989
The Miami-Dade County Courthouse, formerly known as the Dade County Courthouse, is a historic courthouse and skyscraper located at 73 West Flagler Street in Miami, Florida. Constructed over four years (1925–28), it was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places on January 4, 1989. The building is 361 feet tall with 28 floors. When it was built, it was the tallest building in both the city of Miami and state of Florida.
It is still in use as the main civil courthouse of Miami-Dade County, though a new courthouse is being built nearby to be completed by 2025.
History
When county government was established following the Civil War, public records were sparse. Thus, whichever location the county's chief office holder decided to do business was the de facto courthouse.
In 1890, Dade County's first courthouse stood in the town of Juno, Florida some 10 mi (16 km) north of West Palm Beach. At the time, Dade County covered more territory than it does today, stretching from Bahia Honda Key, in the middle Keys, up to the St. Lucie River, near present-day Port St. Lucie.
Juno was chosen as the county seat because of its strategic location at the southern terminus of the Jupiter-Juno railroad. Juno also held the northern terminus of the boat and connecting stagecoach line to Miami. The courthouse remained in Juno (now no longer in existence) until 1899, when it was moved to Miami down the inland waterway on a barge and was placed on the banks of the Miami River, east of the old Miami Avenue bridge.
The building was a two-story wooden-frame construction, housing offices and jail cells on the ground floor and a courtroom on the second floor. It has a Neoclassical design, in 1904 this building was replaced by a new courthouse building situated on Flagler Street (then known as Twelfth Street). It was a magnificent building constructed of limestone, having an elegant red-domed top, at the cost of $47,000. It was anticipated that this courthouse would serve the city for at least 50 years; however, no one was prepared for the rapid growth Miami experienced during this period, and by 1924, only twenty years later, there was serious talk of the need for a larger courthouse.
In the early 1920s, architect A. Ten Eyck Brown entered a design competition for Atlanta City Hall, which was rejected. He then made the plans available to Dade County, and City and County officials readily approved them. It was decided by the officials to build the new courthouse at the same location as the existing one on Flagler Street. Construction began in 1925, with workers erecting the new building around the existing structure, which was then dismantled. Community leaders and citizens alike voiced excitement over the new 28-story skyscraper that would soon dominate the skyline.
Unexpectedly, construction was halted when the building reached ten stories. It was discovered that the high-rise was sinking into the spongy ground. Engineers consulted with an architect from Mexico City, whom had encountered a similar problem while building the Palacio de Bellas Artes opera house. The consultant determined that the foundation pilings were not set deep enough. To correct the problem, cement supports were poured, which take up much of the space in the building's basement file room even to this day.
The courthouse was finally completed in 1928 at the cost of $4 million (USD 2013 $54.5 million). Initially, it served as the Dade County Courthouse and Jail, and the Miami City Hall. The jail occupied the top nine floors as it was thought that prisoners would not risk escaping from such a height, either directly down or through multiple guarded staircases and elevators. This theory was disproven in 1934, when a 21st floor prisoner picked the lock of his jail cell window and used a fire hose to lower himself to freedom. In the years following, more than 70 prisoners escaped from what was thought to be a secure and escape-proof jail.
Present day
For many years, the courthouse, at an elevation of 360 feet, was reputed to be the tallest building south of Baltimore. It was the county's first high-rise and is in the National Register of Historic Places. Efforts to refurbish this magnificent structure and restore it to its original grandeur have been underway since 1981 by Architect James W. Piersol, AIA of M.C Harry Associates Architects of Miami. The restoration and renovations initially stabilized the terra cotta facade, and installed new life safety systems. In 1982, the idea of restoring the lobby to its original distinction was the passion of both Architect James Piersol and engineer Don Youatt, of the Miami-Dade Planning and Development Department. With a little less than half of the funding necessary for the lobby restoration project in hand ($300,000 grant approved by the Legislature in 1996), the Dade County Bar Association acted as the fund-raising umbrella and initiated a drive to raise the remainder needed from lawyers and the general public. A few years later, the same team restored Courtroom 6-1, which had been the site of many infamous trials over the years.
Today, the courthouse provides offices, chambers, and courtrooms for the clerks and judiciary assigned to both the Circuit and County Civil Court.
On July 9, 2021, the courthouse was closed down after an engineer reported "safety concerns with various floors", and staff members were directed to work remotely. The inspection report was made in the wake of the deadly collapse of a condominium building in nearby Surfside. In the years prior to the closure, the structural safety of the courthouse building had been the center of complaints by resident judges and lawyers, even as county administrators consistently declared it safe following various "spot repairs". At the time of the closure, Miami-Dade County was planning the construction of a replacement building and the selling of the original courthouse.
Gallery
Southwest view of the Miami-Dade courthouse in 2011
Seen from the east
References
^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.
^ a b c "Dade County Courthouse". Florida Heritage Tourism Interactive Catalog. Florida's Office of Cultural and Historical Programs. March 6, 2007. Archived from the original on March 10, 2007.
^ a b c Sarah Eaton; Vicki L. Welcher (October 1988). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory - Nomination Form: Dade County Courthouse" (PDF). National Park Service. Retrieved November 15, 2015. Photos
^ "Miami-Dade County Clerk's webpage". Archived from the original on February 1, 2020. Retrieved November 29, 2008.
^ "A. Ten Eyck Brown (1878-1940)". Archived from the original on October 20, 2012. Retrieved March 16, 2011.
^ Hanks, Douglas; Ovalle, David (July 9, 2021). "Downtown Miami civil courthouse 'temporarily evacuated' after building inspection". The Miami Herald. Archived from the original on July 12, 2021. Retrieved July 11, 2021.
^ Andone, Dakin (July 10, 2021). "Historic Miami-Dade courthouse closed due to 'safety concerns' following condo collapse". CNN. Archived from the original on July 11, 2021. Retrieved July 11, 2021.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Miami-Dade County Courthouse.
Dade County listings, Florida's Office of Cultural and Historical Programs
Dade County Courthouse at Florida's Historic Courthouses
Dade County Courthouses, Miami History Channel
Florida's Historic Courthouses by Hampton Dunn (ISBN)
Records
Preceded byFreedom Tower
Tallest Building in Miami 1928–1972110m
Succeeded byOne Biscayne Tower
Preceded byCoral Gables Biltmore Hotel
Tallest Building in Florida 1928–1965110m
Succeeded byVehicle Assembly Building
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See also: Future Miami skyscrapers | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"courthouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courthouse"},{"link_name":"Miami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida"},{"link_name":"U.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nrhp-3"},{"link_name":"Miami-Dade County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami-Dade_County,_Florida"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"United States historic placeThe Miami-Dade County Courthouse, formerly known as the Dade County Courthouse, is a historic courthouse and skyscraper located at 73 West Flagler Street in Miami, Florida. Constructed over four years (1925–28), it was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places on January 4, 1989.[3] The building is 361 feet tall with 28 floors. When it was built, it was the tallest building in both the city of Miami and state of Florida.It is still in use as the main civil courthouse of Miami-Dade County,[4] though a new courthouse is being built nearby to be completed by 2025.","title":"Miami-Dade County Courthouse"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Juno, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juno,_Florida"},{"link_name":"West Palm Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Palm_Beach"},{"link_name":"Bahia Honda Key","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahia_Honda_Key"},{"link_name":"St. Lucie River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Lucie_River"},{"link_name":"Port St. Lucie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_St._Lucie"},{"link_name":"county seat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_seat"},{"link_name":"Miami River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_River_(Florida)"},{"link_name":"Flagler Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagler_Street"},{"link_name":"A. Ten Eyck Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._Ten_Eyck_Brown"},{"link_name":"Atlanta City Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_City_Hall"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Mexico City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_City"},{"link_name":"Palacio de Bellas Artes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palacio_de_Bellas_Artes"},{"link_name":"USD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USD"}],"text":"When county government was established following the Civil War, public records were sparse. Thus, whichever location the county's chief office holder decided to do business was the de facto courthouse.In 1890, Dade County's first courthouse stood in the town of Juno, Florida some 10 mi (16 km) north of West Palm Beach. At the time, Dade County covered more territory than it does today, stretching from Bahia Honda Key, in the middle Keys, up to the St. Lucie River, near present-day Port St. Lucie.Juno was chosen as the county seat because of its strategic location at the southern terminus of the Jupiter-Juno railroad. Juno also held the northern terminus of the boat and connecting stagecoach line to Miami. The courthouse remained in Juno (now no longer in existence) until 1899, when it was moved to Miami down the inland waterway on a barge and was placed on the banks of the Miami River, east of the old Miami Avenue bridge.The building was a two-story wooden-frame construction, housing offices and jail cells on the ground floor and a courtroom on the second floor. It has a Neoclassical design, in 1904 this building was replaced by a new courthouse building situated on Flagler Street (then known as Twelfth Street). It was a magnificent building constructed of limestone, having an elegant red-domed top, at the cost of $47,000. It was anticipated that this courthouse would serve the city for at least 50 years; however, no one was prepared for the rapid growth Miami experienced during this period, and by 1924, only twenty years later, there was serious talk of the need for a larger courthouse.In the early 1920s, architect A. Ten Eyck Brown entered a design competition for Atlanta City Hall, which was rejected. He then made the plans available to Dade County, and City and County officials readily approved them.[5] It was decided by the officials to build the new courthouse at the same location as the existing one on Flagler Street. Construction began in 1925, with workers erecting the new building around the existing structure, which was then dismantled. Community leaders and citizens alike voiced excitement over the new 28-story skyscraper that would soon dominate the skyline.Unexpectedly, construction was halted when the building reached ten stories. It was discovered that the high-rise was sinking into the spongy ground. Engineers consulted with an architect from Mexico City, whom had encountered a similar problem while building the Palacio de Bellas Artes opera house. The consultant determined that the foundation pilings were not set deep enough. To correct the problem, cement supports were poured, which take up much of the space in the building's basement file room even to this day.The courthouse was finally completed in 1928 at the cost of $4 million (USD 2013 $54.5 million). Initially, it served as the Dade County Courthouse and Jail, and the Miami City Hall. The jail occupied the top nine floors as it was thought that prisoners would not risk escaping from such a height, either directly down or through multiple guarded staircases and elevators. This theory was disproven in 1934, when a 21st floor prisoner picked the lock of his jail cell window and used a fire hose to lower himself to freedom. In the years following, more than 70 prisoners escaped from what was thought to be a secure and escape-proof jail.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baltimore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"the deadly collapse of a condominium building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surfside_condominium_collapse"},{"link_name":"Surfside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surfside,_Florida"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"For many years, the courthouse, at an elevation of 360 feet, was reputed to be the tallest building south of Baltimore. It was the county's first high-rise and is in the National Register of Historic Places. Efforts to refurbish this magnificent structure and restore it to its original grandeur have been underway since 1981 by Architect James W. Piersol, AIA of M.C Harry Associates Architects of Miami. The restoration and renovations initially stabilized the terra cotta facade, and installed new life safety systems. In 1982, the idea of restoring the lobby to its original distinction was the passion of both Architect James Piersol and engineer Don Youatt, of the Miami-Dade Planning and Development Department. With a little less than half of the funding necessary for the lobby restoration project in hand ($300,000 grant approved by the Legislature in 1996), the Dade County Bar Association acted as the fund-raising umbrella and initiated a drive to raise the remainder needed from lawyers and the general public. A few years later, the same team restored Courtroom 6-1, which had been the site of many infamous trials over the years.Today, the courthouse provides offices, chambers, and courtrooms for the clerks and judiciary assigned to both the Circuit and County Civil Court.On July 9, 2021, the courthouse was closed down after an engineer reported \"safety concerns with various floors\", and staff members were directed to work remotely. The inspection report was made in the wake of the deadly collapse of a condominium building in nearby Surfside. In the years prior to the closure, the structural safety of the courthouse building had been the center of complaints by resident judges and lawyers, even as county administrators consistently declared it safe following various \"spot repairs\". At the time of the closure, Miami-Dade County was planning the construction of a replacement building and the selling of the original courthouse.[6][7]","title":"Present day"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Southwest_side_of_the_Dade_County_Courthouse_in_March_2011.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dade_County_Courthouse_-_DPalma01.jpg"}],"text":"Southwest view of the Miami-Dade courthouse in 2011\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSeen from the east","title":"Gallery"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"National Register Information System\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","url_text":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"\"Dade County Courthouse\". Florida Heritage Tourism Interactive Catalog. Florida's Office of Cultural and Historical Programs. March 6, 2007. Archived from the original on March 10, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070310132255/http://www.flheritage.com/services/sites/fht/record_t.cfm?ID=187&type=c&index=13","url_text":"\"Dade County Courthouse\""},{"url":"http://www.flheritage.com/services/sites/fht/record_t.cfm?ID=187&type=c&index=13","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sarah Eaton; Vicki L. Welcher (October 1988). \"National Register of Historic Places Inventory - Nomination Form: Dade County Courthouse\" (PDF). National Park Service. Retrieved November 15, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/88002983_text","url_text":"\"National Register of Historic Places Inventory - Nomination Form: Dade County Courthouse\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"\"Miami-Dade County Clerk's webpage\". Archived from the original on February 1, 2020. Retrieved November 29, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.miami-dadeclerk.com/dadecoc/","url_text":"\"Miami-Dade County Clerk's webpage\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200201114018/http://www.miami-dadeclerk.com/dadecoc/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"A. Ten Eyck Brown (1878-1940)\". Archived from the original on October 20, 2012. Retrieved March 16, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-716","url_text":"\"A. Ten Eyck Brown (1878-1940)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121020002727/http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-716","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hanks, Douglas; Ovalle, David (July 9, 2021). \"Downtown Miami civil courthouse 'temporarily evacuated' after building inspection\". The Miami Herald. Archived from the original on July 12, 2021. Retrieved July 11, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.miamiherald.com/news/local/community/miami-dade/article252693188.html","url_text":"\"Downtown Miami civil courthouse 'temporarily evacuated' after building inspection\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210712040748/https://www.miamiherald.com/news/local/community/miami-dade/article252693188.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Andone, Dakin (July 10, 2021). \"Historic Miami-Dade courthouse closed due to 'safety concerns' following condo collapse\". CNN. Archived from the original on July 11, 2021. Retrieved July 11, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnn.com/2021/07/10/us/miami-dade-county-courthouse-concerns/index.html","url_text":"\"Historic Miami-Dade courthouse closed due to 'safety concerns' following condo collapse\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210711023729/https://www.cnn.com/2021/07/10/us/miami-dade-county-courthouse-concerns/index.html","url_text":"Archived"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Miami-Dade_County_Courthouse¶ms=25_46_28.6_N_80_11_42.5_W_type:landmark_region:US-FL","external_links_name":"25°46′28.6″N 80°11′42.5″W / 25.774611°N 80.195139°W / 25.774611; -80.195139"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Miami-Dade_County_Courthouse¶ms=25_46_28.6_N_80_11_42.5_W_type:landmark_region:US-FL","external_links_name":"25°46′28.6″N 80°11′42.5″W / 25.774611°N 80.195139°W / 25.774611; -80.195139"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/64000115_text","external_links_name":"Downtown Miami MRA"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/88002983","external_links_name":"88002983"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","external_links_name":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070310132255/http://www.flheritage.com/services/sites/fht/record_t.cfm?ID=187&type=c&index=13","external_links_name":"\"Dade County Courthouse\""},{"Link":"http://www.flheritage.com/services/sites/fht/record_t.cfm?ID=187&type=c&index=13","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/88002983_text","external_links_name":"\"National Register of Historic Places Inventory - Nomination Form: Dade County Courthouse\""},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/88002983_photos","external_links_name":"Photos"},{"Link":"http://www.miami-dadeclerk.com/dadecoc/","external_links_name":"\"Miami-Dade County Clerk's webpage\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200201114018/http://www.miami-dadeclerk.com/dadecoc/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-716","external_links_name":"\"A. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindeville | Lindeville | ["1 Writing and recording","1.1 Title","1.2 Collaborators","1.3 Production","2 Marketing","3 Critical reception","4 Track listing","5 Charts","6 References"] | This article contains too many or overly lengthy quotations. Please help summarize the quotations. Consider transferring direct quotations to Wikiquote or excerpts to Wikisource. (September 2022)
2022 studio album by Ashley McBrydeLindevilleStudio album by Ashley McBrydeReleasedSeptember 30, 2022GenreCountryLength33:42LabelWarner Music NashvilleProducerJohn Osborne, John PeetsAshley McBryde chronology
Never Will: Live from a Distance(2021)
Lindeville(2022)
The Devil I Know(2023)
Lindeville, also referred to as Ashley McBryde Presents: Lindeville, is the third major label release by American country music singer-songwriter Ashley McBryde, released on September 30, 2022, by Warner Music Nashville. Recorded concurrently with her fourth major label record, Lindeville is a concept album centering on a fictional town that is home to the various characters that appear in McBryde's songs and is named in tribute to famous songwriter Dennis Linde. The album was produced by John Osborne, McBryde's close personal friend and member of the duo Brothers Osborne and features a close circle of McBryde and Osborne's collaborators. The album was nominated for Best Country Album at the 65th Annual Grammy Awards, and was also included in the top ten of critic Robert Christgau's Dean's List for 2022.
Writing and recording
Following the release of her sophomore album Never Will and its associated live album Live from a Distance, McBryde began work on her next project. In an interview with Rolling Stone, she stated that the album initially grew from a songwriting exercise with her friends, explaining that "a few years ago, Aaron Raitiere, Nicolette Hayford and I were on a write. We wrote this song called "Blackout Betty" and I realized we had written previous songs called "Shut Up Sheila" on Never Will and "Livin’ Next to Leroy" on Girl Going Nowhere. Aaron had a song called "Jesus, Jenny" and I thought, 'We should keep these characters together and give them a place to live!'" Describing the creation of the album, McBryde explained "I wanted to lock six writers in a house and just spend six or seven days writing. We stayed in Tennessee in this little house close to a lake. It was eight bottles of tequila, two cartons of cigarettes, one kitchen table and six individuals out of their minds."
McBryde's third studio album, The Devil I Know, had already been completed when she created Lindeville and she submitted both albums to her label simultaneously, stating "I hadn't told anybody that we'd made the Lindeville record! Warner was aware that I was up to something and working on the 'other' record. What everyone was expecting was my 'proper' third record so I'm putting out Lindeville first, which I probably shouldn't be allowed to do for my third album because it's more a 5th or 6th album project. My thinking is that if we shouldn't be allowed to do a record like 'Lindeville' this early in a career then that's the exact reason why we should!"
Title
Lindeville is named after American songwriter Dennis Linde who was famous for his character-driven narratives including "Goodbye Earl", "Goodbye Marie", "Bubba Shot the Jukebox", "Janie Baker's Love Slave" and "John Deere Green". Explaining how she developed the concept, McBryde explained "we did it kind of differently. We had characters and then invented ... a town, so we thought it would be the best way to tip our hats and honor Dennis Linde's genius, but be like, 'Here's our characters and I would love it if where they lived was named Lindeville. drew a map of a town that was completely fictional, developed characters that live inside that town. The water tower literally says on it, 'Billy Bob and Charlene' on the map. Then we wrote songs based on these places and individuals that he was creating in this town."
Collaborators
Brandy Clark co-wrote all twelve of the album's original songs and appears as a vocalist on three tracks.
The album features a close circle of collaborators who work alongside McBryde: John Osborne, guitarist and member of Brothers Osborne on production, Osborne's brother and fellow member of Brothers Osborne TJ, Caylee Hammack, Brandy Clark and Nicolette Hayford (as her alter ego Pillbox Patti) on vocals, and songwriters Aaron Raitiere, Connie Harrington and Benjy Davis. All thirteen songs on the album were written by McBryde, Raitiere, Hayford, Harrington, Davis and Clark, with exception of "Jesus Jenny" which was written by Raitiere and Jon Deccious, and a cover of The Everly Brothers' "When Will I Be Loved". McBryde had known and worked with eight of the nine key collaborators previously but was introduced to Davis by Hayford during the writer's retreat where the album was written. McBryde explained "normally when I plan a writer's retreat it's me, Nicolette Hayford, Aaron Raitiere and Connie Harrington that get together. Anytime Brandy Clark is available she's always my first go-to. Even when she's not available I still call her anyway! So it was wonderful that she was available this time around. I asked Nicolette to bring me someone I'd never met before. I was like, 'Bring us a bottle of hot sauce to throw into the mix!', you know? Nicolette brought in the wonderful Benjy Davis. That's how the gang got together."
Production
McBryde stated that Osborne was her first choice to produce the album, stating "I love John's mind. I knew he would 'get' it, I knew he wouldn't just 'slick it up' and make it as mainstream as possible. We had taken such care in writing the songs and the lyrics and John was able to match that with his brilliance and his creative spirit."
Regarding his work on the album, Osborne explained "This is technically the first full-length album that I've produced by myself. One of the things I tried to do was capture each character as a performance. I listened to each song, and I wrestled with it for a while. Do I want to make the songs sound the same? Make it sound like it's all done in one room on one day? And then I thought to myself, 'Each song has to represent not only a different character, but a different emotion and a different story.' There is certainly continuity between the tracks – we have vocalists and mostly the same musicians on every song. But I decided to take different approaches to each song because it needed to represent the story." In an Instagram post promoting the album, he explained "I listened to the worktapes for weeks as a genuine fan. Every human emotion is strung up in these songs."
Marketing
The album was officially announced on September 9, 2022. McBryde and Brothers Osborne teased the release by posting a cryptic video clip on social media featuring a blonde girl in a red dress playing an accordion in front of letters reading "Lindeville" with the caption 9.30 in reference to the album's release date. McBryde and Caylee Hammack further teased the project by posting videos of themselves reading amusing and eccentric articles from the "Lindeville Gazette". On September 24, McBryde and Hammack posted clips featuring English and American broadcasters Bob Harris and Storme Warren as hosts of Lindeville's "What the Fuzz" radio station teasing the songs "Jesus Jenny" and "Brenda Put Your Bra On" respectively.
McBryde, Clark, Hammack, Patti and Osborne performed "When Will I Be Loved" at the 56th Annual Country Music Association Awards on November 9, 2022.
McBryde promoted the album with two shows at the Ryman Auditorium on February 15 and 16, 2023 alongside Brothers Osborne, Caylee Hammack, Aaron Raitiere, Benjy Davis and Pillbox Patti. Shelly Fairchild filled in for Brandy Clark, who was unable to attend, while Lainey Wilson filled in for Hammack on the second night.
Critical reception
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusicAnd It Don't StopA
Lindeville was well received by critics. Reviewing for AllMusic, Stephen Thomas Erlewine called it a "delight ... filled with deftly rendered vignettes and sly jokes, all delivered with heart by McBryde and frequent foil Raitiere, whose colorful drawl ensures the punch lines slide by easily". Veteran critic Robert Christgau ranked it as the sixth best album of 2022, having hailed it as a "concept album with its pants down ... simultaneously hilarious and sad as shit". He would later say that, as a concept album, he prefers it to the Who's 1969 album Tommy.
Track listing
All tracks are written by Ashley McBryde, Brandy Clark, Benjy Davis, Connie Harrington, Nicolette Hayford and Aaron Raitiere except where notedLindeville track listingNo.TitleWriter(s)Length1."Brenda Put Your Bra On" (featuring Caylee Hammack and Pillbox Patti) 2:392."Jesus Jenny" (featuring Aaron Raitiere)Jon Decious, Aaron Raitiere2:323."Dandelion Diner" 0:274."The Girl in the Picture" (featuring Pillbox Patti) 3:205."If These Dogs Could Talk" (featuring Brandy Clark) 4:116."Play Ball" (featuring Brothers Osborne) 3:277."Ronnie's Pawn Shop" 0:318."The Missed Connection Section of the Lindeville Gazette" (featuring Brandy Clark and Aaron Raitiere) 4:059."Gospel Night at the Strip Club" (featuring Benjy Davis) 2:5610."Forkem Family Funeral Home" 0:3111."When Will I Be Loved" (featuring Brandy Clark, Caylee Hammack, and Pillbox Patti)Phil Everly2:0612."Bonfire at Tina's" (featuring Brandy Clark, Caylee Hammack, and Pillbox Patti) 3:4013."Lindeville" 3:17Total length:33:42
Charts
Chart performance for Lindeville
Chart (2022)
Peakposition
Scottish Albums (OCC)
20
UK Country Albums (OCC)
2
UK Album Downloads (OCC)
28
US Top Album Sales (Billboard)
45
References
^ "Ashley McBryde receives two Grammy nominations". Arkansas Online. November 15, 2022. Retrieved November 16, 2022.
^ Christgau, robert (January 25, 2023). "Dean's List: 2022". And It Don't Stop. Retrieved February 4, 2023.
^ Freeman, Jon (September 14, 2022). "Ashley McBryde's 'Lindeville' Album to Feature Brothers Osborne, Brandy Clark". Rolling Stone. Retrieved September 28, 2022.
^ Raum, Morgan (September 14, 2022). "Ashley McBryde Announces 'Lindeville' Project Featuring Brothers Osborne, Brandy Clark, and More". Retrieved September 28, 2022.
^ Daykin, James (September 26, 2022). "Interview: Ashley McBryde takes us on a tour of 'Lindeville' as she brings her new album to life". Retrieved September 28, 2022.
^ Houghton, Stephen Hubbard & Cillea. "Ashley McBryde honors late songwriter Dennis Linde with 'Lindeville' album". Retrieved September 28, 2022.
^ Cantwell, Nick (September 17, 2022). "Exciting New Album "Ashley McBryde Presents : Lindeville" Announced". Retrieved September 28, 2022.
^ Roden, Ally (September 15, 2022). "Ashley McBryde Presents "Lindeville," A Collaborative Project With Special Guests Brothers Osborne, Brandy Clark & More". Music Mayhem Magazine. Retrieved September 28, 2022.
^ Young, Casey (September 9, 2022). "Ashley McBryde Announces New Album, 'Ashley McBryde Presents: Lindeville,' Coming At The End Of This Month". Whiskey Riff. Retrieved September 28, 2022.
^ "Ashley McBryde, Brothers Osborne Spark Speculation With Cryptic Tweets". iHeartCountry Radio. Retrieved September 28, 2022.
^ Vaughn, Grace Lenehan (September 14, 2022). "Ashley McBryde Recruits Brothers Osborne, Brandy Clark and More for Concept Album". Taste of Country. Retrieved September 28, 2022.
^ @ashleymcbryde (September 24, 2022). "Jenny Jesus #WTFRadio #Lindeville" (Tweet). Retrieved September 29, 2022 – via Twitter.
^ "Katy Perry, Chris Stapleton, Luke Combs, Thomas Rhett Among Newly-Added 2022 CMA Awards Performers". Billboard.
^ "Ashley McBryde is Bringing Her Concept Album 'Lindeville' to Life with Two Nights of Shows at the Ryman Auditorium". October 10, 2022.
^ a b Erlewine, Stephen Thomas (2023). "Ashley McBryde Presents: Lindeville". AllMusic. Retrieved March 11, 2023.
^ a b Christgau, Robert (November 9, 2022). "Consumer Guide: November, 2022". And It Don't Stop. Substack. Retrieved March 11, 2023.
^ Christgau, Robert (January 25, 2023). "Dean's List: 2022". And It Don't Stop. Substack. Retrieved March 11, 2023.
^ Christgau, Robert (September 13, 2023). "Consumer Guide: September, 2023". And It Don't Stop. Substack. Retrieved September 14, 2023.
^ "Official Scottish Albums Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved October 8, 2022.
^ "Official Country Artists Albums Chart Top 20". Official Charts Company. Retrieved October 8, 2022.
^ "Official Album Downloads Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved October 8, 2022.
^ "{{{artist}}} Chart History (Top Album Sales)". Billboard. Retrieved October 29, 2022.
vteAshley McBrydeDiscographyStudio albums
Girl Going Nowhere (2018)
Never Will (2020)
Lindeville (2022)
The Devil I Know (2023)
EPs
Never Will: Live from a Distance (2021)
Songs
"A Little Dive Bar in Dahlonega"
"Girl Goin' Nowhere"
"One Night Standards"
"Martha Divine"
"Never Wanted to Be That Girl" (with Carly Pearce)
"Light On in the Kitchen"
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ashley McBryde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashley_McBryde"},{"link_name":"Warner Music Nashville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Music_Nashville"},{"link_name":"concept album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concept_album"},{"link_name":"Dennis Linde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Linde"},{"link_name":"Brothers Osborne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brothers_Osborne"},{"link_name":"Best Country Album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Country_Album"},{"link_name":"65th Annual Grammy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/65th_Annual_Grammy_Awards"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Robert Christgau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Christgau"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"2022 studio album by Ashley McBrydeLindeville, also referred to as Ashley McBryde Presents: Lindeville, is the third major label release by American country music singer-songwriter Ashley McBryde, released on September 30, 2022, by Warner Music Nashville. Recorded concurrently with her fourth major label record, Lindeville is a concept album centering on a fictional town that is home to the various characters that appear in McBryde's songs and is named in tribute to famous songwriter Dennis Linde. The album was produced by John Osborne, McBryde's close personal friend and member of the duo Brothers Osborne and features a close circle of McBryde and Osborne's collaborators. The album was nominated for Best Country Album at the 65th Annual Grammy Awards,[1] and was also included in the top ten of critic Robert Christgau's Dean's List for 2022.[2]","title":"Lindeville"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Never Will","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Never_Will"},{"link_name":"Live from a Distance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Never_Will:_Live_from_a_Distance"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"Girl Going Nowhere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girl_Going_Nowhere"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Following the release of her sophomore album Never Will and its associated live album Live from a Distance, McBryde began work on her next project. In an interview with Rolling Stone, she stated that the album initially grew from a songwriting exercise with her friends, explaining that \"a few years ago, Aaron Raitiere, Nicolette Hayford and I were on a write. We wrote this song called \"Blackout Betty\" and I realized we had written previous songs called \"Shut Up Sheila\" on Never Will and \"Livin’ Next to Leroy\" on Girl Going Nowhere. Aaron had a song called \"Jesus, Jenny\" and I thought, 'We should keep these characters together and give them a place to live!'\"[3] Describing the creation of the album, McBryde explained \"I wanted to lock six writers in a house and just spend six or seven days writing. We stayed in Tennessee in this little house close to a lake. It was eight bottles of tequila, two cartons of cigarettes, one kitchen table and six individuals out of their minds.\"[4]McBryde's third studio album, The Devil I Know, had already been completed when she created Lindeville and she submitted both albums to her label simultaneously, stating \"I hadn't told anybody that we'd made the Lindeville record! Warner was aware that I was up to something and working on the 'other' record. [...] What everyone was expecting was my 'proper' third record so I'm putting out Lindeville first, which I probably shouldn't be allowed to do for my third album because it's more a 5th or 6th album project. My thinking is that if we shouldn't be allowed to do a record like 'Lindeville' this early in a career then that's the exact reason why we should!\"[5]","title":"Writing and recording"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dennis Linde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Linde"},{"link_name":"Goodbye Earl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodbye_Earl"},{"link_name":"Goodbye Marie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodbye_Marie"},{"link_name":"Bubba Shot the Jukebox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubba_Shot_the_Jukebox"},{"link_name":"Janie Baker's Love Slave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janie_Baker%27s_Love_Slave"},{"link_name":"John Deere Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Deere_Green"},{"link_name":"Billy Bob and Charlene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Deere_Green"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Title","text":"Lindeville is named after American songwriter Dennis Linde who was famous for his character-driven narratives including \"Goodbye Earl\", \"Goodbye Marie\", \"Bubba Shot the Jukebox\", \"Janie Baker's Love Slave\" and \"John Deere Green\". Explaining how she developed the concept, McBryde explained \"we did it kind of differently. We had characters and then invented ... a town, so we thought it would be the best way to tip our hats and honor Dennis Linde's genius, but be like, 'Here's our characters and I would love it if where they lived was named Lindeville. [Linde] drew a map of a town that was completely fictional, developed characters that live inside that town. The water tower literally says on it, 'Billy Bob and Charlene' on the map. Then we wrote songs based on these places and individuals that he was creating in this town.\"[6]","title":"Writing and recording"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brandy_Clark_-_Highline_Ballroom_(2).jpg"},{"link_name":"Brandy Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandy_Clark"},{"link_name":"Brothers Osborne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brothers_Osborne"},{"link_name":"Caylee Hammack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caylee_Hammack"},{"link_name":"Brandy Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandy_Clark"},{"link_name":"Jon Deccious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Decious"},{"link_name":"The Everly Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Everly_Brothers"},{"link_name":"When Will I Be Loved","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/When_Will_I_Be_Loved_(song)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Collaborators","text":"Brandy Clark co-wrote all twelve of the album's original songs and appears as a vocalist on three tracks.The album features a close circle of collaborators who work alongside McBryde: John Osborne, guitarist and member of Brothers Osborne on production, Osborne's brother and fellow member of Brothers Osborne TJ, Caylee Hammack, Brandy Clark and Nicolette Hayford (as her alter ego Pillbox Patti) on vocals, and songwriters Aaron Raitiere, Connie Harrington and Benjy Davis. All thirteen songs on the album were written by McBryde, Raitiere, Hayford, Harrington, Davis and Clark, with exception of \"Jesus Jenny\" which was written by Raitiere and Jon Deccious, and a cover of The Everly Brothers' \"When Will I Be Loved\".[7] McBryde had known and worked with eight of the nine key collaborators previously but was introduced to Davis by Hayford during the writer's retreat where the album was written. McBryde explained \"normally when I plan a writer's retreat it's me, Nicolette Hayford, Aaron Raitiere and Connie Harrington that get together. Anytime Brandy Clark is available she's always my first go-to. Even when she's not available I still call her anyway! So it was wonderful that she was available this time around. I asked Nicolette to bring me someone I'd never met before. I was like, 'Bring us a bottle of hot sauce to throw into the mix!', you know? Nicolette brought in the wonderful Benjy Davis. That's how the gang got together.\"","title":"Writing and recording"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Instagram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instagram"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Production","text":"McBryde stated that Osborne was her first choice to produce the album, stating \"I love John's mind. I knew he would 'get' it, I knew he wouldn't just 'slick it up' and make it as mainstream as possible. We had taken such care in writing the songs and the lyrics and John was able to match that with his brilliance and his creative spirit.\"Regarding his work on the album, Osborne explained \"This is technically the first full-length album that I've produced by myself. One of the things I tried to do was capture each character as a performance. I listened to each song, and I wrestled with it for a while. Do I want to make the songs sound the same? Make it sound like it's all done in one room on one day? And then I thought to myself, 'Each song has to represent not only a different character, but a different emotion and a different story.' There is certainly continuity between the tracks – we have vocalists and mostly the same musicians on every song. But I decided to take different approaches to each song because it needed to represent the story.\" In an Instagram post promoting the album, he explained \"I listened to the worktapes for weeks as a genuine fan. Every human emotion is strung up in these songs.\"[8]","title":"Writing and recording"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Brothers Osborne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brothers_Osborne"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Caylee Hammack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caylee_Hammack"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Bob Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Harris_(radio_presenter)"},{"link_name":"Storme Warren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storme_Warren"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"56th Annual Country Music Association Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/56th_Annual_Country_Music_Association_Awards"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Ryman Auditorium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryman_Auditorium"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Shelly Fairchild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelly_Fairchild"},{"link_name":"Lainey Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lainey_Wilson"}],"text":"The album was officially announced on September 9, 2022.[9] McBryde and Brothers Osborne teased the release by posting a cryptic video clip on social media featuring a blonde girl in a red dress playing an accordion in front of letters reading \"Lindeville\" with the caption 9.30 in reference to the album's release date.[10] McBryde and Caylee Hammack further teased the project by posting videos of themselves reading amusing and eccentric articles from the \"Lindeville Gazette\".[11] On September 24, McBryde and Hammack posted clips featuring English and American broadcasters Bob Harris and Storme Warren as hosts of Lindeville's \"What the Fuzz\" radio station teasing the songs \"Jesus Jenny\" and \"Brenda Put Your Bra On\" respectively.[12]McBryde, Clark, Hammack, Patti and Osborne performed \"When Will I Be Loved\" at the 56th Annual Country Music Association Awards on November 9, 2022.[13]McBryde promoted the album with two shows at the Ryman Auditorium on February 15 and 16, 2023 alongside Brothers Osborne, Caylee Hammack, Aaron Raitiere, Benjy Davis and Pillbox Patti.[14] Shelly Fairchild filled in for Brandy Clark, who was unable to attend, while Lainey Wilson filled in for Hammack on the second night.","title":"Marketing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"Stephen Thomas Erlewine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Thomas_Erlewine"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AllMusic-15"},{"link_name":"Robert Christgau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Christgau"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-xgau-16"},{"link_name":"concept album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concept_album"},{"link_name":"the Who","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Who"},{"link_name":"Tommy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_(The_Who_album)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-xgau2-18"}],"text":"Lindeville was well received by critics. Reviewing for AllMusic, Stephen Thomas Erlewine called it a \"delight ... filled with deftly rendered vignettes and sly jokes, all delivered with heart by McBryde and frequent foil Raitiere, whose colorful drawl ensures the punch lines slide by easily\".[15] Veteran critic Robert Christgau ranked it as the sixth best album of 2022,[17] having hailed it as a \"concept album with its pants down ... simultaneously hilarious and sad as shit\".[16] He would later say that, as a concept album, he prefers it to the Who's 1969 album Tommy.[18]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ashley McBryde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashley_McBryde"},{"link_name":"Brandy Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandy_Clark"},{"link_name":"Caylee Hammack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caylee_Hammack"},{"link_name":"Jon Decious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Decious"},{"link_name":"Brandy Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandy_Clark"},{"link_name":"Brothers Osborne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brothers_Osborne"},{"link_name":"When Will I Be Loved","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/When_Will_I_Be_Loved_(song)"},{"link_name":"Phil Everly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Everly"}],"text":"All tracks are written by Ashley McBryde, Brandy Clark, Benjy Davis, Connie Harrington, Nicolette Hayford and Aaron Raitiere except where notedLindeville track listingNo.TitleWriter(s)Length1.\"Brenda Put Your Bra On\" (featuring Caylee Hammack and Pillbox Patti) 2:392.\"Jesus Jenny\" (featuring Aaron Raitiere)Jon Decious, Aaron Raitiere2:323.\"Dandelion Diner\" 0:274.\"The Girl in the Picture\" (featuring Pillbox Patti) 3:205.\"If These Dogs Could Talk\" (featuring Brandy Clark) 4:116.\"Play Ball\" (featuring Brothers Osborne) 3:277.\"Ronnie's Pawn Shop\" 0:318.\"The Missed Connection Section of the Lindeville Gazette\" (featuring Brandy Clark and Aaron Raitiere) 4:059.\"Gospel Night at the Strip Club\" (featuring Benjy Davis) 2:5610.\"Forkem Family Funeral Home\" 0:3111.\"When Will I Be Loved\" (featuring Brandy Clark, Caylee Hammack, and Pillbox Patti)Phil Everly2:0612.\"Bonfire at Tina's\" (featuring Brandy Clark, Caylee Hammack, and Pillbox Patti) 3:4013.\"Lindeville\" 3:17Total length:33:42","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"}] | [{"image_text":"Brandy Clark co-wrote all twelve of the album's original songs and appears as a vocalist on three tracks.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Brandy_Clark_-_Highline_Ballroom_%282%29.jpg/170px-Brandy_Clark_-_Highline_Ballroom_%282%29.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Ashley McBryde receives two Grammy nominations\". Arkansas Online. November 15, 2022. Retrieved November 16, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.arkansasonline.com/news/2022/nov/15/ashley-mcbryde-receives-two-grammy-nominations/","url_text":"\"Ashley McBryde receives two Grammy nominations\""}]},{"reference":"Christgau, robert (January 25, 2023). \"Dean's List: 2022\". And It Don't Stop. Retrieved February 4, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://robertchristgau.substack.com/p/deans-list-2022","url_text":"\"Dean's List: 2022\""}]},{"reference":"Freeman, Jon (September 14, 2022). \"Ashley McBryde's 'Lindeville' Album to Feature Brothers Osborne, Brandy Clark\". Rolling Stone. Retrieved September 28, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-country/ashley-mcbryde-lindeville-album-1234592623/","url_text":"\"Ashley McBryde's 'Lindeville' Album to Feature Brothers Osborne, Brandy Clark\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone","url_text":"Rolling Stone"}]},{"reference":"Raum, Morgan (September 14, 2022). \"Ashley McBryde Announces 'Lindeville' Project Featuring Brothers Osborne, Brandy Clark, and More\". Retrieved September 28, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://countrynow.com/ashley-mcbryde-announces-lindeville-project-featuring-brothers-osborne-brandy-clark-and-more/","url_text":"\"Ashley McBryde Announces 'Lindeville' Project Featuring Brothers Osborne, Brandy Clark, and More\""}]},{"reference":"Daykin, James (September 26, 2022). \"Interview: Ashley McBryde takes us on a tour of 'Lindeville' as she brings her new album to life\". Retrieved September 28, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://entertainment-focus.com/2022/09/26/interview-ashley-mcbryde-takes-us-on-a-tour-of-lindeville-as-she-brings-her-new-album-to-life/","url_text":"\"Interview: Ashley McBryde takes us on a tour of 'Lindeville' as she brings her new album to life\""}]},{"reference":"Houghton, Stephen Hubbard & Cillea. \"Ashley McBryde honors late songwriter Dennis Linde with 'Lindeville' album\". Retrieved September 28, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://nrgmediadixon.com/2022/09/27/ashley-mcbryde-honors-late-songwriter-dennis-linde-with-lindeville-album/","url_text":"\"Ashley McBryde honors late songwriter Dennis Linde with 'Lindeville' album\""}]},{"reference":"Cantwell, Nick (September 17, 2022). \"Exciting New Album \"Ashley McBryde Presents : Lindeville\" Announced\". Retrieved September 28, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bellesandgals.com/2022/09/17/exciting-new-concept-album-ashley-mcbryde-presents-lindeville-announced/","url_text":"\"Exciting New Album \"Ashley McBryde Presents : Lindeville\" Announced\""}]},{"reference":"Roden, Ally (September 15, 2022). \"Ashley McBryde Presents \"Lindeville,\" A Collaborative Project With Special Guests Brothers Osborne, Brandy Clark & More\". Music Mayhem Magazine. Retrieved September 28, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://musicmayhemmagazine.com/ashley-mcbryde-presents-lindeville-a-collaborative-project-with-special-guests-brothers-osborne-brandy-clark-more/","url_text":"\"Ashley McBryde Presents \"Lindeville,\" A Collaborative Project With Special Guests Brothers Osborne, Brandy Clark & More\""}]},{"reference":"Young, Casey (September 9, 2022). \"Ashley McBryde Announces New Album, 'Ashley McBryde Presents: Lindeville,' Coming At The End Of This Month\". Whiskey Riff. Retrieved September 28, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.whiskeyriff.com/2022/09/09/ashley-mcbrydes-third-studio-album-ashley-mcbryde-presents-lindeville-is-coming-at-the-end-of-this-month/","url_text":"\"Ashley McBryde Announces New Album, 'Ashley McBryde Presents: Lindeville,' Coming At The End Of This Month\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ashley McBryde, Brothers Osborne Spark Speculation With Cryptic Tweets\". iHeartCountry Radio. Retrieved September 28, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://country.iheart.com/content/2022-09-13-ashley-mcbryde-brothers-osborne-spark-speculation-with-cryptic-tweets/","url_text":"\"Ashley McBryde, Brothers Osborne Spark Speculation With Cryptic Tweets\""}]},{"reference":"Vaughn, Grace Lenehan (September 14, 2022). \"Ashley McBryde Recruits Brothers Osborne, Brandy Clark and More for Concept Album\". Taste of Country. Retrieved September 28, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://tasteofcountry.com/ashley-mcbryde-brothers-osborne-brandy-clark-lindeville-concept-album/","url_text":"\"Ashley McBryde Recruits Brothers Osborne, Brandy Clark and More for Concept Album\""}]},{"reference":"@ashleymcbryde (September 24, 2022). \"Jenny Jesus #WTFRadio #Lindeville\" (Tweet). Retrieved September 29, 2022 – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/ashleymcbryde/status/1573808704830509057","url_text":"\"Jenny Jesus #WTFRadio #Lindeville\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"\"Katy Perry, Chris Stapleton, Luke Combs, Thomas Rhett Among Newly-Added 2022 CMA Awards Performers\". Billboard.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/music/awards/katy-perry-thomas-rhett-luke-combs-2022-cma-awards-performers-1235164098/","url_text":"\"Katy Perry, Chris Stapleton, Luke Combs, Thomas Rhett Among Newly-Added 2022 CMA Awards Performers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Ashley McBryde is Bringing Her Concept Album 'Lindeville' to Life with Two Nights of Shows at the Ryman Auditorium\". October 10, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.whiskeyriff.com/2022/10/10/ashley-mcbryde-is-taking-her-new-album-lindeville-to-the-ryman-auditorium-for-two-night-only-live-show/","url_text":"\"Ashley McBryde is Bringing Her Concept Album 'Lindeville' to Life with Two Nights of Shows at the Ryman Auditorium\""}]},{"reference":"Erlewine, Stephen Thomas (2023). \"Ashley McBryde Presents: Lindeville\". AllMusic. Retrieved March 11, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Thomas_Erlewine","url_text":"Erlewine, Stephen Thomas"},{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/ashley-mcbryde-presents-lindeville-mw0003816867","url_text":"\"Ashley McBryde Presents: Lindeville\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"Christgau, Robert (November 9, 2022). \"Consumer Guide: November, 2022\". And It Don't Stop. Substack. Retrieved March 11, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://robertchristgau.substack.com/p/consumer-guide-november-2022","url_text":"\"Consumer Guide: November, 2022\""}]},{"reference":"Christgau, Robert (January 25, 2023). \"Dean's List: 2022\". And It Don't Stop. Substack. Retrieved March 11, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://robertchristgau.substack.com/p/deans-list-2022","url_text":"\"Dean's List: 2022\""}]},{"reference":"Christgau, Robert (September 13, 2023). \"Consumer Guide: September, 2023\". And It Don't Stop. Substack. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_commerce | E-commerce | ["1 Defining e-commerce","2 Forms","3 Governmental regulation","4 Global trends","4.1 China","4.2 Europe","4.3 Arab states","4.4 India","4.5 Brazil","5 Logistics","6 Impacts","6.1 Impact on markets and retailers","6.2 Impact on supply chain management","6.3 Impact on employment","6.4 Impact on customers","6.5 Impact on the environment","6.6 Impact on traditional retail","7 E-commerce during COVID-19","8 Business application","9 Timeline","10 See also","11 References","12 Further reading","13 External links"] | Type of business industry usually conducted over the internet
E-commerce
Digital content
Ebook
Software
Streaming media
Retail goods and services
Advertising
Auctions
Banking
DVD-by-mail
Distribution
Food ordering
Grocery
Marketplace
Pharmacy
Ride-hailing
Travel
Online shopping
Comparison shopping
Social commerce
Trading communities
Wallet
Mobile commerce
Payment
Ticketing
Customer service
Call centre
Help desk
Live support software
E-procurement
Purchase-to-pay
Super-appsvte
E-commerce (electronic commerce) is the activity of electronically buying or selling products on online services or over the Internet. E-commerce draws on technologies such as mobile commerce, electronic funds transfer, supply chain management, Internet marketing, online transaction processing, electronic data interchange (EDI), inventory management systems, and automated data collection systems. E-commerce is the largest sector of the electronics industry and is in turn driven by the technological advances of the semiconductor industry.
Defining e-commerce
The term was coined and first employed by Robert Jacobson, Principal Consultant to the California State Assembly's Utilities & Commerce Committee, in the title and text of California's Electronic Commerce Act, carried by the late Committee Chairwoman Gwen Moore (D-L.A.) and enacted in 1984.
E-commerce typically uses the web for at least a part of a transaction's life cycle although it may also use other technologies such as e-mail. Typical e-commerce transactions include the purchase of products (such as books from Amazon) or services (such as music downloads in the form of digital distribution such as the iTunes Store). There are three areas of e-commerce: online retailing, electronic markets, and online auctions. E-commerce is supported by electronic business. The existence value of e-commerce is to allow consumers to shop online and pay online through the Internet, saving the time and space of customers and enterprises, greatly improving transaction efficiency, especially for busy office workers, and also saving a lot of valuable time.
E-commerce businesses may also employ some or all of the following:
Online shopping for retail sales direct to consumers via web sites and mobile apps, conversational commerce via live chat, chatbots, and voice assistants.
Providing or participating in online marketplaces, which process third-party business-to-consumer (B2C) or consumer-to-consumer (C2C) sales;
Business-to-business (B2B) buying and selling.
Gathering and using demographic data through web contacts and social media.
B2B electronic data interchange.
Marketing to prospective and established customers by e-mail or fax (for example, with newsletters).
Engaging in pretail for launching new products and services.
Online financial exchanges for currency exchanges or trading purposes.
There are five essential categories of E-commerce:
Business to Business
Business to Consumer
Business to Government
Consumer to Business
Consumer to Consumer
Forms
Contemporary electronic commerce can be classified into two categories. The first category is business based on types of goods sold (involves everything from ordering "digital" content for immediate online consumption, to ordering conventional goods and services, to "meta" services to facilitate other types of electronic commerce). The second category is based on the nature of the participant (B2B, B2C, C2B and C2C).
On the institutional level, big corporations and financial institutions use the internet to exchange financial data to facilitate domestic and international business. Data integrity and security are pressing issues for electronic commerce.
Aside from traditional e-commerce, the terms m-Commerce (mobile commerce) as well (around 2013) t-Commerce have also been used.
Governmental regulation
In the United States, California's Electronic Commerce Act (1984), enacted by the Legislature, the more recent California Privacy Rights Act (2020), enacted through a popular election proposition and to control specifically how electronic commerce may be conducted in California. In the US in its entirety, electronic commerce activities are regulated more broadly by the Federal Trade Commission (FTC). These activities include the use of commercial e-mails, online advertising and consumer privacy. The CAN-SPAM Act of 2003 establishes national standards for direct marketing over e-mail. The Federal Trade Commission Act regulates all forms of advertising, including online advertising, and states that advertising must be truthful and non-deceptive. Using its authority under Section 5 of the FTC Act, which prohibits unfair or deceptive practices, the FTC has brought a number of cases to enforce the promises in corporate privacy statements, including promises about the security of consumers' personal information. As a result, any corporate privacy policy related to e-commerce activity may be subject to enforcement by the FTC.
The Ryan Haight Online Pharmacy Consumer Protection Act of 2008, which came into law in 2008, amends the Controlled Substances Act to address online pharmacies.
Conflict of laws in cyberspace is a major hurdle for harmonization of legal framework for e-commerce around the world. In order to give a uniformity to e-commerce law around the world, many countries adopted the UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce (1996).
Internationally there is the International Consumer Protection and Enforcement Network (ICPEN), which was formed in 1991 from an informal network of government customer fair trade organisations. The purpose was stated as being to find ways of co-operating on tackling consumer problems connected with cross-border transactions in both goods and services, and to help ensure exchanges of information among the participants for mutual benefit and understanding. From this came Econsumer.gov, an ICPEN initiative since April 2001. It is a portal to report complaints about online and related transactions with foreign companies.
There is also Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation. APEC was established in 1989 with the vision of achieving stability, security and prosperity for the region through free and open trade and investment. APEC has an Electronic Commerce Steering Group as well as working on common privacy regulations throughout the APEC region.
In Australia, trade is covered under Australian Treasury Guidelines for electronic commerce and the Australian Competition & Consumer Commission regulates and offers advice on how to deal with businesses online, and offers specific advice on what happens if things go wrong.
The European Union undertook an extensive enquiry into e-commerce in 2015-16 which observed significant growth in the development of e-commerce, along with some developments which raised concerns, such as increased use of selective distribution systems, which allow manufacturers to control routes to market, and "increased use of contractual restrictions to better control product distribution". The European Commission felt that some emerging practices might be justified if they could improve the quality of product distribution, but "others may unduly prevent consumers from benefiting from greater product choice and lower prices in e-commerce and therefore warrant Commission action" in order to promote compliance with EU competition rules.
In the United Kingdom, the Financial Services Authority (FSA) was formerly the regulating authority for most aspects of the EU's Payment Services Directive (PSD), until its replacement in 2013 by the Prudential Regulation Authority and the Financial Conduct Authority. The UK implemented the PSD through the Payment Services Regulations 2009 (PSRs), which came into effect on 1 November 2009. The PSR affects firms providing payment services and their customers. These firms include banks, non-bank credit card issuers and non-bank merchant acquirers, e-money issuers, etc. The PSRs created a new class of regulated firms known as payment institutions (PIs), who are subject to prudential requirements. Article 87 of the PSD requires the European Commission to report on the implementation and impact of the PSD by 1 November 2012.
In India, the Information Technology Act 2000 governs the basic applicability of e-commerce.
In China, the Telecommunications Regulations of the People's Republic of China (promulgated on 25 September 2000), stipulated the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (MIIT) as the government department regulating all telecommunications related activities, including electronic commerce. On the same day, the Administrative Measures on Internet Information Services were released, the first administrative regulations to address profit-generating activities conducted through the Internet, and lay the foundation for future regulations governing e-commerce in China. On 28 August 2004, the eleventh session of the tenth NPC Standing Committee adopted an Electronic Signature Law, which regulates data message, electronic signature authentication and legal liability issues. It is considered the first law in China's e-commerce legislation. It was a milestone in the course of improving China's electronic commerce legislation, and also marks the entering of China's rapid development stage for electronic commerce legislation.
Global trends
E-commerce has become an important tool for small and large businesses worldwide, not only to sell to customers, but also to engage them.
Cross-border e-Commerce is also an essential field for e-Commerce businesses. It has responded to the trend of globalization. It shows that numerous firms have opened up new businesses, expanded new markets, and overcome trade barriers; more and more enterprises have started exploring the cross-border cooperation field. In addition, compared with traditional cross-border trade, the information on cross-border e-commerce is more concealed. In the era of globalization, cross-border e-commerce for inter-firm companies means the activities, interactions, or social relations of two or more e-commerce enterprises. However, the success of cross-border e-commerce promotes the development of small and medium-sized firms, and it has finally become a new transaction mode. It has helped the companies solve financial problems and realize the reasonable allocation of resources field. SMEs ( small and medium enterprises) can also precisely match the demand and supply in the market, having the industrial chain majorization and creating more revenues for companies.
In 2012, e-commerce sales topped $1 trillion for the first time in history.
Mobile devices are playing an increasing role in the mix of e-commerce, this is also commonly called mobile commerce, or m-commerce. In 2014, one estimate saw purchases made on mobile devices making up 25% of the market by 2017.
For traditional businesses, one research stated that information technology and cross-border e-commerce is a good opportunity for the rapid development and growth of enterprises. Many companies have invested an enormous volume of investment in mobile applications. The DeLone and McLean Model stated that three perspectives contribute to a successful e-business: information system quality, service quality and users' satisfaction. There is no limit of time and space, there are more opportunities to reach out to customers around the world, and to cut down unnecessary intermediate links, thereby reducing the cost price, and can benefit from one on one large customer data analysis, to achieve a high degree of personal customization strategic plan, in order to fully enhance the core competitiveness of the products in the company.
Modern 3D graphics technologies, such as Facebook 3D Posts, are considered by some social media marketers and advertisers as a preferable way to promote consumer goods than static photos, and some brands like Sony are already paving the way for augmented reality commerce. Wayfair now lets you inspect a 3D version of its furniture in a home setting before buying.
China
Main article: E-commerce in China
Among emerging economies, China's e-commerce presence continues to expand every year. With 668 million Internet users, China's online shopping sales reached $253 billion in the first half of 2015, accounting for 10% of total Chinese consumer retail sales in that period. The Chinese retailers have been able to help consumers feel more comfortable shopping online. e-commerce transactions between China and other countries increased 32% to 2.3 trillion yuan ($375.8 billion) in 2012 and accounted for 9.6% of China's total international trade. In 2013, Alibaba had an e-commerce market share of 80% in China. In 2014, Alibaba still dominated the B2B marketplace in China with a market share of 44.82%, followed by several other companies including Made-in-China.com at 3.21%, and GlobalSources.com at 2.98%, with the total transaction value of China's B2B market exceeding 4.5 billion yuan. In 2014, there were 600 million Internet users in China (twice as many as in the US), making it the world's biggest online market.
China is also the largest e-commerce market in the world by value of sales, with an estimated US$899 billion in 2016. It accounted for 42.4% of worldwide retail e-commerce in that year, the most of any country.: 110 Research shows that Chinese consumer motivations are different enough from Western audiences to require unique e-commerce app designs instead of simply porting Western apps into the Chinese market.
The expansion of e-commerce in China has resulted in the development of Taobao villages, clusters of e-commerce businesses operating in rural areas.: 112 Because Taobao villages have increased the incomes or rural people and entrepreneurship in rural China, Taobao villages have become a component of rural revitalization strategies.: 278
In 2015, the State Council promoted the Internet Plus initiative, a five-year plan to integrate traditional manufacturing and service industries with big data, cloud computing, and Internet of things technology.: 44 The State Council provided support for Internet Plus through policy support in area including cross-border e-commerce and rural e-commerce.: 44
In 2019, the city of Hangzhou established a pilot program artificial intelligence-based Internet Court to adjudicate disputes related to e-commerce and internet-related intellectual property claims.: 124
Europe
In 2010, the United Kingdom had the highest per capita e-commerce spending in the world. As of 2013, the Czech Republic was the European country where e-commerce delivers the biggest contribution to the enterprises' total revenue. Almost a quarter (24%) of the country's total turnover is generated via the online channel.
Arab states
The rate of growth of the number of internet users in the Arab countries has been rapid – 13.1% in 2015. A significant portion of the e-commerce market in the Middle East comprises people in the 30–34 year age group. Egypt has the largest number of internet users in the region, followed by Saudi Arabia and Morocco; these constitute 3/4th of the region's share. Yet, internet penetration is low: 35% in Egypt and 65% in Saudi Arabia.
The Gulf Cooperation Council countries have a rapidly growing market and are characterized by a population that becomes wealthier (Yuldashev). As such, retailers have launched Arabic-language websites as a means to target this population. Secondly, there are predictions of increased mobile purchases and an expanding internet audience (Yuldashev). The growth and development of the two aspects make the GCC countries become larger players in the electronic commerce market with time progress. Specifically, research shows that the e-commerce market is expected to grow to over $20 billion by 2020 among these GCC countries (Yuldashev). The e-commerce market has also gained much popularity among western countries, and in particular Europe and the U.S. These countries have been highly characterized by consumer-packaged goods (CPG) (Geisler, 34). However, trends show that there are future signs of a reverse. Similar to the GCC countries, there has been increased purchase of goods and services in online channels rather than offline channels. Activist investors are trying hard to consolidate and slash their overall cost and the governments in western countries continue to impose more regulation on CPG manufacturers (Geisler, 36). In these senses, CPG investors are being forced to adapt to e-commerce as it is effective as well as a means for them to thrive.
The future trends in the GCC countries will be similar to that of the western countries. Despite the forces that push business to adapt e-commerce as a means to sell goods and products, the manner in which customers make purchases is similar in countries from these two regions. For instance, there has been an increased usage of smartphones which comes in conjunction with an increase in the overall internet audience from the regions. Yuldashev writes that consumers are scaling up to more modern technology that allows for mobile marketing.
However, the percentage of smartphone and internet users who make online purchases is expected to vary in the first few years. It will be independent on the willingness of the people to adopt this new trend (The Statistics Portal). For example, UAE has the greatest smartphone penetration of 73.8 per cent and has 91.9 per cent of its population has access to the internet. On the other hand, smartphone penetration in Europe has been reported to be at 64.7 per cent (The Statistics Portal). Regardless, the disparity in percentage between these regions is expected to level out in future because e-commerce technology is expected to grow to allow for more users.
The e-commerce business within these two regions will result in competition. Government bodies at the country level will enhance their measures and strategies to ensure sustainability and consumer protection (Krings, et al.). These increased measures will raise the environmental and social standards in the countries, factors that will determine the success of the e-commerce market in these countries. For example, an adoption of tough sanctions will make it difficult for companies to enter the e-commerce market while lenient sanctions will allow ease of companies. As such, the future trends between GCC countries and the Western countries will be independent of these sanctions (Krings, et al.). These countries need to make rational conclusions in coming up with effective sanctions.
India
Main article: E-commerce in India
India has an Internet user base of about 460 million as of December 2017. Despite being the third largest user base in the world, the penetration of the Internet is low compared to markets like the United States, United Kingdom or France but is growing at a much faster rate, adding around six million new entrants every month. In India, cash on delivery is the most preferred payment method, accumulating 75% of the e-retail activities. The India retail market is expected to rise from 2.5% in 2016 to 5% in 2020.
Brazil
In 2013, Brazil's e-commerce was growing quickly with retail e-commerce sales expected to grow at a double-digit pace through 2014. By 2016, eMarketer expected retail e-commerce sales in Brazil to reach $17.3 billion.
Logistics
Logistics in e-commerce mainly concerns fulfillment. Online markets and retailers have to find the best possible way to fill orders and deliver products. Small companies usually control their own logistic operation because they do not have the ability to hire an outside company. Most large companies hire a fulfillment service that takes care of a company's logistic needs. The optimization of logistics processes that contains long-term investment in an efficient storage infrastructure system and adoption of inventory management strategies is crucial to prioritize customer satisfaction throughout the entire process, from order placement to final delivery.
Impacts
Impact on markets and retailers
Store closing flags outside a Toys R Us in Deptford, New Jersey. Despite investments, the chain struggled to win market share in the age of digital commerce.
E-commerce markets are growing at noticeable rates. The online market is expected to grow by 56% in 2015–2020. In 2017, retail e-commerce sales worldwide amounted to 2.3 trillion US dollars and e-retail revenues are projected to grow to 4.891 trillion US dollars in 2021. Traditional markets are only expected 2% growth during the same time. Brick and mortar retailers are struggling because of online retailer's ability to offer lower prices and higher efficiency. Many larger retailers are able to maintain a presence offline and online by linking physical and online offerings.
E-commerce allows customers to overcome geographical barriers and allows them to purchase products anytime and from anywhere. Online and traditional markets have different strategies for conducting business. Traditional retailers offer fewer assortment of products because of shelf space where, online retailers often hold no inventory but send customer orders directly to the manufacturer. The pricing strategies are also different for traditional and online retailers. Traditional retailers base their prices on store traffic and the cost to keep inventory. Online retailers base prices on the speed of delivery.
There are two ways for marketers to conduct business through e-commerce: fully online or online along with a brick and mortar store. Online marketers can offer lower prices, greater product selection, and high efficiency rates. Many customers prefer online markets if the products can be delivered quickly at relatively low price. However, online retailers cannot offer the physical experience that traditional retailers can. It can be difficult to judge the quality of a product without the physical experience, which may cause customers to experience product or seller uncertainty. Another issue regarding the online market is concerns about the security of online transactions. Many customers remain loyal to well-known retailers because of this issue.
Security is a primary problem for e-commerce in developed and developing countries. E-commerce security is protecting businesses' websites and customers from unauthorized access, use, alteration, or destruction. The type of threats include: malicious codes, unwanted programs (ad ware, spyware), phishing, hacking, and cyber vandalism. E-commerce websites use different tools to avert security threats. These tools include firewalls, encryption software, digital certificates, and passwords.
Impact on supply chain management
Main article: Supply chain management
For a long time, companies had been troubled by the gap between the benefits which supply chain technology has and the solutions to deliver those benefits. However, the emergence of e-commerce has provided a more practical and effective way of delivering the benefits of the new supply chain technologies.
E-commerce has the capability to integrate all inter-company and intra-company functions, meaning that the three flows (physical flow, financial flow and information flow) of the supply chain could be also affected by e-commerce. The affections on physical flows improved the way of product and inventory movement level for companies. For the information flows, e-commerce optimized the capacity of information processing than companies used to have, and for the financial flows, e-commerce allows companies to have more efficient payment and settlement solutions.
In addition, e-commerce has a more sophisticated level of impact on supply chains: Firstly, the performance gap will be eliminated since companies can identify gaps between different levels of supply chains by electronic means of solutions; Secondly, as a result of e-commerce emergence, new capabilities such implementing ERP systems, like SAP ERP, Xero, or Megaventory, have helped companies to manage operations with customers and suppliers. Yet these new capabilities are still not fully exploited. Thirdly, technology companies would keep investing on new e-commerce software solutions as they are expecting investment return. Fourthly, e-commerce would help to solve many aspects of issues that companies may feel difficult to cope with, such as political barriers or cross-country changes. Finally, e-commerce provides companies a more efficient and effective way to collaborate with each other within the supply chain.
Impact on employment
E-commerce helps create new job opportunities due to information related services, software app and digital products. It also causes job losses. The areas with the greatest predicted job-loss are retail, postal, and travel agencies. The development of e-commerce will create jobs that require highly skilled workers to manage large amounts of information, customer demands, and production processes. In contrast, people with poor technical skills cannot enjoy the wages welfare. On the other hand, because e-commerce requires sufficient stocks that could be delivered to customers in time, the warehouse becomes an important element. Warehouse needs more staff to manage, supervise and organize, thus the condition of warehouse environment will be concerned by employees.
Impact on customers
E-commerce brings convenience for customers as they do not have to leave home and only need to browse websites online, especially for buying products which are not sold in nearby shops. It could help customers buy a wider range of products and save customers' time. Consumers also gain power through online shopping. They are able to research products and compare prices among retailers. Thanks to the practice of user-generated ratings and reviews from companies like Bazaarvoice, Trustpilot, and Yelp, customers can also see what other people think of a product, and decide before buying if they want to spend money on it. Also, online shopping often provides sales promotion or discounts code, thus it is more price effective for customers. Moreover, e-commerce provides products' detailed information; even the in-store staff cannot offer such detailed explanation. Customers can also review and track the order history online.
E-commerce technologies cut transaction costs by allowing both manufactures and consumers to skip through the intermediaries. This is achieved through by extending the search area best price deals and by group purchase. The success of e-commerce in urban and regional levels depend on how the local firms and consumers have adopted to e-commerce.
However, e-commerce lacks human interaction for customers, especially who prefer face-to-face connection. Customers are also concerned with the security of online transactions and tend to remain loyal to well-known retailers. In recent years, clothing retailers such as Tommy Hilfiger have started adding Virtual Fit platforms to their e-commerce sites to reduce the risk of customers buying the wrong sized clothes, although these vary greatly in their fit for purpose. When the customer regret the purchase of a product, it involves returning goods and refunding process. This process is inconvenient as customers need to pack and post the goods. If the products are expensive, large or fragile, it refers to safety issues.
Impact on the environment
In 2018, E-commerce generated 1.3 million short tons (1.2 megatonnes) of container cardboard in North America, an increase from 1.1 million (1.00)) in 2017. Only 35 percent of North American cardboard manufacturing capacity is from recycled content. The recycling rate in Europe is 80 percent and Asia is 93 percent. Amazon, the largest user of boxes, has a strategy to cut back on packing material and has reduced packaging material used by 19 percent by weight since 2016. Amazon is requiring retailers to manufacture their product packaging in a way that does not require additional shipping packaging. Amazon also has an 85-person team researching ways to reduce and improve their packaging and shipping materials.
Accelerated movement of packages around the world includes accelerated movement of living things, with all its attendant risks. Weeds, pests, and diseases all sometimes travel in packages of seeds. Some of these packages are part of brushing manipulation of e-commerce reviews.
Impact on traditional retail
E-commerce has been cited as a major force for the failure of major U.S. retailers in a trend frequently referred to as a "retail apocalypse." The rise of e-commerce outlets like Amazon has made it harder for traditional retailers to attract customers to their stores and forced companies to change their sales strategies. Many companies have turned to sales promotions and increased digital efforts to lure shoppers while shutting down brick-and-mortar locations. The trend has forced some traditional retailers to shutter its brick and mortar operations.
E-commerce during COVID-19
Further information: Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic
In March 2020, global retail website traffic hit 14.3 billion visits signifying an unprecedented growth of e-commerce during the lockdown of 2020. Later studies show that online sales increased by 25% and online grocery shopping increased by over 100% during the crisis in the United States. Meanwhile, as many as 29% of surveyed shoppers state that they will never go back to shopping in person again; in the UK, 43% of consumers state that they expect to keep on shopping the same way even after the lockdown is over.
Retail sales of e-commerce shows that COVID-19 has a significant impact on e-commerce and its sales are expected to reach $6.5 trillion by 2023.
Business application
An example of an older generation of avatar-style automated online assistant on a merchandising website
Some common applications related to electronic commerce are:
B2B e-commerce (business-to-business)
B2C e-commerce (business-to-consumer)
Conversational commerce: e-commerce via chat
Digital Wallet
Document automation in supply chain and logistics
Electronic tickets
Enterprise content management
Group buying
Instant messaging
Internet security
Online auction
Online banking
Online office suites
Online shopping and order tracking
Online transaction processing
Pretail
Print on demand
Shopping cart software
Social networking
Teleconference
Usenet newsgroup
Virtual assistant
Domestic and international payment systems
Timeline
A timeline for the development of e-commerce:
1971 or 1972: The ARPANET is used to arrange a cannabis sale between students at the Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, later described as "the seminal act of e-commerce" in John Markoff's book What the Dormouse Said.
1979: Michael Aldrich demonstrates the first online shopping system.
1981: Thomson Holidays UK is the first business-to-business (B2B) online shopping system to be installed.
1982: Minitel was introduced nationwide in France by France Télécom and used for online ordering.
1983: California State Assembly holds first hearing on "electronic commerce" in Volcano, California. Testifying are CPUC, MCI Mail, Prodigy, CompuServe, Volcano Telephone, and Pacific Telesis. (Not permitted to testify is Quantum Technology, later to become AOL.) California's Electronic Commerce Act was passed in 1984.
1983: Karen Earle Lile (AKA Karen Bean) and Kendall Ross Bean create e-commerce service in San Francisco Bay Area. Buyers and sellers of pianos connect through a database created by Piano Finders on a Kaypro personal computer using DOS interface. Pianos for sale are listed on a Bulletin board system. Buyers print list of pianos for sale by a dot matrix printer. Customer service happened through a Piano Advice Hotline listed in the San Francisco Chronicle classified ads and money transferred by a bank wire transfer when a sale was completed.
1984: Gateshead SIS/Tesco is first B2C online shopping system and Mrs Snowball, 72, is the first online home shopper
1984: In April 1984, CompuServe launches the Electronic Mall in the US and Canada. It is the first comprehensive electronic commerce service.
1989: In May 1989, Sequoia Data Corp. introduced Compumarket, the first internet based system for e-commerce. Sellers and buyers could post items for sale and buyers could search the database and make purchases with a credit card.
1990: Tim Berners-Lee writes the first web browser, WorldWideWeb, using a NeXT computer.
1992: Book Stacks Unlimited in Cleveland opens a commercial sales website (www.books.com) selling books online with credit card processing.
1993: Paget Press releases edition No. 3 of the first app store, The Electronic AppWrapper
1994: Netscape releases the Navigator browser in October under the code name Mozilla. Netscape 1.0 is introduced in late 1994 with SSL encryption that made transactions secure.
1994: Ipswitch IMail Server becomes the first software available online for sale and immediate download via a partnership between Ipswitch, Inc. and OpenMarket.
1994: "Ten Summoner's Tales" by Sting becomes the first secure online purchase through NetMarket.
1995: The US National Science Foundation lifts its former strict prohibition of commercial enterprise on the Internet.
1995: Thursday 27 April 1995, the purchase of a book by Paul Stanfield, product manager for CompuServe UK, from W H Smith's shop within CompuServe's UK Shopping Centre is the UK's first national online shopping service secure transaction. The shopping service at launch featured W H Smith, Tesco, Virgin Megastores/Our Price, Great Universal Stores (GUS), Interflora, Dixons Retail, Past Times, PC World (retailer) and Innovations.
1995: Amazon is launched by Jeff Bezos.
1995: eBay is founded by computer programmer Pierre Omidyar as AuctionWeb. It is the first online auction site supporting person-to-person transactions.
1995: The first commercial-free 24-hour, internet-only radio stations, Radio HK and NetRadio start broadcasting.
1996: The use of Excalibur BBS with replicated "storefronts" was an early implementation of electronic commerce started by a group of SysOps in Australia and replicated to global partner sites.
1998: Electronic postal stamps can be purchased and downloaded for printing from the Web.
1999: Alibaba Group is established in China. Business.com sold for US$7.5 million to eCompanies, which was purchased in 1997 for US$149,000. The peer-to-peer filesharing software Napster launches. ATG Stores launches to sell decorative items for the home online.
1999: Global e-commerce reaches $150 billion
2000: The dot-com bust.
2001: eBay has the largest userbase of any e-commerce site.
2001: Alibaba.com achieved profitability in December 2001.
2002: eBay acquires PayPal for $1.5 billion. Niche retail companies Wayfair and NetShops are founded with the concept of selling products through several targeted domains, rather than a central portal.
2003: Amazon posts first yearly profit.
2004: DHgate.com, China's first online B2B transaction platform, is established, forcing other B2B sites to move away from the "yellow pages" model.
2007: Business.com acquired by R.H. Donnelley for $345 million.
2014: US e-commerce and online retail sales projected to reach $294 billion, an increase of 12 percent over 2013 and 9% of all retail sales. Alibaba Group has the largest Initial public offering ever, worth $25 billion.
2015: Amazon accounts for more than half of all e-commerce growth, selling almost 500 Million SKU's in the US.
2016: The Government of India launches the BHIM UPI digital payment interface. In the year 2020 it has 2 billion digital payment transactions.
2017: Retail e-commerce sales across the world reaches $2.304 trillion, which was a 24.8 percent increase than previous year.
2017: Global e-commerce transactions generate $29.267 trillion, including $25.516 trillion for business-to-business (B2B) transactions and $3.851 trillion for business-to-consumer (B2C) sales.
See also
Comparison of free software e-commerce web application frameworks
Comparison of shopping cart software
Customer intelligence
Digital economy
E-commerce credit card payment system
Electronic bill payment
Electronic money
Non-store retailing
Online shopping
Payments as a service
South Dakota v. Wayfair, Inc.
Types of e-commerce
Timeline of e-commerce
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Further reading
Laudon, Kenneth C.; Traver, Carol Guercio (2014). E-commerce: Business, Technology, Society (10th ed.). Pearson plc. ISBN 9781292009094. Archived from the original on 5 May 2021. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
Chaudhury, Abijit; Kuilboer, Jean-Pierre (2002). E-business and E-commerce Infrastructure: Technologies Supporting the E-business Initiative. McGraw Hill Education. ISBN 9780071123136. Archived from the original on 5 May 2021. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
Frieden, Jonathan D.; Roche, Sean Patrick (2006). "E-Commerce: Legal Issues of the Online Retailer in Virginia" (PDF). Richmond Journal of Law and Technology. 13 (2). Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 September 2020. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
Graham, Mark (2008). "Warped Geographies of Development: The Internet and Theories of Economic Development" (PDF). Geography Compass. 2 (3). Blackwell publishing: 771–789. doi:10.1111/j.1749-8198.2008.00093.x. S2CID 16190907. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 November 2016. Retrieved 5 May 2021 – via Wiley Online Library.
Humeau, Philippe; Jung, Matthieu (21 June 2013). In depth benchmark of 12 ecommerce solutions (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 May 2021. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
Kessler, Michelle (22 December 2003), More shoppers proceed to checkout online, archived from the original on 31 December 2020, retrieved 5 May 2021
Lowry, Paul Benjamin; Wells, Taylor Michael; Moody, Greg; Humpherys, Sean; Kettles, Degan (3 February 2006), Online Payment Gateways Used to Facilitate E-Commerce Transactions and Improve Risk Management, vol. 17 (published January 2006), pp. 1–48, SSRN 879797, archived from the original on 5 May 2021, retrieved 5 May 2021
Kotler, Philip (2009). Marketing Management (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. ISBN 9780136026600. OCLC 1149204899. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
Miller, Roger LeRoy; Cross, Frank B. (2002). The Legal and E-Commerce Environment Today: Business in Its Ethical, Regulatory, and International Setting (3rd ed.). South-Western. ISBN 9780324061888. Archived from the original on 5 May 2021. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
Nissanoff, Daniel (2006). FutureShop: How the New Auction Culture Will Revolutionize the Way We Buy, Sell and Get the Things We Really Want. New York City: The Penguin Press. ISBN 978-1-59420-077-9. OCLC 1149173925. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
Seybold, Patricia B. (2001). The Customer Revolution (1st ed.). New York City: Crown Business. ISBN 978-0-609-60772-5. OCLC 1148801120. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
External links
E-commerce at Wikipedia's sister projects
Definitions from WiktionaryMedia from CommonsNews from WikinewsTextbooks from WikibooksResources from WikiversityData from Wikidata
E-Commerce Resources, Small Business Administration, archived from the original on 21 May 2017
vteComputer scienceNote: This template roughly follows the 2012 ACM Computing Classification System.Hardware
Printed circuit board
Peripheral
Integrated circuit
Very Large Scale Integration
Systems on Chip (SoCs)
Energy consumption (Green computing)
Electronic design automation
Hardware acceleration
Computer systems organization
Computer architecture
Computational complexity
Dependability
Embedded system
Real-time computing
Networks
Network architecture
Network protocol
Network components
Network scheduler
Network performance evaluation
Network service
Software organization
Interpreter
Middleware
Virtual machine
Operating system
Software quality
Software notations and tools
Programming paradigm
Programming language
Compiler
Domain-specific language
Modeling language
Software framework
Integrated development environment
Software configuration management
Software library
Software repository
Software development
Control variable
Software development process
Requirements analysis
Software design
Software construction
Software deployment
Software engineering
Software maintenance
Programming team
Open-source model
Theory of computation
Model of computation
Formal language
Automata theory
Computability theory
Computational complexity theory
Logic
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Czech Republic | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"activity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_shopping"},{"link_name":"electronically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronically"},{"link_name":"products","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_(business)"},{"link_name":"Internet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet"},{"link_name":"mobile commerce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_commerce"},{"link_name":"electronic funds transfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_funds_transfer"},{"link_name":"supply chain management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supply_chain_management"},{"link_name":"Internet marketing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_advertising"},{"link_name":"online transaction processing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_transaction_processing"},{"link_name":"electronic data interchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_data_interchange"},{"link_name":"inventory management systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inventory_management_software"},{"link_name":"data collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_collection"},{"link_name":"electronics industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics_industry"},{"link_name":"semiconductor industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor_industry"}],"text":"Type of business industry usually conducted over the internetE-commerce (electronic commerce) is the activity of electronically buying or selling products on online services or over the Internet. E-commerce draws on technologies such as mobile commerce, electronic funds transfer, supply chain management, Internet marketing, online transaction processing, electronic data interchange (EDI), inventory management systems, and automated data collection systems. E-commerce is the largest sector of the electronics industry and is in turn driven by the technological advances of the semiconductor industry.","title":"E-commerce"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"web","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web"},{"link_name":"e-mail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email"},{"link_name":"Amazon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_(company)"},{"link_name":"music downloads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_download"},{"link_name":"digital distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_distribution"},{"link_name":"iTunes Store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes_Store"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"online retailing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_retailing"},{"link_name":"electronic markets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_markets"},{"link_name":"online auctions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_auction"},{"link_name":"electronic business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_business"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Online shopping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_shopping"},{"link_name":"retail sales direct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_selling"},{"link_name":"web sites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_sites"},{"link_name":"mobile apps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_apps"},{"link_name":"conversational commerce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversational_commerce"},{"link_name":"live chat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_chat"},{"link_name":"chatbots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatbot"},{"link_name":"voice assistants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_assistants"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"online marketplaces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_marketplace"},{"link_name":"business-to-consumer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business-to-consumer"},{"link_name":"consumer-to-consumer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer-to-consumer"},{"link_name":"Business-to-business (B2B)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B2B_e-commerce"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"electronic data interchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_data_interchange"},{"link_name":"customers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customer"},{"link_name":"e-mail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email_marketing"},{"link_name":"newsletters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsletter"},{"link_name":"pretail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretail"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The term was coined and first employed by Robert Jacobson, Principal Consultant to the California State Assembly's Utilities & Commerce Committee, in the title and text of California's Electronic Commerce Act, carried by the late Committee Chairwoman Gwen Moore (D-L.A.) and enacted in 1984.E-commerce typically uses the web for at least a part of a transaction's life cycle although it may also use other technologies such as e-mail. Typical e-commerce transactions include the purchase of products (such as books from Amazon) or services (such as music downloads in the form of digital distribution such as the iTunes Store).[1] There are three areas of e-commerce: online retailing, electronic markets, and online auctions. E-commerce is supported by electronic business.[2] The existence value of e-commerce is to allow consumers to shop online and pay online through the Internet, saving the time and space of customers and enterprises, greatly improving transaction efficiency, especially for busy office workers, and also saving a lot of valuable time.[3]E-commerce businesses may also employ some or all of the following:Online shopping for retail sales direct to consumers via web sites and mobile apps, conversational commerce via live chat, chatbots, and voice assistants.[4]\nProviding or participating in online marketplaces, which process third-party business-to-consumer (B2C) or consumer-to-consumer (C2C) sales;\nBusiness-to-business (B2B) buying and selling.[5]\nGathering and using demographic data through web contacts and social media.\nB2B electronic data interchange.\nMarketing to prospective and established customers by e-mail or fax (for example, with newsletters).\nEngaging in pretail for launching new products and services.\nOnline financial exchanges for currency exchanges or trading purposes.There are five essential categories of E-commerce:[6]Business to Business\nBusiness to Consumer\nBusiness to Government\nConsumer to Business\nConsumer to Consumer","title":"Defining e-commerce"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"B2B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B2B_e-commerce"},{"link_name":"B2C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retail"},{"link_name":"C2B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer-to-business"},{"link_name":"C2C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customer_to_customer"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Data integrity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_integrity"},{"link_name":"security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_security"},{"link_name":"mobile commerce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_commerce"},{"link_name":"t-Commerce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-Commerce"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Contemporary electronic commerce can be classified into two categories. The first category is business based on types of goods sold (involves everything from ordering \"digital\" content for immediate online consumption, to ordering conventional goods and services, to \"meta\" services to facilitate other types of electronic commerce). The second category is based on the nature of the participant (B2B, B2C, C2B and C2C).[7]On the institutional level, big corporations and financial institutions use the internet to exchange financial data to facilitate domestic and international business. Data integrity and security are pressing issues for electronic commerce.Aside from traditional e-commerce, the terms m-Commerce (mobile commerce) as well (around 2013) t-Commerce[8] have also been used.","title":"Forms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"California Privacy Rights Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Privacy_Rights_Act"},{"link_name":"Federal Trade Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission"},{"link_name":"consumer privacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_privacy"},{"link_name":"CAN-SPAM Act of 2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAN-SPAM_Act_of_2003"},{"link_name":"Federal Trade Commission Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission_Act"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Controlled Substances Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled_Substances_Act"},{"link_name":"online pharmacies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_pharmacy"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Australian Competition & Consumer Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Competition_%26_Consumer_Commission"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"European Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commission"},{"link_name":"EU competition rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_competition_law"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Financial Services Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Services_Authority"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Payment Services Directive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payment_Services_Directive"},{"link_name":"Prudential Regulation Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prudential_Regulation_Authority_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Financial Conduct Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Conduct_Authority"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Information Technology Act 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_Technology_Act_2000"},{"link_name":"e-commerce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-commerce_in_India"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Industry and Information Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Industry_and_Information_Technology"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"In the United States, California's Electronic Commerce Act (1984), enacted by the Legislature, the more recent California Privacy Rights Act (2020), enacted through a popular election proposition and to control specifically how electronic commerce may be conducted in California. In the US in its entirety, electronic commerce activities are regulated more broadly by the Federal Trade Commission (FTC). These activities include the use of commercial e-mails, online advertising and consumer privacy. The CAN-SPAM Act of 2003 establishes national standards for direct marketing over e-mail. The Federal Trade Commission Act regulates all forms of advertising, including online advertising, and states that advertising must be truthful and non-deceptive.[9] Using its authority under Section 5 of the FTC Act, which prohibits unfair or deceptive practices, the FTC has brought a number of cases to enforce the promises in corporate privacy statements, including promises about the security of consumers' personal information.[10] As a result, any corporate privacy policy related to e-commerce activity may be subject to enforcement by the FTC.The Ryan Haight Online Pharmacy Consumer Protection Act of 2008, which came into law in 2008, amends the Controlled Substances Act to address online pharmacies.[11]Conflict of laws in cyberspace is a major hurdle for harmonization of legal framework for e-commerce around the world. In order to give a uniformity to e-commerce law around the world, many countries adopted the UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce (1996).[12]Internationally there is the International Consumer Protection and Enforcement Network (ICPEN), which was formed in 1991 from an informal network of government customer fair trade organisations. The purpose was stated as being to find ways of co-operating on tackling consumer problems connected with cross-border transactions in both goods and services, and to help ensure exchanges of information among the participants for mutual benefit and understanding. From this came Econsumer.gov, an ICPEN initiative since April 2001. It is a portal to report complaints about online and related transactions with foreign companies.There is also Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation. APEC was established in 1989 with the vision of achieving stability, security and prosperity for the region through free and open trade and investment. APEC has an Electronic Commerce Steering Group as well as working on common privacy regulations throughout the APEC region.In Australia, trade is covered under Australian Treasury Guidelines for electronic commerce and the Australian Competition & Consumer Commission[13] regulates and offers advice on how to deal with businesses online,[14] and offers specific advice on what happens if things go wrong.[15]The European Union undertook an extensive enquiry into e-commerce in 2015-16 which observed significant growth in the development of e-commerce, along with some developments which raised concerns, such as increased use of selective distribution systems, which allow manufacturers to control routes to market, and \"increased use of contractual restrictions to better control product distribution\". The European Commission felt that some emerging practices might be justified if they could improve the quality of product distribution, but \"others may unduly prevent consumers from benefiting from greater product choice and lower prices in e-commerce and therefore warrant Commission action\" in order to promote compliance with EU competition rules.[16]In the United Kingdom, the Financial Services Authority (FSA)[17] was formerly the regulating authority for most aspects of the EU's Payment Services Directive (PSD), until its replacement in 2013 by the Prudential Regulation Authority and the Financial Conduct Authority.[18] The UK implemented the PSD through the Payment Services Regulations 2009 (PSRs), which came into effect on 1 November 2009. The PSR affects firms providing payment services and their customers. These firms include banks, non-bank credit card issuers and non-bank merchant acquirers, e-money issuers, etc. The PSRs created a new class of regulated firms known as payment institutions (PIs), who are subject to prudential requirements. Article 87 of the PSD requires the European Commission to report on the implementation and impact of the PSD by 1 November 2012.[19]In India, the Information Technology Act 2000 governs the basic applicability of e-commerce.In China, the Telecommunications Regulations of the People's Republic of China (promulgated on 25 September 2000), stipulated the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (MIIT) as the government department regulating all telecommunications related activities, including electronic commerce.[20] On the same day, the Administrative Measures on Internet Information Services were released, the first administrative regulations to address profit-generating activities conducted through the Internet, and lay the foundation for future regulations governing e-commerce in China.[21] On 28 August 2004, the eleventh session of the tenth NPC Standing Committee adopted an Electronic Signature Law, which regulates data message, electronic signature authentication and legal liability issues. It is considered the first law in China's e-commerce legislation. It was a milestone in the course of improving China's electronic commerce legislation, and also marks the entering of China's rapid development stage for electronic commerce legislation.[22]","title":"Governmental regulation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Facebook 3D Posts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook_3D_Posts"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"E-commerce has become an important tool for small and large businesses worldwide, not only to sell to customers, but also to engage them.[23][24]Cross-border e-Commerce is also an essential field for e-Commerce businesses. It has responded to the trend of globalization. It shows that numerous firms have opened up new businesses, expanded new markets, and overcome trade barriers; more and more enterprises have started exploring the cross-border cooperation field. In addition, compared with traditional cross-border trade, the information on cross-border e-commerce is more concealed. In the era of globalization, cross-border e-commerce for inter-firm companies means the activities, interactions, or social relations of two or more e-commerce enterprises. However, the success of cross-border e-commerce promotes the development of small and medium-sized firms, and it has finally become a new transaction mode. It has helped the companies solve financial problems and realize the reasonable allocation of resources field. SMEs ( small and medium enterprises) can also precisely match the demand and supply in the market, having the industrial chain majorization and creating more revenues for companies.[25]In 2012, e-commerce sales topped $1 trillion for the first time in history.[26]Mobile devices are playing an increasing role in the mix of e-commerce, this is also commonly called mobile commerce, or m-commerce. In 2014, one estimate saw purchases made on mobile devices making up 25% of the market by 2017.[27]For traditional businesses, one research stated that information technology and cross-border e-commerce is a good opportunity for the rapid development and growth of enterprises. Many companies have invested an enormous volume of investment in mobile applications. The DeLone and McLean Model stated that three perspectives contribute to a successful e-business: information system quality, service quality and users' satisfaction.[28] There is no limit of time and space, there are more opportunities to reach out to customers around the world, and to cut down unnecessary intermediate links, thereby reducing the cost price, and can benefit from one on one large customer data analysis, to achieve a high degree of personal customization strategic plan, in order to fully enhance the core competitiveness of the products in the company.[29]Modern 3D graphics technologies, such as Facebook 3D Posts, are considered by some social media marketers and advertisers as a preferable way to promote consumer goods than static photos, and some brands like Sony are already paving the way for augmented reality commerce. Wayfair now lets you inspect a 3D version of its furniture in a home setting before buying.[30]","title":"Global trends"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Alibaba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alibaba_Group"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hu-2023-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Taobao villages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taobao_village"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hu-2023-38"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"State Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"Internet of things","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_of_things"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:Zhang-41"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:Zhang-41"},{"link_name":"Hangzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangzhou"},{"link_name":"Internet Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangzhou_Internet_Court"},{"link_name":"intellectual property","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_property_in_China"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"sub_title":"China","text":"Among emerging economies, China's e-commerce presence continues to expand every year. With 668 million Internet users, China's online shopping sales reached $253 billion in the first half of 2015, accounting for 10% of total Chinese consumer retail sales in that period.[31] The Chinese retailers have been able to help consumers feel more comfortable shopping online.[32] e-commerce transactions between China and other countries increased 32% to 2.3 trillion yuan ($375.8 billion) in 2012 and accounted for 9.6% of China's total international trade.[33] In 2013, Alibaba had an e-commerce market share of 80% in China.[34] In 2014, Alibaba still dominated the B2B marketplace in China with a market share of 44.82%, followed by several other companies including Made-in-China.com at 3.21%, and GlobalSources.com at 2.98%, with the total transaction value of China's B2B market exceeding 4.5 billion yuan.[35] In 2014, there were 600 million Internet users in China (twice as many as in the US), making it the world's biggest online market.[36]China is also the largest e-commerce market in the world by value of sales, with an estimated US$899 billion in 2016.[37] It accounted for 42.4% of worldwide retail e-commerce in that year, the most of any country.[38]: 110 Research shows that Chinese consumer motivations are different enough from Western audiences to require unique e-commerce app designs instead of simply porting Western apps into the Chinese market.[39]The expansion of e-commerce in China has resulted in the development of Taobao villages, clusters of e-commerce businesses operating in rural areas.[38]: 112 Because Taobao villages have increased the incomes or rural people and entrepreneurship in rural China, Taobao villages have become a component of rural revitalization strategies.[40]: 278In 2015, the State Council promoted the Internet Plus initiative, a five-year plan to integrate traditional manufacturing and service industries with big data, cloud computing, and Internet of things technology.[41]: 44 The State Council provided support for Internet Plus through policy support in area including cross-border e-commerce and rural e-commerce.[41]: 44In 2019, the city of Hangzhou established a pilot program artificial intelligence-based Internet Court to adjudicate disputes related to e-commerce and internet-related intellectual property claims.[42]: 124","title":"Global trends"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"sub_title":"Europe","text":"In 2010, the United Kingdom had the highest per capita e-commerce spending in the world.[43] As of 2013, the Czech Republic was the European country where e-commerce delivers the biggest contribution to the enterprises' total revenue. Almost a quarter (24%) of the country's total turnover is generated via the online channel.[44]","title":"Global trends"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Gulf Cooperation Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council"},{"link_name":"consumer protection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_protection"}],"sub_title":"Arab states","text":"The rate of growth of the number of internet users in the Arab countries has been rapid – 13.1% in 2015. A significant portion of the e-commerce market in the Middle East comprises people in the 30–34 year age group. Egypt has the largest number of internet users in the region, followed by Saudi Arabia and Morocco; these constitute 3/4th of the region's share. Yet, internet penetration is low: 35% in Egypt and 65% in Saudi Arabia.[45]The Gulf Cooperation Council countries have a rapidly growing market and are characterized by a population that becomes wealthier (Yuldashev). As such, retailers have launched Arabic-language websites as a means to target this population. Secondly, there are predictions of increased mobile purchases and an expanding internet audience (Yuldashev). The growth and development of the two aspects make the GCC countries become larger players in the electronic commerce market with time progress. Specifically, research shows that the e-commerce market is expected to grow to over $20 billion by 2020 among these GCC countries (Yuldashev). The e-commerce market has also gained much popularity among western countries, and in particular Europe and the U.S. These countries have been highly characterized by consumer-packaged goods (CPG) (Geisler, 34). However, trends show that there are future signs of a reverse. Similar to the GCC countries, there has been increased purchase of goods and services in online channels rather than offline channels. Activist investors are trying hard to consolidate and slash their overall cost and the governments in western countries continue to impose more regulation on CPG manufacturers (Geisler, 36). In these senses, CPG investors are being forced to adapt to e-commerce as it is effective as well as a means for them to thrive.The future trends in the GCC countries will be similar to that of the western countries. Despite the forces that push business to adapt e-commerce as a means to sell goods and products, the manner in which customers make purchases is similar in countries from these two regions. For instance, there has been an increased usage of smartphones which comes in conjunction with an increase in the overall internet audience from the regions. Yuldashev writes that consumers are scaling up to more modern technology that allows for mobile marketing.\nHowever, the percentage of smartphone and internet users who make online purchases is expected to vary in the first few years. It will be independent on the willingness of the people to adopt this new trend (The Statistics Portal). For example, UAE has the greatest smartphone penetration of 73.8 per cent and has 91.9 per cent of its population has access to the internet. On the other hand, smartphone penetration in Europe has been reported to be at 64.7 per cent (The Statistics Portal). Regardless, the disparity in percentage between these regions is expected to level out in future because e-commerce technology is expected to grow to allow for more users.The e-commerce business within these two regions will result in competition. Government bodies at the country level will enhance their measures and strategies to ensure sustainability and consumer protection (Krings, et al.). These increased measures will raise the environmental and social standards in the countries, factors that will determine the success of the e-commerce market in these countries. For example, an adoption of tough sanctions will make it difficult for companies to enter the e-commerce market while lenient sanctions will allow ease of companies. As such, the future trends between GCC countries and the Western countries will be independent of these sanctions (Krings, et al.). These countries need to make rational conclusions in coming up with effective sanctions.","title":"Global trends"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"sub_title":"India","text":"India has an Internet user base of about 460 million as of December 2017.[46] Despite being the third largest user base in the world, the penetration of the Internet is low compared to markets like the United States, United Kingdom or France but is growing at a much faster rate, adding around six million new entrants every month.[citation needed] In India, cash on delivery is the most preferred payment method, accumulating 75% of the e-retail activities.[47][citation needed] The India retail market is expected to rise from 2.5% in 2016 to 5% in 2020.[48]","title":"Global trends"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"}],"sub_title":"Brazil","text":"In 2013, Brazil's e-commerce was growing quickly with retail e-commerce sales expected to grow at a double-digit pace through 2014. By 2016, eMarketer expected retail e-commerce sales in Brazil to reach $17.3 billion.[49]","title":"Global trends"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"}],"text":"Logistics in e-commerce mainly concerns fulfillment. Online markets and retailers have to find the best possible way to fill orders and deliver products. Small companies usually control their own logistic operation because they do not have the ability to hire an outside company. Most large companies hire a fulfillment service that takes care of a company's logistic needs.[50] The optimization of logistics processes that contains long-term investment in an efficient storage infrastructure system and adoption of inventory management strategies is crucial to prioritize customer satisfaction throughout the entire process, from order placement to final delivery. [51]","title":"Logistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Impacts"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Store_Closing_Flags.jpg"},{"link_name":"Toys R Us","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toys_%22R%22_Us"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Brick and mortar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brick_and_mortar"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_News-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"ad ware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adware"},{"link_name":"spyware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spyware"},{"link_name":"phishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phishing"},{"link_name":"hacking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hacker"},{"link_name":"cyber vandalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandalism"},{"link_name":"firewalls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firewall_(computing)"},{"link_name":"encryption software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encryption_software"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Impact on markets and retailers","text":"Store closing flags outside a Toys R Us in Deptford, New Jersey. Despite investments, the chain struggled to win market share in the age of digital commerce.E-commerce markets are growing at noticeable rates. The online market is expected to grow by 56% in 2015–2020. In 2017, retail e-commerce sales worldwide amounted to 2.3 trillion US dollars and e-retail revenues are projected to grow to 4.891 trillion US dollars in 2021.[52] Traditional markets are only expected 2% growth during the same time. Brick and mortar retailers are struggling because of online retailer's ability to offer lower prices and higher efficiency. Many larger retailers are able to maintain a presence offline and online by linking physical and online offerings.[53]E-commerce allows customers to overcome geographical barriers and allows them to purchase products anytime and from anywhere. Online and traditional markets have different strategies for conducting business. Traditional retailers offer fewer assortment of products because of shelf space where, online retailers often hold no inventory but send customer orders directly to the manufacturer. The pricing strategies are also different for traditional and online retailers. Traditional retailers base their prices on store traffic and the cost to keep inventory. Online retailers base prices on the speed of delivery.There are two ways for marketers to conduct business through e-commerce: fully online or online along with a brick and mortar store. Online marketers can offer lower prices, greater product selection, and high efficiency rates. Many customers prefer online markets if the products can be delivered quickly at relatively low price. However, online retailers cannot offer the physical experience that traditional retailers can. It can be difficult to judge the quality of a product without the physical experience, which may cause customers to experience product or seller uncertainty. Another issue regarding the online market is concerns about the security of online transactions. Many customers remain loyal to well-known retailers because of this issue.[54]Security is a primary problem for e-commerce in developed and developing countries. E-commerce security is protecting businesses' websites and customers from unauthorized access, use, alteration, or destruction. The type of threats include: malicious codes, unwanted programs (ad ware, spyware), phishing, hacking, and cyber vandalism. E-commerce websites use different tools to avert security threats. These tools include firewalls, encryption software, digital certificates, and passwords.[citation needed]","title":"Impacts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marincas-2008-55"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marincas-2008-55"},{"link_name":"SAP ERP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAP_ERP"},{"link_name":"Xero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xero_(software)"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marincas-2008-55"}],"sub_title":"Impact on supply chain management","text":"For a long time, companies had been troubled by the gap between the benefits which supply chain technology has and the solutions to deliver those benefits. However, the emergence of e-commerce has provided a more practical and effective way of delivering the benefits of the new supply chain technologies.[55]E-commerce has the capability to integrate all inter-company and intra-company functions, meaning that the three flows (physical flow, financial flow and information flow) of the supply chain could be also affected by e-commerce. The affections on physical flows improved the way of product and inventory movement level for companies. For the information flows, e-commerce optimized the capacity of information processing than companies used to have, and for the financial flows, e-commerce allows companies to have more efficient payment and settlement solutions.[55]In addition, e-commerce has a more sophisticated level of impact on supply chains: Firstly, the performance gap will be eliminated since companies can identify gaps between different levels of supply chains by electronic means of solutions; Secondly, as a result of e-commerce emergence, new capabilities such implementing ERP systems, like SAP ERP, Xero, or Megaventory, have helped companies to manage operations with customers and suppliers. Yet these new capabilities are still not fully exploited. Thirdly, technology companies would keep investing on new e-commerce software solutions as they are expecting investment return. Fourthly, e-commerce would help to solve many aspects of issues that companies may feel difficult to cope with, such as political barriers or cross-country changes. Finally, e-commerce provides companies a more efficient and effective way to collaborate with each other within the supply chain.[55]","title":"Impacts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Terzi-2011-56"}],"sub_title":"Impact on employment","text":"E-commerce helps create new job opportunities due to information related services, software app and digital products. It also causes job losses. The areas with the greatest predicted job-loss are retail, postal, and travel agencies. The development of e-commerce will create jobs that require highly skilled workers to manage large amounts of information, customer demands, and production processes. In contrast, people with poor technical skills cannot enjoy the wages welfare. On the other hand, because e-commerce requires sufficient stocks that could be delivered to customers in time, the warehouse becomes an important element. Warehouse needs more staff to manage, supervise and organize, thus the condition of warehouse environment will be concerned by employees.[56]","title":"Impacts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"convenience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convenience"},{"link_name":"Bazaarvoice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazaarvoice"},{"link_name":"Trustpilot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trustpilot"},{"link_name":"Yelp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yelp"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Tommy Hilfiger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Hilfiger"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_News-53"}],"sub_title":"Impact on customers","text":"E-commerce brings convenience for customers as they do not have to leave home and only need to browse websites online, especially for buying products which are not sold in nearby shops. It could help customers buy a wider range of products and save customers' time. Consumers also gain power through online shopping. They are able to research products and compare prices among retailers. Thanks to the practice of user-generated ratings and reviews from companies like Bazaarvoice, Trustpilot, and Yelp, customers can also see what other people think of a product, and decide before buying if they want to spend money on it.[57][58] Also, online shopping often provides sales promotion or discounts code, thus it is more price effective for customers. Moreover, e-commerce provides products' detailed information; even the in-store staff cannot offer such detailed explanation. Customers can also review and track the order history online.E-commerce technologies cut transaction costs by allowing both manufactures and consumers to skip through the intermediaries. This is achieved through by extending the search area best price deals and by group purchase. The success of e-commerce in urban and regional levels depend on how the local firms and consumers have adopted to e-commerce.[59]However, e-commerce lacks human interaction for customers, especially who prefer face-to-face connection. Customers are also concerned with the security of online transactions and tend to remain loyal to well-known retailers. In recent years, clothing retailers such as Tommy Hilfiger have started adding Virtual Fit platforms to their e-commerce sites to reduce the risk of customers buying the wrong sized clothes, although these vary greatly in their fit for purpose.[60] When the customer regret the purchase of a product, it involves returning goods and refunding process. This process is inconvenient as customers need to pack and post the goods. If the products are expensive, large or fragile, it refers to safety issues.[53]","title":"Impacts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cardboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardboard"},{"link_name":"boxes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardboard_box"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"its attendant risks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasive_species"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Newman-2020-62"},{"link_name":"Weeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weed"},{"link_name":"pests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_pest"},{"link_name":"diseases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_disease"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Newman-2020-62"},{"link_name":"brushing manipulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brushing_(e-commerce)"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Newman-2020-62"}],"sub_title":"Impact on the environment","text":"In 2018, E-commerce generated 1.3 million short tons (1.2 megatonnes) of container cardboard in North America, an increase from 1.1 million (1.00)) in 2017. Only 35 percent of North American cardboard manufacturing capacity is from recycled content. The recycling rate in Europe is 80 percent and Asia is 93 percent. Amazon, the largest user of boxes, has a strategy to cut back on packing material and has reduced packaging material used by 19 percent by weight since 2016. Amazon is requiring retailers to manufacture their product packaging in a way that does not require additional shipping packaging. Amazon also has an 85-person team researching ways to reduce and improve their packaging and shipping materials.[61]Accelerated movement of packages around the world includes accelerated movement of living things, with all its attendant risks.[62] Weeds, pests, and diseases all sometimes travel in packages of seeds.[62] Some of these packages are part of brushing manipulation of e-commerce reviews.[62]","title":"Impacts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"}],"sub_title":"Impact on traditional retail","text":"E-commerce has been cited as a major force for the failure of major U.S. retailers in a trend frequently referred to as a \"retail apocalypse.\"[63] The rise of e-commerce outlets like Amazon has made it harder for traditional retailers to attract customers to their stores and forced companies to change their sales strategies. Many companies have turned to sales promotions and increased digital efforts to lure shoppers while shutting down brick-and-mortar locations.[64] The trend has forced some traditional retailers to shutter its brick and mortar operations.[65]","title":"Impacts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"}],"text":"Further information: Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemicIn March 2020, global retail website traffic hit 14.3 billion visits[66] signifying an unprecedented growth of e-commerce during the lockdown of 2020. Later studies show that online sales increased by 25% and online grocery shopping increased by over 100% during the crisis in the United States.[67] Meanwhile, as many as 29% of surveyed shoppers state that they will never go back to shopping in person again; in the UK, 43% of consumers state that they expect to keep on shopping the same way even after the lockdown is over.[68]Retail sales of e-commerce shows that COVID-19 has a significant impact on e-commerce and its sales are expected to reach $6.5 trillion by 2023.[69]","title":"E-commerce during COVID-19"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Automated_online_assistant.png"},{"link_name":"automated online assistant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_online_assistant"},{"link_name":"B2B e-commerce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B2B_e-commerce"},{"link_name":"business-to-business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business-to-business"},{"link_name":"business-to-consumer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business-to-consumer"},{"link_name":"Conversational commerce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversational_commerce"},{"link_name":"Digital Wallet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_wallet"},{"link_name":"Document automation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Document_automation"},{"link_name":"supply chain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supply_chain"},{"link_name":"Electronic tickets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_ticket"},{"link_name":"Enterprise content management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_content_management"},{"link_name":"Group buying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_buying"},{"link_name":"Instant messaging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instant_messaging"},{"link_name":"Internet security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_security"},{"link_name":"Online auction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_auction"},{"link_name":"Online banking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_banking"},{"link_name":"Online office suites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_office_suite"},{"link_name":"Online shopping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_shopping"},{"link_name":"order tracking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Track_and_trace"},{"link_name":"Online transaction processing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_transaction_processing"},{"link_name":"Pretail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretail"},{"link_name":"Print on demand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Print_on_demand"},{"link_name":"Shopping cart software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shopping_cart_software"},{"link_name":"Social networking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_networking_service"},{"link_name":"Teleconference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleconference"},{"link_name":"Usenet newsgroup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usenet_newsgroup"},{"link_name":"Virtual assistant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_assistant"},{"link_name":"payment systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payment_system"}],"text":"An example of an older generation of avatar-style automated online assistant on a merchandising websiteSome common applications related to electronic commerce are:B2B e-commerce (business-to-business)\nB2C e-commerce (business-to-consumer)\nConversational commerce: e-commerce via chat\nDigital Wallet\nDocument automation in supply chain and logistics\nElectronic tickets\nEnterprise content management\nGroup buying\nInstant messaging\nInternet security\nOnline auction\nOnline banking\nOnline office suites\nOnline shopping and order tracking\nOnline transaction processing\nPretail\nPrint on demand\nShopping cart software\nSocial networking\nTeleconference\nUsenet newsgroup\nVirtual assistant\nDomestic and international payment systems","title":"Business application"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ARPANET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET"},{"link_name":"cannabis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis"},{"link_name":"Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University_centers_and_institutes"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"John Markoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Markoff"},{"link_name":"What the Dormouse Said","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_the_Dormouse_Said"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"Michael Aldrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Aldrich"},{"link_name":"online shopping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_shopping"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"business-to-business (B2B)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B2B_e-commerce"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"Minitel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minitel"},{"link_name":"France Télécom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_S.A."},{"link_name":"California State Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"Kendall Ross Bean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendall_Ross_Bean"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Bay Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area"},{"link_name":"Kaypro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaypro"},{"link_name":"DOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS"},{"link_name":"Bulletin board system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulletin_board_system"},{"link_name":"dot matrix printer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dot_matrix_printer"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Chronicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Chronicle"},{"link_name":"wire transfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wire_transfer"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"Gateshead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gateshead"},{"link_name":"Tesco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesco"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"CompuServe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CompuServe"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"Tim Berners-Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee"},{"link_name":"WorldWideWeb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WorldWideWeb"},{"link_name":"NeXT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeXTSTEP"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"Book Stacks Unlimited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_Stacks_Unlimited"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"app store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/App_store"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"Netscape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netscape"},{"link_name":"Mozilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozilla"},{"link_name":"Netscape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netscape_Navigator"},{"link_name":"SSL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_Layer_Security"},{"link_name":"Ipswitch IMail Server","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipswitch_IMail_Server"},{"link_name":"Ipswitch, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipswitch,_Inc."},{"link_name":"OpenMarket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenMarket"},{"link_name":"NetMarket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetMarket"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"National Science Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Foundation"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"CompuServe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CompuServe"},{"link_name":"W H Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W_H_Smith"},{"link_name":"W H Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W_H_Smith"},{"link_name":"Tesco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesco"},{"link_name":"Virgin Megastores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Megastores"},{"link_name":"Our Price","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Price"},{"link_name":"GUS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GUS_(retailer)"},{"link_name":"Interflora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interflora"},{"link_name":"Dixons Retail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixons_Retail"},{"link_name":"PC World (retailer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_World_(retailer)"},{"link_name":"Amazon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_(company)"},{"link_name":"Jeff Bezos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Bezos"},{"link_name":"eBay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EBay"},{"link_name":"Pierre Omidyar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Omidyar"},{"link_name":"online auction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_auction"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bunnell-85"},{"link_name":"NetRadio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetRadio"},{"link_name":"Excalibur BBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excalibur_BBS"},{"link_name":"SysOps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sysop"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Electronic postal stamps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_stamp"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"Alibaba Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alibaba_Group"},{"link_name":"Business.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business.com"},{"link_name":"Napster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napster"},{"link_name":"ATG Stores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATG_Stores"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Terzi-2011-56"},{"link_name":"dot-com bust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dot-com_bust"},{"link_name":"eBay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EBay"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bunnell-85"},{"link_name":"Alibaba.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alibaba_Group"},{"link_name":"eBay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EBay"},{"link_name":"PayPal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PayPal"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"Wayfair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayfair"},{"link_name":"NetShops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetShops"},{"link_name":"Amazon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_(company)"},{"link_name":"DHgate.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DHgate.com"},{"link_name":"yellow pages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_pages"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"Business.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business.com"},{"link_name":"R.H. Donnelley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R.H._Donnelley"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"Alibaba Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alibaba_Group"},{"link_name":"Initial public offering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initial_public_offering"},{"link_name":"Amazon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_(company)"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"Government of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_India"},{"link_name":"BHIM UPI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BHIM"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"business-to-consumer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business-to-consumer"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"}],"text":"A timeline for the development of e-commerce:1971 or 1972: The ARPANET is used to arrange a cannabis sale between students at the Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, later described as \"the seminal act of e-commerce\" in John Markoff's book What the Dormouse Said.[70]\n1979: Michael Aldrich demonstrates the first online shopping system.[71]\n1981: Thomson Holidays UK is the first business-to-business (B2B) online shopping system to be installed.[72]\n1982: Minitel was introduced nationwide in France by France Télécom and used for online ordering.\n1983: California State Assembly holds first hearing on \"electronic commerce\" in Volcano, California.[73] Testifying are CPUC, MCI Mail, Prodigy, CompuServe, Volcano Telephone, and Pacific Telesis. (Not permitted to testify is Quantum Technology, later to become AOL.) California's Electronic Commerce Act was passed in 1984.\n1983: Karen Earle Lile (AKA Karen Bean) and Kendall Ross Bean create e-commerce service in San Francisco Bay Area. Buyers and sellers of pianos connect through a database created by Piano Finders on a Kaypro personal computer using DOS interface. Pianos for sale are listed on a Bulletin board system. Buyers print list of pianos for sale by a dot matrix printer. Customer service happened through a Piano Advice Hotline listed in the San Francisco Chronicle classified ads and money transferred by a bank wire transfer when a sale was completed.[74][75]\n1984: Gateshead SIS/Tesco is first B2C online shopping system[76] and Mrs Snowball, 72, is the first online home shopper[77]\n1984: In April 1984, CompuServe launches the Electronic Mall in the US and Canada. It is the first comprehensive electronic commerce service.[78]\n1989: In May 1989, Sequoia Data Corp. introduced Compumarket, the first internet based system for e-commerce. Sellers and buyers could post items for sale and buyers could search the database and make purchases with a credit card.\n1990: Tim Berners-Lee writes the first web browser, WorldWideWeb, using a NeXT computer.[79]\n1992: Book Stacks Unlimited in Cleveland opens a commercial sales website (www.books.com) selling books online with credit card processing.\n1993: Paget Press releases edition No. 3[80] of the first[81] app store, The Electronic AppWrapper[82]\n1994: Netscape releases the Navigator browser in October under the code name Mozilla. Netscape 1.0 is introduced in late 1994 with SSL encryption that made transactions secure.\n1994: Ipswitch IMail Server becomes the first software available online for sale and immediate download via a partnership between Ipswitch, Inc. and OpenMarket.\n1994: \"Ten Summoner's Tales\" by Sting becomes the first secure online purchase through NetMarket.[83]\n1995: The US National Science Foundation lifts its former strict prohibition of commercial enterprise on the Internet.[84]\n1995: Thursday 27 April 1995, the purchase of a book by Paul Stanfield, product manager for CompuServe UK, from W H Smith's shop within CompuServe's UK Shopping Centre is the UK's first national online shopping service secure transaction. The shopping service at launch featured W H Smith, Tesco, Virgin Megastores/Our Price, Great Universal Stores (GUS), Interflora, Dixons Retail, Past Times, PC World (retailer) and Innovations.\n1995: Amazon is launched by Jeff Bezos.\n1995: eBay is founded by computer programmer Pierre Omidyar as AuctionWeb. It is the first online auction site supporting person-to-person transactions.[85]\n1995: The first commercial-free 24-hour, internet-only radio stations, Radio HK and NetRadio start broadcasting.\n1996: The use of Excalibur BBS with replicated \"storefronts\" was an early implementation of electronic commerce started by a group of SysOps in Australia and replicated to global partner sites.\n1998: Electronic postal stamps can be purchased and downloaded for printing from the Web.[86]\n1999: Alibaba Group is established in China. Business.com sold for US$7.5 million to eCompanies, which was purchased in 1997 for US$149,000. The peer-to-peer filesharing software Napster launches. ATG Stores launches to sell decorative items for the home online.\n1999: Global e-commerce reaches $150 billion[56]\n2000: The dot-com bust.\n2001: eBay has the largest userbase of any e-commerce site.[85]\n2001: Alibaba.com achieved profitability in December 2001.\n2002: eBay acquires PayPal for $1.5 billion.[87] Niche retail companies Wayfair and NetShops are founded with the concept of selling products through several targeted domains, rather than a central portal.\n2003: Amazon posts first yearly profit.\n2004: DHgate.com, China's first online B2B transaction platform, is established, forcing other B2B sites to move away from the \"yellow pages\" model.[88]\n2007: Business.com acquired by R.H. Donnelley for $345 million.[89]\n2014: US e-commerce and online retail sales projected to reach $294 billion, an increase of 12 percent over 2013 and 9% of all retail sales.[90] Alibaba Group has the largest Initial public offering ever, worth $25 billion.\n2015: Amazon accounts for more than half of all e-commerce growth,[91] selling almost 500 Million SKU's in the US.\n2016: The Government of India launches the BHIM UPI digital payment interface. In the year 2020 it has 2 billion digital payment transactions.[92][93]\n2017: Retail e-commerce sales across the world reaches $2.304 trillion, which was a 24.8 percent increase than previous year.[94]\n2017: Global e-commerce transactions generate $29.267 trillion, including $25.516 trillion for business-to-business (B2B) transactions and $3.851 trillion for business-to-consumer (B2C) sales.[95]","title":"Timeline"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"E-commerce: Business, Technology, Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=-cgDnwEACAAJ"},{"link_name":"Pearson plc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearson_plc"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781292009094","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781292009094"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20210505004149/https://books.google.com/books?id=-cgDnwEACAAJ"},{"link_name":"E-business and E-commerce Infrastructure: Technologies Supporting the E-business Initiative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=zHoeAQAAIAAJ"},{"link_name":"McGraw Hill Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGraw_Hill_Education"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780071123136","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780071123136"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20210505004143/https://books.google.com/books?id=zHoeAQAAIAAJ"},{"link_name":"\"E-Commerce: Legal Issues of the Online Retailer in Virginia\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//jolt.richmond.edu/jolt-archive/v13i2/article5.pdf"},{"link_name":"Richmond Journal of Law and Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond_Journal_of_Law_and_Technology"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20200922172841/http://jolt.richmond.edu/jolt-archive/v13i2/article5.pdf"},{"link_name":"\"Warped Geographies of Development: The Internet and Theories of Economic Development\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20161126085903/http://geospace.co.uk/files/compass.pdf"},{"link_name":"Blackwell publishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackwell_publishing"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1111/j.1749-8198.2008.00093.x","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1749-8198.2008.00093.x"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"16190907","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16190907"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//geospace.co.uk/files/compass.pdf"},{"link_name":"In depth benchmark of 12 ecommerce solutions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//docshare01.docshare.tips/files/18925/189257997.pdf"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20210505004106/http://docshare01.docshare.tips/files/18925/189257997.pdf"},{"link_name":"More shoppers proceed to checkout online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//usatoday30.usatoday.com/tech/news/2003-12-22-shoppers_x.htm"},{"link_name":"archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20201231093120/https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/tech/news/2003-12-22-shoppers_x.htm"},{"link_name":"Online Payment Gateways Used to Facilitate E-Commerce Transactions and Improve Risk Management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//poseidon01.ssrn.com/delivery.php?ID=006067124031002012102073005071102028121003067016049005125101029123091116107006103088033000018125109112124079012078102065108100010041074039018102125087094069029023054054032101027123099084006096096098113025008086066011113125031124019127031001124116068"},{"link_name":"SSRN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"879797","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=879797"},{"link_name":"archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20210505004134/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=879797"},{"link_name":"Kotler, Philip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Kotler"},{"link_name":"Marketing Management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/frameworkformark00kotl_2"},{"link_name":"Upper Saddle River, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Saddle_River,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Prentice Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prentice_Hall"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780136026600","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780136026600"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1149204899","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1149204899"},{"link_name":"The Legal and E-Commerce Environment Today: Business in Its Ethical, Regulatory, and International Setting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.google.com/books/?id=4wQ9AQAAIAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780324061888","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780324061888"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20210505004111/https://books.google.com/books/?id=4wQ9AQAAIAAJ"},{"link_name":"FutureShop: How the New Auction Culture Will Revolutionize the Way We Buy, Sell and Get the Things We Really Want","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/futureshophownew00niss"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"The Penguin Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Penguin_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-59420-077-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59420-077-9"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1149173925","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1149173925"},{"link_name":"The Customer Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/customerrevoluti00seyb"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Crown Business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_Business"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-609-60772-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-609-60772-5"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1148801120","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1148801120"}],"text":"Laudon, Kenneth C.; Traver, Carol Guercio (2014). E-commerce: Business, Technology, Society (10th ed.). Pearson plc. ISBN 9781292009094. Archived from the original on 5 May 2021. Retrieved 5 May 2021.\nChaudhury, Abijit; Kuilboer, Jean-Pierre (2002). E-business and E-commerce Infrastructure: Technologies Supporting the E-business Initiative. McGraw Hill Education. ISBN 9780071123136. Archived from the original on 5 May 2021. Retrieved 5 May 2021.\nFrieden, Jonathan D.; Roche, Sean Patrick (2006). \"E-Commerce: Legal Issues of the Online Retailer in Virginia\" (PDF). Richmond Journal of Law and Technology. 13 (2). Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 September 2020. Retrieved 5 May 2021.\nGraham, Mark (2008). \"Warped Geographies of Development: The Internet and Theories of Economic Development\" (PDF). Geography Compass. 2 (3). Blackwell publishing: 771–789. doi:10.1111/j.1749-8198.2008.00093.x. S2CID 16190907. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 November 2016. Retrieved 5 May 2021 – via Wiley Online Library.\nHumeau, Philippe; Jung, Matthieu (21 June 2013). In depth benchmark of 12 ecommerce solutions (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 May 2021. Retrieved 5 May 2021.\nKessler, Michelle (22 December 2003), More shoppers proceed to checkout online, archived from the original on 31 December 2020, retrieved 5 May 2021\nLowry, Paul Benjamin; Wells, Taylor Michael; Moody, Greg; Humpherys, Sean; Kettles, Degan (3 February 2006), Online Payment Gateways Used to Facilitate E-Commerce Transactions and Improve Risk Management, vol. 17 (published January 2006), pp. 1–48, SSRN 879797, archived from the original on 5 May 2021, retrieved 5 May 2021\nKotler, Philip (2009). Marketing Management (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. ISBN 9780136026600. OCLC 1149204899. Retrieved 5 May 2021.\nMiller, Roger LeRoy; Cross, Frank B. (2002). The Legal and E-Commerce Environment Today: Business in Its Ethical, Regulatory, and International Setting (3rd ed.). South-Western. ISBN 9780324061888. Archived from the original on 5 May 2021. Retrieved 5 May 2021.\nNissanoff, Daniel (2006). FutureShop: How the New Auction Culture Will Revolutionize the Way We Buy, Sell and Get the Things We Really Want. New York City: The Penguin Press. ISBN 978-1-59420-077-9. OCLC 1149173925. Retrieved 5 May 2021.\nSeybold, Patricia B. (2001). The Customer Revolution (1st ed.). New York City: Crown Business. ISBN 978-0-609-60772-5. OCLC 1148801120. Retrieved 5 May 2021.","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Store closing flags outside a Toys R Us in Deptford, New Jersey. Despite investments, the chain struggled to win market share in the age of digital commerce.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Store_Closing_Flags.jpg/325px-Store_Closing_Flags.jpg"},{"image_text":"An example of an older generation of avatar-style automated online assistant on a merchandising website","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Automated_online_assistant.png/200px-Automated_online_assistant.png"}] | [{"title":"Comparison of free software e-commerce web application frameworks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_free_software_e-commerce_web_application_frameworks"},{"title":"Comparison of shopping cart software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_shopping_cart_software"},{"title":"Customer intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customer_intelligence"},{"title":"Digital economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_economy"},{"title":"E-commerce credit card payment system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-commerce_credit_card_payment_system"},{"title":"Electronic bill payment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_bill_payment"},{"title":"Electronic money","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_money"},{"title":"Non-store retailing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-store_retailing"},{"title":"Online shopping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_shopping"},{"title":"Payments as a service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payments_as_a_service"},{"title":"South Dakota v. Wayfair, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota_v._Wayfair,_Inc."},{"title":"Types of e-commerce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types_of_e-commerce"},{"title":"Timeline of e-commerce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_e-commerce"}] | [{"reference":"\"Retail e-commerce sales CAGR forecast in selected countries from 2016 to 2021\". Statista. October 2016. Archived from the original on 26 November 2017. Retrieved 4 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171126014712/https://www.statista.com/statistics/220177/b2c-e-commerce-sales-cagr-forecast-for-selected-countries/","url_text":"\"Retail e-commerce sales CAGR forecast in selected countries from 2016 to 2021\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statista","url_text":"Statista"},{"url":"https://www.statista.com/statistics/220177/b2c-e-commerce-sales-cagr-forecast-for-selected-countries/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Wienclaw, Ruth A. (2013). \"B2B Business Models\" (PDF). Research Starters: Business. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 July 2013. Retrieved 4 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ebscohost.com/uploads/imported/thisTopic-dbTopic-1074.pdf","url_text":"\"B2B Business Models\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Research_Starters:_Business&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Research Starters: Business"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130718091809/http://www.ebscohost.com/uploads/imported/thisTopic-dbTopic-1074.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Subramani, Mani; Walden, Eric (June 2001). \"The Impact of E-Commerce Announcements on the Market Value of Firms\". Information Systems Research. 12 (2): 135–154. doi:10.1287/isre.12.2.135.9698. ISSN 1047-7047. Archived from the original on 15 June 2022. Retrieved 30 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/abs/10.1287/isre.12.2.135.9698","url_text":"\"The Impact of E-Commerce Announcements on the Market Value of Firms\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1287%2Fisre.12.2.135.9698","url_text":"10.1287/isre.12.2.135.9698"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1047-7047","url_text":"1047-7047"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220615223403/http://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/abs/10.1287/isre.12.2.135.9698","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bussey, Ed (6 March 2018). \"How to prepare your products and brand for conversational commerce\". VentureBeat. Archived from the original on 29 September 2020. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacsa | Pacsa | ["1 External links"] | Coordinates: 46°43′14″N 17°00′40″E / 46.72046°N 17.01104°E / 46.72046; 17.01104This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Pacsa" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Place in Zala, HungaryPacsaPacsaLocation of PacsaCoordinates: 46°43′14″N 17°00′40″E / 46.72046°N 17.01104°E / 46.72046; 17.01104Country HungaryCountyZalaArea • Total22.71 km2 (8.77 sq mi)Population (2004) • Total1,904 • Density83.83/km2 (217.1/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal code8761Area code92
Pacsa is a town in Zala County, Hungary.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pacsa.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Pacsa.
Street map (in Hungarian)
vteZala CountyCities with county rights
Nagykanizsa
Zalaegerszeg (county seat)
Towns
Hévíz
Keszthely
Letenye
Lenti
Pacsa
Zalaszentgrót
Zalalövő
Zalakaros
Large villages
Gyenesdiás
Vonyarcvashegy
Villages
Alibánfa
Almásháza
Alsónemesapáti
Alsópáhok
Alsórajk
Alsószenterzsébet
Babosdöbréte
Baglad
Bagod
Bak
Baktüttös
Balatongyörök
Balatonmagyaród
Bánokszentgyörgy
Barlahida
Batyk
Bázakerettye
Becsehely
Becsvölgye
Belezna
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Bezeréd
Bocfölde
Bocska
Böde
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Boncodfölde
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Csapi
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This Zala location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pacsai_templom.jpg"},{"link_name":"Zala County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zala_County"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"}],"text":"Place in Zala, HungaryPacsa is a town in Zala County, Hungary.","title":"Pacsa"}] | [{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Pacsai_templom.jpg/220px-Pacsai_templom.jpg"}] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pacsa¶ms=46.72046_N_17.01104_E_region:HU_type:city(1904)","external_links_name":"46°43′14″N 17°00′40″E / 46.72046°N 17.01104°E / 46.72046; 17.01104"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Pacsa%22","external_links_name":"\"Pacsa\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Pacsa%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Pacsa%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Pacsa%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Pacsa%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Pacsa%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pacsa¶ms=46.72046_N_17.01104_E_region:HU_type:city(1904)","external_links_name":"46°43′14″N 17°00′40″E / 46.72046°N 17.01104°E / 46.72046; 17.01104"},{"Link":"http://www.terkepcentrum.hu/index.asp?go=map&tid=31741","external_links_name":"Street map"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/134221159","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987012090271705171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pacsa&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Olalla_del_Cala | Santa Olalla del Cala | ["1 Location","2 Local Economy","3 The Castle","3.1 Construction","3.2 Later years","4 Iglesia de Nuestra Senora de la Asuncion","4.1 Pilgrimage Cross","5 Demographics","6 External links","7 Gallery","8 References"] | Place in Andalusia, SpainSanta Olalla del CalaSanta Olalla del Cala
FlagCoat of armsSanta Olalla del CalaLocation in SpainCoordinates: 37°54′N 6°13′W / 37.900°N 6.217°W / 37.900; -6.217CountrySpainAutonomous communityAndalusiaProvinceHuelvaComarcaSierra de HuelvaGovernment • MayorAntonio Plaza BarreroArea • Total204 km2 (79 sq mi) • Land204 km2 (79 sq mi) • Water0.00 km2 (0.00 sq mi)Elevation535 m (1,755 ft)Population (2018) • Total2,004 • Density9.8/km2 (25/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Websitewww.santa-olalla-del-cala.es
Santa Olalla del Cala is a large village within the Autonomous region of Andalucia in southern Spain. The village is also a municipality located in the province of Huelva. the village is situated 1.1 miles (1.8 km) west of the A66-E803 motorway which runs from Sevilla to Salamanca. The village is 43.7 miles (70.3 km) north of the city of Sevilla and 40.9 miles (65.8 km) south of the town of Zafra. The village is 447.5 kilometres (278.1 mi) from the Spanish capital of Madrid and takes approximately 6 hours to travel from there by taxi. The nearest airport is Sevilla Airport which is 52.0 miles (83.7 km) to the south of the village. The nearest railway station is at Llerena which is 34.6 miles (55.7 km) north east of the village.
Location
The village is situated in the southern slopes of the foothills of the Sierra Morena mountain range close to the border between the regions of Andalusia and Extremadura. The municipality is in the northeast of the Province of Huelva, and is within the Aracena Natural Park, which is a protected areas of the Community and occupies the entire north of the province. The village sits on the eastern slope of a proment hill which is topped with a castle fortress, a parish church which in the past has been a Jewish synagogue and a Moorish Mosque. The surrounding countryside consists of meadows and small hills covered predominantly forest of oaks, chestnut trees and scrubland, through which numerous small streams flow, forming a landscape of outstanding natural beauty.
Local Economy
The local economic activity of the municipality is in agriculture especially Olive groves and Holm Oak foraging groves. The village is also renowned for its cork and wood crafting works as well as embroidery and crochet needle
Crafts. Other working activities in the village also include wholesale and retail trading, houses building, activities related to the sale and repair of private and agricultural vehicles and motorbikes. The local gastronomy incorporates a large range of tasty products derived from the Iberian pig. Santa Olalla’s famous sausages are the best elements of its gastronomy.
The Castle
The west elevation of the castle
The castle stands on a prominent rocky ridge above the village. The fortress, although the ramparts are reminiscent of Moorish castles, was built by the Christian king of Castile, Sancho IV in the thirteenth century replacing a much smaller fortress which had been built earlier by the Muslim rulers of Andalucía. The Muslim structure is thought to have been built on top a much early Roman fortification. The castle was part of a defence system built to protect the city of Seville from the Portuguese. This defence system was called the Banda Gallega or The Galician Band. The system composed of three lines of defence, which mostly utilized older Moorish fortresses. The first line contained the castles of Aroche, Encinasola and Fregenal de la Sierra. In the second line was the Torre of San Bartolomé and Cortegana castle. The third line included Santa Olalla del Cala and the fortress at Aracena.
Construction
The castle is constructed from stone masonry and brickwork. The curtain walls have ten towers in total. Four of the towers are circular and the other six are rectangular in shape. The towers are constructed of solid stone and rise to the height of the parapet at which there is a vaulted chamber. This is topped by battlements of which some have pyramidal and brick cube castellation. The inner precinct is of an irregular coffin shape and follows the plan of the ridge top of the hill. On the North West elevation there is an entrance tower which is turned 90° to the main curtain wall of the fortress.
Later years
Following the castle’s decline as a fortress other uses were found for the stronghold. In the 19th century and into the 20th century the castle precinct and curtain walls were used as the municipal cemetery. The walls were pierced to form burial niches. This had a detrimental effect on the castle, considerably weakening the structure. In 1949 the castle was declared a site of cultural interest and measures were taken to preserve the site.
Iglesia de Nuestra Senora de la Asuncion
The Plateresco style Cross on the 'Silver Way'
The church of Nuestra Senora de la Asuncion stands at the southern end of the rocky hill were the castle is situated. The church you see today has had different uses in since it was first built in the 9th century. In the 10th century it was a synagogue and was the Jewish quarter of the village. Two columns from that period can be seen inside the church. During the period of Muslim occupation the building became a mosque. The Apse still retains it Mudejar style with its brick arches and vaults. Two noted features of the Christian church include a fine example of a Gothic doorway, and a statue of the Virgin de los Dolores carved by the Spanish Baroque sculptor Juan de Mesa y Velasco of Seville. Unusually, there is also a preserved ship's anchor, kept here to commemorate the time when Santa Olalla was the base to a Maritime infantry regiment during the Napoleonic wars.
Pilgrimage Cross
Opposite the doorway to the Iglesia de Nuestra Senora de la Asuncion, and a little down the hill, stands a 16th-century Plateresco style cross erected to mark the way of Pilgrimage known as the 'Silver Way'
or Vía de la Plata to Santiago de Compostela from the Andulucian city of Seville. The marker consists of a baluster column topped by a Genovese capital. Above the capital sits a Plateresque flint cross.
Demographics
Historical populationYearPop.±% 19992,297— 20002,244−2.3% 20012,203−1.8% 20022,192−0.5% 20032,173−0.9% 20042,176+0.1% 20052,143−1.5%Source: INE (Spain)
External links
(in Spanish) Statistics about Santa Olalla del Cala
Gallery
The castle viewed from the east
The Church de Nuestra Senora de la Asuncion in the village of Santa Olalla del Cala
Street leading up to the castle in the village of Santa Olalla del Cala
View of surrounding countryside to the west of the castle
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Santa Olalla del Cala.
References
^ Municipal Register of Spain 2018. National Statistics Institute.
^ "Spain & Portugal 2012, Tourist and Motoring Atlas. Pub:Michelin, 2011, ISBN 978-2-06-717415-3
^ Taxi fare to Santa Olalla
^ Official airport website, in English Archived 2012-03-01 at the Wayback Machine
^ Park website
^ Andalucia, Cadogan Guides, Paperback, 8th Revised edition, Mar 2007, Published: Cadogan Guides, Authors: Michael Pauls and Dana Facaros, ISBN 978-1860113895
^ The Camino Mozarabe or Via de la Plata: Braganza - Zamora - Santiago (Pilgrim Guides to Spain) Paperback, Published: Confraternity of St James (May 2005), Author: Alison Raju, ISBN 978-1870585866
vteMunicipalities in the province of Huelva
Aljaraque
Almonaster la Real
Almonte
Alosno
Alájar
Aracena
Aroche
Arroyomolinos de León
Ayamonte
Beas
Berrocal
Bollullos Par del Condado
Bonares
Cabezas Rubias
Cala
Calañas
Campofrío
Cartaya
Castaño del Robledo
Cañaveral de León
Chucena
Corteconcepción
Cortegana
Cortelazor
Cumbres Mayores
Cumbres de Enmedio
Cumbres de San Bartolomé
El Almendro
El Campillo
El Cerro de Andévalo
El Granado
Encinasola
Escacena del Campo
Fuenteheridos
Galaroza
Gibraleón
Higuera de la Sierra
Hinojales
Hinojos
Huelva
Isla Cristina
Jabugo
La Granada de Río-Tinto
La Nava
La Palma del Condado
La Zarza-Perrunal
Lepe
Linares de la Sierra
Los Marines
Lucena del Puerto
Manzanilla
Minas de Ríotinto
Moguer
Nerva
Niebla
Palos de la Frontera
Paterna del Campo
Paymogo
Puebla de Guzmán
Puerto Moral
Punta Umbría
Rociana del Condado
Rosal de la Frontera
San Bartolomé de la Torre
San Juan del Puerto
San Silvestre de Guzmán
Sanlúcar de Guadiana
Santa Ana la Real
Santa Bárbara de Casa
Santa Olalla del Cala
Trigueros
Valdelarco
Valverde del Camino
Villablanca
Villalba del Alcor
Villanueva de las Cruces
Villanueva de los Castillejos
Villarrasa
Zalamea la Real
Zufre
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Spain
Other
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Andalucia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalucia"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Huelva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huelva_(province)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-srok1-2"},{"link_name":"A66-E803 motorway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autov%C3%ADa_A-66"},{"link_name":"Sevilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevilla"},{"link_name":"Salamanca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salamanca"},{"link_name":"Sevilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevilla"},{"link_name":"Zafra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zafra"},{"link_name":"Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-srok2-3"},{"link_name":"Sevilla Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Pablo_Airport"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-srok3-4"},{"link_name":"Llerena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llerena,_Badajoz"}],"text":"Santa Olalla del Cala is a large village within the Autonomous region of Andalucia in southern Spain. The village is also a municipality located in the province of Huelva.[2] the village is situated 1.1 miles (1.8 km) west of the A66-E803 motorway which runs from Sevilla to Salamanca. The village is 43.7 miles (70.3 km) north of the city of Sevilla and 40.9 miles (65.8 km) south of the town of Zafra. The village is 447.5 kilometres (278.1 mi) from the Spanish capital of Madrid and takes approximately 6 hours to travel from there by taxi.[3] The nearest airport is Sevilla Airport[4] which is 52.0 miles (83.7 km) to the south of the village. The nearest railway station is at Llerena which is 34.6 miles (55.7 km) north east of the village.","title":"Santa Olalla del Cala"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sierra Morena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Morena"},{"link_name":"Andalusia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia"},{"link_name":"Extremadura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extremadura"},{"link_name":"Province of Huelva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Huelva"},{"link_name":"Aracena Natural Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aracena_Natural_Park"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-srok4-5"},{"link_name":"Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish"},{"link_name":"synagogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synagogue"},{"link_name":"Moorish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moorish"},{"link_name":"Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosque"},{"link_name":"oaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak"},{"link_name":"chestnut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chestnut"}],"text":"The village is situated in the southern slopes of the foothills of the Sierra Morena mountain range close to the border between the regions of Andalusia and Extremadura. The municipality is in the northeast of the Province of Huelva, and is within the Aracena Natural Park,[5] which is a protected areas of the Community and occupies the entire north of the province. The village sits on the eastern slope of a proment hill which is topped with a castle fortress, a parish church which in the past has been a Jewish synagogue and a Moorish Mosque. The surrounding countryside consists of meadows and small hills covered predominantly forest of oaks, chestnut trees and scrubland, through which numerous small streams flow, forming a landscape of outstanding natural beauty.","title":"Location"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Holm Oak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quercus"},{"link_name":"Iberian pig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Iberian_pig"}],"text":"The local economic activity of the municipality is in agriculture especially Olive groves and Holm Oak foraging groves. The village is also renowned for its cork and wood crafting works as well as embroidery and crochet needle\nCrafts. Other working activities in the village also include wholesale and retail trading, houses building, activities related to the sale and repair of private and agricultural vehicles and motorbikes. The local gastronomy incorporates a large range of tasty products derived from the Iberian pig. Santa Olalla’s famous sausages are the best elements of its gastronomy.","title":"Local Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Castel_of_Santa_Olalla_del_Cala_Spain_2_Oct_2012.JPG"},{"link_name":"Sancho IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sancho_IV_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome"},{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"Aroche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aroche"},{"link_name":"Encinasola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encinasola"},{"link_name":"Fregenal de la Sierra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fregenal_de_la_Sierra"},{"link_name":"San Bartolomé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castillo_de_Cumbres_Mayores"},{"link_name":"Cortegana castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castillo_de_Cortegana"},{"link_name":"Aracena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aracena"}],"text":"The west elevation of the castleThe castle stands on a prominent rocky ridge above the village. The fortress, although the ramparts are reminiscent of Moorish castles, was built by the Christian king of Castile, Sancho IV in the thirteenth century replacing a much smaller fortress which had been built earlier by the Muslim rulers of Andalucía. The Muslim structure is thought to have been built on top a much early Roman fortification. The castle was part of a defence system built to protect the city of Seville from the Portuguese. This defence system was called the Banda Gallega or The Galician Band. The system composed of three lines of defence, which mostly utilized older Moorish fortresses. The first line contained the castles of Aroche, Encinasola and Fregenal de la Sierra. In the second line was the Torre of San Bartolomé and Cortegana castle. The third line included Santa Olalla del Cala and the fortress at Aracena.","title":"The Castle"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Construction","text":"The castle is constructed from stone masonry and brickwork. 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In 1949 the castle was declared a site of cultural interest and measures were taken to preserve the site.","title":"The Castle"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:16_century_Cross_Santa_Olalla_del_Cala_2_October_2012.JPG"},{"link_name":"synagogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synagogue"},{"link_name":"mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosque"},{"link_name":"Juan de Mesa y Velasco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_de_Mesa"},{"link_name":"Seville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seville"},{"link_name":"Napoleonic wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_wars"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-srok5-6"}],"text":"The Plateresco style Cross on the 'Silver Way'The church of Nuestra Senora de la Asuncion stands at the southern end of the rocky hill were the castle is situated. The church you see today has had different uses in since it was first built in the 9th century. 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The marker consists of a baluster column topped by a Genovese capital. Above the capital sits a Plateresque flint cross.","title":"Iglesia de Nuestra Senora de la Asuncion"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Santa_Olalla_del_Cala_2_Oct_2012_(10).JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Church_Santa_Olalla_del_Cala_Spain_2_Oct_2012.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Street_and_Castle_Santa_Olalla_del_Cala_Spain_2_Oct_2012.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:View_westwards_Santa_Olalla_del_Cala_Spain_2_Oct_2012.JPG"},{"link_name":"Santa Olalla del Cala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Santa_Olalla_del_Cala"}],"text":"The castle viewed from the east\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Church de Nuestra Senora de la Asuncion in the village of Santa Olalla del Cala\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tStreet leading up to the castle in the village of Santa Olalla del Cala\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tView of surrounding countryside to the west of the castleWikimedia Commons has media related to Santa Olalla del Cala.","title":"Gallery"}] | [{"image_text":"The west elevation of the castle","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Castel_of_Santa_Olalla_del_Cala_Spain_2_Oct_2012.JPG/200px-Castel_of_Santa_Olalla_del_Cala_Spain_2_Oct_2012.JPG"},{"image_text":"The Plateresco style Cross on the 'Silver Way'","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/16_century_Cross_Santa_Olalla_del_Cala_2_October_2012.JPG/200px-16_century_Cross_Santa_Olalla_del_Cala_2_October_2012.JPG"}] | null | [{"reference":"Municipal Register of Spain 2018. National Statistics Institute.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Statistics_Institute_(Spain)","url_text":"National Statistics Institute"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Santa_Olalla_del_Cala¶ms=37_54_N_6_13_W_type:city(2004)_region:ES-AN","external_links_name":"37°54′N 6°13′W / 37.900°N 6.217°W / 37.900; -6.217"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110802174107/http://www.santa-olalla-del-cala.es/","external_links_name":"www.santa-olalla-del-cala.es"},{"Link":"http://www.ine.es/","external_links_name":"INE (Spain)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070205082817/http://www.juntadeandalucia.es/institutodeestadistica/sima/htm/sm21069.htm","external_links_name":"Statistics about Santa Olalla del Cala"},{"Link":"http://www.worldtaximeter.com/madrid/Madrid+Airport/Santa+Olalla+del+cala/9-34","external_links_name":"Taxi fare to Santa Olalla"},{"Link":"http://www.aena.es/csee/Satellite?cid=1048243388846&pagename=subHome&Language=EN_GB&SiteName=SVQ&c=Page","external_links_name":"Official airport website, in English"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120301022323/http://www.aena.es/csee/Satellite?Language=EN_GB&SiteName=SVQ&c=Page&cid=1048243388846&pagename=subHome","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.andalucia.com/environment/protect/sierradearacena.htm","external_links_name":"Park website"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/316733381","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX454571","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/228517710","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix_(Doctor_Who) | List of Doctor Who items | ["1 C","1.1 Celery","1.2 Chameleon circuit","2 E","2.1 Eye of Harmony","3 H","3.1 Hand of Omega","4 J","4.1 A Journal of Impossible Things","5 K","5.1 Key to Time","6 M","6.1 Matrix","7 P","7.1 Psychic paper","8 S","8.1 Severed hand","8.2 Sonic blaster (squareness gun)","8.3 Sonic screwdriver","8.4 Superphone","9 T","9.1 TARDIS","9.2 Time scoop","10 V","10.1 Vortex manipulator","11 Notes","12 References"] | This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (December 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
"Anti-plastic" redirects here. For opposition to the use and production of plastic, see Plastic pollution § Reduction efforts.
This is a list of notable or recurring items from the BBC television series Doctor Who.
C
Celery
The Fifth Doctor wears a sprig of celery in his lapel. He claims that he is allergic to certain gases in the praxis range; if those gases were present, the sprig would turn purple, at which point he would eat it. Peter Davison asked for this explanation to be included in The Caves of Androzani, as it was his final story. It is referred to later in the same story by the Doctor as "a powerful restorative where I come from..." The Doctor acquires the celery in Castrovalva and replaces it in Enlightenment.
A piece of plastic celery from the series fetched £5,500 (equivalent to £9,638 in 2023) for charity when sold at an auction in November 2007.
Chameleon circuit
"Chameleon circuit" redirects here. For the rock band, see Chameleon Circuit (band).
The Chameleon Circuit is a component of the TARDIS that allows it to change shape to match its surroundings and remain inconspicuous. The circuit has malfunctioned, leaving it stuck in the shape of a 1960s style British police box. Attempts to repair the circuit have led to unpredictable results, including the TARDIS taking on the form of a pipe-organ. Since then, the Doctor has said that he has become fond of the police box form and has stopped trying to repair it. The TARDISes owned by the Master, the Rani, and the Monk have fully functioning chameleon circuits. In series one episode "Boom Town", the Ninth Doctor explains to Captain Jack Harkness and Mickey Smith about the chameleon circuit and why the TARDIS has been "permanently" imaged as a police box. In the episode "Journey's End", when Donna Noble has the Doctor's knowledge in her head due to an instantaneous biological meta crisis, she starts to tell the Tenth Doctor how he can fix the chameleon circuit before the knowledge in her head overwhelms her. The Eleventh Doctor explains to Amy Pond (set between "The Eleventh Hour" and "The Beast Below" in a deleted scene featured on the Series 5 boxset special Meanwhile in the TARDIS) that the TARDIS takes a 12-dimensional scan of the surrounding area and determines what the best thing to turn itself into is. Even though the circuit is broken, the TARDIS can still turn invisible, as shown in The Invasion and "The Impossible Astronaut", the former due to a Cyberman attack that causes the visual stabilizer to malfunction. In the comic, "Hunters of the Burning Stone", it is revealed the circuit is intentionally broken in the First Doctor's TARDIS by the Eleventh as part of a plan to stop the Tribe of Gum.
E
Eye of Harmony
The Eye of Harmony is an artificially created black hole made by Omega, used by the Time Lords as a power source for time travel. The 1996 film Doctor Who, and the episode "Journey to the Centre of the TARDIS", suggests that there is more than one Eye of Harmony, or that the Doctor needs to get one of his own after the Cardiff Rift sealed itself and no more energy could be siphoned off of its scar.
H
Hand of Omega
Main article: Hand of Omega
The Hand of Omega is a device that can collapse a star into a black hole. Omega supposedly used this device to harness the energy and negative continuum inside it to enable time travel. It can also be used to destroy entire star systems by taking out the magnetic fields surrounding atoms. The counteraction of this device occurs in the seventh doctors' story, Remembrance of the Daleks.
J
A Journal of Impossible Things
A dream diary, containing notes and sketches by the Tenth Doctor's human persona, John Smith, in "Human Nature" and "The Family of Blood". The title is handwritten on the journal's first page. Referred to by Smith as "stories", it is shown on screen as scribbled words and what appear to be ink sketches, recording what Smith remembers from dreams about his adventures as the Doctor. Joan Redfern retains the Journal at the end of "The Family of Blood", and it is eventually published in 2009 by her granddaughter in "The End of Time".
One two-page spread contains illustrations of all ten Doctors to date, as seen on a flash animation on the BBC web site at the time of "The Family of Blood" air date. The drawings seen on screen in "Human Nature" are of the First, Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, and Eighth Doctors, the first time each has been depicted in the revived series. The journal also features sketches of the TARDIS interior and exterior, a sonic screwdriver, the Torchwood Institute logo, K-9, Rose Tyler, Autons, clockwork androids, Cybermen, Daleks, the Moxx of Balhoon, gas-masked people from "The Empty Child"/"The Doctor Dances", and the Slitheen.
The text includes repeated phrases describing key concepts (such as "magic box", referring to the TARDIS), along with many misspellings. One repeated phrase, "bigger inside than outside", also appears in Latin as: Maius Intra Qua Extra. The Journal prop was created by artist Kellyanne Walker and incorporates text provided by writer Paul Cornell.
K
Key to Time
Main article: The Key to Time
The most powerful artifact in the universe that is capable of anything the user can imagine. It can restore balance to the universe, or cause utter chaos. Both the Black and White Guardians seek it, but the Doctor prevents the former from gaining control of it by scattering it across time and space.
M
Matrix
The Matrix is a computer system that contains the collective of all Time Lord knowledge. It first appeared in the 1976 serial The Deadly Assassin. The Matrix can only be accessed by the President of the High Council of Time Lords through an item known as the Crown of Rassilon, though a person assuming the role known as the Keeper of the Matrix also holds a key to access it. Access to the Matrix is restricted to most Time Lords.
The Matrix contains biological imprints of all Time Lords and memories of deceased Time Lords. It also receives input from TARDIS time machines piloted by Time Lords, allowing the Matrix to make predictions of the future. In The Trial of a Time Lord, the Matrix is shown to be capable of creating virtual reality worlds within itself. The Matrix is also shown to use Cloister Wraiths and captured alien invaders to defend itself following the Time War, as seen in "Hell Bent". The Matrix has appeared in a variety of other Doctor Who spin-off media.
P
Psychic paper
Psychic paper is a blank, white visitor's card that has special properties. When shown to a person, it can usually induce them to see whatever the user expects, wishes, or needs them to see printed on it. In "Revolution of the Daleks," the Thirteenth Doctor gifts two pieces of psychic paper to companions Ryan Sinclair and Graham O'Brien upon their departure from the TARDIS.
S
Severed hand
The Tenth Doctor's severed right hand is kept in a transparent case filled with a preservative liquid. It is severed by a Sycorax sword during their invasion of Earth ("The Christmas Invasion"). The Doctor regrew the hand due to the healing after-effects of his recent regeneration. Captain Jack Harkness retrieved the hand and stored it at the Torchwood Hub.
In the Torchwood episode "End of Days", the hand glows when the TARDIS is heard materialising in Cardiff. Alerted by the hand, Jack finds the Doctor in "Utopia", and he describes the hand as a "Doctor detector"; at the end of the episode, the hand is stolen by the Master along with the Doctor's TARDIS. In "The Sound of Drums", the Master reveals he has used the hand to derive the Doctor's biological code, with which he accelerates the Doctor's ageing by one hundred years using his laser screwdriver. After the events of "Last of the Time Lords", the Doctor recovers the hand.
It is later seen at the end of the episode, "The Poison Sky", where it glows as it did in "End of Days". In "The Doctor's Daughter", this instance of glowing is explained as sensing the appearance of the Doctor's genetic material, in the form of Jenny, in another time period.
At the end of the episode "The Stolen Earth", the Doctor is shot by a Dalek and is forced to regenerate, but in the following episode, "Journey's End", the Doctor transfers the regeneration energy into the hand, allowing him to heal his wounds but still keep the same form. Donna later touches the hand while it is still infused with regeneration energy, causing the hand to regenerate into a half-human, half-Time Lord copy of the Doctor, with the side effect of giving Donna the knowledge of a Time Lord.
Sonic blaster (squareness gun)
Featured in "The Doctor Dances", the sonic blaster, also known as a "squareness gun", is a handheld weapon from the 51st century. The one featured is owned by Captain Jack Harkness. It fires in a peculiar square shape rather than the more traditional round pattern of most science fiction weapons. In "Silence in the Library", set in the 51st century, Professor River Song possesses a weapon which acts in exactly the same manner, and Steven Moffat, author of both stories, says it is the same item, left in the TARDIS by Jack and taken by River during her time with the Doctor, a time which is actually in the future of the Doctor's personal timeline.
In "Revolution of the Daleks," Jack is armed with a sonic blaster while helping the Thirteenth Doctor and her companions investigate a Dalek threat on Earth. Yasmin Khan is unimpressed with his use of it to open a hole in a door, but Jack is later able to kill two attacking Dalek mutants with the gun.
Sonic screwdriver
Main article: Sonic screwdriver
Superphone
The "superphone" is an upgraded mobile phone that can make calls across time and space. It even calibrates to the user's home time period, as shown by Adam Mitchell's ability to call his home time on Rose Tyler's phone ("The Long Game"), despite their native time periods being about six years apart. In addition, it can send signals in places ordinary phones cannot, such as the sealed Cabinet Rooms at 10 Downing Street ("World War Three"). However, its range is not infinite ("The Impossible Planet"). The Doctor describes the superphone as being able to "call anyone, in any time, so long as you know the area code".
The superphone first appears in "The End of the World", where the Ninth Doctor modifies Rose's Nokia 3200 mobile phone with a special device that goes in place of the battery. In "Rise of the Cybermen", the Nokia 3200 is replaced by a Samsung D500, but otherwise seems to function the same. A Samsung D500 is also seen used by Tish Jones in "The Sound of Drums". It is also able to link with the Cybus Industries Ear-Pod network. Rose gives the phone to Mickey Smith at the end of "The Age of Steel", but replaces it soon after.
When Martha Jones becomes an ongoing companion to the Tenth Doctor in "42", he gives her phone, the BenQ-Siemens EF81, a similar upgrade. This phone, however, is upgraded by the Doctor's sonic screwdriver, and the feature itself is referred to as "Universal Roaming". Martha's phone has the Archangel network logo on its display, the significance of which is revealed in "The Sound of Drums". At the end of the episode "Last of the Time Lords", Martha gives her phone to the Doctor, so she can contact him if trouble occurs.
The Doctor uses the same process to upgrade Donna Noble's phone in "The Doctor's Daughter", but it is only used once onscreen to contact Martha's similarly upgraded phone. When his allies try contact the Doctor in "The Stolen Earth" by means of Martha's superphone now in his possession, the number displayed onscreen is 07700 900461. After the airing of this episode, 2,500 fans tried to dial the number. In "Journey's End", Wilfred mentions that he has received a phone call from Donna, presumably by means of her superphone.
There are at least two superphones available for use in the Eleventh Doctor's TARDIS; Amy Pond's phone and a flip phone sometimes used by the Doctor. Special Agent Delaware used Amy Pond's cell phone to receive a call from the Doctor's flip phone in 1969, before cell networks existed, indicating that both phones must have been upgraded by the Doctor at some point ("Day of the Moon"). In "The Doctor's Wife", the Doctor uses Amy's phone to keep in touch with Amy and Rory, who are trapped inside the TARDIS. Rory is shown to have one in "Dinosaurs on a Spaceship", with his father questioning the oddity of it; Rory commented, "You get used to it."
T
TARDIS
Main article: TARDIS
The Mark II fibreglass TARDIS prop used during the 1980s
A TARDIS (Time And Relative Dimension In Space) is a spaceship invented by the Time Lords that can travel through space and time. The Doctor travels in a Type 40 TARDIS. A TARDIS can travel to any time and place in the universe, except to events that are Time-Locked, such as the Time War. The TARDIS is bigger on the inside than the outside, and its main fuel is Artron energy, a positive time synergy that can almost penetrate time gates. In "The Impossible Planet" it is stated that TARDISes are grown, rather than built, and that no other TARDIS could be created, as the last seeds for them were destroyed in the Time War.
Time scoop
The Time Scoop was a primitive 'Time Corridor' technology created on Gallifrey during the Dark Time, similar in sophistication to Dalek time-travel technology. Its purpose was to remotely 'scoop' individuals from their own time period and deposited them within the Death Zone, a securely controlled environment on Gallifrey. Those kidnapped were then expected to compete in gladiatorial games. In "The Five Doctors", the Scoop was used to fetch various incarnations of the Doctor and his companions to the Death Zone, along with various foes such as the Daleks, Cybermen, and Yeti. The Time Scoop plays a minor role in the Eighth Doctor Adventures novel The Eight Doctors, and a major role in the final chapter of the Gallifrey audio series.
V
Vortex manipulator
A vortex manipulator is a simple form of time travel used by Time Agents in the future. It is a small device mounted in a leather wrist strap that allows the user to travel through time and space. It is stated to be a much more primitive form of time travel than a TARDIS, and has been said to be unpleasant to use. It is also capable of teleporting the user without travelling through time. The most notable user of a vortex manipulator is Captain Jack Harkness, who possessed one from his time as a Time Agent. After being abandoned in the year 200,100 by the Doctor, he attempted to use his manipulator to travel to 21st century Earth to find him, but the device malfunctioned and took him to the 19th century, where it subsequently burnt out and was rendered non-functional (at least the time travel and teleport function, other functions were shown to be working). After the Master stole the Doctor's TARDIS, the Doctor repaired Jack's manipulator and used it to transport him, Jack, and Martha Jones from the end of the universe to 21st century Earth, although he subsequently deactivated the device to prevent Jack from misusing it. Jack later managed to reactivate it again to meet up with the Doctor, but once again it was later deactivated.
Other notable users of vortex manipulators include River Song, Clara Oswald (who used Jack's manipulator), Missy, and the Doctor.
Notes
^ Parry, Tom (21 November 2007). "Who fan's £5,000 celery bid". Daily Mirror.
^ Ware, Peter. "Doctor Who Fact File: Human Nature". BBC. Archived from the original on 1 March 2008. Retrieved 29 May 2007.
^ The Family of Blood at Doctor Who – Fact File
^ "Inside the Hub". (21–27 October 2006) Radio Times, p. 12
^ River Runs Deep. Doctor Who Confidential. London. 7 June 2008. BBC. BBC3.
^ Simpson, Aislinn (7 July 2008). "Doctor Who phone number has fans in frenzy". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 10 July 2008. Retrieved 8 May 2010.
References
Mark Harris, The Doctor Who Technical Manual J.M. Dent ISBN 0-86770-022-X
John Nathan-Turner The TARDIS Inside Out Piccadilly ISBN 0-946826-71-4
Mat Irvine, (Dr Who) Special Effects Beaver ISBN 0-09-942630-7
Peter Haining, The Time-Travellers' Guide WH Allen ISBN 0-491-03497-0
Jean-Marc Lofficier, The Programme Guide Target ISBN 0-426-20342-9
Encyclopedia of the Worlds of Doctor Who: A-D by David Saunders Pub by Piccadilly ISBN 0-946826-54-4
Encyclopedia of the Worlds of Doctor Who: E-K by David Saunders Pub by Piccadilly ISBN 1-85340-036-X
Encyclopedia of the Worlds of Doctor Who: L-R by David Saunders Pub by Piccadilly ISBN 1-85340-081-5
Doctor Who: A Celebration by Peter Haining Pub by Virgin ISBN 0-86369-932-4
Doctor Who From A to Z by Gary Gillatt Pub by BBC Books ISBN 0-563-40589-9
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Category | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Plastic pollution § Reduction efforts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_pollution#Reduction_efforts"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"Doctor Who","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Who"}],"text":"\"Anti-plastic\" redirects here. For opposition to the use and production of plastic, see Plastic pollution § Reduction efforts.This is a list of notable or recurring items from the BBC television series Doctor Who.","title":"List of Doctor Who items"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"C"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fifth Doctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Doctor"},{"link_name":"celery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celery"},{"link_name":"Peter Davison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Davison"},{"link_name":"The Caves of Androzani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Caves_of_Androzani"},{"link_name":"where I come from","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallifrey"},{"link_name":"Castrovalva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castrovalva_(Doctor_Who)"},{"link_name":"Enlightenment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enlightenment_(Doctor_Who)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"sub_title":"Celery","text":"The Fifth Doctor wears a sprig of celery in his lapel. He claims that he is allergic to certain gases in the praxis range; if those gases were present, the sprig would turn purple, at which point he would eat it. Peter Davison asked for this explanation to be included in The Caves of Androzani, as it was his final story. It is referred to later in the same story by the Doctor as \"a powerful restorative where I come from...\" The Doctor acquires the celery in Castrovalva and replaces it in Enlightenment.A piece of plastic celery from the series fetched £5,500 (equivalent to £9,638 in 2023) for charity when sold at an auction in November 2007.[1]","title":"C"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chameleon Circuit (band)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chameleon_Circuit_(band)"},{"link_name":"TARDIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TARDIS"},{"link_name":"police box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_box"},{"link_name":"the Master","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_(Doctor_Who)"},{"link_name":"the Rani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rani_(Doctor_Who)"},{"link_name":"the Monk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Monk_(Doctor_Who)"},{"link_name":"series one","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Who_(series_1)"},{"link_name":"Boom Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boom_Town_(Doctor_Who)"},{"link_name":"Ninth Doctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninth_Doctor"},{"link_name":"Captain Jack Harkness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Harkness"},{"link_name":"Mickey Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickey_Smith"},{"link_name":"Journey's End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journey%27s_End_(Doctor_Who)"},{"link_name":"Donna Noble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donna_Noble"},{"link_name":"Tenth Doctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenth_Doctor"},{"link_name":"Eleventh Doctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleventh_Doctor"},{"link_name":"Amy Pond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Pond"},{"link_name":"The Eleventh Hour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Eleventh_Hour_(Doctor_Who)"},{"link_name":"The Beast Below","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beast_Below"},{"link_name":"Series 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Who_(series_5)"},{"link_name":"The Invasion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Invasion_(Doctor_Who)"},{"link_name":"The Impossible Astronaut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Impossible_Astronaut"},{"link_name":"Cyberman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberman"}],"sub_title":"Chameleon circuit","text":"\"Chameleon circuit\" redirects here. For the rock band, see Chameleon Circuit (band).The Chameleon Circuit is a component of the TARDIS that allows it to change shape to match its surroundings and remain inconspicuous. The circuit has malfunctioned, leaving it stuck in the shape of a 1960s style British police box. Attempts to repair the circuit have led to unpredictable results, including the TARDIS taking on the form of a pipe-organ. Since then, the Doctor has said that he has become fond of the police box form and has stopped trying to repair it. The TARDISes owned by the Master, the Rani, and the Monk have fully functioning chameleon circuits. In series one episode \"Boom Town\", the Ninth Doctor explains to Captain Jack Harkness and Mickey Smith about the chameleon circuit and why the TARDIS has been \"permanently\" imaged as a police box. In the episode \"Journey's End\", when Donna Noble has the Doctor's knowledge in her head due to an instantaneous biological meta crisis, she starts to tell the Tenth Doctor how he can fix the chameleon circuit before the knowledge in her head overwhelms her. The Eleventh Doctor explains to Amy Pond (set between \"The Eleventh Hour\" and \"The Beast Below\" in a deleted scene featured on the Series 5 boxset special Meanwhile in the TARDIS) that the TARDIS takes a 12-dimensional scan of the surrounding area and determines what the best thing to turn itself into is. Even though the circuit is broken, the TARDIS can still turn invisible, as shown in The Invasion and \"The Impossible Astronaut\", the former due to a Cyberman attack that causes the visual stabilizer to malfunction. In the comic, \"Hunters of the Burning Stone\", it is revealed the circuit is intentionally broken in the First Doctor's TARDIS by the Eleventh as part of a plan to stop the Tribe of Gum.","title":"C"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"E"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Doctor Who","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Who_(film)"},{"link_name":"Journey to the Centre of the TARDIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journey_to_the_Centre_of_the_TARDIS"}],"sub_title":"Eye of Harmony","text":"The Eye of Harmony is an artificially created black hole made by Omega, used by the Time Lords as a power source for time travel. The 1996 film Doctor Who, and the episode \"Journey to the Centre of the TARDIS\", suggests that there is more than one Eye of Harmony, or that the Doctor needs to get one of his own after the Cardiff Rift sealed itself and no more energy could be siphoned off of its scar.","title":"E"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"H"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Remembrance of the Daleks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remembrance_of_the_Daleks"}],"sub_title":"Hand of Omega","text":"The Hand of Omega is a device that can collapse a star into a black hole. Omega supposedly used this device to harness the energy and negative continuum inside it to enable time travel. It can also be used to destroy entire star systems by taking out the magnetic fields surrounding atoms. The counteraction of this device occurs in the seventh doctors' story, Remembrance of the Daleks.","title":"H"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"J"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dream diary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dream_journal"},{"link_name":"Human Nature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Nature_(Doctor_Who_episode)"},{"link_name":"The Family of Blood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Family_of_Blood"},{"link_name":"The End of Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_End_of_Time_(Doctor_Who)"},{"link_name":"flash animation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_animation"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fact_File_HN-2"},{"link_name":"TARDIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TARDIS"},{"link_name":"sonic screwdriver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonic_screwdriver"},{"link_name":"Torchwood Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torchwood_Institute"},{"link_name":"K-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-9_(Doctor_Who)"},{"link_name":"Rose Tyler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_Tyler"},{"link_name":"Autons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auton"},{"link_name":"Cybermen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberman"},{"link_name":"Daleks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalek"},{"link_name":"Moxx of Balhoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Doctor_Who_monsters_and_aliens#Moxx_of_Balhoon"},{"link_name":"The Empty Child","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Empty_Child"},{"link_name":"The Doctor Dances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Doctor_Dances"},{"link_name":"Slitheen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slitheen"},{"link_name":"Paul Cornell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Cornell"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fact_File_FB-3"}],"sub_title":"A Journal of Impossible Things","text":"A dream diary, containing notes and sketches by the Tenth Doctor's human persona, John Smith, in \"Human Nature\" and \"The Family of Blood\". The title is handwritten on the journal's first page. Referred to by Smith as \"stories\", it is shown on screen as scribbled words and what appear to be ink sketches, recording what Smith remembers from dreams about his adventures as the Doctor. Joan Redfern retains the Journal at the end of \"The Family of Blood\", and it is eventually published in 2009 by her granddaughter in \"The End of Time\".One two-page spread contains illustrations of all ten Doctors to date, as seen on a flash animation on the BBC web site at the time of \"The Family of Blood\" air date. The drawings seen on screen in \"Human Nature\" are of the First, Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, and Eighth Doctors, the first time each has been depicted in the revived series.[2] The journal also features sketches of the TARDIS interior and exterior, a sonic screwdriver, the Torchwood Institute logo, K-9, Rose Tyler, Autons, clockwork androids, Cybermen, Daleks, the Moxx of Balhoon, gas-masked people from \"The Empty Child\"/\"The Doctor Dances\", and the Slitheen.The text includes repeated phrases describing key concepts (such as \"magic box\", referring to the TARDIS), along with many misspellings. One repeated phrase, \"bigger inside than outside\", also appears in Latin as: Maius Intra Qua Extra. The Journal prop was created by artist Kellyanne Walker and incorporates text provided by writer Paul Cornell.[3]","title":"J"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"K"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Guardian"},{"link_name":"White Guardians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Guardian"}],"sub_title":"Key to Time","text":"The most powerful artifact in the universe that is capable of anything the user can imagine. It can restore balance to the universe, or cause utter chaos. Both the Black and White Guardians seek it, but the Doctor prevents the former from gaining control of it by scattering it across time and space.","title":"K"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Time Lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Lord"},{"link_name":"The Deadly Assassin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Deadly_Assassin"},{"link_name":"Rassilon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rassilon"},{"link_name":"The Trial of a Time Lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Trial_of_a_Time-Lord"},{"link_name":"Time War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_War_(Doctor_Who)"},{"link_name":"Hell Bent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hell_Bent_(Doctor_Who)"}],"sub_title":"Matrix","text":"The Matrix is a computer system that contains the collective of all Time Lord knowledge. It first appeared in the 1976 serial The Deadly Assassin. The Matrix can only be accessed by the President of the High Council of Time Lords through an item known as the Crown of Rassilon, though a person assuming the role known as the Keeper of the Matrix also holds a key to access it. Access to the Matrix is restricted to most Time Lords.The Matrix contains biological imprints of all Time Lords and memories of deceased Time Lords. It also receives input from TARDIS time machines piloted by Time Lords, allowing the Matrix to make predictions of the future. In The Trial of a Time Lord, the Matrix is shown to be capable of creating virtual reality worlds within itself. The Matrix is also shown to use Cloister Wraiths and captured alien invaders to defend itself following the Time War, as seen in \"Hell Bent\". The Matrix has appeared in a variety of other Doctor Who spin-off media.","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"P"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Revolution of the Daleks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution_of_the_Daleks"},{"link_name":"Thirteenth Doctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirteenth_Doctor"},{"link_name":"Ryan Sinclair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Sinclair"},{"link_name":"Graham O'Brien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_O%27Brien"}],"sub_title":"Psychic paper","text":"Psychic paper is a blank, white visitor's card that has special properties. When shown to a person, it can usually induce them to see whatever the user expects, wishes, or needs them to see printed on it. In \"Revolution of the Daleks,\" the Thirteenth Doctor gifts two pieces of psychic paper to companions Ryan Sinclair and Graham O'Brien upon their departure from the TARDIS.","title":"P"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sycorax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Doctor_Who_monsters_and_aliens#Sycorax"},{"link_name":"The Christmas Invasion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Christmas_Invasion"},{"link_name":"Jack Harkness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Harkness"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"End of Days","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End_of_Days_(Torchwood)"},{"link_name":"TARDIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TARDIS"},{"link_name":"Utopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utopia_(Doctor_Who)"},{"link_name":"The Sound of Drums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sound_of_Drums"},{"link_name":"Last of the Time Lords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_of_the_Time_Lords"},{"link_name":"The Poison Sky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Poison_Sky"},{"link_name":"The Doctor's Daughter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Doctor%27s_Daughter"},{"link_name":"Jenny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenny_(Doctor_Who)"},{"link_name":"The Stolen Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Stolen_Earth"},{"link_name":"Dalek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalek"},{"link_name":"Time Lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Lord"}],"sub_title":"Severed hand","text":"The Tenth Doctor's severed right hand is kept in a transparent case filled with a preservative liquid. It is severed by a Sycorax sword during their invasion of Earth (\"The Christmas Invasion\"). The Doctor regrew the hand due to the healing after-effects of his recent regeneration. Captain Jack Harkness retrieved the hand and stored it at the Torchwood Hub.[4]In the Torchwood episode \"End of Days\", the hand glows when the TARDIS is heard materialising in Cardiff. Alerted by the hand, Jack finds the Doctor in \"Utopia\", and he describes the hand as a \"Doctor detector\"; at the end of the episode, the hand is stolen by the Master along with the Doctor's TARDIS. In \"The Sound of Drums\", the Master reveals he has used the hand to derive the Doctor's biological code, with which he accelerates the Doctor's ageing by one hundred years using his laser screwdriver. After the events of \"Last of the Time Lords\", the Doctor recovers the hand.It is later seen at the end of the episode, \"The Poison Sky\", where it glows as it did in \"End of Days\". In \"The Doctor's Daughter\", this instance of glowing is explained as sensing the appearance of the Doctor's genetic material, in the form of Jenny, in another time period.At the end of the episode \"The Stolen Earth\", the Doctor is shot by a Dalek and is forced to regenerate, but in the following episode, \"Journey's End\", the Doctor transfers the regeneration energy into the hand, allowing him to heal his wounds but still keep the same form. Donna later touches the hand while it is still infused with regeneration energy, causing the hand to regenerate into a half-human, half-Time Lord copy of the Doctor, with the side effect of giving Donna the knowledge of a Time Lord.","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Doctor Dances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Doctor_Dances"},{"link_name":"Silence in the Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silence_in_the_Library"},{"link_name":"River Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Song_(Doctor_Who)"},{"link_name":"Steven Moffat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Moffat"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Revolution of the Daleks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution_of_the_Daleks"},{"link_name":"Thirteenth Doctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirteenth_Doctor"},{"link_name":"Yasmin Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasmin_Khan_(Doctor_Who)"}],"sub_title":"Sonic blaster (squareness gun)","text":"Featured in \"The Doctor Dances\", the sonic blaster, also known as a \"squareness gun\", is a handheld weapon from the 51st century. The one featured is owned by Captain Jack Harkness. It fires in a peculiar square shape rather than the more traditional round pattern of most science fiction weapons. In \"Silence in the Library\", set in the 51st century, Professor River Song possesses a weapon which acts in exactly the same manner, and Steven Moffat, author of both stories, says it is the same item, left in the TARDIS by Jack and taken by River during her time with the Doctor, a time which is actually in the future of the Doctor's personal timeline.[5]In \"Revolution of the Daleks,\" Jack is armed with a sonic blaster while helping the Thirteenth Doctor and her companions investigate a Dalek threat on Earth. Yasmin Khan is unimpressed with his use of it to open a hole in a door, but Jack is later able to kill two attacking Dalek mutants with the gun.","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Sonic screwdriver","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Adam Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Mitchell_(Doctor_Who)"},{"link_name":"Rose Tyler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_Tyler"},{"link_name":"The Long Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Long_Game"},{"link_name":"10 Downing Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10_Downing_Street"},{"link_name":"World War Three","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_Three_(Doctor_Who)"},{"link_name":"The Impossible Planet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Impossible_Planet"},{"link_name":"area code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_code"},{"link_name":"The End of the World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_End_of_the_World_(Doctor_Who)"},{"link_name":"Nokia 3200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokia_3200"},{"link_name":"Rise of the Cybermen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rise_of_the_Cybermen"},{"link_name":"Samsung D500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_D500"},{"link_name":"Tish Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tish_Jones"},{"link_name":"Mickey Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickey_Smith"},{"link_name":"The Age of Steel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Age_of_Steel"},{"link_name":"Martha Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Jones"},{"link_name":"42","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/42_(Doctor_Who)"},{"link_name":"Roaming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roaming"},{"link_name":"Archangel network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#A"},{"link_name":"The Sound of Drums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sound_of_Drums"},{"link_name":"Last of the Time Lords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_of_the_Time_Lords"},{"link_name":"Donna Noble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donna_Noble"},{"link_name":"The Doctor's Daughter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Doctor%27s_Daughter"},{"link_name":"The Stolen Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Stolen_Earth"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Amy Pond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Pond"},{"link_name":"Day of the Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day_of_the_Moon"},{"link_name":"The Doctor's Wife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Doctor%27s_Wife"},{"link_name":"Dinosaurs on a Spaceship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinosaurs_on_a_Spaceship"}],"sub_title":"Superphone","text":"The \"superphone\" is an upgraded mobile phone that can make calls across time and space. It even calibrates to the user's home time period, as shown by Adam Mitchell's ability to call his home time on Rose Tyler's phone (\"The Long Game\"), despite their native time periods being about six years apart. In addition, it can send signals in places ordinary phones cannot, such as the sealed Cabinet Rooms at 10 Downing Street (\"World War Three\"). However, its range is not infinite (\"The Impossible Planet\"). The Doctor describes the superphone as being able to \"call anyone, in any time, so long as you know the area code\".The superphone first appears in \"The End of the World\", where the Ninth Doctor modifies Rose's Nokia 3200 mobile phone with a special device that goes in place of the battery. In \"Rise of the Cybermen\", the Nokia 3200 is replaced by a Samsung D500, but otherwise seems to function the same. A Samsung D500 is also seen used by Tish Jones in \"The Sound of Drums\". It is also able to link with the Cybus Industries Ear-Pod network. Rose gives the phone to Mickey Smith at the end of \"The Age of Steel\", but replaces it soon after.When Martha Jones becomes an ongoing companion to the Tenth Doctor in \"42\", he gives her phone, the BenQ-Siemens EF81, a similar upgrade. This phone, however, is upgraded by the Doctor's sonic screwdriver, and the feature itself is referred to as \"Universal Roaming\". Martha's phone has the Archangel network logo on its display, the significance of which is revealed in \"The Sound of Drums\". At the end of the episode \"Last of the Time Lords\", Martha gives her phone to the Doctor, so she can contact him if trouble occurs.The Doctor uses the same process to upgrade Donna Noble's phone in \"The Doctor's Daughter\", but it is only used once onscreen to contact Martha's similarly upgraded phone. When his allies try contact the Doctor in \"The Stolen Earth\" by means of Martha's superphone now in his possession, the number displayed onscreen is 07700 900461. After the airing of this episode, 2,500 fans tried to dial the number.[6] In \"Journey's End\", Wilfred mentions that he has received a phone call from Donna, presumably by means of her superphone.There are at least two superphones available for use in the Eleventh Doctor's TARDIS; Amy Pond's phone and a flip phone sometimes used by the Doctor. Special Agent Delaware used Amy Pond's cell phone to receive a call from the Doctor's flip phone in 1969, before cell networks existed, indicating that both phones must have been upgraded by the Doctor at some point (\"Day of the Moon\"). In \"The Doctor's Wife\", the Doctor uses Amy's phone to keep in touch with Amy and Rory, who are trapped inside the TARDIS. Rory is shown to have one in \"Dinosaurs on a Spaceship\", with his father questioning the oddity of it; Rory commented, \"You get used to it.\"","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"T"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TARDIS2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Time War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_War_(Doctor_Who)"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"The Impossible Planet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Impossible_Planet"}],"sub_title":"TARDIS","text":"The Mark II fibreglass TARDIS prop used during the 1980sA TARDIS (Time And Relative Dimension In Space) is a spaceship invented by the Time Lords that can travel through space and time. The Doctor travels in a Type 40 TARDIS. A TARDIS can travel to any time and place in the universe, except to events that are Time-Locked, such as the Time War. The TARDIS is bigger on the inside than the outside, and its main fuel is Artron energy, a positive time synergy that can almost penetrate time gates.[clarification needed] In \"The Impossible Planet\" it is stated that TARDISes are grown, rather than built, and that no other TARDIS could be created, as the last seeds for them were destroyed in the Time War.","title":"T"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gladiatorial games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladiator"},{"link_name":"The Five Doctors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Five_Doctors"},{"link_name":"companions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companion_(Doctor_Who)"},{"link_name":"Yeti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeti_(Doctor_Who)"},{"link_name":"Eighth Doctor Adventures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighth_Doctor_Adventures"},{"link_name":"The Eight Doctors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Eight_Doctors"}],"sub_title":"Time scoop","text":"The Time Scoop was a primitive 'Time Corridor' technology created on Gallifrey during the Dark Time, similar in sophistication to Dalek time-travel technology. Its purpose was to remotely 'scoop' individuals from their own time period and deposited them within the Death Zone, a securely controlled environment on Gallifrey. Those kidnapped were then expected to compete in gladiatorial games. In \"The Five Doctors\", the Scoop was used to fetch various incarnations of the Doctor and his companions to the Death Zone, along with various foes such as the Daleks, Cybermen, and Yeti. The Time Scoop plays a minor role in the Eighth Doctor Adventures novel The Eight Doctors, and a major role in the final chapter of the Gallifrey audio series.","title":"T"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"V"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Vortex manipulator","text":"A vortex manipulator is a simple form of time travel used by Time Agents in the future. It is a small device mounted in a leather wrist strap that allows the user to travel through time and space. It is stated to be a much more primitive form of time travel than a TARDIS, and has been said to be unpleasant to use. It is also capable of teleporting the user without travelling through time. The most notable user of a vortex manipulator is Captain Jack Harkness, who possessed one from his time as a Time Agent. After being abandoned in the year 200,100 by the Doctor, he attempted to use his manipulator to travel to 21st century Earth to find him, but the device malfunctioned and took him to the 19th century, where it subsequently burnt out and was rendered non-functional (at least the time travel and teleport function, other functions were shown to be working). After the Master stole the Doctor's TARDIS, the Doctor repaired Jack's manipulator and used it to transport him, Jack, and Martha Jones from the end of the universe to 21st century Earth, although he subsequently deactivated the device to prevent Jack from misusing it. Jack later managed to reactivate it again to meet up with the Doctor, but once again it was later deactivated.Other notable users of vortex manipulators include River Song, Clara Oswald (who used Jack's manipulator), Missy, and the Doctor.","title":"V"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Who fan's £5,000 celery bid\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.mirror.co.uk/showbiz/latest/2007/11/21/who-fan-s-5-000-celery-bid-89520-20138201/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Fact_File_HN_2-0"},{"link_name":"\"Doctor Who Fact File: Human Nature\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080301103855/https://www.bbc.co.uk/doctorwho/episodes/2007/facts/fact_308.shtml"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.bbc.co.uk/doctorwho/episodes/2007/facts/fact_308.shtml"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Fact_File_FB_3-0"},{"link_name":"The Family of Blood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.bbc.co.uk/doctorwho/episodes/2007/facts/fact_309.shtml"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"River Runs Deep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Who_Confidential#Series_4_(2008)"},{"link_name":"Doctor Who Confidential","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Who_Confidential"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"BBC3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Three"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"Doctor Who phone number has fans in frenzy\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080710121609/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/celebritynews/2261219/Doctor-Who-phone-number-has-fans-in-frenzy.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/celebritynews/2261219/Doctor-Who-phone-number-has-fans-in-frenzy.html"}],"text":"^ Parry, Tom (21 November 2007). \"Who fan's £5,000 celery bid\". Daily Mirror.\n\n^ Ware, Peter. \"Doctor Who Fact File: Human Nature\". BBC. Archived from the original on 1 March 2008. Retrieved 29 May 2007.\n\n^ The Family of Blood at Doctor Who – Fact File\n\n^ \"Inside the Hub\". (21–27 October 2006) Radio Times, p. 12\n\n^ River Runs Deep. Doctor Who Confidential. London. 7 June 2008. BBC. BBC3.\n\n^ Simpson, Aislinn (7 July 2008). \"Doctor Who phone number has fans in frenzy\". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 10 July 2008. Retrieved 8 May 2010.","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"The Mark II fibreglass TARDIS prop used during the 1980s","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/TARDIS2.jpg/220px-TARDIS2.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Parry, Tom (21 November 2007). \"Who fan's £5,000 celery bid\". 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BBC3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Who_Confidential#Series_4_(2008)","url_text":"River Runs Deep"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Who_Confidential","url_text":"Doctor Who Confidential"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC","url_text":"BBC"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Three","url_text":"BBC3"}]},{"reference":"Simpson, Aislinn (7 July 2008). \"Doctor Who phone number has fans in frenzy\". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 10 July 2008. Retrieved 8 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080710121609/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/celebritynews/2261219/Doctor-Who-phone-number-has-fans-in-frenzy.html","url_text":"\"Doctor Who phone number has fans in frenzy\""},{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/celebritynews/2261219/Doctor-Who-phone-number-has-fans-in-frenzy.html","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.mirror.co.uk/showbiz/latest/2007/11/21/who-fan-s-5-000-celery-bid-89520-20138201/","external_links_name":"\"Who fan's £5,000 celery bid\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080301103855/https://www.bbc.co.uk/doctorwho/episodes/2007/facts/fact_308.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Doctor Who Fact File: Human Nature\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/doctorwho/episodes/2007/facts/fact_308.shtml","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/doctorwho/episodes/2007/facts/fact_309.shtml","external_links_name":"The Family of Blood"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080710121609/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/celebritynews/2261219/Doctor-Who-phone-number-has-fans-in-frenzy.html","external_links_name":"\"Doctor Who phone number has fans in frenzy\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/celebritynews/2261219/Doctor-Who-phone-number-has-fans-in-frenzy.html","external_links_name":"the original"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Grant | Fort Amador | ["1 History","2 Armament","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | Coordinates: 8°56′17″N 79°32′52″W / 8.93806°N 79.54778°W / 8.93806; -79.54778Historic United States Army bases
"Fort Grant" redirects here. For the post in Arizona, see Fort Grant, Arizona.
This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (March 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Fort Amador (Spanish: Fuerte Amador) and Fort Grant were former United States Army bases built to protect the Pacific (southern) end of the Panama Canal at Panama Bay. Amador was the primary on-land site, lying below the Bridge of the Americas. Grant consisted of a series of islands lying just offshore, some connected to Amador via a causeway. Fort Sherman was the corresponding base on the Atlantic (northern) side. All of the forts were turned over to the Republic of Panama in 1999, and the area is now a major tourist attraction.
History
The offshore islands had always been considered excellent defensive grounds and were long visited by English pirates. Sir Francis Drake, Captain Cook, and Henry Morgan all used Taboga and Perico as refuges, after raiding Spanish galleons. It was here that then-Captain Ulysses S. Grant ended his cross-Panama march in 1852.
During the construction of the Panama Canal, notably the Culebra Cut, waste material was dumped in a mangrove bush then known as the "Balboa dump". As the work progressed, the dump was backfilled to create a large breakwater, which was later extended to the nearest of the offshore islands, Naos. This work was completed in 1912, and the military reservations were given their official names that year. Fort Amador is named for Manuel Amador Guerrero, the first president of Panama, while Fort Grant was named to commemorate Grant's earlier crossing to that point.
The two forts initially claimed only about 70 acres (28 ha) of land, but this expanded over the years to over 344. Amador was the primary infantry and support area, and grew to include a rather prominent "tank farm" for fuel storage. Grant was used primarily for naval defence, and included a number of large batteries on the various islands. To supply them, the causeway was extended to connect from Naos to the other nearby islands, Culebra, Perico, and Flamenco, all of which had batteries of various sizes. Grant also included the nearby unconnected islands of San Jose, Panamarca, Changarmi, Tortolita, Torola, Taboga, Cocovieceta, Cocovi, and Venado.
Armament
Fort Amador was initially armed with two batteries, each of two six inch disappearing guns. Batteries Birnie and Snith, begun in 1913, were completed in 1917. They remained in service until 1943, when the guns were removed, and the structures buried. The area was then used for housing. A 90mm Anti-Motor Torpedo Boat (AMTB) Battery replaced them in 1942; it, too, was disarmed and buried in 1948.
See also
14-inch M1920 railway gun
16-inch gun M1895 at Fort Grant
Panama Canal Zone
List of former United States military installations in Panama
References
Military Railroads on the Panama Canal Zone by Charles S. Small, Railroad monographs 1982
Life Magazine March 17, 1941
External links
"A History of Fort Amador and Fort Grant". Archived from the original on 2002-07-04.
"Gun Train Guards Ends of Panama Canal—Rolling Fort Crosses Isthmus in Two Hours". Popular Mechanics: 844–845. December 1934. Includes excellent drawings of the 14-inch M1920 railway gun.
Historic American Buildings Survey (HABS) documentation, filed under Panama City, Former Panama Canal Zone, CZ:
HABS No. CZ-3, "Fort Amador", 2 photos, 49 data pages, 1 photo caption page
HABS No. CZ-3-A, "Fort Amador, Administration Building", 44 photos, 11 data pages, 6 photo caption pages
HABS No. CZ-3-B, "Fort Amador, Four Apartments", 24 photos, 8 data pages, 5 photo caption pages
HABS No. CZ-3-C, "Fort Amador, Officers' Quarters", 24 photos, 9 data pages, 4 photo caption pages
vtePanama CanalManagement
Panama Canal Authority
Structures
Locks
Panamax
Gatun Dam
Gatun Lake
Chagres River
Culebra Cut
Centennial Bridge
Bridge of the Americas
Panama Canal Railway
Atlantic Bridge
LocationsAtlantic side
Colón
Arco Iris
Cristóbal port
Enrique Adolfo Jiménez Airport
Limon Bay
Gatún
Passage
Gatun Lake
Culebra Cut
Pacific side
Balboa
Albrook Airport
Gamboa
Panama City
Expansion
2006 referendum
Atlantic Bridge
New Panamax / Post-Panamax
HistoryPeople
Philippe Bunau-Varilla
Ephraim S. Claybourn
John G. Claybourn
William Nelson Cromwell
David du Bose Gaillard
George Washington Goethals
William Crawford Gorgas
Ferdinand de Lesseps
John Frank Stevens
Construction
1903 Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty
1921 Thomson–Urrutia Treaty
Isthmian Canal Commission (1904–1906)
Health measures
Panama Canal Museum
Box 25
US Canal Zone(1904–1979/99)
1977 Torrijos–Carter Treaties
Former US militaryinstallationsAirfields
Albrook AFB
France Field
Howard AFB
Forts
Amador
Clayton
Davis
De Lesseps
Grant
Gulick
Kobbe
Randolph
Sherman
Ports
Coco Solo
PSA Panama International Terminal
Radio
Galeta Island
Balboa Naval Station
Education
Balboa High School
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
United States
8°56′17″N 79°32′52″W / 8.93806°N 79.54778°W / 8.93806; -79.54778 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fort Grant, Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Grant,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"Panama Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_Canal"},{"link_name":"Panama Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_Bay"},{"link_name":"Bridge of the Americas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge_of_the_Americas"},{"link_name":"Fort Sherman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Sherman"},{"link_name":"Republic of Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Panama"}],"text":"Historic United States Army bases\"Fort Grant\" redirects here. For the post in Arizona, see Fort Grant, Arizona.Fort Amador (Spanish: Fuerte Amador) and Fort Grant were former United States Army bases built to protect the Pacific (southern) end of the Panama Canal at Panama Bay. Amador was the primary on-land site, lying below the Bridge of the Americas. Grant consisted of a series of islands lying just offshore, some connected to Amador via a causeway. Fort Sherman was the corresponding base on the Atlantic (northern) side. All of the forts were turned over to the Republic of Panama in 1999, and the area is now a major tourist attraction.","title":"Fort Amador"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piracy"},{"link_name":"Sir Francis Drake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Drake"},{"link_name":"Captain Cook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_Cook"},{"link_name":"Henry Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Morgan"},{"link_name":"galleons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galleon"},{"link_name":"Ulysses S. Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant"},{"link_name":"Culebra Cut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culebra_Cut"},{"link_name":"Manuel Amador Guerrero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Amador_Guerrero"},{"link_name":"batteries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery_battery"}],"text":"The offshore islands had always been considered excellent defensive grounds and were long visited by English pirates. Sir Francis Drake, Captain Cook, and Henry Morgan all used Taboga and Perico as refuges, after raiding Spanish galleons. It was here that then-Captain Ulysses S. Grant ended his cross-Panama march in 1852.During the construction of the Panama Canal, notably the Culebra Cut, waste material was dumped in a mangrove bush then known as the \"Balboa dump\". As the work progressed, the dump was backfilled to create a large breakwater, which was later extended to the nearest of the offshore islands, Naos. This work was completed in 1912, and the military reservations were given their official names that year. Fort Amador is named for Manuel Amador Guerrero, the first president of Panama, while Fort Grant was named to commemorate Grant's earlier crossing to that point.The two forts initially claimed only about 70 acres (28 ha) of land, but this expanded over the years to over 344. Amador was the primary infantry and support area, and grew to include a rather prominent \"tank farm\" for fuel storage. Grant was used primarily for naval defence, and included a number of large batteries on the various islands. To supply them, the causeway was extended to connect from Naos to the other nearby islands, Culebra, Perico, and Flamenco, all of which had batteries of various sizes. Grant also included the nearby unconnected islands of San Jose, Panamarca, Changarmi, Tortolita, Torola, Taboga, Cocovieceta, Cocovi, and Venado.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Fort Amador was initially armed with two batteries, each of two six inch disappearing guns. Batteries Birnie and Snith, begun in 1913, were completed in 1917. They remained in service until 1943, when the guns were removed, and the structures buried. The area was then used for housing. A 90mm Anti-Motor Torpedo Boat (AMTB) Battery replaced them in 1942; it, too, was disarmed and buried in 1948.","title":"Armament"}] | [] | [{"title":"14-inch M1920 railway gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14-inch_M1920_railway_gun"},{"title":"16-inch gun M1895","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16-inch_gun_M1895"},{"title":"Panama Canal Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_Canal_Zone"},{"title":"List of former United States military installations in Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_former_United_States_military_installations_in_Panama"}] | [{"reference":"\"A History of Fort Amador and Fort Grant\". Archived from the original on 2002-07-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20020704015602/http://www.denix.osd.mil/denix/Public/Library/NCR/note7.html","url_text":"\"A History of Fort Amador and Fort Grant\""},{"url":"http://www.denix.osd.mil/denix/Public/Library/NCR/note7.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Gun Train Guards Ends of Panama Canal—Rolling Fort Crosses Isthmus in Two Hours\". Popular Mechanics: 844–845. December 1934.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yt8DAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA844","url_text":"\"Gun Train Guards Ends of Panama Canal—Rolling Fort Crosses Isthmus in Two Hours\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Fort_Amador¶ms=8_56_17_N_79_32_52_W_region:PA_type:landmark_source:GNS-enwiki","external_links_name":"8°56′17″N 79°32′52″W / 8.93806°N 79.54778°W / 8.93806; -79.54778"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20020704015602/http://www.denix.osd.mil/denix/Public/Library/NCR/note7.html","external_links_name":"\"A History of Fort Amador and Fort Grant\""},{"Link":"http://www.denix.osd.mil/denix/Public/Library/NCR/note7.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yt8DAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA844","external_links_name":"\"Gun Train Guards Ends of Panama Canal—Rolling Fort Crosses Isthmus in Two Hours\""},{"Link":"https://loc.gov/pictures/item/cz0027/","external_links_name":"Fort Amador"},{"Link":"https://loc.gov/pictures/item/cz0003/","external_links_name":"Fort Amador, Administration Building"},{"Link":"https://loc.gov/pictures/item/cz0004/","external_links_name":"Fort Amador, Four Apartments"},{"Link":"https://loc.gov/pictures/item/cz0005/","external_links_name":"Fort Amador, Officers' Quarters"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/296102039","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2013018932","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Fort_Amador¶ms=8_56_17_N_79_32_52_W_region:PA_type:landmark_source:GNS-enwiki","external_links_name":"8°56′17″N 79°32′52″W / 8.93806°N 79.54778°W / 8.93806; -79.54778"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardus_Anglicus_(medical_writer) | Ricardus Anglicus (medical writer) | ["1 Identity","2 Life","3 Works","4 Bibliography"] | This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (July 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
English medical writer
Ricardus Anglicus (fl. c. 1180) was an English doctor and author of medical texts.
Identity
Formerly he was thought to be the same person as Richard of Wendover, but, according to Faye Getz, this now seems unlikely.
The name Ricardus Anglicus, in the context of the middle ages, is ambiguous, because it is merely the Latin for "Richard from England". He should not be confused with the English lawyer and cleric Richard de Morins (c. 1161–1242), who was also known as Richardus Anglicus, nor with the bishop Richard Poore (died 1237) who was also (falsely) referred to by that name.
Life
Ricardus Anglicus, cleric and medical doctor, wrote a compendium of medicine, entitled Micrologus, while at the University of Montpellier, on the instructions of Lancelinus de l'Isle-Adam, who was deacon of Beauvais from 1178 to 1190. From this we know that the work was not completed after 1190, which excludes Richard of Wendover as the author. Further evidence comes from Gilles de Corbeil (died 1224), also a professor in Montpellier and author of works on urine and the pulse, who writes positively of a doctor "Richardus senior" in Montpellier, but who does not call him "Anglicus".
The Micrologus has not survived complete, but various texts identified with the name Ricardus Anglicus appear to be parts of it. There are also further medical texts distributed under his name whose relationship to the Micrologus is doubtful.
The Micrologus belongs to an early stage of mediaeval medical texts. These tend to be collections of practical instructions, derived from literature, rather than the theoretical texts found in later medical scholarship, influenced by Avicenna. The text recommends plant-based medicines. The great number of extant manuscripts of the Micrologus is evidence of its popularity.
The author of the Micrologus was well-travelled; he mentions time spent in Bologna (though the text may refer to Poland), Montpellier, and Spoleto. It is possible that he was also at the court of the Pope. Gilbertus Anglicus, also an English author of medical texts, admired him greatly, describing him as the most learned and experienced of all doctors. It is possible, however, that Gilbertus Anglicus was merely repeating the opinion of Gilles de Corbeil, about whom he had also written, and that Gilbertus did not know Ricardus personally.
Works
Manuscripts
Micrologus Magistri Ricardi Anglici (a medical encyclopaedia compiled from Greek and Arabic authors, not extant in its entirety; Anatomia and :Practica are parts of it)
Practica
Anatomia
De Signis prognosticis oder Signa Medicinalia (deals with fevers, pulse, amongst other medical symptoms; therefore also exists as separate parts, De Pulsibus, De Signis Febrium, De Crisi)
De modo conficiendi et medendi
De Phlebotomia
De Urinis
Repressiva
Tabulæ cum commentario Joannis de Sancto Paulo
Liber Ricardi
Practica sive Medicamenti Ricardi
Modern editions
Julius Florian (editor): Die „Anatomia“ des Magisters Richardus („Anatomia“). Verlag Jungfer, Breslau, 1875.
Bibliography
Karl Sudhoff: Wiener Cod. lat. 1634 und die „Anatomia Ricardi Anglici“. In: Archiv für Geschichte der Medizin, Vol. 8 (1914/15), p. 71.
additionally Karl Sudhoff: Richard der Engländer. In: Janus 28, 1924, pp. 397–403.
Herbert Hellriegel, Erich Frers: Die „Practica“ aus dem Micrologus Richards des Engländers. Institut für Geschichte der Medizin (Institute for the History of Medicine), University of Leipzig 1934. (Two dissertations written under the supervision of Karl Sudhoff).
Hermann Heinrich Beusing: Leben und Werk des Richardus Anglicus samt einem erstmaligen Abdruck seiner Schrift "Signa". Medizinische Dissertation Leipzig, 1922.
Faye Getz: Richard of Wendover (d. 1252), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, 2004 (the second part of the article deals with Ricardus Anglicus, under the alternative spelling Richardus Anglicus (active 1180)). | [{"links_in_text":[],"text":"English medical writerRicardus Anglicus (fl. c. 1180) was an English doctor and author of medical texts.","title":"Ricardus Anglicus (medical writer)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Richard of Wendover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_of_Wendover"},{"link_name":"Richard Poore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Poore"}],"text":"Formerly he was thought to be the same person as Richard of Wendover, but, according to Faye Getz, this now seems unlikely.The name Ricardus Anglicus, in the context of the middle ages, is ambiguous, because it is merely the Latin for \"Richard from England\". He should not be confused with the English lawyer and cleric Richard de Morins (c. 1161–1242), who was also known as Richardus Anglicus, nor with the bishop Richard Poore (died 1237) who was also (falsely) referred to by that name.","title":"Identity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Montpellier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Montpellier"},{"link_name":"Gilles de Corbeil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilles_de_Corbeil"}],"text":"Ricardus Anglicus, cleric and medical doctor, wrote a compendium of medicine, entitled Micrologus, while at the University of Montpellier, on the instructions of Lancelinus de l'Isle-Adam, who was deacon of Beauvais from 1178 to 1190. From this we know that the work was not completed after 1190, which excludes Richard of Wendover as the author. Further evidence comes from Gilles de Corbeil (died 1224), also a professor in Montpellier and author of works on urine and the pulse, who writes positively of a doctor \"Richardus senior\" in Montpellier, but who does not call him \"Anglicus\".The Micrologus has not survived complete, but various texts identified with the name Ricardus Anglicus appear to be parts of it. There are also further medical texts distributed under his name whose relationship to the Micrologus is doubtful.The Micrologus belongs to an early stage of mediaeval medical texts. These tend to be collections of practical instructions, derived from literature, rather than the theoretical texts found in later medical scholarship, influenced by Avicenna. The text recommends plant-based medicines. The great number of extant manuscripts of the Micrologus is evidence of its popularity.The author of the Micrologus was well-travelled; he mentions time spent in Bologna (though the text may refer to Poland), Montpellier, and Spoleto. It is possible that he was also at the court of the Pope. Gilbertus Anglicus, also an English author of medical texts, admired him greatly, describing him as the most learned and experienced of all doctors. It is possible, however, that Gilbertus Anglicus was merely repeating the opinion of Gilles de Corbeil, about whom he had also written, and that Gilbertus did not know Ricardus personally.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"ManuscriptsMicrologus Magistri Ricardi Anglici (a medical encyclopaedia compiled from Greek and Arabic authors, not extant in its entirety; Anatomia and :Practica are parts of it)\nPractica\nAnatomia\nDe Signis prognosticis oder Signa Medicinalia (deals with fevers, pulse, amongst other medical symptoms; therefore also exists as separate parts, De Pulsibus, De Signis Febrium, De Crisi)\nDe modo conficiendi et medendi\nDe Phlebotomia\nDe Urinis\nRepressiva\nTabulæ cum commentario Joannis de Sancto Paulo\nLiber Ricardi\nPractica sive Medicamenti RicardiModern editionsJulius Florian (editor): Die „Anatomia“ des Magisters Richardus („Anatomia“). Verlag Jungfer, Breslau, 1875.","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Karl Sudhoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Sudhoff"},{"link_name":"University of Leipzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Leipzig"},{"link_name":"Dictionary of National Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography"}],"text":"Karl Sudhoff: Wiener Cod. lat. 1634 und die „Anatomia Ricardi Anglici“. In: Archiv für Geschichte der Medizin, Vol. 8 (1914/15), p. 71.\nadditionally Karl Sudhoff: Richard der Engländer. In: Janus 28, 1924, pp. 397–403.\nHerbert Hellriegel, Erich Frers: Die „Practica“ aus dem Micrologus Richards des Engländers. Institut für Geschichte der Medizin (Institute for the History of Medicine), University of Leipzig 1934. (Two dissertations written under the supervision of Karl Sudhoff).\nHermann Heinrich Beusing: Leben und Werk des Richardus Anglicus samt einem erstmaligen Abdruck seiner Schrift \"Signa\". Medizinische Dissertation Leipzig, 1922.\nFaye Getz: Richard of Wendover (d. 1252), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, 2004 (the second part of the article deals with Ricardus Anglicus, under the alternative spelling Richardus Anglicus (active 1180)).","title":"Bibliography"}] | [] | null | [] | [] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smokie_(band) | Smokie (band) | ["1 History","1.1 Early years","1.2 Rise to fame","1.3 Height of popularity","1.4 Decline and Norman's departure","1.5 Comeback","1.6 1990s–present","2 Personnel","2.1 Members","2.2 Lineups","2.3 Timeline","3 Discography","4 Industry awards","5 References","6 External links"] | English rock band
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Smokie" band – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
SmokieSmokie performing in Einsiedel, Germany in June 2009Background informationAlso known asSmokeyOriginBradford, Yorkshire, EnglandGenresPop rock, soft rock, glam rockYears active1964–presentLabelsRakEMI/BMGRSOMembersMartin BullardSteve PinnellMick McConnellPete LincolnLuke BullardPast membersAlan SilsonTerry UttleyChris NormanRon KellyArthur HigginsPete SpencerAlan BartonMike CraftWebsitewww.smokie.co.uk
Smokie (originally spelt Smokey) are an English rock band from Bradford, Yorkshire. The band found success at home and abroad after teaming up with Mike Chapman and Nicky Chinn. They have had a number of lineup changes and were still actively touring in 2024. Their most popular hit single, "Living Next Door to Alice", peaked at No. 3 on the UK Singles Chart and, in March 1977, reached No. 25 on the Billboard Hot 100, as well as going to No. 1 on the Australian singles chart. Other hit singles include "If You Think You Know How to Love Me", "Oh Carol", "Lay Back in the Arms of Someone", and "I'll Meet You at Midnight".
History
Early years
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The band was formed as The Yen after a chance meeting between Ron Kelly and Alan Silson in Moore's Music Shop, North Parade, Bradford, in October 1963. Two days after that meeting they were joined by Chris Norman for rehearsals, but without finding a suitable bass player, just practised together for a year. The addition of Terry Uttley on bass guitar at the beginning of 1965 completed the lineup and The Yen's first gig was at Birkenshaw School in February 1965. It was composed of Chris Norman (lead vocals/rhythm guitar), Terry Uttley (bass/vocals), Alan Silson (lead guitar/vocals), and Ron Kelly (drums). They were renamed The Sphynx, and later Essence. As Essence, they toured small clubs in Bradford and the surrounding communities before they split in 1966. The Black Cats were already a working band when Ron Kelly joined them at Dewsbury College in September 1966. The Black Cats at this time were Peter Eastwood on guitar/vocals and Arthur Higgins on bass. Kelly replaced the drummer they had at the time. Alan Silson and Pete Eastwood joined the band, but the latter soon left and was replaced by Chris Norman. In November 1967 the band changed their name to The Four Corners.
In April 1968, the group found a manager in Mark Jordan, who advised them to rename themselves The Elizabethans. The group now became fully professional, and the members garnered higher salaries. In June 1968, Terry Uttley joined the group as a replacement for Arthur Higgins, who had left the band in order to carry on his education. On 9 December 1968 the group had their first TV appearance, on Yorkshire Television's news and magazine show Calendar. In August 1969, the four performed two songs for the BBC show High Jinx. Enthused by this successful performance, Jordan had them record their first demo tape. In January 1970, RCA Records showed an interest in the band and suggested a name change to Kindness. The double A-side "Light of Love"/"Lindy Lou" was released on 3 April 1970.
An arrangement was made with Ronnie Storm (no connection to Rory Storm) to back him on the single release "My Desire", and it was released under the pseudonym Fuzzy and The Barnets, due to contractual difficulties encountered by Storm. At the same time Steve Rowland, of Family Dogg, heard the band playing live on Radio One Club and offered to sign them to his production company. He arranged for Albert Hammond, who was also in Family Dogg, to write a number for the band, entitled "It Never Rains in Southern California". However, before it could be released, Hammond decided to record it himself, for which Kelly was recruited by Steve Rowland to play drums. Hammond wrote other songs for the band, and a single "You Ring a Bell"/"Have You Met Angela" was recorded, but due to various problems in Rowland's organisation, it was not released. In late 1971, the band's management was taken over by Dave Eager, the BBC Radio One DJ, at the same time that Norman suffered a serious infection that affected his vocal cords. After his recovery, his voice sounded much rougher, which the other group members considered an interesting addition to their sound. Eager introduced them to Decca, which resulted in recordings in February 1972, their first single being "Oh Julie"/"I Love You Carolina". Shortly thereafter, their next single was released. "Let the Good Times Roll" was liked by the media and was selected as the opening theme for Emperor Rosko's BBC Radio One Saturday show, but this popularity did not translate into record sales. The last Decca single was "Make it Better"/"Lonely Long Lady", which flopped, and their Decca contract was cancelled.
Rise to fame
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During the band's Decca contract, Eager used his contacts with the Manchester-based agency Kennedy Street Enterprises, to gain the band an audition to be Peter Noone's backing band. The band were asked to become his permanent band after their audition at Noone's House in Denham, Buckinghamshire, and soon they embarked on a nationwide tour with him. Noone did not bring the boys any luck, but during the tour Bill Hurley offered to manage them. Hurley convinced Eager to release the boys from the contract with him. Ron Kelly left Kindness on 8 August 1973 and the band recruited an old school friend, Pete Spencer (drums/vocals), who had played in various groups (including with Allan Holdsworth), to drum for them. This lineup performed on a sightseeing boat in Frankfurt, Germany. Hurley introduced the band to composers Nicky Chinn and Mike Chapman, who also wrote songs for glam rock contemporaries Sweet, Mud, and Suzi Quatro. At first "Chinnichap" turned them down, but Hurley's tenacity eventually convinced the composers/producers to give the young group a chance. Hurley and Chinnichap started working with the band, and suggested yet another name change, to "Smokey".
They purchased new instruments and in late 1974 began recording their debut album Pass It Around which was released 14 February 1975. The album spawned the title track as a single but failed to gain significant attention. In April Smokey opened for Pilot on tour.
Height of popularity
Around this time, Smokey Robinson threatened to file a lawsuit, alleging that the band's name would confuse the audience. In order to avoid legal action, the group changed the spelling to "Smokie". They began their first tour as headline act, after the release of their second album on 22 September 1975, Changing All the Time. The first single from the new album, "If You Think You Know How to Love Me", became a hit in many European countries, peaking at No. 3 in the UK Singles Chart. They followed it with "Don't Play Your Rock 'n' Roll to Me".
The third album was partly produced in the US, where Nicky Chinn had relocated. Called Midnight Café, it built on the popularity of Changing All the Time. The subsequent years yielded a string of successful singles: "Something's Been Making Me Blue", "Wild Wild Angels", and "I'll Meet You At Midnight". Their cover of Australian band New World's single, "Living Next Door to Alice", released in November 1976, reached No. 5 on the UK Singles Chart, followed by another hit "Lay Back in the Arms of Someone". Smokie now found themselves European superstars, with sold-out tours and million-selling albums. The next two albums, 1977's Bright Lights & Back Alleys and The Montreux Album (1978), cemented their status and were both chart successes. From Bright Lights & Back Alleys came two hit singles, the reggae influenced "It's Your Life" and a cover of "Needles and Pins".
At the peak of Smokie's success in 1978, Chris Norman teamed up with Suzi Quatro and released a duet single, "Stumblin' In" — another Chinnichap composition. Norman and Quatro were on top of the European charts for some time, selling over one million copies and reaching no. 4 in the US Top 10, though only No. 41 in the UK. Smokie's subsequent 45 was "Mexican Girl". Composed by Norman and Spencer, the record saw the group actively distance itself from Chinnichap. Chris Norman and Pete Spencer wrote and produced the British football star Kevin Keegan's first single, "Head Over Heels in Love", a No. 31 UK hit.
In 1979, the album The Other Side of the Road was released, entirely recorded in Australia. It spawned two more singles for the band, "Do to Me" and "Babe It's Up to You", but it became clear that their sales were declining.
Smokie took a hiatus before Solid Ground was released in 1981. The advance single was a cover of Del Shannon's 1963 hit, "Little Town Flirt" — but it failed to reach the UK Singles Chart.
Chris Norman and Pete Spencer wrote and produced the song "This Time (We'll Get It Right)". It was recorded by the 1982 England's World Cup Squad and was a No. 2 hit in the UK Singles Chart, selling over one million copies.
Decline and Norman's departure
In early 1982, the last album for EMI/BMG was released, Strangers in Paradise. The departure from Chinnichap became notable, and the four members of Smokie appeared unable to recreate their success using their own material. Shortly after the release of Strangers In Paradise, work began on two parallel albums, one released by Smokie as Midnight Delight, and the other Chris Norman's solo debut, Rock Away Your Teardrops. Neither release sold well.
In 1983, band members Alan Silson, Chris Norman and Terry Uttley collaborated with Agnetha Fältskog, singing together on the track "Once Burned Twice Shy" from her first English language solo album entitled Wrap Your Arms Around Me. The band say it was on the flight to record this song in Sweden that they decided to part ways. Chris Norman began his solo career and Terry Uttley went on to play bass for several other groups including Peter Goalby and John Coghlan (ex Status Quo drummer). The band said "It just seemed like the right thing to do at the time."
Though Smokie had begun work on a comeback, in 1986, Norman, by that stage enthused with the relative success of his second solo album, Some Hearts Are Diamonds, announced that he was to leave the band. He was replaced by Alan Barton, formerly of Black Lace, who had been suggested by Chris as a good replacement for the band because of his similar vocal style to Norman's. Smokie also recruited keyboard player Martin Bullard. Spencer quit and was replaced on drums by Steve Pinnell. The new lineup released All Fired Up in 1988, which brought some attention and contained a new version of "Rock Away Your Tear Drops", the song that had been the title track to Norman's debut album.
Comeback
Several releases followed over the next years including Boulevard of Broken Dreams (1989, seven weeks at No. 1 in Norway; all tracks were produced by Simon Humphrey, except "Young Love", which was produced by Dieter Bohlen); Whose Are These Boots? (1990, No. 1 in Norway); Chasing Shadows (1992); and Celebration (1994), which contained old hits in new arrangements accompanied by an orchestra. None had any real success in the UK. However, Smokie made a surprise return to the UK Singles Chart in 1995, with a duet with the controversial northern comedian Roy Chubby Brown. The re-worked re-release of "Living Next Door To Alice (Who the F**k is Alice)" reached No. 3 in the UK. The band had noticed that, whilst touring in Ireland, whenever they sang the main line "For 24 years/I've been living next door to Alice" the audience would shout "Alice? Who the fuck is Alice?" In addition, a resident DJ in a Dutch café, Gompie, organised a recording, and had a No. 17 UK hit with the title of "Alice (Who the X is Alice) (Living Next Door to Alice)" in the United Kingdom, and in the Netherlands where it reached No. 1.
Shortly after the song was recorded Smokie's tour bus careered off of the road during a hailstorm in Germany. Barton, badly injured, died after five days in intensive care. The rest of the band and Brown agreed to donate their royalties from the song to Barton's first wife.
1990s–present
The remaining members decided to continue with the band and went about finding their third lead singer. A friend of the band, Mike Craft was chosen. The band released The World and Elsewhere later that year, followed by Light a Candle — The Christmas Album.
In 1996, Alan Silson terminated his membership, saying he intended to pursue a solo career and to work with other acts as well, joining Mickey Finn's T. Rex, and that he also no longer wanted to be on the road all the time. Mick McConnell, one of the band's road crew and their guitar technician replaced him as the group's new lead guitarist, this formation recording the next album, Wild Horses – The Nashville Album (1998), in Nashville, Tennessee. In February 2001, Smokie released two albums, Uncovered and Uncovered Too, which consist entirely of cover versions, with no original songs.
In 2004, Smokie recorded a studio album, On the Wire, with eleven of the 14 songs written by the band themselves. In 2006, the band released the album From the Heart. Although mainly a compilation, it did contain three new tracks.
In 2010, Smokie gained new chart success with a CD of brand new material, Take a Minute. Released in Denmark in August of that year, it peaked at No. 3 on the Danish Albums Chart. Releases in the remainder of Scandinavia and Germany took place during October, with the single "Sally's Song (The Legacy Goes On)" — a continuation of the story of the other character in "Living Next Door to Alice" — also released.
On 16 April 2021 it was announced that Mike Craft had decided to retire after 26 years of service to the band. He was replaced by Pete Lincoln, former member of Andy Scott's Sweet.
Terry Uttley died on 16 December 2021, at the age of 70. At the time of his death, he was the last remaining original member who was still active with the band.
Personnel
Pinnell
Martin Bullard
Mick McConnell
Pete Lincoln
Members
Current
Steve Pinnell – drums (1986–present)
Martin Bullard – keyboards (1986–present)
Mick McConnell – lead guitar, vocals (1996–present)
Pete Lincoln – lead vocals, rhythm guitar (2021–present)
Luke Bullard – bass, vocals (2021–present; substitute 2019)
Former members
Terry Uttley – bass, vocals (1964–1966, 1968–2021; his death)
Arthur Higgins – bass, vocals (1966–1968)
Alan Silson – lead guitar, vocals (1964–1996)
Chris Norman – lead vocals, rhythm guitar, keyboards (1964–1986)
Pete Spencer – drums, vocals (1973–1986)
Alan Barton – lead vocals, rhythm guitar (1986–1995; his death)
Mike Craft – lead vocals, rhythm guitar (1995–2021)
Lineups
1964–1966
Chris Norman – lead vocals, rhythm guitar
Alan Silson – lead guitar, vocals
Terry Uttley – bass, vocals
Ron Kelly – drums
1966–1968
Chris Norman – lead vocals, rhythm guitar
Alan Silson – lead guitar, vocals
Arthur Higgins – bass, vocals
Ron Kelly – drums
1968–1973
Chris Norman – lead vocals, rhythm guitar
Alan Silson – lead guitar, vocals
Terry Uttley – bass, vocals
Ron Kelly – drums
1973–1986
Chris Norman – lead vocals, rhythm guitar
Alan Silson – lead guitar, vocals
Terry Uttley – bass, vocals
Pete Spencer – drums
1986–1995
Alan Barton – lead vocals, rhythm guitar
Alan Silson – lead guitar, vocals
Terry Uttley – bass, vocals
Martin Bullard – keyboards
Steve Pinnell – drums
1995–1996
Mike Craft – lead vocals, rhythm guitar
Alan Silson – lead guitar, vocals
Terry Uttley – bass, vocals
Martin Bullard – keyboards
Steve Pinnell – drums
1996–2021
Mike Craft – lead vocals, rhythm guitar
Mick McConnell – lead guitar, vocals
Terry Uttley – bass, vocals
Martin Bullard – keyboards
Steve Pinnell – drums
2021
Pete Lincoln – lead vocals, rhythm guitar
Mick McConnell – lead guitar, vocals
Terry Uttley – bass, vocals
Martin Bullard – keyboards
Steve Pinnell – drums
2021–present
Pete Lincoln – lead vocals, rhythm guitar
Mick McConnell – lead guitar, vocals
Luke Bullard – bass, vocals
Martin Bullard – keyboards
Steve Pinnell – drums
Timeline
Discography
Main article: Smokie discography
Pass It Around (1975)
Changing All the Time (1975)
Midnight Café (1976)
Bright Lights & Back Alleys (1977)
The Montreux Album (1978)
The Other Side of the Road (1979)
Solid Ground (1981)
Strangers in Paradise (1982)
Midnight Delight (1982)
All Fired Up (1988)
Boulevard of Broken Dreams (1989)
Whose Are These Boots? (1990)
Chasing Shadows (1992)
Burnin' Ambition (1993)
The World and Elsewhere (1995)
Light a Candle (1996)
Wild Horses – The Nashville Album (1998)
Uncovered (2000)
Uncovered Too (2001)
On the Wire (2004)
Take a Minute (2010)
Industry awards
Year
Nominee / work
Award
Result
1975
Best New Group
Saturday Scene British Pop Awards
Won
1977
Band
Gold Otto Bravo
Won
1978
Band
Gold Otto Bravo
Won
1978
Band
Silver Das Freiziet Freizeit Revue
Won
1979
Band
Silver Otto Bravo
Won
References
^ "Smokie | Biography, Albums, & Streaming Radio". AllMusic. Retrieved 27 January 2016.
^ a b c d e f Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 510. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.
^ John Bush. "Smokie | Awards". AllMusic. Retrieved 25 January 2016.
^ "Spirit of Smokie". Spiritofsmokie.com. Archived from the original on 24 January 2012. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
^ Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 444. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.
^ Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 297. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.
^ Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 184. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.
^ "Smokie - Midnight Delight (Vinyl, LP, Album)". Discogs.com. Retrieved 25 January 2016.
^ a b "Chris Norman - Rock Away Your Teardrops (Vinyl, LP, Album)". Discogs.com. Retrieved 25 January 2016.
^ "Biography". Smokie.co.uk. Retrieved 9 May 2019.
^ "norwegiancharts.com - Smokie - Boulevard Of Broken Dreams". Retrieved 21 October 2017.
^ "norwegiancharts.com - Smokie - Whose Are These Boots?". Retrieved 21 October 2017.
^ Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 231. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.
^ "Entertainment | 'Worst song' Agadoo re-released". BBC News. 30 March 2009. Retrieved 25 January 2016.
^ "Smokie - Wild Horses - The Nashville Album (CD, Album)". Discogs.com. Retrieved 26 January 2016.
^ "Take a Minute chart position in Denmark". IFPI Denmark.
^ "Smokie - Sally's Song (The Legacy Goes On) (CD)". Discogs.com. 8 October 2010. Retrieved 26 January 2016.
^ Rensmo, Mattias (18 December 2021). "Smokies sista kvarvarande originalmedlem död". Sverige Radio. Retrieved 19 December 2021.
^ "Luke Bullard". N.O.W. Music Co. Retrieved 9 September 2023.
^ "Smokie | Album Discography". AllMusic. Retrieved 25 January 2016.
^ "London Weekend Saturday Scene Awards" (PDF). Retrieved 6 April 2020.
^ "Bravo Otto 1977". Bravo-archive.de. Retrieved 6 April 2020.
^ "Bravo Otto 1978". Bravo-archive.de. Retrieved 6 April 2020.
^ "Bravo Otto 1979". Bravo-archive.de. Retrieved 6 April 2020.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Smokie.
Smokie biography at AllMusic
Smokie discography at Discogs
Smokie Discography 1975-1982
Smokie at IMDb
Smokie fanclub
vteSmokie
Terry Uttley
Martin Bullard
Steve Pinnell
Mike Craft
Mick McConnell
Alan Silson
Chris Norman
Clarence Dawson
Ron Kelly
Arthur Higgins
Pete Spencer
Alan Barton
Studio albums
Pass It Around
Changing All the Time
Midnight Café
Bright Lights & Back Alleys
The Montreux Album
The Other Side of the Road
Solid Ground
Boulevard of Broken Dreams
Wild Horses – The Nashville Album
Take a Minute
Compilation albums
Greatest Hits
Singles
"Pass It Around"
"If You Think You Know How to Love Me"
"Don't Play Your Rock 'n' Roll to Me"
"Something's Been Making Me Blue"
"Wild Wild Angels"
"I'll Meet You at Midnight"
"Living Next Door to Alice"
"Lay Back in the Arms of Someone"
"It's Your Life"
"Needles and Pins"
"For a Few Dollars More"
"Oh Carol"
"Mexican Girl"
"Do to Me"
"Babe It's Up to You"
"San Francisco Bay"
"Take Good Care of My Baby"
"Run to Me"
"Little Town Flirt"
"Boulevard of Broken Dreams"
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Smokie discography
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bradford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradford"},{"link_name":"Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"Mike Chapman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Chapman"},{"link_name":"Nicky Chinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicky_Chinn"},{"link_name":"Living Next Door to Alice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_Next_Door_to_Alice"},{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-British_Hit_Singles_&_Albums-2"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"Australian singles chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_singles_chart"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Awards-3"},{"link_name":"If You Think You Know How to Love Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If_You_Think_You_Know_How_to_Love_Me"},{"link_name":"Oh Carol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oh_Carol_(Smokie_song)"},{"link_name":"Lay Back in the Arms of Someone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lay_Back_in_the_Arms_of_Someone"},{"link_name":"I'll Meet You at Midnight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27ll_Meet_You_at_Midnight"}],"text":"Smokie (originally spelt Smokey) are an English rock band from Bradford, Yorkshire. The band found success at home and abroad after teaming up with Mike Chapman and Nicky Chinn. They have had a number of lineup changes and were still actively touring in 2024. Their most popular hit single, \"Living Next Door to Alice\", peaked at No. 3 on the UK Singles Chart[2] and, in March 1977, reached No. 25 on the Billboard Hot 100, as well as going to No. 1 on the Australian singles chart.[3] Other hit singles include \"If You Think You Know How to Love Me\", \"Oh Carol\", \"Lay Back in the Arms of Someone\", and \"I'll Meet You at Midnight\".","title":"Smokie (band)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chris Norman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Norman"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Yorkshire Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire_Television"},{"link_name":"Calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar_(News)"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"RCA Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCA_Records"},{"link_name":"Rory Storm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rory_Storm"},{"link_name":"Steve Rowland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Rowland_(record_producer)"},{"link_name":"Family Dogg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_Dogg"},{"link_name":"Albert Hammond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Hammond"},{"link_name":"It Never Rains in Southern California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It_Never_Rains_in_Southern_California"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_One"},{"link_name":"Decca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decca_Records"},{"link_name":"Emperor Rosko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Rosko"}],"sub_title":"Early years","text":"The band was formed as The Yen after a chance meeting between Ron Kelly and Alan Silson in Moore's Music Shop, North Parade, Bradford, in October 1963. Two days after that meeting they were joined by Chris Norman for rehearsals, but without finding a suitable bass player, just practised together for a year. The addition of Terry Uttley on bass guitar at the beginning of 1965 completed the lineup and The Yen's first gig was at Birkenshaw School in February 1965. It was composed of Chris Norman (lead vocals/rhythm guitar), Terry Uttley (bass/vocals), Alan Silson (lead guitar/vocals), and Ron Kelly[4] (drums). They were renamed The Sphynx, and later Essence. As Essence, they toured small clubs in Bradford and the surrounding communities before they split in 1966. The Black Cats were already a working band when Ron Kelly joined them at Dewsbury College in September 1966. The Black Cats at this time were Peter Eastwood on guitar/vocals and Arthur Higgins on bass. Kelly replaced the drummer they had at the time. Alan Silson and Pete Eastwood joined the band, but the latter soon left and was replaced by Chris Norman. In November 1967 the band changed their name to The Four Corners.In April 1968, the group found a manager in Mark Jordan, who advised them to rename themselves The Elizabethans. The group now became fully professional, and the members garnered higher salaries. In June 1968, Terry Uttley joined the group as a replacement for Arthur Higgins, who had left the band in order to carry on his education. On 9 December 1968 the group had their first TV appearance, on Yorkshire Television's news and magazine show Calendar. In August 1969, the four performed two songs for the BBC show High Jinx. Enthused by this successful performance, Jordan had them record their first demo tape. In January 1970, RCA Records showed an interest in the band and suggested a name change to Kindness. The double A-side \"Light of Love\"/\"Lindy Lou\" was released on 3 April 1970.An arrangement was made with Ronnie Storm (no connection to Rory Storm) to back him on the single release \"My Desire\", and it was released under the pseudonym Fuzzy and The Barnets, due to contractual difficulties encountered by Storm. At the same time Steve Rowland, of Family Dogg, heard the band playing live on Radio One Club and offered to sign them to his production company. He arranged for Albert Hammond, who was also in Family Dogg, to write a number for the band, entitled \"It Never Rains in Southern California\". However, before it could be released, Hammond decided to record it himself, for which Kelly was recruited by Steve Rowland to play drums. Hammond wrote other songs for the band, and a single \"You Ring a Bell\"/\"Have You Met Angela\" was recorded, but due to various problems in Rowland's organisation, it was not released. In late 1971, the band's management was taken over by Dave Eager, the BBC Radio One DJ, at the same time that Norman suffered a serious infection that affected his vocal cords. After his recovery, his voice sounded much rougher, which the other group members considered an interesting addition to their sound. Eager introduced them to Decca, which resulted in recordings in February 1972, their first single being \"Oh Julie\"/\"I Love You Carolina\". Shortly thereafter, their next single was released. \"Let the Good Times Roll\" was liked by the media and was selected as the opening theme for Emperor Rosko's BBC Radio One Saturday show, but this popularity did not translate into record sales. The last Decca single was \"Make it Better\"/\"Lonely Long Lady\", which flopped, and their Decca contract was cancelled.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peter Noone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Noone"},{"link_name":"Denham, Buckinghamshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denham,_Buckinghamshire"},{"link_name":"Allan Holdsworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Holdsworth"},{"link_name":"Frankfurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt"},{"link_name":"Nicky Chinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicky_Chinn"},{"link_name":"Mike Chapman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Chapman"},{"link_name":"glam rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glam_rock"},{"link_name":"Sweet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sweet"},{"link_name":"Mud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mud_(band)"},{"link_name":"Suzi Quatro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzi_Quatro"},{"link_name":"Pass It Around","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pass_It_Around_(Smokie_album)"},{"link_name":"title track","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pass_It_Around_(Smokie_song)"},{"link_name":"Pilot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot_(Scottish_band)"}],"sub_title":"Rise to fame","text":"During the band's Decca contract, Eager used his contacts with the Manchester-based agency Kennedy Street Enterprises, to gain the band an audition to be Peter Noone's backing band. The band were asked to become his permanent band after their audition at Noone's House in Denham, Buckinghamshire, and soon they embarked on a nationwide tour with him. Noone did not bring the boys any luck, but during the tour Bill Hurley offered to manage them. Hurley convinced Eager to release the boys from the contract with him. Ron Kelly left Kindness on 8 August 1973 and the band recruited an old school friend, Pete Spencer (drums/vocals), who had played in various groups (including with Allan Holdsworth), to drum for them. This lineup performed on a sightseeing boat in Frankfurt, Germany. Hurley introduced the band to composers Nicky Chinn and Mike Chapman, who also wrote songs for glam rock contemporaries Sweet, Mud, and Suzi Quatro. At first \"Chinnichap\" turned them down, but Hurley's tenacity eventually convinced the composers/producers to give the young group a chance. Hurley and Chinnichap started working with the band, and suggested yet another name change, to \"Smokey\".They purchased new instruments and in late 1974 began recording their debut album Pass It Around which was released 14 February 1975. The album spawned the title track as a single but failed to gain significant attention. In April Smokey opened for Pilot on tour.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Smokey Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smokey_Robinson"},{"link_name":"Changing All the Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changing_All_the_Time"},{"link_name":"If You Think You Know How to Love Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If_You_Think_You_Know_How_to_Love_Me"},{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-British_Hit_Singles_&_Albums-2"},{"link_name":"Don't Play Your Rock 'n' Roll to Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_Play_Your_Rock_%27n%27_Roll_to_Me"},{"link_name":"Midnight Café","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midnight_Caf%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Something's Been Making Me Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Something%27s_Been_Making_Me_Blue"},{"link_name":"Wild Wild Angels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_Wild_Angels"},{"link_name":"I'll Meet You At Midnight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27ll_Meet_You_At_Midnight"},{"link_name":"New World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_World_(band)"},{"link_name":"Living Next Door to Alice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_Next_Door_to_Alice"},{"link_name":"Lay Back in the Arms of Someone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lay_Back_in_the_Arms_of_Someone"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-British_Hit_Singles_&_Albums-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-British_Hit_Singles_&_Albums-2"},{"link_name":"Bright Lights & Back Alleys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bright_Lights_%26_Back_Alleys"},{"link_name":"The Montreux Album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Montreux_Album"},{"link_name":"It's Your Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s_Your_Life_(Smokie_song)"},{"link_name":"Needles and Pins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Needles_and_Pins_(song)"},{"link_name":"Stumblin' In","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stumblin%27_In"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-British_Hit_Singles_&_Albums_2-5"},{"link_name":"Mexican Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Girl"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Kevin Keegan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Keegan"},{"link_name":"Head Over Heels in Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_Over_Heels_in_Love_(Kevin_Keegan_song)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-British_Hit_Singles_&_Albums_3-6"},{"link_name":"The Other Side of the Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Other_Side_of_the_Road"},{"link_name":"Do to Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do_to_Me"},{"link_name":"Babe It's Up to You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babe_It%27s_Up_to_You"},{"link_name":"Solid Ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_Ground_(Smokie_album)"},{"link_name":"Del Shannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Del_Shannon"},{"link_name":"Little Town Flirt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Town_Flirt#Smokie_version"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-British_Hit_Singles_&_Albums-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-British_Hit_Singles_&_Albums_5-7"}],"sub_title":"Height of popularity","text":"Around this time, Smokey Robinson threatened to file a lawsuit, alleging that the band's name would confuse the audience. In order to avoid legal action, the group changed the spelling to \"Smokie\". They began their first tour as headline act, after the release of their second album on 22 September 1975, Changing All the Time. The first single from the new album, \"If You Think You Know How to Love Me\", became a hit in many European countries, peaking at No. 3 in the UK Singles Chart.[2] They followed it with \"Don't Play Your Rock 'n' Roll to Me\".The third album was partly produced in the US, where Nicky Chinn had relocated. Called Midnight Café, it built on the popularity of Changing All the Time. The subsequent years yielded a string of successful singles: \"Something's Been Making Me Blue\", \"Wild Wild Angels\", and \"I'll Meet You At Midnight\". Their cover of Australian band New World's single, \"Living Next Door to Alice\", released in November 1976, reached No. 5 on the UK Singles Chart, followed by another hit \"Lay Back in the Arms of Someone\".[2] Smokie now found themselves European superstars,[2] with sold-out tours and million-selling albums. The next two albums, 1977's Bright Lights & Back Alleys and The Montreux Album (1978), cemented their status and were both chart successes. From Bright Lights & Back Alleys came two hit singles, the reggae influenced \"It's Your Life\" and a cover of \"Needles and Pins\".At the peak of Smokie's success in 1978, Chris Norman teamed up with Suzi Quatro and released a duet single, \"Stumblin' In\" — another Chinnichap composition. Norman and Quatro were on top of the European charts for some time, selling over one million copies and reaching no. 4 in the US Top 10, though only No. 41 in the UK.[5] Smokie's subsequent 45 was \"Mexican Girl\". Composed by Norman and Spencer, the record saw the group actively distance itself from Chinnichap. Chris Norman and Pete Spencer wrote and produced the British football star Kevin Keegan's first single, \"Head Over Heels in Love\", a No. 31 UK hit.[6]In 1979, the album The Other Side of the Road was released, entirely recorded in Australia. It spawned two more singles for the band, \"Do to Me\" and \"Babe It's Up to You\", but it became clear that their sales were declining.Smokie took a hiatus before Solid Ground was released in 1981. The advance single was a cover of Del Shannon's 1963 hit, \"Little Town Flirt\" — but it failed to reach the UK Singles Chart.[2]Chris Norman and Pete Spencer wrote and produced the song \"This Time (We'll Get It Right)\". It was recorded by the 1982 England's World Cup Squad and was a No. 2 hit in the UK Singles Chart, selling over one million copies.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Strangers in Paradise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strangers_in_Paradise_(Smokie_album)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-discogs1-9"},{"link_name":"Agnetha Fältskog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnetha_F%C3%A4ltskog"},{"link_name":"Wrap Your Arms Around Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrap_Your_Arms_Around_Me"},{"link_name":"Peter Goalby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Goalby"},{"link_name":"John Coghlan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Coghlan_(drummer)"},{"link_name":"Status Quo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Status_Quo_(band)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Some Hearts Are Diamonds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Some_Hearts_Are_Diamonds"},{"link_name":"Alan Barton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Barton"},{"link_name":"Black Lace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lace_(band)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-discogs1-9"}],"sub_title":"Decline and Norman's departure","text":"In early 1982, the last album for EMI/BMG was released, Strangers in Paradise. The departure from Chinnichap became notable, and the four members of Smokie appeared unable to recreate their success using their own material. Shortly after the release of Strangers In Paradise, work began on two parallel albums, one released by Smokie as Midnight Delight,[8] and the other Chris Norman's solo debut, Rock Away Your Teardrops.[9] Neither release sold well.In 1983, band members Alan Silson, Chris Norman and Terry Uttley collaborated with Agnetha Fältskog, singing together on the track \"Once Burned Twice Shy\" from her first English language solo album entitled Wrap Your Arms Around Me. The band say it was on the flight to record this song in Sweden that they decided to part ways. Chris Norman began his solo career and Terry Uttley went on to play bass for several other groups including Peter Goalby and John Coghlan (ex Status Quo drummer). The band said \"It just seemed like the right thing to do at the time.\"[10]Though Smokie had begun work on a comeback, in 1986, Norman, by that stage enthused with the relative success of his second solo album, Some Hearts Are Diamonds, announced that he was to leave the band. He was replaced by Alan Barton, formerly of Black Lace, who had been suggested by Chris as a good replacement for the band because of his similar vocal style to Norman's. Smokie also recruited keyboard player Martin Bullard. Spencer quit and was replaced on drums by Steve Pinnell. The new lineup released All Fired Up in 1988, which brought some attention and contained a new version of \"Rock Away Your Tear Drops\", the song that had been the title track to Norman's debut album.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boulevard of Broken Dreams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulevard_of_Broken_Dreams_(album)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Dieter Bohlen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieter_Bohlen"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Chasing Shadows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chasing_Shadows_(Smokie_album)"},{"link_name":"Celebration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celebration_(Smokie_album)"},{"link_name":"Roy Chubby Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Chubby_Brown"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-British_Hit_Singles_&_Albums-2"},{"link_name":"café","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caf%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Gompie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gompie"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-British_Hit_Singles_&_Albums_4-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Comeback","text":"Several releases followed over the next years including Boulevard of Broken Dreams (1989, seven weeks at No. 1 in Norway;[11] all tracks were produced by Simon Humphrey, except \"Young Love\", which was produced by Dieter Bohlen); Whose Are These Boots? (1990, No. 1 in Norway);[12] Chasing Shadows (1992); and Celebration (1994), which contained old hits in new arrangements accompanied by an orchestra. None had any real success in the UK. However, Smokie made a surprise return to the UK Singles Chart in 1995, with a duet with the controversial northern comedian Roy Chubby Brown. The re-worked re-release of \"Living Next Door To Alice (Who the F**k is Alice)\" reached No. 3 in the UK.[2] The band had noticed that, whilst touring in Ireland, whenever they sang the main line \"For 24 years/I've been living next door to Alice\" the audience would shout \"Alice? Who the fuck is Alice?\" In addition, a resident DJ in a Dutch café, Gompie, organised a recording, and had a No. 17 UK hit with the title of \"Alice (Who the X is Alice) (Living Next Door to Alice)\" in the United Kingdom,[13] and in the Netherlands where it reached No. 1.Shortly after the song was recorded Smokie's tour bus careered off of the road during a hailstorm in Germany. Barton, badly injured, died after five days in intensive care.[14] The rest of the band and Brown agreed to donate their royalties from the song to Barton's first wife.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mickey Finn's T. Rex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._Rex_(A_Celebration_of_Marc_and_Mickey)"},{"link_name":"Wild Horses – The Nashville Album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_Horses_%E2%80%93_The_Nashville_Album"},{"link_name":"Nashville, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Take a Minute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take_a_Minute"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Danish_charts-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Sweet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sweet"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"1990s–present","text":"The remaining members decided to continue with the band and went about finding their third lead singer. A friend of the band, Mike Craft was chosen. The band released The World and Elsewhere later that year, followed by Light a Candle — The Christmas Album.In 1996, Alan Silson terminated his membership, saying he intended to pursue a solo career and to work with other acts as well, joining Mickey Finn's T. Rex, and that he also no longer wanted to be on the road all the time. Mick McConnell, one of the band's road crew and their guitar technician replaced him as the group's new lead guitarist, this formation recording the next album, Wild Horses – The Nashville Album (1998), in Nashville, Tennessee.[15] In February 2001, Smokie released two albums, Uncovered and Uncovered Too, which consist entirely of cover versions, with no original songs.In 2004, Smokie recorded a studio album, On the Wire, with eleven of the 14 songs written by the band themselves. In 2006, the band released the album From the Heart. Although mainly a compilation, it did contain three new tracks.In 2010, Smokie gained new chart success with a CD of brand new material, Take a Minute. Released in Denmark in August of that year, it peaked at No. 3 on the Danish Albums Chart.[16] Releases in the remainder of Scandinavia and Germany took place during October, with the single \"Sally's Song (The Legacy Goes On)\"[17] — a continuation of the story of the other character in \"Living Next Door to Alice\" — also released.On 16 April 2021 it was announced that Mike Craft had decided to retire after 26 years of service to the band. He was replaced by Pete Lincoln, former member of Andy Scott's Sweet.Terry Uttley died on 16 December 2021, at the age of 70. At the time of his death, he was the last remaining original member who was still active with the band.[18]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2018_Smokie_-_Steve_Pinnell_-_by_2eight_-_DSC3239.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2018_Smokie_-_Martin_Bullard_-_by_2eight_-_DSC3053.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2018_Smokie_-_Mick_McConnell_-_by_2eight_-_DSC3024.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Sweet_-_2018111225445_2018-04-21_30_Jahre_Radio_Regenbogen_-_Sven_-_1D_X_MK_II_-_2130_-_B70I6308.jpg"}],"text":"Pinnell\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMartin Bullard\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMick McConnell\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPete Lincoln","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Chris Norman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Norman"},{"link_name":"Alan Barton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Barton"}],"sub_title":"Members","text":"Current\nSteve Pinnell – drums (1986–present)\nMartin Bullard – keyboards (1986–present)\nMick McConnell – lead guitar, vocals (1996–present)\nPete Lincoln – lead vocals, rhythm guitar (2021–present)\nLuke Bullard – bass, vocals (2021–present; substitute 2019)[19]\n\n\nFormer members\nTerry Uttley – bass, vocals (1964–1966, 1968–2021; his death)\nArthur Higgins – bass, vocals (1966–1968)\nAlan Silson – lead guitar, vocals (1964–1996)\nChris Norman – lead vocals, rhythm guitar, keyboards (1964–1986)\nPete Spencer – drums, vocals (1973–1986)\nAlan Barton – lead vocals, rhythm guitar (1986–1995; his death)\nMike Craft – lead vocals, rhythm guitar (1995–2021)","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Lineups","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Timeline","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pass It Around","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pass_It_Around_(Smokie_album)"},{"link_name":"Changing All the Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changing_All_the_Time"},{"link_name":"Midnight Café","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midnight_Caf%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Bright Lights & Back Alleys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bright_Lights_%26_Back_Alleys"},{"link_name":"The Montreux Album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Montreux_Album"},{"link_name":"The Other Side of the Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Other_Side_of_the_Road"},{"link_name":"Solid Ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_Ground_(Smokie_album)"},{"link_name":"Boulevard of Broken Dreams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulevard_of_Broken_Dreams_(album)"},{"link_name":"Wild Horses – The Nashville Album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_Horses_%E2%80%93_The_Nashville_Album"},{"link_name":"Take a Minute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take_a_Minute"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Albums-20"}],"text":"Pass It Around (1975)\nChanging All the Time (1975)\nMidnight Café (1976)\nBright Lights & Back Alleys (1977)\nThe Montreux Album (1978)\nThe Other Side of the Road (1979)\nSolid Ground (1981)\nStrangers in Paradise (1982)\nMidnight Delight (1982)\nAll Fired Up (1988)\nBoulevard of Broken Dreams (1989)\nWhose Are These Boots? (1990)\nChasing Shadows (1992)\nBurnin' Ambition (1993)\nThe World and Elsewhere (1995)\nLight a Candle (1996)\nWild Horses – The Nashville Album (1998)\nUncovered (2000)\nUncovered Too (2001)\nOn the Wire (2004)\nTake a Minute (2010)[20]","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Industry awards"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Smokie | Biography, Albums, & Streaming Radio\". AllMusic. Retrieved 27 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/artist/smokie-mn0000026227","url_text":"\"Smokie | Biography, Albums, & Streaming Radio\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 510. 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Retrieved 9 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://smokie.co.uk/biography/","url_text":"\"Biography\""}]},{"reference":"\"norwegiancharts.com - Smokie - Boulevard Of Broken Dreams\". Retrieved 21 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.norwegiancharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Smokie&titel=Boulevard+of+Broken+Dreams&cat=a","url_text":"\"norwegiancharts.com - Smokie - Boulevard Of Broken Dreams\""}]},{"reference":"\"norwegiancharts.com - Smokie - Whose Are These Boots?\". Retrieved 21 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.norwegiancharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Smokie&titel=Whose+Are+These+Boots%3F&cat=a","url_text":"\"norwegiancharts.com - Smokie - Whose Are These Boots?\""}]},{"reference":"Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 231. 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IFPI Denmark.","urls":[{"url":"https://danishcharts.dk/showitem.asp?interpret=Smokie&titel=Take+A+Minute&cat=a","url_text":"\"Take a Minute chart position in Denmark\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFPI","url_text":"IFPI"}]},{"reference":"\"Smokie - Sally's Song (The Legacy Goes On) (CD)\". Discogs.com. 8 October 2010. Retrieved 26 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.discogs.com/Smokie-Sallys-Song-The-Legacy-Goes-On/release/4369361","url_text":"\"Smokie - Sally's Song (The Legacy Goes On) (CD)\""}]},{"reference":"Rensmo, Mattias (18 December 2021). \"Smokies sista kvarvarande originalmedlem död\". Sverige Radio. Retrieved 19 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://sverigesradio.se/artikel/smokies-sista-originalmedlem-dod","url_text":"\"Smokies sista kvarvarande originalmedlem död\""}]},{"reference":"\"Luke Bullard\". N.O.W. Music Co. Retrieved 9 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.now-music.com/our-artistes/smokie/smokie-the-band/luke-bullard/","url_text":"\"Luke Bullard\""}]},{"reference":"\"Smokie | Album Discography\". AllMusic. Retrieved 25 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/artist/smokie-mn0000026227/discography","url_text":"\"Smokie | Album Discography\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"\"London Weekend Saturday Scene Awards\" (PDF). Retrieved 6 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Record-Mirror/70s/75/Record-Mirror-1975-11-22.pdf","url_text":"\"London Weekend Saturday Scene Awards\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bravo Otto 1977\". Bravo-archive.de. Retrieved 6 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://bravo-archiv.de/auswahl.php?link=story12.php","url_text":"\"Bravo Otto 1977\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bravo Otto 1978\". Bravo-archive.de. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katsumasa_Uchida | Katsumasa Uchida | ["1 Filmography","1.1 Film","1.2 Television drama","2 References","3 External links"] | Japanese actor (1944–2020)
Katsumasa UchidaBorn(1944-09-19)19 September 1944Chiba Prefecture, JapanDied31 January 2020(2020-01-31) (aged 75)Tokyo, JapanOccupationActorYears active1968-2020
Katsumasa Uchida (内田勝正, Uchida katsmasa, 19 September 1944 - 31 January 2020) was a Japanese actor. He is most famous for playing villains and appeared in many jidaigeki and detective television dramas as a guest. Uchida graduated from Aoyama Gakuin University. In 1968, he joined Yukio Mishima's Roman Gekijo Theatre Company. Uchida made 68 appearances as a guest on Mito Kōmon.
On January 31, 2020, at 4:33 p.m., Uchida died of liver cancer.
Filmography
Film
Sukeban (1971) - Mikami
Sex & Fury (1973) - Gentarô Kanô
Boso sekkusu-zoku (1973)
Sukeban: Taiman Shobu (1974) - Isozaki
ESPY (1974) - Gorou Tatsumati
Wakai kizoku-tachi: 13-kaidan no Maki (1975) - Nina Nakaoka
Terror of Mechagodzilla (1975) - Interpol Agent Jiro Murakoshi
Champion of Death (1975)
Karate Bearfighter (1975)
Hatsukoi (1975) - Agawa
Andô Noboru no waga tôbô to sex no kiroku (1976) - Hideo Shindo
Never Give Up (1978)
G.I. Samurai (1979) - Asaba Yorichika
Ninja bugeicho momochi sandayu (1980) - Shiranui Gennosuke
Shogun's Ninja (1983)
Ebarake no hitobito (1991)
Senso e iko yo!! (1994)
Senso e iko yo!! 2 (1994)
Samurai Marathon (2019)
Television drama
Hissatsu Shiokinin (1972, episode 4, Guest starring)
Taiyō ni Hoero! (1973-1985, episode 39, 61, 223, 411, 638, Guest starring)
Mito Kōmon (1973-2011, 68 appearances) - Guest
Tasukenin Hashiru (1974, episode 4, 17, 33, Guest starring)
Katsu Kaishū (1974) - Imuda Shōhei
Hissatsu Shiokiya Kagyō (1975, episode 21, Guest starring)
G-Men '75 (1977–1981, episode 118, 160, 201, 256, 307, Guest starring)
Shin Hissatsu Shiokinin (1977, episode 21, Guest starring)
Hissatsu Karakurinin Fugakuhiyakkei Koroshitabi (1978, episode 4 Guest starring)
Abarenbō Shōgun (1978–2002, 28 appearances) - Guest
Seibu Keisatsu (1981-84, 6 appearances))
Akō Rōshi (1979) - Izawa shinnosuke
Tokugawa Ieyasu (1983) - Yasumasa Sakakibara
Nobunaga King of Zipangu (1992) - Asayama Nichijo
Unmeitōge (1993)
References
^ "俳優の内田勝正さん死去". 時事ドットコム. 時事通信社. 5 February 2020. Retrieved 18 February 2020.
^ a b 『日本タレント名鑑'82』 VIPタイムズ社、1981 P.33
^ a b "内田勝正". ピアニュース. 5 March 2020. Retrieved 13 June 2021.
^ "内田勝正 プロファイル". エネスト. Retrieved 27 October 2018.
^ "水戸黄門"悪代官の極意" 内田勝正". excite news. Retrieved 27 October 2018.
^ "内田勝正さん死去". SANSPO. 31 January 2020. Retrieved 1 August 2021.
External links
Katsumasa Uchida at IMDb
This article about a Japanese film actor is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"jidaigeki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jidaigeki"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nippon-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pia-3"},{"link_name":"Aoyama Gakuin University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aoyama_Gakuin_University"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nippon-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Yukio Mishima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukio_Mishima"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pia-3"},{"link_name":"Mito Kōmon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mito_K%C5%8Dmon"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"liver cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver_cancer"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Katsumasa Uchida (内田勝正, Uchida katsmasa, 19 September 1944 - 31 January 2020[1]) was a Japanese actor. He is most famous for playing villains and appeared in many jidaigeki and detective television dramas as a guest.[2][3] Uchida graduated from Aoyama Gakuin University.[2][4] In 1968, he joined Yukio Mishima's Roman Gekijo Theatre Company.[3] Uchida made 68 appearances as a guest on Mito Kōmon.[5]On January 31, 2020, at 4:33 p.m., Uchida died of liver cancer.[6]","title":"Katsumasa Uchida"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sukeban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukeban_(film)"},{"link_name":"Sex & Fury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_%26_Fury"},{"link_name":"ESPY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPY_(film)"},{"link_name":"Terror of Mechagodzilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terror_of_Mechagodzilla"},{"link_name":"Champion of Death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champion_of_Death"},{"link_name":"Karate Bearfighter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karate_Bearfighter"},{"link_name":"Never Give Up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Never_Give_Up_(1978_film)"},{"link_name":"G.I. Samurai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Samurai"},{"link_name":"Shogun's Ninja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shogun%27s_Ninja"},{"link_name":"Samurai Marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samurai_Marathon"}],"sub_title":"Film","text":"Sukeban (1971) - Mikami\nSex & Fury (1973) - Gentarô Kanô\nBoso sekkusu-zoku (1973)\nSukeban: Taiman Shobu (1974) - Isozaki\nESPY (1974) - Gorou Tatsumati\nWakai kizoku-tachi: 13-kaidan no Maki (1975) - Nina Nakaoka\nTerror of Mechagodzilla (1975) - Interpol Agent Jiro Murakoshi\nChampion of Death (1975)\nKarate Bearfighter (1975)\nHatsukoi (1975) - Agawa\nAndô Noboru no waga tôbô to sex no kiroku (1976) - Hideo Shindo\nNever Give Up (1978)\nG.I. Samurai (1979) - Asaba Yorichika\nNinja bugeicho momochi sandayu (1980) - Shiranui Gennosuke\nShogun's Ninja (1983)\nEbarake no hitobito (1991)\nSenso e iko yo!! (1994)\nSenso e iko yo!! 2 (1994)\nSamurai Marathon (2019)","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hissatsu Shiokinin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hissatsu_Shiokinin"},{"link_name":"Taiyō ni Hoero!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiy%C5%8D_ni_Hoero!"},{"link_name":"Mito Kōmon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mito_K%C5%8Dmon"},{"link_name":"Tasukenin Hashiru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasukenin_Hashiru"},{"link_name":"Katsu Kaishū","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katsu_Kaish%C5%AB_(Taiga_drama)"},{"link_name":"Hissatsu Shiokiya Kagyō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hissatsu_Shiokiya_Kagy%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"G-Men '75","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-Men_%2775"},{"link_name":"Shin Hissatsu Shiokinin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shin_Hissatsu_Shiokinin"},{"link_name":"Hissatsu Karakurinin Fugakuhiyakkei Koroshitabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hissatsu_Karakurinin_Fugakuhiyakkei_Koroshitabi"},{"link_name":"Abarenbō Shōgun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abarenb%C5%8D_Sh%C5%8Dgun"},{"link_name":"Seibu Keisatsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seibu_Keisatsu"},{"link_name":"Akō Rōshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ak%C5%8D_R%C5%8Dshi_(1979_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Tokugawa Ieyasu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokugawa_Ieyasu_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Yasumasa Sakakibara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasumasa_Sakakibara"},{"link_name":"Unmeitōge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unmeit%C5%8Dge"}],"sub_title":"Television drama","text":"Hissatsu Shiokinin (1972, episode 4, Guest starring)\nTaiyō ni Hoero! (1973-1985, episode 39, 61, 223, 411, 638, Guest starring)\nMito Kōmon (1973-2011, 68 appearances) - Guest\nTasukenin Hashiru (1974, episode 4, 17, 33, Guest starring)\nKatsu Kaishū (1974) - Imuda Shōhei\nHissatsu Shiokiya Kagyō (1975, episode 21, Guest starring)\nG-Men '75 (1977–1981, episode 118, 160, 201, 256, 307, Guest starring)\nShin Hissatsu Shiokinin (1977, episode 21, Guest starring)\nHissatsu Karakurinin Fugakuhiyakkei Koroshitabi (1978, episode 4 Guest starring)\nAbarenbō Shōgun (1978–2002, 28 appearances) - Guest\nSeibu Keisatsu (1981-84, 6 appearances))\nAkō Rōshi (1979) - Izawa shinnosuke\nTokugawa Ieyasu (1983) - Yasumasa Sakakibara\nNobunaga King of Zipangu (1992) - Asayama Nichijo\nUnmeitōge (1993)","title":"Filmography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"俳優の内田勝正さん死去\". 時事ドットコム. 時事通信社. 5 February 2020. Retrieved 18 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jiji.com/jc/article?k=2020020500753&g=soc","url_text":"\"俳優の内田勝正さん死去\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%82%E4%BA%8B%E9%80%9A%E4%BF%A1%E7%A4%BE&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"時事通信社"}]},{"reference":"\"内田勝正\". ピアニュース. 5 March 2020. Retrieved 13 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://lp.p.pia.jp/shared/cnt-s/cnt-s-11-02_2_a6ca3f19-b009-459c-82a5-9940f5478023.html","url_text":"\"内田勝正\""}]},{"reference":"\"内田勝正 プロファイル\". エネスト. Retrieved 27 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.e-nesto.com/actor/uchida_katsumasa/","url_text":"\"内田勝正 プロファイル\""}]},{"reference":"\"水戸黄門\"悪代官の極意\" 内田勝正\". excite news. Retrieved 27 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.excite.co.jp/News/entertainment_g/20130201/Asagei_11793.html","url_text":"\"水戸黄門\"悪代官の極意\" 内田勝正\""}]},{"reference":"\"内田勝正さん死去\". SANSPO. 31 January 2020. Retrieved 1 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sanspo.com/article/20200206-7RHQPRYOHBKOBEJ7VP5UYMGSSM/","url_text":"\"内田勝正さん死去\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.jiji.com/jc/article?k=2020020500753&g=soc","external_links_name":"\"俳優の内田勝正さん死去\""},{"Link":"https://lp.p.pia.jp/shared/cnt-s/cnt-s-11-02_2_a6ca3f19-b009-459c-82a5-9940f5478023.html","external_links_name":"\"内田勝正\""},{"Link":"http://www.e-nesto.com/actor/uchida_katsumasa/","external_links_name":"\"内田勝正 プロファイル\""},{"Link":"https://www.excite.co.jp/News/entertainment_g/20130201/Asagei_11793.html","external_links_name":"\"水戸黄門\"悪代官の極意\" 内田勝正\""},{"Link":"https://www.sanspo.com/article/20200206-7RHQPRYOHBKOBEJ7VP5UYMGSSM/","external_links_name":"\"内田勝正さん死去\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0879736/","external_links_name":"Katsumasa Uchida"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katsumasa_Uchida&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soda_farl | Soda bread | ["1 Preparation","2 Origin","2.1 Ireland","2.2 Scotland","2.3 Serbia","2.4 United States of America","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | Wheat bread leavened with baking soda
Soda breadAn Irish soda farl, made by cutting a flattened round of dough into four pieces, then bakingTypeQuick breadPlace of originIrelandCreated byIrishMain ingredientsFlour, sodium bicarbonate, salt, buttermilk Cookbook: Soda bread Media: Soda bread
Whole wheat soda bread (known as wheaten bread in parts of Ireland)
Polish flat soda bread (known as proziaki in Podkarpacie)
Soda bread is a variety of quick bread made in many cuisines in which sodium bicarbonate (otherwise known as "baking soda", or in Ireland, "bread soda") is used as a leavening agent instead of yeast. The basic ingredients of soda bread are flour, baking soda, salt, and buttermilk. The buttermilk contains lactic acid, which reacts with the baking soda to form bubbles of carbon dioxide. Other ingredients can be added, such as butter, egg, raisins, or nuts. Quick breads can be prepared quickly and reliably, without requiring the time and labor needed for kneaded yeast breads.
Preparation
Soda bread is made with coarse flour, white, whole meal, or a mix. High protein flour is not used because the preferred texture is "moist and crumbly". Other grains (such as rolled oats) may be added. Soda bread is generally not kneaded because kneading can toughen it.
Buttermilk or sour milk is the usual liquid acid ingredient.
Variants may add olive oil, eggs, molasses, sugar, treacle, or honey.
Origin
Ireland
Home-made Irish brown soda bread
Traditional Irish bread was historically cooked on a griddle as flatbread because the domestic flours did not have the properties needed to rise effectively when combined with yeast. Baking soda offered an alternative, but its popularity declined for a time when imported high-gluten flours became available. Brown soda bread (served with smoked salmon) reappeared on luxury hotel menus in the 1960s. Modern varieties can be found at Irish cafes and bakeries, some made with Guinness, treacle, walnuts, and herbs, but the sweetened version with caraway and raisins is rarely seen anymore. Soda bread made with raisins is colloquially called "Spotted Dog" or "Spotted Dick".
In Ireland, the flour is typically made from soft wheat, so soda bread is best made with a cake or pastry flour (made from soft wheat), which has lower levels of gluten than a bread flour. In some recipes, the buttermilk is replaced by live yogurt or even stout. Because the leavening action starts immediately (compared to the time taken for yeast bread to rise), bakers recommend the minimum amount of mixing of the ingredients before baking; the dough should not be kneaded.
Various forms of soda bread are popular throughout Ireland. Soda breads are made using wholemeal, white flour, or both. In Ulster, the wholemeal variety is usually known as wheaten bread and is normally sweetened, while the term "soda bread" is restricted to the white savoury form. In the southern provinces of Ireland, the wholemeal variety is usually known as brown bread and is almost identical to the Ulster wheaten. In some parts of Fermanagh, the white flour form of the bread is described as fadge.
The "griddle cakes", "griddle bread" (or soda farls in Ulster) take a more rounded shape and have a cross cut in the top to allow the bread to expand. The griddle cake or farl is a more flattened type of bread. It is cooked on a griddle, allowing it to take a more flat shape, and it is split into four sections. The soda farl is one of the distinguishing elements of the Ulster fry, where it is served alongside potato bread, also in farl form.
Scotland
In Scotland, varieties of soda breads and griddle sodas include bannocks and farls (Scots: fardel, "a fourth"), "soda scones", or "soda farls", using baking powder or baking soda as a leavening agent giving the food a light and airy texture.
Bannocks are flat cakes of barley or oatmeal dough formed into a round or oval shape, then cooked on a griddle (Scots: girdle). The most authentic versions are unleavened, but from the early 19th century bannocks have been made using baking powder, or a combination of baking soda and buttermilk or clabbered milk. Before the 19th century, bannocks were cooked on a bannock stone (Scots: stane), a large, flat, rounded piece of sandstone, placed directly onto a fire, then used as a cooking surface. Several varieties of bannock include Selkirk bannocks, beremeal bannocks, Michaelmas bannock, Yetholm bannock, and Yule bannock.
The traditional soda farl is used in the full Scottish breakfast along with the potato scone (Scots: tattie scone).
Serbia
Members of a Serbian family break soda bread or česnica at a Christmas dinner.
In Serbian tradition, soda bread is prepared by various rules and rituals. A coin is often put into the dough during the kneading; other small objects may also be inserted. At the beginning of Christmas dinner, the česnica is rotated three times counter-clockwise, before being broken among the family members. The person who finds the coin in their piece of the bread will supposedly be exceptionally lucky in the coming year. Before baking, the upper surface of the loaf may be inscribed with various symbols, such as a Christogram, or stars, circles, and impressions of keys or combs.
United States of America
During the early years of European settlement of the Americas, settlers used soda or pearl ash, more commonly known as potash (pot ash) or potassium carbonate, as a leavening agent (the forerunner to baking soda) in quick breads. By 1824, The Virginia Housewife by Mary Randolph was published containing a recipe for Soda Cake.
In 1846, two American bakers, John Dwight and Austin Church, established the first factory in the United States to produce baking soda from sodium carbonate and carbon dioxide.
Modern American versions of Irish soda bread often include raisins or currants, and caraway seeds.
See also
Food portal
Proziaki
List of breads
List of Irish dishes
List of quick breads
References
^ a b Society for the Preservation of the Soda Bread. Society for the Preservation of the Irish Soda Bread.
^ a b c d "How to bake the perfect soda bread". The Guardian. 5 February 2014.
^ a b "Secrets of the soda bread masters". BBC. 20 September 2016.
^ "Fermanagh Gold Thread".
^ "Irish Blessings Tours". Archived from the original on 14 July 2014.
^ "Programmes – Most Popular – All 4".
^ a b c "Bannock". Practically Edible: The Web's Biggest Food Encyclopaedia. Archived from the original on 20 November 2008. Retrieved 18 October 2008.
^ Ingram, Christine; Jennie Shapter (2003). BREAD: the breads of the world and how to bake them at home. (Originally published as The World Encyclopedia of Bread and Bread Making.) London: Hermes House. p. 54. ISBN 0-681-87922-X.
^ Clayton, Bernard Jr. (2003). Bernard Clayton's New Complete Book of Breads. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 555. ISBN 0-7432-3472-3.
^ Feilden, Rosemary (1999). "Bannock Stane at Aberdeen University's Virtual Museum". Aberdeen University. Retrieved 12 November 2009.
^ Plotnikova, A. A. (2001). "Чесница". In Svetlana Mikhaylovna Tolstaya and Ljubinko Radenković (ed.). Словенска митологија: енциклопедијски речник (in Serbian). Belgrade: Zepter Book World. pp. 577–78. ISBN 86-7494-025-0.
^ Vukmanović, Jovan (1962). "Božićni običaji u Boki Kotorskoj" . Zbornik za narodni život i običaje Južnih Slovena (in Serbian). 40. Zagreb: The Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts: 491–503. Retrieved 4 January 2010.
^ "Early American gingerbread cakes | Walbert's Compendium". Archived from the original on 15 March 2012. Retrieved 20 November 2010.
^ The Virginia Housewife by Mary Randolph 1824, p136.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Soda breads.
Wikibooks Cookbook has a recipe/module on
Soda Bread
Society for the Preservation of Irish Soda Bread
History of and recipes for Irish Soda bread at European Cuisines.com
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Ireland portal | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Soda_bread.jpg"},{"link_name":"Whole wheat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole_grain"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Polish_Flat_Sodabreads,_Skansen_in_Sanok,_2010.png"},{"link_name":"proziaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proziaki"},{"link_name":"Podkarpacie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podkarpackie_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"quick bread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quick_bread"},{"link_name":"sodium bicarbonate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_bicarbonate"},{"link_name":"leavening agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leavening_agent"},{"link_name":"yeast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeast"},{"link_name":"flour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flour"},{"link_name":"baking soda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_bicarbonate"},{"link_name":"salt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt"},{"link_name":"buttermilk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buttermilk"},{"link_name":"lactic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactic_acid"},{"link_name":"carbon dioxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide"}],"text":"Whole wheat soda bread (known as wheaten bread in parts of Ireland)Polish flat soda bread (known as proziaki in Podkarpacie)Soda bread is a variety of quick bread made in many cuisines in which sodium bicarbonate (otherwise known as \"baking soda\", or in Ireland, \"bread soda\") is used as a leavening agent instead of yeast. 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Quick breads can be prepared quickly and reliably, without requiring the time and labor needed for kneaded yeast breads.","title":"Soda bread"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-2"},{"link_name":"olive oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_oil"},{"link_name":"eggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egg_as_food"},{"link_name":"molasses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molasses"},{"link_name":"sugar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar"},{"link_name":"treacle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treacle"},{"link_name":"honey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honey"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-2"}],"text":"Soda bread is made with coarse flour, white, whole meal, or a mix. High protein flour is not used because the preferred texture is \"moist and crumbly\". Other grains (such as rolled oats) may be added.[2] Soda bread is generally not kneaded because kneading can toughen it.[2][3]Buttermilk or sour milk is the usual liquid acid ingredient.[2]Variants may add olive oil, eggs, molasses, sugar, treacle, or honey.[2]","title":"Preparation"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Origin"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Irish_brown_soda_bread.JPG"},{"link_name":"flatbread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatbread"},{"link_name":"yeast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeast"},{"link_name":"Guinness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness"},{"link_name":"treacle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treacle"},{"link_name":"walnuts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walnut"},{"link_name":"caraway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caraway"},{"link_name":"raisins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raisin"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-3"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"soft wheat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_wheat"},{"link_name":"gluten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluten"},{"link_name":"yogurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogurt"},{"link_name":"stout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stout"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Ulster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster"},{"link_name":"Fermanagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermanagh"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FermanaghGoldThread-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IrishBlessingsTours-5"},{"link_name":"farls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farl"},{"link_name":"griddle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griddle"},{"link_name":"Ulster fry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_breakfast#Ulster"},{"link_name":"potato bread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potato_bread"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ulster_Fry_Recipe-6"}],"sub_title":"Ireland","text":"Home-made Irish brown soda breadTraditional Irish bread was historically cooked on a griddle as flatbread because the domestic flours did not have the properties needed to rise effectively when combined with yeast. Baking soda offered an alternative, but its popularity declined for a time when imported high-gluten flours became available. Brown soda bread (served with smoked salmon) reappeared on luxury hotel menus in the 1960s. Modern varieties can be found at Irish cafes and bakeries, some made with Guinness, treacle, walnuts, and herbs, but the sweetened version with caraway and raisins is rarely seen anymore. Soda bread made with raisins is colloquially called \"Spotted Dog\" or \"Spotted Dick\".[3]In Ireland, the flour is typically made from soft wheat, so soda bread is best made with a cake or pastry flour (made from soft wheat), which has lower levels of gluten than a bread flour. In some recipes, the buttermilk is replaced by live yogurt or even stout. Because the leavening action starts immediately (compared to the time taken for yeast bread to rise), bakers recommend the minimum amount of mixing of the ingredients before baking; the dough should not be kneaded.[citation needed]Various forms of soda bread are popular throughout Ireland. Soda breads are made using wholemeal, white flour, or both. In Ulster, the wholemeal variety is usually known as wheaten bread and is normally sweetened, while the term \"soda bread\" is restricted to the white savoury form. In the southern provinces of Ireland, the wholemeal variety is usually known as brown bread and is almost identical to the Ulster wheaten. In some parts of Fermanagh, the white flour form of the bread is described as fadge.[4][5]The \"griddle cakes\", \"griddle bread\" (or soda farls in Ulster) take a more rounded shape and have a cross cut in the top to allow the bread to expand. The griddle cake or farl is a more flattened type of bread. It is cooked on a griddle, allowing it to take a more flat shape, and it is split into four sections. The soda farl is one of the distinguishing elements of the Ulster fry, where it is served alongside potato bread, also in farl form.[6]","title":"Origin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"bannocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bannock_(British_food)"},{"link_name":"farls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farl"},{"link_name":"baking powder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baking_powder"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BannockPE-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ingram-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"barley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barley"},{"link_name":"oatmeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oatmeal"},{"link_name":"dough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dough"},{"link_name":"griddle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griddle"},{"link_name":"clabbered milk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clabber_(food)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BannockPE-7"},{"link_name":"sandstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandstone"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"beremeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bere_(grain)"},{"link_name":"Michaelmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michaelmas"},{"link_name":"Yetholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirk_Yetholm"},{"link_name":"Yule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yule"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BannockPE-7"},{"link_name":"full Scottish breakfast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_Scottish_breakfast#Scotland"},{"link_name":"potato scone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potato_scone"}],"sub_title":"Scotland","text":"In Scotland, varieties of soda breads and griddle sodas include bannocks and farls (Scots: fardel, \"a fourth\"), \"soda scones\", or \"soda farls\", using baking powder or baking soda as a leavening agent giving the food a light and airy texture.[7][8][9]Bannocks are flat cakes of barley or oatmeal dough formed into a round or oval shape, then cooked on a griddle (Scots: girdle). The most authentic versions are unleavened, but from the early 19th century bannocks have been made using baking powder, or a combination of baking soda and buttermilk or clabbered milk.[7] Before the 19th century, bannocks were cooked on a bannock stone (Scots: stane), a large, flat, rounded piece of sandstone, placed directly onto a fire, then used as a cooking surface.[10] Several varieties of bannock include Selkirk bannocks, beremeal bannocks, Michaelmas bannock, Yetholm bannock, and Yule bannock.[7]The traditional soda farl is used in the full Scottish breakfast along with the potato scone (Scots: tattie scone).","title":"Origin"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cesnica.jpg"},{"link_name":"česnica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cesnica"},{"link_name":"Serbian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"česnica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cesnica"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-plotnikova-11"},{"link_name":"Christogram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christogram"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vukmanovic-12"}],"sub_title":"Serbia","text":"Members of a Serbian family break soda bread or česnica at a Christmas dinner.In Serbian tradition, soda bread is prepared by various rules and rituals. A coin is often put into the dough during the kneading; other small objects may also be inserted. At the beginning of Christmas dinner, the česnica is rotated three times counter-clockwise, before being broken among the family members. The person who finds the coin in their piece of the bread will supposedly be exceptionally lucky in the coming year. Before baking, the upper surface of the loaf may be inscribed with various symbols,[11] such as a Christogram, or stars, circles, and impressions of keys or combs.[12]","title":"Origin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pearl ash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_ash"},{"link_name":"potassium carbonate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_carbonate"},{"link_name":"quick breads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quick_bread"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"United States of America","text":"During the early years of European settlement of the Americas, settlers used soda or pearl ash, more commonly known as potash (pot ash) or potassium carbonate, as a leavening agent (the forerunner to baking soda) in quick breads.[13] By 1824, The Virginia Housewife by Mary Randolph was published containing a recipe for Soda Cake.[14]In 1846, two American bakers, John Dwight and Austin Church, established the first factory in the United States to produce baking soda from sodium carbonate and carbon dioxide.Modern American versions of Irish soda bread often include raisins or currants, and caraway seeds.","title":"Origin"}] | [{"image_text":"Whole wheat soda bread (known as wheaten bread in parts of Ireland)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Soda_bread.jpg/220px-Soda_bread.jpg"},{"image_text":"Polish flat soda bread (known as proziaki in Podkarpacie)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Polish_Flat_Sodabreads%2C_Skansen_in_Sanok%2C_2010.png/220px-Polish_Flat_Sodabreads%2C_Skansen_in_Sanok%2C_2010.png"},{"image_text":"Home-made Irish brown soda bread","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Irish_brown_soda_bread.JPG/220px-Irish_brown_soda_bread.JPG"},{"image_text":"Members of a Serbian family break soda bread or česnica at a Christmas dinner.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Cesnica.jpg/225px-Cesnica.jpg"}] | [{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg"},{"title":"Food portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Food"},{"title":"Proziaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proziaki"},{"title":"List of breads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_breads"},{"title":"List of Irish dishes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Irish_dishes"},{"title":"List of quick breads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_quick_breads"}] | [{"reference":"Society for the Preservation of the Soda Bread. Society for the Preservation of the Irish Soda Bread.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sodabread.info/history","url_text":"Society for the Preservation of the Irish Soda Bread"}]},{"reference":"\"How to bake the perfect soda bread\". The Guardian. 5 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/wordofmouth/2014/feb/05/how-to-bake-perfect-soda-bread","url_text":"\"How to bake the perfect soda bread\""}]},{"reference":"\"Secrets of the soda bread masters\". BBC. 20 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20160920-secrets-of-the-soda-bread-masters","url_text":"\"Secrets of the soda bread masters\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fermanagh Gold Thread\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.archiver.rootsweb.ancestry.com/th/read/FERMANAGH-GOLD/2008-11/1225976149/","url_text":"\"Fermanagh Gold Thread\""}]},{"reference":"\"Irish Blessings Tours\". Archived from the original on 14 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140714134748/http://www.irishblessingstours.com/blog/an-authentic-slice-of-ireland/","url_text":"\"Irish Blessings Tours\""},{"url":"http://www.irishblessingstours.com/blog/an-authentic-slice-of-ireland/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Programmes – Most Popular – All 4\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.channel4.com/4food/recipes/breakfast/ulster-fry-recipe","url_text":"\"Programmes – Most Popular – All 4\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bannock\". Practically Edible: The Web's Biggest Food Encyclopaedia. Archived from the original on 20 November 2008. Retrieved 18 October 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081120163225/http://www.practicallyedible.com/edible.nsf/pages/bannock","url_text":"\"Bannock\""},{"url":"http://www.practicallyedible.com/edible.nsf/pages/bannock","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ingram, Christine; Jennie Shapter (2003). BREAD: the breads of the world and how to bake them at home. (Originally published as The World Encyclopedia of Bread and Bread Making.) London: Hermes House. p. 54. ISBN 0-681-87922-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-681-87922-X","url_text":"0-681-87922-X"}]},{"reference":"Clayton, Bernard Jr. (2003). Bernard Clayton's New Complete Book of Breads. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 555. ISBN 0-7432-3472-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bernardclaytonsn00clay_0","url_text":"Bernard Clayton's New Complete Book of Breads"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bernardclaytonsn00clay_0/page/555","url_text":"555"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-3472-3","url_text":"0-7432-3472-3"}]},{"reference":"Feilden, Rosemary (1999). \"Bannock Stane at Aberdeen University's Virtual Museum\". Aberdeen University. Retrieved 12 November 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://aberdeen.ac.uk/virtualmuseum/pictures_show2.php?prefix=ABDUA&num=16317","url_text":"\"Bannock Stane at Aberdeen University's Virtual Museum\""}]},{"reference":"Plotnikova, A. A. (2001). \"Чесница\". In Svetlana Mikhaylovna Tolstaya and Ljubinko Radenković (ed.). Словенска митологија: енциклопедијски речник [Slavic mythology: encyclopedic dictionary] (in Serbian). Belgrade: Zepter Book World. pp. 577–78. ISBN 86-7494-025-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade","url_text":"Belgrade"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/86-7494-025-0","url_text":"86-7494-025-0"}]},{"reference":"Vukmanović, Jovan (1962). \"Božićni običaji u Boki Kotorskoj\" [Christmas traditions in the Bay of Kotor]. Zbornik za narodni život i običaje Južnih Slovena (in Serbian). 40. Zagreb: The Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts: 491–503. Retrieved 4 January 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rastko.rs/rastko-bo/ljudi/jvukmanovic-bozic.html","url_text":"\"Božićni običaji u Boki Kotorskoj\""}]},{"reference":"\"Early American gingerbread cakes | Walbert's Compendium\". Archived from the original on 15 March 2012. Retrieved 20 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120315062615/http://www.davidwalbert.com/2010/02/03/early-american-gingerbread-cakes/","url_text":"\"Early American gingerbread cakes | Walbert's Compendium\""},{"url":"http://www.davidwalbert.com/2010/02/03/early-american-gingerbread-cakes/","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.sodabread.info/history","external_links_name":"Society for the Preservation of the Irish Soda Bread"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/wordofmouth/2014/feb/05/how-to-bake-perfect-soda-bread","external_links_name":"\"How to bake the perfect soda bread\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20160920-secrets-of-the-soda-bread-masters","external_links_name":"\"Secrets of the soda bread masters\""},{"Link":"https://www.archiver.rootsweb.ancestry.com/th/read/FERMANAGH-GOLD/2008-11/1225976149/","external_links_name":"\"Fermanagh Gold Thread\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140714134748/http://www.irishblessingstours.com/blog/an-authentic-slice-of-ireland/","external_links_name":"\"Irish Blessings Tours\""},{"Link":"http://www.irishblessingstours.com/blog/an-authentic-slice-of-ireland/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.channel4.com/4food/recipes/breakfast/ulster-fry-recipe","external_links_name":"\"Programmes – Most Popular – All 4\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081120163225/http://www.practicallyedible.com/edible.nsf/pages/bannock","external_links_name":"\"Bannock\""},{"Link":"http://www.practicallyedible.com/edible.nsf/pages/bannock","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/bernardclaytonsn00clay_0","external_links_name":"Bernard Clayton's New Complete Book of Breads"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/bernardclaytonsn00clay_0/page/555","external_links_name":"555"},{"Link":"https://aberdeen.ac.uk/virtualmuseum/pictures_show2.php?prefix=ABDUA&num=16317","external_links_name":"\"Bannock Stane at Aberdeen University's Virtual Museum\""},{"Link":"http://www.rastko.rs/rastko-bo/ljudi/jvukmanovic-bozic.html","external_links_name":"\"Božićni običaji u Boki Kotorskoj\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120315062615/http://www.davidwalbert.com/2010/02/03/early-american-gingerbread-cakes/","external_links_name":"\"Early American gingerbread cakes | Walbert's Compendium\""},{"Link":"http://www.davidwalbert.com/2010/02/03/early-american-gingerbread-cakes/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.sodabread.info/","external_links_name":"Society for the Preservation of Irish Soda Bread"},{"Link":"http://www.europeancuisines.com/Peters-Mums-Soda-Bread-Recipe","external_links_name":"History of and recipes for Irish Soda bread at European Cuisines.com"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandstream_Networks | Grandstream Networks | ["1 References","2 External links"] | Grandstream NetworksCompany typePrivateIndustryTelecommunicationFounded2002HeadquartersBoston, MassachusettsKey peopleCEO: David LiProductsIP Voice & Video Communications,
IP SurveillanceNumber of employees500 worldwideWebsitewww.grandstream.com
Founded in 2002, Grandstream Networks is a manufacturer of IP voice and video communications equipment, video surveillance, gateways and analog telephone adapters (ATAs), and Asterisk-based IP-PBX appliances. Grandstream supplies small and medium businesses and consumers with open-standard SIP-based products.
Grandstream Networks is headquartered in Boston, Massachusetts, and has offices in Plano, Texas, Los Angeles, California in the US, in Casablanca in Morocco, Valencia, Venezuela, and in Shenzhen, China.
The company's products are listed on its web site.
References
^ Don Seiffert (19 April 2013). "Grandstream moves to 10,000 sf Boston office". Boston Business Journal. Retrieved 13 March 2018.
^ "IP Products". Grandstream Networks. Retrieved 13 March 2018.
External links
Grandstream GXV3275 Android Videophone Wins Gold for Unified Communications Innovation at 2014 Golden Bridge Awards
Grandstream UCM6100 series IP PBX Appliance Receives 2014 Internet Telephony Product of the Year Award
Grandstream GXP2200 - Product of the Year, 2012
Grandstream's GXP2200: Just Like Your Android Smartphone
Grandstream Networks GXP2200 Recognized in Best VoIP CPE Category at 2013 ITSPA Awards | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IP voice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_over_IP"},{"link_name":"video communications equipment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_camera"},{"link_name":"video surveillance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_surveillance"},{"link_name":"gateways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gateway_(telecommunications)"},{"link_name":"analog telephone adapters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_telephone_adapter"},{"link_name":"Asterisk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asterisk_(PBX)"},{"link_name":"IP-PBX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP-PBX"},{"link_name":"SIP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Session_Initiation_Protocol"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Plano, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plano,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"Casablanca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casablanca"},{"link_name":"Valencia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencia,_Carabobo"},{"link_name":"Shenzhen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhen"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Founded in 2002, Grandstream Networks is a manufacturer of IP voice and video communications equipment, video surveillance, gateways and analog telephone adapters (ATAs), and Asterisk-based IP-PBX appliances. Grandstream supplies small and medium businesses and consumers with open-standard SIP-based products.Grandstream Networks is headquartered in Boston, Massachusetts,[1] and has offices in Plano, Texas, Los Angeles, California in the US, in Casablanca in Morocco, Valencia, Venezuela, and in Shenzhen, China.The company's products are listed on its web site.[2]","title":"Grandstream Networks"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Don Seiffert (19 April 2013). \"Grandstream moves to 10,000 sf Boston office\". Boston Business Journal. Retrieved 13 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bizjournals.com/boston/blog/techflash/2013/08/grandstream-moves-to-10000-sf-boston.html?ana=RSS&s=article_search","url_text":"\"Grandstream moves to 10,000 sf Boston office\""}]},{"reference":"\"IP Products\". Grandstream Networks. Retrieved 13 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.grandstream.com/our-products","url_text":"\"IP Products\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.grandstream.com/","external_links_name":"www.grandstream.com"},{"Link":"https://www.bizjournals.com/boston/blog/techflash/2013/08/grandstream-moves-to-10000-sf-boston.html?ana=RSS&s=article_search","external_links_name":"\"Grandstream moves to 10,000 sf Boston office\""},{"Link":"http://www.grandstream.com/our-products","external_links_name":"\"IP Products\""},{"Link":"http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20140916005096/en/Grandstream-Wins-Gold-Unified-Communications-Innovation-2014","external_links_name":"Grandstream GXV3275 Android Videophone Wins Gold for Unified Communications Innovation at 2014 Golden Bridge Awards"},{"Link":"https://finance.yahoo.com/news/grandstream-ucm6100-series-ip-pbx-130000274.html","external_links_name":"Grandstream UCM6100 series IP PBX Appliance Receives 2014 Internet Telephony Product of the Year Award"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130411040531/http://blog.ipphone-warehouse.com/grandstream-gxp2200-product-of-the-year-2012/","external_links_name":"Grandstream GXP2200 - Product of the Year, 2012"},{"Link":"http://www.tmcnet.com/topics/articles/2013/03/04/329147-grandstreams-gxp2200-just-like-android-smartphone.htm","external_links_name":"Grandstream's GXP2200: Just Like Your Android Smartphone"},{"Link":"http://www.telecomreseller.com/2013/03/22/grandstream-networks-gxp2200-recognized-in-best-voip-cpe-category-at-2013-itspa-awards/","external_links_name":"Grandstream Networks GXP2200 Recognized in Best VoIP CPE Category at 2013 ITSPA Awards"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sense_of_Wonder | The Sense of Wonder | ["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 References","4 External links"] | 2015 French romance film
The Sense of WonderTheatrical release posterLe Goût des merveillesDirected byÉric BesnardWritten byÉric BesnardProduced byPatrice Ledoux Michel SeydouxStarringVirginie Efira Benjamin LavernheCinematographyPhilippe GuilbertEdited byYann DedetMusic byChristophe JulienProductioncompaniesCamera One Pulsar ProductionsDistributed byUGC DistributionRelease dates
8 November 2015 (2015-11-08) (Cinemania)
16 December 2015 (2015-12-16) (France)
Running time100 minutesCountryFranceLanguageFrenchBudget$6.2 millionBox office$4.1 million
The Sense of Wonder (original title: Le Goût des merveilles) is a 2015 French romance film written and directed by Éric Besnard. It stars Virginie Efira and Benjamin Lavernhe.
Plot
A widow with two young children discover a new lease of life after she nearly runs over a stranger with her car.
Cast
Virginie Efira as Louise Legrand
Benjamin Lavernhe as Pierre
Lucie Fagedet as Emma Legrand
Léo Lorléac'h as Félix Legrand
Hervé Pierre as Jules
Hiam Abbass as Dr. Mélanie Ferenza
Laurent Bateau as Paul
François Bureloup as bar owner
References
^ "Le Goût des merveilles". JP's Box-Office.
^ https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt4084056/?ref_=bo_se_r_1
^ ""Le goût des merveilles" : tout beau tout bio ***". Le Parisien. 16 December 2015.
^ ""Le Grand Jeu", "Le Goût des merveilles", "l'Attente"... Les films à voir (ou pas) cette semaine". L'Obs. 16 December 2015.
External links
The Sense of Wonder at IMDb
This article related to a French film of the 2010s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about a 2010s romance film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"romance film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romance_film"},{"link_name":"Virginie Efira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginie_Efira"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The Sense of Wonder (original title: Le Goût des merveilles) is a 2015 French romance film written and directed by Éric Besnard. It stars Virginie Efira and Benjamin Lavernhe.[3][4]","title":"The Sense of Wonder"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"A widow with two young children discover a new lease of life after she nearly runs over a stranger with her car.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Virginie Efira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginie_Efira"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Lavernhe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Lavernhe"},{"link_name":"Hervé Pierre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herv%C3%A9_Pierre_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Hiam Abbass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiam_Abbass"},{"link_name":"Laurent Bateau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurent_Bateau"}],"text":"Virginie Efira as Louise Legrand\nBenjamin Lavernhe as Pierre\nLucie Fagedet as Emma Legrand\nLéo Lorléac'h as Félix Legrand\nHervé Pierre as Jules\nHiam Abbass as Dr. Mélanie Ferenza\nLaurent Bateau as Paul\nFrançois Bureloup as bar owner","title":"Cast"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Le Goût des merveilles\". JP's Box-Office.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jpbox-office.com/fichfilm.php?id=15579","url_text":"\"Le Goût des merveilles\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Le goût des merveilles\" : tout beau tout bio ***\". Le Parisien. 16 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.leparisien.fr/cinema/critiques-cinema/le-gout-des-merveilles-tout-beau-tout-bio-16-12-2015-5377251.php","url_text":"\"\"Le goût des merveilles\" : tout beau tout bio ***\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Parisien","url_text":"Le Parisien"}]},{"reference":"\"\"Le Grand Jeu\", \"Le Goût des merveilles\", \"l'Attente\"... Les films à voir (ou pas) cette semaine\". L'Obs. 16 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/cinema/20151214.OBS1328/le-grand-jeu-le-gout-des-merveilles-l-attente-les-films-a-voir-ou-pas-cette-semaine.html","url_text":"\"\"Le Grand Jeu\", \"Le Goût des merveilles\", \"l'Attente\"... Les films à voir (ou pas) cette semaine\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Obs","url_text":"L'Obs"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.jpbox-office.com/fichfilm.php?id=15579","external_links_name":"\"Le Goût des merveilles\""},{"Link":"https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt4084056/?ref_=bo_se_r_1","external_links_name":"https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt4084056/?ref_=bo_se_r_1"},{"Link":"http://www.leparisien.fr/cinema/critiques-cinema/le-gout-des-merveilles-tout-beau-tout-bio-16-12-2015-5377251.php","external_links_name":"\"\"Le goût des merveilles\" : tout beau tout bio ***\""},{"Link":"http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/cinema/20151214.OBS1328/le-grand-jeu-le-gout-des-merveilles-l-attente-les-films-a-voir-ou-pas-cette-semaine.html","external_links_name":"\"\"Le Grand Jeu\", \"Le Goût des merveilles\", \"l'Attente\"... Les films à voir (ou pas) cette semaine\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4084056/","external_links_name":"The Sense of Wonder"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Sense_of_Wonder&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Sense_of_Wonder&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tottenham_Court_Road_Station | Tottenham Court Road station | ["1 History","1.1 Central London Railway","1.2 Charing Cross, Euston & Hampstead Railway","1.3 Early improvements","1.4 Initial plans for station expansion","1.5 Expansion as part of Crossrail","2 Artworks","3 Services","4 Future developments","4.1 Crossrail 2","5 In popular culture","6 Connections","7 References","8 External links"] | Coordinates: 51°30′58″N 0°07′51″W / 51.5162°N 0.1309°W / 51.5162; -0.1309National rail and London Underground station
Tottenham Court Road Main entrance to the eastern ticket hall seen in March 2022Tottenham Court RoadLocation of Tottenham Court Road in Central LondonLocationSt GilesLocal authorityLondon Borough of CamdenManaged byLondon UndergroundOwnerTransport for LondonStation codeTCRNumber of platforms6Fare zone1London Underground annual entry and exit2018 38.73 million2019 41.99 million2020 6.05 million2021 16.04 million2022 48.95 millionNational Rail annual entry and exit2022–23 34.878 millionKey dates30 July 1900Opened (CLR)22 June 1907Opened (CCE&HR)24 May 2022Opened (Elizabeth line)Other informationExternal links
TfL station info page
Departures
Layout
Facilities
Buses
Coordinates51°30′58″N 0°07′51″W / 51.5162°N 0.1309°W / 51.5162; -0.1309 London transport portal
Tottenham Court Road is an interchange station in the West End of London for London Underground and Elizabeth line services.
The London Underground station is served by the Central and Northern lines. On the Central line it is between Oxford Circus and Holborn stations, and on the Charing Cross branch of the Northern line it is between Goodge Street and Leicester Square stations. The Elizabeth line station is between Bond Street and Farringdon stations.
The station is located at St Giles Circus, the junction of Tottenham Court Road, Oxford Street, New Oxford Street and Charing Cross Road and is in Travelcard Zone 1, with a second entrance at Dean Street.
History
Central London Railway
The station opened as part of the Central London Railway (CLR) on 30 July 1900. From that date until 24 September 1933, the next station eastbound on the Central line was the now-defunct British Museum; the next stop in that direction is now Holborn. The platforms are under Oxford Street west of St Giles' Circus and were originally connected to the ticket hall via lifts at the east end of the platforms. The original station building was on the south side of Oxford Street and was designed in common with other CLR stations by Harry Bell Measures. The building and its neighbours were demolished in 2009.
Charing Cross, Euston & Hampstead Railway
The Charing Cross, Euston & Hampstead Railway (CCE&HR, now part of the Northern line) arrived here on 22 June 1907 but used the name Oxford Street until an interchange (linking the eastbound Central line with the southbound Northern line via the ends of the platform) was opened on 3 September 1908 from when the present name was used for both lines. The next station north on the Northern line was originally called Tottenham Court Road, but was renamed to Goodge Street at this time.
The original ticket office was directly beneath St Giles circus and was accessed from stairs on three street corners around the Circus. Its original lift shafts and emergency stairs are still extant. A set of emergency stairs can be used as access down to the ends of the Northern line platform. The lift shafts are used for offices and station facilities.
Early improvements
Like a number of other central area stations, Tottenham Court Road underwent improvements during the 1920s to replace the original sets of lifts with escalators. Works commenced in 1923; a new subsurface ticket hall, under St Giles Circus, was constructed and the escalators came into service on 28 September 1926 (upper set) and 1 February 1926 (lower set). A shaft for three escalators was driven from the ticket hall under the junction down to the east end of the Central line platforms ending at an intermediate circulation space. A further pair of escalators descend from this level to the north end of the Northern line platforms. The lifts were removed and the redundant shafts were used as ventilation ducts. In 1938 a chiller plant began operating at the station. This was decommissioned in 1949.
Passenger congestion entering and leaving the Northern line platforms was partially eased by the addition of a short single escalator at the centre of the platform leading up to a passageway linking to the intermediate circulation area. However, this was in itself a cause of congestion, as traffic trying to leave the station from the Northern line found itself in the path of traffic entering and travelling to the Central line.
In the early 1980s, the entire station was redecorated, losing the distinctive Leslie Green-designed platform tiling pattern of the Yerkes tube lines (which included the CCE&HR), and the plain white platform tiles of the CLR. It was replaced by distinctive mosaics by Eduardo Paolozzi, located on platforms, passages and escalator entrances.
Initial plans for station expansion
The station had four entrances to the sub-surface ticket hall from the north-east, south-west and north-west corners of the junction and from a subway beneath the Centre Point building which starts on Andrew Borde Street. The entrances were frequently congested leading to occasions during peak periods of the day when they were briefly closed to prevent overcrowding in the station.
In the aftermath of the King's Cross fire in 1987, London Underground was recommended to investigate "passenger flow and congestion in stations and take remedial action". A Parliamentary bill was tabled in 1991 to permit London Underground to improve and expand the frequently congested station, however this was not proceeded with. In 2000, London Underground consulted on a station upgrade including a new larger ticket hall, new escalators and step free access, which would have taken 4 years to construct.
Expansion as part of Crossrail
Construction of the station expansion work in 2011
Tottenham Court Road Eastern Ticket Hall after expansion, with Daniel Buren's artwork.
The station was eventually reconstructed and upgraded in the mid 2010s as part of the Crossrail project to construct the Elizabeth line, with the £500 million station upgrade taking eight years. To enable the station expansion work to occur, both the Astoria theatres and the original Central line entrance were demolished. During construction, the Central and Northern lines were alternately closed for several months to allow for upgrade works to take place.
Upon completion in 2017, the project delivered:
A new ticket hall six times larger than previous, located below St Giles Circus and the forecourt of Centre Point
New public plaza outside Centre Point, with station entrances designed by Hawkins\Brown
New dedicated set of escalators to access the Northern line
New and expanded passageways underground
Escalators down to the eastern end of the future Elizabeth line station.
Step-free access throughout the station
Restoration of existing artwork by Eduardo Paolozzi, and a new artwork in the ticket hall by Daniel Buren
On Dean Street, a dedicated western entrance and ticket hall was built to access the new Elizabeth line platforms. These platforms stretch for 230 m (750 ft) between the two ticket halls, underneath Soho Square. The completed western entrance and Crossrail platforms were handed over to TfL in early 2021. Crossrail links Tottenham Court Road to Canary Wharf, Abbey Wood, Stratford, and Shenfield in the east with Paddington, Heathrow and Reading in the west. The central section of the Elizabeth line opened on 24 May 2022 between Paddington and Abbey Wood. Direct service to Reading, Heathrow, Stratford and Shenfield commenced on 6 November 2022.
As part of a plan to raise £500 million from development above new Crossrail stations, a residential development of 92 homes as well as retail units will be built above the western ticket hall by developer Galliard Homes and a new West End theatre as well as retail and office space will be built above the eastern ticket hall by developer Derwent London. The new theatre will be the first West End theatre to open in over 50 years.
Artworks
Eduardo Paolozzi mosaics (1982) on the Central line platform
In the mid 1980s, Eduardo Paolozzi was commissioned to create an artwork for the station. The design includes panels of tessellated and hand-cut smalti mural mosaic, and is a distinct and noticeable feature of the station. The frenetic design was intended to reflect the station's position adjacent to Tottenham Court Road's large concentration of hi-fi and electronics shops. During the expansion of the station for Crossrail, sections of the mosaic were restored, moved or replaced while other section were destroyed, some sections of which have been removed to be conserved at the University of Edinburgh.
As part of the expansion of the Eastern ticket hall, Art on the Underground commissioned an artwork by Daniel Buren, a French conceptual artist. This work, 'Diamonds and Circles', works 'in situ', was Buren's first permanent public commission in the UK. It comprises colourful diamond and circle shapes, which contrast with Buren's trademark stripes in black and white, fixed to internal glass walls throughout the ticket hall. The artwork was completed in 2017.
As part of the Crossrail project, two artworks were commissioned by Turner Prize–winning artists, one for each ticket hall. At the eastern ticket hall, Richard Wright created a mural of geometric patterns in gold leaf on the concrete ceiling above the Crossrail escalators. At the western ticket hall, Douglas Gordon installed a video artwork above the escalators, involving Gordon's giant blinking eye with names of Soho establishments that no longer exist reflected in it.
Services
Services at Tottenham Court Road are operated by the Elizabeth line, and London Underground's Central and Northern lines.
The typical off-peak service in trains per hour (tph) is:
Operator/line
Frequency to destination
London Underground Central line
Westbound 3 tph to White City 9 tph to Ealing Broadway 3 tph to Northolt 9 tph to West Ruislip
Eastbound 3 tph to Newbury Park 9 tph to Hainault 3 tph to Loughton 9 tph to Epping
London Underground Northern line
Northbound 10 tph to Edgware 8 tph to High Barnet 2 tph to Mill Hill East
Southbound 10 tph to Kennington 10 tph to Battersea Power Station
Elizabeth line
Westbound 6 tph to London Paddington 4 tph to Heathrow Terminal 4 2 tph to Heathrow Terminal 5 2 tph to Maidenhead 2 tph to Reading
Eastbound 8 tph to Abbey Wood 8 tph to Shenfield
The station also served by a night service on Friday and Saturday nights as part of the Night Tube. The station is served by Central line trains every 10 minutes in each direction and Northern line trains every 7-8 minutes in each direction.
Preceding station
London Underground
Following station
Oxford Circustowards Ealing Broadway or West Ruislip
Central line
Holborntowards Epping, Hainault or Woodford via Newbury Park
Goodge Streettowards Edgware, Mill Hill East or High Barnet
Northern lineCharing Cross Branch
Leicester Squaretowards Battersea Power Station, Morden or Kennington
Preceding station
Elizabeth line
Following station
Bond Streettowards Reading or Heathrow Airport Terminal 4 or Terminal 5
Elizabeth line
Farringdontowards Abbey Wood or Shenfield
Former services
Preceding station
London Underground
Following station
Oxford Circustowards Ealing Broadway
Central line
British Museumtowards Liverpool Street
Future developments
Crossrail 2
The Crossrail 2 project proposed a station at Tottenham Court Road, the only planned interchange between the Elizabeth line and Crossrail 2. The expanded station built as part of the Crossrail project took the future demands of Crossrail 2 into account, which will allow for less construction disruption if the line is built. The proposals involve a new Crossrail 2 ticket hall on the site of Curzon Soho on Shaftesbury Avenue. This has been criticised by campaigners. The station and ticket hall site were first safeguarded as part of the route during the development of the Chelsea-Hackney line in 1991. In November 2020, plans for Crossrail 2 were shelved.
In popular culture
The station was used for a sequence in the 1981 film An American Werewolf in London.
A scene in the 2008 film The Bank Job is set in the station, though it was shot at Aldwych tube station.
A scene in the musical We Will Rock You is set in the station; the musical played across the street at the Dominion Theatre from 2002 to 2014.
Connections
London Buses day and night routes serve the station.
References
^ "Station Usage Data" (CSV). Usage Statistics for London Stations, 2018. Transport for London. 23 September 2020. Archived from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 11 October 2023.
^ "Station Usage Data" (XLSX). Usage Statistics for London Stations, 2019. Transport for London. 23 September 2020. Archived from the original on 9 November 2020. Retrieved 9 November 2020.
^ "Station Usage Data" (XLSX). Usage Statistics for London Stations, 2020. Transport for London. 16 April 2021. Retrieved 1 January 2022.
^ "Station Usage Data" (XLSX). Usage Statistics for London Stations, 2021. Transport for London. 12 July 2022. Retrieved 7 September 2022.
^ "Station Usage Data" (XLSX). Usage Statistics for London Stations, 2022. Transport for London. 4 October 2023. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
^ "Estimates of station usage". Rail statistics. Office of Rail Regulation. Please note: Some methodology may vary year on year.
^ a b c d e "Tottenham Court Road Station". Crossrail. Archived from the original on 28 October 2010. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
^ "Tottenham Court Road" (PDF). Crossrail. Retrieved 24 May 2022.
^ a b Clive's Underground Line Guides – Central Line, Dates
^ Clive's Underground Line Guides – Northern Line, Dates
^ a b Rose, Douglas (1999). The London Underground, A Diagrammatic History. Douglas Rose. ISBN 1-85414-219-4.
^ Railways Through The Clay; Croome & Jackson; London; 1993; p169
^ Fennell, Desmond (1988). Investigation into the King's Cross underground fire. Great Britain. Department of Transport. London: Department of Transport H.M.S.O. ISBN 0101049927. OCLC 19271585.
^ "London Underground (Safety Measures) Act 1991". www.legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
^ "Improvements to Tottenham Court Road station". London Transport. 28 February 2000. Archived from the original on 20 June 2000. Retrieved 10 March 2020.
^ a b Dick Murray (10 February 2017). "Tottenham Court Road station's £500 million revamp completed as entrances open". London Evening Standard. Retrieved 21 August 2017.
^ Crossrail – Proposal for eastern ticket hall Archived 28 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine
^ Al-Othman, Hannah (9 December 2015). "The Central line has returned to Tottenham Court Road". Evening Standard. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
^ a b Pritchard, James (12 February 2021). "Tottenham Court Road Elizabeth line station enters final commissioning phase". Crossrail. Archived from the original on 12 February 2021. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
^ "Elizabeth line: Delayed £18bn Crossrail finally opens". BBC News. Retrieved 24 May 2022.
^ Aplin, Lucy (24 May 2022). "Why you need to switch Crossrail trains and when Elizabeth line opens in full". inews.co.uk. Retrieved 26 May 2022.
^ "Property development above Elizabeth line stations to create jobs, growth and revenue". Transport for London. 26 March 2018. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
^ Morby, Aaron (March 2021). "Galliard to start £55m London Soho resi job". Construction Enquirer. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
^ London, Derwent. "Soho Place". Derwent London. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
^ Wood, Alex (24 August 2020). "New and refurbished theatre venues set to open soon | WhatsOnStage". www.whatsonstage.com. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
^ Aicha Zaa, Will Hurst (2 February 2015). "Campaigners 'disgusted' as builders dismantle Paolozzi murals at Tottenham Court Road". London Evening Standard. Retrieved 21 August 2017.
^ "Recreating Paolozzi's great Tottenham Court Road Mosaics". Gary Drostle. 2 December 2016. Retrieved 8 May 2020.
^ "Tube station mosaics to be seen in new light in artist's home city". Edinburgh College of Art. University of Edinburgh. Archived from the original on 15 September 2015. Retrieved 26 August 2015.
^ Daniel Buren (3 July 2017). "Diamonds and Circles, works in situ". Art on the Underground. Retrieved 21 August 2017.
^ Alice Morby (12 July 2017). "Daniel Buren completes installation at Tottenham Court Road tube station". Dezeen.com. Retrieved 21 August 2017.
^ a b c "Artwork at Tottenham Court Road". Crossrail. Archived from the original on 25 October 2020. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
^ "Central Line Timetable". Transport for London. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
^ "Northern Line Timetable". Transport for London. Retrieved 9 January 2023.
^ "Elizabeth Line Timetable: December 2023" (PDF). Transport for London. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
^ a b "Tottenham Court Road". Crossrail 2. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
^ "Celebrities join fight to save Soho's Curzon cinema from Crossrail 2". The Guardian. 22 September 2015. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
^ Aron, Isabelle (26 November 2015). "Everyone's angry about... Crossrail 2". Time Out London. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
^ Archived 28 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Crossrail 2 plans shelved as part of £1.8bn TfL funding deal". The Guardian. 2 November 2020. Retrieved 5 June 2022.
^ "An American Werewolf in London ". www.nickcooper.org.uk. 14 April 2004. Retrieved 21 August 2017.
^ "The London Underground in Films & TV". www.nickcooper.org.uk. Retrieved 14 January 2019.
^ Martland, John (16 January 2004). "We Will Rock You". The Stage Newspaper Limited. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 1 April 2011.
^ We Will Rock You to close after an astonishing 12 years – bestoftheatre.co.uk
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tottenham Court Road station.
London Transport Museum Photographic Archive
Central line station building in 1914
City of Westminster, Draft Planning Brief – Crossrail: Tottenham Court Road Station (Eastern Ticket Hall), May 2005, Retrieved 31 January 2008
Photos of Paolozzi's mosaics in the station
Conservation of the TCR Station Mosaics
Images from An American Werewolf in London prior to installation of Paolozzi mosaics
Rebuilding work and schedule (Transport for London)
Restoration and rebuild of Central Line Paolozzi mosaics by mosaic artist Gary Drostle
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Portal | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"interchange station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interchange_station"},{"link_name":"West End of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_End_of_London"},{"link_name":"London Underground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_line"},{"link_name":"Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_line_(London_Underground)"},{"link_name":"Northern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_line"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"Oxford Circus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Circus_tube_station"},{"link_name":"Holborn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holborn_tube_station"},{"link_name":"Goodge Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodge_Street_tube_station"},{"link_name":"Leicester Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicester_Square_tube_station"},{"link_name":"Bond Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bond_Street_station"},{"link_name":"Farringdon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farringdon_tube_station"},{"link_name":"St Giles Circus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Giles_Circus"},{"link_name":"Tottenham Court Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tottenham_Court_Road"},{"link_name":"Oxford Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Street"},{"link_name":"New Oxford Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Oxford_Street"},{"link_name":"Charing Cross Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charing_Cross_Road"},{"link_name":"Travelcard Zone 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travelcard_Zone_1"},{"link_name":"Dean Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Street"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"National rail and London Underground stationTottenham Court Road is an interchange station in the West End of London for London Underground and Elizabeth line services.The London Underground station is served by the Central and Northern lines.[7] On the Central line it is between Oxford Circus and Holborn stations, and on the Charing Cross branch of the Northern line it is between Goodge Street and Leicester Square stations. The Elizabeth line station is between Bond Street and Farringdon stations.The station is located at St Giles Circus, the junction of Tottenham Court Road, Oxford Street, New Oxford Street and Charing Cross Road and is in Travelcard Zone 1, with a second entrance at Dean Street.[8]","title":"Tottenham Court Road station"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Central London Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_London_Railway"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-9"},{"link_name":"British Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Museum_tube_station"},{"link_name":"Holborn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holborn_tube_station"},{"link_name":"Harry Bell Measures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Bell_Measures"}],"sub_title":"Central London Railway","text":"The station opened as part of the Central London Railway (CLR) on 30 July 1900.[9] From that date until 24 September 1933,[9] the next station eastbound on the Central line was the now-defunct British Museum; the next stop in that direction is now Holborn. The platforms are under Oxford Street west of St Giles' Circus and were originally connected to the ticket hall via lifts at the east end of the platforms. The original station building was on the south side of Oxford Street and was designed in common with other CLR stations by Harry Bell Measures. The building and its neighbours were demolished in 2009.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charing Cross, Euston & Hampstead Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charing_Cross,_Euston_%26_Hampstead_Railway"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CULG_02-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated3-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated3-11"},{"link_name":"Goodge Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodge_Street_tube_station"}],"sub_title":"Charing Cross, Euston & Hampstead Railway","text":"The Charing Cross, Euston & Hampstead Railway (CCE&HR, now part of the Northern line) arrived here on 22 June 1907[10] but used the name Oxford Street until an interchange (linking the eastbound Central line with the southbound Northern line via the ends of the platform) was opened on 3 September 1908[11] from when the present name was used for both lines. The next station north on the Northern line was originally called Tottenham Court Road,[11] but was renamed to Goodge Street at this time.The original ticket office was directly beneath St Giles circus and was accessed from stairs on three street corners around the Circus. Its original lift shafts and emergency stairs are still extant. A set of emergency stairs can be used as access down to the ends of the Northern line platform. The lift shafts are used for offices and station facilities.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"chiller plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tottenham_Court_Road_chiller"},{"link_name":"Leslie Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Green"},{"link_name":"Yerkes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Yerkes"},{"link_name":"Eduardo Paolozzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_Paolozzi"}],"sub_title":"Early improvements","text":"Like a number of other central area stations, Tottenham Court Road underwent improvements during the 1920s to replace the original sets of lifts with escalators. Works commenced in 1923; a new subsurface ticket hall, under St Giles Circus, was constructed and the escalators came into service on 28 September 1926 (upper set) and 1 February 1926 (lower set).[12] A shaft for three escalators was driven from the ticket hall under the junction down to the east end of the Central line platforms ending at an intermediate circulation space. A further pair of escalators descend from this level to the north end of the Northern line platforms. The lifts were removed and the redundant shafts were used as ventilation ducts. In 1938 a chiller plant began operating at the station. This was decommissioned in 1949.Passenger congestion entering and leaving the Northern line platforms was partially eased by the addition of a short single escalator at the centre of the platform leading up to a passageway linking to the intermediate circulation area. However, this was in itself a cause of congestion, as traffic trying to leave the station from the Northern line found itself in the path of traffic entering and travelling to the Central line.In the early 1980s, the entire station was redecorated, losing the distinctive Leslie Green-designed platform tiling pattern of the Yerkes tube lines (which included the CCE&HR), and the plain white platform tiles of the CLR. It was replaced by distinctive mosaics by Eduardo Paolozzi, located on platforms, passages and escalator entrances.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"King's Cross fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Cross_fire"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Initial plans for station expansion","text":"The station had four entrances to the sub-surface ticket hall from the north-east, south-west and north-west corners of the junction and from a subway beneath the Centre Point building which starts on Andrew Borde Street. The entrances were frequently congested leading to occasions during peak periods of the day when they were briefly closed to prevent overcrowding in the station.In the aftermath of the King's Cross fire in 1987, London Underground was recommended to investigate \"passenger flow and congestion in stations and take remedial action\".[13] A Parliamentary bill was tabled in 1991 to permit London Underground to improve and expand the frequently congested station, however this was not proceeded with.[14] In 2000, London Underground consulted on a station upgrade including a new larger ticket hall, new escalators and step free access, which would have taken 4 years to construct.[15]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tottenham_Court_Road_underground_station_July_2011.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Daniel_Buren,_%27Diamonds_and_Circles,_works_in_situ%27,_Tottenham_Court_Road,_2016._Photo-_Thierry_Bal,_2016.jpg"},{"link_name":"Daniel Buren's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Buren"},{"link_name":"Crossrail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossrail"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_line"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-16"},{"link_name":"Astoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Astoria"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-16"},{"link_name":"Centre Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_Point"},{"link_name":"Hawkins\\Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hawkins/Brown&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"Daniel Buren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Buren"},{"link_name":"Dean Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Street"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"Soho Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soho_Square"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-19"},{"link_name":"Canary Wharf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canary_Wharf_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Abbey Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_Wood_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Stratford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratford_station"},{"link_name":"Shenfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenfield_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Paddington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Paddington_station"},{"link_name":"Heathrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heathrow_Terminal_5_station"},{"link_name":"Reading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Galliard Homes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galliard_Homes"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"West End theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_End_theatre"},{"link_name":"Derwent London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derwent_London"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"Expansion as part of Crossrail","text":"Construction of the station expansion work in 2011Tottenham Court Road Eastern Ticket Hall after expansion, with Daniel Buren's artwork.The station was eventually reconstructed and upgraded in the mid 2010s as part of the Crossrail project to construct the Elizabeth line,[7] with the £500 million station upgrade taking eight years.[16] To enable the station expansion work to occur, both the Astoria theatres and the original Central line entrance were demolished.[17] During construction, the Central and Northern lines were alternately closed for several months to allow for upgrade works to take place.[18]Upon completion in 2017, the project delivered:[16]A new ticket hall six times larger than previous, located below St Giles Circus and the forecourt of Centre Point\nNew public plaza outside Centre Point, with station entrances designed by Hawkins\\Brown\nNew dedicated set of escalators to access the Northern line\nNew and expanded passageways underground\nEscalators down to the eastern end of the future Elizabeth line station.[7]\nStep-free access throughout the station\nRestoration of existing artwork by Eduardo Paolozzi, and a new artwork in the ticket hall by Daniel BurenOn Dean Street, a dedicated western entrance and ticket hall was built to access the new Elizabeth line platforms.[7] These platforms stretch for 230 m (750 ft) between the two ticket halls, underneath Soho Square.[19] The completed western entrance and Crossrail platforms were handed over to TfL in early 2021.[19] Crossrail links Tottenham Court Road to Canary Wharf, Abbey Wood, Stratford, and Shenfield in the east with Paddington, Heathrow and Reading in the west.[7] The central section of the Elizabeth line opened on 24 May 2022 between Paddington and Abbey Wood.[20] Direct service to Reading, Heathrow, Stratford and Shenfield commenced on 6 November 2022.[21]As part of a plan to raise £500 million from development above new Crossrail stations,[22] a residential development of 92 homes as well as retail units will be built above the western ticket hall by developer Galliard Homes[23] and a new West End theatre as well as retail and office space will be built above the eastern ticket hall by developer Derwent London.[24] The new theatre will be the first West End theatre to open in over 50 years.[25]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tottenham_Court_Road_stn_Central_line_mosaic.JPG"},{"link_name":"Eduardo Paolozzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_Paolozzi"},{"link_name":"Eduardo Paolozzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_Paolozzi"},{"link_name":"mosaic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosaic"},{"link_name":"hi-fi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi-fi"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"University of Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Art on the Underground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_on_the_Underground"},{"link_name":"Daniel Buren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Buren"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Turner Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turner_Prize"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-31"},{"link_name":"Richard Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wright_(artist)"},{"link_name":"gold leaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_leaf"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-31"},{"link_name":"Douglas Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Gordon"},{"link_name":"video artwork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_art"},{"link_name":"Soho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soho"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-31"}],"text":"Eduardo Paolozzi mosaics (1982) on the Central line platformIn the mid 1980s, Eduardo Paolozzi was commissioned to create an artwork for the station. The design includes panels of tessellated and hand-cut smalti mural mosaic, and is a distinct and noticeable feature of the station. The frenetic design was intended to reflect the station's position adjacent to Tottenham Court Road's large concentration of hi-fi and electronics shops. During the expansion of the station for Crossrail,[26] sections of the mosaic were restored, moved or replaced[27] while other section were destroyed, some sections of which have been removed to be conserved at the University of Edinburgh.[28]As part of the expansion of the Eastern ticket hall, Art on the Underground commissioned an artwork by Daniel Buren, a French conceptual artist. This work, 'Diamonds and Circles', works 'in situ', was Buren's first permanent public commission in the UK.[29] It comprises colourful diamond and circle shapes, which contrast with Buren's trademark stripes in black and white, fixed to internal glass walls throughout the ticket hall. The artwork was completed in 2017.[30]As part of the Crossrail project, two artworks were commissioned by Turner Prize–winning artists, one for each ticket hall.[31] At the eastern ticket hall, Richard Wright created a mural of geometric patterns in gold leaf on the concrete ceiling above the Crossrail escalators.[31] At the western ticket hall, Douglas Gordon installed a video artwork above the escalators, involving Gordon's giant blinking eye with names of Soho establishments that no longer exist reflected in it.[31]","title":"Artworks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Elizabeth line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_line"},{"link_name":"London Underground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_line_(London_Underground)"},{"link_name":"Northern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_line"},{"link_name":"Night Tube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_Tube"}],"text":"Services at Tottenham Court Road are operated by the Elizabeth line, and London Underground's Central and Northern lines.The typical off-peak service in trains per hour (tph) is:The station also served by a night service on Friday and Saturday nights as part of the Night Tube. The station is served by Central line trains every 10 minutes in each direction and Northern line trains every 7-8 minutes in each direction.","title":"Services"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Future developments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Crossrail 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossrail_2"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-35"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-35"},{"link_name":"Shaftesbury Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaftesbury_Avenue"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Chelsea-Hackney line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea-Hackney_line"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"sub_title":"Crossrail 2","text":"The Crossrail 2 project proposed a station at Tottenham Court Road, the only planned interchange between the Elizabeth line and Crossrail 2.[35] The expanded station built as part of the Crossrail project took the future demands of Crossrail 2 into account, which will allow for less construction disruption if the line is built.[35] The proposals involve a new Crossrail 2 ticket hall on the site of Curzon Soho on Shaftesbury Avenue. This has been criticised by campaigners.[36][37] The station and ticket hall site were first safeguarded as part of the route during the development of the Chelsea-Hackney line in 1991.[38] In November 2020, plans for Crossrail 2 were shelved.[39]","title":"Future developments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"An American Werewolf in London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_American_Werewolf_in_London"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"The Bank Job","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bank_Job"},{"link_name":"Aldwych tube station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldwych_tube_station"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"We Will Rock You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Will_Rock_You_(musical)"},{"link_name":"Dominion Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stage-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}],"text":"The station was used for a sequence in the 1981 film An American Werewolf in London.[40]\nA scene in the 2008 film The Bank Job is set in the station, though it was shot at Aldwych tube station.[41]\nA scene in the musical We Will Rock You is set in the station; the musical played across the street at the Dominion Theatre from 2002 to 2014.[42][43]","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"London Buses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses"}],"text":"London Buses day and night routes serve the station.","title":"Connections"}] | [{"image_text":"Construction of the station expansion work in 2011","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Tottenham_Court_Road_underground_station_July_2011.jpg/220px-Tottenham_Court_Road_underground_station_July_2011.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tottenham Court Road Eastern Ticket Hall after expansion, with Daniel Buren's artwork.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Daniel_Buren%2C_%27Diamonds_and_Circles%2C_works_in_situ%27%2C_Tottenham_Court_Road%2C_2016._Photo-_Thierry_Bal%2C_2016.jpg/220px-Daniel_Buren%2C_%27Diamonds_and_Circles%2C_works_in_situ%27%2C_Tottenham_Court_Road%2C_2016._Photo-_Thierry_Bal%2C_2016.jpg"},{"image_text":"Eduardo Paolozzi mosaics (1982) on the Central line platform","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Tottenham_Court_Road_stn_Central_line_mosaic.JPG/220px-Tottenham_Court_Road_stn_Central_line_mosaic.JPG"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Station Usage Data\" (CSV). Usage Statistics for London Stations, 2018. Transport for London. 23 September 2020. Archived from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 11 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://crowding.data.tfl.gov.uk/Annual%20Station%20Counts/2018/AnnualisedEntryExit_2018.xlsx","url_text":"\"Station Usage Data\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_for_London","url_text":"Transport for London"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230114012549/http://crowding.data.tfl.gov.uk/Annual%20Station%20Counts/2018/AnnualisedEntryExit_2018.xlsx","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Station Usage Data\" (XLSX). Usage Statistics for London Stations, 2019. Transport for London. 23 September 2020. Archived from the original on 9 November 2020. Retrieved 9 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://crowding.data.tfl.gov.uk/Annual%20Station%20Counts/2019/AnnualisedEntryExit_2019.xlsx","url_text":"\"Station Usage Data\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_for_London","url_text":"Transport for London"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201109221122/http://crowding.data.tfl.gov.uk/Annual%20Station%20Counts/2019/AnnualisedEntryExit_2019.xlsx","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Station Usage Data\" (XLSX). Usage Statistics for London Stations, 2020. Transport for London. 16 April 2021. Retrieved 1 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://crowding.data.tfl.gov.uk/Annual%20Station%20Counts/2020/AC2020_AnnualisedEntryExit.xlsx","url_text":"\"Station Usage Data\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_for_London","url_text":"Transport for London"}]},{"reference":"\"Station Usage Data\" (XLSX). Usage Statistics for London Stations, 2021. Transport for London. 12 July 2022. Retrieved 7 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://crowding.data.tfl.gov.uk/Annual%20Station%20Counts/2021/AC2021_AnnualisedEntryExit.xlsx","url_text":"\"Station Usage Data\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_for_London","url_text":"Transport for London"}]},{"reference":"\"Station Usage Data\" (XLSX). Usage Statistics for London Stations, 2022. Transport for London. 4 October 2023. Retrieved 10 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://crowding.data.tfl.gov.uk/Annual%20Station%20Counts/2022/AC2022_AnnualisedEntryExit.xlsx","url_text":"\"Station Usage Data\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_for_London","url_text":"Transport for London"}]},{"reference":"\"Estimates of station usage\". Rail statistics. Office of Rail Regulation.","urls":[{"url":"https://dataportal.orr.gov.uk/statistics/usage/estimates-of-station-usage","url_text":"\"Estimates of station usage\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Rail_Regulation","url_text":"Office of Rail Regulation"}]},{"reference":"\"Tottenham Court Road Station\". Crossrail. Archived from the original on 28 October 2010. Retrieved 11 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101028022414/http://www.crossrail.co.uk/route/stations/tottenham-court-road/","url_text":"\"Tottenham Court Road Station\""},{"url":"http://www.crossrail.co.uk/route/stations/tottenham-court-road/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Tottenham Court Road\" (PDF). Crossrail. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._7th_Armored_Division | 7th Armored Division (United States) | ["1 History","1.1 Composition","1.2 Action in France","1.3 Support of Operation Market Garden","1.4 Refit and retraining","1.5 Battle of the Bulge","1.6 Movement into Germany","1.7 Casualties","1.8 Occupation duty","1.9 Inactivation","1.10 Achievements","1.11 Enemy vehicles destroyed and prisoners captured","1.12 Division statistics","1.13 Decorations awarded","1.14 Korean War activation","2 References","3 External links"] | WW2 US Army formation
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7th Armored Division7th Armored Division shoulder sleeve insigniaActive1 March 1942 – 9 October 19451950–1953Country United StatesBranch United States ArmyTypeArmorRoleArmored warfareSizeDivisionNickname(s)"Lucky Seventh"EngagementsWorld War II
Northern France
Rhineland
Ardennes-Alsace
Central Europe
Military unit
U.S. Armored Divisions
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A 7th Armored anti-tank gun covers a road near Vielsalm, Belgium, 23 December 1944
The 7th Armored Division ("Lucky Seventh") was an armored division of the United States Army that saw distinguished service on the Western Front, from August 1944 until May 1945, during World War II.
History
The division was activated on 1 March 1942, in Camp Polk, Louisiana, out of "surplus" elements of the reorganized 3rd and 5th Armored Divisions, and itself reorganized on 20 September 1943. The 7th Armored Division trained at Camp Coxcomb in California. The 7th Armored Division arrived in England in June 1944. Throughout most of its existence the 7th Armored Division was commanded by Major General Lindsay McDonald Silvester, an infantryman who had distinguished himself in World War I.
Composition
The division was composed of the following units:
Headquarters
Headquarters Company
Combat Command A
Combat Command B
Combat Command Reserve
17th Tank Battalion
31st Tank Battalion
40th Tank Battalion
23rd Armored Infantry Battalion
38th Armored Infantry Battalion
48th Armored Infantry Battalion
Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 7th Armored Division Artillery
434th Armored Field Artillery Battalion
440th Armored Field Artillery Battalion
489th Armored Field Artillery Battalion
87th Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadron (Mechanized)
33rd Armored Engineer Battalion
147th Armored Signal Company
Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 7th Armored Division Trains
129th Armored Ordnance Maintenance Battalion
77th Armored Medical Battalion
Military Police Platoon
Band
Action in France
The 7th Armored Division landed on Omaha and Utah Beaches, 13–14 August 1944, and was assigned to U.S. Third Army, commanded by Lieutenant General George S. Patton. The division drove through Nogent-le-Rotrou in an attack on Chartres. The city fell on 18 August. From Chartres, the division advanced to liberate Dreux and then Melun, where they crossed the Seine River, 24 August. The division then pushed on to bypass Reims and liberate Château-Thierry and then Verdun, 31 August.
The 7th Armored halted briefly for refueling and then on 6 September drove on toward the Moselle and made a crossing near Dornot. This crossing had to be withdrawn in the face of the heavy fortifications around Metz. The 7th Armored then made attempts to cross the Moselle northwest of Metz but the deep river valley was not suitable terrain for an armored attack. Elements of the division assisted the 5th Infantry Division in expanding a bridgehead east of Arnaville, south of Metz, and on 15 September, the main part of the division crossed the Moselle there. The 7th Armored Division was repulsed in its attacks across the Seille River at and near Sillegny, part of an attack in conjunction with the 5th Infantry division that was also repulsed further north.
Support of Operation Market Garden
On 25 September 1944, the 7th Armored Division was transferred to the U.S. Ninth Army, under Lieutenant General William Hood Simpson, and began the march to the Netherlands where they were needed to protect the right (east) flank of the corridor opened by Operation Market Garden. They were to operate in the southeast Netherlands, so that British and Canadian forces and the 104th Infantry Division could clear the Germans from the Scheldt Estuary in the southwest Netherlands and open the shipping lanes to the critical port of Antwerp, to allow Allied ships to bring supplies from Britain.
On 30 September, the 7th Armored Division launched an attack from the north on the town of Overloon, against significant German defenses. The attacks progressed slowly and finally settled into a series of counter-attacks reminiscent of trench warfare of World War I. On 8 October, the division was relieved from the attack on Overloon by the British 11th Armoured Division and moved south of Overloon to the Deurne–Weert area. Here they were attached to the British Second Army, under Lieutenant General Sir Miles C. Dempsey, and ordered to make demonstration attacks to the east, in order to divert enemy forces from the Overloon and Venlo areas, where British troops pressed the attack. This plan succeeded, and the British were finally able to liberate Overloon.
On 27 October 1944, the main part of the 7th Armored Division was in essentially defensive positions along the line Nederweert (and south) to Meijel to Liesel, with the demonstration force still in the attack across the Deurne canal to the east. The Germans launched a two-division offensive centered on Meijel, catching the thinly stretched 87th Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadron of the 7th Armored Division by surprise. However, the response by the 7th Armored and by British Lieutenant General Sir Richard O'Connor's British VIII Corps, to which the division was attached, stopped the German attack on the third day and then from 31 October to 8 November gradually drove the enemy out of the terrain that they had taken. During this operation, at midnight on the night of 31 October–1 November Major General Lindsay Silvester, who had led the division since its activation, was relieved as commander of the division and replaced by Major General Robert W. Hasbrouck.
Refit and retraining
On 8 November 1944, the 7th Armored was again transferred to the Ninth Army and moved south to rest areas at and east of Maastricht. Following an inflow of many replacements, they began extensive training and reorganization, since so many original men had been lost in France and the Netherlands that a significant part of the division was now men who had never trained together. At the end of November, the division straddled the Dutch-German border with one combat command in Germany (in the area of Ubach, north of Aachen) and two in the Netherlands.
Elements of the division were attached to the 84th Infantry Division for operations in early December in the area of Linnich, Germany, on the banks of the Rur (Roer). The 7th was preparing to drive into Germany when the Ardennes offensive began on 16 December 1944.
Battle of the Bulge
The division was transferred to the U.S. First Army, under Lieutenant General Courtney Hodges, and ordered to St. Vith, Belgium, a critical road and rail center needed by the Germans to supply their offensive. Over the course of almost a week, the 7th Armored (along with elements of the 106th, the 28th Infantry Division and 9th Armored Divisions) absorbed much of the weight of the German drive, throwing the German time table into great disarray, before being forced to withdraw west of the Salm River on 23 December. The division moved to the area of Manhay, Belgium, and by the end of December had cleared the town of the enemy. They were then relieved by the 75th Infantry Division. After a brief rest in January 1945, the division returned to positions near St. Vith, attacked, and re-captured the town on 23 January 1945.
Movement into Germany
In February 1945, now attached to the U.S. First Army's V Corps, the division returned to Germany. In the first week of the month, Combat Command R was attached to 78th Infantry Division for attacks on Strauch, Simmerath, Steckenborn, and other towns in the area of the Huertgen Forest. The Division remained in the area of Steckenborn, Germany throughout the month, waiting for the flood waters to recede after the Germans destroyed major dams in the Allies' path. However, large contingents of men were sent back into Belgium and attached to Engineer Combat Battalions (e.g. most of the men of 38 AIB were attached to 1110 Engineers at Stavelot) from 12 to 27 February, for use as laborers in using logs to build a solid base for the torn-up roads through the Ardennes Forest.
In March 1945, the 7th Armored took part in two major breakthroughs with a two-week period during which they established and maintained an important defensive position. The first breakthrough came early in March when the division, as part of the III Corps, pushed east from the Rur river to establish a defensive position along the west bank of the Rhine, south of Bonn to Unkelbach. The second major breakthrough began 26 March when the division, still under III Corps control, took part in an armored offensive intended to break the thin crust ringing the Remagen bridgehead and overrun the rich German farmland to the east and north and surround the Ruhr Pocket in a double envelopment.
In April, the 7th Armored Division completed their part of the encirclement of the Ruhr Pocket and captured the critical Edersee Dam. They then attacked into the Ruhr Pocket, in order to reduce it. On 16 April the LIII Panzer Corps surrendered to the division and the eastern sector of the pocket collapsed. The 7th Armored, after a brief rest, were then transferred once again to the British Second Army and moved north to the Baltic Sea. From this area, Lieutenant William A. Knowlton led a force eastward to make contact with the Red Army. The 7th Armored Division remained in this area until the war in Europe ended.
Casualties
Total battle casualties: 5,799
Killed in action: 898
Wounded in action: 3,811
Missing in action: 165
Prisoner of war: 925
Occupation duty
The division was then moved into the future Soviet zone of occupation, at Dessau, Germany. President Truman wanted one of his armored divisions parading in front of him on the 4 July in Berlin, and 2nd and 7th Armored were both prepared for the honor. When the 2nd Armored was chosen for the parade, 7th Armored immediately moved southwest to the future American zone of occupation.
The division then began to be gradually filled with more and more new faces, as the veterans were transferred elsewhere. The first large contingent of veterans left in mid July: these were low-point men who were headed back to the United States to begin training for the invasion of Japan. Other large groups of high-point men were transferred to other units that were going back home before the 7th Armored Division was inactivated.
Inactivation
The division returned to New York and was inactivated on 11 October 1945.
Achievements
During its service in World War II, the 7th Armored Division captured and destroyed a disproportionate number of enemy vehicles and took more than 100,000 prisoners.
Enemy vehicles destroyed and prisoners captured
Armored vehicles destroyed: 621;
Armored vehicles captured: 89;
Miscellaneous vehicles destroyed: 2,653;
Miscellaneous vehicles captured: 3,517;
Armament destroyed: 583 pieces;
Armament captured (only pieces larger than 50mm included): 361;
Prisoners taken: 113,041.
Division statistics
Distance travelled 2,260 miles (3,640 km);
Gasoline consumed 3,127,151 US gallons (11,837,550 L; 2,603,898 imp gal)
Ammunition expended
105mm: 350,027 rounds
76mm: 19,209 rounds
75mm: 48,724 rounds
.50cal: 1,267,128 rounds
.45cal: 540,523 rounds
.30cal: 9,367,966 rounds
Decorations awarded
Medal of Honor: 2
Distinguished Service Cross: 9
Silver Star Medal: 351
Bronze Star Medal: 888
Meritorious Service Medal: 1,047
Purple Hearts: 1,211
Presidential Unit Citation: 1
Korean War activation
The division was reactivated in the early 1950s, but was not sent to Korea. It was stationed at Camp Roberts, California for the duration of the conflict.
References
^ a b "Special Unit Designations". United States Army Center of Military History. 21 April 2010. Archived from the original on 9 June 2010. Retrieved 24 June 2010.
^ "Order of Battle of the US Army - WWII - ETO - 7th Armored Division". US Army Center of Military History. Retrieved 22 May 2020.
^ Hamilton, Nigel (1986). Monty: The Final Years of the Field Marshall 1944-1976. McGraw-Hill Book Company. p. 168.
^ a b c d e Army Battle Casualties and Nonbattle Deaths, Final Report (Statistics and Accounting Branch, Office of the Adjutant General, 1 June 1953)
^ Johnston, Wesley (23 August 2010). "U.S. 7th Armored Division Association". U.S. 7th Armored Division Association. Retrieved 23 August 2010.
^ Johnston, Wesley (9 June 2009). "U.S. 7th Armored Division in the Korean War". U.S. 7th Armored Division Association. Retrieved 23 August 2010.
External links
7th Armored Division Association
87th Cavalry Squadron Reconn
Lucky Seventh – The Netherlands
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Mountain10th Category | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_7th_Armored_Division,_Vielsalm,_Belgium_12.23.1944.jpg"},{"link_name":"Vielsalm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vielsalm"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SUD-1"},{"link_name":"armored","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armoured_warfare"},{"link_name":"division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_(military)"},{"link_name":"United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"Western Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"}],"text":"Military unitA 7th Armored anti-tank gun covers a road near Vielsalm, Belgium, 23 December 1944The 7th Armored Division (\"Lucky Seventh\"[1]) was an armored division of the United States Army that saw distinguished service on the Western Front, from August 1944 until May 1945, during World War II.","title":"7th Armored Division (United States)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Camp Coxcomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Coxcomb"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Major General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Lindsay McDonald Silvester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lindsay_McDonald_Silvester&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"}],"text":"The division was activated on 1 March 1942, in Camp Polk, Louisiana, out of \"surplus\" elements of the reorganized 3rd and 5th Armored Divisions, and itself reorganized on 20 September 1943. The 7th Armored Division trained at Camp Coxcomb in California. The 7th Armored Division arrived in England in June 1944. Throughout most of its existence the 7th Armored Division was commanded by Major General Lindsay McDonald Silvester, an infantryman who had distinguished himself in World War I.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"Composition","text":"The division was composed of the following units:[2]Headquarters\nHeadquarters Company\nCombat Command A\nCombat Command B\nCombat Command Reserve\n17th Tank Battalion\n31st Tank Battalion\n40th Tank Battalion\n23rd Armored Infantry Battalion\n38th Armored Infantry Battalion\n48th Armored Infantry Battalion\nHeadquarters and Headquarters Battery, 7th Armored Division Artillery\n434th Armored Field Artillery Battalion\n440th Armored Field Artillery Battalion\n489th Armored Field Artillery Battalion\n87th Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadron (Mechanized)\n33rd Armored Engineer Battalion\n147th Armored Signal Company\nHeadquarters and Headquarters Company, 7th Armored Division Trains\n129th Armored Ordnance Maintenance Battalion\n77th Armored Medical Battalion\nMilitary Police Platoon\nBand","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Omaha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omaha_Beach"},{"link_name":"Utah Beaches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_Beach"},{"link_name":"U.S. Third Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Central"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_general_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"George S. Patton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_S._Patton"},{"link_name":"Nogent-le-Rotrou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nogent-le-Rotrou"},{"link_name":"Chartres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartres"},{"link_name":"Dreux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreux"},{"link_name":"Melun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melun"},{"link_name":"Seine River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seine"},{"link_name":"Reims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reims"},{"link_name":"Château-Thierry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau-Thierry"},{"link_name":"Verdun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verdun-sur-Meuse"},{"link_name":"Moselle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moselle"},{"link_name":"Dornot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dornot"},{"link_name":"Metz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metz"},{"link_name":"5th Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Seille River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seille_(Moselle)"}],"sub_title":"Action in France","text":"The 7th Armored Division landed on Omaha and Utah Beaches, 13–14 August 1944, and was assigned to U.S. Third Army, commanded by Lieutenant General George S. Patton. The division drove through Nogent-le-Rotrou in an attack on Chartres. The city fell on 18 August. From Chartres, the division advanced to liberate Dreux and then Melun, where they crossed the Seine River, 24 August. The division then pushed on to bypass Reims and liberate Château-Thierry and then Verdun, 31 August.The 7th Armored halted briefly for refueling and then on 6 September drove on toward the Moselle and made a crossing near Dornot. This crossing had to be withdrawn in the face of the heavy fortifications around Metz. The 7th Armored then made attempts to cross the Moselle northwest of Metz but the deep river valley was not suitable terrain for an armored attack. Elements of the division assisted the 5th Infantry Division in expanding a bridgehead east of Arnaville, south of Metz, and on 15 September, the main part of the division crossed the Moselle there. The 7th Armored Division was repulsed in its attacks across the Seille River at and near Sillegny, part of an attack in conjunction with the 5th Infantry division that was also repulsed further north.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Ninth Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninth_United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"William Hood Simpson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hood_Simpson"},{"link_name":"Operation Market Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden"},{"link_name":"104th Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/104th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Scheldt Estuary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Scheldt"},{"link_name":"Antwerp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerp"},{"link_name":"Overloon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Overloon"},{"link_name":"trench warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trench_warfare"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"British 11th Armoured Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11th_Armoured_Division_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"British Second Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Army_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant-general_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Sir Miles C. Dempsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles_Dempsey"},{"link_name":"Venlo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venlo"},{"link_name":"Sir Richard O'Connor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_O%27Connor"},{"link_name":"British VIII Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VIII_Corps_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Robert W. Hasbrouck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_W._Hasbrouck"}],"sub_title":"Support of Operation Market Garden","text":"On 25 September 1944, the 7th Armored Division was transferred to the U.S. Ninth Army, under Lieutenant General William Hood Simpson, and began the march to the Netherlands where they were needed to protect the right (east) flank of the corridor opened by Operation Market Garden. They were to operate in the southeast Netherlands, so that British and Canadian forces and the 104th Infantry Division could clear the Germans from the Scheldt Estuary in the southwest Netherlands and open the shipping lanes to the critical port of Antwerp, to allow Allied ships to bring supplies from Britain.On 30 September, the 7th Armored Division launched an attack from the north on the town of Overloon, against significant German defenses. The attacks progressed slowly and finally settled into a series of counter-attacks reminiscent of trench warfare of World War I. On 8 October, the division was relieved from the attack on Overloon by the British 11th Armoured Division and moved south of Overloon to the Deurne–Weert area. Here they were attached to the British Second Army, under Lieutenant General Sir Miles C. Dempsey, and ordered to make demonstration attacks to the east, in order to divert enemy forces from the Overloon and Venlo areas, where British troops pressed the attack. This plan succeeded, and the British were finally able to liberate Overloon.On 27 October 1944, the main part of the 7th Armored Division was in essentially defensive positions along the line Nederweert (and south) to Meijel to Liesel, with the demonstration force still in the attack across the Deurne canal to the east. The Germans launched a two-division offensive centered on Meijel, catching the thinly stretched 87th Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadron of the 7th Armored Division by surprise. However, the response by the 7th Armored and by British Lieutenant General Sir Richard O'Connor's British VIII Corps, to which the division was attached, stopped the German attack on the third day and then from 31 October to 8 November gradually drove the enemy out of the terrain that they had taken. During this operation, at midnight on the night of 31 October–1 November Major General Lindsay Silvester, who had led the division since its activation, was relieved[3] as commander of the division and replaced by Major General Robert W. Hasbrouck.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maastricht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maastricht"},{"link_name":"combat command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_command"},{"link_name":"84th Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/84th_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Linnich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linnich"},{"link_name":"Rur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rur"},{"link_name":"Roer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roer"},{"link_name":"Ardennes offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge"}],"sub_title":"Refit and retraining","text":"On 8 November 1944, the 7th Armored was again transferred to the Ninth Army and moved south to rest areas at and east of Maastricht. Following an inflow of many replacements, they began extensive training and reorganization, since so many original men had been lost in France and the Netherlands that a significant part of the division was now men who had never trained together. At the end of November, the division straddled the Dutch-German border with one combat command in Germany (in the area of Ubach, north of Aachen) and two in the Netherlands.Elements of the division were attached to the 84th Infantry Division for operations in early December in the area of Linnich, Germany, on the banks of the Rur (Roer). The 7th was preparing to drive into Germany when the Ardennes offensive began on 16 December 1944.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. First Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"Courtney Hodges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtney_Hodges"},{"link_name":"St. Vith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Vith"},{"link_name":"106th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/106th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"28th Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/28th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"9th Armored Divisions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_Armored_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Salm River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salm_River"},{"link_name":"Manhay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhay"},{"link_name":"75th Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/75th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)"}],"sub_title":"Battle of the Bulge","text":"The division was transferred to the U.S. First Army, under Lieutenant General Courtney Hodges, and ordered to St. Vith, Belgium, a critical road and rail center needed by the Germans to supply their offensive. Over the course of almost a week, the 7th Armored (along with elements of the 106th, the 28th Infantry Division and 9th Armored Divisions) absorbed much of the weight of the German drive, throwing the German time table into great disarray, before being forced to withdraw west of the Salm River on 23 December. The division moved to the area of Manhay, Belgium, and by the end of December had cleared the town of the enemy. They were then relieved by the 75th Infantry Division. After a brief rest in January 1945, the division returned to positions near St. Vith, attacked, and re-captured the town on 23 January 1945.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"V Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V_Corps_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"78th Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/78th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"III Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/III_Corps_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Rhine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhine"},{"link_name":"Bonn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonn"},{"link_name":"Unkelbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unkelbach&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Remagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remagen"},{"link_name":"Ruhr Pocket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhr_Pocket"},{"link_name":"Edersee Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edersee_Dam"},{"link_name":"LIII Panzer Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LIII_Panzer_Corps&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"William A. Knowlton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_A._Knowlton"},{"link_name":"Red Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army"}],"sub_title":"Movement into Germany","text":"In February 1945, now attached to the U.S. First Army's V Corps, the division returned to Germany. In the first week of the month, Combat Command R was attached to 78th Infantry Division for attacks on Strauch, Simmerath, Steckenborn, and other towns in the area of the Huertgen Forest. The Division remained in the area of Steckenborn, Germany throughout the month, waiting for the flood waters to recede after the Germans destroyed major dams in the Allies' path. However, large contingents of men were sent back into Belgium and attached to Engineer Combat Battalions (e.g. most of the men of 38 AIB were attached to 1110 Engineers at Stavelot) from 12 to 27 February, for use as laborers in using logs to build a solid base for the torn-up roads through the Ardennes Forest.In March 1945, the 7th Armored took part in two major breakthroughs with a two-week period during which they established and maintained an important defensive position. The first breakthrough came early in March when the division, as part of the III Corps, pushed east from the Rur river to establish a defensive position along the west bank of the Rhine, south of Bonn to Unkelbach. The second major breakthrough began 26 March when the division, still under III Corps control, took part in an armored offensive intended to break the thin crust ringing the Remagen bridgehead and overrun the rich German farmland to the east and north and surround the Ruhr Pocket in a double envelopment.In April, the 7th Armored Division completed their part of the encirclement of the Ruhr Pocket and captured the critical Edersee Dam. They then attacked into the Ruhr Pocket, in order to reduce it. On 16 April the LIII Panzer Corps surrendered to the division and the eastern sector of the pocket collapsed. The 7th Armored, after a brief rest, were then transferred once again to the British Second Army and moved north to the Baltic Sea. From this area, Lieutenant William A. Knowlton led a force eastward to make contact with the Red Army. The 7th Armored Division remained in this area until the war in Europe ended.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nonbattle_Deaths_1953-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nonbattle_Deaths_1953-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nonbattle_Deaths_1953-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nonbattle_Deaths_1953-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nonbattle_Deaths_1953-4"}],"sub_title":"Casualties","text":"Total battle casualties: 5,799[4]\nKilled in action: 898[4]\nWounded in action: 3,811[4]\nMissing in action: 165[4]\nPrisoner of war: 925[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"4 July","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_Day_(United_States)"}],"sub_title":"Occupation duty","text":"The division was then moved into the future Soviet zone of occupation, at Dessau, Germany. President Truman wanted one of his armored divisions parading in front of him on the 4 July in Berlin, and 2nd and 7th Armored were both prepared for the honor. When the 2nd Armored was chosen for the parade, 7th Armored immediately moved southwest to the future American zone of occupation.The division then began to be gradually filled with more and more new faces, as the veterans were transferred elsewhere. The first large contingent of veterans left in mid July: these were low-point men who were headed back to the United States to begin training for the invasion of Japan. Other large groups of high-point men were transferred to other units that were going back home before the 7th Armored Division was inactivated.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Inactivation","text":"The division returned to New York and was inactivated on 11 October 1945.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Achievements","text":"During its service in World War II, the 7th Armored Division captured and destroyed a disproportionate number of enemy vehicles and took more than 100,000 prisoners.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Enemy vehicles destroyed and prisoners captured","text":"Armored vehicles destroyed: 621;\nArmored vehicles captured: 89;\nMiscellaneous vehicles destroyed: 2,653;\nMiscellaneous vehicles captured: 3,517;\nArmament destroyed: 583 pieces;\nArmament captured (only pieces larger than 50mm included): 361;\nPrisoners taken: 113,041.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Division statistics","text":"Distance travelled 2,260 miles (3,640 km);\nGasoline consumed 3,127,151 US gallons (11,837,550 L; 2,603,898 imp gal)\nAmmunition expended\n105mm: 350,027 rounds\n76mm: 19,209 rounds\n75mm: 48,724 rounds\n.50cal: 1,267,128 rounds\n.45cal: 540,523 rounds\n.30cal: 9,367,966 rounds","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Medal of Honor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medal_of_Honor"},{"link_name":"Distinguished Service Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Cross_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Silver Star Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Star_Medal"},{"link_name":"Bronze Star Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Star_Medal"},{"link_name":"Meritorious Service Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meritorious_Service_Medal_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Purple Hearts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purple_Heart"},{"link_name":"Presidential Unit Citation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_Unit_Citation_(United_States)"}],"sub_title":"Decorations awarded","text":"Medal of Honor: 2\nDistinguished Service Cross: 9\nSilver Star Medal: 351\nBronze Star Medal: 888\nMeritorious Service Medal: 1,047\nPurple Hearts: 1,211\nPresidential Unit Citation: 1","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Camp Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Roberts,_California"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Korean War activation","text":"The division was reactivated in the early 1950s, but was not sent to Korea. It was stationed at Camp Roberts, California for the duration of the conflict.[6]","title":"History"}] | [{"image_text":"A 7th Armored anti-tank gun covers a road near Vielsalm, Belgium, 23 December 1944","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/US_7th_Armored_Division%2C_Vielsalm%2C_Belgium_12.23.1944.jpg/250px-US_7th_Armored_Division%2C_Vielsalm%2C_Belgium_12.23.1944.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Special Unit Designations\". United States Army Center of Military History. 21 April 2010. Archived from the original on 9 June 2010. Retrieved 24 June 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100609010022/http://www.history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/spdes-123-ra_ar.html","url_text":"\"Special Unit Designations\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Center_of_Military_History","url_text":"United States Army Center of Military History"},{"url":"http://www.history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/spdes-123-ra_ar.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Order of Battle of the US Army - WWII - ETO - 7th Armored Division\". US Army Center of Military History. Retrieved 22 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://history.army.mil/documents/ETO-OB/7AD-ETO.htm","url_text":"\"Order of Battle of the US Army - WWII - ETO - 7th Armored Division\""}]},{"reference":"Hamilton, Nigel (1986). Monty: The Final Years of the Field Marshall 1944-1976. McGraw-Hill Book Company. p. 168.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Johnston, Wesley (23 August 2010). \"U.S. 7th Armored Division Association\". U.S. 7th Armored Division Association. Retrieved 23 August 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.7tharmddiv.org/index.htm","url_text":"\"U.S. 7th Armored Division Association\""}]},{"reference":"Johnston, Wesley (9 June 2009). \"U.S. 7th Armored Division in the Korean War\". U.S. 7th Armored Division Association. Retrieved 23 August 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.7tharmddiv.org/7ad-korea.htm","url_text":"\"U.S. 7th Armored Division in the Korean War\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100609010022/http://www.history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/spdes-123-ra_ar.html","external_links_name":"\"Special Unit Designations\""},{"Link":"http://www.history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/spdes-123-ra_ar.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://history.army.mil/documents/ETO-OB/7AD-ETO.htm","external_links_name":"\"Order of Battle of the US Army - WWII - ETO - 7th Armored Division\""},{"Link":"http://www.7tharmddiv.org/index.htm","external_links_name":"\"U.S. 7th Armored Division Association\""},{"Link":"http://www.7tharmddiv.org/7ad-korea.htm","external_links_name":"\"U.S. 7th Armored Division in the Korean War\""},{"Link":"http://www.7tharmddiv.org/","external_links_name":"7th Armored Division Association"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060527220106/http://home.okstate.edu/homepages.nsf/toc/87th.htm","external_links_name":"87th Cavalry Squadron Reconn"},{"Link":"http://www.luckyseventh.nl/","external_links_name":"Lucky Seventh – The Netherlands"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Scholes | Robert Scholes | ["1 Education and career","2 Works","3 Documentary film","4 References","5 External links"] | American literary critic and theorist (1929-2016)
For the American politician and lawyer, see Robert Scholes (politician).
Robert E. ScholesBorn1929Brooklyn, New YorkDiedDecember 9, 2016NationalityAmericanEducationA.B Yale (1950) Ph.D. Cornell (1959)Notable workThe Fabulators Science Fiction: History, Science, Vision Semiotics and Interpretation Modernism in the Magazines: An Introduction The Rise and Fall of English English after the FallHonoursHonorary Doctorates from Lumière University Lyon 2 (1987) and SUNY Purchase (2003)
Robert E. Scholes (1929 – December 9, 2016) was an American literary critic and theorist. He is known for his ideas on fabulation and metafiction.
Education and career
Robert Scholes was born in Brooklyn, New York in 1929. After taking his A.B. at Yale University in 1950, he served as a gunnery officer in the U. S. Navy from 1952-1955. He received his Ph.D. from Cornell University in 1959, and he taught at the University of Virginia and the University of Iowa, before joining the Brown faculty in the Departments of English and Comparative Literature in 1970. After his retirement from full-time teaching in 1999, Professor Scholes was appointed Research Professor of Modern Culture and Media.
With Eric S. Rabkin, he published the 1977 book Science Fiction: History, Science, Vision, which considerably influenced science fiction studies. In it, they attempt to explain the literary history of the genre, but also the sciences such as physics and astronomy.
Scholes became well known as a cogent guide to literary theory and semiotics as they became influential in U.S. literary studies in the 1970s and 1980s. His 1982 book Semiotics and Interpretation was praised in the Times Literary Supplement as offering "a clutch of examples of semiotics usefully and intelligently applied, which Scholes's patient, cheerful tone and his resolutely concrete vocabulary manage to combine into a breezily informative American confection."
Scholes held honorary doctorates from Lumière University Lyon 2, France, (1987) and SUNY Purchase (2003). He was a president of the Semiotic Society of America (1989–1990) and of the Modern Language Association of America (2004). In 1998, he was elected a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
Scholes served most recently as the director of the Modernist Journals Project. In his collaboration with Clifford Wulfman, Modernism in the Magazines: An Introduction (2010), Scholes offered a primer on early twentieth-century magazines, with particular attention given to the relationship of advertising to editorial content.
In his books The Rise and Fall of English and English after the Fall, Scholes sought to critically evaluate the status of English as a field of study. He was a fierce proponent of abandoning a restrictive definition of literature and reorientating the study of English around the concept of 'Textuality'. By expanding the field of study and emphasizing the importance of both reading and writing when teaching students, he sought to revitalize English into a discipline which could be useful in the twenty first century.
Works
Approaches to the Novel (1961), editor
The Cornell Joyce Collection: A Catalogue (1961), editor
The Nature of Narrative (1966) with Robert Kellogg
The Fabulators (1967)
Elements of Poetry (1969)
Structuralism in Literature (1974)
Structural Fabulation: An Essay on Fiction of the Future (University of Notre Dame Press, 1975)
Science fiction: history, science, vision. Oxford University Press. 1977. ISBN 0-19-502174-6. with Eric S. Rabkin
Fabulation and Metafiction (1979)
Semiotics and Interpretation (1982)
Textual Power (1985)
Protocols of Reading (1989)
In Search of James Joyce (1992)
Elements of Fiction (1995), translation of a work first published in Japanese
The Rise and Fall of English: Reconstructing English as a Discipline (1998)
The Crafty Reader (2001)
Paradoxy of Modernism (2006)
Modernism in the Magazines: An Introduction (2010) with Clifford Wulfman
English after the Fall: From Literature to Textuality (2011)
Documentary film
Andries van Dam: Hypertext: an Educational Experiment in English and Computer Science at Brown University. Brown University, Providence, RI, U.S. 1974, Run time 15:16, Hypertext at IMDb , Full Movie on the Internet Archive
References
^ "Semiotics and Interpretation by Robert Scholes". Yale University Press. Retrieved 2016-05-15.
^ "Curriculum Vitae for Robert Scholes". Brown University. April 2011. Retrieved 2016-05-15.
^ Stein, Lorin (December 2010). "New Books: Modernism in the Magazines: An Introduction". Harper's. Vol. 321, no. 1, 927. Harper's Magazine Foundation. p. 75. Retrieved 2011-01-22.
^ Scholes, Robert (2011). English after the Fall. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press. pp. 1–13. ISBN 978-1-60938-055-7.
External links
Home page of Robert Scholes at Brown University
Curriculum vitae and bibliography
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
Belgium
United States
Latvia
Czech Republic
Australia
Korea
Croatia
Netherlands
Poland
Portugal
Academics
CiNii
Other
SNAC
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert Scholes (politician)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Scholes_(politician)"},{"link_name":"fabulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabulation"},{"link_name":"metafiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafiction"}],"text":"For the American politician and lawyer, see Robert Scholes (politician).Robert E. Scholes (1929 – December 9, 2016) was an American literary critic and theorist. 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After taking his A.B. at Yale University in 1950, he served as a gunnery officer in the U. S. Navy from 1952-1955. He received his Ph.D. from Cornell University in 1959, and he taught at the University of Virginia and the University of Iowa, before joining the Brown faculty in the Departments of English and Comparative Literature in 1970. After his retirement from full-time teaching in 1999, Professor Scholes was appointed Research Professor of Modern Culture and Media.With Eric S. Rabkin, he published the 1977 book Science Fiction: History, Science, Vision, which considerably influenced science fiction studies. In it, they attempt to explain the literary history of the genre, but also the sciences such as physics and astronomy.Scholes became well known as a cogent guide to literary theory and semiotics as they became influential in U.S. literary studies in the 1970s and 1980s. His 1982 book Semiotics and Interpretation was praised in the Times Literary Supplement as offering \"a clutch of examples of semiotics usefully and intelligently applied, which Scholes's patient, cheerful tone and his resolutely concrete vocabulary manage to combine into a breezily informative American confection.\"[1]Scholes held honorary doctorates from Lumière University Lyon 2, France, (1987) and SUNY Purchase (2003). He was a president of the Semiotic Society of America (1989–1990) and of the Modern Language Association of America (2004).[2] In 1998, he was elected a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.Scholes served most recently as the director of the Modernist Journals Project. In his collaboration with Clifford Wulfman, Modernism in the Magazines: An Introduction (2010), Scholes offered a primer on early twentieth-century magazines, with particular attention given to the relationship of advertising to editorial content.[3]In his books The Rise and Fall of English and English after the Fall, Scholes sought to critically evaluate the status of English as a field of study. He was a fierce proponent of abandoning a restrictive definition of literature and reorientating the study of English around the concept of 'Textuality'. By expanding the field of study and emphasizing the importance of both reading and writing when teaching students, he sought to revitalize English into a discipline which could be useful in the twenty first century.[4]","title":"Education and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Notre Dame Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Notre_Dame_Press"},{"link_name":"Science fiction: history, science, vision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/sciencefictionhi00scho"},{"link_name":"Oxford University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-19-502174-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-502174-6"}],"text":"Approaches to the Novel (1961), editor\nThe Cornell Joyce Collection: A Catalogue (1961), editor\nThe Nature of Narrative (1966) with Robert Kellogg\nThe Fabulators (1967)\nElements of Poetry (1969)\nStructuralism in Literature (1974)\nStructural Fabulation: An Essay on Fiction of the Future (University of Notre Dame Press, 1975)\nScience fiction: history, science, vision. Oxford University Press. 1977. ISBN 0-19-502174-6. with Eric S. Rabkin\nFabulation and Metafiction (1979)\nSemiotics and Interpretation (1982)\nTextual Power (1985)\nProtocols of Reading (1989)\nIn Search of James Joyce (1992)\nElements of Fiction (1995), translation of a work first published in Japanese\nThe Rise and Fall of English: Reconstructing English as a Discipline (1998)\nThe Crafty Reader (2001)\nParadoxy of Modernism (2006)\nModernism in the Magazines: An Introduction (2010) with Clifford Wulfman\nEnglish after the Fall: From Literature to Textuality (2011)","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hypertext","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.imdb.com/title/tt6475064/"},{"link_name":"IMDb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1184725#P345"},{"link_name":"Full Movie on the Internet Archive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/AndyVanDamHypertextFilm"}],"text":"Andries van Dam: Hypertext: an Educational Experiment in English and Computer Science at Brown University. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitab_al-Maliki | The Complete Book of the Medical Art | ["1 See also","2 References"] | Medical Book written by Iranian physician, 'Ali ibn al-'Abbas al-Majusi
Manuscript of al-Majusi's Kitāb Kamil al-Sana'ah al-Tibbiyyah, copy created in Iran, dated January–February 1194.
The Complete Book of the Medical Art (Arabic: كامل الصناعة الطبية, Kitāb Kāmil al-Ṣināʻa al-Ṭibbīya), also known as The Royal Book (Arabic: الكتاب الملكي, Al-Kitāb al-Malakī), was written by Iranian physician 'Ali ibn al-'Abbas al-Majusi during the 10th century. He dedicated the book to king 'Adud al-Dawla, whom he was serving at the time. This book was considered one of the most necessary texts for medical students of that era, and the importance of his book was mentioned several times in views of different medicine historians, such as Lucien Leclerc and Arturo Castiglioni.
This book consists of 20 treatises. The first 10 treatise describe mostly the theories of medicine, while the second 10 treatise are focused on the practice of medicine. The 9th treatise in the second part is focused on surgery, and consists of 110 different surgical subjects, including techniques of treating aneurysm, excising cysts and tumors and treating hernias. This part was at the center of attention of western and eastern researchers.
Al-Majūsī is well known for his accurate description of pleurisy, circulatory system, and the importance of diet and physical exercise in maintaining health. In the introduction of his book, Al-Majūsī criticizes many of Greek and Persian physicians and their books. For example, in review of Hippocrates and his works, he writes: "Hippocrates didn't describe most of the illnesses as comprehensive as he should, making them difficult to understand ...", although he also mentions the positive aspects of these books as well.
The book was partially translated to Latin in 1089 and then was widely circulated in Europe.
See also
Liber pantegni
List of most expensive books and manuscripts
References
^ a b c نجم آبادی, محمود (1371). تاریخ پزشکی ایران و جهان اسلام( تاریخ طب در ایران ). تهران: دانشگاه تهران.
^ Leclerc, Lucien (1876). Histoire de la médecine arabe. Paris.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Castiglioni, Arturo (1941). A History of Medicine. A. A. Knopf.
^ a b "The Complete Art of Medicine". World Digital Library.
vteIslamic medicinePhysicians7th century
Abu Hafsa Yazid
Al-Harith ibn Kalada
Bukhtishu
Ibn Abi Ramtha al-Tamimi
Ibn Uthal
Masarjawaih
Nafi ibn al-Harith
Rufaida Al-Aslamia
Zaynab al-Awadiya
8th century
Bukhtishu
Ja'ar al-Sadiq
9th century
Al-Kindi
Al-Ruhawi
Albubather
Ali al-Ridha
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10th century
'Ali ibn al-'Abbas al-Majusi
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12th century
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Category:Traditional medicine
This article about a medical book is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%27Ali_ibn_al-%27Abbas_al-Majusi_(d._circa_994-95);_Kitab_Kamil_al-Sana%27ah_al-Tibbiyyah,_signed_Abu_Sa%27id_%27Abd_al-Rahman_bin_Abi%27l-Fawaris_bin_Ghanim_bin_Muhammad_al-Kazaruni,_Iran,_dated_January-February_1194.jpg"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Iranian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"'Ali ibn al-'Abbas al-Majusi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Ali_ibn_al-%27Abbas_al-Majusi"},{"link_name":"'Adud al-Dawla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Adud_al-Dawla"},{"link_name":"medical students","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_student"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%85_%D8%A2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C-1"},{"link_name":"Lucien Leclerc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucien_Leclerc"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Arturo Castiglioni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arturo_Castiglioni"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%85_%D8%A2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C-1"},{"link_name":"aneurysm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aneurysm"},{"link_name":"cysts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyst"},{"link_name":"tumors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumor"},{"link_name":"hernias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hernia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%85_%D8%A2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C-1"},{"link_name":"Al-Majūsī","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Maj%C5%ABs%C4%AB"},{"link_name":"pleurisy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleurisy"},{"link_name":"circulatory system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system"},{"link_name":"diet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diet_(nutrition)"},{"link_name":"physical exercise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_exercise"},{"link_name":"health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Site-4"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_people"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Hippocrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippocrates"},{"link_name":"Hippocrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippocrates"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Site-4"}],"text":"Manuscript of al-Majusi's Kitāb Kamil al-Sana'ah al-Tibbiyyah, copy created in Iran, dated January–February 1194.The Complete Book of the Medical Art (Arabic: كامل الصناعة الطبية, Kitāb Kāmil al-Ṣināʻa al-Ṭibbīya), also known as The Royal Book (Arabic: الكتاب الملكي, Al-Kitāb al-Malakī), was written by Iranian physician 'Ali ibn al-'Abbas al-Majusi during the 10th century. He dedicated the book to king 'Adud al-Dawla, whom he was serving at the time. This book was considered one of the most necessary texts for medical students of that era,[1] and the importance of his book was mentioned several times in views of different medicine historians, such as Lucien Leclerc[2] and Arturo Castiglioni.[3]This book consists of 20 treatises. The first 10 treatise describe mostly the theories of medicine, while the second 10 treatise are focused on the practice of medicine.[1] The 9th treatise in the second part is focused on surgery, and consists of 110 different surgical subjects, including techniques of treating aneurysm, excising cysts and tumors and treating hernias. This part was at the center of attention of western and eastern researchers.[1]Al-Majūsī is well known for his accurate description of pleurisy, circulatory system, and the importance of diet and physical exercise in maintaining health.[4] In the introduction of his book, Al-Majūsī criticizes many of Greek and Persian physicians and their books. For example, in review of Hippocrates and his works, he writes: \"Hippocrates didn't describe most of the illnesses as comprehensive as he should, making them difficult to understand ...\", although he also mentions the positive aspects of these books as well.The book was partially translated to Latin in 1089 and then was widely circulated in Europe.[4]","title":"The Complete Book of the Medical Art"}] | [{"image_text":"Manuscript of al-Majusi's Kitāb Kamil al-Sana'ah al-Tibbiyyah, copy created in Iran, dated January–February 1194.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/%27Ali_ibn_al-%27Abbas_al-Majusi_%28d._circa_994-95%29%3B_Kitab_Kamil_al-Sana%27ah_al-Tibbiyyah%2C_signed_Abu_Sa%27id_%27Abd_al-Rahman_bin_Abi%27l-Fawaris_bin_Ghanim_bin_Muhammad_al-Kazaruni%2C_Iran%2C_dated_January-February_1194.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Liber pantegni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liber_pantegni"},{"title":"List of most expensive books and manuscripts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_books_and_manuscripts"}] | [{"reference":"نجم آبادی, محمود (1371). تاریخ پزشکی ایران و جهان اسلام( تاریخ طب در ایران ). تهران: دانشگاه تهران.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Leclerc, Lucien (1876). Histoire de la médecine arabe. Paris.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/BIUSante_31500x02","url_text":"Histoire de la médecine arabe"}]},{"reference":"Castiglioni, Arturo (1941). A History of Medicine. A. A. Knopf.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"The Complete Art of Medicine\". World Digital Library.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wdl.org/en/item/9716/","url_text":"\"The Complete Art of Medicine\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/BIUSante_31500x02","external_links_name":"Histoire de la médecine arabe"},{"Link":"http://www.wdl.org/en/item/9716/","external_links_name":"\"The Complete Art of Medicine\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Complete_Book_of_the_Medical_Art&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croissy-Beaubourg | Croissy-Beaubourg | ["1 Geography","1.1 Hydrography","1.2 Communication and transport","2 Population","3 Education","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"] | Coordinates: 48°49′45″N 2°39′38″E / 48.8292°N 2.6606°E / 48.8292; 2.6606Commune in Île-de-France, FranceCroissy-BeaubourgCommuneThe town hall in Croissy-Beaubourg
Coat of armsLocation of Croissy-Beaubourg
Croissy-BeaubourgShow map of FranceCroissy-BeaubourgShow map of Île-de-France (region)Coordinates: 48°49′45″N 2°39′38″E / 48.8292°N 2.6606°E / 48.8292; 2.6606CountryFranceRegionÎle-de-FranceDepartmentSeine-et-MarneArrondissementTorcyCantonChamps-sur-MarneIntercommunalityCA Paris - Vallée de la MarneGovernment • Mayor (2020–2026) Michel GeresArea111.63 km2 (4.49 sq mi)Population (2021)1,990 • Density170/km2 (440/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)INSEE/Postal code77146 /77183Elevation87–116 m (285–381 ft)1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries.
Croissy-Beaubourg (French pronunciation: ⓘ) is a French commune located in the Seine-et-Marne département, in the Île-de-France région.
Geography
The village is located 3 km in the South of Torcy. It's around 1 163 ha, and among which, 600 are from forests.
Hydrography
There is one river in the village, the channel No. 1 on the village of Pontcarré (2.2 km length) which merge with the Morbras. It passes on Croissy-Beaubourg on a distance of 0.02 km.
There are several ponds in the village among which two older stanks, the Croissy one and the Beaubourg one. They were probably created during 17th century for the castle. It's here that starts the Maubuée, a Marne's affluent.
Communication and transport
There are two different lines of bus in the village: 321, 421. The A4 Motorway passes on the North, with an interchange (10.1 Val Maubué Sud) in the village.
There are also 4 district roads: the D406, D1406, D10P and D128.
Population
Historical populationYearPop.±% p.a.1968 231— 1975 957+22.51%1982 1,555+7.18%1990 2,396+5.55%1999 2,236−0.76%2007 2,077−0.92%2012 2,005−0.70%2017 1,987−0.18%Source: INSEE
Inhabitants of Croissy-Beaubourg are called Croisséens in French.
Education
There are two public schools in the commune, École maternelle Alfred Chartier (preschool) and École élémentaire Les Lions de Beaubourg (elementary school).
Collège du Segrais (public junior high school) is in nearby Lognes. Lycée Jean Moulin (public senior high school/sixth-form college) is in nearby Torcy. Additional public senior highs/sixth-forms include Lycée Maurice Rondeau in Bussy-St-Georges and Lycée polyvalent René Cassin in Noisiel.
There are two private schools in nearby Lagny-sur-Marne, École Saint Joseph de Cluny (preschool and elementary school) and Ensemble scolaire Saint Laurent et La Paix Notre Dame.
University of Marne-la-Vallée provides university education in the area.
See also
Communes of the Seine-et-Marne department
References
^ "Répertoire national des élus: les maires" (in French). data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises. 13 September 2022.
^ "Populations légales 2021" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023.
^ Site SIGES - Seine-Normandie consulté le 13 juillet 2018
^ Syndicat d'agglomération nouvelle (SAN) du Val Maubuée, ed. (Summer 2009). "Les étangs du Val Maubué". Archived from the original on 18 February 2019. Retrieved 24 February 2019.
^ Syndicat d'agglomération nouvelle (SAN) du Val Maubuée, ed. (2009). "Val Magazine No. 107 - Chaîne des plans d'eau : Quand le paysage guide les aménageurs" (PDF). p. 29. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 August 2014. Retrieved 11 August 2014.
^ Population en historique depuis 1968, INSEE
^ a b c d "LES ETABLISSEMENTS SCOLAIRES." Croissy-Beaubourg. Retrieved on September 3, 2016.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Croissy-Beaubourg.
Home page (in French)
1999 Land Use, from IAURIF (Institute for Urban Planning and Development of the Paris-Île-de-France région) (in English)
Base Mérimée: Search for heritage in the commune, Ministère français de la Culture. (in French)
vteMarne-la-ValléeCommunesSector I (Porte de Paris)
Noisy-le-Grand
Bry-sur-Marne
Villiers-sur-Marne
Sector II (Val Maubuée)
Champs-sur-Marne
Croissy-Beaubourg
Émerainville
Lognes
Noisiel
Torcy
Sector III (Val de Bussy)
Bussy-Saint-Georges
Bussy-Saint-Martin
Chanteloup-en-Brie
Collégien
Conches-sur-Gondoire
Ferrières-en-Brie
Gouvernes
Guermantes
Jossigny
Lagny-sur-Marne
Montévrain
Saint-Thibault-des-Vignes
Sector IV (Val d'Europe)
Bailly-Romainvilliers
Chessy
Coupvray
Magny-le-Hongre
Serris
Lycées
Lycée polyvalent de l'Arche-Guédon (Torcy)
Emilie Brontë (Lognes)
Françoise-Cabrini (Noisy-le-Grand)
René Cassin (Noisiel)
Émilie du Châtelet (Serris)
René Descartes (Champs-sur-Marne)
Évariste-Galois (Noisy-le-Grand)
Martin Luther King (Bussy-Saint-Georges)
Lycée Jean-Moulin (Torcy)
Lycée Maurice-Rondeau (Bussy-Saint-Georges)
Flora-Tristan (Noisy-le-Grand)
Van Dongen (Lagny-sur-Marne)
Colleges and universities
University of Marne-la-Vallée
École des ponts ParisTech
ESIEE Paris
École nationale des finances publiques
Campus Descartes
TransportParis RER stations
Bry-sur-Marne
Lognes
Marne-la-Vallée–Chessy
Noisiel
Noisy–Champs
Noisy-le-Grand–Mont d'Est
Torcy
Val d'Europe
Villiers-sur-Marne–Le Plessis-Trévise
Les Yvris–Noisy-le-Grand
Émerainville–Pontault-Combault
Transilien stations
Lagny–Thorigny in Thorigny-sur-Marne
Airports
Lognes–Émerainville aerodrome
Landmarks
Disneyland Paris
Château de Champs-sur-Marne
Arènes de Picasso
Espaces d'Abraxas
Centre hospitalier de Marne-la-Vallée
Religion
Église Saint-Sulpice
Église Sainte-Thérèse-des-Richardets
Église Notre-Dame-de-Lourdes
Église Saint-Martin-du-Champy
Église Saint-Paul-des-Nations
Église Saint-Martin-des-Gaules
Église Saint-Furcy de Lagny-sur-Marne
This list is incomplete.
Authority control databases International
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Germany
This article related to a Seine-et-Marne location is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[kʁwasi bobuːʁ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c2/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Xenoph%C3%B4n-Croissy-Beaubourg.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Xenoph%C3%B4n-Croissy-Beaubourg.wav.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LL-Q150_(fra)-Xenoph%C3%B4n-Croissy-Beaubourg.wav"},{"link_name":"commune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_France"},{"link_name":"Seine-et-Marne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seine-et-Marne"},{"link_name":"département","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_France"},{"link_name":"Île-de-France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ele-de-France"},{"link_name":"région","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_of_France"}],"text":"Commune in Île-de-France, FranceCroissy-Beaubourg (French pronunciation: [kʁwasi bobuːʁ] ⓘ) is a French commune located in the Seine-et-Marne département, in the Île-de-France région.","title":"Croissy-Beaubourg"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Torcy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torcy,_Seine-et-Marne"},{"link_name":"ha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hectare"}],"text":"The village is located 3 km in the South of Torcy. It's around 1 163 ha, and among which, 600 are from forests.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-siges-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Marne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marne_(department)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maubu%C3%A9e-5"}],"sub_title":"Hydrography","text":"There is one river in the village, the channel No. 1 on the village of Pontcarré (2.2 km length) which merge with the Morbras. It passes on Croissy-Beaubourg on a distance of 0.02 km.[3]There are several ponds in the village among which two older stanks, the Croissy one and the Beaubourg one. They were probably created during 17th century for the castle.[4] It's here that starts the Maubuée, a Marne's affluent.[5]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A4 Motorway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Autoroute_A4_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Communication and transport","text":"There are two different lines of bus in the village: 321, 421. The A4 Motorway passes on the North, with an interchange (10.1 Val Maubué Sud) in the village.There are also 4 district roads: the D406, D1406, D10P and D128.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Inhabitants of Croissy-Beaubourg are called Croisséens in French.","title":"Population"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schools-7"},{"link_name":"Lognes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lognes"},{"link_name":"Lycée Jean Moulin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Jean_Moulin_(Torcy,_Seine-et-Marne)"},{"link_name":"Torcy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torcy,_Seine-et-Marne"},{"link_name":"Lycée Maurice Rondeau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lyc%C3%A9e_Maurice_Rondeau&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bussy-St-Georges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bussy-St-Georges&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lycée polyvalent René Cassin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lyc%C3%A9e_Ren%C3%A9_Cassin_(Noisiel)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Noisiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noisiel"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schools-7"},{"link_name":"Lagny-sur-Marne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagny-sur-Marne"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schools-7"},{"link_name":"University of Marne-la-Vallée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Marne-la-Vall%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schools-7"}],"text":"There are two public schools in the commune, École maternelle Alfred Chartier (preschool) and École élémentaire Les Lions de Beaubourg (elementary school).[7]Collège du Segrais (public junior high school) is in nearby Lognes. Lycée Jean Moulin (public senior high school/sixth-form college) is in nearby Torcy. Additional public senior highs/sixth-forms include Lycée Maurice Rondeau in Bussy-St-Georges and Lycée polyvalent René Cassin in Noisiel.[7]There are two private schools in nearby Lagny-sur-Marne, École Saint Joseph de Cluny (preschool and elementary school) and Ensemble scolaire Saint Laurent et La Paix Notre Dame.[7]University of Marne-la-Vallée provides university education in the area.[7]","title":"Education"}] | [] | [{"title":"Communes of the Seine-et-Marne department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_the_Seine-et-Marne_department"}] | [{"reference":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\" (in French). data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises. 13 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503","url_text":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\""}]},{"reference":"\"Populations légales 2021\" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/7725600?geo=COM-77146","url_text":"\"Populations légales 2021\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_national_de_la_statistique_et_des_%C3%A9tudes_%C3%A9conomiques","url_text":"The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies"}]},{"reference":"Syndicat d'agglomération nouvelle (SAN) du Val Maubuée, ed. (Summer 2009). \"Les étangs du Val Maubué\". Archived from the original on 18 February 2019. Retrieved 24 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190218172545/http://www.valmaubuee.fr/environnement/les-etangs-du-val-maubuee/","url_text":"\"Les étangs du Val Maubué\""},{"url":"http://www.valmaubuee.fr/environnement/les-etangs-du-val-maubuee/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Syndicat d'agglomération nouvelle (SAN) du Val Maubuée, ed. (2009). \"Val Magazine No. 107 - Chaîne des plans d'eau : Quand le paysage guide les aménageurs\" (PDF). p. 29. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 August 2014. Retrieved 11 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140812204851/http://ns394521.ovh.net/~sanwp/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/ValMag107.pdf","url_text":"\"Val Magazine No. 107 - Chaîne des plans d'eau : Quand le paysage guide les aménageurs\""},{"url":"http://ns394521.ovh.net/~sanwp/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/ValMag107.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Croissy-Beaubourg¶ms=48.8292_N_2.6606_E_type:city(1990)_region:FR-IDF","external_links_name":"48°49′45″N 2°39′38″E / 48.8292°N 2.6606°E / 48.8292; 2.6606"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Croissy-Beaubourg¶ms=48.8292_N_2.6606_E_type:city(1990)_region:FR-IDF","external_links_name":"48°49′45″N 2°39′38″E / 48.8292°N 2.6606°E / 48.8292; 2.6606"},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1405599?geo=COM-77146","external_links_name":"77146"},{"Link":"https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503","external_links_name":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\""},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/7725600?geo=COM-77146","external_links_name":"\"Populations légales 2021\""},{"Link":"http://sigessn.brgm.fr/?page=ficheMaCommune&codeCommune=77146","external_links_name":"Site SIGES - Seine-Normandie consulté le 13 juillet 2018"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190218172545/http://www.valmaubuee.fr/environnement/les-etangs-du-val-maubuee/","external_links_name":"\"Les étangs du Val Maubué\""},{"Link":"http://www.valmaubuee.fr/environnement/les-etangs-du-val-maubuee/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140812204851/http://ns394521.ovh.net/~sanwp/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/ValMag107.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Val Magazine No. 107 - Chaîne des plans d'eau : Quand le paysage guide les aménageurs\""},{"Link":"http://ns394521.ovh.net/~sanwp/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/ValMag107.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4515315?geo=COM-77146#ancre-POP_T1","external_links_name":"Population en historique depuis 1968"},{"Link":"http://www.croissy-beaubourg.fr/fr/information/69823/les-etablissements","external_links_name":"LES ETABLISSEMENTS SCOLAIRES"},{"Link":"http://www.croissy-beaubourg.fr/","external_links_name":"Home page"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070929120929/http://www.iaurif.org/en/gis/fichescom/mos99/ficmos/mos77146.html","external_links_name":"1999 Land Use, from IAURIF (Institute for Urban Planning and Development of the Paris-Île-de-France région)"},{"Link":"https://www.pop.culture.gouv.fr/advanced-search/list/merimee?qb=%5B%7B%22field%22%3A%5B%22INSEE.keyword%22%5D%2C%22operator%22%3A%22%3D%3D%22%2C%22value%22%3A%2277146%22%2C%22combinator%22%3A%22AND%22%2C%22index%22%3A0%7D%5D","external_links_name":"Search for heritage in the commune"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/238770801","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJvt7gY3mYFkQq9hvjtVG3","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15275487v","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15275487v","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4559503-3","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Croissy-Beaubourg&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruben_Kuzniecky | Ruben Kuzniecky | ["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Publications","4 Patents","5 Personal life","6 References","7 External links"] | Ruben KuznieckyRuben Kuzniecky, 2009Born (1957-08-18) August 18, 1957 (age 66)Panama City, PanamaEducationUniversity of Buenos Aires, Montreal Neurological InstituteRelativesWife: Yvonne Kuzniecky (1983–present)Medical careerInstitutionsVice Chair academic affairs and Director of Northwell Health Neurology Research, Professor of Neurology
Ruben Kuzniecky is a neurologist scientist who is Vice-chair academic affairs and professor of neurology at Northwell Health specializing in the field of epilepsy, epilepsy surgery and neuro-imaging.
He was one of the first to recognize and prove that mesial temporal sclerosis, a common cause for difficulty in controlling temporal lobe epilepsy, can be identified with MRI scans. He also described the Kuzniecky Syndrome in 1991, also known as perisylvian polymicrogyria. The syndrome is characterized by seizures, cognitive abnormalities, and a peculiar inability to use the mouth and tongue muscles. This syndrome is recognized by as a specific malformation of the brain.
Early life
Kuzniecky was born in Panama City, Republic of Panama, the son of Betzalel and Sara Kuzniecky. His parents were educators and founded and directed schools in Panama such as the Instituto Alberto Einstein and later on the Instituto Pedagogico. Kuzniecky attended the Instituto Pedagogico in Panama and graduated from the Instituto Wolfshon in Buenos Aires, Argentina. He excelled in high school as an athlete, finishing in 4th place in the 100 and 200 meter dash at the age of 16 in the Panama national school track and field championship. He entered the Universidad de Buenos Aires medical school in 1975 and graduated in 1981.
Career
After finishing medical school, Kuzniecky did a six-month stint as a research fellow at the Institute of Medical Research of the University of Buenos Aires. He then returned to Panama where he completed a one-year internship at the CSS hospital in Panama City and then went into his second year of internship in the countryside. In 1983 he was accepted to the Montreal neurological Institute, McGill University, for a neurology residency. He went into an epilepsy/EEG fellowship at the Montreal Neurological Institute under Drs. Pierre Gloor and Fred Andermann, which he completed in 1988. That year he was appointed as Assistant Professor of Neurology at the University of Alabama Birmingham, where he began his academic career. In 1992 he became Director of the UAB epilepsy center, a post he held until 2003. In 1997-1998 he was appointed as visiting professor at the Department of Physics at the University College of London, where he did magnetic resonance imaging research.
In 1997, at the age of 40, he became full professor of Neurology and Neurosurgery at UAB and served as interim chair of the Department of Neurology in 2002. In 2003 he was appointed as Professor and Co-director of NYU Epilepsy Center at NYU School of Medicine, New York and in August 2017 he was appointed as vice-chair, Academic affairs and director clinical research, Department of Neurology at Northwell health. His research is centered on the use of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and its applications to epilepsy and on unraveling the major developmental brain malformations in epilepsy. He was the first to recognize and prove that mesial temporal sclerosis, a common cause for difficult epilepsy, can be identified with MRI.
In the area of brain malformations, he is the co-author of the widely recognized classification scheme. He has authored over 350 chapters and journal articles on a number of topics related to epilepsy. He has written two books on MRI applications in epilepsy, and more recently two patient oriented books, Epilepsy 101:The Ultimate Guide for Patients and Families. and Epilepsy surgery: a guide for patients.
In 2007, Kuzniecky was co-awarded a major grant from the National Institutes of Health to organize the Epilepsy Phenome/Genome Project.
Kuzniecky described the Kuzniecky Syndrome in 1991, also known as perisylvian polymicrogyria. The syndrome is characterized by seizures, cognitive abnormalities, and a peculiar inability to use the mouth and tongue muscles. This syndrome is recognized by as a specific malformation of the brain.
MRI showing the abnormal infolding of the perisylvian region typical of this syndrome. The abnormality is due to polymicrogyria.
Additional research projects include the development of a watch sensor to detect convulsive seizures. Kuzniecky continues to work on the Analysis of the Epilepsy Genome Phenome project through the EPi4K Genomic Discovery team. In addition, Kuzniecky, in conjunction with Dr. Daniel Lowenstein and Dr. Jacqueline French, launched the Human Epilepsy Project (HEP). This project, involving 30 sites, aims to recruit 500 patients with new onset epilepsy and follow them up for seven years. In 2018, the HEP 2 project funded through the epilepsy foundation of America is starting to recruit patients at Northwell health. More recently, Dr. Kuzniecky launched a study of cardiac function in epilepsy using the Linq cardiac monitor with the aim of monitoring cardiac rhythm long-term.
In the past years, Kuzniecky began a program to help children from Panama with severe epilepsy to have access to surgical treatment by collaborating with Panama neurologists and bringing a US epilepsy team member to Panama's children's hospital. Since 2013, in conjunction with Dr. Howard Weiner from Texas Children's Hospital and others, the team has operated on many children with severe epilepsy. The program has been supported by Panama's first lady office of social programs. In 2016 he founded the non-profit foundation LUCES PANAMA that provides free anti-seizure medications to poor children with epilepsy in Panama.
He has been recognized for his efforts in the "Best Doctors in America" in 1995, 1998, and 2002–2017, and by the New Yorker since 2004 as one of the best doctors in the New York Metro area. In 2013, Kuzniecky was presented with the American Registry's 'Most Compassionate Doctor' Award. He has been listed among New York Magazine's Best Doctors and Castle Connolly America's Top Doctors for several consecutive years. In December 2020 Kuzniecky was awarded the 2020 American Epilepsy Society clinical science research award for his seminal contributions to the treatment of epilepsy.
Kuzniecky attends to patients with epilepsy and complex neurologic disorders at the Lennox-Hill hospital Northwell Health. He has been recognized as a leading expert in epilepsy, epilepsy surgery, epilepsy imaging and malformations of the brain and epilepsy and is widely respected in the medical community.
Publications
Kuzniecky, R; Jackson, G. (1995). Magnetic Resonance in Epilepsy. New York: Raven Press. ISBN 9780781702270. OCLC 30624999.
Kuzniecky, R; Jackson, G. (2005). Magnetic Resonance in Epilepsy: Neuroimaging Techniques. Amsterdam: Elsevier. ISBN 9780124311527. OCLC 56642581.
Kuzniecky, R (2009). Epilepsy 101: the ultimate guide for patients and families. New Jersey: Medicus Press. ISBN 9780978772734. OCLC 715620081.
Epilepsy Surgery: A Guide for Patients and Families. Medicus Press. 12 August 2016.
Patents
Device for Seizure Detection (Patent No. US 0082019 A1)
Microelectrode-Equipped Subdural Therapeutic Agent Delivery Strip (Patent No. US 8868176 B2)
"METHOD, SYSTEM, AND COMPUTER-ACCESSIBLE MEDIUM FOR CLASSIFICATION OF AT LEAST ONE ICTAL STATE (US Patent 9,443,141)
Minimally invasive subgaleal extra-cranial EEG monitoring device (Patent No. US 5012406203)
Personal life
After his move to NYU, Kuzniecky took residency in New Jersey where he lives with his wife Yvonne. His three children live in New York City.
References
^ Kuzniecky, Ruben I. (2005). "Neuroimaging of Epilepsy: Therapeutic Implications". Neurotherapeutics. 2: 384–393. doi:10.1602/neurorx.2.2.384. PMC 1064999.
^ Barkovich, A. J.; Kuzniecky, R. I.; Jackson, G. D.; Guerrini, R.; Dobyns, W. B. (26 December 2001). "Classification system for malformations of cortical development: Update 2001". Neurology. 57 (12): 2168–2178. doi:10.1212/WNL.57.12.2168.
^ Epilepsy 101: the ultimate guide for patients and families. Medicus Press. 2009. ISBN 9780978772734. OCLC 715620081.
^ Epilepsy Surgery: A Guide for Patients and Families. Medicus Press. 12 August 2016.
^ "The Epilepsy Phenome/Genome Project: A New Initiative to Understand the Genetic Causes of Epilepsy". NYU Lagone Medical Center. Archived from the original on 30 January 2009.
^ Kuzniecky, Ruben; Andermann, Frederick; Guerrini, Renzo (March 1994). "The epileptic spectrum in the congenital bilateral perisylvian syndrome". Neurology. 44. doi:10.1212/WNL.44.3_Part_1.379.
^ "Pachygyria With Mental Retardation, Seizures, And Arachnoid Cysts". The National Center for Biotechnology. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
^ "Product". BioLert. Archived from the original on 8 October 2016.
^ "Research Team". Human Epilepsy Project. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
^ "Niña operada de epilepsia recibe visita de la Primera Dama". Gobierno Nacional República de Panamá (in Spanish). 13 August 2013. Archived from the original on 18 September 2013.
^ "Home". Fundación Luces Panamá. Archived from the original on 2 June 2022.
^ ""America's Best Doctors" Lists 167 UAB Physicians". University of Alabama. 17 January 2002. Archived from the original on 13 June 2010.
^ "Dr. Ruben Zuzniecky". Castle Connolly Top Doctors. Archived from the original on 22 August 2017.
^ "Clinical researcher recognized by the American Epilepsy Society". The Island Now. 14 February 2024. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
^ "Dr. Ruben I. Kuzniecky, MD". vitals.com. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
External links
Other publications | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"epilepsy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epilepsy"},{"link_name":"mesial temporal sclerosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesial_temporal_sclerosis"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Ruben Kuzniecky is a neurologist scientist who is Vice-chair academic affairs and professor of neurology at Northwell Health specializing in the field of epilepsy, epilepsy surgery and neuro-imaging.He was one of the first to recognize and prove that mesial temporal sclerosis, a common cause for difficulty in controlling temporal lobe epilepsy, can be identified with MRI scans. He also described the Kuzniecky Syndrome in 1991, also known as perisylvian polymicrogyria. The syndrome is characterized by seizures, cognitive abnormalities, and a peculiar inability to use the mouth and tongue muscles. This syndrome is recognized by as a specific malformation of the brain.[citation needed]","title":"Ruben Kuzniecky"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Panama City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_City"},{"link_name":"Buenos Aires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aires"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Kuzniecky was born in Panama City, Republic of Panama, the son of Betzalel and Sara Kuzniecky. His parents were educators and founded and directed schools in Panama such as the Instituto Alberto Einstein and later on the Instituto Pedagogico. Kuzniecky attended the Instituto Pedagogico in Panama and graduated from the Instituto Wolfshon in Buenos Aires, Argentina. He excelled in high school as an athlete, finishing in 4th place in the 100 and 200 meter dash at the age of 16 in the Panama national school track and field championship. He entered the Universidad de Buenos Aires medical school in 1975 and graduated in 1981.[citation needed]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"National Institutes of Health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health"},{"link_name":"Epilepsy Phenome/Genome Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epilepsy_Phenome/Genome_Project"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"polymicrogyria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymicrogyria"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"seizures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seizure"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KuznieckySyndrome.png"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"After finishing medical school, Kuzniecky did a six-month stint as a research fellow at the Institute of Medical Research of the University of Buenos Aires. He then returned to Panama where he completed a one-year internship at the CSS hospital in Panama City and then went into his second year of internship in the countryside. In 1983 he was accepted to the Montreal neurological Institute, McGill University, for a neurology residency. He went into an epilepsy/EEG fellowship at the Montreal Neurological Institute under Drs. Pierre Gloor and Fred Andermann, which he completed in 1988. That year he was appointed as Assistant Professor of Neurology at the University of Alabama Birmingham, where he began his academic career. In 1992 he became Director of the UAB epilepsy center, a post he held until 2003. In 1997-1998 he was appointed as visiting professor at the Department of Physics at the University College of London, where he did magnetic resonance imaging research.In 1997, at the age of 40, he became full professor of Neurology and Neurosurgery at UAB and served as interim chair of the Department of Neurology in 2002. In 2003 he was appointed as Professor and Co-director of NYU Epilepsy Center at NYU School of Medicine, New York and in August 2017 he was appointed as vice-chair, Academic affairs and director clinical research, Department of Neurology at Northwell health. His research is centered on the use of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and its applications to epilepsy and on unraveling the major developmental brain malformations in epilepsy. He was the first to recognize and prove that mesial temporal sclerosis, a common cause for difficult epilepsy, can be identified with MRI.[1]In the area of brain malformations, he is the co-author of the widely recognized classification scheme.[2] He has authored over 350 chapters and journal articles on a number of topics related to epilepsy. He has written two books on MRI applications in epilepsy, and more recently two patient oriented books, Epilepsy 101:The Ultimate Guide for Patients and Families.[3] and Epilepsy surgery: a guide for patients.[4]In 2007, Kuzniecky was co-awarded a major grant from the National Institutes of Health to organize the Epilepsy Phenome/Genome Project.[5]Kuzniecky described the Kuzniecky Syndrome in 1991, also known as perisylvian polymicrogyria.[6] The syndrome is characterized by seizures, cognitive abnormalities, and a peculiar inability to use the mouth and tongue muscles. This syndrome is recognized by as a specific malformation of the brain.[7]MRI showing the abnormal infolding of the perisylvian region typical of this syndrome. The abnormality is due to polymicrogyria.Additional research projects include the development of a watch sensor to detect convulsive seizures.[8] Kuzniecky continues to work on the Analysis of the Epilepsy Genome Phenome project through the EPi4K Genomic Discovery team. In addition, Kuzniecky, in conjunction with Dr. Daniel Lowenstein and Dr. Jacqueline French, launched the Human Epilepsy Project (HEP).[9] This project, involving 30 sites, aims to recruit 500 patients with new onset epilepsy and follow them up for seven years. In 2018, the HEP 2 project funded through the epilepsy foundation of America is starting to recruit patients at Northwell health. More recently, Dr. Kuzniecky launched a study of cardiac function in epilepsy using the Linq cardiac monitor with the aim of monitoring cardiac rhythm long-term.In the past years, Kuzniecky began a program to help children from Panama with severe epilepsy to have access to surgical treatment by collaborating with Panama neurologists and bringing a US epilepsy team member to Panama's children's hospital. Since 2013, in conjunction with Dr. Howard Weiner from Texas Children's Hospital and others, the team has operated on many children with severe epilepsy.[10] The program has been supported by Panama's first lady office of social programs. In 2016 he founded the non-profit foundation LUCES PANAMA that provides free anti-seizure medications to poor children with epilepsy in Panama.[11]He has been recognized for his efforts in the \"Best Doctors in America\" in 1995, 1998, and 2002–2017, and by the New Yorker since 2004 as one of the best doctors in the New York Metro area.[12][13] In 2013, Kuzniecky was presented with the American Registry's 'Most Compassionate Doctor' Award. He has been listed among New York Magazine's Best Doctors and Castle Connolly America's Top Doctors for several consecutive years. In December 2020 Kuzniecky was awarded the 2020 American Epilepsy Society clinical science research award for his seminal contributions to the treatment of epilepsy.[14]Kuzniecky attends to patients with epilepsy and complex neurologic disorders at the Lennox-Hill hospital Northwell Health. He has been recognized as a leading expert in epilepsy, epilepsy surgery, epilepsy imaging and malformations of the brain and epilepsy and is widely respected in the medical community.[15]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780781702270","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780781702270"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"30624999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/30624999"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780124311527","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780124311527"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"56642581","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/56642581"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780978772734","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780978772734"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"715620081","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/715620081"},{"link_name":"Epilepsy Surgery: A Guide for Patients and Families","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.amazon.com/Epilepsy-Surgery-Guide-Patients-Families-ebook/dp/B01JQZ8YVQ/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&qid=1509852106&sr=8-2&keywords=kuzniecky&dpID=51jWDT4cMDL&preST=_SY445_QL70_&dpSrc=srch"}],"text":"Kuzniecky, R; Jackson, G. (1995). Magnetic Resonance in Epilepsy. New York: Raven Press. ISBN 9780781702270. OCLC 30624999.\nKuzniecky, R; Jackson, G. (2005). Magnetic Resonance in Epilepsy: Neuroimaging Techniques. Amsterdam: Elsevier. ISBN 9780124311527. OCLC 56642581.\nKuzniecky, R (2009). Epilepsy 101: the ultimate guide for patients and families. New Jersey: Medicus Press. ISBN 9780978772734. OCLC 715620081.\nEpilepsy Surgery: A Guide for Patients and Families. Medicus Press. 12 August 2016.","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Device for Seizure Detection (Patent No. US 0082019 A1)\nMicroelectrode-Equipped Subdural Therapeutic Agent Delivery Strip (Patent No. US 8868176 B2)\n\"METHOD, SYSTEM, AND COMPUTER-ACCESSIBLE MEDIUM FOR CLASSIFICATION OF AT LEAST ONE ICTAL STATE (US Patent 9,443,141)\nMinimally invasive subgaleal extra-cranial EEG monitoring device (Patent No. US 5012406203)","title":"Patents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"After his move to NYU, Kuzniecky took residency in New Jersey where he lives with his wife Yvonne. His three children live in New York City.[citation needed]","title":"Personal life"}] | [{"image_text":"MRI showing the abnormal infolding of the perisylvian region typical of this syndrome. The abnormality is due to polymicrogyria.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/KuznieckySyndrome.png/220px-KuznieckySyndrome.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"Kuzniecky, R; Jackson, G. (1995). Magnetic Resonance in Epilepsy. New York: Raven Press. ISBN 9780781702270. OCLC 30624999.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780781702270","url_text":"9780781702270"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/30624999","url_text":"30624999"}]},{"reference":"Kuzniecky, R; Jackson, G. (2005). Magnetic Resonance in Epilepsy: Neuroimaging Techniques. Amsterdam: Elsevier. ISBN 9780124311527. 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I.; Jackson, G. D.; Guerrini, R.; Dobyns, W. B. (26 December 2001). \"Classification system for malformations of cortical development: Update 2001\". Neurology. 57 (12): 2168–2178. doi:10.1212/WNL.57.12.2168.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.neurology.org/doi/abs/10.1212/WNL.57.12.2168","url_text":"\"Classification system for malformations of cortical development: Update 2001\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1212%2FWNL.57.12.2168","url_text":"10.1212/WNL.57.12.2168"}]},{"reference":"Epilepsy 101: the ultimate guide for patients and families. Medicus Press. 2009. ISBN 9780978772734. 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Archived from the original on 30 January 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090130014047/http://www.med.nyu.edu/cec/research/genome.html","url_text":"\"The Epilepsy Phenome/Genome Project: A New Initiative to Understand the Genetic Causes of Epilepsy\""},{"url":"http://www.med.nyu.edu/cec/research/genome.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kuzniecky, Ruben; Andermann, Frederick; Guerrini, Renzo (March 1994). \"The epileptic spectrum in the congenital bilateral perisylvian syndrome\". Neurology. 44. doi:10.1212/WNL.44.3_Part_1.379.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.neurology.org/doi/abs/10.1212/wnl.44.3_part_1.379","url_text":"\"The epileptic spectrum in the congenital bilateral perisylvian syndrome\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1212%2FWNL.44.3_Part_1.379","url_text":"10.1212/WNL.44.3_Part_1.379"}]},{"reference":"\"Pachygyria With Mental Retardation, Seizures, And Arachnoid Cysts\". The National Center for Biotechnology. Retrieved 22 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/omim/600176","url_text":"\"Pachygyria With Mental Retardation, Seizures, And Arachnoid Cysts\""}]},{"reference":"\"Product\". BioLert. Archived from the original on 8 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20161008180455/http://bio-lert.com/product","url_text":"\"Product\""},{"url":"http://bio-lert.com/product","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Research Team\". Human Epilepsy Project. Retrieved 22 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.humanepilepsyproject.org/research-team","url_text":"\"Research Team\""}]},{"reference":"\"Niña operada de epilepsia recibe visita de la Primera Dama\". Gobierno Nacional República de Panamá (in Spanish). 13 August 2013. Archived from the original on 18 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20130918214604/http://www.presidencia.gob.pa/Primera_Dama-4768-Nina-operada-de-epilepsia-recibe-visita-de-la-Primera-Dama","url_text":"\"Niña operada de epilepsia recibe visita de la Primera Dama\""},{"url":"http://www.presidencia.gob.pa/Primera_Dama-4768-Nina-operada-de-epilepsia-recibe-visita-de-la-Primera-Dama","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Home\". Fundación Luces Panamá. Archived from the original on 2 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20220602224804/https://www.fundacionluces.com/en","url_text":"\"Home\""},{"url":"http://www.fundacionluces.com/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"\"America's Best Doctors\" Lists 167 UAB Physicians\". University of Alabama. 17 January 2002. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philistion_of_Locri | Philistion of Locri | ["1 Notes"] | Greek physician and medical and dietary author
Philistion of Locri
Philistion of Locri (Greek: Φιλιστίων) was a Greek physician, medical and dietary author who lived in the 4th century BC.
He was a native of Locri in Magna Graecia, but was also referred to as "the Sicilian." He was tutor to the physician Chrysippus of Cnidos, and the astronomer and physician Eudoxus, and therefore must have lived in the 4th century BC. He was one of those who defended the opinion that what is drunk goes into the lungs. Some ancient writers attributed to Philistion the treatise De Salubri Victus Ratione, and also the De Victus Ratione, both of which form part of the Hippocratic collection. By some persons he was considered one of the founders of the Empiric school. He wrote a work on materia medica, and on Cookery, and is several times quoted by Pliny, and Galen. Oribasius attributes to him the invention of a machine for restoring dislocations of the humerus.
A brother of Philistion, who was also a physician, but whose name is not known, is quoted by Caelius Aurelianus.
Notes
^ Dalby, Andrew (2013-04-15). Food in the Ancient World from A to Z. Routledge. p. 257. ISBN 978-1-135-95422-2.
^ Galen, De Meth. Med.. i. 1, vol. x; Rufus of Ephesus, De Corp. Hum. Part. Appell.; Plutarch, Symposium, vii. i. 3; Aulus Gellius, xvii. 11. 3
^ Diogenes Laërtius, viii. 86, 89
^ Diogenes Laërtius, viii. 89
^ Callimachus ap. Diogenes Laërtius, viii. 86
^ Plutarch, Symposium, vii. i. 3; Aulus Gellius, xvii. 11. 3
^ Galen, Comment. in Hippocr. De Rat. Vict. in Morb. Acut., i. 17, vol xv., Comment. in Hippocr. Aphor., vi. 1, vol. xviii. pt. i.
^ Galen, De Aliment. Facult., i. 1. vol. vi.
^ De Subfig. Empir., c. 1, vol. ii
^ Galen, De Succed., init. vol. xix.
^ Athenaeus, xii. 516
^ Pliny, H. N. xx. 15, 34, 48
^ Galen, De Nat. Facult., ii. 8, vol. ii., De Usu Respir., c. 1, vol. iv., De Meth. Med.. i. 3, ii. 5, vol. x.
^ Oribasius, De Machinam., c. 4
^ Caelius Aurelianus, De Morb. Chron., iii. 8, v. 1
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Smith, William, ed. (1870). Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Philistion_of_Locri.png"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeks"},{"link_name":"physician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physician"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Locri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locri"},{"link_name":"Magna Graecia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magna_Graecia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Chrysippus of Cnidos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysippus_of_Cnidos"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Eudoxus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eudoxus_of_Cnidus"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"lungs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lungs"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Empiric school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empiric_school"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Pliny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Galen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galen"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Oribasius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oribasius"},{"link_name":"dislocations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_dislocation"},{"link_name":"humerus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humerus"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Caelius Aurelianus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caelius_Aurelianus"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Philistion of LocriPhilistion of Locri (Greek: Φιλιστίων) was a Greek physician, medical and dietary author[1] who lived in the 4th century BC.He was a native of Locri in Magna Graecia,[2] but was also referred to as \"the Sicilian.\"[3] He was tutor to the physician Chrysippus of Cnidos,[4] and the astronomer and physician Eudoxus,[5] and therefore must have lived in the 4th century BC. He was one of those who defended the opinion that what is drunk goes into the lungs.[6] Some ancient writers attributed to Philistion the treatise De Salubri Victus Ratione,[7] and also the De Victus Ratione,[8] both of which form part of the Hippocratic collection. By some persons he was considered one of the founders of the Empiric school.[9] He wrote a work on materia medica,[10] and on Cookery,[11] and is several times quoted by Pliny,[12] and Galen.[13] Oribasius attributes to him the invention of a machine for restoring dislocations of the humerus.[14]A brother of Philistion, who was also a physician, but whose name is not known, is quoted by Caelius Aurelianus.[15]","title":"Philistion of Locri"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Food in the Ancient World from A to Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=KdR4jRJCxEsC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-135-95422-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-95422-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Galen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galen"},{"link_name":"Rufus of Ephesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufus_of_Ephesus"},{"link_name":"Plutarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutarch"},{"link_name":"Aulus Gellius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aulus_Gellius"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Diogenes Laërtius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diogenes_La%C3%ABrtius"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Callimachus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callimachus"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"Athenaeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athenaeus"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"Pliny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"Oribasius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oribasius"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"Caelius Aurelianus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caelius_Aurelianus"},{"link_name":"public domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain"},{"link_name":"Smith, William","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Smith_(lexicographer)"},{"link_name":"Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_Biography_and_Mythology"},{"link_name":"cite encyclopedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia"},{"link_name":"help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1077699#identifiers"},{"link_name":"FAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.worldcat.org/fast/1841316/"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000088425089"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/000000039116618X"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/71783873"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/9016161211714540070007"},{"link_name":"3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/284993252"},{"link_name":"4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/458159474325227662741"},{"link_name":"5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/1572159234279003371264"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJtRP3m4VFwrQ46DKKCqQq"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/102402841"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/no2004031250"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p141391383"},{"link_name":"Vatican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/271551"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Biographie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd102402841.html?language=en"},{"link_name":"IdRef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.idref.fr/150095457"}],"text":"^ Dalby, Andrew (2013-04-15). Food in the Ancient World from A to Z. Routledge. p. 257. ISBN 978-1-135-95422-2.\n\n^ Galen, De Meth. Med.. i. 1, vol. x; Rufus of Ephesus, De Corp. Hum. Part. Appell.; Plutarch, Symposium, vii. i. 3; Aulus Gellius, xvii. 11. 3\n\n^ Diogenes Laërtius, viii. 86, 89\n\n^ Diogenes Laërtius, viii. 89\n\n^ Callimachus ap. Diogenes Laërtius, viii. 86\n\n^ Plutarch, Symposium, vii. i. 3; Aulus Gellius, xvii. 11. 3\n\n^ Galen, Comment. in Hippocr. De Rat. Vict. in Morb. Acut., i. 17, vol xv., Comment. in Hippocr. Aphor., vi. 1, vol. xviii. pt. i.\n\n^ Galen, De Aliment. Facult., i. 1. vol. vi.\n\n^ De Subfig. Empir., c. 1, vol. ii\n\n^ Galen, De Succed., init. vol. xix.\n\n^ Athenaeus, xii. 516\n\n^ Pliny, H. N. xx. 15, 34, 48\n\n^ Galen, De Nat. Facult., ii. 8, vol. ii., De Usu Respir., c. 1, vol. iv., De Meth. Med.. i. 3, ii. 5, vol. x.\n\n^ Oribasius, De Machinam., c. 4\n\n^ Caelius Aurelianus, De Morb. Chron., iii. 8, v. 1This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Smith, William, ed. (1870). Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)Authority control databases International\nFAST\nISNI\n2\nVIAF\n2\n3\n4\n5\nWorldCat\nNational\nGermany\nUnited States\nNetherlands\nVatican\nPeople\nDeutsche Biographie\nOther\nIdRef","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Philistion of Locri","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Philistion_of_Locri.png/200px-Philistion_of_Locri.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"Dalby, Andrew (2013-04-15). Food in the Ancient World from A to Z. Routledge. p. 257. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_He-Man_Minicomics | Masters of the Universe (comics) | ["1 Publication history","1.1 Original Mattel minicomics (1981)","1.2 DC Comics minicomics (1982)","1.3 DC Comics inserts and limited comics series (1982)","1.4 International MOTU comic series (1983–1990)","1.5 Later Mattel minicomics (1985–1987)","1.6 Princess of Power minicomics (1984-1986)","1.7 Marvel Star Comics series (1986–1988)","1.8 UK magazines (1986–1991)","1.9 Newspaper comic strip (1986–1991)","1.10 He-Man minicomics (1989)","1.11 2000s MVC and Image Comics series (2002–2005)","1.12 Dark Horse / DC minicomics (2011-2015)","1.13 DC Comics (2012–2020)","1.14 Dark Horse Comics (2021–present)","1.15 Publications","2 List of minicomics","2.1 Original minicomics","2.2 Second series minicomics","2.3 Third (Filmation MOTU) series minicomics","2.4 Fourth series minicomics","2.5 Fifth series minicomics","2.6 Sixth series minicomics","2.7 Princess of Power minicomics","2.8 He-Man (New Adventures) minicomics","2.9 MOTU Classics series minicomics","3 Collected editions","3.1 Dark Horse collected editions","3.2 MVCreations collected editions","3.3 DC collected editions","4 References","5 External links"] | Limited series
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Masters of the UniversePublication informationPublisherDC ComicsMarvel ComicsLondon Edition MagazinesImage ComicsCrossGenScheduleMonthly, biweekly (DC Comics's 2012 digital series)FormatOngoing seriesGenre
Superhero
Publication dateDC Comics:December 1982 – February 1983July 2012 – ongoingMarvel Comics:May 1986 – May 1988London Edition Magazines:1986 – 1990Image Comics (MV Creations):November 2002 – December 2004Dark Horse Comics:July 2021 – ongoingNo. of issuesDC Comics:3 (1982-1983)34 (2012-ongoing)Marvel Comics:14London Edition Magazines:103Image Comics (MV Creations):26Dark Horse Comics:4 (2021)Main character(s)Masters of the Universe charactersCollected editionsThe Shard of DarknessISBN 1-59314-017-7Dark ReflectionsISBN 0-97480-081-3
The Masters of the Universe media franchise has appeared in several comic book series. Most were small publications (known as "minicomics"), which were included as bonuses with action figures. Standalone comic-book series were also published by DC, Marvel Comics, London Edition Magazines and Image Comics.
Publication history
Original Mattel minicomics (1981)
The original action figures were packaged with minicomics, with stories about the characters. Written by Don Glut and illustrated by Alfredo P. Alcala, these first 4 stories in booklet form had one image per page with text underneath. In the early comics He-Man is a wandering barbarian on Eternia, a world dealing with the aftermath of a war which devastated its civilizations and left behind fantastic machinery and weapons. The war opened a rift between dimensions, allowing the evil warlord Skeletor to travel to Eternia. Skeletor has set his sights on the ancient Castle Grayskull, a fortress of mystery and power; whoever controls Grayskull will become Master of the Universe. To prevent Skeletor from achieving his goal, He-Man has received special powers and weapons from the Sorceress and defends the castle from Skeletor. To distinguish these stories from the minicomics which were released as tie-ins with the TV series, fans called this first version of Eternia "mini-Eternia" (or "Min-Eternia") or more commonly "savage Eternia"
DC Comics minicomics (1982)
When the "Wave 2" minicomics were produced by DC Comics. They changed many aspects from the original 4 booklets. Written by Cary Cohn and illustrated by Mark Texeira. He-Man no longer is a wandering barbarian, but resides at the Royal Palace and is supported by allies such as Man-At-Arms (the Eternian master of weapons) whom DC changed to be the adoptive father to Teela. Skeletor finds one half of the Power Sword, the key to Castle Grayskull. He-Man received the other half from the Sorceress, and must prevent Skeletor from linking the two halves and gaining access to the castle. DC Comics introduced many new elements like a King and Queen, the Royal Palace, as well as more scifi-themed villains, such as Trap Jaw, to the stories.
DC Comics inserts and limited comics series (1982)
Debuting in DC Comics Presents issue #47 (dated July 1982), the series crossed over to the DC Universe in a story that was a team-up with Superman and drawn by the great Curt Swan. The story continued in a Masters of the Universe insert preview titled "Fate is the Killer", which appeared in several DC Comics comic books dated November 1982. The following month, a Masters of the Universe limited series was published, written by Paul Kupperberg and pencilled by George Tuska, which lasted for three issues.
International MOTU comic series (1983–1990)
Original comic-book content was also created in Germany by Interpart/Condor Verlag for 18 issues, Ehapa Verlag for 21 issues (also appearing in their Micky Maus comics) and also by Mattel itself. Both the German and British comics were often translated to provide content for other countries (although some comic books from Ledafilms of Argentina and Editora Abril of Brazil, along with Italy's Più and Magic Boy magazines provided some original material in their pages as well).
Later Mattel minicomics (1985–1987)
With the introduction of Hordak, the minicomics began to diverge from the He-Man and She-Ra animated series and Etheria became Hordak's base of operations.
Years earlier, Hordak had been overthrown by his minion Skeletor and banished from Eternia. He returns, accompanied by the Evil Horde, to conquer the planet. Occasionally allying with Skeletor (but usually attempting to destroy him), Hordak is opposed by He-Man.
In the mini-comic King of the Snakemen, Skeletor discovers a pool of energy buried in Snake Mountain which contains ancient emperor King Hiss. Hiss discloses that he had conquered a number of planets before invading Eternia. Large portions of the planet had fallen to the Snake Men before they were defeated by the Council of the Elders and banished to another dimension. Hiss now seeks to recover his fellow Snake Men and bring vengeance to Eternia.
Details about Eternia's past are revealed in subsequent minicomics surrounding the Three Towers: Grayskull Tower, Viper Tower and Central Tower. The giant structure is raised from underground by Hiss and Skeletor and is the focus of adventures as He-Man tries to prevent all three villains from acquiring the towers' secrets.
Hordak recognises the towers, and claims to have helped build Central Tower. The return of the Towers enhances the Sorceress' magic, and she helps King Randor in his search to discover what happened to his long-lost brother Keldor. Skeletor is determined to stop the search.
Princess of Power minicomics (1984-1986)
Included with the She-Ra dolls beginning in 1985, these differed from the cartoon series. She-Ra used the Crystal Castle as her home, and Catra (rather than Hordak) is the primary villain.
Marvel Star Comics series (1986–1988)
Marvel's Star Comics imprint published 13 issues in 1986–88 and an adaptation of the live-action movie in 1987. Among the creators were Mike Carlin and Ron Wilson. Within the Marvel Multiverse, it is designated as Earth-86051.
UK magazines (1986–1991)
First published in the UK by London Editions Magazines, the fortnightly comic series lasted for 72 issues between 1986 and 1988, with an additional comic (Masters of the Universe Adventure) running for 28 issues between 1988 and 1991. Storylines included the battle for control of Viper Tower, a team-up of the three villainous factions and the destruction and rebuilding of Eternos. The 'Secret Files of Scrollos' strip featured origin stories for many characters including Sy-Klone, Rio Blast and Modulok, and the series included the characters of Horde Prime and Scrollos. There was also a short-lived She-Ra comic title that lasted for 14 issues between 1986 and 1987, with 3 specials including the 'Twins of Power' special featuring both He-Man and She-Ra. The later issues of both the fortnightly MOTU comic and the Adventure Magazine reprinted stories from the German MOTU comics published by Ehapa, translated into English. In September 1989 the latter comic was renamed 'He-Man Adventure' and was now based on the 'New Adventures' toy line, again reprinting stories from the German Ehapa comics until the comic was discontinued in 1991.
Newspaper comic strip (1986–1991)
A newspaper comic strip, He-Man and the Masters of the Universe, was produced from July 20, 1986 until 1991, written by James Shull and Chris Weber and distributed by McNaught Syndicate. While most American newspapers dropped the strip mid-run, it was translated and distributed around the world.
Fifteen storylines were presented over the course of the run. The complete run (minus a small number of "lost strips") was published in 2017 by Dark Horse Comics as He-Man and the Masters of the Universe: The Newspaper Comic Strips.
He-Man minicomics (1989)
Four minicomics were included with the 1989 space-themed relaunch. The story was similar to the UK magazine version of He-Man's New Adventures, differing from the cartoon series.
2000s MVC and Image Comics series (2002–2005)
From 2002 to 2005 Image Comics and MVCreations published several series of comics and one-shots that mirrored tales of the 2002 Mike Young Productions show; the comic series elaborated and added to the mythos by introducing characters that never made it in after the 39 episodes of the television series. The first issues were seen in the summer of 2002 in the form of special promotional/preview issues, with three mini-series continuing on after; 'The Shards of Darkness' in fall 2002, followed by 'Dark Reflections' and 'Rise of the Snake Men' in 2003. After delving into the back-stories of Skeletor's henchmen Beast-Man, Mer-Man, Trap-Jaw and Tri-Klops in a four issue 'Icons of Evil' series, a short-lived ongoing series, solely produced by MVC, continued on for eight issues in 2004. Along with these, a handful of special or 'pack-in' one-shots and trade paperback collected volumes were also produced.
Dark Horse / DC minicomics (2011-2015)
Dark Horse Comics produced the first three minicomics for inclusion in Mattel's Masters of the Universe Classics toy line, continuing the series of minicomics introduced in the 1980s Masters toys. The minicomics were written by Tim Seeley and drawn by Wellinton Alves, with covers by Eric Powell. According to Seeley, these minicomics would conclude the story originally planned to be the new direction of the 1980s action-figure line before it was cancelled. The story dealt with the Powers of Grayskull line, which included King Hiss and He-Ro, tying the toy continuity to the He-Man line and known as The New Adventures of He-Man. Seeley said that this comic line was intended to blend the He-Man continuities and select the best stories and ideas from MOTU history.
DC took over the Masters of the Universe Classics minicomics in 2012, with artwork by Wellinton Alves and Axel Gimenez. Five more minicomics were published to be included with the MOTU Classics line action-figures; the first told the origin story of Keldor (Skeletor), the second dealt with He-Man and Skeletor's final battle after their intergalactic New Adventures. The third begins ushering in the Son of He-Man era (introduced as a new series concept by Lou Scheimer in the 1990s, but never produced); which then continues for two more issues, culminating in the Third Ultimate Battleground.
DC Comics (2012–2020)
This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (February 2016)
Main article: He-Man and the Masters of the Universe (2012 DC comic)
A Masters of the Universe comic book series was relaunched by DC Comics in June 2012, first appearing as a series of digital comics. This was quickly followed by a six issue mini-series and all new revised origin issues for He-Man, Skeletor and Hordak. After a crossover mini-series with superheroes from the DC Comics universe in 2013, an ongoing series ran for 19 issues through 2014, before being replaced by the 'He-Man The Eternity War' 15 issue series in 2015/2016. This introduced a new back-story for He-man's sister She-ra (as Despara), Skeletor (as the half-Garn son of King Miro), Hordak, and the Snakemen; moving the storyline further along, with a new Horde invasion of Eternia and He-Man taking the Eternian throne, amongst other new developments. He-Man/ThunderCats, a crossover with another heroic 1980's action figure line, ThunderCats, was also produced for 6 issues in 2016–2017. The current DC Masters of the Universe property is a 6-part crossover series with DC Comics' Injustice Storyline. The last comic book series from this run by DC Comics was He-Man and the Masters of the Multiverse 6-issue limited series released from 2019-2020.
Dark Horse Comics (2021–present)
Main article: Masters of the Universe: Revelation/Revolution
On July 7, 2021, Dark Horse Comics released the first issue of the four issue miniseries that serves as a prequel to the animated series Masters of the Universe Revelation released by Netflix.
Publications
The Art of He-Man and the Masters of the Universe (2015-04-29)
The Art of He-Man and the Masters of the Universe (2023-01-11)
The Art of Masters of the Universe Revelation (2022-05-04)
He-Man and the Masters of the Universe: Art Book
The Toys of He-Man and the Masters of the Universe
The Toys of He-Man and the Masters of the Universe part 1 (2022-05-04)
The Toys of He-Man and the Masters of the Universe part 2 (2022-05-04)
He-Man and the Masters of the Universe: A Character Guide and World Compendium
Volume one (2017-05-24)
Volume two (2017-05-24)
He-Man and the Masters of the Universe: The Newspaper Comic Strips (2017-05-24)
He-Man and She-Ra: Complete Guide to the Classic Animated Adventures (2016-09-14)
Action figure minicomics: Includes 68 releases from 1980s Masters of the Universe line, 1980s Princess of Power line, 1980s-1990s He-Man line, 2010s? Masters of the Universe Classics line, comic creators interview.
He-Man and the Masters of the Universe Minicomic Collection Volume 1 (2015-11-04)
He-Man and the Masters of the Universe Minicomic Collection Volume 2 (2015-11-04)
Masters of the Universe: Revelation: Prequel to the Netflix television series.
No. 1 (2021-07-07): Beginning of He-Man's journey.
No. 2 (2021-08-11)
No. 3 (2021-09-08): Origin of Evil-Lyn.
No. 4 (2021-10-20): He-Man confronts Skeletor about the destructive Orlax monster.
Masters of the Universe: Revelation (2022-02-23): Includes Masters of the Universe: Revelation No. 1-No. 4.
Masters of the Universe: Masterverse
No. 1 (2023-02-15)
No. 2 (2023-03-15)
No. 3 (2023-04-12)
No. 4 (2023-05-17)
Masters of the Universe: Forge of Destiny
No. 1 (2023-09-06)
No. 2 (2023-10-04)
No. 3 (2023-11-01)
No. 4 (2023-12-06)
Masters of the Universe: Revolution: Prequel to the Netflix television series.
List of minicomics
The following is a list of the mini-comics released with the Masters of the Universe, Princess of Power, He-Man, and Masters of the Universe Classics toys.
Original minicomics
He-Man and the Power Sword (1981)
King of Castle Grayskull (1981)
Battle in the Clouds (1981)
The Vengeance of Skeletor (1981)
Second series minicomics
He-Man Meets Ram-Man (1982)
The Ordeal of Man-E-Faces (1982)
The Terror of Tri-Klops (1982)
The Menace of Trap Jaw (1982)
The Tale of Teela (1982)
The Magic Stealer! (1982)
The Power of...Point Dread! (1982)
Third (Filmation MOTU) series minicomics
Dragon's Gift (1983) (based on the TV episode "The Dragon's Gift")
Masks of Power (1983) (based on the TV episode "Masks of Power")
The Secret Liquid of Life (1983) (based on the TV episode "Valley of Power")
He-Man and the Insect People (1983)
Double-Edged Sword (1983) (based on the TV episode "Double Edged Sword")
The Temple of Darkness! (1983) (based on the TV episode "Temple of The Sun")
Slave City (1983) (based on the TV episode "A Tale of Two Cities")
The Siege of Avion (1983) (based on the TV episodes "Reign of the Monster" and "Betrayal of Stratos")
The Clash of Arms (1983)
Fourth series minicomics
The Obelisk (1984)
Skeletor's Dragon (1984)
The Battle of Roboto (1984)
Spikor Strikes (1984)
The Stench of Evil! (1984)
Grizzlor – The Legend Comes Alive! (1984)
Leech: The Master of Power Suction Unleashed! (1984)
Mantenna and the Menace of the Evil Horde! (1984)
Hordak: The Ruthless Leader's Revenge! (1984)
The Treachery of Modulok (1984)
Fifth series minicomics
The Flying Fists of Power! (1985)
Rock People to the Rescue! (1985)
King of the Snake Men (1985)
The Terror Claws Strike! (1985)
Escape from the Slime Pit! (1985)
The Menace of Multi-Bot! (1985)
The Warrior Machine! (1985)
Eye of the Storm (1985)
The Fastest Draw in the Universe (1985)
The Hordes of Hordak (1985)
Between a Rock and a Hard Place! (1985)
Snake Attack! (1985)
The Ultimate Battleground! (1986)
Sixth series minicomics
The Search for Keldor (1986)
Enter...Buzz-Saw Hordak! (1986)
Revenge of the Snake Men! (1986)
Energy Zoids (1986)
The Powers of Grayskull – The Legend Begins! (1986)
The Cosmic Key (1987)
Princess of Power minicomics
The Story of She-Ra (1984)
Journey to Mizar (1984)
The Hidden Symbols Mystery (1984)
Disappearing Treasures (1984)
Adventure of the Blue Diamond (1984)
Across the Crystal Light Barrier (1985)
A Fishy Business! (1985)
A Most Unpleasant Present (1985)
A Born Champion (1985)
Fantastic Fashions (1985)
Don't Rain on my Parade! (1986)
Where Hope Has Gone (1986)
He-Man (New Adventures) minicomics
The New Adventure (1989)
Skeletor's Journey (1989)
Battle For The Crystal (1989)
The Revenge of Skeletor! (1989)
MOTU Classics series minicomics
The Powers of Grayskull Part One: The Legend Begins! (2011)
The Powers of Grayskull Part Two: He-Ro Unleashed! (2012)
The Powers of Grayskull Part Three: Battle for the Fate of the Universe! (2012)
The Secret Origin of Skeletor! (2013)
He-Man vs Skeletor – Their Final Battle! (2014)
The Fall of Eternia Part One – Homecoming! (2015)
The Fall of Eternia Part Two – Together Again For The First Time! (2015)
The Fall of Eternia Part Three – The Third Ultimate Battleground (2015)
Collected editions
Many of the comic books were collected into trade paperbacks:
Dark Horse collected editions
The minicomics books have been collected into a hardcover anthology collection by Dark Horse Books:
He-Man and the Masters of the Universe Minicomic Collection (collects all of the original Masters of the Universe, Princess of Power, He-Man, and the first three Masters of the Universe Classics minicomics; all of which originally came with the action figures, 1232 pages, Dark Horse Comics, October 2015)
The complete run of the newspaper comic strip produced from July 20, 1986 until 1991 (minus a small number of "lost strips") was published in 2017 by Dark Horse Comics:
He-Man and the Masters of the Universe: The Newspaper Comic Strips (collects complete run 1986–1991, Dark Horse Comics, 2017, ISBN 978-1506700731)
MVCreations collected editions
Volume 1: The Shard of Darkness (collects Masters of the Universe (2002) #1-4, 112 pages, MVCreations, November 2005, ISBN 1-59314-017-7)
Volume 2: Dark Reflections (collects Masters of the Universe (2003) #1-6, 112 pages, MVCreations, June 2004, ISBN 0-9748008-1-3)
Masters of the Universe: Icons of Evil (collects Tri-Klops, Trapjaw, Mer-Man and Beastman one-shots, 176 pages, April 2004, MVCreations, ISBN 0-9748008-0-5)
DC collected editions
Main article: He-Man and the Masters of the Universe (2012 DC comic) § Collected editions
DC has collected editions of their various current Masters of the Universe comic series, which began in 2012.
References
^ "MASTERS OF THE UNIVERSE Comic Book". Mania.com. Archived from the original on 2009-02-10. Retrieved 2009-10-19.
^ "Help Save He-Man!". Comics Bulletin. Retrieved 2009-11-05.
^ "The Surprisingly Awesome Comics History of 'Masters Of The Universe'". Comicsalliance.com. 2013-04-16. Archived from the original on 2014-10-29. Retrieved 2015-03-21.
^ "GCD :: Story Search Results". Grand Comics Database. Retrieved 2015-08-26.
^ "GCD :: Series :: Masters of the Universe". Comics.org. Retrieved 2015-03-21.
^ "He-Man.org > Publishing > Comics > Germany – Interpart-Condor Verlag – Masters of the Universe (1984-1986)". www.he-man.org.
^ "He-Man.org > Publishing > Comics > Argentina – Ledafilms – Masters of the Universe (1983-1986)". www.he-man.org.
^ "He-Man.org > Publishing > Comics > Brazil – Editora Abril – Masters of the Universe (1987-1988)". www.he-man.org.
^ "He-Man.org > Publishing > Magazines > Italy – Mattel spa – Magic Boy (1987-1990)". www.he-man.org.
^ "He-Man.org > Publishing > Magazines > Italy – Più (1983-1986)". www.he-man.org.
^ "Masters of the Universe (1986 Marvel/Star Comics) comic books".
^ Holtz, Allan (2012). American Newspaper Comics: An Encyclopedic Reference Guide. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press. p. 187. ISBN 9780472117567.
^ a b c Gelehrter, Danielle (2017). "Foreword". He-Man and the Masters of the Universe: The Newspaper Comic Strips. Dark Horse Comics. pp. 6–7. ISBN 978-1506700731.
^ "MOTU Newspaper Comic Strips (1986-1991)". He-Man.org. Retrieved 29 February 2020.
^ "Image's Masters of the Universe Revival Wasn't Exactly Classic He-Man". CBR. July 18, 2021.
^ "CCI EXCLUSIVE: Seeley Scripts New Adventures of He-Man". Comic Book Resources. 2011-07-28. Retrieved 2011-08-05.
^ "Masters Of The Universe Mini-Comics (Classics)". He-Man.org. Retrieved 2018-07-19.
^ Furie, Jason. "DC to launch new HE-MAN AND THE MASTERS OF THE UNIVERSE comic book series". neverendingradicaldude.com. Retrieved 2018-07-18.
^ Seely, Tim (2018-04-16). "INJUSTICE VS. MASTERS OF THE UNIVERSE #1". dccomics.com. Retrieved 2018-07-18.
^ Price, Matthew (May 2021). "'Masters of the Universe' returns in Dark Horse Comics comics, Netflix series". The Oklahoman. Retrieved 8 June 2021.
^ Trent, John F. (7 Jun 2021). "New Masters Of The Universe: Revelation Tie-In Series Announced". The Mix. Retrieved 8 June 2021.
^ Dark Horse Comics. "MATTEL AND DARK HORSE COMICS TO RELEASE "MASTERS OF THE UNIVERSE: REVELATION" COMIC SERIES". Dark Horse. Retrieved 8 June 2021.
^ Schedeen, Jesse (22 April 2021). "Masters of the Universe: Revelation Prequel Comic Revealed by Dark Horse". IGN. Retrieved 8 June 2021.
^ The Art of He-Man and the Masters of the Universe
^ The Art of He-Man and the Masters of the Universe (2021)
^ The Art of Masters of the Universe Revelation
^ The Toys of He-Man and the Masters of the Universe Volume 1
^ The Toys of He-Man and the Masters of the Universe Volume 2
^ Volume 1
^ Volume 2
^ He-Man and the Masters of the Universe: The Newspaper Comic Strips
^ [http://digital.darkhorse.com/books/c4b5877bc1784bf9b6586686f247104b/he-man-and-she-ra-a-complete-guide-to-the-classic-animated-adventures-hc
He-Man and She-Ra: Complete Guide to the Classic Animated Adventures]
^ Minicomics He-Man and the Masters of the Universe Minicomic Collection Volume 1
^ Minicomics He-Man and the Masters of the Universe Minicomic Collection Volume 2
^ Masters of the Universe: Revelation #1
^ Masters of the Universe: Revelation #2
^ Masters of the Universe: Revelation #3
^ [http://digital.darkhorse.com/books/0604a0725393457bbdf60be3c68f8309/masters-of-the-universe-revelation-4
Masters of the Universe: Revelation #4]
^ Masters of the Universe: Revelation
^ [http://digital.darkhorse.com/books/a0cf74478bae44b083e96841aa104643/masters-of-the-universe-masterverse-1
Masters of the Universe: Masterverse #1]
^ Masters of the Universe: Masterverse #2
^ Masters of the Universe: Masterverse #3
^ Masters of the Universe: Masterverse #4
^ Masters of the Universe: Forge of Destiny#
^ Masters of the Universe: Forge of Destiny #2
^ Masters of the Universe: Forge of Destiny #3
^ Masters of the Universe: Forge of Destiny #4
^ Masters of the Universe: Revolution Gets Prequel Comic From Dark Horse
^ "Dark Horse Readies "He-Man and the Masters of the Universe Minicomics Collection"". Comic Book Resources. 2014-06-11. Retrieved 2015-05-12.
^ Staples, Val (2003). Masters of the universe :The Shard of Darkness. Oldsmar, Fla.: CrossGen. ISBN 1-59314-017-7.
^ Staples, Val (2004). Masters of the Universe :Dark Reflections. Lynchburg, VA: MVCreations. ISBN 0-9748008-1-3.
^ Kirkman, Robert (2004). Masters of the Universe: Icons of Evil. : MVCreations. ISBN 0-9748008-0-5.
External links
Masters of the Universe (1982) at the Grand Comics Database
Masters of the Universe (1982) at the Comic Book DB (archived from the original)
Masters of the Universe (1986) at the Grand Comics Database
Masters of the Universe (1986) at the Comic Book DB (archived from the original)
Masters of the Universe The Motion Picture at the Grand Comics Database
Masters of the Universe The Motion Picture at the Comic Book DB (archived from the original)
Masters of the Universe (2002) at the Grand Comics Database
Masters of the Universe (2002) at the Comic Book DB (archived from the original)
Masters of the Universe (2003) at the Grand Comics Database
Masters of the Universe (2003) at the Comic Book DB (archived from the original)
Masters of the Universe: Icons of Evil at the Comic Book DB (archived from the original)
Masters of the Universe (2004) at the Comic Book DB (archived from the original)
Dark Horse Digital Comics page: HMATMOTU
Sawyer, James (October 27, 2009). "Holy Cow! Never Before Seen Unpublished Whitman He-Man Origin Comic!". Motucfigures.com. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Pages of original art for an unpublished He-Man origin comic drawn by Adrian Gonzales.
vteMasters of the UniverseHe-Man series
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The New Adventures
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He-Man and the Masters of the Universe (2021)
She-Ra series
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episodes
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Films
The Secret of the Sword
He-Man & She-Ra: A Christmas Special
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CharactersProtagonists
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Allies
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Roboto
Snout Spout
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Villains
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Comics
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He-Man and the Masters of the Universe
He-Man/ThunderCats
Turtles of Grayskull
Other media
Princess of Power
The Masters of the Universe Role Playing Game
Related articles
Castle Grayskull
Power Sword
Hee-Man: Master of None (1985 parody film)
Sheman: Mistress of the Universe (1988 parody film)
Roger Sweet
Mastering the Universe
Category | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Masters of the Universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masters_of_the_Universe"},{"link_name":"media franchise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_franchise"},{"link_name":"comic book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_book"},{"link_name":"action figures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_figure"},{"link_name":"DC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Comics"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"London Edition Magazines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egmont_Group"},{"link_name":"Image Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_Comics"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The Masters of the Universe media franchise has appeared in several comic book series. Most were small publications (known as \"minicomics\"), which were included as bonuses with action figures. Standalone comic-book series were also published by DC, Marvel Comics, London Edition Magazines and Image Comics.[1][2]","title":"Masters of the Universe (comics)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Publication history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"minicomics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minicomic"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"barbarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbarian"},{"link_name":"Eternia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eternia"},{"link_name":"Skeletor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeletor"},{"link_name":"Castle Grayskull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_Grayskull"},{"link_name":"the Sorceress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorceress_of_Castle_Grayskull"},{"link_name":"TV series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/He-Man_and_the_Masters_of_the_Universe"}],"sub_title":"Original Mattel minicomics (1981)","text":"The original action figures were packaged with minicomics, with stories about the characters.[3] Written by Don Glut and illustrated by Alfredo P. Alcala, these first 4 stories in booklet form had one image per page with text underneath. In the early comics He-Man is a wandering barbarian on Eternia, a world dealing with the aftermath of a war which devastated its civilizations and left behind fantastic machinery and weapons. The war opened a rift between dimensions, allowing the evil warlord Skeletor to travel to Eternia. Skeletor has set his sights on the ancient Castle Grayskull, a fortress of mystery and power; whoever controls Grayskull will become Master of the Universe. To prevent Skeletor from achieving his goal, He-Man has received special powers and weapons from the Sorceress and defends the castle from Skeletor. To distinguish these stories from the minicomics which were released as tie-ins with the TV series, fans called this first version of Eternia \"mini-Eternia\" (or \"Min-Eternia\") or more commonly \"savage Eternia\"","title":"Publication history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Teela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teela"},{"link_name":"Power Sword","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Power_Sword"}],"sub_title":"DC Comics minicomics (1982)","text":"When the \"Wave 2\" minicomics were produced by DC Comics. They changed many aspects from the original 4 booklets. Written by Cary Cohn and illustrated by Mark Texeira. He-Man no longer is a wandering barbarian, but resides at the Royal Palace and is supported by allies such as Man-At-Arms (the Eternian master of weapons) whom DC changed to be the adoptive father to Teela. Skeletor finds one half of the Power Sword, the key to Castle Grayskull. He-Man received the other half from the Sorceress, and must prevent Skeletor from linking the two halves and gaining access to the castle. DC Comics introduced many new elements like a King and Queen, the Royal Palace, as well as more scifi-themed villains, such as Trap Jaw, to the stories.","title":"Publication history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"insert preview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Comics_insert_previews"},{"link_name":"DC Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Comics"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"DC Comics inserts and limited comics series (1982)","text":"Debuting in DC Comics Presents issue #47 (dated July 1982), the series crossed over to the DC Universe in a story that was a team-up with Superman and drawn by the great Curt Swan. The story continued in a Masters of the Universe insert preview titled \"Fate is the Killer\", which appeared in several DC Comics comic books dated November 1982.[4] The following month, a Masters of the Universe limited series[5] was published, written by Paul Kupperberg and pencilled by George Tuska, which lasted for three issues.","title":"Publication history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Micky Maus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micky_Maus"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"International MOTU comic series (1983–1990)","text":"Original comic-book content was also created in Germany by Interpart/Condor Verlag for 18 issues, Ehapa Verlag for 21 issues (also appearing in their Micky Maus comics) and also by Mattel itself.[6] Both the German and British comics were often translated to provide content for other countries (although some comic books from Ledafilms of Argentina and Editora Abril of Brazil, along with Italy's Più and Magic Boy magazines provided some original material in their pages as well).[7][8][9][10]","title":"Publication history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"King Hiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Hiss"},{"link_name":"Snake Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snake_Men_(Masters_of_the_Universe)"},{"link_name":"Keldor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keldor"}],"sub_title":"Later Mattel minicomics (1985–1987)","text":"With the introduction of Hordak, the minicomics began to diverge from the He-Man and She-Ra animated series and Etheria became Hordak's base of operations.Years earlier, Hordak had been overthrown by his minion Skeletor and banished from Eternia. He returns, accompanied by the Evil Horde, to conquer the planet. Occasionally allying with Skeletor (but usually attempting to destroy him), Hordak is opposed by He-Man.In the mini-comic King of the Snakemen, Skeletor discovers a pool of energy buried in Snake Mountain which contains ancient emperor King Hiss. Hiss discloses that he had conquered a number of planets before invading Eternia. Large portions of the planet had fallen to the Snake Men before they were defeated by the Council of the Elders and banished to another dimension. Hiss now seeks to recover his fellow Snake Men and bring vengeance to Eternia.Details about Eternia's past are revealed in subsequent minicomics surrounding the Three Towers: Grayskull Tower, Viper Tower and Central Tower. The giant structure is raised from underground by Hiss and Skeletor and is the focus of adventures as He-Man tries to prevent all three villains from acquiring the towers' secrets.Hordak recognises the towers, and claims to have helped build Central Tower. The return of the Towers enhances the Sorceress' magic, and she helps King Randor in his search to discover what happened to his long-lost brother Keldor. Skeletor is determined to stop the search.","title":"Publication history"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Princess of Power minicomics (1984-1986)","text":"Included with the She-Ra dolls beginning in 1985, these differed from the cartoon series. She-Ra used the Crystal Castle as her home, and Catra (rather than Hordak) is the primary villain.","title":"Publication history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Star Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Comics"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Mike Carlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Carlin"},{"link_name":"Ron Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Wilson_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Marvel Multiverse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiverse_(Marvel_Comics)"}],"sub_title":"Marvel Star Comics series (1986–1988)","text":"Marvel's Star Comics imprint published 13 issues in 1986–88 and an adaptation of the live-action movie in 1987.[11] Among the creators were Mike Carlin and Ron Wilson. Within the Marvel Multiverse, it is designated as Earth-86051.","title":"Publication history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"London Editions Magazines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egmont_Group"},{"link_name":"New Adventures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Adventures_of_He-Man"}],"sub_title":"UK magazines (1986–1991)","text":"First published in the UK by London Editions Magazines, the fortnightly comic series lasted for 72 issues between 1986 and 1988, with an additional comic (Masters of the Universe Adventure) running for 28 issues between 1988 and 1991. Storylines included the battle for control of Viper Tower, a team-up of the three villainous factions and the destruction and rebuilding of Eternos. The 'Secret Files of Scrollos' strip featured origin stories for many characters including Sy-Klone, Rio Blast and Modulok, and the series included the characters of Horde Prime and Scrollos. There was also a short-lived She-Ra comic title that lasted for 14 issues between 1986 and 1987, with 3 specials including the 'Twins of Power' special featuring both He-Man and She-Ra. The later issues of both the fortnightly MOTU comic and the Adventure Magazine reprinted stories from the German MOTU comics published by Ehapa, translated into English. In September 1989 the latter comic was renamed 'He-Man Adventure' and was now based on the 'New Adventures' toy line, again reprinting stories from the German Ehapa comics until the comic was discontinued in 1991.","title":"Publication history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Holtz-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-strips-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-strips-13"}],"sub_title":"Newspaper comic strip (1986–1991)","text":"A newspaper comic strip, He-Man and the Masters of the Universe, was produced from July 20, 1986 until 1991, written by James Shull and Chris Weber and distributed by McNaught Syndicate.[12] While most American newspapers dropped the strip mid-run, it was translated and distributed around the world.[13]Fifteen storylines were presented over the course of the run.[14] The complete run (minus a small number of \"lost strips\") was published in 2017 by Dark Horse Comics as He-Man and the Masters of the Universe: The Newspaper Comic Strips.[13]","title":"Publication history"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"He-Man minicomics (1989)","text":"Four minicomics were included with the 1989 space-themed relaunch. The story was similar to the UK magazine version of He-Man's New Adventures, differing from the cartoon series.","title":"Publication history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"2000s MVC and Image Comics series (2002–2005)","text":"From 2002 to 2005 Image Comics and MVCreations published several series of comics and one-shots that mirrored tales of the 2002 Mike Young Productions show; the comic series elaborated and added to the mythos by introducing characters that never made it in after the 39 episodes of the television series.[15] The first issues were seen in the summer of 2002 in the form of special promotional/preview issues, with three mini-series continuing on after; 'The Shards of Darkness' in fall 2002, followed by 'Dark Reflections' and 'Rise of the Snake Men' in 2003. After delving into the back-stories of Skeletor's henchmen Beast-Man, Mer-Man, Trap-Jaw and Tri-Klops in a four issue 'Icons of Evil' series, a short-lived ongoing series, solely produced by MVC, continued on for eight issues in 2004. Along with these, a handful of special or 'pack-in' one-shots and trade paperback collected volumes were also produced.","title":"Publication history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dark Horse Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Horse_Comics"},{"link_name":"Tim Seeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Seeley"},{"link_name":"Eric Powell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Powell_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"New Adventures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Adventures_of_He-Man"},{"link_name":"Lou Scheimer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Scheimer"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Dark Horse / DC minicomics (2011-2015)","text":"Dark Horse Comics produced the first three minicomics for inclusion in Mattel's Masters of the Universe Classics toy line, continuing the series of minicomics introduced in the 1980s Masters toys. The minicomics were written by Tim Seeley and drawn by Wellinton Alves, with covers by Eric Powell. According to Seeley, these minicomics would conclude the story originally planned to be the new direction of the 1980s action-figure line before it was cancelled. The story dealt with the Powers of Grayskull line, which included King Hiss and He-Ro, tying the toy continuity to the He-Man line and known as The New Adventures of He-Man. Seeley said that this comic line was intended to blend the He-Man continuities and select the best stories and ideas from MOTU history.[16]DC took over the Masters of the Universe Classics minicomics in 2012, with artwork by Wellinton Alves and Axel Gimenez. Five more minicomics were published to be included with the MOTU Classics line action-figures; the first told the origin story of Keldor (Skeletor), the second dealt with He-Man and Skeletor's final battle after their intergalactic New Adventures. The third begins ushering in the Son of He-Man era (introduced as a new series concept by Lou Scheimer in the 1990s, but never produced); which then continues for two more issues, culminating in the Third Ultimate Battleground.[17]","title":"Publication history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"He-Man/ThunderCats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/He-Man/ThunderCats"},{"link_name":"ThunderCats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ThunderCats"},{"link_name":"Injustice Storyline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injustice:_Gods_Among_Us_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"DC Comics (2012–2020)","text":"A Masters of the Universe comic book series was relaunched by DC Comics in June 2012, first appearing as a series of digital comics. This was quickly followed by a six issue mini-series and all new revised origin issues for He-Man, Skeletor and Hordak.[18] After a crossover mini-series with superheroes from the DC Comics universe in 2013, an ongoing series ran for 19 issues through 2014, before being replaced by the 'He-Man The Eternity War' 15 issue series in 2015/2016. This introduced a new back-story for He-man's sister She-ra (as Despara), Skeletor (as the half-Garn son of King Miro), Hordak, and the Snakemen; moving the storyline further along, with a new Horde invasion of Eternia and He-Man taking the Eternian throne, amongst other new developments. He-Man/ThunderCats, a crossover with another heroic 1980's action figure line, ThunderCats, was also produced for 6 issues in 2016–2017. The current DC Masters of the Universe property is a 6-part crossover series with DC Comics' Injustice Storyline.[19] The last comic book series from this run by DC Comics was He-Man and the Masters of the Multiverse 6-issue limited series released from 2019-2020.","title":"Publication history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Netflix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Dark Horse Comics (2021–present)","text":"On July 7, 2021, Dark Horse Comics released the first issue of the four issue miniseries that serves as a prequel to the animated series Masters of the Universe Revelation released by Netflix.[20][21][22][23]","title":"Publication history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Masters of the Universe: Revelation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masters_of_the_Universe:_Revelation"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Masters of the Universe: Masterverse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Masters_of_the_Universe:_Masterverse&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"sub_title":"Publications","text":"The Art of He-Man and the Masters of the Universe (2015-04-29[24])\nThe Art of He-Man and the Masters of the Universe (2023-01-11[25])\nThe Art of Masters of the Universe Revelation (2022-05-04[26])He-Man and the Masters of the Universe: Art BookThe Toys of He-Man and the Masters of the Universe\nThe Toys of He-Man and the Masters of the Universe part 1 (2022-05-04[27])\nThe Toys of He-Man and the Masters of the Universe part 2 (2022-05-04[28])\nHe-Man and the Masters of the Universe: A Character Guide and World Compendium\nVolume one (2017-05-24[29])\nVolume two (2017-05-24[30])\nHe-Man and the Masters of the Universe: The Newspaper Comic Strips (2017-05-24[31])\nHe-Man and She-Ra: Complete Guide to the Classic Animated Adventures (2016-09-14[32])\nAction figure minicomics: Includes 68 releases from 1980s Masters of the Universe line, 1980s Princess of Power line, 1980s-1990s He-Man line, 2010s? Masters of the Universe Classics line, comic creators interview.\nHe-Man and the Masters of the Universe Minicomic Collection Volume 1 (2015-11-04[33])\nHe-Man and the Masters of the Universe Minicomic Collection Volume 2 (2015-11-04[34])\nMasters of the Universe: Revelation: Prequel to the Netflix television series.\nNo. 1 (2021-07-07[35]): Beginning of He-Man's journey.\nNo. 2 (2021-08-11[36])\nNo. 3 (2021-09-08[37]): Origin of Evil-Lyn.\nNo. 4 (2021-10-20[38]): He-Man confronts Skeletor about the destructive Orlax monster.\nMasters of the Universe: Revelation (2022-02-23[39]): Includes Masters of the Universe: Revelation No. 1-No. 4.\nMasters of the Universe: Masterverse\nNo. 1 (2023-02-15[40])\nNo. 2 (2023-03-15[41])\nNo. 3 (2023-04-12[42])\nNo. 4 (2023-05-17[43])Masters of the Universe: Forge of Destiny\nNo. 1 (2023-09-06)[44]\nNo. 2 (2023-10-04) [45]\nNo. 3 (2023-11-01) [46]\nNo. 4 (2023-12-06) [47]Masters of the Universe: Revolution: Prequel to the Netflix television series.[48]","title":"Publication history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Masters of the Universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masters_of_the_Universe"},{"link_name":"Princess of Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_of_Power"}],"text":"The following is a list of the mini-comics released with the Masters of the Universe, Princess of Power, He-Man, and Masters of the Universe Classics toys.","title":"List of minicomics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Original minicomics","text":"He-Man and the Power Sword (1981)\nKing of Castle Grayskull (1981)\nBattle in the Clouds (1981)\nThe Vengeance of Skeletor (1981)","title":"List of minicomics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Second series minicomics","text":"He-Man Meets Ram-Man (1982)\nThe Ordeal of Man-E-Faces (1982)\nThe Terror of Tri-Klops (1982)\nThe Menace of Trap Jaw (1982)\nThe Tale of Teela (1982)\nThe Magic Stealer! (1982)\nThe Power of...Point Dread! (1982)","title":"List of minicomics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Third (Filmation MOTU) series minicomics","text":"Dragon's Gift (1983) (based on the TV episode \"The Dragon's Gift\")\nMasks of Power (1983) (based on the TV episode \"Masks of Power\")\nThe Secret Liquid of Life (1983) (based on the TV episode \"Valley of Power\")\nHe-Man and the Insect People (1983)\nDouble-Edged Sword (1983) (based on the TV episode \"Double Edged Sword\")\nThe Temple of Darkness! (1983) (based on the TV episode \"Temple of The Sun\")\nSlave City (1983) (based on the TV episode \"A Tale of Two Cities\")\nThe Siege of Avion (1983) (based on the TV episodes \"Reign of the Monster\" and \"Betrayal of Stratos\")\nThe Clash of Arms (1983)","title":"List of minicomics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Fourth series minicomics","text":"The Obelisk (1984)\nSkeletor's Dragon (1984)\nThe Battle of Roboto (1984)\nSpikor Strikes (1984)\nThe Stench of Evil! (1984)\nGrizzlor – The Legend Comes Alive! (1984)\nLeech: The Master of Power Suction Unleashed! (1984)\nMantenna and the Menace of the Evil Horde! (1984)\nHordak: The Ruthless Leader's Revenge! (1984)\nThe Treachery of Modulok (1984)","title":"List of minicomics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Fifth series minicomics","text":"The Flying Fists of Power! (1985)\nRock People to the Rescue! (1985)\nKing of the Snake Men (1985)\nThe Terror Claws Strike! (1985)\nEscape from the Slime Pit! (1985)\nThe Menace of Multi-Bot! (1985)\nThe Warrior Machine! (1985)\nEye of the Storm (1985)\nThe Fastest Draw in the Universe (1985)\nThe Hordes of Hordak (1985)\nBetween a Rock and a Hard Place! (1985)\nSnake Attack! (1985)\nThe Ultimate Battleground! (1986)","title":"List of minicomics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Sixth series minicomics","text":"The Search for Keldor (1986)\nEnter...Buzz-Saw Hordak! (1986)\nRevenge of the Snake Men! (1986)\nEnergy Zoids (1986)\nThe Powers of Grayskull – The Legend Begins! (1986)\nThe Cosmic Key (1987)","title":"List of minicomics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Princess of Power minicomics","text":"The Story of She-Ra (1984)\nJourney to Mizar (1984)\nThe Hidden Symbols Mystery (1984)\nDisappearing Treasures (1984)\nAdventure of the Blue Diamond (1984)\nAcross the Crystal Light Barrier (1985)\nA Fishy Business! (1985)\nA Most Unpleasant Present (1985)\nA Born Champion (1985)\nFantastic Fashions (1985)\nDon't Rain on my Parade! (1986)\nWhere Hope Has Gone (1986)","title":"List of minicomics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"He-Man (New Adventures) minicomics","text":"The New Adventure (1989)\nSkeletor's Journey (1989)\nBattle For The Crystal (1989)\nThe Revenge of Skeletor! (1989)","title":"List of minicomics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"MOTU Classics series minicomics","text":"The Powers of Grayskull Part One: The Legend Begins! (2011)\nThe Powers of Grayskull Part Two: He-Ro Unleashed! (2012)\nThe Powers of Grayskull Part Three: Battle for the Fate of the Universe! (2012)\nThe Secret Origin of Skeletor! (2013)\nHe-Man vs Skeletor – Their Final Battle! (2014)\nThe Fall of Eternia Part One – Homecoming! (2015)\nThe Fall of Eternia Part Two – Together Again For The First Time! (2015)\nThe Fall of Eternia Part Three – The Third Ultimate Battleground (2015)","title":"List of minicomics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"trade paperbacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_paperback_(comics)"}],"text":"Many of the comic books were collected into trade paperbacks:","title":"Collected editions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dark Horse Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Horse_Books"},{"link_name":"Dark Horse Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Horse_Comics"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1506700731","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1506700731"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-strips-13"}],"sub_title":"Dark Horse collected editions","text":"The minicomics books have been collected into a hardcover anthology collection by Dark Horse Books:He-Man and the Masters of the Universe Minicomic Collection (collects all of the original Masters of the Universe, Princess of Power, He-Man, and the first three Masters of the Universe Classics minicomics; all of which originally came with the action figures, 1232 pages, Dark Horse Comics, October 2015)[49]The complete run of the newspaper comic strip produced from July 20, 1986 until 1991 (minus a small number of \"lost strips\") was published in 2017 by Dark Horse Comics:He-Man and the Masters of the Universe: The Newspaper Comic Strips (collects complete run 1986–1991, Dark Horse Comics, 2017, ISBN 978-1506700731)[13]","title":"Collected editions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MVCreations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MVCreations"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-59314-017-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59314-017-7"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-9748008-1-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9748008-1-3"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-9748008-0-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9748008-0-5"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"}],"sub_title":"MVCreations collected editions","text":"Volume 1: The Shard of Darkness (collects Masters of the Universe (2002) #1-4, 112 pages, MVCreations, November 2005, ISBN 1-59314-017-7)[50]\nVolume 2: Dark Reflections (collects Masters of the Universe (2003) #1-6, 112 pages, MVCreations, June 2004, ISBN 0-9748008-1-3)[51]\nMasters of the Universe: Icons of Evil (collects Tri-Klops, Trapjaw, Mer-Man and Beastman one-shots, 176 pages, April 2004, MVCreations, ISBN 0-9748008-0-5)[52]","title":"Collected editions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"DC collected editions","text":"DC has collected editions of their various current Masters of the Universe comic series, which began in 2012.","title":"Collected editions"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"MASTERS OF THE UNIVERSE Comic Book\". Mania.com. Archived from the original on 2009-02-10. Retrieved 2009-10-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090210042040/http://www.mania.com/masters-universe-comic-book_article_35172.html","url_text":"\"MASTERS OF THE UNIVERSE Comic Book\""},{"url":"http://www.mania.com/masters-universe-comic-book_article_35172.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Help Save He-Man!\". Comics Bulletin. Retrieved 2009-11-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.comicsbulletin.com/news/107529819219032.htm","url_text":"\"Help Save He-Man!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comics_Bulletin","url_text":"Comics Bulletin"}]},{"reference":"\"The Surprisingly Awesome Comics History of 'Masters Of The Universe'\". Comicsalliance.com. 2013-04-16. Archived from the original on 2014-10-29. Retrieved 2015-03-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141029153420/http://comicsalliance.com/masters-of-the-universe-comics-history/","url_text":"\"The Surprisingly Awesome Comics History of 'Masters Of The Universe'\""},{"url":"http://comicsalliance.com/masters-of-the-universe-comics-history/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"GCD :: Story Search Results\". Grand Comics Database. Retrieved 2015-08-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.comics.org/story/name/Fate%20Is%20the%20Killer/sort/alpha/","url_text":"\"GCD :: Story Search Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"GCD :: Series :: Masters of the Universe\". Comics.org. Retrieved 2015-03-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.comics.org/series/2631/","url_text":"\"GCD :: Series :: Masters of the Universe\""}]},{"reference":"\"He-Man.org > Publishing > Comics > Germany – Interpart-Condor Verlag – Masters of the Universe (1984-1986)\". www.he-man.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.he-man.org/publishing/subsection.php?id=52&subid=70","url_text":"\"He-Man.org > Publishing > Comics > Germany – Interpart-Condor Verlag – Masters of the Universe (1984-1986)\""}]},{"reference":"\"He-Man.org > Publishing > Comics > Argentina – Ledafilms – Masters of the Universe (1983-1986)\". www.he-man.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.he-man.org/publishing/subsection.php?id=52&subid=81","url_text":"\"He-Man.org > Publishing > Comics > Argentina – Ledafilms – Masters of the Universe (1983-1986)\""}]},{"reference":"\"He-Man.org > Publishing > Comics > Brazil – Editora Abril – Masters of the Universe (1987-1988)\". www.he-man.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.he-man.org/publishing/subsection.php?id=52&subid=46","url_text":"\"He-Man.org > Publishing > Comics > Brazil – Editora Abril – Masters of the Universe (1987-1988)\""}]},{"reference":"\"He-Man.org > Publishing > Magazines > Italy – Mattel spa – Magic Boy (1987-1990)\". www.he-man.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.he-man.org/publishing/subsection.php?id=23&subid=89","url_text":"\"He-Man.org > Publishing > Magazines > Italy – Mattel spa – Magic Boy (1987-1990)\""}]},{"reference":"\"He-Man.org > Publishing > Magazines > Italy – Più (1983-1986)\". www.he-man.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.he-man.org/publishing/subsection.php?id=23&subid=52","url_text":"\"He-Man.org > Publishing > Magazines > Italy – Più (1983-1986)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Masters of the Universe (1986 Marvel/Star Comics) comic books\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mycomicshop.com/search?TID=85381","url_text":"\"Masters of the Universe (1986 Marvel/Star Comics) comic books\""}]},{"reference":"Holtz, Allan (2012). American Newspaper Comics: An Encyclopedic Reference Guide. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press. p. 187. ISBN 9780472117567.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780472117567","url_text":"9780472117567"}]},{"reference":"Gelehrter, Danielle (2017). \"Foreword\". He-Man and the Masters of the Universe: The Newspaper Comic Strips. Dark Horse Comics. pp. 6–7. ISBN 978-1506700731.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1506700731","url_text":"978-1506700731"}]},{"reference":"\"MOTU Newspaper Comic Strips (1986-1991)\". He-Man.org. Retrieved 29 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.he-man.org/publishing/subsection.php?id=52&subid=48","url_text":"\"MOTU Newspaper Comic Strips (1986-1991)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Image's Masters of the Universe Revival Wasn't Exactly Classic He-Man\". CBR. July 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbr.com/image-masters-of-the-universe-he-man-revival/","url_text":"\"Image's Masters of the Universe Revival Wasn't Exactly Classic He-Man\""}]},{"reference":"\"CCI EXCLUSIVE: Seeley Scripts New Adventures of He-Man\". Comic Book Resources. 2011-07-28. Retrieved 2011-08-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.comicbookresources.com/?page=article&id=33608","url_text":"\"CCI EXCLUSIVE: Seeley Scripts New Adventures of He-Man\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_Book_Resources","url_text":"Comic Book Resources"}]},{"reference":"\"Masters Of The Universe Mini-Comics (Classics)\". He-Man.org. Retrieved 2018-07-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.he-man.org/publishing/subsection.php?id=52&subid=133","url_text":"\"Masters Of The Universe Mini-Comics (Classics)\""}]},{"reference":"Furie, Jason. \"DC to launch new HE-MAN AND THE MASTERS OF THE UNIVERSE comic book series\". neverendingradicaldude.com. Retrieved 2018-07-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://neverendingradicaldude.com/dc-to-launch-new-he-man-and-the-masters-of-the-universe-comic-book-series","url_text":"\"DC to launch new HE-MAN AND THE MASTERS OF THE UNIVERSE comic book series\""}]},{"reference":"Seely, Tim (2018-04-16). \"INJUSTICE VS. MASTERS OF THE UNIVERSE #1\". dccomics.com. Retrieved 2018-07-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dccomics.com/comics/injustice-vs-masters-of-the-universe-2018/injustice-vs-masters-of-the-universe-1","url_text":"\"INJUSTICE VS. MASTERS OF THE UNIVERSE #1\""}]},{"reference":"Price, Matthew (May 2021). \"'Masters of the Universe' returns in Dark Horse Comics comics, Netflix series\". The Oklahoman. Retrieved 8 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://eu.oklahoman.com/story/entertainment/2021/05/21/masters-universe-returns-netflix-series-dark-horse-comic/5136803001/","url_text":"\"'Masters of the Universe' returns in Dark Horse Comics comics, Netflix series\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oklahoman","url_text":"The Oklahoman"}]},{"reference":"Trent, John F. (7 Jun 2021). \"New Masters Of The Universe: Revelation Tie-In Series Announced\". The Mix. Retrieved 8 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.themix.net/2021/06/new-masters-of-the-universe-revelation-tie-in-series-announced/","url_text":"\"New Masters Of The Universe: Revelation Tie-In Series Announced\""}]},{"reference":"Dark Horse Comics. \"MATTEL AND DARK HORSE COMICS TO RELEASE \"MASTERS OF THE UNIVERSE: REVELATION\" COMIC SERIES\". Dark Horse. Retrieved 8 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.darkhorse.com/Blog/3315/mattel-and-dark-horse-comics-release-masters-unive","url_text":"\"MATTEL AND DARK HORSE COMICS TO RELEASE \"MASTERS OF THE UNIVERSE: REVELATION\" COMIC SERIES\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Horse_Comics","url_text":"Dark Horse"}]},{"reference":"Schedeen, Jesse (22 April 2021). \"Masters of the Universe: Revelation Prequel Comic Revealed by Dark Horse\". IGN. Retrieved 8 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ign.com/articles/masters-of-the-universe-revelation-prequel-comic-he-man","url_text":"\"Masters of the Universe: Revelation Prequel Comic Revealed by Dark Horse\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN","url_text":"IGN"}]},{"reference":"\"Dark Horse Readies \"He-Man and the Masters of the Universe Minicomics Collection\"\". Comic Book Resources. 2014-06-11. Retrieved 2015-05-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.comicbookresources.com/article/dark-horse-readies-he-man-and-the-masters-of-the-universe-minicomics-collection","url_text":"\"Dark Horse Readies \"He-Man and the Masters of the Universe Minicomics Collection\"\""}]},{"reference":"Staples, Val (2003). Masters of the universe :The Shard of Darkness. Oldsmar, Fla.: CrossGen. ISBN 1-59314-017-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59314-017-7","url_text":"1-59314-017-7"}]},{"reference":"Staples, Val (2004). Masters of the Universe :Dark Reflections. Lynchburg, VA: MVCreations. ISBN 0-9748008-1-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9748008-1-3","url_text":"0-9748008-1-3"}]},{"reference":"Kirkman, Robert (2004). Masters of the Universe: Icons of Evil. [Lynchburg, Va.]: MVCreations. ISBN 0-9748008-0-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9748008-0-5","url_text":"0-9748008-0-5"}]},{"reference":"Sawyer, James (October 27, 2009). \"Holy Cow! Never Before Seen Unpublished Whitman He-Man Origin Comic!\". Motucfigures.com. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Pages of original art for an unpublished He-Man origin comic drawn by Adrian Gonzales.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.motucfigures.com/2009/10/holy-cow-never-before-seen-unpublished.html","url_text":"\"Holy Cow! 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utech_Records | Utech Records | ["1 History","2 Former artists","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Utech Records" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Utech RecordsFounded2004 (2004)FounderKeith UtechCountry of originUnited StatesLocationMilwaukee, WisconsinOfficial websiteutechrecords.com
Utech Records is an American independent record label based in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. It was founded by Keith Utech in 2004. The label has featured a mixture of experimental, ambient, and metal. Keith Utech curates and directs all of the art on releases from the label.
History
The label was started by Keith Utech in 2004. Utech drew inspiration from labels such as Alternative Tentacles, Earache, and FMP for the creation of his label.
The first release on the label was a limited edition CD-R of Lasse Marhaug’s “Spaghetti Western Rainbow”. Utech Records has released over 100 titles since this release on various formats including CD-R, LP, 7-inch vynil, cassette tape, and 8-track cartridges.
The label has released a music in a range of styles, genres and groups, including Fushitsusha, Locrian, Horseback, and Dead Neanderthals.
Henry Rollins has dedicated entire radio shows to releases on the label, calling the label "brave."
Utech Records has sponsored three music festivals in Milwaukee to promote its artists.
Former artists
Daniel Menche
Dead Neanderthals
Frank Rosaly
Fushitsusha
Horseback
House of Low Culture
James Plotkin
Lasse Marhaug
Locrian
Mamiffer
Mats Gustafsson
Nadja
Paal Nilssen-Love
Philippe Petit
Skvllflower
Suzuki Junzo
The Skull Defekts
Zaimph
Lana Rhoades
See also
List of record labels
References
^ Mueller, Kevin (16 January 2017). "CAUGHT ON TAPE". Milwaukee Magazine. Retrieved 3 March 2017.
^ KCRW. "KCRW Broadcast 294". KCRW. Retrieved 3 March 2017.
^ Brooklyn Vegan Staff. "Milwaukee's Utech Fest in pics/video ++". Brooklyn Vegan. Retrieved 3 March 2017.
External links
Official website
Utech Records on Bandcamp | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"independent record label","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_record_label"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"experimental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental_music"},{"link_name":"ambient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambient_music"},{"link_name":"metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_music"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Utech Records is an American independent record label based in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. It was founded by Keith Utech in 2004. The label has featured a mixture of experimental, ambient, and metal. 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Utech drew inspiration from labels such as Alternative Tentacles, Earache, and FMP for the creation of his label.The first release on the label was a limited edition CD-R of Lasse Marhaug’s “Spaghetti Western Rainbow”. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trilingual_heresy | Trilingual heresy | ["1 Origins","2 Historical critiques","3 See also","4 References","4.1 Sources","4.2 Citations"] | Belief in Slavic Christianity
The translation of the Holy Scriptures into Old Church Slavonic gave impetus to mass literacy, education and culture, which today is celebrated as the Day of Slavonic Alphabet, Bulgarian Enlightenment and Culture. That is why the sermons end with ″Alleluia, Alleluia, Alleluia″ against Trilingual heresy.
In Slavic Christianity, the trilingual heresy or Pilatian heresy (less pejoratively trilingualism) is the idea that Biblical Hebrew, Greek, and Latin are the only valid liturgical languages or languages in which one may praise God. Trilingualism was rejected in the 850s by Saints Cyril and Methodius, Byzantine brothers and missionaries who introduced a Christian liturgy in the vernacular of their Slavic converts, a language now called Old Church Slavonic.
Origins
The idea originates as Old Church Slavonic Трьѧзычьници́, (Trĭẽzyčĭnici), literally meaning "threefold paganism" rather than "threefold heresy". It appears as a neologism in several chapters of a contemporary hagiography of Cyril (then named Constantine), most prominently when recounting a disputation in Venice in AD 867 while he and Methodius were en route to the Holy See, bringing relics of Pope Clement I and hoping to resolve a jurisdictional dispute in Great Moravia with Latin Rite missionaries sent by the Bishop of Salzburg. In St. Mark's Square, hostile clerics (branded "Latin accomplices" of the devil) "assembled against like ravens against a falcon and raised the trilingual heresy". Constantine defeated them by citing scripture and by pointing to the many precedents of Oriental Orthodox churches with vernacular liturgy. Elsewhere Constantine points out that Pontius Pilate (hence "Pilatian" heresy) used Hebrew, Greek, and Latin for the inscription on Christ's cross. In Rome Pope Adrian II duly approved the Slavonic liturgy. A generation later, Chernorizets Hrabar's defence of the Glagolitic script used to write Old Church Slavonic, likewise, deprecates trilingualism on the basis that the Slavs would never have been converted if their own language had not been used.
Historical critiques
Cyril & Methodius with sample of their script for writing Slavic
Papal edicts of 870 and 880 endorsed Slavonic liturgy, whereas others of the same era do not. Ihor Ševčenko points out that Isidore of Seville had written that Hebrew, Greek, and Latin were the languages of "sacred law". Adrian II's support for Cyril and Methodius has been interpreted as motivated a desire to check the influence of the Bishop of Salzburg, or avoid a dispute with the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople to whom Cyril and Methodius were responsible. A converse suggestion is that trilingualism was invented by the Salzburg lobby to attack Cyril and Methodius.
Some historians regard trilingualism as a straw man invented by Orthodox supporters of autocephaly or national churches, but never actually promoted by the Papacy or Constantinople. Riccardo Picchio regards the Venetian story as apocryphal. The Council of Tours 813 had mandated homilies in the vernacular (Romance or German). For other parts of the Catholic Mass, widespread use of the vernacular rather than Latin came after the Second Vatican Council adopted Sacrosanctum Concilium in 1963. Ševčenko sees the Byzantine church as on the one hand grudging in allowing for vernacular churches, but on the other hand characterising trilingualism after the East–West Schism as an error of the Western church.
See also
Bible translations into Church Slavonic
References
Sources
Ševčenko, Ihor (1964). "Three Paradoxes of the Cyrillo-Methodian Mission". Slavic Review. 23 (2): 220–236. doi:10.2307/2492932. ISSN 0037-6779. JSTOR 2492932. S2CID 161604285.
Citations
^ a b c d e Jakobson, Roman (2010). "Sketches for the History of the Oldest Slavic Hymnody: Commemoration of Christ's Saint and Great Martyr Demetrius". Comparative Slavic Studies. The Cyrillo-Methodian Tradition. Walter de Gruyter. p. 297. ISBN 978-3-11-086389-5. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
^ Betti, Maddalena (2013). The Making of Christian Moravia (858-882): Papal Power and Political Reality. Brill. p. 226. ISBN 978-90-04-26008-5. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
^ a b Pope Benedict XVI (15 September 2009). "Saints Cyril and Methodius". Adoremus Bulletin. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
^ a b Hunt, Robert A, ed. (2014). "Part 2, Chapter 6, Number 10: The Life of Constantine". The Gospel Among the Nations: A Documentary History of Inculturation. Orbis. ISBN 978-1-60833-390-5. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
^ Koumoulides, John T. A. (1987). Greek Connections: Essays on Culture and Diplomacy. University of Notre Dame Press. p. 53. ISBN 978-0-268-01014-0.
^ Leeming, Henry (2001). Historical and Comparative Lexicology of the Slavonic Languages. PAN. p. 76. ISBN 978-83-86726-99-8.
^ a b Ševčenko 1964 p.222, esp. fn.8
^ Roland, Ruth A. (1999). Interpreters as diplomats : a diplomatic history of the role of interpreters in world politics. Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press. p. 27. ISBN 9780776605012. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
^ Fletcher, R. A. (1998). The barbarian conversion. New York: Henry Holt. pp. 354–356. ISBN 0-8050-2763-7. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
^ Thomson, Francis J. (1992). "SS. Cyril and Methodius and a Mythical Western Heresy: Trilingualism". Analecta Bollandiana (110): 67–122. doi:10.1484/J.ABOL.4.01603.; cited in Ivanov, Petko (1996). "The Controversial Saints: Representations of Cyril and Methodius in Modern Slavic History: Chronology and Theses". Slavic Studies Faculty Publications (11). Connecticut College. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
^ Picchio, Riccardo (1972). "Questione della lingua e Slavia cirillometodiana". Studi sulla questione della lingua presso gli Slavi (in Italian). Rome: Edizioni dell'Anteneo. pp. 67–86.; cited in
^ Butler, Francis (1995). "The Representation of Oral Culture in the Vita Constantini". The Slavic and East European Journal. 39 (3): 379–380, fn.13. doi:10.2307/308238. ISSN 0037-6752. JSTOR 308238.
^ Ševčenko 1964 pp.228–229, esp. fn.30 | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ilya_Repin_-_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg"},{"link_name":"Holy Scriptures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Scriptures"},{"link_name":"Old Church Slavonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic"},{"link_name":"Day of Slavonic Alphabet, Bulgarian Enlightenment and Culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day_of_Slavonic_Alphabet,_Bulgarian_Enlightenment_and_Culture"},{"link_name":"Alleluia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alleluia"},{"link_name":"Slavic Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic_Christianity"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jakobson297-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Biblical Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koine_Greek"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"liturgical languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liturgical_language"},{"link_name":"praise God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_worship"},{"link_name":"Cyril and Methodius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_and_Methodius"},{"link_name":"Byzantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire"},{"link_name":"Christian liturgy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_liturgy"},{"link_name":"vernacular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernacular"},{"link_name":"Old Church Slavonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic"}],"text":"The translation of the Holy Scriptures into Old Church Slavonic gave impetus to mass literacy, education and culture, which today is celebrated as the Day of Slavonic Alphabet, Bulgarian Enlightenment and Culture. That is why the sermons end with ″Alleluia, Alleluia, Alleluia″ against Trilingual heresy.In Slavic Christianity, the trilingual heresy or Pilatian heresy[1][2] (less pejoratively trilingualism) is the idea that Biblical Hebrew, Greek, and Latin are the only valid liturgical languages or languages in which one may praise God. Trilingualism was rejected in the 850s by Saints Cyril and Methodius, Byzantine brothers and missionaries who introduced a Christian liturgy in the vernacular of their Slavic converts, a language now called Old Church Slavonic.","title":"Trilingual heresy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Old Church Slavonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jakobson297-1"},{"link_name":"paganism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paganism"},{"link_name":"heresy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heresy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jakobson297-1"},{"link_name":"neologism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neologism"},{"link_name":"hagiography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagiography"},{"link_name":"disputation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disputation"},{"link_name":"Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice"},{"link_name":"Holy 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Трьѧзычьници́,[1] (Trĭẽzyčĭnici), literally meaning \"threefold paganism\" rather than \"threefold heresy\".[1] It appears as a neologism in several chapters of a contemporary hagiography of Cyril (then named Constantine), most prominently when recounting a disputation in Venice in AD 867 while he and Methodius were en route to the Holy See, bringing relics of Pope Clement I and hoping to resolve a jurisdictional dispute in Great Moravia with Latin Rite missionaries sent by the Bishop of Salzburg.[3] In St. Mark's Square, hostile clerics (branded \"Latin accomplices\" of the devil[1]) \"assembled against [Constantine] like ravens against a falcon and raised the trilingual heresy\".[4] Constantine defeated them by citing scripture and by pointing to the many precedents of Oriental Orthodox churches with vernacular liturgy.[4][5] Elsewhere Constantine points out that Pontius Pilate (hence \"Pilatian\" heresy) used Hebrew, Greek, and Latin for the inscription on Christ's cross.[1] In Rome Pope Adrian II duly approved the Slavonic liturgy.[3] A generation later, Chernorizets Hrabar's defence of the Glagolitic script used to write Old Church Slavonic, likewise, deprecates trilingualism on the basis that the Slavs would never have been converted if their own language had not been used.[6]","title":"Origins"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stanislav_Dospavski_-_Saints_Cyril_and_Methodius.png"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%C5%A0ev%C4%8Denko64p222-7"},{"link_name":"Ihor Ševčenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ihor_%C5%A0ev%C4%8Denko"},{"link_name":"Isidore of Seville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%C5%A0ev%C4%8Denko64p222-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarch_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"straw man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straw_man"},{"link_name":"autocephaly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autocephaly"},{"link_name":"national churches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_church"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Riccardo Picchio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riccardo_Picchio"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Council of Tours 813","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Tours_813"},{"link_name":"homilies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mass_homily"},{"link_name":"Catholic Mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Mass"},{"link_name":"Second Vatican 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Methodius.Some historians regard trilingualism as a straw man invented by Orthodox supporters of autocephaly or national churches, but never actually promoted by the Papacy or Constantinople.[10] Riccardo Picchio regards the Venetian story as apocryphal.[11][12] The Council of Tours 813 had mandated homilies in the vernacular (Romance or German). For other parts of the Catholic Mass, widespread use of the vernacular rather than Latin came after the Second Vatican Council adopted Sacrosanctum Concilium in 1963. Ševčenko sees the Byzantine church as on the one hand grudging in allowing for vernacular churches, but on the other hand characterising trilingualism after the East–West Schism as an error of the Western church.[13]","title":"Historical critiques"}] | [{"image_text":"The translation of the Holy Scriptures into Old Church Slavonic gave impetus to mass literacy, education and culture, which today is celebrated as the Day of Slavonic Alphabet, Bulgarian Enlightenment and Culture. 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Retrieved 16 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Jakobson","url_text":"Jakobson, Roman"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LkdzZaebPlwC&pg=PA297","url_text":"\"Sketches for the History of the Oldest Slavic Hymnody: Commemoration of Christ's Saint and Great Martyr Demetrius\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-086389-5","url_text":"978-3-11-086389-5"}]},{"reference":"Betti, Maddalena (2013). The Making of Christian Moravia (858-882): Papal Power and Political Reality. Brill. p. 226. ISBN 978-90-04-26008-5. 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Retrieved 16 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://digitalcommons.conncoll.edu/slavicfacpub/11","url_text":"\"The Controversial Saints: Representations of Cyril and Methodius in Modern Slavic History: Chronology and Theses\""}]},{"reference":"Picchio, Riccardo (1972). \"Questione della lingua e Slavia cirillometodiana\". Studi sulla questione della lingua presso gli Slavi (in Italian). Rome: Edizioni dell'Anteneo. pp. 67–86.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Butler, Francis (1995). \"The Representation of Oral Culture in the Vita Constantini\". The Slavic and East European Journal. 39 (3): 379–380, fn.13. doi:10.2307/308238. ISSN 0037-6752. JSTOR 308238.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F308238","url_text":"10.2307/308238"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0037-6752","url_text":"0037-6752"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/308238","url_text":"308238"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2492932","external_links_name":"10.2307/2492932"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0037-6779","external_links_name":"0037-6779"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2492932","external_links_name":"2492932"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161604285","external_links_name":"161604285"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LkdzZaebPlwC&pg=PA297","external_links_name":"\"Sketches for the History of the Oldest Slavic Hymnody: Commemoration of Christ's Saint and Great Martyr Demetrius\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MdLYAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA226","external_links_name":"The Making of Christian Moravia (858-882): Papal Power and Political Reality"},{"Link":"https://adoremus.org/2009/09/15/Pope-Benedict-XVI-Saints-Cyril-and-Methodius/","external_links_name":"\"Saints Cyril and Methodius\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fNRnAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT94","external_links_name":"\"Part 2, Chapter 6, Number 10: The Life of Constantine\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/interpretersasdi0000rola/page/27","external_links_name":"Interpreters as diplomats : a diplomatic history of the role of interpreters in world politics"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/barbarianconvers00flet/page/354","external_links_name":"The barbarian conversion"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1484%2FJ.ABOL.4.01603","external_links_name":"10.1484/J.ABOL.4.01603"},{"Link":"http://digitalcommons.conncoll.edu/slavicfacpub/11","external_links_name":"\"The Controversial Saints: Representations of Cyril and Methodius in Modern Slavic History: Chronology and Theses\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F308238","external_links_name":"10.2307/308238"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0037-6752","external_links_name":"0037-6752"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/308238","external_links_name":"308238"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selim_E._Woodworth | Selim E. Woodworth | ["1 Early years","2 U.S. Navy career","3 California pioneer","4 Civil War service","5 Later years and legacy","6 Marriage and family","7 References","8 Further reading"] | American politician
Selim E. WoodworthMember of the California Senatefrom the Monterey districtIn office1849–1851
Personal detailsBorn(1815-11-27)November 27, 1815New York, New YorkDiedJanuary 29, 1871(1871-01-29) (aged 55)San Francisco, CaliforniaRelationsWoodworth political familyProfessionBusinessmanMilitary serviceAllegianceUnited States of AmericaBranch/service United States NavyYears of service1838–18491861–1866Rank commanderCommands
USS Anita
USS John P. Jackson
USS Glide
USS General Price
USS Narragansett
USS Monocacy
Battles/wars
Mexican–American War
American Civil War
Selim E. Woodworth (November 27, 1815 – January 29, 1871) was a commander in the United States Navy, prominent San Francisco businessman, and member of the Woodworth political family.
Early years
Woodworth was born in New York City, the second son of poet and dramatist Samuel Woodworth. He was a descendant of colonial settler Walter Woodworth. At age twelve he and his friend Tom Jacobs ran away to cross the continent, but relatives living north of the city apprehended them in the Catskills. In 1834, Woodworth and Jacobs sailed as captain's clerks on the ship Margaret Oakley, captained by Benjamin Morrell. Morrell explored islands in the Bismark Sea and established trading relations with previously uncontacted native inhabitants. Woodworth and Jacobs found an uninhabited atoll suitable for a new colony, a project they considered years later without ever making much progress. During Margaret Oakley's return, she wrecked while at anchor near a pirate trading colony in Madagascar, but there is suspicion that Morrell staged the wreck so he could sell the ship's cargo for personal gain. Woodworth eventually reached Mauritius and returned to New York after an absence of four years. Morrell, was now seen as piratical and on the run from authorities.
U.S. Navy career
Although Woodworth was associated with the disastrous and piratical Margaret Oakley expedition, he was not held culpable and his father worked to have him enlisted into the Navy. Appointed a midshipman on June 16, 1838, Woodworth was ordered to join the Wilkes Exploring Expedition because of the Polynesian language ability he had acquired in the Pacific. Because his orders were misdirected, he arrived to find the expedition had already sailed. He was instead sent to the Mediterranean Sea for duty in the ship of the line Ohio. On August 3, he was detached for a three-month leave; he received an additional leave of three months to visit Milan, Italy, and on December 24 was ordered to join the Falmouth, then fitting out at New York.
While serving on Falmouth, he learned of his father's death and returned to New York where he was assigned to the receiving ship North Carolina. He served on Lawrence and then entered the Philadelphia Naval School. On May 20, 1844, Woodworth was warranted a passed midshipman. After six months leave, he reported to the Jamestown, a new sloop-of-war, and served on the coast of Africa, helping suppress the slave trade. He was transferred to Truxtun, but detached on November 24, 1845, and granted a three-month leave.
In 1846, with the United States on the brink of war with Mexico, Woodworth was assigned to carry dispatches about the Navy's participation overland to the Pacific Squadron in Oregon. He set out with two companions from Independence, Missouri, on May 14 and arrived in Oregon 98 days later.
California pioneer
Woodworth was the first owner and resident of Red Rock Island
Woodworth reported to naval authorities at the mouth of the Columbia River, where he remained until January 18, 1847, when he left for San Francisco. There he volunteered for the rescue efforts on behalf of the Donner Party, a group of overland emigrants that was trapped and starving in the Sierra Nevada. He was put in command and on February 7 sailed for Sacramento with supplies. He trekked into the mountains with men and provisions, but he failed to meet the rescue parties that were hoping to rendezvous with him. Donner Party survivors and rescuers regarded him as "a braggart who had let them down".
Woodworth arrived back in San Francisco on April 1, 1847, and reported on board sloop-of-war Warren at Monterey Bay, California, on May 17, 1847. On October 8, he requested a leave of absence in order to make a trip across the southern part of South America. He left Warren on February 16, 1848, to take command of the bark Anita. From June 5, 1848, until 1850, naval registers carry him as attached to the Pacific Squadron; however, no record of him has ever been found.
In November 1849, a year before California became a state, Woodworth was elected to the legislature as a senator representing Monterey and immediately resigned his Navy commission. For a little more than a decade, he lived in San Francisco and played a prominent role in the development of the state. He and his brother Frederick were among the organizers of the vigilance committee, and Selim was the group's first President. Woodworth and his sons and brothers were original members of the Society of California Pioneers. With his brother, Woodworth ran Case, Heiser & Company, a successful commission merchant business. An abolitionist, Woodworth is credited with defining the state's policies concerning slavery while serving in California's first legislature.
Woodworth and his brother built the first house in San Francisco situated on a water lot, which later became the Clay Street Market. He owned several properties with his brother, including the lot at Market and Second Street that was later the site of the Grand Hotel. He was also the first owner and resident of Red Rock Island, where he built a cabin and maintained a hunting preserve.
Civil War service
U.S. President Abraham Lincoln recommended Woodworth receive special thanks from Congress for his service in the war
After the outbreak of the American Civil War, Woodworth returned to the east coast and reentered the Navy on September 10, 1861, as an acting lieutenant. On January 13, 1862, he assumed command of John P. Jackson, a former ferry boat converted to a steam gunboat. This vessel was assigned to the Mortar Flotilla raised by Comdr. David D. Porter to support Flag Officer David Farragut's conquest of New Orleans, Louisiana, and the lower Mississippi River. He assisted in the capture of Forts Jackson and St. Philip in April and participated in operations around Vicksburg, Mississippi, in June and July. Porter commended Woodworth for these services, and President Abraham Lincoln recommended him to Congress for special thanks. On September 29, 1862, at his own request, he was detached from command of John P. Jackson and allowed to return to the North. Later that autumn, he was assigned to the Mississippi Squadron and reported at Cairo, Illinois, for duty.
On January 1, 1863, he was given command of Glide, a "tinclad," stern-wheel steamer. On January 24, Porter—now a Rear Admiral—recommended Woodworth for appointment to the regular Navy. Woodworth was commissioned a commander in April 1863, effective from July 16, 1862. After Glide was burned, he commanded the ram General Price from February 7, 1863, through August. After months of fighting up and down the Mississippi, Comdr. Woodworth was detached from General Price and sent to the Pacific where he took command of the bark Narragansett on October 7, 1863. After bringing Narragansett around Cape Horn, he reached New York on March 18, 1865. Monocacy, a double-ended gunboat, was his last command, which he assumed on November 30, 1865.
Later years and legacy
Comdr. Selim E. Woodworth resigned from the Navy on March 2, 1866, and returned to San Francisco, where he lived with his family until his death in 1871.
The destroyer USS Woodworth (DD-460) (1942–1951) was named for him.
Marriage and family
Woodworth married Lisette, by whom he had six children: Selim II, who married a daughter of California pioneer and assemblyman James S. Wethered; Frederick, who was suspended from the U.S. Naval Academy for hazing; and Benjamin, William, Lydia, and Samuel. After Woodworth's death in 1871, Lisette married Erasmus Dennison, son of Ohio Governor William Dennison Jr.
Lisette Woodworth testified in the state civil rights case Pleasant v. North Beach & Mission Railroad Company on behalf of Mary Ellen Pleasant, who had been refused service on a San Francisco streetcar in 1866. Pleasant, a Black abolitionist and entrepreneur, worked for the Woodworths earlier in the 1860s. The case outlawed segregation on public transportation in California.
References
^ Fairhead, p. 164
^ Fairhead, pp. 163–4
^ Fairhead, pp. 188–98
^ Fairhead, pp. 185–6, 279–80, 289–91
^ Fairhead, pp. 256ff.
^ a b c d "The Beginnings of San Francisco", p. 708, Retrieved October 7, 2009.
^ Fairhead, pp. 250–74, 283–4
^ "History of California, Volume 23", p. 309, Retrieved October 7, 2009.
^ a b "A Colored Mosaic", California State Library Foundation, Retrieved October 7, 2009.
^ "The Donner Party" Archived January 14, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, Utah Crossroads, Retrieved October 7, 2009.
^ Tennis, George (December 1968). "California's First State Election November 13, 1849". Southern California Quarterly. 50 (4): 381–2. doi:10.2307/41170201. JSTOR 41170201.
^ "The Pacific Historian, Volume 25/26", p. 23-5, Retrieved October 7, 2009.
^ "Red Rock Island History", Retrieved October 7, 2009.
^ "San Francisco Chronicle", Retrieved October 7, 2009.
^ a b "Selim Woodworth", Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships, Retrieved October 7, 2009.
^ Woodworth, Walter Atwater (1898). Descendants of Walter Woodworth of Scituate, Mass. White Plains, N.Y. pp. 12–3. Retrieved March 26, 2015.
^ Hudson, Lynn M. (2003). The making of Mammy Pleasant: A Black Entrepreneur in Nineteenth-century San Francisco. University of Illinois Press. pp. 52–53. ISBN 9780252027710. Retrieved March 26, 2015.
Further reading
Fairhead, James (2015). The Captain and "the Cannibal": An Epic Story of Exploration, Kidnapping, and the Broadway Stage. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-19877-5.
Authority control databases International
FAST
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States
Other
SNAC | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"Woodworth political family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodworth_political_family"}],"text":"Selim E. Woodworth (November 27, 1815 – January 29, 1871) was a commander in the United States Navy, prominent San Francisco businessman, and member of the Woodworth political family.","title":"Selim E. 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He was a descendant of colonial settler Walter Woodworth. At age twelve he and his friend Tom Jacobs ran away to cross the continent, but relatives living north of the city apprehended them in the Catskills.[1] In 1834, Woodworth and Jacobs sailed as captain's clerks on the ship Margaret Oakley, captained by Benjamin Morrell.[2] Morrell explored islands in the Bismark Sea and established trading relations with previously uncontacted native inhabitants.[3] Woodworth and Jacobs found an uninhabited atoll suitable for a new colony, a project they considered years later without ever making much progress.[4] During Margaret Oakley's return, she wrecked while at anchor near a pirate trading colony in Madagascar, but there is suspicion that Morrell staged the wreck so he could sell the ship's cargo for personal gain.[5] Woodworth eventually reached Mauritius and returned to New York after an absence of four years. Morrell, was now seen as piratical and on the run from authorities.[6][7]","title":"Early years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wilkes Exploring Expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Exploring_Expedition,_1838-1842"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea"},{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Ohio_(1820)"},{"link_name":"Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan"},{"link_name":"Falmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Falmouth"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HC309-8"},{"link_name":"receiving ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receiving_ship"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_North_Carolina_(1820)"},{"link_name":"Lawrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Lawrence_(1843)"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Naval School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Naval_School"},{"link_name":"passed midshipman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passed_midshipman"},{"link_name":"Jamestown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Jamestown_(1844)"},{"link_name":"sloop-of-war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloop-of-war"},{"link_name":"Truxtun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Truxtun_(1842)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CM-9"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Pacific Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Squadron"},{"link_name":"Independence, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence,_Missouri"}],"text":"Although Woodworth was associated with the disastrous and piratical Margaret Oakley expedition, he was not held culpable and his father worked to have him enlisted into the Navy. 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From June 5, 1848, until 1850, naval registers carry him as attached to the Pacific Squadron; however, no record of him has ever been found.In November 1849, a year before California became a state, Woodworth was elected to the legislature as a senator representing Monterey[11] and immediately resigned his Navy commission.[6] For a little more than a decade, he lived in San Francisco and played a prominent role in the development of the state. He and his brother Frederick were among the organizers of the vigilance committee, and Selim was the group's first President. Woodworth and his sons and brothers were original members of the Society of California Pioneers. With his brother, Woodworth ran Case, Heiser & Company, a successful commission merchant business. 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Jackson, a former ferry boat converted to a steam gunboat. This vessel was assigned to the Mortar Flotilla raised by Comdr. David D. Porter to support Flag Officer David Farragut's conquest of New Orleans, Louisiana, and the lower Mississippi River. He assisted in the capture of Forts Jackson and St. Philip in April and participated in operations around Vicksburg, Mississippi, in June and July. Porter commended Woodworth for these services, and President Abraham Lincoln recommended him to Congress for special thanks. On September 29, 1862, at his own request, he was detached from command of John P. Jackson and allowed to return to the North. Later that autumn, he was assigned to the Mississippi Squadron and reported at Cairo, Illinois, for duty.[15]On January 1, 1863, he was given command of Glide, a \"tinclad,\" stern-wheel steamer. On January 24, Porter—now a Rear Admiral—recommended Woodworth for appointment to the regular Navy. Woodworth was commissioned a commander in April 1863, effective from July 16, 1862. After Glide was burned, he commanded the ram General Price from February 7, 1863, through August. After months of fighting up and down the Mississippi, Comdr. Woodworth was detached from General Price and sent to the Pacific where he took command of the bark Narragansett on October 7, 1863. After bringing Narragansett around Cape Horn, he reached New York on March 18, 1865. Monocacy, a double-ended gunboat, was his last command, which he assumed on November 30, 1865.[15]","title":"Civil War service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"USS Woodworth (DD-460)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Woodworth"}],"text":"Comdr. Selim E. Woodworth resigned from the Navy on March 2, 1866, and returned to San Francisco, where he lived with his family until his death in 1871.The destroyer USS Woodworth (DD-460) (1942–1951) was named for him.","title":"Later years and legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Dennison Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dennison_Jr."},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Mary Ellen Pleasant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Ellen_Pleasant"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Woodworth married Lisette, by whom he had six children: Selim II, who married a daughter of California pioneer and assemblyman James S. Wethered; Frederick, who was suspended from the U.S. Naval Academy for hazing; and Benjamin, William, Lydia, and Samuel. After Woodworth's death in 1871, Lisette married Erasmus Dennison, son of Ohio Governor William Dennison Jr.[16]Lisette Woodworth testified in the state civil rights case Pleasant v. North Beach & Mission Railroad Company on behalf of Mary Ellen Pleasant, who had been refused service on a San Francisco streetcar in 1866. Pleasant, a Black abolitionist and entrepreneur, worked for the Woodworths earlier in the 1860s. The case outlawed segregation on public transportation in California.[17]","title":"Marriage and family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-300-19877-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-19877-5"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7448398#identifiers"},{"link_name":"FAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.worldcat.org/fast/1530838/"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/75590083"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJkD9WtYQycw8XkbwV6xjC"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n96117025"},{"link_name":"SNAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6qj9ph8"}],"text":"Fairhead, James (2015). The Captain and \"the Cannibal\": An Epic Story of Exploration, Kidnapping, and the Broadway Stage. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-19877-5.Authority control databases International\nFAST\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nUnited States\nOther\nSNAC","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Woodworth was the first owner and resident of Red Rock Island","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Red-rock-island.jpg/220px-Red-rock-island.jpg"},{"image_text":"U.S. President Abraham Lincoln recommended Woodworth receive special thanks from Congress for his service in the war","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Abraham_Lincoln_head_on_shoulders_photo_portrait.jpg/220px-Abraham_Lincoln_head_on_shoulders_photo_portrait.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Tennis, George (December 1968). \"California's First State Election November 13, 1849\". Southern California Quarterly. 50 (4): 381–2. doi:10.2307/41170201. JSTOR 41170201.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F41170201","url_text":"10.2307/41170201"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/41170201","url_text":"41170201"}]},{"reference":"Woodworth, Walter Atwater (1898). Descendants of Walter Woodworth of Scituate, Mass. White Plains, N.Y. pp. 12–3. Retrieved March 26, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_b-pfAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Descendants of Walter Woodworth of Scituate, Mass"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_b-pfAAAAMAAJ/page/n13","url_text":"12"}]},{"reference":"Hudson, Lynn M. (2003). The making of Mammy Pleasant: A Black Entrepreneur in Nineteenth-century San Francisco. University of Illinois Press. pp. 52–53. ISBN 9780252027710. Retrieved March 26, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=S2YvRVIou3cC&pg=PA52","url_text":"The making of Mammy Pleasant: A Black Entrepreneur in Nineteenth-century San Francisco"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780252027710","url_text":"9780252027710"}]},{"reference":"Fairhead, James (2015). The Captain and \"the Cannibal\": An Epic Story of Exploration, Kidnapping, and the Broadway Stage. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-19877-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-19877-5","url_text":"978-0-300-19877-5"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7ZgMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA707&","external_links_name":"\"The Beginnings of San Francisco\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=r-8NAAAAIAAJ&pg=RA1-PA309&","external_links_name":"\"History of California, Volume 23\""},{"Link":"http://www.cslfdn.org/pdf/bulletin-84.pdf","external_links_name":"\"A Colored Mosaic\""},{"Link":"http://www.utahcrossroads.org/DonnerParty/Rescuers.htm#Woodworth","external_links_name":"\"The Donner Party\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120114000356/http://www.utahcrossroads.org/DonnerParty/Rescuers.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F41170201","external_links_name":"10.2307/41170201"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/41170201","external_links_name":"41170201"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PAQUAAAAYAAJ&","external_links_name":"\"The Pacific Historian, Volume 25/26\""},{"Link":"http://redrockisland.homestead.com/History.html","external_links_name":"\"Red Rock Island History\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20090918153300/http://sfgate.info/c/a/2009/07/07/BAEM184GMC.DTL","external_links_name":"\"San Francisco Chronicle\""},{"Link":"http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/w11/woodworth.htm","external_links_name":"\"Selim Woodworth\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_b-pfAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Descendants of Walter Woodworth of Scituate, Mass"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_b-pfAAAAMAAJ/page/n13","external_links_name":"12"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=S2YvRVIou3cC&pg=PA52","external_links_name":"The making of Mammy Pleasant: A Black Entrepreneur in Nineteenth-century San Francisco"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1530838/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/75590083","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJkD9WtYQycw8XkbwV6xjC","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n96117025","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6qj9ph8","external_links_name":"SNAC"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardian_Rock | Guardian Rock | ["1 See also","2 References"] | Coordinates: 67°33′S 67°16′W / 67.550°S 67.267°W / -67.550; -67.267Antarctic islet in Bigourdan Fjord
Guardian RockGuardian RockGeographyLocationAntarcticaCoordinates67°33′S 67°16′W / 67.550°S 67.267°W / -67.550; -67.267AdministrationAdministered under the Antarctic Treaty SystemDemographicsPopulationUninhabited
Guardian Rock is a low ice-free rock lying in Bigourdan Fjord, 3 kilometres (1.5 nmi) north of Parvenu Point, Pourquoi Pas Island, close off the west coast of the Antarctic Peninsula. It was first surveyed in 1948–49 by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey, and so named by them because of the position of this rock which guards the northwest entrance to The Narrows.
See also
Warden Rock
References
^ "Guardian Rock". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved 2012-05-10.
This article incorporates public domain material from "Guardian Rock". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.
Authority control databases
VIAF
This Fallières Coast location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bigourdan Fjord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigourdan_Fjord"},{"link_name":"Parvenu Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parvenu_Point"},{"link_name":"Pourquoi Pas Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pourquoi_Pas_Island"},{"link_name":"Antarctic Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctic_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falkland_Islands_Dependencies_Survey"},{"link_name":"The Narrows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Narrows_(Antarctica)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gnis-1"}],"text":"Antarctic islet in Bigourdan FjordGuardian Rock is a low ice-free rock lying in Bigourdan Fjord, 3 kilometres (1.5 nmi) north of Parvenu Point, Pourquoi Pas Island, close off the west coast of the Antarctic Peninsula. It was first surveyed in 1948–49 by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey, and so named by them because of the position of this rock which guards the northwest entrance to The Narrows.[1]","title":"Guardian Rock"}] | [] | [{"title":"Warden Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warden_Rock"}] | [{"reference":"\"Guardian Rock\". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved 2012-05-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/2020/https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:5:::NO::P5_ANTAR_ID:6115","url_text":"\"Guardian Rock\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System","url_text":"Geographic Names Information System"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior","url_text":"United States Department of the Interior"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Guardian_Rock¶ms=67_33_S_67_16_W_source:GNIS_type:isle","external_links_name":"67°33′S 67°16′W / 67.550°S 67.267°W / -67.550; -67.267"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Guardian_Rock¶ms=67_33_S_67_16_W_source:GNIS_type:isle","external_links_name":"67°33′S 67°16′W / 67.550°S 67.267°W / -67.550; -67.267"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/2020/https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:5:::NO::P5_ANTAR_ID:6115","external_links_name":"\"Guardian Rock\""},{"Link":"https://www.usgs.gov/information-policies-and-instructions/copyrights-and-credits","external_links_name":"public domain material"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/2020/https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:5:::NO::P5_ANTAR_ID:6115","external_links_name":"\"Guardian Rock\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/2423148997634259870008","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guardian_Rock&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_A._Cooke_(rugby_union) | David A. Cooke | ["1 Early life","2 Rugby union career","3 References"] | England international rugby union player
For the England rugby union international of the same name, born in 1955, see David H. Cooke. For other people, see David Cooke (disambiguation).
Rugby playerDavid CookeBirth nameDavid Alexander CookeDate of birth (1949-02-10) 10 February 1949 (age 75)Place of birthUniversityLoughborough UniversityRugby union careerPosition(s)
CentreSenior careerYears
Team
Apps
(Points)
Loughborough Students RUFCHarlequinsNorthamptonBletchley
()International careerYears
Team
Apps
(Points)1976
England
4
Pts:0; Tries:0; Conv:0; Pens:0; Drop:0
David Cooke is a former a rugby union international who represented England in 1976.
Early life
David Cooke was born on 10 February 1949 and attended Gravesend Grammar School.
Rugby union career
Cooke was selected to tour with England to Argentina following the 1972–73 season. The tour however was cancelled when threats were made that the players would not be safe. A tour to New Zealand was hastily arranged to replace the Argentinian trip but unfortunately for Cooke it was to take place later in the year by which time he had to withdraw from the squad owing to injury.
He eventually made his international debut on 17 January 1976 at Twickenham in the England vs Wales match.
Of the 4 matches he played for his national side he was never on the winning side.
He played his final match for England on 20 March 1976 at Parc des Princes in the France vs England match.
The bulk of his club career was with Harlequins whom he skippered to Middlesex Sevens success in 1978. He ended his first class career with Northampton before stepping down a level to play for Bletchley whom he helped reach their first Buckinghamshire Cup Final in 1981–82.
References
^ a b c d e f David Cooke Profile on scrum.com
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States
Other
SNAC
This English rugby union biography is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David H. Cooke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_H._Cooke"},{"link_name":"David Cooke (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cooke_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scrum-1"}],"text":"For the England rugby union international of the same name, born in 1955, see David H. Cooke. For other people, see David Cooke (disambiguation).Rugby playerDavid Cooke is a former a rugby union international who represented England in 1976.[1]","title":"David A. Cooke"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scrum-1"},{"link_name":"Gravesend Grammar School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravesend_Grammar_School"}],"text":"David Cooke was born on 10 February 1949 [1] and attended Gravesend Grammar School.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Twickenham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twickenham_stadium"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scrum-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scrum-1"},{"link_name":"Parc des Princes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parc_des_Princes"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scrum-1"}],"text":"Cooke was selected to tour with England to Argentina following the 1972–73 season. The tour however was cancelled when threats were made that the players would not be safe. A tour to New Zealand was hastily arranged to replace the Argentinian trip but unfortunately for Cooke it was to take place later in the year by which time he had to withdraw from the squad owing to injury.He eventually made his international debut on 17 January 1976 at Twickenham in the England vs Wales match.[1]\nOf the 4 matches he played for his national side he was never on the winning side.[1]\nHe played his final match for England on 20 March 1976 at Parc des Princes in the France vs England match.[1]The bulk of his club career was with Harlequins whom he skippered to Middlesex Sevens success in 1978. He ended his first class career with Northampton before stepping down a level to play for Bletchley whom he helped reach their first Buckinghamshire Cup Final in 1981–82.","title":"Rugby union career"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.espnscrum.com/england/rugby/player/8464.html","external_links_name":"David Cooke Profile on scrum.com"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000063990313","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/31511547","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJbWBGDJb3DdcFvKQPY9Dq","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nb2004024338","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6kd9gcc","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_A._Cooke&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onze_Kunst_van_Heden | Onze Kunst van Heden | ["1 Artists exhibited at Onze Kunst van Heden","2 References"] | Exhibition in the Rijkmuseum, 1939–1940
Onze Kunst van HedenDate1939 (1939) to 1940 (1940)LocationRijksmuseum, Amsterdam, the NetherlandsF. Schmidt Degener heads press conference at Onze Kunst van Heden expo.
F. Schmidt Degener guides the press in the expo "Onze Kunst van Heden", 1939
Opening by Minister Gerrit Bolkestein of expo Onze Kunst van Heden, 1939
Arrangement of the exhibition Onze kunst van heden 1939-1940.
Onze Kunst van Heden (Contemporary Artists/Our Art of Today) was an exhibition held in the winter of 1939 through 1940 at the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam. Due to the threat of invasion in the years leading up to World War II, the Netherlands' government stored many items from the Rijksmuseum's permanent collection. The resulting empty gallery space was utilized by contemporary Dutch artists to exhibit and sell their art. It was organized by the director of the Rijksmuseum Frederik Schmidt Degener . The show was open to all artists, with each artist allowed to enter four pieces. 902 artists exhibited 3,200 works of art in 74 rooms and cabinets of the Rijksmuseum.
„De kunstenaar kan in tijden van maatschappelijke benauwenis weinig positiefs doen om rampen af te wenden, maar wel kan hij door mede te helpen nationale uitingen op het eigenaardigst naar voren te brengen het gemeenschapsbesef versterken. Wanneer de belangstelling van het publiek uitgaat naar deze manifestatie, die in zulk een omvang in Holland nog niet gezien is, dan zal menige kunstenaar zich op zijn beurt gesterkt voelen".— Frederik Schmidt Degener, 1939, from the catalog of Onze Kunst van Heden
"The artist can do little positive in times of social distress to avert disasters, but he can, by helping to bring out national expressions in the most idiosyncratic way, strengthen the sense of community. When the public is interested in this event, which has not yet been seen to such an extent in Holland, many artists will feel strengthened in turn."— translation
Artists exhibited at Onze Kunst van Heden
Artists included in the exhibition as listed in ARTindex Lexicon Online
A
Fik Abbing
Jean Adams (Johann Hubert Adams)
Marinus Adamse
Christiaan Johannes Addicks
Johan P. Aerts
Henk Albers
Paul van Alff
Gerrit Alozerij
Jan Altink
Nans Amesz
Thérèse Ansingh
Albert Arens
Paul Arntzenius
B
Nico Baak
Pieter Willem van Baarsel
Frans Backmund
Reinier Sybrand Bakels
Nel Bakema
Jan Bakker
Teun Bakker
Jan Bander (Jan Cornelis Bander)
Léonie Bander - Lutomirski
Bets Bayens - Polak
Isabella van Beeck Calkoen
Chris Beekman
Bella van Beek-Stroeve
Theo Beerendonk
Hans Beers
Di Behrens
Chris Bekker Jr.
Hubert Bekman
Truus Pannekoek-van Bemmel
Freek van den Berg
Pieter den Besten
Louise Beyerman
Jo Bezaan
Herman Bieling
Marinus Bies
Leonora van Bijsterveld
Han Bijvoet
Marinus Blanke
Tjieke Bleckmann
Wilhelm Christiaan Constant Bleckmann
Laurens Bleeker
Miek Bloemen
M.C. Boas - Zélander
Felicien Bobeldijk
Jac Bodaan
Nelly Bodenheim
W.F. Boekstal
Kees Boendermaker
Estella den Boer
Wilhelmus de Boer
Willy Boers
Herman Bogman (jr.)
Piet Böhncke
Rie de Balbian Verster-Bolderhey
Cees Bolding
Han Bolte
Claire Bonebakker
Berend Bongers
Jantjen Bontkes
Herman van den Boogaard
Alex Boom (Karel Alexander August Jan Boom)
Jan Boon
Henri Frédéric Boot
Han Boskamp
Wim Bosma
Jaap Bouhuijs (Jaap Bouhuys)
Jo Bouman
Gerard Bourgonjon
Gesina Bouvé
G.E. Bouwmeester
Anna Maria Braakensiek-Dekker
Leo Braat
Maaike Braat-Rolvink
Chiel Brandenburg
Bert Brante
Dolf Breetveld
Geraldo Abraham Brender à Brandis
Johan Briedé
E.T. van Briel
Elga Broeckman (Elga Eymer)
Adriënne Broeckman-Klinkhamer
L.M. Broeckman - van Zijdveld
Anne Marinus Broeckman
Hetty Broedelet - Henkes
Frederika Henriëtte Broeksmit
Edmée Broers
Louis Bron
Dick Broos
Fred Brouwer
I.A. Brouwer
Robert Ives Browne
Rudolf de Bruyn Ouboter
Annie Bruin
Artur Bryks
Johan Buning
M.A.H. van der Burg
Dirk Bus
Johan Busé
Meindert Butter
C
Mies Callenfels-Carsten
Louis Cardinaals
Nico Cevat
Jacques Chapchal
Paul Citroen
Joop Coenders
Pie Coenen
Mozes Cohen
Willem van der Colk
Joan Collette
Arnout Colnot
Ko Cossaar
Cornelis Cox
Marie Cremers
Jos Croin
D
Henri van Daalhoff
Kreel Daamen
Max van Dam
Wim van Dam
Lucie van Dam van Isselt
J.J. Damme
Maurits van Dantzig
Rachel van Dantzig
Arnold Davids
Mies Deinum
Paul Determeyer
Alex Dieperink
H.B. Dieperink Jzn.
Henri Dievenbach
W.J. Dijk
Johan Dijkstra (kunstenaar)
Waalko Dingemans
Maria Helena Disselhoff
Marinus Dittlinger
Jacobus Doeser
Elise Dom
Jan Dona
Jan Adriaan Donker Duyvis,
Claudine Doorman
Tini van Doornik
Jaap Dooijewaard
Willem Dooyewaard
Leopold Herman Daniël van Dorp
Willem van Dort Sr.
Rein Draijer
Arend Jan van Driesten
Gerard Drost
Gerrit van Duffelen
Jacob van Duijne
Erasmus Herman van Dulmen Krumpelman
W.F. Dupont
Debora Duyvis
Lize Duyvis
E
Guillaume Eberhard
Geurt van Eck
Willem van Eck
Nicolas Eekman
Stien Eelsingh
Henri Eernink
Henk van Eeuwijk sr
Piet van Egmond
Antje Egter van Wissekerke
P.B.M. van den Eijnde
Willem Eitjes
Dick Elffers
Rieks Elings
Johannes Elsinga
Fred Engel
Jop van Epen
Jac Eriks
Johan Eshuis
Bernard Essers
Henk Etienne
Frans Everbag
Jan Everts
Dirk den Exter
Charles Eyck
Irma van Eysinga
F
Johann Faber
Marie Madeleine De Famars Testas
Barend Ferwerda
Albert Fiks
Dirk Filarski
Willy Fleur
Phocas Fokkens
Adriana Fontein
Anton Fortuin
Jan Franken
Marianne Franken
Jan Franken Pzn.
Roel Frankot
Gerrit Frederiks
Abraham Fresco
Albert Funke Küpper
G
Salomon Garf
Coenraad Garms
Jan van Geem
Dirk van Gelder
Hendrika van Gelder
Rebecca van Gelder
Wijnand Geraedts
Pieter Geraedts
Roelf Gerbrands
Ed Gerdes
Huub Gerretsen
Ger Gerrits
C. Gerritsen
Jan Jacob Gerstel
Willem Gestel
Jaap Gidding
Julia Giesberts
Agnieta Gijswijt
Frits Giltay
Willem Giltay
Paul Gimbel
Lizzy Goddard
Nelly Goedewaagen
Jan Goedhart
Andries Johannes Jacobus van Gool
Jos Gosschalk
Móric Góth
Sárika Góth
Helena Elisabeth Goudeket
Johannes Graadt van Roggen
Gerrit David Gratama
Lina Gratama
Janneke Anette de Grave
Jan Grégoire
Jos Grieken
J.P. Griep
Berend Groeneveld
Theo Groeneveld
Jac Groot
T.L.M. de Groot
John Grosman
H
T. Haanebrink
Johan Haanstra
Dirk van Haaren
Willem Frederik Haas
Wim de Haas
Herman Habes
Jan Habets
J.G. van Haersolte - de Lange
Hendrik Anton Hage
Mattijs Hage
Jan van Ham
Toon van Ham
Jack Hamel
Willem Hamel
Flip Hamers
Rinze Hamstra
Nita Hannema
Otto Hanrath
Jacob Gerard Hansen
Anna van Harinxma thoe Slooten
Dirk Harting
Marianne Hartong
Wim Harzing
Nola Hatterman
Jacobus Haver Droeze
Jan van Heel
Simon de Heer
Annie van der Heide-Hemsing
Reinier Heiloo
Wim Heinecke
Franz Helfferich
Johan van Hell
Eduard Hellendoorn
Albert Hemelman
Johan Hemkes
Alida Sophia Hendriks
Arend Hendriks
Meindert Hendriks
Johann Wilhelm Henke
Hendrik Henrichs
Henk Henriët
Jan Andries Herfst
Felix Hess
Johannes Albertus Hesterman Jr.
Roeloffina van Heteren-Vink
Geertruida van Hettinga Tromp
Herman Heuff
Johannes Heuperman
B.J. van Heusden
Folke Heybroek
Herman Heijenbrock
Marinus Heijnes
Kees Heynsius
Hubert van Hille
Jan Hingman
Jemmy van Hoboken
Jacobus H. Hoenderdos
Wim Hofker
Antoinette van Hoytema
Charles Hollman
Louise van Holthe tot Echten
Dirk Homberg
Tine Honig
Ina Hooft
Bernard de Hoog
Hendrik de Hoog
Maria Ida Adriana Hoogendijk
Douwe Mattheus Hoogeveen
Jan Hendrik Hoowij
Elbert Hooyberg
Gerard Hordijk
Lex Horn
Gé ter Horst
Eduard Houbolt
Alida van Houten
Chiem van Houweninge (1898 1996)
Albert Hovenkamp
Frits Hubeek
Henriette Hubregtse-Lanzing
Jan Hul
Mathieu Hul
Han Hulsbergen
Albertus Gerhard Hulshoff Pol
Ber Hulsing
A.E. van Humalda van Eysinga (Jhr)
Frieda Hunziker
Vilmos Huszár
Cornelis Teunis Huussen
Dorothée Huysinga
Gerard Huysser
I
Jacques Idserda
Hendrikus IJkelenstam
Cees van Ijsseldijk
Jacques Ijsselmuiden
Jan Ingenhoes
J
Gijs Jacobs van den Hof
Mirjam Jacobson
Jan Jans
Co Jansen
E.A. Jansen
Jan Meine Jansen
Lambert Jansen
Willem George Frederik Jansen
H.J. Jansen van Galen
J.A.H. Jaspers
Everhard Jekel
Samuel Jessurun de Mesquita
Johannes Antonius Fredericus Joghems
Henri Jonas
Germ de Jong
Gerrit de Jong
Toon de Jong
Johanna Alida Catharina de Jonge
Marie de Jonge
Roelf Jongman
Jan Jordens
Johannes Hendricus Jurres
K
Jaap Kaal
Dorry Kahn-Weyl
Harm Kamerlingh Onnes
Johan Bernard Kamp
Fokke Kamstra
Otto B. de Kat
Henriette Agnete Kitty von Kaulbach
Lucie Keijser
Antony Keizer
Marie Kelting
Bernard Johan Kerkhof
Gerard Kerkhoff
Johan Kerkmeijer
Adriaan Keus
Jan Kijff
Marie Kilsdonk
Reimond Kimpe
Nel Klaassen
Ekke Kleima
Frits Klein
Jan Kleintjes
Willem Klijn
Samuel Klinkenberg
Piet Kloes
Cornelis Kloos
Nicolaas Kluijver
Nel Kluitman
Albert Klijn
Josina Knap
Willem Knip
Rie Knipscheer
Olga van Iterson-Knoepfle
Elize Knuttel
Gerardus Johannes Koekkoek
Kobus Koeman
Willem Koerse
Willem de Kok
Mark Kolthoff
Douwe Komter
Cornelis Koning
Dirk Koning
Edzard Koning
Roeland Koning
Ulco Kooistra
Lody van Kooten Jr.
Cornelis Koppenol
Louis Kortenhorst
Jan Korthals
Jo Koster
Klaas Koster (kunstschilder)
Nicolaas van der Kreek
Alfred Krenz
Mijndert Krijnsen
Johannes Jacobus Kroon
Gerard Kroone
Hildo Krop
Han Krug
Louis Krüger
Dirk Kruizinga
Johan Alexander Kruseman
Frederik Adolf Krüsmann
Harrie Kuyten
Willem van Kuilenburg
Sjoerd Kuperus
Giselle Kuster
Cornel Kwint
L
Jan Lamberts
Clemens van Lamsweerde
Anna Clasina Op 't Land
Daan de Lange
Jan Bernaard de Lange
Ger Langeweg
Sara Ledeboer
Coba van der Lee
Arie Leeflang
E.C. Leegstra
Wiert Hendrik Leemhuis
Titus Leeser
Cornelis de Leeuw
Dirk de Leeuw
Cor van Leeuwen
Henk van Leeuwen
Marinus Willem Gustus Leeuwen
Willem van Leeuwen
Anna Lehmann
David Jacob van Lennep (1896-1982)
Henriëtte Johanna van Lent-Gort
Johannes Leopold
Gerard van Lerven
Willem van Leusden
Hubert Levigne
Willem van Lierop
Johan van der Linde (jr.)
Hubert van Lith
Alfred Löb
Jan Lodeizen
Lou Loeber
Josephus Bernardus Antonius Lohman
Theo Lohmann
Huub Loontjens
Albert Loots
Eugène Lücker
Gerrit Lulof
Huib Luns
Theo Luns
Joop van Lunteren
Jaap Luttge
Ans Luttge-Deetman
Dick van Luijn
M
Henri MacLean
Harry Maas
Marie Henry Mackenzie
Karin Mader
J.C.F.H. Magendans
Jan Henri Makkink
Kees Maks
Adrianus Marchal
Mien Marchant
Henriëtte Marcus
Jacques Maris
Gijsbert George Martens
Arend Jan Massink
Johan Hendrik van Mastenbroek
Herman Mees
Johan Meijer
Sal Meijer
Tom Meijer
Frederika Wilhelmina Christina Teding van Berkhout-de Meijere
Frans Meijers
Louis Meijs
Mattheus Carel August Meischke
Henk Melgers
Cornelis Mension
Hermann Friedrich Mertens
Antonia ter Meulen
Harmen Meurs
Jan Anthony Adriaan (Jan) van Meurs
Arie van Mever
Pierre Michel
Judy Michiels van Kessenich
Johan Miedema
Willem Minderman
Adrianus Miolée
Charles Moen
Ro Mogendorff
Toon van der Molen
Tijmen Moll
Johannes Abraham Mondt
François Albertinus Mooy
Chris Moret
Hendrik Cornelis van Mourik
Jacques van Mourik
Pauline Johanna Gesine Mouthaan
Toon van den Muijsenberg
Albert Mulder
Jan Mulder (1895-1988)
Wim Mulder
Bertha Müller (1883-1968)
Xeno Münninghoff
N
Isaäc Naarden
Jan Coenraad Nachenius
Dirk Berend Nanninga
Mien Nanninga
Max Nauta
Gerrit van 't Net
Elie Neuburger
Albert Neuhuys (1895-1968)
Arnold Bernard Neujean
Jacqueline Marguerite van Nie
Kasper Niehaus
Leonardus Josephus Niehorster
Carl Cornelis van Niekerk
Willem van Nieuwenhoven (1879-1973)
Gustaaf van Nifterik
Johan Christiaan Nijlandrkd
Suzanne Nijs
Hans van Norden
Henriëtte Gesina Numans
O
Elisabeth Obreen
Wim Oepts
Otto ten Oever
Albert Oger
Suze Oosterhuis-van der Stok
Henri van Os Delhez
Betsy Westendorp-Osieck
Tames Oud
Jan Ouwersloot
Coen van Oven
Gijsbertus Johannes van Overbeek
P
Corrie Pabst
Hanny Paehlig
Abraham Arnoldus Pakkoo
Ru Paré
Jan Peeters (1912 - 1992)
Bart Peizel
Rudolf Ernst Penning
Jan Pennings
Henriëtte Pessers
Lukas Peterich
Piet_Peters_(kunstenaar)
Adri Pieck
Johanna Pieneman
Johannes Antonius Pietersen
Reinier Pijnenburg
Edith Elizabeth Pijpers
Leonard Pinkhof
Adriaan van der Plas
George Pletser
Toon Pluymers
Femmetje Marijke Poel
Henk Poesiat
Christiaan Pointl
Arend van de Pol
Hugo Polderman (1886 - 1977)
Johan Ponsioen
Jan Ponstijn
Jan Poortenaar
Justin van de Port
Charlotte Pothuis
Ko Prange
Claas Prins
Riekele Prins
Maria Pronk-Rompelman
Johannes Proost
Pieter Puijpe
R
Marinus van Raalte
Willem Rädecker
Cecilia Maria Elisabeth de Ranitz
Johan Bernhard Ludwig Reelfs
Etie van Rees
Koen van Rees
Willem Karel Rees
Gustavus Valère Marie Hubert Regout
Piet de Regt
Marie van Regteren Altena
Han Rehm
Hans Reicher
Herman van Remmen
Henriëtte Johanna Reuchlin-Lucardie
Theo van Reijn
Piet Rezelman
Bernard Richters
Han Richters
Ietske Richters
Marius Richters
Theo Riegstra
Jan Rijlaarsdam
Thijs Rinsema
Coba Ritsema
Henri Ritzen
Johannes Cornelis Roelandse
Willem Elisa Roelofs (1874-1940)
Johannes Cornelis Gerardus A. Roest
Cornelis Rol
Herman Romijn
Bethijl Philippus van Romondt
Frans Ronda
Hendrikus Elias Roodenburg
Dorus Roovers
Lize Rose
Suze Rosse
Jos Rovers
Chris le Roy
Hans Royaards (1902-1975)
Willem Jacob Rozendaal
Gra Rueb
Georg Rueter
Alida Henriëtte Runeman
S
Saraochim Salim
Henri Savrij
Jaap Sax
Gerbrand Frederik van Schagen
Lodewijk Schelfhout
Johan Scherrewitz
Frits Schiller
Marinus Schipper
Carl Eberhard Schlüter
Willy Van Schoonhoven Van Beurden
Anthonie Pieter Schotel
Lizzy Schouten
Wout Schram
Louis Schrikkel
Sierk Schröder
David Schulman
Louis Schutte
Bertha thoe Schwartzenberg
Maria Adeline Alice Schweistal
Jos Seckel
Adrianus Wilhelmus Selhorst
Henri Sicking
Willem Siedenburg
William Henry Singer
Frans Slager
Suze Slager-Velsen
Viry Slijper
Gerardus Hermanus Johannes Sluijter
Willy Sluiter
Anton Smeerdijk
Alberta Johanna Meijer-Smetz
Elisabeth Bol-Smit
Ineke Smit
Jan Smit Kzn
Hobbe Smith
Johan Smith (1900-1958)
C.P. Snijders b. 1904
Andree de Sobocka
Christiaan Soer (1882-1961)
Leonida Sologaub
Truus van Someren Gréve
Louis Soonius
Johan Spaling (1891-1974)
Frederika Springer
Ludwig Stainer
Henri Johan van der Stal
Jacq Stal
G.J. Staller
Arend van Starrenburg
Pieter Starreveld
Cephas Stauthamer
Louis van der Steen
Jan Jelmer Steenhuis (1897-1983)
Wim Steijn
Johann von Stein
Marie van Waning-Stevels
Koos Stikvoort
Dick Stins
Theo Stiphout
Charles Stok
Hans van der Stok
Agnes van Stolk
Sara van Stolk
Heinrich Wilhelm Christian Stolle
Corry Stolp
Barend Hendrik Stomps
Pierre Stordiau
Michiel Straasheijm
B. Straithon - van Gelder
Theo Swagemakers
T
Jan Tebben
Josefa Tepe
Carl Thoenies
Jan Tiele
George Tielens
Kees Timmer
Adriaan Timmers
Frans Timmers
Jan van Tongeren
René P. Tonneyck
Ersika Tóth
Jelle Troelstra
V
Willem Valk
Hendrik Valk
Karel van Veen
Johan Laurent ter Veer
Jacobus Marinus Augustinus Veerman
Paul van der Ven
Eduard Verboog
Johannes Nicolaas Anthonius Vergeer
Margaretha C. Verheus
Josef Verheyen (1899 - 1976)
Andreas Jacobus Verhorst
Jan Veringa (1907 - 1982)
Lucas Verkoren
Albert Verschuuren
Leonard Pieter Versteeg
Henri Verstijnen
Johanna Helena Viertelhausen
Dirk Vis
Heyme Vis
Reinder Visscher
Jan Visser
Tjipke Visser
Tula Marina di Vista
Gerard van Vliet
Tilly Münninghoff-van Vliet
Leendert van der Vlist
Koos van Vlijmen
Leendert de Vogel
Adrianus Volkers
Maurice Volkhemer
Dirk Volz
Gerard Voogd
Kees de Voogt
Charles Vos
Henri Vos
Jo Voskuil
Jeroen Voskuyl
Cornelis Vreedenburgh
Herman Vreedenburgh
Martinus Vreugde
Hendrik de Vries
Johan Marinus de Vries (1892-1982)
W
Leo van Waegeningh
Jaap Wagemaker
Hendrik Adriaan van der Wal
Petrus Marinus van Walcheren
Willem van de Walle
Ben Walrecht
Herman Walstra
Willem Abraham Wassenaar
Catharina Elisabeth Wassink
Gisèle d'Ailly van Waterschoot van der Gracht
Charles Weddepohl
Hendrik Weegewijs
Barend Hendrik Ter Weeme
Theo ter Weeme
Fedde Weidema
Jaap Weyand
Jan Harm Weijns
Ype Wenning
Clara Adriana van der Werff
Wouter Marinus van de Werk (1875-1969)
Hendrik Nicolaas Werkman
Frans Werner
Jobs Wertheim
Hendrik Jan Wesseling
Hendrik Jacobus Westendorp
Gerhard Westermann
Johannes Embrosius van de Wetering de Rooij
Berend Wolter Weyers
Jan Wiegers
Willem Wiegmans
Ids Wiersma
Joub Wiertz
Louis Frederik Wijmans
Wilhelmus Lambertus Wijmans
Willem Abraham de Wijn
Piet van Wijngaerdt
George Wildschut
Marie Willeboordse
Wilhelmus Antonius Willemsen
Karl Willerding
Paul Windhausen (1903-1944)
Johan Walraven van Winkoop
Jos Wins
Willem Witjens
Jan Wittenberg (artist)
Dirk Wolbers
Hendrik Jan Wolter
Gerrit Woudt
Wilm Wouters
Elsa Woutersen-van Doesburgh
Gonda Wulfse
Z
Ed van Zanden
Jan van der Zee
Janus van Zeegen jr.
Agatha Zethraeus
Louis de Zwart
Johan van Zweden
Douwe van der Zweep
Piet Zwiers
Jac Zwijsen
References
^ a b "Onze kunst van heden, 1939". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 27 December 2020.
^ "Tentoonstelling onze kunst van heden : Rijksmuseum winter 1939-1940". RKD. Retrieved 27 December 2020.
^ "Tentoonstelling Onze kunst van heden, Rijksmuseum,... | gedrukt boek |". de Bibliotheek. Retrieved 27 December 2020.
^ "George Marinus Tamson". Cor Kint - Werk, Leven, Omgeving. Retrieved 27 December 2020.
^ "Exposite "Onze kunst van heden"". De Telegraaf (in Dutch). 17 October 1939. Retrieved 17 January 2021.
^ a b "Onze Kunst van Heden: 3200 inzendingen van 920 kunstenaars". De Maasbode (in Dutch). 18 November 1939. Retrieved 18 January 2021.
^ "Roeloffina Vink". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 23 January 2021.
^ "Hendrikus Ykelenstam". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 26 January 2021.
^ "Cees van Ysseldijk". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 26 January 2021.
^ "Jacques Ysselmuiden". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 26 January 2021.
^ "Dorry Weijl". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 25 January 2021.
^ "Willem Valk". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 23 January 2021.
^ "Hendrik Valk". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 23 January 2021.
^ "Karel van Veen". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 23 January 2021.
^ "Johan Laurent ter Veer". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 23 January 2021.
^ "Jacobus Marinus Augustinus Veerman". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 23 January 2021.
^ "Paul van der Ven". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 23 January 2021.
^ "Eduard Verboog". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 23 January 2021.
^ "Johannes Nicolaas Anthonius Vergeer". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 23 January 2021.
^ "Margaretha C. Verheus". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 23 January 2021.
^ "Josef Verheyen (1899 - 1976)". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 23 January 2021.
^ "Andreas Jacobus Verhorst". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 23 January 2021.
^ "Jan Veringa (1907 - 1982)". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 23 January 2021.
^ "Lucas Verkoren". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 23 January 2021.
^ "Albert Verschuuren". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 23 January 2021.
^ "Leonard Pieter Versteeg". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 23 January 2021.
^ "Henri Verstijnen". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 23 January 2021.
^ "Johanna Helena Viertelhausen". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 23 January 2021.
^ "Dirk Vis". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 23 January 2021.
^ "Heyme Vis". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 23 January 2021.
^ "Reinder Visscher". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 23 January 2021.
^ "Jan Visser". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 23 January 2021.
^ "Tjipke Visser". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 23 January 2021.
^ "Tula di Vista". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 23 January 2021.
^ "Gerard van Vliet". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 23 January 2021.
^ "Tilly van Vliet". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 23 January 2021.
^ "Leendert van der Vlist". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 23 January 2021.
^ "Koos van Vlijmen". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 23 January 2021.
^ "Leendert de Vogel". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 23 January 2021.
^ "Adrianus Volkers". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 23 January 2021.
^ "Maurice Volkhemer". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 23 January 2021.
^ "Dirk Volz". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 23 January 2021.
^ "Gerard Voogd". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 23 January 2021.
^ "Kees de Voogt". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 23 January 2021.
^ "Charles Vos". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 23 January 2021.
^ "Henri Vos". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 23 January 2021.
^ "Jo Voskuil". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 23 January 2021.
^ "Jeroen Voskuyl". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 23 January 2021.
^ "Cornelis Vreedenburgh". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 23 January 2021.
^ "Herman Vreedenburgh". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 23 January 2021.
^ "Martinus Vreugde". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 23 January 2021.
^ "Henk de Vries". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 23 January 2021.
^ "Johan de Vries". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 23 January 2021.
^ "Leo van Waegeningh". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 25 January 2021.
^ "Jaap Wagemaker". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 25 January 2021.
^ "Hendrik Adriaan van der Wal". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 25 January 2021.
^ "Petrus Marinus van Walcheren". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 25 January 2021.
^ "Willem van de Walle". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 25 January 2021.
^ "Ben Walrecht". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 25 January 2021.
^ "Herman Walstra". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 25 January 2021.
^ "Willem Abraham Wassenaar". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 25 January 2021.
^ "Catharina Elisabeth Wassink". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 25 January 2021.
^ "Gisèle d'Ailly van Waterschoot van der Gracht". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 25 January 2021.
^ "Charles Weddepohl". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 25 January 2021.
^ "Hendrik Weegewijs". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 25 January 2021.
^ "Barend Hendrik Ter Weeme". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 25 January 2021.
^ "Theo ter Weeme". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 25 January 2021.
^ "Fedde Weidema". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 25 January 2021.
^ "Jaap Weijand". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 25 January 2021.
^ "J.H. Weijns". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 25 January 2021.
^ "Ype Wenning". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 25 January 2021.
^ "Clara Adriana van der Werff". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 25 January 2021.
^ "Wouter Marinus van de Werk (1875-1969)". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 25 January 2021.
^ "Hendrik Nicolaas Werkman". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 25 January 2021.
^ "Frans Werner". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 25 January 2021.
^ "Jobs Wertheim". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 25 January 2021.
^ "H.J. Wesseling". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 25 January 2021.
^ "Henk Westendorp". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 25 January 2021.
^ "Gerard Westermann". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 25 January 2021.
^ "J.E. van de Wetering de Rooy". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 25 January 2021.
^ "B.W. Weyers". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 25 January 2021.
^ "Jan Wiegers". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 25 January 2021.
^ "Willem Wiegmans". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 25 January 2021.
^ "Ids Wiersma". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 25 January 2021.
^ "Joub Wiertz". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 25 January 2021.
^ "Louis Wijmans". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 25 January 2021.
^ "Willem Wijmans". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 25 January 2021.
^ "W.A. de Wijn". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 25 January 2021.
^ "Piet van Wijngaerdt". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 25 January 2021.
^ "George Wildschut". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 25 January 2021.
^ "Marie Willeboordse". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 25 January 2021.
^ "W.A. Willemsen". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 25 January 2021.
^ "Karl Willerding". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 25 January 2021.
^ "Paul Windhausen". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 25 January 2021.
^ "J.W. van Winkoop". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 25 January 2021.
^ "Jos Wins". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 25 January 2021.
^ "Willem Witjens". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 25 January 2021.
^ "Jan Wittenberg". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 25 January 2021.
^ "Dirk Wolbers". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 25 January 2021.
^ "H.J. Wolter". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 25 January 2021.
^ "Gerrit Woudt". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 25 January 2021.
^ "Wilm Wouters". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 25 January 2021.
^ "Elsa Woutersen - van Doesburgh". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 25 January 2021.
^ "Gonda Wulfse". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 25 January 2021.
^ "Ed van Zanden". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 26 January 2021.
^ "Jan van der Zee". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 26 January 2021.
^ "Janus van Zeegen jr". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 26 January 2021.
^ "Agatha Zethraeus". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 26 January 2021.
^ "Louis de Zwart". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 26 January 2021.
^ "Johan van Zweden". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 26 January 2021.
^ "Douwe van der Zweep". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 26 January 2021.
^ "Piet Zwiers". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 26 January 2021.
^ "Jac Zwijsen". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 26 January 2021. | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:F._Schmidt_Degener_leidt_persconferentie_bij_expo_Onze_Kunst_van_Heden,_1939.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:F._Schmidt_Degener_leidt_de_pers_rond_bij_het_eerste_bezoek_aan_expo_Onze_Kunst_van_Heden,_1939.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Opening_door_minister_G._Bolkenstein_van_expo_Onze_Kunst_van_Heden,_1939.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gerrit Bolkestein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerrit_Bolkestein"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Opstelling_van_de_tentoonstelling_Onze_kunst_van_heden_1939-1940.,_1939_-_1940.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rijksmuseum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rijksmuseum"},{"link_name":"Amsterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beeldend_BeNeLux_Elektronisch-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RKD-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-de_Bibliotheek-3"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cor_Kint-4"},{"link_name":"Frederik Schmidt Degener","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frederik_Schmidt_Degener&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederik_Schmidt_Degener"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-De_Maasbode-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-De_Maasbode-6"}],"text":"F. Schmidt Degener heads press conference at Onze Kunst van Heden expo.F. Schmidt Degener guides the press in the expo \"Onze Kunst van Heden\", 1939Opening by Minister Gerrit Bolkestein of expo Onze Kunst van Heden, 1939Arrangement of the exhibition Onze kunst van heden 1939-1940.Onze Kunst van Heden (Contemporary Artists/Our Art of Today) was an exhibition held in the winter of 1939 through 1940 at the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam.[1][2][3] Due to the threat of invasion in the years leading up to World War II, the Netherlands' government stored many items from the Rijksmuseum's permanent collection.[4] The resulting empty gallery space was utilized by contemporary Dutch artists to exhibit and sell their art. It was organized by the director of the Rijksmuseum Frederik Schmidt Degener [nl]. The show was open to all artists, with each artist allowed to enter four pieces.[5] 902 artists exhibited 3,200 works of art in 74 rooms and cabinets of the Rijksmuseum.[6]„De kunstenaar kan in tijden van maatschappelijke benauwenis weinig positiefs doen om rampen af te wenden, maar wel kan hij door mede te helpen nationale uitingen op het eigenaardigst naar voren te brengen het gemeenschapsbesef versterken. Wanneer de belangstelling van het publiek uitgaat naar deze manifestatie, die in zulk een omvang in Holland nog niet gezien is, dan zal menige kunstenaar zich op zijn beurt gesterkt voelen\".— Frederik Schmidt Degener, 1939, from the catalog of Onze Kunst van Heden[6]\"The artist can do little positive in times of social distress to avert disasters, but he can, by helping to bring out national expressions in the most idiosyncratic way, strengthen the sense of community. When the public is interested in this event, which has not yet been seen to such an extent in Holland, many artists will feel strengthened in turn.\"— translation","title":"Onze Kunst van Heden"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beeldend_BeNeLux_Elektronisch-1"},{"link_name":"Fik Abbing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fik_Abbing&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fik_Abbing"},{"link_name":"Paul van Alff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_van_Alff&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_van_Alff"},{"link_name":"Jan Altink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Altink"},{"link_name":"Nans Amesz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nans_Amesz&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nans_Amesz"},{"link_name":"Thérèse Ansingh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_Ansingh"},{"link_name":"Paul Arntzenius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Arntzenius&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Arntzenius"},{"link_name":"Nico Baak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nico_Baak&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nico_Baak"},{"link_name":"Pieter Willem van Baarsel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pieter_Willem_van_Baarsel&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Willem_van_Baarsel"},{"link_name":"Reinier Sybrand Bakels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reinier_Sybrand_Bakels&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinier_Sybrand_Bakels"},{"link_name":"Nel Bakema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nel_Bakema&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nel_Bakema"},{"link_name":"Isabella van Beeck Calkoen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isabella_van_Beeck_Calkoen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_van_Beeck_Calkoen"},{"link_name":"Chris Beekman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chris_Beekman&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Beekman"},{"link_name":"Hans Beers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Beers&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Beers"},{"link_name":"Hubert Bekman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hubert_Bekman&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Bekman"},{"link_name":"Freek van den Berg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Freek_van_den_Berg&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freek_van_den_Berg"},{"link_name":"Pieter den Besten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pieter_den_Besten&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_den_Besten"},{"link_name":"Louise Beyerman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louise_Beyerman&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Beyerman"},{"link_name":"Herman Bieling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Bieling"},{"link_name":"Han Bijvoet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Han_Bijvoet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Bijvoet"},{"link_name":"Wilhelm Christiaan Constant Bleckmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Christiaan_Constant_Bleckmann&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Christiaan_Constant_Bleckmann"},{"link_name":"Nelly Bodenheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelly_Bodenheim"},{"link_name":"Kees Boendermaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kees_Boendermaker&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kees_Boendermaker"},{"link_name":"Estella den Boer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Estella_den_Boer&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estella_den_Boer"},{"link_name":"Willy Boers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willy_Boers&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Boers"},{"link_name":"Rie de Balbian Verster-Bolderhey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rie_de_Balbian_Verster-Bolderhey"},{"link_name":"Cees Bolding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cees_Bolding"},{"link_name":"Claire Bonebakker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Claire_Bonebakker&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claire_Bonebakker"},{"link_name":"Henri Frédéric Boot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Boot"},{"link_name":"Wim Bosma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wim_Bosma&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wim_Bosma"},{"link_name":"Jo Bouman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo_Kruyder-Bouman"},{"link_name":"Leo Braat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leo_Braat&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Braat"},{"link_name":"Maaike Braat-Rolvink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maaike_Braat-Rolvink"},{"link_name":"Dolf Breetveld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dolf_Breetveld&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolf_Breetveld"},{"link_name":"Geraldo Abraham Brender à Brandis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geraldo_Abraham_Brender_%C3%A0_Brandis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geraldo_Abraham_Brender_%C3%A0_Brandis"},{"link_name":"Johan Briedé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johan_Bried%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Bried%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Adriënne Broeckman-Klinkhamer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adri%C3%ABnne_Broeckman-Klinkhamer"},{"link_name":"Anne Marinus Broeckman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Marinus_Broeckman"},{"link_name":"Frederika Henriëtte Broeksmit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederika_Henri%C3%ABtte_Broeksmit"},{"link_name":"Dick Broos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dick_Broos&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Broos"},{"link_name":"Rudolf de Bruyn Ouboter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_de_Bruyn_Ouboter&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_de_Bruyn_Ouboter"},{"link_name":"Annie Bruin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Bruin"},{"link_name":"Artur Bryks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Artur_Bryks&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artur_Bryks"},{"link_name":"Johan Buning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johan_Buning&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Buning"},{"link_name":"Dirk Bus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirk_Bus"},{"link_name":"Mies Callenfels-Carsten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mies_Callenfels-Carsten"},{"link_name":"Nico Cevat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nico_Cevat&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nico_Cevat"},{"link_name":"Paul Citroen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Citroen"},{"link_name":"Joan Collette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joan_Collette&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Collette"},{"link_name":"Arnout Colnot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arnout_Colnot&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnout_Colnot"},{"link_name":"Ko Cossaar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko_Cossaar"},{"link_name":"Marie Cremers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Cremers"},{"link_name":"Jos Croin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos_Croin"},{"link_name":"Henri van Daalhoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henri_van_Daalhoff&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_van_Daalhoff"},{"link_name":"Max van Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_van_Dam"},{"link_name":"Lucie van Dam van Isselt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucie_van_Dam_van_Isselt"},{"link_name":"Maurits van Dantzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maurits_van_Dantzig&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurits_van_Dantzig"},{"link_name":"Rachel van Dantzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_van_Dantzig"},{"link_name":"Paul Determeyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Determeyer&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Determeyer"},{"link_name":"Henri Dievenbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henri_Dievenbach&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Dievenbach"},{"link_name":"Johan Dijkstra (kunstenaar)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johan_Dijkstra_(kunstenaar)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Dijkstra_(kunstenaar)"},{"link_name":"Jaap Dooijewaard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jaap_Dooijewaard&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaap_Dooijewaard"},{"link_name":"Rein Draijer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rein_Draijer&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rein_Draijer"},{"link_name":"Arend Jan van Driesten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arend_Jan_van_Driesten&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arend_Jan_van_Driesten"},{"link_name":"Gerrit van Duffelen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerrit_van_Duffelen"},{"link_name":"Erasmus Herman van Dulmen Krumpelman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erasmus_Herman_van_Dulmen_Krumpelman&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasmus_Herman_van_Dulmen_Krumpelman"},{"link_name":"Debora Duyvis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debora_Duyvis"},{"link_name":"Lize Duyvis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lize_Duyvis"},{"link_name":"Guillaume Eberhard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guillaume_Eberhard&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillaume_Eberhard"},{"link_name":"Nicolas Eekman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Eekman"},{"link_name":"Stien Eelsingh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stien_Eelsingh"},{"link_name":"Piet van Egmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piet_van_Egmond"},{"link_name":"Dick Elffers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Elffers"},{"link_name":"Johannes Elsinga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Elsinga&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Elsinga"},{"link_name":"Jop van Epen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jop_van_Epen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jop_van_Epen"},{"link_name":"Bernard Essers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bernard_Essers&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Henk Etienne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henk_Etienne&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henk_Etienne"},{"link_name":"Charles Eyck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Eyck"},{"link_name":"Irma van Eysinga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Irma_van_Eysinga&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irma_van_Eysinga"},{"link_name":"Barend Ferwerda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barend_Ferwerda&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barend_Ferwerda"},{"link_name":"Dirk Filarski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dirk_Filarski&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirk_Filarski"},{"link_name":"Phocas Fokkens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phocas_Fokkens&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phocas_Fokkens"},{"link_name":"Anton Fortuin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anton_Fortuin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Fortuin"},{"link_name":"Marianne Franken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marianne_Franken"},{"link_name":"Jan Franken Pzn.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jan_Franken_Pzn.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Franken_Pzn."},{"link_name":"Roel Frankot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roel_Frankot&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Abraham Fresco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abraham_Fresco&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Fresco"},{"link_name":"Albert Funke Küpper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albert_Funke_K%C3%BCpper&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Funke_K%C3%BCpper"},{"link_name":"Salomon Garf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salomon_Garf"},{"link_name":"Dirk van Gelder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dirk_van_Gelder&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirk_van_Gelder"},{"link_name":"Hendrika van Gelder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrika_van_Gelder"},{"link_name":"Wijnand Geraedts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wijnand_Geraedts&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wijnand_Geraedts"},{"link_name":"Pieter 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Gracht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gis%C3%A8le_d%27Ailly_van_Waterschoot_van_der_Gracht"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Charles Weddepohl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Weddepohl&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Weddepohl"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Fedde Weidema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fedde_Weidema&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fedde_Weidema"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Jaap Weyand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaap_Weyand"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"Jan Harm Weijns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jan_Harm_Weijns&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Harm_Weijns"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"Ype Wenning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ype_Wenning&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ype_Wenning"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"Clara Adriana van der Werff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Adriana_van_der_Werff"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"Hendrik Nicolaas Werkman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Nicolaas_Werkman"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"Frans Werner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frans_Werner&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans_Werner"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"Jobs Wertheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jobs_Wertheim&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jobs_Wertheim"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"Gerhard Westermann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Westermann"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"Jan Wiegers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Wiegers"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"Willem Wiegmans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willem_Wiegmans&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem_Wiegmans"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"Ids Wiersma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ids_Wiersma&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ids_Wiersma"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"Willem Abraham de Wijn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willem_Abraham_de_Wijn&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem_Abraham_de_Wijn"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"Piet van Wijngaerdt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Piet_van_Wijngaerdt&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piet_van_Wijngaerdt"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"George Wildschut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Wildschut&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Wildschut"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"Marie Willeboordse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Willeboordse"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"Paul Windhausen (1903-1944)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Windhausen_(1903-1944)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Windhausen_(1903-1944)"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"Johan Walraven van Winkoop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johan_Walraven_van_Winkoop&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Walraven_van_Winkoop"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"Dirk Wolbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dirk_Wolbers&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirk_Wolbers"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"Hendrik Jan Wolter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Jan_Wolter"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"Wilm Wouters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilm_Wouters&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilm_Wouters"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"Elsa Woutersen-van Doesburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsa_Woutersen-van_Doesburgh"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"Gonda Wulfse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonda_Wulfse"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"Jan van der Zee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jan_van_der_Zee&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_van_der_Zee"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"Agatha Zethraeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agatha_Zethraeus"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"Johan van Zweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johan_van_Zweden&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_van_Zweden"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"Douwe van der Zweep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Douwe_van_der_Zweep&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douwe_van_der_Zweep"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"Piet Zwiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Piet_Zwiers&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piet_Zwiers"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"}],"text":"Artists included in the exhibition as listed in ARTindex Lexicon Online[1]AFik Abbing [nl]\nJean Adams (Johann Hubert Adams)\nMarinus Adamse\nChristiaan Johannes Addicks\nJohan P. Aerts\nHenk Albers\nPaul van Alff [nl]\nGerrit Alozerij\nJan Altink\nNans Amesz [nl]\nThérèse Ansingh\nAlbert Arens\nPaul Arntzenius [nl]BNico Baak [nl]\nPieter Willem van Baarsel [nl]\nFrans Backmund\nReinier Sybrand Bakels [nl]\nNel Bakema [nl]\nJan Bakker\nTeun Bakker\nJan Bander (Jan Cornelis Bander)\nLéonie Bander - Lutomirski\nBets Bayens - Polak\nIsabella van Beeck Calkoen [nl]\nChris Beekman [nl]\nBella van Beek-Stroeve\nTheo Beerendonk\nHans Beers [nl]\nDi Behrens\nChris Bekker Jr.\nHubert Bekman [nl]\nTruus Pannekoek-van Bemmel\nFreek van den Berg [nl]\nPieter den Besten [nl]\nLouise Beyerman [nl]\nJo Bezaan\nHerman Bieling\nMarinus Bies\nLeonora van Bijsterveld\nHan Bijvoet [nl]\nMarinus Blanke\nTjieke Bleckmann\nWilhelm Christiaan Constant Bleckmann [nl]\nLaurens Bleeker\nMiek Bloemen\nM.C. Boas - Zélander\nFelicien Bobeldijk\nJac Bodaan\nNelly Bodenheim\nW.F. Boekstal\nKees Boendermaker [nl]\nEstella den Boer [nl]\nWilhelmus de Boer\nWilly Boers [nl]\nHerman Bogman (jr.)\nPiet Böhncke\nRie de Balbian Verster-Bolderhey\nCees Bolding\nHan Bolte\nClaire Bonebakker [nl]\nBerend Bongers\nJantjen Bontkes\nHerman van den Boogaard\nAlex Boom (Karel Alexander August Jan Boom)\nJan Boon\nHenri Frédéric Boot\nHan Boskamp\nWim Bosma [nl]\nJaap Bouhuijs (Jaap Bouhuys)\nJo Bouman\nGerard Bourgonjon\nGesina Bouvé\nG.E. Bouwmeester\nAnna Maria Braakensiek-Dekker\nLeo Braat [nl]\nMaaike Braat-Rolvink\nChiel Brandenburg\nBert Brante\nDolf Breetveld [nl]\nGeraldo Abraham Brender à Brandis [nl]\nJohan Briedé [nl]\nE.T. van Briel\nElga Broeckman (Elga Eymer)\nAdriënne Broeckman-Klinkhamer\nL.M. Broeckman - van Zijdveld\nAnne Marinus Broeckman\nHetty Broedelet - Henkes\nFrederika Henriëtte Broeksmit\nEdmée Broers\nLouis Bron\nDick Broos [nl]\nFred Brouwer\nI.A. Brouwer\nRobert Ives Browne\nRudolf de Bruyn Ouboter [nl]\nAnnie Bruin\nArtur Bryks [de]\nJohan Buning [nl]\nM.A.H. van der Burg\nDirk Bus\nJohan Busé\nMeindert ButterCMies Callenfels-Carsten\nLouis Cardinaals\nNico Cevat [nl]\nJacques Chapchal\nPaul Citroen\nJoop Coenders\nPie Coenen\nMozes Cohen\nWillem van der Colk\nJoan Collette [nl]\nArnout Colnot [nl]\nKo Cossaar\nCornelis Cox\nMarie Cremers\nJos CroinDHenri van Daalhoff [nl]\nKreel Daamen\nMax van Dam\nWim van Dam\nLucie van Dam van Isselt\nJ.J. Damme\nMaurits van Dantzig [nl]\nRachel van Dantzig\nArnold Davids\nMies Deinum\nPaul Determeyer [nl]\nAlex Dieperink\nH.B. Dieperink Jzn.\nHenri Dievenbach [nl]\nW.J. Dijk\nJohan Dijkstra (kunstenaar) [nl]\nWaalko Dingemans\nMaria Helena Disselhoff\nMarinus Dittlinger\nJacobus Doeser\nElise Dom\nJan Dona\nJan Adriaan Donker Duyvis,\nClaudine Doorman\nTini van Doornik\nJaap Dooijewaard [nl]\nWillem Dooyewaard\nLeopold Herman Daniël van Dorp\nWillem van Dort Sr.\nRein Draijer [nl]\nArend Jan van Driesten [nl]\nGerard Drost\nGerrit van Duffelen\nJacob van Duijne\nErasmus Herman van Dulmen Krumpelman [nl]\nW.F. Dupont\nDebora Duyvis\nLize DuyvisEGuillaume Eberhard [nl]\nGeurt van Eck\nWillem van Eck\nNicolas Eekman\nStien Eelsingh\nHenri Eernink\nHenk van Eeuwijk sr\nPiet van Egmond\nAntje Egter van Wissekerke\nP.B.M. van den Eijnde\nWillem Eitjes\nDick Elffers\nRieks Elings\nJohannes Elsinga [fy]\nFred Engel\nJop van Epen [nl]\nJac Eriks\nJohan Eshuis\nBernard Essers\nHenk Etienne [nl]\nFrans Everbag\nJan Everts\nDirk den Exter\nCharles Eyck\nIrma van Eysinga [nl]FJohann Faber\nMarie Madeleine De Famars Testas\nBarend Ferwerda [nl]\nAlbert Fiks\nDirk Filarski [nl]\nWilly Fleur\nPhocas Fokkens [nl]\nAdriana Fontein\nAnton Fortuin [nl]\nJan Franken\nMarianne Franken\nJan Franken Pzn. [nl]\nRoel Frankot\nGerrit Frederiks\nAbraham Fresco [nl]\nAlbert Funke Küpper [nl]GSalomon Garf\nCoenraad Garms\nJan van Geem\nDirk van Gelder [nl]\nHendrika van Gelder\nRebecca van Gelder\nWijnand Geraedts [nl]\nPieter Geraedts [nl]\nRoelf Gerbrands [nl]\nEd Gerdes\nHuub Gerretsen\nGer Gerrits [nl]\nC. Gerritsen\nJan Jacob Gerstel\nWillem Gestel [de]\nJaap Gidding [nl]\nJulia Giesberts\nAgnieta Gijswijt\nFrits Giltay [nl]\nWillem Giltay\nPaul Gimbel\nLizzy Goddard\nNelly Goedewaagen\nJan Goedhart\nAndries Johannes Jacobus van Gool\nJos Gosschalk\nMóric Góth\nSárika Góth\nHelena Elisabeth Goudeket\nJohannes Graadt van Roggen [nl]\nGerrit David Gratama\nLina Gratama\nJanneke Anette de Grave\nJan Grégoire [nl]\nJos Grieken\nJ.P. Griep\nBerend Groeneveld\nTheo Groeneveld\nJac Groot\nT.L.M. de Groot\nJohn Grosman [nl]HT. Haanebrink\nJohan Haanstra [nl]\nDirk van Haaren\nWillem Frederik Haas\nWim de Haas\nHerman Habes\nJan Habets\nJ.G. van Haersolte - de Lange\nHendrik Anton Hage\nMattijs Hage [nl]\nJan van Ham\nToon van Ham [nl]\nJack Hamel [nl]\nWillem Hamel\nFlip Hamers\nRinze Hamstra [nl]\nNita Hannema\nOtto Hanrath\nJacob Gerard Hansen [nl]\nAnna van Harinxma thoe Slooten\nDirk Harting\nMarianne Hartong\nWim Harzing [nl]\nNola Hatterman\nJacobus Haver Droeze\nJan van Heel\nSimon de Heer\nAnnie van der Heide-Hemsing\nReinier Heiloo\nWim Heinecke\nFranz Helfferich [nl]\nJohan van Hell\nEduard Hellendoorn\nAlbert Hemelman [nl]\nJohan Hemkes\nAlida Sophia Hendriks\nArend Hendriks\nMeindert Hendriks\nJohann Wilhelm Henke\nHendrik Henrichs\nHenk Henriët [nl]\nJan Andries Herfst\nFelix Hess\nJohannes Albertus Hesterman Jr.\nRoeloffina van Heteren-Vink[7]\nGeertruida van Hettinga Tromp\nHerman Heuff\nJohannes Heuperman\nB.J. van Heusden\nFolke Heybroek\nHerman Heijenbrock\nMarinus Heijnes\nKees Heynsius [nl]\nHubert van Hille [nl]\nJan Hingman\nJemmy van Hoboken\nJacobus H. Hoenderdos\nWim Hofker [nl]\nAntoinette van Hoytema\nCharles Hollman\nLouise van Holthe tot Echten\nDirk Homberg\nTine Honig\nIna Hooft\nBernard de Hoog\nHendrik de Hoog\nMaria Ida Adriana Hoogendijk\nDouwe Mattheus Hoogeveen\nJan Hendrik Hoowij\nElbert Hooyberg\nGerard Hordijk [nl]\nLex Horn [nl]\nGé ter Horst\nEduard Houbolt\nAlida van Houten\nChiem van Houweninge (1898 1996)\nAlbert Hovenkamp\nFrits Hubeek\nHenriette Hubregtse-Lanzing\nJan Hul\nMathieu Hul\nHan Hulsbergen [nl]\nAlbertus Gerhard Hulshoff Pol\nBer Hulsing [nl]\nA.E. van Humalda van Eysinga (Jhr)\nFrieda Hunziker\nVilmos Huszár\nCornelis Teunis Huussen\nDorothée Huysinga\nGerard HuysserIJacques Idserda [nl]\nHendrikus IJkelenstam[8]\nCees van Ijsseldijk[9]\nJacques Ijsselmuiden[10]\nJan IngenhoesJGijs Jacobs van den Hof [nl]\nMirjam Jacobson\nJan Jans\nCo Jansen\nE.A. Jansen\nJan Meine Jansen [nl]\nLambert Jansen\nWillem George Frederik Jansen [fy]\nH.J. Jansen van Galen\nJ.A.H. Jaspers\nEverhard Jekel\nSamuel Jessurun de Mesquita\nJohannes Antonius Fredericus Joghems\nHenri Jonas [nl]\nGerm de Jong\nGerrit de Jong\nToon de Jong [nl]\nJohanna Alida Catharina de Jonge\nMarie de Jonge\nRoelf Jongman\nJan Jordens\nJohannes Hendricus JurresKJaap Kaal\nDorry Kahn-Weyl[11]\nHarm Kamerlingh Onnes\nJohan Bernard Kamp\nFokke Kamstra [nl]\nOtto B. de Kat\nHenriette Agnete Kitty von Kaulbach\nLucie Keijser\nAntony Keizer\nMarie Kelting\nBernard Johan Kerkhof\nGerard Kerkhoff\nJohan Kerkmeijer [nl]\nAdriaan Keus\nJan Kijff\nMarie Kilsdonk\nReimond Kimpe [nl]\nNel Klaassen\nEkke Kleima [nl]\nFrits Klein\nJan Kleintjes\nWillem Klijn\nSamuel Klinkenberg [nl]\nPiet Kloes\nCornelis Kloos\nNicolaas Kluijver\nNel Kluitman\nAlbert Klijn [nl]\nJosina Knap\nWillem Knip [nl]\nRie Knipscheer\nOlga van Iterson-Knoepfle\nElize Knuttel\nGerardus Johannes Koekkoek [nl]\nKobus Koeman\nWillem Koerse\nWillem de Kok\nMark Kolthoff\nDouwe Komter\nCornelis Koning\nDirk Koning\nEdzard Koning\nRoeland Koning\nUlco Kooistra\nLody van Kooten Jr.\nCornelis Koppenol\nLouis Kortenhorst [nl]\nJan Korthals [nl]\nJo Koster\nKlaas Koster (kunstschilder) [nl]\nNicolaas van der Kreek [nl]\nAlfred Krenz [fa]\nMijndert Krijnsen\nJohannes Jacobus Kroon\nGerard Kroone\nHildo Krop\nHan Krug\nLouis Krüger\nDirk Kruizinga\nJohan Alexander Kruseman\nFrederik Adolf Krüsmann\nHarrie Kuyten\nWillem van Kuilenburg [nl]\nSjoerd Kuperus [nl]\nGiselle Kuster\nCornel KwintLJan Lamberts\nClemens van Lamsweerde [nl]\nAnna Clasina Op 't Land\nDaan de Lange\nJan Bernaard de Lange\nGer Langeweg\nSara Ledeboer\nCoba van der Lee\nArie Leeflang\nE.C. Leegstra\nWiert Hendrik Leemhuis [nl]\nTitus Leeser [nl]\nCornelis de Leeuw\nDirk de Leeuw\nCor van Leeuwen\nHenk van Leeuwen\nMarinus Willem Gustus Leeuwen\nWillem van Leeuwen\nAnna Lehmann\nDavid Jacob van Lennep (1896-1982) [nl]\nHenriëtte Johanna van Lent-Gort\nJohannes Leopold\nGerard van Lerven [nl]\nWillem van Leusden [nl]\nHubert Levigne\nWillem van Lierop\nJohan van der Linde (jr.)\nHubert van Lith [nl]\nAlfred Löb\nJan Lodeizen\nLou Loeber\nJosephus Bernardus Antonius Lohman\nTheo Lohmann\nHuub Loontjens [nl]\nAlbert Loots [nl]\nEugène Lücker [nl]\nGerrit Lulof\nHuib Luns\nTheo Luns [nl]\nJoop van Lunteren [nl]\nJaap Luttge [nl]\nAns Luttge-Deetman\nDick van Luijn [nl]MHenri MacLean\nHarry Maas\nMarie Henry Mackenzie\nKarin Mader\nJ.C.F.H. Magendans\nJan Henri Makkink\nKees Maks\nAdrianus Marchal\nMien Marchant\nHenriëtte Marcus\nJacques Maris\nGijsbert George Martens\nArend Jan Massink\nJohan Hendrik van Mastenbroek [nl]\nHerman Mees\nJohan Meijer [nl]\nSal Meijer\nTom Meijer\nFrederika Wilhelmina Christina Teding van Berkhout-de Meijere\nFrans Meijers\nLouis Meijs\nMattheus Carel August Meischke\nHenk Melgers\nCornelis Mension\nHermann Friedrich Mertens [nl]\nAntonia ter Meulen\nHarmen Meurs [nl]\nJan Anthony Adriaan (Jan) van Meurs\nArie van Mever\nPierre Michel\nJudy Michiels van Kessenich\nJohan Miedema\nWillem Minderman [nl]\nAdrianus Miolée\nCharles Moen\nRo Mogendorff\nToon van der Molen\nTijmen Moll\nJohannes Abraham Mondt\nFrançois Albertinus Mooy\nChris Moret\nHendrik Cornelis van Mourik [nl]\nJacques van Mourik [nl]\nPauline Johanna Gesine Mouthaan\nToon van den Muijsenberg\nAlbert Mulder\nJan Mulder (1895-1988)\nWim Mulder\nBertha Müller (1883-1968)\nXeno Münninghoff [nl]NIsaäc Naarden\nJan Coenraad Nachenius [nl]\nDirk Berend Nanninga\nMien Nanninga\nMax Nauta\nGerrit van 't Net [nl]\nElie Neuburger [es]\nAlbert Neuhuys (1895-1968) [nl]\nArnold Bernard Neujean\nJacqueline Marguerite van Nie\nKasper Niehaus [nl]\nLeonardus Josephus Niehorster\nCarl Cornelis van Niekerk\nWillem van Nieuwenhoven (1879-1973)\nGustaaf van Nifterik\nJohan Christiaan Nijlandrkd\nSuzanne Nijs\nHans van Norden [nl]\nHenriëtte Gesina NumansOElisabeth Obreen\nWim Oepts [nl]\nOtto ten Oever\nAlbert Oger\nSuze Oosterhuis-van der Stok\nHenri van Os Delhez\nBetsy Westendorp-Osieck\nTames Oud\nJan Ouwersloot\nCoen van Oven\nGijsbertus Johannes van Overbeek [nl]PCorrie Pabst\nHanny Paehlig\nAbraham Arnoldus Pakkoo\nRu Paré\nJan Peeters (1912 - 1992)\nBart Peizel [nl]\nRudolf Ernst Penning [nl]\nJan Pennings\nHenriëtte Pessers\nLukas Peterich\nPiet_Peters_(kunstenaar) [nl]\nAdri Pieck\nJohanna Pieneman\nJohannes Antonius Pietersen\nReinier Pijnenburg\nEdith Elizabeth Pijpers [nl]\nLeonard Pinkhof\nAdriaan van der Plas [nl]\nGeorge Pletser [nl]\nToon Pluymers\nFemmetje Marijke Poel\nHenk Poesiat\nChristiaan Pointl\nArend van de Pol\nHugo Polderman (1886 - 1977)\nJohan Ponsioen [nl]\nJan Ponstijn\nJan Poortenaar [nl]\nJustin van de Port\nCharlotte Pothuis\nKo Prange\nClaas Prins\nRiekele Prins [fy]\nMaria Pronk-Rompelman\nJohannes Proost\nPieter Puijpe [nl]RMarinus van Raalte\nWillem Rädecker\nCecilia Maria Elisabeth de Ranitz\nJohan Bernhard Ludwig Reelfs\nEtie van Rees\nKoen van Rees\nWillem Karel Rees\nGustavus Valère Marie Hubert Regout [nl]\nPiet de Regt\nMarie van Regteren Altena\nHan Rehm [nl]\nHans Reicher [nl]\nHerman van Remmen [nl]\nHenriëtte Johanna Reuchlin-Lucardie\nTheo van Reijn\nPiet Rezelman\nBernard Richters [nl]\nHan Richters [nl]\nIetske Richters\nMarius Richters [nl]\nTheo Riegstra\nJan Rijlaarsdam\nThijs Rinsema [nl]\nCoba Ritsema\nHenri Ritzen\nJohannes Cornelis Roelandse [nl]\nWillem Elisa Roelofs (1874-1940)\nJohannes Cornelis Gerardus A. Roest\nCornelis Rol\nHerman Romijn\nBethijl Philippus van Romondt\nFrans Ronda [nl]\nHendrikus Elias Roodenburg [nl]\nDorus Roovers\nLize Rose\nSuze Rosse\nJos Rovers\nChris le Roy [nl]\nHans Royaards (1902-1975)\nWillem Jacob Rozendaal [nl]\nGra Rueb\nGeorg Rueter [nl]\nAlida Henriëtte RunemanSSaraochim Salim\nHenri Savrij\nJaap Sax [nl]\nGerbrand Frederik van Schagen\nLodewijk Schelfhout [nl]\nJohan Scherrewitz [nl]\nFrits Schiller\nMarinus Schipper\nCarl Eberhard Schlüter\nWilly Van Schoonhoven Van Beurden\nAnthonie Pieter Schotel [nl]\nLizzy Schouten\nWout Schram\nLouis Schrikkel\nSierk Schröder [nl]\nDavid Schulman\nLouis Schutte [nl]\nBertha thoe Schwartzenberg\nMaria Adeline Alice Schweistal\nJos Seckel\nAdrianus Wilhelmus Selhorst\nHenri Sicking\nWillem Siedenburg\nWilliam Henry Singer\nFrans Slager [nl]\nSuze Slager-Velsen\nViry Slijper\nGerardus Hermanus Johannes Sluijter\nWilly Sluiter\nAnton Smeerdijk\nAlberta Johanna Meijer-Smetz\nElisabeth Bol-Smit\nIneke Smit\nJan Smit Kzn\nHobbe Smith\nJohan Smith (1900-1958)\nC.P. Snijders b. 1904\nAndree de Sobocka\nChristiaan Soer (1882-1961)\nLeonida Sologaub\nTruus van Someren Gréve\nLouis Soonius [da]\nJohan Spaling (1891-1974)\nFrederika Springer\nLudwig Stainer\nHenri Johan van der Stal\nJacq Stal\nG.J. Staller\nArend van Starrenburg\nPieter Starreveld [nl]\nCephas Stauthamer\nLouis van der Steen\nJan Jelmer Steenhuis (1897-1983)\nWim Steijn\nJohann von Stein\nMarie van Waning-Stevels\nKoos Stikvoort\nDick Stins [nl]\nTheo Stiphout\nCharles Stok\nHans van der Stok\nAgnes van Stolk\nSara van Stolk\nHeinrich Wilhelm Christian Stolle\nCorry Stolp\nBarend Hendrik Stomps\nPierre Stordiau\nMichiel Straasheijm\nB. Straithon - van Gelder\nTheo SwagemakersTJan Tebben\nJosefa Tepe\nCarl Thoenies\nJan Tiele\nGeorge Tielens\nKees Timmer\nAdriaan Timmers\nFrans Timmers\nJan van Tongeren [nl]\nRené P. Tonneyck [nl]\nErsika Tóth\nJelle TroelstraVWillem Valk [nl][12]\nHendrik Valk [nl][13]\nKarel van Veen [nl][14]\nJohan Laurent ter Veer[15]\nJacobus Marinus Augustinus Veerman[16]\nPaul van der Ven[17]\nEduard Verboog [nl][18]\nJohannes Nicolaas Anthonius Vergeer[19]\nMargaretha C. Verheus[20]\nJosef Verheyen (1899 - 1976)[21]\nAndreas Jacobus Verhorst [nl][22]\nJan Veringa (1907 - 1982) [23]\nLucas Verkoren [nl][24]\nAlbert Verschuuren [nl][25]\nLeonard Pieter Versteeg[26]\nHenri Verstijnen[27]\nJohanna Helena Viertelhausen[28]\nDirk Vis[29]\nHeyme Vis[30]\nReinder Visscher[31]\nJan Visser[32]\nTjipke Visser[33]\nTula Marina di Vista[34]\nGerard van Vliet[35]\nTilly Münninghoff-van Vliet[36]\nLeendert van der Vlist [nl][37]\nKoos van Vlijmen[38]\nLeendert de Vogel[39]\nAdrianus Volkers[40]\nMaurice Volkhemer[41]\nDirk Volz[42]\nGerard Voogd[43]\nKees de Voogt[44]\nCharles Vos [nl][45]\nHenri Vos[46]\nJo Voskuil[47]\nJeroen Voskuyl[48]\nCornelis Vreedenburgh[49]\nHerman Vreedenburgh[50]\nMartinus Vreugde[51]\nHendrik de Vries[52]\nJohan Marinus de Vries (1892-1982)[53]WLeo van Waegeningh[54]\nJaap Wagemaker [nl][55]\nHendrik Adriaan van der Wal[56]\nPetrus Marinus van Walcheren[57]\nWillem van de Walle [nl][58]\nBen Walrecht[59]\nHerman Walstra [nl][60]\nWillem Abraham Wassenaar[61]\nCatharina Elisabeth Wassink[62]\nGisèle d'Ailly van Waterschoot van der Gracht[63]\nCharles Weddepohl [nl][64]\nHendrik Weegewijs[65]\nBarend Hendrik Ter Weeme[66]\nTheo ter Weeme[67]\nFedde Weidema [nl][68]\nJaap Weyand[69]\nJan Harm Weijns [nl][70]\nYpe Wenning [fy][71]\nClara Adriana van der Werff[72]\nWouter Marinus van de Werk (1875-1969)[73]\nHendrik Nicolaas Werkman[74]\nFrans Werner [nl][75]\nJobs Wertheim [nl][76]\nHendrik Jan Wesseling[77]\nHendrik Jacobus Westendorp[78]\nGerhard Westermann[79]\nJohannes Embrosius van de Wetering de Rooij[80]\nBerend Wolter Weyers[81]\nJan Wiegers[82]\nWillem Wiegmans [nl][83]\nIds Wiersma [nl][84]\nJoub Wiertz[85]\nLouis Frederik Wijmans[86]\nWilhelmus Lambertus Wijmans[87]\nWillem Abraham de Wijn [nl][88]\nPiet van Wijngaerdt [nl][89]\nGeorge Wildschut [nl][90]\nMarie Willeboordse[91]\nWilhelmus Antonius Willemsen[92]\nKarl Willerding[93]\nPaul Windhausen (1903-1944) [nl][94]\nJohan Walraven van Winkoop [nl][95]\nJos Wins[96]\nWillem Witjens[97]\nJan Wittenberg (artist)[98]\nDirk Wolbers [nl][99]\nHendrik Jan Wolter[100]\nGerrit Woudt[101]\nWilm Wouters [nl][102]\nElsa Woutersen-van Doesburgh[103]\nGonda Wulfse[104]ZEd van Zanden[105]\nJan van der Zee [nl][106]\nJanus van Zeegen jr.[107]\nAgatha Zethraeus[108]\nLouis de Zwart[109]\nJohan van Zweden [nl][110]\nDouwe van der Zweep [nl][111]\nPiet Zwiers [nl][112]\nJac Zwijsen[113]","title":"Artists exhibited at Onze Kunst van Heden"}] | [{"image_text":"F. Schmidt Degener heads press conference at Onze Kunst van Heden expo.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/F._Schmidt_Degener_leidt_persconferentie_bij_expo_Onze_Kunst_van_Heden%2C_1939.jpg/220px-F._Schmidt_Degener_leidt_persconferentie_bij_expo_Onze_Kunst_van_Heden%2C_1939.jpg"},{"image_text":"F. Schmidt Degener guides the press in the expo \"Onze Kunst van Heden\", 1939","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/F._Schmidt_Degener_leidt_de_pers_rond_bij_het_eerste_bezoek_aan_expo_Onze_Kunst_van_Heden%2C_1939.jpg/220px-F._Schmidt_Degener_leidt_de_pers_rond_bij_het_eerste_bezoek_aan_expo_Onze_Kunst_van_Heden%2C_1939.jpg"},{"image_text":"Opening by Minister Gerrit Bolkestein of expo Onze Kunst van Heden, 1939","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Opening_door_minister_G._Bolkenstein_van_expo_Onze_Kunst_van_Heden%2C_1939.jpg/220px-Opening_door_minister_G._Bolkenstein_van_expo_Onze_Kunst_van_Heden%2C_1939.jpg"},{"image_text":"Arrangement of the exhibition Onze kunst van heden 1939-1940.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Opstelling_van_de_tentoonstelling_Onze_kunst_van_heden_1939-1940.%2C_1939_-_1940.jpg/300px-Opstelling_van_de_tentoonstelling_Onze_kunst_van_heden_1939-1940.%2C_1939_-_1940.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Onze kunst van heden, 1939\". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 27 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artindex.nl/lexicon/default.asp?id=6&num=0933300087065090752012317007880100303300","url_text":"\"Onze kunst van heden, 1939\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tentoonstelling onze kunst van heden : Rijksmuseum winter 1939-1940\". RKD. Retrieved 27 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://rkd.nl/en/explore/library/284331","url_text":"\"Tentoonstelling onze kunst van heden : Rijksmuseum winter 1939-1940\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tentoonstelling Onze kunst van heden, Rijksmuseum,... | gedrukt boek |\". de Bibliotheek. Retrieved 27 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bibliotheek.nl/catalogus/titel.332224678.html/tentoonstelling-onze-kunst-van-heden--rijksmuseum--winter-1939/","url_text":"\"Tentoonstelling Onze kunst van heden, Rijksmuseum,... | gedrukt boek |\""}]},{"reference":"\"George Marinus Tamson\". Cor Kint - Werk, Leven, Omgeving. Retrieved 27 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.corkint.info/html/schilders_tamson.htm","url_text":"\"George Marinus Tamson\""}]},{"reference":"\"Exposite \"Onze kunst van heden\"\". De Telegraaf (in Dutch). 17 October 1939. Retrieved 17 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.delpher.nl/nl/kranten/view?coll=ddd&identifier=ddd:110579623:mpeg21:p013","url_text":"\"Exposite \"Onze kunst van heden\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Onze Kunst van Heden: 3200 inzendingen van 920 kunstenaars\". De Maasbode (in Dutch). 18 November 1939. Retrieved 18 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.delpher.nl/nl/kranten/view?coll=ddd&identifier=MMKB04:000193660:mpeg21:p006","url_text":"\"Onze Kunst van Heden: 3200 inzendingen van 920 kunstenaars\""}]},{"reference":"\"Roeloffina Vink\". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 23 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artindex.nl/lexicon/default.asp?id=6&num=0355900087033030221201917001830920506731","url_text":"\"Roeloffina Vink\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hendrikus Ykelenstam\". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 26 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artindex.nl/lexicon/default.asp?id=6&num=0055900087065090331311437003800930506371","url_text":"\"Hendrikus Ykelenstam\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cees van Ysseldijk\". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 26 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artindex.nl/lexicon/default.asp?id=6&num=0955907591054070751241919011530921506731","url_text":"\"Cees van Ysseldijk\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jacques Ysselmuiden\". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 26 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artindex.nl/lexicon/default.asp?id=6&num=0059901159054070331641637009810950506511","url_text":"\"Jacques Ysselmuiden\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dorry Weijl\". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 25 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artindex.nl/lexicon/default.asp?id=6&num=0957900087054070751241017001830920506081","url_text":"\"Dorry Weijl\""}]},{"reference":"\"Willem Valk\". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 23 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artindex.nl/lexicon/default.asp?id=6&num=0357900087043050221571017007840940506081","url_text":"\"Willem Valk\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hendrik Valk\". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 23 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artindex.nl/lexicon/default.asp?id=6&num=0459901159065090541711173031090953506151","url_text":"\"Hendrik Valk\""}]},{"reference":"\"Karel van Veen\". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 23 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artindex.nl/lexicon/default.asp?id=6&num=0151900087033030651001297007880900506231","url_text":"\"Karel van Veen\""}]},{"reference":"\"Johan Laurent ter Veer\". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 23 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artindex.nl/lexicon/default.asp?id=6&num=0653904375011090861251337001830920506301","url_text":"\"Johan Laurent ter Veer\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jacobus Marinus Augustinus Veerman\". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 23 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artindex.nl/lexicon/default.asp?id=6&num=0755900087011090431351957003800930506731","url_text":"\"Jacobus Marinus Augustinus Veerman\""}]},{"reference":"\"Paul van der Ven\". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 23 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artindex.nl/lexicon/default.asp?id=6&num=0757901159065090431111557009850910506441","url_text":"\"Paul van der Ven\""}]},{"reference":"\"Eduard Verboog\". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 23 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artindex.nl/lexicon/default.asp?id=6&num=0353900087097050221831817003860960506661","url_text":"\"Eduard Verboog\""}]},{"reference":"\"Johannes Nicolaas Anthonius Vergeer\". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 23 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artindex.nl/lexicon/default.asp?id=6&num=0357901159000070971581557007840940506441","url_text":"\"Johannes Nicolaas Anthonius Vergeer\""}]},{"reference":"\"Margaretha C. Verheus\". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 23 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artindex.nl/lexicon/default.asp?id=6&num=0351901159075010221091217007880900506231","url_text":"\"Margaretha C. Verheus\""}]},{"reference":"\"Josef Verheyen (1899 - 1976)\". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 23 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artindex.nl/lexicon/default.asp?id=6&num=0053901159000070331581837007840940506661","url_text":"\"Josef Verheyen (1899 - 1976)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Andreas Jacobus Verhorst\". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 23 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artindex.nl/lexicon/default.asp?id=6&num=0553900087033030111001397007880900506301","url_text":"\"Andreas Jacobus Verhorst\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jan Veringa (1907 - 1982)\". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 23 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artindex.nl/lexicon/default.asp?id=6&num=0553901159011090111551397007840940506301","url_text":"\"Jan Veringa (1907 - 1982)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lucas Verkoren\". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 23 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artindex.nl/lexicon/default.asp?id=6&num=0053900087097050331831837003860960506661","url_text":"\"Lucas Verkoren\""}]},{"reference":"\"Albert Verschuuren\". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 23 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artindex.nl/lexicon/default.asp?id=6&num=0451901159065090541111777009850910506591","url_text":"\"Albert Verschuuren\""}]},{"reference":"\"Leonard Pieter Versteeg\". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 23 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artindex.nl/lexicon/default.asp?id=6&num=0755900087065090431111457009850910506371","url_text":"\"Leonard Pieter Versteeg\""}]},{"reference":"\"Henri Verstijnen\". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 23 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artindex.nl/lexicon/default.asp?id=6&num=0353900087033030221001317007880900506301","url_text":"\"Henri Verstijnen\""}]},{"reference":"\"Johanna Helena Viertelhausen\". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 23 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artindex.nl/lexicon/default.asp?id=6&num=0355900087033030221201917001830920506731","url_text":"\"Johanna Helena Viertelhausen\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dirk Vis\". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 23 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artindex.nl/lexicon/default.asp?id=6&num=0351900087043050971171757009850910506591","url_text":"\"Dirk Vis\""}]},{"reference":"\"Heyme Vis\". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 23 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artindex.nl/lexicon/default.asp?id=6&num=0151900087022010651331297003800930506231","url_text":"\"Heyme Vis\""}]},{"reference":"\"Reinder Visscher\". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 23 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artindex.nl/lexicon/default.asp?id=6&num=0457901159033030541501077007840940506081","url_text":"\"Reinder Visscher\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jan Visser\". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 23 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artindex.nl/lexicon/default.asp?id=6&num=0053900087033030331001337007880900506301","url_text":"\"Jan Visser\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tjipke Visser\". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 23 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artindex.nl/lexicon/default.asp?id=6&num=0651900087022010861331237003800930506231","url_text":"\"Tjipke Visser\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tula di Vista\". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 23 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artindex.nl/lexicon/default.asp?id=6&num=0351900087022010971331257003800930506231","url_text":"\"Tula di Vista\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gerard van Vliet\". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 23 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artindex.nl/lexicon/default.asp?id=6&num=0531302231043050112872297003860160303230","url_text":"\"Gerard van Vliet\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tilly van Vliet\". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 23 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artindex.nl/lexicon/default.asp?id=6&num=0159900087054070651541697007840940506511","url_text":"\"Tilly van Vliet\""}]},{"reference":"\"Leendert van der Vlist\". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 23 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artindex.nl/lexicon/default.asp?id=6&num=0053900087022010331331337003800930506301","url_text":"\"Leendert van der Vlist\""}]},{"reference":"\"Koos van Vlijmen\". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 23 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artindex.nl/lexicon/default.asp?id=6&num=0353900087097050221031317007880900506301","url_text":"\"Koos van Vlijmen\""}]},{"reference":"\"Leendert de Vogel\". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 23 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artindex.nl/lexicon/default.asp?id=6&num=0353901159022010971431357005870930506301","url_text":"\"Leendert de Vogel\""}]},{"reference":"\"Adrianus Volkers\". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 23 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artindex.nl/lexicon/default.asp?id=6&num=0755901159022010431431457005870930506371","url_text":"\"Adrianus Volkers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Maurice Volkhemer\". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 23 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artindex.nl/lexicon/default.asp?id=6&num=0955901159022010751431417005870930506371","url_text":"\"Maurice Volkhemer\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dirk Volz\". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 23 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artindex.nl/lexicon/default.asp?id=6&num=0857901159022010001431577005870930506441","url_text":"\"Dirk Volz\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gerard Voogd\". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 23 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artindex.nl/lexicon/default.asp?id=6&num=0757901159033030431401557005870930506441","url_text":"\"Gerard Voogd\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kees de Voogt\". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 23 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artindex.nl/lexicon/default.asp?id=6&num=0455900087022010541331477003800930506371","url_text":"\"Kees de Voogt\""}]},{"reference":"\"Charles Vos\". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 23 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artindex.nl/lexicon/default.asp?id=6&num=0359900087033030221801117003860960506151","url_text":"\"Charles Vos\""}]},{"reference":"\"Henri Vos\". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 23 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artindex.nl/lexicon/default.asp?id=6&num=0555901159054070111441497005870930506371","url_text":"\"Henri Vos\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jo Voskuil\". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 23 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artindex.nl/lexicon/default.asp?id=6&num=0053900087043050331171837009850910506661","url_text":"\"Jo Voskuil\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jeroen Voskuyl\". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 23 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artindex.nl/lexicon/default.asp?id=6&num=0753900087043050431171857009850910506661","url_text":"\"Jeroen Voskuyl\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cornelis Vreedenburgh\". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 23 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artindex.nl/lexicon/default.asp?id=6&num=0557900087022010111331597003800930506441","url_text":"\"Cornelis Vreedenburgh\""}]},{"reference":"\"Herman Vreedenburgh\". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 23 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artindex.nl/lexicon/default.asp?id=6&num=0457900087022010541331577003800930506441","url_text":"\"Herman Vreedenburgh\""}]},{"reference":"\"Martinus Vreugde\". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 23 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artindex.nl/lexicon/default.asp?id=6&num=0153901159054070651441897005870930506661","url_text":"\"Martinus Vreugde\""}]},{"reference":"\"Henk de Vries\". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 23 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artindex.nl/lexicon/default.asp?id=6&num=0059900087000070331481637005870930506511","url_text":"\"Henk de Vries\""}]},{"reference":"\"Johan de Vries\". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 23 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artindex.nl/lexicon/default.asp?id=6&num=0359900087097050971631157009810950506151","url_text":"\"Johan de Vries\""}]},{"reference":"\"Leo van Waegeningh\". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 25 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artindex.nl/lexicon/default.asp?id=6&num=0557901159043050111571097007840940506081","url_text":"\"Leo van Waegeningh\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jaap Wagemaker\". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 25 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artindex.nl/lexicon/default.asp?id=6&num=0753900087097050431031357007880900506301","url_text":"\"Jaap Wagemaker\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hendrik Adriaan van der Wal\". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 25 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artindex.nl/lexicon/default.asp?id=6&num=0751900087022010431331757003800930506591","url_text":"\"Hendrik Adriaan van der Wal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Petrus Marinus van Walcheren\". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 25 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artindex.nl/lexicon/default.asp?id=6&num=0359900087054070221541617007840940506511","url_text":"\"Petrus Marinus van Walcheren\""}]},{"reference":"\"Willem van de Walle\". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 25 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artindex.nl/lexicon/default.asp?id=6&num=0951900087022010751331717003800930506591","url_text":"\"Willem van de Walle\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ben Walrecht\". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 25 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artindex.nl/lexicon/default.asp?id=6&num=0759901159043050431571657007840940506511","url_text":"\"Ben Walrecht\""}]},{"reference":"\"Herman Walstra\". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 25 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artindex.nl/lexicon/default.asp?id=6&num=0453901159043050541571877007840940506661","url_text":"\"Herman Walstra\""}]},{"reference":"\"Willem Abraham Wassenaar\". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 25 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artindex.nl/lexicon/default.asp?id=6&num=0657900087054070861341537003800930506441","url_text":"\"Willem Abraham Wassenaar\""}]},{"reference":"\"Catharina Elisabeth Wassink\". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 25 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artindex.nl/lexicon/default.asp?id=6&num=0357900087054070971341557003800930506441","url_text":"\"Catharina Elisabeth Wassink\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gisèle d'Ailly van Waterschoot van der Gracht\". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 25 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artindex.nl/lexicon/default.asp?id=6&num=0359901159000070221481117005870930506151","url_text":"\"Gisèle d'Ailly van Waterschoot van der Gracht\""}]},{"reference":"\"Charles Weddepohl\". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 25 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artindex.nl/lexicon/default.asp?id=6&num=0651900087054070861141237009850910506231","url_text":"\"Charles Weddepohl\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hendrik Weegewijs\". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 25 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artindex.nl/lexicon/default.asp?id=6&num=0359900087054070221341617003800930506511","url_text":"\"Hendrik Weegewijs\""}]},{"reference":"\"Barend Hendrik Ter Weeme\". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 25 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artindex.nl/lexicon/default.asp?id=6&num=0759900087054070431341657003800930506511","url_text":"\"Barend Hendrik Ter Weeme\""}]},{"reference":"\"Theo ter Weeme\". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 25 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artindex.nl/lexicon/default.asp?id=6&num=0459900087054070541341677003800930506511","url_text":"\"Theo ter Weeme\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fedde Weidema\". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 25 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artindex.nl/lexicon/default.asp?id=6&num=0355900087033030221001417007880900506371","url_text":"\"Fedde Weidema\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jaap Weijand\". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 25 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artindex.nl/lexicon/default.asp?id=6&num=0153900087054070651341897003800930506661&relt=3000&limit=no&in=Jaap+Weyand","url_text":"\"Jaap Weijand\""}]},{"reference":"\"J.H. Weijns\". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 25 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artindex.nl/lexicon/default.asp?id=6&num=0653900087054070861341837003800930506661","url_text":"\"J.H. Weijns\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ype Wenning\". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 25 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artindex.nl/lexicon/default.asp?id=6&num=0151900087054070651341797003800930506591","url_text":"\"Ype Wenning\""}]},{"reference":"\"Clara Adriana van der Werff\". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 25 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artindex.nl/lexicon/default.asp?id=6&num=0855900087054070001241977001830920506731","url_text":"\"Clara Adriana van der Werff\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wouter Marinus van de Werk (1875-1969)\". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 25 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artindex.nl/lexicon/default.asp?id=6&num=0651902231033030861201237001830920506231","url_text":"\"Wouter Marinus van de Werk (1875-1969)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hendrik Nicolaas Werkman\". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 25 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artindex.nl/lexicon/default.asp?id=6&num=0357907591065090971911557005830970506441","url_text":"\"Hendrik Nicolaas Werkman\""}]},{"reference":"\"Frans Werner\". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 25 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artindex.nl/lexicon/default.asp?id=6&num=0951900087054070751341717003800930506591","url_text":"\"Frans Werner\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jobs Wertheim\". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 25 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artindex.nl/lexicon/default.asp?id=6&num=0351900087054070971141257009850910506231","url_text":"\"Jobs Wertheim\""}]},{"reference":"\"H.J. Wesseling\". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 25 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artindex.nl/lexicon/default.asp?id=6&num=0851907591065090001911777005830970506591","url_text":"\"H.J. Wesseling\""}]},{"reference":"\"Henk Westendorp\". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 25 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artindex.nl/lexicon/default.asp?id=6&num=0655901159075010861591937007840940506731&in=+Henk+Westendorp","url_text":"\"Henk Westendorp\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gerard Westermann\". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 25 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artindex.nl/lexicon/default.asp?id=6&num=0053900087054070331341837003800930506661","url_text":"\"Gerard Westermann\""}]},{"reference":"\"J.E. van de Wetering de Rooy\". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 25 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artindex.nl/lexicon/default.asp?id=6&num=0453900087054070541341877003800930506661","url_text":"\"J.E. van de Wetering de Rooy\""}]},{"reference":"\"B.W. Weyers\". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 25 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artindex.nl/lexicon/default.asp?id=6&num=0953900087054070751341817003800930506661","url_text":"\"B.W. Weyers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jan Wiegers\". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 25 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artindex.nl/lexicon/default.asp?id=6&num=0853900087075010001091877007880900506661","url_text":"\"Jan Wiegers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Willem Wiegmans\". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 25 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artindex.nl/lexicon/default.asp?id=6&num=0353900087054070971341857003800930506661","url_text":"\"Willem Wiegmans\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ids Wiersma\". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 25 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artindex.nl/lexicon/default.asp?id=6&num=0855900087054070001341977003800930506731","url_text":"\"Ids Wiersma\""}]},{"reference":"\"Joub Wiertz\". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 25 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artindex.nl/lexicon/default.asp?id=6&num=0159901159097050651531197007840940506151","url_text":"\"Joub Wiertz\""}]},{"reference":"\"Louis Wijmans\". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 25 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artindex.nl/lexicon/default.asp?id=6&num=0959901159011090751051617007880900506511","url_text":"\"Louis Wijmans\""}]},{"reference":"\"Willem Wijmans\". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 25 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artindex.nl/lexicon/default.asp?id=6&num=0653901159043050861671337009810950506301","url_text":"\"Willem Wijmans\""}]},{"reference":"\"W.A. de Wijn\". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 25 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artindex.nl/lexicon/default.asp?id=6&num=0755900087065090431111957009850910506731","url_text":"\"W.A. de Wijn\""}]},{"reference":"\"Piet van Wijngaerdt\". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 25 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artindex.nl/lexicon/default.asp?id=6&num=0853900087065090001311377003800930506301","url_text":"\"Piet van Wijngaerdt\""}]},{"reference":"\"George Wildschut\". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 25 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artindex.nl/lexicon/default.asp?id=6&num=0151901159097050651531297007840940506231","url_text":"\"George Wildschut\""}]},{"reference":"\"Marie Willeboordse\". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 25 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artindex.nl/lexicon/default.asp?id=6&num=0653901159097050861531837007840940506661","url_text":"\"Marie Willeboordse\""}]},{"reference":"\"W.A. Willemsen\". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 25 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artindex.nl/lexicon/default.asp?id=6&num=0653901159000070861681337009810950506301&in=Willemsen","url_text":"\"W.A. Willemsen\""}]},{"reference":"\"Karl Willerding\". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 25 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artindex.nl/lexicon/default.asp?id=6&num=0455900087054070541341977003800930506731","url_text":"\"Karl Willerding\""}]},{"reference":"\"Paul Windhausen\". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 25 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artindex.nl/lexicon/default.asp?id=6&num=0357900087033030221001517007880900506441","url_text":"\"Paul Windhausen\""}]},{"reference":"\"J.W. van Winkoop\". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 25 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artindex.nl/lexicon/default.asp?id=6&num=0757901159000070431681557009810950506441","url_text":"\"J.W. van Winkoop\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jos Wins\". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 25 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artindex.nl/lexicon/default.asp?id=6&num=0059900087065090331311137003800930506151","url_text":"\"Jos Wins\""}]},{"reference":"\"Willem Witjens\". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 25 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artindex.nl/lexicon/default.asp?id=6&num=0057900087033030331001537007880900506441","url_text":"\"Willem Witjens\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jan Wittenberg\". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 25 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artindex.nl/lexicon/default.asp?id=6&num=0757900087033030431001557007880900506441","url_text":"\"Jan Wittenberg\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dirk Wolbers\". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 25 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artindex.nl/lexicon/default.asp?id=6&num=0053901159033030331201337001830920506301","url_text":"\"Dirk Wolbers\""}]},{"reference":"\"H.J. Wolter\". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 25 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artindex.nl/lexicon/default.asp?id=6&num=0159900087000070651081197007880900506151","url_text":"\"H.J. Wolter\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gerrit Woudt\". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 25 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artindex.nl/lexicon/default.asp?id=6&num=0057901159065090331111537009850910506441","url_text":"\"Gerrit Woudt\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wilm Wouters\". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 25 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artindex.nl/lexicon/default.asp?id=6&num=0451900087065090541311277003800930506231","url_text":"\"Wilm Wouters\""}]},{"reference":"\"Elsa Woutersen - van Doesburgh\". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 25 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artindex.nl/lexicon/default.asp?id=6&num=0951900087065090751011717007880900506591","url_text":"\"Elsa Woutersen - van Doesburgh\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gonda Wulfse\". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 25 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artindex.nl/lexicon/default.asp?id=6&num=0651900087065090861311237003800930506231","url_text":"\"Gonda Wulfse\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ed van Zanden\". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 26 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artindex.nl/lexicon/default.asp?id=6&num=0355900087043050221171917009850910506731","url_text":"\"Ed van Zanden\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jan van der Zee\". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 26 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artindex.nl/lexicon/default.asp?id=6&num=0059900087011090331051137007880900506151","url_text":"\"Jan van der Zee\""}]},{"reference":"\"Janus van Zeegen jr\". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 26 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artindex.nl/lexicon/default.asp?id=6&num=0055900087043050331171937009850910506731","url_text":"\"Janus van Zeegen jr\""}]},{"reference":"\"Agatha Zethraeus\". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 26 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artindex.nl/lexicon/default.asp?id=6&num=0655900087065090861311437003800930506371","url_text":"\"Agatha Zethraeus\""}]},{"reference":"\"Louis de Zwart\". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 26 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artindex.nl/lexicon/default.asp?id=6&num=0855901159075010001691977009810950506731","url_text":"\"Louis de Zwart\""}]},{"reference":"\"Johan van Zweden\". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 26 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artindex.nl/lexicon/default.asp?id=6&num=0755900087043050431171957009850910506731","url_text":"\"Johan van Zweden\""}]},{"reference":"\"Douwe van der Zweep\". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 26 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artindex.nl/lexicon/default.asp?id=6&num=0353900087022010971231357001830920506301","url_text":"\"Douwe van der Zweep\""}]},{"reference":"\"Piet Zwiers\". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). Retrieved 26 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artindex.nl/lexicon/default.asp?id=6&num=0155900087043050651171997009850910506731","url_text":"\"Piet Zwiers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jac Zwijsen\". Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novantae | Novantae | ["1 Ptolemy","2 Roman era","3 Novant","4 Contradicting Ptolemy","5 Treatment by historians","6 See also","7 Citations","8 References"] | "Novant" redirects here. For the nonprofit organisation, see Novant Health.
The Novantae were a people of the late 2nd century who lived in what is now Galloway and Carrick, in southwesternmost Scotland. They are mentioned briefly in Ptolemy's Geography (written c. 150), and there is no other historical record of them.
Excavations at Rispain Camp, near Whithorn, show that it was a large fortified farmstead occupied between 100 BC and 200 AD, indicating that the people living in the area at that time were engaged in agriculture.
Their ethnic and cultural affinity is uncertain, with various authorities positing different links, beginning with Bede, who referred to the Novantae as the Niduarian Picts, and including the Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.), which described them as "a tribe of Celtic Gaels called Novantae or Atecott Picts." Scottish author Edward Grant Ries has identified the Novantae (along with other early tribes of southern Scotland) as a Brythonic-speaking culture. However, the region has a history that includes the culture of the Gaels, Picts, and Brythonic speakers at various times, alone and in combination, and there is not enough information to make conclusions about the ethnicity of the Novantae.
Ptolemy
The only reliable historical reference to the Novantae is from the Geography of Ptolemy in c. 150, where he gives their homeland and primary towns. They are found in no other source.
They are unique among the peoples that Ptolemy names in that their location is reliably known due to the way he named several readily identifiable physical features. His Novantarum Cheronesus is the Rhins of Galloway, and his Novantarum promontory is Corsewall Point or the Mull of Galloway. This pins the Novantae to that area. Ptolemy says that their towns were Locopibium and Rerigonium. As there were no towns as such in the area at that time, he was likely referring to native strong points such as duns or royal courts.
Roman era
The earliest reliable information on the region of Galloway and Carrick when it was inhabited by the Novantae comes from archaeological discoveries. They lived in small enclosed settlements, most of them less than a single hectare in area and inhabited from the 1st millennium BC through to the Roman era. They also constructed hillforts and a small number of crannogs and brochs. Stone-walled huts appear during the Roman era and the Novantae are thought to have had a centre of some kind at Clatteringshaws near Kirkcudbright, which started out as a palisaded enclosure before being expanded into a set of timber and then stone-faced ramparts. This had been abandoned by the Roman period but there is evidence that the Romans used it as the target of a military exercise, erecting two practice camps nearby and subjecting it to a mock siege.
The only Roman military presence was a small fortlet at Gatehouse of Fleet, in the southeastern part of Novantae territory. The Roman remains that have been excavated are portable, such as might be carried or transported into the region. The absence of evidence of Roman presence is in sharp contrast to the many remains of native habitation and strong points. Rispain Camp near Whithorn, once thought to be Roman, is now known to be the remains of a large fortified farmstead, occupied by natives before and during the Roman Era.
In his account of the campaigns of Gnaeus Julius Agricola (governor 78 – 84), Tacitus offers no specific information on the peoples then living in Scotland. He says that after a combination of force and diplomacy quieted discontent among the Britons who had been conquered previously, Agricola built forts in their territories in 79. In 80 he marched to the Firth of Tay, campaigning against the peoples there. He did not return until 81, at which time he consolidated his gains in the lands that he had conquered. The Novantae were later said to have caused trouble along Hadrian's Wall, and the Gatehouse of Fleet fortlet was presumably used to subdue them.
Novant
The Novantae disappear from the historical record after the end of the Roman occupation, as the name was beyond doubt the Roman name for the people who did not use it, with their territory supplanted by the kingdoms of Rheged and Gododdin. A kingdom called Novant appears in the medieval Welsh poem Y Gododdin, attributed to Aneirin. The poem commemorates the Battle of Catraeth, in which an army raised by Gododdin attempted an ill-fated raid on the Angles of Bernicia. The work elegises the various warriors who fought alongside the Gododdin, among them the "Three Chiefs of Novant" and their substantial retinue. This Novant is evidently related to the Novantae tribe of the Iron Age.
Contradicting Ptolemy
Location of the Selgovae town of Trimontium according to Roy, who was trying to reconcile problems with the spurious De Situ Britanniae.
Ptolemy's placement of the Selgovae town of Trimontium was accepted to be somewhere along the southern coast of Scotland until William Roy (1726–1790) placed it far to the east at Eildon Hills, near Newstead. Roy was trying to follow an itinerary given in the 1757 De Situ Britanniae, and moving Ptolemy's Trimontium made the itinerary seem more logical according to his historical work, Military Antiquities of the Romans in North Britain (1790, published posthumously in 1793). Roy did not alter Ptolemy's placement of the Selgovae in southern Scotland, but chose to assign Trimontium to a different people who were described in De Situ Britanniae.
When De Situ Britanniae was debunked as a fraud in 1845, Roy's misguided placement of Trimontium was retained by some historians, though he was no longer cited for his contribution. Furthermore, some historians not only accepted Roy's placement of Trimontium, but also returned the town to the Selgovae by moving their territory such that they would be near Eildon Hills. Ptolemy's placement of the Novantae in Galloway was retained, and since Ptolemy said that they were adjacent to the Selgovae, Novantae territory was greatly expanded beyond Galloway to be consistent with this thesis, which survives in a number of modern histories.
The result is that an 'error correction' to the sole legitimate historical reference (Ptolemy), made so that a fictional itinerary in De Situ Britanniae would seem more logical, is retained; and the sole legitimate historical reference is further 'corrected' by moving the Selgovae far from their only known location, greatly expanding Novantae territory in the process.
While Roy's historical work is largely ignored due to his unknowing reliance on a fraudulent source, his maps and drawings are untainted, and continue to be held in the highest regard.
Treatment by historians
Befitting the single historical mention of the Novantae by Ptolemy, many historians have largely included the Novantae im passim in their works, if they are mentioned at all. William Forbes Skene (Celtic Scotland, 1886) briefly relates their notice in Ptolemy, adding his conjectures as to the possible locations of towns, though not with any conviction. John Rhys (Celtic Britain, 1904) mentions the Novantae in passing, without any detailed discussion. Local Galwegian historians, writing histories of their own home territory, provide a similarly scant treatment.
More recent histories largely treat the Novantae in passing, but sometimes weave them into a story that is not supported by either Ptolemy's map or archaeological evidence, though they are consistently placed in Galloway. John Koch (Celtic Culture, 2005) doesn't discuss the Novantae directly, but associates their name with the Trinovantes of southeastern England, and provides a map showing the "Novant" occupying Galloway including Kirkcudbrightshire to accompany his discussion of the Gododdin. Barry Cunliffe, an archaeologist, (Iron Age Communities in Britain, 1971) mentions the Novantae in passing, saying their homeland was Galloway, and with a map showing it, which he attributes to "various sources". David Mattingly (An Imperial Possession: Britain in the Roman Empire, 2006) mentions them as a people of southwestern Scotland according to Ptolemy, with maps showing them as occupying ditto Galloway. Sheppard Frere (Britannia: A History of Roman Britain, 1987) mentions the Novantae several times in passing, associating them firmly with the Selgovae and sometimes with the Brigantes. He places them in Galloway, with the Selgovae on the other side of the Southern Uplands in southeastern Scotland. The Novantae are inconsequential to the larger history of Scotland in Before Scotland: The Story of Scotland Before History (2005) by Alistair Moffat, but he weaves a number of colourful though questionable details about them into his story. He says that their name means 'the Vigorous People', that they had kings and often acted in concert with the Selgovae and Brigantes, all of whom may have joined the Picts in raids on Roman Britain. He provides no authority for any of these assertions.
See also
Ptolemy's Geography
Britannia (Roman province)
Scotland during the Roman Empire
Citations
^ Rhys 1904:223, Celtic Britain
^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Kirkcudbrightshire" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 831–833, see page 832, para 4. History.—The country west of the Nith was originally peopled by a tribe of Celtic Gaels called Novantae, or Atecott Picts...
^ Ries, Edward Grant (21 October 2010). "Scotland during the Roman Empire" (PDF). Electric Scotland. Retrieved 2016-09-27.
^ Ptolemy c. 140, Geographia, Albion Island of Britannia.
^ a b c Sassin 2008:419
^ Frere 1987:88–89, 112–113, 130–131, 142–143, 347–348, Britannia
^ Maxwell 1891:8–9, Roman Remains, A History of Dumfries and Galloway
^ M'Kerlie 1877:1–2, Wigtonshire.
^ Harding 2004:62. Reports on the excavations were published in 1983.
^ Tacitus 1854:364–368, "Life of Agricola", Chapters 19 – 23.
^ Skene 1868:380–381, XVIII, The Gododdin
^ Koch 1997:lxxxii–lxxxiii
^ Roy 1790:115–119, Military Antiquities, Book IV, Chapter III
^ Cunliffe 1971:216 – see, for example, the influential Iron Age Communities in Britain, map of the tribes of Northern Britain, attributed to "various sources"
^ Skene 1886:72, Celtic Scotland
^ Rhys 1904:222, 223, 227, 232, Celtic Britain
^ Agnew 1891:1, 1 2, 10, 41, The Hereditary Sheriffs of Galloway
^ Maxwell 1891:2, 3, 4, 7, 10, 14, 23, A History of Dumfries and Galloway
^ M'Kerlie 1877:14, 15, 22–25, 27, 28, 31, 36, 71, History of the Lands and their Owners in Galloway
^ M'Kerlie 1891:14–17, Galloway in Ancient and Modern Times, Ptolemy's Geography.
^ Koch 2005:824, 825, 1689, Celtic Culture, Gododdin and Trinovantes.
^ Cunliffe 1971:215–216, Iron Age Communities in Britain, Southern Scotland: Votadini, Novantae, Selgovae and Damnonii.
^ Mattingly 2006:49, 148, 423, 425, An Imperial Possession: Britain in the Roman Empire
^ Frere 1987:42, 90, 92, 93, 107, 111, 134, 355, Britannia
^ Moffat 2005:212, 231, 248, 272, 275, 277, 279, 280, 302, 306, Before Scotland: The Story of Scotland Before History
References
Agnew, Andrew (1891), Agnew, Constance (ed.), The Hereditary Sheriffs of Galloway, vol. I (2nd ed.), Edinburgh: David Douglas (published 1893)
Bertram, Charles (1757), Hatcher, Henry (ed.), The Description of Britain, Translated from Richard of Cirencester, London: J. White and Co (published 1809)
Cunliffe, Barry W. (1971), Iron Age Communities in Britain (4th ed.), Routledge (published 2005), p. 216, ISBN 0-415-34779-3
Frere, Sheppad Sunderland (1987), Britannia: A History of Roman Britain (3rd, revised ed.), London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, ISBN 0-7102-1215-1
Harding, Dennis William (2004), "The Borders and southern Scotland", The Iron Age in northern Britain: Celts and Romans, natives and invaders, Routledge, ISBN 0-415-30149-1
Koch, John T., ed. (1997), The Gododdin of Aneirin: Text and Context from Dark-Age North Britain, University of Wales Press, ISBN 0-7083-1374-4
Koch, John T., ed. (2005), Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia, ABL-CLIO (published 2006), ISBN 978-1-85109-440-0
Mattingly, David (2006), An Imperial Possession: Britain in the Roman Empire, London: Penguin Books (published 2007), ISBN 978-0-14-014822-0
Maxwell, Herbert (1891), A History of Dumfries and Galloway, Edinburgh: William Blackwood and Sons (published 1896)
Moffat, Alistair (2005), Before Scotland: The Story of Scotland Before History, New York: Thames and Hudson, ISBN 978-0-500-28795-8
M'Kerlie, Peter Handyside (1877), "General History", in M'Kerlie, Immeline M. H. (ed.), History of the Lands and Their Owners in Galloway With Historical Sketches of the District, vol. I (2nd ed.), Paisley: Alexander Gardner (published 1906)
M'Kerlie, Peter Handyside (1891), Galloway in Ancient and Modern Times, Edinburgh: William Blackwood and Sons
Ptolemy (c. 140), "Book II, Chapter 2: Albion island of Britannia", in Thayer, Bill (ed.), Geographia, retrieved 2008-04-26 – via LacusCurtius website at the University of Chicago
Rhys, John (1904), Celtic Britain (3rd ed.), London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge
Roy, William (1790), "Military Antiquities of the Romans in North Britain", Digital Library, National Library of Scotland (published 2007)
Sassin, Anne (2008). Snyder, Christopher A. (ed.). Early People of Britain and Ireland: An Encyclopedia, Volume II. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-84645-029-7.
Skene, William Forbes (1868), The Four Ancient Books of Wales, vol. I, Edinburgh: Edmonston and Douglas, pp. 380–381
Skene, William Forbes (1886), Celtic Scotland: A History of Ancient Alban (History and Ethnology), vol. I (2nd ed.), Edinburgh: David Douglas, ISBN 9780836949766
Tacitus, Cornelius (1854) , "The Life of Cnaeus Julius Agricola", The Works of Tacitus (The Oxford Translation, Revised), vol. II, London: Henry G. Bohn, pp. 343–389
vteIron Age tribes in Britain
Atrebates
Belgae
Brigantes
Caereni
Caledonii
Cantiaci
Carnonacae
Carvetii
Catuvellauni
Coritani
Corionototae
Cornovii (Central)
Cornovii (Northern)
Creones
Damnonii
Decantae
Deceangli
Demetae
Dobunni
Dumnonii
Durotriges
Epidii
Gabrantovices
Iceni
Lopocares
Lugi
Novantae
Ordovices
Parisi
Regni
Selgovae
Setantii
Silures
Smertae
Suessiones
Taexali
Textoverdi
Trinovantes
Vacomagi
Venicones
Votadini
Part of: Celtic tribes in Europe | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Novant Health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novant_Health"},{"link_name":"Galloway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galloway"},{"link_name":"Carrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrick,_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Ptolemy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy"},{"link_name":"Geography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographia_(Ptolemy)"},{"link_name":"Rispain Camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rispain_Camp"},{"link_name":"Whithorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whithorn"},{"link_name":"Bede","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bede"},{"link_name":"Picts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picts"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Celtic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celts"},{"link_name":"Gaels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaels"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Brythonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittonic_languages"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"\"Novant\" redirects here. For the nonprofit organisation, see Novant Health.The Novantae were a people of the late 2nd century who lived in what is now Galloway and Carrick, in southwesternmost Scotland. They are mentioned briefly in Ptolemy's Geography (written c. 150), and there is no other historical record of them.\nExcavations at Rispain Camp, near Whithorn, show that it was a large fortified farmstead occupied between 100 BC and 200 AD, indicating that the people living in the area at that time were engaged in agriculture.Their ethnic and cultural affinity is uncertain, with various authorities positing different links, beginning with Bede, who referred to the Novantae as the Niduarian Picts,[1] and including the Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.), which described them as \"a tribe of Celtic Gaels called Novantae or Atecott Picts.\"[2] Scottish author Edward Grant Ries has identified the Novantae (along with other early tribes of southern Scotland) as a Brythonic-speaking culture.[3] However, the region has a history that includes the culture of the Gaels, Picts, and Brythonic speakers at various times, alone and in combination, and there is not enough information to make conclusions about the ethnicity of the Novantae.","title":"Novantae"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Britain.north.peoples.Ptolemy.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roman.Scotland.north.84.jpg"},{"link_name":"Geography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographia_(Ptolemy)"},{"link_name":"Ptolemy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Rhins of Galloway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhins_of_Galloway"},{"link_name":"Corsewall Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corsewall_Point"},{"link_name":"Mull of Galloway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mull_of_Galloway"},{"link_name":"duns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dun_(fortification)"},{"link_name":"royal courts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_court"}],"text":"The only reliable historical reference to the Novantae is from the Geography of Ptolemy in c. 150, where he gives their homeland and primary towns.[4] They are found in no other source.They are unique among the peoples that Ptolemy names in that their location is reliably known due to the way he named several readily identifiable physical features. His Novantarum Cheronesus is the Rhins of Galloway, and his Novantarum promontory is Corsewall Point or the Mull of Galloway. This pins the Novantae to that area. Ptolemy says that their towns were Locopibium and Rerigonium. As there were no towns as such in the area at that time, he was likely referring to native strong points such as duns or royal courts.","title":"Ptolemy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Galloway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galloway"},{"link_name":"Carrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrick,_Scotland"},{"link_name":"hillforts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillforts"},{"link_name":"crannogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crannog"},{"link_name":"brochs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broch"},{"link_name":"Clatteringshaws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clatteringshaws&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kirkcudbright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkcudbright"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Early_People-5"},{"link_name":"Gatehouse of Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gatehouse_of_Fleet"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Rispain Camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rispain_Camp"},{"link_name":"Whithorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whithorn"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Gnaeus Julius Agricola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnaeus_Julius_Agricola"},{"link_name":"Tacitus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus"},{"link_name":"Firth of Tay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firth_of_Tay"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Hadrian's Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Wall"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Early_People-5"}],"text":"The earliest reliable information on the region of Galloway and Carrick when it was inhabited by the Novantae comes from archaeological discoveries. They lived in small enclosed settlements, most of them less than a single hectare in area and inhabited from the 1st millennium BC through to the Roman era. They also constructed hillforts and a small number of crannogs and brochs. Stone-walled huts appear during the Roman era and the Novantae are thought to have had a centre of some kind at Clatteringshaws near Kirkcudbright, which started out as a palisaded enclosure before being expanded into a set of timber and then stone-faced ramparts. This had been abandoned by the Roman period but there is evidence that the Romans used it as the target of a military exercise, erecting two practice camps nearby and subjecting it to a mock siege.[5]The only Roman military presence was a small fortlet at Gatehouse of Fleet, in the southeastern part of Novantae territory.[6] The Roman remains that have been excavated are portable, such as might be carried or transported into the region. The absence of evidence of Roman presence is in sharp contrast to the many remains of native habitation and strong points.[7][8] Rispain Camp near Whithorn, once thought to be Roman, is now known to be the remains of a large fortified farmstead, occupied by natives before and during the Roman Era.[9]In his account of the campaigns of Gnaeus Julius Agricola (governor 78 – 84), Tacitus offers no specific information on the peoples then living in Scotland. He says that after a combination of force and diplomacy quieted discontent among the Britons who had been conquered previously, Agricola built forts in their territories in 79. In 80 he marched to the Firth of Tay, campaigning against the peoples there. He did not return until 81, at which time he consolidated his gains in the lands that he had conquered.[10] The Novantae were later said to have caused trouble along Hadrian's Wall, and the Gatehouse of Fleet fortlet was presumably used to subdue them.[5]","title":"Roman era"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rheged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheged"},{"link_name":"Gododdin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gododdin"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Early_People-5"},{"link_name":"Y Gododdin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_Gododdin"},{"link_name":"Aneirin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aneirin"},{"link_name":"Battle of Catraeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Catraeth"},{"link_name":"Gododdin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gododdin"},{"link_name":"Angles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angles_(tribe)"},{"link_name":"Bernicia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernicia"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"The Novantae disappear from the historical record after the end of the Roman occupation, as the name was beyond doubt the Roman name for the people who did not use it, with their territory supplanted by the kingdoms of Rheged and Gododdin.[5] A kingdom called Novant appears in the medieval Welsh poem Y Gododdin, attributed to Aneirin. The poem commemorates the Battle of Catraeth, in which an army raised by Gododdin attempted an ill-fated raid on the Angles of Bernicia. The work elegises the various warriors who fought alongside the Gododdin, among them the \"Three Chiefs of Novant\" and their substantial retinue.[11] This Novant is evidently related to the Novantae tribe of the Iron Age.[12]","title":"Novant"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Selgovae.william.roy.1793.png"},{"link_name":"Selgovae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selgovae"},{"link_name":"William Roy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Roy"},{"link_name":"Eildon Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimontium_(Newstead)"},{"link_name":"Newstead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newstead,_Scottish_Borders"},{"link_name":"De Situ Britanniae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Situ_Britanniae"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Location of the Selgovae town of Trimontium according to Roy, who was trying to reconcile problems with the spurious De Situ Britanniae.Ptolemy's placement of the Selgovae town of Trimontium was accepted to be somewhere along the southern coast of Scotland until William Roy (1726–1790) placed it far to the east at Eildon Hills, near Newstead. Roy was trying to follow an itinerary given in the 1757 De Situ Britanniae, and moving Ptolemy's Trimontium made the itinerary seem more logical according to his historical work, Military Antiquities of the Romans in North Britain (1790, published posthumously in 1793). Roy did not alter Ptolemy's placement of the Selgovae in southern Scotland, but chose to assign Trimontium to a different people who were described in De Situ Britanniae.[13]When De Situ Britanniae was debunked as a fraud in 1845, Roy's misguided placement of Trimontium was retained by some historians, though he was no longer cited for his contribution. Furthermore, some historians not only accepted Roy's placement of Trimontium, but also returned the town to the Selgovae by moving their territory such that they would be near Eildon Hills. Ptolemy's placement of the Novantae in Galloway was retained, and since Ptolemy said that they were adjacent to the Selgovae, Novantae territory was greatly expanded beyond Galloway to be consistent with this thesis, which survives in a number of modern histories.[14]The result is that an 'error correction' to the sole legitimate historical reference (Ptolemy), made so that a fictional itinerary in De Situ Britanniae would seem more logical, is retained; and the sole legitimate historical reference is further 'corrected' by moving the Selgovae far from their only known location, greatly expanding Novantae territory in the process.While Roy's historical work is largely ignored due to his unknowing reliance on a fraudulent source, his maps and drawings are untainted, and continue to be held in the highest regard.","title":"Contradicting Ptolemy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Forbes Skene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Forbes_Skene"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"John Rhys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Rhys"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Trinovantes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinovantes"},{"link_name":"Galloway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galloway"},{"link_name":"Kirkcudbrightshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkcudbrightshire"},{"link_name":"Gododdin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_Gododdin"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Barry Cunliffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Cunliffe"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"David Mattingly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Mattingly_(author)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Sheppard Frere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheppard_Frere"},{"link_name":"Selgovae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selgovae"},{"link_name":"Southern Uplands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Uplands"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Selgovae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selgovae"},{"link_name":"Brigantes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigantes"},{"link_name":"Picts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picts"},{"link_name":"Roman Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britannia_(Roman_province)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"Befitting the single historical mention of the Novantae by Ptolemy, many historians have largely included the Novantae im passim in their works, if they are mentioned at all. William Forbes Skene (Celtic Scotland, 1886) briefly relates their notice in Ptolemy, adding his conjectures as to the possible locations of towns, though not with any conviction.[15] John Rhys (Celtic Britain, 1904) mentions the Novantae in passing, without any detailed discussion.[16] Local Galwegian historians, writing histories of their own home territory, provide a similarly scant treatment.[17][18][19][20]More recent histories largely treat the Novantae in passing, but sometimes weave them into a story that is not supported by either Ptolemy's map or archaeological evidence, though they are consistently placed in Galloway. John Koch (Celtic Culture, 2005) doesn't discuss the Novantae directly, but associates their name with the Trinovantes of southeastern England, and provides a map showing the \"Novant\" occupying Galloway including Kirkcudbrightshire to accompany his discussion of the Gododdin.[21] Barry Cunliffe, an archaeologist, (Iron Age Communities in Britain, 1971) mentions the Novantae in passing, saying their homeland was Galloway, and with a map showing it, which he attributes to \"various sources\".[22] David Mattingly (An Imperial Possession: Britain in the Roman Empire, 2006) mentions them as a people of southwestern Scotland according to Ptolemy, with maps showing them as occupying ditto Galloway.[23] Sheppard Frere (Britannia: A History of Roman Britain, 1987) mentions the Novantae several times in passing, associating them firmly with the Selgovae and sometimes with the Brigantes. He places them in Galloway, with the Selgovae on the other side of the Southern Uplands in southeastern Scotland.[24] The Novantae are inconsequential to the larger history of Scotland in Before Scotland: The Story of Scotland Before History (2005) by Alistair Moffat, but he weaves a number of colourful though questionable details about them into his story. He says that their name means 'the Vigorous People', that they had kings and often acted in concert with the Selgovae and Brigantes, all of whom may have joined the Picts in raids on Roman Britain.[25] He provides no authority for any of these assertions.","title":"Treatment by historians"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Rhys 1904","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRhys1904"},{"link_name":"223","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/celticbritain03rhysgoog#page/n245/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Chisholm, Hugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm"},{"link_name":"\"Kirkcudbrightshire\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Kirkcudbrightshire"},{"link_name":"Encyclopædia Britannica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Scotland during the Roman Empire\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.electricscotland.com/books/ries/Scotland%20during%20the%20Roman%20Empire.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Ptolemy c. 140","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFPtolemyc._140"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Early_People_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Early_People_5-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Early_People_5-2"},{"link_name":"Sassin 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSassin2008"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Frere 1987","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFrere1987"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Maxwell 1891","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMaxwell1891"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"M'Kerlie 1877","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFM'Kerlie1877"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"Harding 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHarding2004"},{"link_name":"62","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/ironageinnorther0000hard/page/62"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"Tacitus 1854","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFTacitus1854"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"Skene 1868","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSkene1868"},{"link_name":"XVIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=xeEIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"Koch 1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFKoch1997"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"Roy 1790","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRoy1790"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"Cunliffe 1971","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCunliffe1971"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"Skene 1886","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSkene1886"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"Rhys 1904","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRhys1904"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"Agnew 1891","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFAgnew1891"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"Maxwell 1891","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMaxwell1891"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"M'Kerlie 1877","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFM'Kerlie1877"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"M'Kerlie 1891","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFM'Kerlie1891"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"Koch 2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFKoch2005"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"Cunliffe 1971","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCunliffe1971"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"Mattingly 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMattingly2006"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"Frere 1987","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFrere1987"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"Moffat 2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMoffat2005"}],"text":"^ Rhys 1904:223, Celtic Britain\n\n^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Kirkcudbrightshire\" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 831–833, see page 832, para 4. History.—The country west of the Nith was originally peopled by a tribe of Celtic Gaels called Novantae, or Atecott Picts...\n\n^ Ries, Edward Grant (21 October 2010). \"Scotland during the Roman Empire\" (PDF). Electric Scotland. Retrieved 2016-09-27.\n\n^ Ptolemy c. 140, Geographia, Albion Island of Britannia.\n\n^ a b c Sassin 2008:419\n\n^ Frere 1987:88–89, 112–113, 130–131, 142–143, 347–348, Britannia\n\n^ Maxwell 1891:8–9, Roman Remains, A History of Dumfries and Galloway\n\n^ M'Kerlie 1877:1–2, Wigtonshire.\n\n^ Harding 2004:62. Reports on the excavations were published in 1983.\n\n^ Tacitus 1854:364–368, \"Life of Agricola\", Chapters 19 – 23.\n\n^ Skene 1868:380–381, XVIII, The Gododdin\n\n^ Koch 1997:lxxxii–lxxxiii\n\n^ Roy 1790:115–119, Military Antiquities, Book IV, Chapter III\n\n^ Cunliffe 1971:216 – see, for example, the influential Iron Age Communities in Britain, map of the tribes of Northern Britain, attributed to \"various sources\"\n\n^ Skene 1886:72, Celtic Scotland\n\n^ Rhys 1904:222, 223, 227, 232, Celtic Britain\n\n^ Agnew 1891:1, 1 2, 10, 41, The Hereditary Sheriffs of Galloway\n\n^ Maxwell 1891:2, 3, 4, 7, 10, 14, 23, A History of Dumfries and Galloway\n\n^ M'Kerlie 1877:14, 15, 22–25, 27, 28, 31, 36, 71, History of the Lands and their Owners in Galloway\n\n^ M'Kerlie 1891:14–17, Galloway in Ancient and Modern Times, Ptolemy's Geography.\n\n^ Koch 2005:824, 825, 1689, Celtic Culture, Gododdin and Trinovantes.\n\n^ Cunliffe 1971:215–216, Iron Age Communities in Britain, Southern Scotland: Votadini, Novantae, Selgovae and Damnonii.\n\n^ Mattingly 2006:49, 148, 423, 425, An Imperial Possession: Britain in the Roman Empire\n\n^ Frere 1987:42, 90, 92, 93, 107, 111, 134, 355, Britannia\n\n^ Moffat 2005:212, 231, 248, 272, 275, 277, 279, 280, 302, 306, Before Scotland: The Story of Scotland Before History","title":"Citations"}] | [{"image_text":"Location of the Selgovae town of Trimontium according to Roy, who was trying to reconcile problems with the spurious De Situ Britanniae.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Selgovae.william.roy.1793.png/220px-Selgovae.william.roy.1793.png"}] | [{"title":"Ptolemy's Geography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographia_(Ptolemy)"},{"title":"Britannia (Roman province)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britannia_(Roman_province)"},{"title":"Scotland during the Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland_during_the_Roman_Empire"}] | [{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Kirkcudbrightshire\" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 831–833, see page 832, para 4. History.—The country west of the Nith was originally peopled by a tribe of Celtic Gaels called Novantae, or Atecott Picts...","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Kirkcudbrightshire","url_text":"\"Kirkcudbrightshire\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"Ries, Edward Grant (21 October 2010). \"Scotland during the Roman Empire\" (PDF). Electric Scotland. Retrieved 2016-09-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.electricscotland.com/books/ries/Scotland%20during%20the%20Roman%20Empire.pdf","url_text":"\"Scotland during the Roman Empire\""}]},{"reference":"Agnew, Andrew (1891), Agnew, Constance (ed.), The Hereditary Sheriffs of Galloway, vol. I (2nd ed.), Edinburgh: David Douglas (published 1893)","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=02NJAAAAMAAJ&pg=PR3","url_text":"The Hereditary Sheriffs of Galloway"}]},{"reference":"Bertram, Charles (1757), Hatcher, Henry (ed.), The Description of Britain, Translated from Richard of Cirencester, London: J. White and Co (published 1809)","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Bertram","url_text":"Bertram, Charles"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OwJIAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"The Description of Britain, Translated from Richard of Cirencester"}]},{"reference":"Cunliffe, Barry W. (1971), Iron Age Communities in Britain (4th ed.), Routledge (published 2005), p. 216, ISBN 0-415-34779-3","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Cunliffe","url_text":"Cunliffe, Barry W."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-34779-3","url_text":"0-415-34779-3"}]},{"reference":"Frere, Sheppad Sunderland (1987), Britannia: A History of Roman Britain (3rd, revised ed.), London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, ISBN 0-7102-1215-1","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheppard_Frere","url_text":"Frere, Sheppad Sunderland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7102-1215-1","url_text":"0-7102-1215-1"}]},{"reference":"Harding, Dennis William (2004), \"The Borders and southern Scotland\", The Iron Age in northern Britain: Celts and Romans, natives and invaders, Routledge, ISBN 0-415-30149-1","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/ironageinnorther0000hard","url_text":"The Iron Age in northern Britain: Celts and Romans, natives and invaders"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-30149-1","url_text":"0-415-30149-1"}]},{"reference":"Koch, John T., ed. (1997), The Gododdin of Aneirin: Text and Context from Dark-Age North Britain, University of Wales Press, ISBN 0-7083-1374-4","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7083-1374-4","url_text":"0-7083-1374-4"}]},{"reference":"Koch, John T., ed. (2005), Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia, ABL-CLIO (published 2006), ISBN 978-1-85109-440-0","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-440-0","url_text":"978-1-85109-440-0"}]},{"reference":"Mattingly, David (2006), An Imperial Possession: Britain in the Roman Empire, London: Penguin Books (published 2007), ISBN 978-0-14-014822-0","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Mattingly_(author)","url_text":"Mattingly, David"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/imperialpossessi0000matt","url_text":"An Imperial Possession: Britain in the Roman Empire"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-014822-0","url_text":"978-0-14-014822-0"}]},{"reference":"Maxwell, Herbert (1891), A History of Dumfries and Galloway, Edinburgh: William Blackwood and Sons (published 1896)","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Sl0JAAAAIAAJ","url_text":"A History of Dumfries and Galloway"}]},{"reference":"Moffat, Alistair (2005), Before Scotland: The Story of Scotland Before History, New York: Thames and Hudson, ISBN 978-0-500-28795-8","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-28795-8","url_text":"978-0-500-28795-8"}]},{"reference":"M'Kerlie, Peter Handyside (1877), \"General History\", in M'Kerlie, Immeline M. H. (ed.), History of the Lands and Their Owners in Galloway With Historical Sketches of the District, vol. I (2nd ed.), Paisley: Alexander Gardner (published 1906)","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rV8JAAAAIAAJ","url_text":"History of the Lands and Their Owners in Galloway With Historical Sketches of the District"}]},{"reference":"M'Kerlie, Peter Handyside (1891), Galloway in Ancient and Modern Times, Edinburgh: William Blackwood and Sons","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=S51nAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Galloway in Ancient and Modern Times"}]},{"reference":"Ptolemy (c. 140), \"Book II, Chapter 2: Albion island of Britannia\", in Thayer, Bill (ed.), Geographia, retrieved 2008-04-26 – via LacusCurtius website at the University of Chicago","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy","url_text":"Ptolemy"},{"url":"https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Periods/Roman/_Texts/Ptolemy/2/2*.html","url_text":"Geographia"}]},{"reference":"Rhys, John (1904), Celtic Britain (3rd ed.), London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Rhys","url_text":"Rhys, John"},{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/celticbritain03rhysgoog#page","url_text":"Celtic Britain"}]},{"reference":"Roy, William (1790), \"Military Antiquities of the Romans in North Britain\", Digital Library, National Library of Scotland (published 2007)","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Roy","url_text":"Roy, William"},{"url":"http://www.nls.uk/maps/roy/antiquities/index.html","url_text":"\"Military Antiquities of the Romans in North Britain\""}]},{"reference":"Sassin, Anne (2008). Snyder, Christopher A. (ed.). Early People of Britain and Ireland: An Encyclopedia, Volume II. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-84645-029-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84645-029-7","url_text":"978-1-84645-029-7"}]},{"reference":"Skene, William Forbes (1868), The Four Ancient Books of Wales, vol. I, Edinburgh: Edmonston and Douglas, pp. 380–381","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Forbes_Skene","url_text":"Skene, William Forbes"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xeEIAAAAQAAJ","url_text":"The Four Ancient Books of Wales"}]},{"reference":"Skene, William Forbes (1886), Celtic Scotland: A History of Ancient Alban (History and Ethnology), vol. I (2nd ed.), Edinburgh: David Douglas, ISBN 9780836949766","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Forbes_Skene","url_text":"Skene, William Forbes"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_kcNAAAAIAAJ","url_text":"Celtic Scotland: A History of Ancient Alban (History and Ethnology)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780836949766","url_text":"9780836949766"}]},{"reference":"Tacitus, Cornelius (1854) [98], \"The Life of Cnaeus Julius Agricola\", The Works of Tacitus (The Oxford Translation, Revised), vol. II, London: Henry G. Bohn, pp. 343–389","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus","url_text":"Tacitus, Cornelius"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GMRJ5aWahRUC&pg=PA343","url_text":"\"The Life of Cnaeus Julius Agricola\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/celticbritain03rhysgoog#page/n245/mode/2up","external_links_name":"223"},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Kirkcudbrightshire","external_links_name":"\"Kirkcudbrightshire\""},{"Link":"https://www.electricscotland.com/books/ries/Scotland%20during%20the%20Roman%20Empire.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Scotland during the Roman Empire\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/ironageinnorther0000hard/page/62","external_links_name":"62"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xeEIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA3","external_links_name":"XVIII"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=02NJAAAAMAAJ&pg=PR3","external_links_name":"The Hereditary Sheriffs of Galloway"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OwJIAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"The Description of Britain, Translated from Richard of Cirencester"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/ironageinnorther0000hard","external_links_name":"The Iron Age in northern Britain: Celts and Romans, natives and invaders"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/imperialpossessi0000matt","external_links_name":"An Imperial Possession: Britain in the Roman Empire"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Sl0JAAAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"A History of Dumfries and Galloway"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rV8JAAAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"History of the Lands and Their Owners in Galloway With Historical Sketches of the District"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=S51nAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Galloway in Ancient and Modern Times"},{"Link":"https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Periods/Roman/_Texts/Ptolemy/2/2*.html","external_links_name":"Geographia"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/celticbritain03rhysgoog#page","external_links_name":"Celtic Britain"},{"Link":"http://www.nls.uk/maps/roy/antiquities/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Military Antiquities of the Romans in North Britain\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xeEIAAAAQAAJ","external_links_name":"The Four Ancient Books of Wales"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_kcNAAAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"Celtic Scotland: A History of Ancient Alban (History and Ethnology)"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GMRJ5aWahRUC&pg=PA343","external_links_name":"\"The Life of Cnaeus Julius Agricola\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adductor_longus | Adductor longus muscle | ["1 Structure","1.1 Innervation","1.2 Relations","2 Actions","3 Development","4 Additional images","5 References","6 External links"] | Skeletal muscle located in the thigh
Adductor longus muscleThe adductor longus and nearby musclesStructures surrounding right hip-joint. (Adductor longus at upper right.)DetailsOriginPubic body just below the pubic crestInsertionMiddle third of linea asperaArteryDeep femoral arteryNerveAnterior branch of obturator nerveActionsAdduction of hip, flexion of hip jointIdentifiersLatinmusculus adductor longusTA98A04.7.02.026TA22628FMA22441Anatomical terms of muscle
In the human body, the adductor longus is a skeletal muscle located in the thigh. One of the adductor muscles of the hip, its main function is to adduct the thigh and it is innervated by the obturator nerve. It forms the medial wall of the femoral triangle.
Structure
The adductor longus arises from the body of pubis inferior to pubic crest and lateral to pubic symphysis.
It lies ventrally on the adductor magnus, and near the femur, the adductor brevis is interposed between these two muscles. Distally, the fibers of the adductor longus extend into the adductor canal.
It is inserted into the middle third of the medial lip of the linea aspera.
Innervation
As part of the medial compartment of the thigh, the adductor longus is innervated by the anterior division (sometimes the posterior division) of the obturator nerve. The obturator nerve exits via the anterior rami of the spinal cord from L2, L3, and L4.
Relations
The adductor longus is in relation by its anterior surface with the pubic portion of the fascia lata, and near its insertion with the femoral artery and vein.
By its posterior surface with the adductor brevis and magnus, the anterior branches of the obturator artery, vein, and nerves, and near its insertion with the profunda artery and vein.
By its outer border with the pectineus, and by the inner border with the gracilis.
Actions
Its main actions are to adduct and externally rotate the thigh; it can also produce some degree of flexion/anteversion.
Development
Adductor longus is derived from the myotome of spinal roots L2, L3, and L4.
Additional images
Right hip bone. External surface.
Muscles of the iliac and anterior femoral regions.
Deep muscles of the medial femoral region.
The left femoral triangle.
The femoral artery.
The lumbar plexus and its branches.
Cross section through thigh.
Adductor longus muscle
Adductor longus muscle
Adductor longus muscle
Adductor longus muscle
Adductor longus muscle
Adductor longus muscle
Adductor longus muscle
Adductor longus muscle
Adductor longus muscle
Muscles of thigh. Cross section.
Muscles of thigh. Anterior views.
References
^ a b c d e Platzer, Werner (2004). Color Atlas of Human Anatomy, Vol. 1, Locomotor System (5th ed.). Thieme. p. 242. ISBN 9781588901590.
^ Saladin, Kenneth S. Anatomy & Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function. 5th ed. Boston: McGraw-Hill, 2009.
^ Wilson, Erasmus (1851). The anatomist's vade mecum: a system of human anatomy. John Churchill. p. 260.
^ Aatif M. Husain (2008). A practical approach to neurophysiologic intraoperative monitoring. Demos Medical Publishing. p. 23.
External links
Cross section image: pembody/body18b—Plastination Laboratory at the Medical University of Vienna
Cross section image: pelvis/pelvis-e12-15—Plastination Laboratory at the Medical University of Vienna
PTCentral
vteMuscles of the hip and human legIliac region
Iliopsoas
Psoas major/Psoas minor
Iliacus
Buttocks
Gluteal muscles
Maximus
Medius
Minimus
Tensor fasciae latae
Lateral rotator group:
Quadratus femoris
Inferior gemellus
Superior gemellus
Internal obturator
External obturator
Piriformis
Thigh / compartmentsAnterior
Sartorius
Quadriceps
Rectus femoris
Vastus lateralis
Vastus intermedius
Vastus medialis
Articularis genus
Posterior
Hamstring
Biceps femoris
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
Medial
Pectineus
External obturator
Gracilis
Adductor
Longus
Brevis
Magnus
Minimus
Fascia
Femoral sheath
Femoral canal
Femoral ring
Adductor canal
Adductor hiatus
Muscular lacuna
Fascia lata
Iliotibial tract
Lateral intermuscular septum of thigh
Medial intermuscular septum of thigh
Cribriform fascia
Leg/compartmentsAnterior
Tibialis anterior
Extensor hallucis longus
Extensor digitorum longus
Fibularis (peroneus) tertius
PosteriorSuperficial
Triceps surae
Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Accessory soleus
Achilles tendon
Plantaris
Deep
tarsal tunnel
Flexor hallucis longus
Flexor digitorum longus
Tibialis posterior
Popliteus
Lateral
Fibularis (peroneus) muscles
Longus
Brevis
Fascia
Pes anserinus
Intermuscular septa
Anterior
Posterior
Transverse
FootDorsal
Extensor hallucis brevis
Extensor digitorum brevis
Plantar
1st layer
Abductor hallucis
Flexor digitorum brevis
Abductor digiti minimi
2nd layer
Quadratus plantae
Lumbrical muscle
3rd layer
Foexor hallucis brevis
Adductor hallucis
Flexor digiti minimi brevis
4th layer
Dorsal interossei
Plantar interossei
Fascia
Plantar fascia
retinacula
Peroneal
Inferior extensor
Superior extensor
Flexor
Authority control databases
Terminologia Anatomica | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"human body","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_body"},{"link_name":"skeletal muscle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeletal_muscle"},{"link_name":"thigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thigh"},{"link_name":"adductor muscles of the hip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adductor_muscles_of_the_hip"},{"link_name":"adduct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adduction"},{"link_name":"obturator nerve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obturator_nerve"},{"link_name":"femoral triangle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femoral_triangle"}],"text":"In the human body, the adductor longus is a skeletal muscle located in the thigh. One of the adductor muscles of the hip, its main function is to adduct the thigh and it is innervated by the obturator nerve. It forms the medial wall of the femoral triangle.","title":"Adductor longus muscle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Platzer-242-1"},{"link_name":"adductor magnus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adductor_magnus"},{"link_name":"adductor brevis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adductor_brevis"},{"link_name":"adductor canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adductor_canal"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Platzer-242-1"},{"link_name":"linea aspera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linea_aspera"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Platzer-242-1"}],"text":"The adductor longus arises from the body of pubis inferior to pubic crest and lateral to pubic symphysis.\n[1]It lies ventrally on the adductor magnus, and near the femur, the adductor brevis is interposed between these two muscles. Distally, the fibers of the adductor longus extend into the adductor canal.[1]It is inserted into the middle third of the medial lip of the linea aspera.[1]","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"obturator nerve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obturator_nerve"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Platzer-242-1"},{"link_name":"spinal cord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_cord"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Saladin-2"},{"link_name":"failed verification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"}],"sub_title":"Innervation","text":"As part of the medial compartment of the thigh, the adductor longus is innervated by the anterior division (sometimes the posterior division) of the obturator nerve.[1] The obturator nerve exits via the anterior rami of the spinal cord from L2, L3, and L4.[2][failed verification]","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fascia lata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascia_lata"},{"link_name":"femoral artery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femoral_artery"},{"link_name":"vein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femoral_vein"},{"link_name":"adductor brevis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adductor_brevis"},{"link_name":"magnus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adductor_magnus"},{"link_name":"obturator artery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obturator_artery"},{"link_name":"vein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obturator_vein"},{"link_name":"nerves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obturator_nerve"},{"link_name":"profunda artery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profunda_femoris_artery"},{"link_name":"vein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profunda_femoris_vein"},{"link_name":"pectineus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pectineus"},{"link_name":"gracilis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gracilis_muscle"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Relations","text":"The adductor longus is in relation by its anterior surface with the pubic portion of the fascia lata, and near its insertion with the femoral artery and vein.By its posterior surface with the adductor brevis and magnus, the anterior branches of the obturator artery, vein, and nerves, and near its insertion with the profunda artery and vein.By its outer border with the pectineus, and by the inner border with the gracilis.[3]","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Platzer-242-1"}],"text":"Its main actions are to adduct and externally rotate the thigh; it can also produce some degree of flexion/anteversion.[1]","title":"Actions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"myotome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myotome"},{"link_name":"spinal roots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_root"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Adductor longus is derived from the myotome of spinal roots L2, L3, and L4.[4]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gray235.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gray430.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gray433.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gray549.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gray550.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gray823.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thigh_cross_section.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anatomical_dissection7.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Slide3eee.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Slide2rrr.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Slide10CCCC.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Slide3FFFFF.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Slide5GGGGG.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Slide5JJJJ.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Slide5LLLL.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Slide16LLLL.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Slide2EA.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Slide1DEEA.JPG"}],"text":"Right hip bone. External surface.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMuscles of the iliac and anterior femoral regions.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDeep muscles of the medial femoral region.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe left femoral triangle.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe femoral artery.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe lumbar plexus and its branches.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCross section through thigh.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAdductor longus muscle\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAdductor longus muscle\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAdductor longus muscle\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAdductor longus muscle\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAdductor longus muscle\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAdductor longus muscle\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAdductor longus muscle\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAdductor longus muscle\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAdductor longus muscle\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMuscles of thigh. Cross section.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMuscles of thigh. Anterior views.","title":"Additional images"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Platzer, Werner (2004). Color Atlas of Human Anatomy, Vol. 1, Locomotor System (5th ed.). Thieme. p. 242. ISBN 9781588901590.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Bl8RO_Tq7zoC&pg=PA242","url_text":"Color Atlas of Human Anatomy, Vol. 1, Locomotor System"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781588901590","url_text":"9781588901590"}]},{"reference":"Wilson, Erasmus (1851). The anatomist's vade mecum: a system of human anatomy. John Churchill. p. 260.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/anatomistsvademe1851wils","url_text":"The anatomist's vade mecum: a system of human anatomy"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/anatomistsvademe1851wils/page/260","url_text":"260"}]},{"reference":"Aatif M. Husain (2008). A practical approach to neurophysiologic intraoperative monitoring. Demos Medical Publishing. p. 23.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Gxz22SdPwa4C&pg=PA23","url_text":"A practical approach to neurophysiologic intraoperative monitoring"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/04.7.02.026%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm","external_links_name":"A04.7.02.026"},{"Link":"https://ta2viewer.openanatomy.org/?id=2628","external_links_name":"2628"},{"Link":"https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FMA/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fsig%2Font%2Ffma%2Ffma22441","external_links_name":"22441"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Bl8RO_Tq7zoC&pg=PA242","external_links_name":"Color Atlas of Human Anatomy, Vol. 1, Locomotor System"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/anatomistsvademe1851wils","external_links_name":"The anatomist's vade mecum: a system of human anatomy"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/anatomistsvademe1851wils/page/260","external_links_name":"260"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Gxz22SdPwa4C&pg=PA23","external_links_name":"A practical approach to neurophysiologic intraoperative monitoring"},{"Link":"https://www.meduniwien.ac.at/plastination/pembody/body18b-text.html","external_links_name":"Cross section image: pembody/body18b"},{"Link":"https://www.meduniwien.ac.at/plastination/pelvis/pelvis-e12-15-text.html","external_links_name":"Cross section image: pelvis/pelvis-e12-15"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100715211225/http://www.ptcentral.com/muscles/musclelegs.html#adductor%20longus","external_links_name":"PTCentral"},{"Link":"http://tools.wmflabs.org/wikidata-externalid-url/?p=1323&url_prefix=https:%2F%2Fwww.unifr.ch%2Fifaa%2FPublic%2FEntryPage%2FTA98%20Tree%2FEntity%20TA98%20EN%2F&url_suffix=%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm&id=A04.7.02.026","external_links_name":"Terminologia Anatomica"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancho_Ar%C3%A9na | Pancho Aréna | ["1 History","2 Controversy","3 Milestone matches","4 Milestone matches (youth squad)","5 International","6 Attendances","7 Gallery","8 References"] | Coordinates: 47°27′50″N 18°35′12″E / 47.4640°N 18.5868°E / 47.4640; 18.5868Stadium in Felcsút, Hungary
Pancho ArénaUEFA Elite Stadium LocationFelcsút, HungaryOwnerFelcsúti Utánpótlás Neveléséért AlapítványOperatorPuskás Akadémia FCCapacity3,865Field size105x68mSurfaceGrassFieldConstructionBroke ground2012Opened21 April 2014Construction costHUF 3.8 billionArchitectImre Makovecz Tamás DobrosiStructural engineerLászló PongorTenantsPuskás Akadémia FC Fehérvár FC (2016–2018)
Pancho Aréna is a stadium in Felcsút, Hungary. It is primarily used for football matches and serves as the home stadium for Puskás Akadémia FC. Between 2015 and 2018, the stadium also hosted the three-time champions Fehérvár FC due to the reconstruction of Sóstói Stadion.
History
The stadium officially opened on 21 April 2014, featuring the final of the 2014 Puskás Cup.
On 26 April 2014, the first Hungarian League match was played at the stadium between Puskás Akadémia and Videoton. The match ended with 3–1 away win.
On 30 June 2016, the first UEFA Europa League match took place at the stadium when Videoton FC, now MOL Fehérvár FC, and FC Zaria Bălți met in the qualifying rounds of the Europa League. It occurred in Pancho Aréna due to the demolition of Videoton's home stadium, Sóstói Stadion.
Pancho Aréna was listed among the top three most beautiful stadiums of the world according to stadiumdb.com: "The wood-lined curved interior to the stand gives spectators the feeling that they are attending a Sunday church service, not a football match. The 3,500 seater stadium opened in 2014 and was the brainchild of local architect Imre Makovecz".
On 26 March 2018, the first international match was played at the stadium when Bulgaria hosted Kazakhstan in a friendly match. The match ended with a 2–1 win for Bulgaria.
On 31 October 2023, it was announced that the Israel national football team would play their remaining UEFA Euro 2024 qualifying matches against Switzerland and Romania at the stadium, a decision influenced by the ongoing 2023 Israel–Hamas war. On 15 November 2023, Israel hosted Switzerland and drew at the stadium. On 18 November 2023, Israel hosted Romania in the UEFA Euro 2024 qualifying match. Romania beat Israel 2-1 and qualified for the UEFA Euro 2024.
Controversy
Many allegations of corruption have surfaced regarding the stadium, as Hungary's current prime minister, Viktor Orbán (known for his passion for football), spent much of his childhood in the village. Pancho Arena was built just meters away from his Felcsút estate. Although the stadium was not constructed directly using government funds, companies that provided the majority of the funding won several high-value public procurement procedures during Orbán's prime ministership. Additionally, Orbán's government passed laws granting benefits to companies supporting sports investments. Allegations were fueled by the fact that the stadium seats 3,500 people, while the total population of the village is under 1,700.
Milestone matches
Puskás Akadémia v Videoton
26 April 2014 Puskás Akadémia 1–3 Videoton 2013–14 Nemzeti Bajnokság I First Nemzeti Bajnokság I match
Tischler 63'
(Report)
Nikolić 20' Zé Luís 74' Filipe Oliveira 78'
Attendance: 3,633Referee: Viktor Kassai (Hungary)
Puskás Akadémia v Debrecen
24 September 2015 Puskás Akadémia 0–2 Debrecen 2014–15 Magyar Kupa (First Magyar Kupa match)
(Report)
Szakály 53' Kulcsár 94'
Referee: Csaba Pintér (Hungary)
Videoton v Zaria Bălți
30 June 2016 Videoton 3–0 Zaria Bălți 2016–17 UEFA Europa League (First UEFA Europa League match)
Referee: Enea Jorgji (Albanian)
MOL Vidi v F91 Dudelange
17 July 2018 (2018-07-17) MOL Vidi 2–1 F91 Dudelange 2018–19 UEFA Champions League (first UEFA Champions League match)20:15
Lazović 18'
Šćepović 58'
Report
Clément 54'
Attendance: 2,514Referee: Donald Robertson (Scotland)
Milestone matches (youth squad)
Puskás Akadémia v La Fábrica
21 April 2014 Puskás Akadémia 0–1 La Fábrica 2014 Puskás Cup Final (First match)
(Report)
Miguel Garcia 49'
Attendance: 4,000Referee: Viktor Kassai (Hungary)
Puskás Akadémia v Celtic
4 November 2015 Puskás Akadémia 1–0 Celtic 2015–16 UEFA Youth League (First international match)
Damásdi 20'
(Report)
Attendance: 1,230Referee: Vadims Direktorenko (Latvia)
International
Bulgaria v Kazakhstan
24 March 2018 Bulgaria 2–1 Kazakhstan Friendly
Popov 23' Bodurov 90+4'
(Report)
55' Tungyshbayev
Attendance: 100Referee: Bognár
Israel v Switzerland
15 November 2023 Israel 1 - 1 Switzerland UEFA Euro 2024 qualifying Group I
Weissman 88'
Report
36' Vargas
Referee: Taylor
Israel v Romania
18 November 2023 Israel 1 - 2 Romania UEFA Euro 2024 qualifying Group I
Referee: Letexier
Attendances
As of 21 December 2018
Puskás Akadémia only played three matches at the Pancho Aréna during the 2013–14 season. This table includes only domestic league matches.
Season
Puskás Akadémia FC
Ref
Division
GP
Average
Change
Highest Gate
Lowest Gate
2014–15
NB I
15
1,649
–
3,812
vs Ferencváros
704
vs Szombathelyi Haladás
2015–16
NB I
16
1,699
+3.0%
3,798
vs Ferencváros
708
vs Paks
2016–17
NB II
15
818
–49.5%
1,537
vs Balmazújváros
460
vs Budaörs
2017–18
NB I
16
1,199
+46.6%
3,127
vs Ferencváros
200
vs Debrecen
2018–19
NB I
17
1,340
+11.8%
3,865
vs Ferencváros
120
vs Kisvárda
Gallery
Aerial view
The main entrance
The Pancho Aréna from the Főutca of Felcsút
The interior
The view of Pancho Aréna from the Vál-völgyi train
The roof of the Pancho Aréna
References
^ "PAFC: húsvéthétfőn avatják fel a Pancho Arénát". www.nso.hu. 3 March 2014.
^ "Videó: járja be Ön is a felcsúti Pancho Arénát!". www.nso.hu. 15 April 2014.
^ "Gólokkal avatta fel a PAFC új arénáját a Videoton az NB I-ben". www.nso.hu. 26 April 2014.
^ "Videoton FC: A Videoton city will be created with the new stadium". 12 December 2015.
^ "The top three most beautiful football stadiums in the world". Stadiumdb.com. 17 October 2017.
^ "Bulgaria vs Kazakhstan. International Match".
^ "A felcsúti Pancho Arénában játssza a hazai Eb-selejtezőit az izraeli fociválogatott". telex (in Hungarian). 2023-10-31. Retrieved 2023-10-31.
^ "Eb 2024: Felcsúton játszik az izraeli válogatott – hivatalos - NSO". www.nemzetisport.hu (in Hungarian). 2023. Retrieved 2023-10-31.
^ "Eb 2024: Izrael drámai végjátékban ikszelt Svájccal Felcsúton - NSO". www.nemzetisport.hu (in Hungarian). 2023. Retrieved 2023-11-16.
^ "Israel-Romania | European Qualifiers 2024". UEFA.com. Retrieved 2023-11-18.
^ "Eb 2024: Puscas-gól a Pancho Arénában – Románia és Svájc is kijutot". www.nemzetisport.hu (in Hungarian). 2023. Retrieved 2023-11-19.
^ "Israel and Switzerland draw 1-1 in Euro 2024 qualifying game in Hungary". ABC News. Retrieved 2023-11-16.
^ "2013–14 Nézőszámok". magyarfutball.hu. 1 July 2014.
^ "2014–15 Nézőszámok". magyarfutball.hu. 24 May 2016.
^ "2015–16 Nézőszámok". magyarfutball.hu. 24 May 2016.
^ "2016–17 Nézőszámok". magyarfutball.hu. 28 March 2017.
^ "2017–18 Nézőszámok". magyarfutball.hu. 28 March 2017.
^ "2018–19 Nézőszámok". magyarfutball.hu. 20 December 2019.
vtePuskás Akadémia Football ClubTeams
Puskás Akadémia FC
Puskás Akadémia FC II
History
Seasons
Players
Managers
Home facilities
Pancho Aréna
Notable matches
2018 Magyar Kupa final
Others
Puskás Cup
Seasons
2012–13
2013–14
2014–15
2015–16
2016–17
2017–18
2018–19
2019–20
2020–21
2021–22
2022–23
2023–24
vteNemzeti Bajnokság I venuesCurrent
Diósgyőri Stadion
Fehérvári úti Stadion
Ferencváros Stadion
Hidegkuti Nándor Stadion
Nagyerdei Stadion
Pancho Aréna
Sóstói Stadion
Széktói Stadion
Szusza Ferenc Stadion
Várkerti Stadion
Városi Stadion
ZTE Arena
Former
Városi Sportpálya
Béke téri Stadion
Bozsik Aréna
Buzánszky Jenő Stadion
Budai II. László Stadion
Diósgyőri Stadion
ETO Park
Eszperantó úti Stadion
Haladás Sportkomplexum
Illovszky Rudolf Stadion
Káposztás utcai Stadion
Kórház utcai Stadion
Ligeti Stadion
Ménfői úti Stadion
Oláh Gábor utcai Stadion
Perutz Stadion
PMFC
Promontor utcai Stadion
Rákóczi Stadion
Révész Géza utcai Stadion
Szentmarjay Tibor
Szőnyi úti Stadion
Tiszaligeti Stadion
Városi (Nyíregyháza)
Városi (Tatabánya)
Demolished
Bozsik József Stadion
Diósgyőri Stadion (1939)
ETO Stadion
Hidegkuti Nándor Stadion (1947)
Hungária körút
Illovszky Rudolf Stadion (1960)
Oláh Gábor utcai Stadion
Puskás Ferenc Stadion (1953)
Rohonci úti Stadion
Sóstói Stadion (1967)
Üllői úti stadion
Under construction
Nyíregyházi Stadion
Authority control databases: Geographic
StadiumDB
47°27′50″N 18°35′12″E / 47.4640°N 18.5868°E / 47.4640; 18.5868
This article about a Hungary sports venue is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Felcsút","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felcs%C3%BAt"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_(soccer)"},{"link_name":"Puskás Akadémia FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pusk%C3%A1s_Akad%C3%A9mia_FC"},{"link_name":"Fehérvár FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feh%C3%A9rv%C3%A1r_FC"},{"link_name":"Sóstói Stadion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B3st%C3%B3i_Stadion"}],"text":"Stadium in Felcsút, HungaryPancho Aréna is a stadium in Felcsút, Hungary. It is primarily used for football matches and serves as the home stadium for Puskás Akadémia FC. Between 2015 and 2018, the stadium also hosted the three-time champions Fehérvár FC due to the reconstruction of Sóstói Stadion.","title":"Pancho Aréna"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2014 Puskás Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Pusk%C3%A1s_Cup"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Hungarian League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_League"},{"link_name":"Puskás Akadémia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pusk%C3%A1s_Akad%C3%A9mia_FC"},{"link_name":"Videoton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videoton_FC"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"UEFA Europa League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Europa_League"},{"link_name":"Videoton FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videoton_FC"},{"link_name":"MOL Fehérvár FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOL_Feh%C3%A9rv%C3%A1r_FC"},{"link_name":"FC Zaria Bălți","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Zaria_B%C4%83l%C8%9Bi"},{"link_name":"Sóstói Stadion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B3st%C3%B3i_Stadion_(1967)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Imre Makovecz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imre_Makovecz"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Kazakhstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Israel national football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"UEFA Euro 2024 qualifying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2024_qualifying"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"2023 Israel–Hamas war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"UEFA Euro 2024 qualifying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2024_qualifying"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"UEFA Euro 2024","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2024"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"The stadium officially opened on 21 April 2014, featuring the final of the 2014 Puskás Cup.[1][2]On 26 April 2014, the first Hungarian League match was played at the stadium between Puskás Akadémia and Videoton. The match ended with 3–1 away win.[3]On 30 June 2016, the first UEFA Europa League match took place at the stadium when Videoton FC, now MOL Fehérvár FC, and FC Zaria Bălți met in the qualifying rounds of the Europa League. It occurred in Pancho Aréna due to the demolition of Videoton's home stadium, Sóstói Stadion.[4]Pancho Aréna was listed among the top three most beautiful stadiums of the world according to stadiumdb.com: \"The wood-lined curved interior to the stand gives spectators the feeling that they are attending a Sunday church service, not a football match. The 3,500 seater stadium opened in 2014 and was the brainchild of local architect Imre Makovecz\".[5]On 26 March 2018, the first international match was played at the stadium when Bulgaria hosted Kazakhstan in a friendly match. The match ended with a 2–1 win for Bulgaria.[6]On 31 October 2023, it was announced that the Israel national football team would play their remaining UEFA Euro 2024 qualifying matches against Switzerland and Romania at the stadium, a decision influenced by the ongoing 2023 Israel–Hamas war.[7][8] On 15 November 2023, Israel hosted Switzerland and drew at the stadium.[9] On 18 November 2023, Israel hosted Romania in the UEFA Euro 2024 qualifying match.[10] Romania beat Israel 2-1 and qualified for the UEFA Euro 2024.[11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Viktor Orbán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Orb%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Many allegations of corruption have surfaced regarding the stadium,[citation needed] as Hungary's current prime minister, Viktor Orbán (known for his passion for football), spent much of his childhood in the village. Pancho Arena was built just meters away from his Felcsút estate.[12] Although the stadium was not constructed directly using government funds, companies that provided the majority of the funding won several high-value public procurement procedures during Orbán's prime ministership. Additionally, Orbán's government passed laws granting benefits to companies supporting sports investments. Allegations were fueled by the fact that the stadium seats 3,500 people, while the total population of the village is under 1,700.[citation needed]","title":"Controversy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Puskás Akadémia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pusk%C3%A1s_Akad%C3%A9mia_FC"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Videoton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videoton_FC"},{"link_name":"Puskás Akadémia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pusk%C3%A1s_Akad%C3%A9mia_FC"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Videoton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videoton_FC"},{"link_name":"2013–14 Nemzeti Bajnokság I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_Nemzeti_Bajnoks%C3%A1g_I"},{"link_name":"Nemzeti Bajnokság I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemzeti_Bajnoks%C3%A1g_I"},{"link_name":"Tischler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrik_Tischler"},{"link_name":"(Report)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.csakfoci.hu/node/162711"},{"link_name":"Nikolić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemanja_Nikoli%C4%87_(footballer,_born_1987)"},{"link_name":"Zé Luís","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A9_Lu%C3%ADs"},{"link_name":"Filipe Oliveira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipe_Oliveira_(footballer,_born_1984)"},{"link_name":"Viktor Kassai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Kassai"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Football_Federation"},{"link_name":"Puskás Akadémia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pusk%C3%A1s_Akad%C3%A9mia_FC"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Debrecen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debreceni_VSC"},{"link_name":"Puskás Akadémia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pusk%C3%A1s_Akad%C3%A9mia_FC"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Debrecen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debreceni_VSC"},{"link_name":"2014–15 Magyar Kupa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_Magyar_Kupa"},{"link_name":"Magyar Kupa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magyar_Kupa"},{"link_name":"(Report)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//adatbank.mlsz.hu/pr01/p01_jegyzokonyv_nez.asp?p_merk_id=795200"},{"link_name":"Szakály","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9ter_Szak%C3%A1ly"},{"link_name":"Kulcsár","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tam%C3%A1s_Kulcs%C3%A1r"},{"link_name":"Csaba Pintér","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Csaba_Pint%C3%A9r"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Football_Federation"},{"link_name":"Videoton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videoton_FC"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova"},{"link_name":"Zaria Bălți","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Zaria_B%C4%83l%C8%9Bi"},{"link_name":"Videoton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videoton_FC"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova"},{"link_name":"Zaria Bălți","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Zaria_B%C4%83l%C8%9Bi"},{"link_name":"2016–17 UEFA Europa League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_UEFA_Europa_League"},{"link_name":"UEFA Europa League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Europa_League"},{"link_name":"Albanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"MOL Vidi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOL_Vidi_FC"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"F91 Dudelange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F91_Dudelange"},{"link_name":"MOL Vidi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOL_Vidi_FC"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"F91 Dudelange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F91_Dudelange"},{"link_name":"2018–19 UEFA Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_UEFA_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"UEFA Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"Lazović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danko_Lazovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Šćepović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marko_%C5%A0%C4%87epovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/season=2019/matches/round=2000976/match=2024613/index.html"},{"link_name":"Clément","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cl%C3%A9ment_Couturier"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Donald Robertson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Robertson_(referee)"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Football_Association"}],"text":"Puskás Akadémia v Videoton\n26 April 2014 Puskás Akadémia 1–3 Videoton 2013–14 Nemzeti Bajnokság I First Nemzeti Bajnokság I match\nTischler 63'\n(Report)\nNikolić 20' Zé Luís 74' Filipe Oliveira 78'\nAttendance: 3,633Referee: Viktor Kassai (Hungary)Puskás Akadémia v Debrecen\n24 September 2015 Puskás Akadémia 0–2 Debrecen 2014–15 Magyar Kupa (First Magyar Kupa match)\n\n(Report)\nSzakály 53' Kulcsár 94'\nReferee: Csaba Pintér (Hungary)Videoton v Zaria Bălți\n30 June 2016 Videoton 3–0 Zaria Bălți 2016–17 UEFA Europa League (First UEFA Europa League match)\n\n[(Report)]\n\nReferee: Enea Jorgji (Albanian)MOL Vidi v F91 Dudelange\n17 July 2018 (2018-07-17) MOL Vidi 2–1 F91 Dudelange 2018–19 UEFA Champions League (first UEFA Champions League match)20:15\n\nLazović 18'\nŠćepović 58'\nReport\n\nClément 54'\nAttendance: 2,514[citation needed]Referee: Donald Robertson (Scotland)","title":"Milestone matches"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Puskás Akadémia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pusk%C3%A1s_Akad%C3%A9mia_FC"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"La Fábrica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_F%C3%A1brica_(Real_Madrid)"},{"link_name":"Puskás Akadémia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pusk%C3%A1s_Akad%C3%A9mia_FC"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"La Fábrica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_F%C3%A1brica_(Real_Madrid)"},{"link_name":"2014 Puskás Cup Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Pusk%C3%A1s_Cup"},{"link_name":"(Report)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//24.hu/sport/foci/2014/04/21/a-real-madrid-sikerevel-avattak-fel-a-pancho-arenat/"},{"link_name":"Viktor Kassai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Kassai"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Football_Federation"},{"link_name":"Puskás Akadémia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pusk%C3%A1s_Akad%C3%A9mia_FC"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Celtic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_F.C._Reserve_and_Youth_squads"},{"link_name":"Puskás Akadémia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pusk%C3%A1s_Akad%C3%A9mia_FC"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Celtic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_F.C._Reserve_and_Youth_squads"},{"link_name":"2015–16 UEFA Youth League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_UEFA_Youth_League"},{"link_name":"(Report)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.csakfoci.hu/live/bajnokokligaja_puskas_celtic_20151104"},{"link_name":"Latvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian_Football_Federation"}],"text":"Puskás Akadémia v La Fábrica\n21 April 2014 Puskás Akadémia 0–1 La Fábrica 2014 Puskás Cup Final (First match)\n\n(Report)\nMiguel Garcia 49'\nAttendance: 4,000Referee: Viktor Kassai (Hungary)Puskás Akadémia v Celtic\n4 November 2015 Puskás Akadémia 1–0 Celtic 2015–16 UEFA Youth League (First international match)\nDamásdi 20'\n(Report)\n\nAttendance: 1,230Referee: Vadims Direktorenko (Latvia)","title":"Milestone matches (youth squad)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria_national_football_team"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan"},{"link_name":"Kazakhstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria_national_football_team"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan"},{"link_name":"Kazakhstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Popov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivelin_Popov"},{"link_name":"Bodurov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolay_Bodurov"},{"link_name":"(Report)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//int.soccerway.com/matches/2018/03/26/world/friendlies/bulgaria/kazakhstan/2736968/?ICID=HP_MS_01_02"},{"link_name":"Tungyshbayev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yerkebulan_Tungyshbayev"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_national_football_team"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_national_football_team"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"UEFA Euro 2024 qualifying Group I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2024_qualifying_Group_I"},{"link_name":"Weissman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shon_Weissman"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//int.soccerway.com/matches/2023/11/15/europe/european-championship-qualification/israel/switzerland/3972809/"},{"link_name":"Vargas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruben_Vargas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Taylor_(referee)"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_national_football_team"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_national_football_team"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"UEFA Euro 2024 qualifying Group I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2024_qualifying_Group_I"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Letexier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Letexier"}],"text":"Bulgaria v Kazakhstan\n24 March 2018 Bulgaria 2–1 Kazakhstan Friendly\nPopov 23' Bodurov 90+4'\n(Report)\n 55' Tungyshbayev\nAttendance: 100Referee: BognárIsrael v Switzerland\n15 November 2023 Israel 1 - 1 Switzerland UEFA Euro 2024 qualifying Group I\nWeissman 88'\nReport\n 36' Vargas\nReferee: TaylorIsrael v Romania\n18 November 2023 Israel 1 - 2 Romania UEFA Euro 2024 qualifying Group I\n\n\n\nReferee: Letexier","title":"International"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2013–14 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_Nemzeti_Bajnoks%C3%A1g_I"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"As of 21 December 2018Puskás Akadémia only played three matches at the Pancho Aréna during the 2013–14 season.[13] This table includes only domestic league matches.","title":"Attendances"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pancho_Ar%C3%A9na_l%C3%A9gi_fot%C3%B3.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pancho_Ar%C3%A9na_f%C5%91bej%C3%A1rata.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pancho_Ar%C3%A9na_Felcs%C3%BAt_f%C5%91utc%C3%A1ja_fel%C5%91l.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pancho_Ar%C3%A9na_gyep_az_utca_fel%C5%91l_n%C3%A9zve.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pancho_Ar%C3%A9na_a_kisvas%C3%BAt_fel%C5%91l.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pancho_Ar%C3%A9na_tet%C5%91zet_r%C3%A9szlet.jpg"}],"text":"Aerial view\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe main entrance\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Pancho Aréna from the Főutca of Felcsút\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe interior\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe view of Pancho Aréna from the Vál-völgyi train\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe roof of the Pancho Aréna","title":"Gallery"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"PAFC: húsvéthétfőn avatják fel a Pancho Arénát\". www.nso.hu. 3 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nemzetisport.hu/labdarugo_nb_i/pafc-husvethetfon-avatjak-fel-a-pancho-arenat-2319561","url_text":"\"PAFC: húsvéthétfőn avatják fel a Pancho Arénát\""}]},{"reference":"\"Videó: járja be Ön is a felcsúti Pancho Arénát!\". www.nso.hu. 15 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nemzetisport.hu/labdarugo_nb_i/video-jarja-be-on-is-a-pancho-arenat-2329031","url_text":"\"Videó: járja be Ön is a felcsúti Pancho Arénát!\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gólokkal avatta fel a PAFC új arénáját a Videoton az NB I-ben\". www.nso.hu. 26 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nemzetisport.hu/labdarugo_nb_i/nb-i-puskas-akademia-videoton-eloben-az-nso-n-2331561","url_text":"\"Gólokkal avatta fel a PAFC új arénáját a Videoton az NB I-ben\""}]},{"reference":"\"Videoton FC: A Videoton city will be created with the new stadium\". 12 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://dailynewshungary.com/videoton-fc-a-videoton-city-will-be-created-with-the-new-stadium/","url_text":"\"Videoton FC: A Videoton city will be created with the new stadium\""}]},{"reference":"\"The top three most beautiful football stadiums in the world\". Stadiumdb.com. 17 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://stadiumdb.com/news/2017/10/the_top_three_most_beautiful_football_stadiums_in_the_world","url_text":"\"The top three most beautiful football stadiums in the world\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bulgaria vs Kazakhstan. International Match\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.skysports.com/football/bulgaria-vs-kazakhstan/388269","url_text":"\"Bulgaria vs Kazakhstan. International Match\""}]},{"reference":"\"A felcsúti Pancho Arénában játssza a hazai Eb-selejtezőit az izraeli fociválogatott\". telex (in Hungarian). 2023-10-31. Retrieved 2023-10-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://telex.hu/sport/2023/10/31/felcsut-pancho-arena","url_text":"\"A felcsúti Pancho Arénában játssza a hazai Eb-selejtezőit az izraeli fociválogatott\""}]},{"reference":"\"Eb 2024: Felcsúton játszik az izraeli válogatott – hivatalos - NSO\". www.nemzetisport.hu (in Hungarian). 2023. Retrieved 2023-10-31.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nemzetisport.hu/foci-eb-2024/eb-2024-felcsuton-jatszik-az-izraeli-valogatott-hivatalos-2986507","url_text":"\"Eb 2024: Felcsúton játszik az izraeli válogatott – hivatalos - NSO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Eb 2024: Izrael drámai végjátékban ikszelt Svájccal Felcsúton - NSO\". www.nemzetisport.hu (in Hungarian). 2023. Retrieved 2023-11-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nemzetisport.hu/foci-eb-2024/eb-2024-izrael-dramai-vegjatekban-ikszelt-svajccal-felcsuton-2989029","url_text":"\"Eb 2024: Izrael drámai végjátékban ikszelt Svájccal Felcsúton - NSO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Israel-Romania | European Qualifiers 2024\". UEFA.com. Retrieved 2023-11-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.uefa.com/european-qualifiers/match/2036493--israel-vs-romania/","url_text":"\"Israel-Romania | European Qualifiers 2024\""}]},{"reference":"\"Eb 2024: Puscas-gól a Pancho Arénában – Románia és Svájc is kijutot\". www.nemzetisport.hu (in Hungarian). 2023. Retrieved 2023-11-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nemzetisport.hu/foci-eb-2024/eb-2024-puscas-gol-a-pancho-arenaban-romania-es-svajc-is-kijutott-2989605","url_text":"\"Eb 2024: Puscas-gól a Pancho Arénában – Románia és Svájc is kijutot\""}]},{"reference":"\"Israel and Switzerland draw 1-1 in Euro 2024 qualifying game in Hungary\". ABC News. Retrieved 2023-11-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://abcnews.go.com/Sports/wireStory/israel-switzerland-draw-1-1-euro-2024-qualifying-104927698","url_text":"\"Israel and Switzerland draw 1-1 in Euro 2024 qualifying game in Hungary\""}]},{"reference":"\"2013–14 Nézőszámok\". magyarfutball.hu. 1 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.magyarfutball.hu/hu/merkozesek/bajnoki_merkozesek/nb_i/2013_2014/nezoszamok","url_text":"\"2013–14 Nézőszámok\""}]},{"reference":"\"2014–15 Nézőszámok\". magyarfutball.hu. 24 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.magyarfutball.hu/hu/merkozesek/bajnoki_merkozesek/nb_i/2014_2015/nezoszamok","url_text":"\"2014–15 Nézőszámok\""}]},{"reference":"\"2015–16 Nézőszámok\". magyarfutball.hu. 24 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.magyarfutball.hu/hu/merkozesek/bajnoki_merkozesek/nb_i/2015_2016/nezoszamok","url_text":"\"2015–16 Nézőszámok\""}]},{"reference":"\"2016–17 Nézőszámok\". magyarfutball.hu. 28 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.magyarfutball.hu/hu/merkozesek/bajnoki_merkozesek/nb_ii/2016_2017/nezoszamok","url_text":"\"2016–17 Nézőszámok\""}]},{"reference":"\"2017–18 Nézőszámok\". magyarfutball.hu. 28 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.magyarfutball.hu/hu/merkozesek/bajnoki_merkozesek/nb_i/2016_2017/nezoszamok","url_text":"\"2017–18 Nézőszámok\""}]},{"reference":"\"2018–19 Nézőszámok\". magyarfutball.hu. 20 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.magyarfutball.hu/hu/merkozesek/bajnoki_merkozesek/nb_i/2018_2019/nezoszamok","url_text":"\"2018–19 Nézőszámok\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pancho_Ar%C3%A9na¶ms=47.4640_N_18.5868_E_source:wikidata-and-enwiki-cat-tree_region:HU","external_links_name":"47°27′50″N 18°35′12″E / 47.4640°N 18.5868°E / 47.4640; 18.5868"},{"Link":"http://www.csakfoci.hu/node/162711","external_links_name":"(Report)"},{"Link":"http://adatbank.mlsz.hu/pr01/p01_jegyzokonyv_nez.asp?p_merk_id=795200","external_links_name":"(Report)"},{"Link":"https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/season=2019/matches/round=2000976/match=2024613/index.html","external_links_name":"Report"},{"Link":"http://24.hu/sport/foci/2014/04/21/a-real-madrid-sikerevel-avattak-fel-a-pancho-arenat/","external_links_name":"(Report)"},{"Link":"http://www.csakfoci.hu/live/bajnokokligaja_puskas_celtic_20151104","external_links_name":"(Report)"},{"Link":"https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2018/03/26/world/friendlies/bulgaria/kazakhstan/2736968/?ICID=HP_MS_01_02","external_links_name":"(Report)"},{"Link":"https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2023/11/15/europe/european-championship-qualification/israel/switzerland/3972809/","external_links_name":"Report"},{"Link":"http://www.nemzetisport.hu/labdarugo_nb_i/pafc-husvethetfon-avatjak-fel-a-pancho-arenat-2319561","external_links_name":"\"PAFC: húsvéthétfőn avatják fel a Pancho Arénát\""},{"Link":"http://www.nemzetisport.hu/labdarugo_nb_i/video-jarja-be-on-is-a-pancho-arenat-2329031","external_links_name":"\"Videó: járja be Ön is a felcsúti Pancho Arénát!\""},{"Link":"http://www.nemzetisport.hu/labdarugo_nb_i/nb-i-puskas-akademia-videoton-eloben-az-nso-n-2331561","external_links_name":"\"Gólokkal avatta fel a PAFC új arénáját a Videoton az NB I-ben\""},{"Link":"https://dailynewshungary.com/videoton-fc-a-videoton-city-will-be-created-with-the-new-stadium/","external_links_name":"\"Videoton FC: A Videoton city will be created with the new stadium\""},{"Link":"http://stadiumdb.com/news/2017/10/the_top_three_most_beautiful_football_stadiums_in_the_world","external_links_name":"\"The top three most beautiful football stadiums in the world\""},{"Link":"https://www.skysports.com/football/bulgaria-vs-kazakhstan/388269","external_links_name":"\"Bulgaria vs Kazakhstan. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDCC-Arena | MDCC-Arena | ["1 Stadium Facts","2 History","3 Gallery","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"] | Coordinates: 52°07′32″N 11°40′15″E / 52.12556°N 11.67083°E / 52.12556; 11.67083Football stadium
MDCC-ArenaFull nameMDCC-ArenaLocationMagdeburg, GermanyCoordinates52°07′32″N 11°40′15″E / 52.12556°N 11.67083°E / 52.12556; 11.67083OwnerCity of MagdeburgOperatorMVGM Messe- und VeranstaltungsgesellschaftCapacity25,910 (21,510 seated) (30,000 in the future)Field size105 x 68 mSurfaceGrassConstructionBuilt2005–2006Opened19 December 2006Construction cost€ 31 millionTenants1. FC Magdeburg (2006–present)Germany national football team (selected matches)
MDCC-Arena is a multi-purpose stadium in Magdeburg, Germany. It has been completed and opened to the public in December 2006, replacing the old Ernst-Grube-Stadion. It is mostly used for football matches and hosts the home matches of 1. FC Magdeburg.
In European competitions, the stadium is known as 1. FC Magdeburg Arena due to advertising rules.
Stadium Facts
The stadium is a fully covered football-only stadium, i.e. without an athletics track. It has a capacity of 25,910 people. The stadium has 64 seats for persons with disabilities. Furthermore, 40 press seats are available. The maximum distance from the pitch is 32 meters. The floodlight is attached to the stadium's roof, as well as the two 30m2 screens. The pitch is 105 metres (115 yards) long and 68 metres (74 yards) wide, it has under-soil heating. Total cost of construction was 31 million Euros. In the 2016–17 3. Liga season, Magdeburg drew the highest average home attendance (17,100), followed by MSV Duisburg (14,175) and Hansa Rostock (11,433).
History
The first stadium at this location had been inaugurated on 14 April 1912 as the home of SV Victoria 96 Magdeburg. In 1914, it hosted the final to the German championship between Spielvereinigung Fürth and VfB Leipzig. In 1937 it was bought by the Allianz insurance company after Victoria had gone bankrupt. During World War II the stadium was completely destroyed by bombing.
After World War II the city of Magdeburg planned to erect a sports center consisting among others of a stadium with a capacity for 80,000 people and a natatorium. However, the city was unable to acquire the site originally intended and so the project was abandoned. Instead, the city decided to build a new stadium east of the Elbe river, at the site of the Victoria stadium. In order to erect the stands, about 5.3 million cubic ft of rubble were transported from the ruins of the city. The stadium was equipped with an athletics track and was opened in front of a crowd of 40,000 on 18 September 1955. Over the years, it was upgraded several times, parts of the stands were put under a roof, and floodlights were installed. However, after the reunification of Germany the stadium fell into disrepair and in 2004 the city council decided to build a new one at the same site. The Ernst-Grube-Stadion was demolished between March and June 2005, and construction of the new stadium began on 4 July 2005.
The first match was held on 19 December 2006. In front of a crowd of 13,279, hosts 1. FC Magdeburg came to a nil-all draw against Eintracht Braunschweig. In the inaugural match, 1. FC Magdeburg lost 0–3 to Bundesliga side SV Werder Bremen, this time 24,300 spectators had come. In the remaining matches of the season, 10,800 spectators came to see 1. FC Magdeburg play on average. The first international match was held on 29 July 2007 when the German women's national team beat their Danish counterparts 4–0 in front of 10,735 spectators.
In 2009, the stadium hosted the 2009 UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship final.
In July 2009, local ISP and cable TV company MDCC announced they had signed a five-year sponsorship agreement with the stadium operator under which the stadium would be known as MDCC-Arena.
On 20 October 2010, the American Football Verband Deutschland e.V. announced that the German Bowl, the championship game of the German Football League – an American football competition, would be held in the MDCC-Arena for three iterations, beginning with the 2011 championship.
The kick-off spot grass patch from the 2014–15 Regionalliga promotion round match against Kickers Offenbach on 27 May 2015, was auctioned on eBay on 30 May 2016. The money raised was used for the development of 1. FC Magdeburg's youth team.
Following a refurbishment of the guest terraces and seating in early 2016, the stadium capacity was reduced to 25,910, including 21,510 seats.
Gallery
Stadium interior
View towards the west facade
Score board
Aerial view
Outside of the north stand
Panorama during a football match
View towards the north stand
Women's friendly Germany - Denmark
See also
List of football stadiums in Germany
Lists of stadiums
References
^ a b c Tiedemann, Uwe (23 July 2016). "Gegen Nordhausen bleibt die Arena leer". Volksstimme.de (in German). Magdeburger Verlags- und Druckhaus. Retrieved 25 July 2016.
^ "Germany: Magdeburg stadium will undergo revamp". stadiumdb.com. 9 June 2017. Retrieved 25 November 2018.
^ "Germany » 3. Liga 2016/2017 » Attendance » Home matches". worldfootball.net. Retrieved 25 November 2018.
^ "DFB – Deutscher Fußball-Bund e.V. – Alle Spiele" (in German). Deutscher Fußball-Bund e.V. Retrieved 27 April 2009.
^ "Germany secure maiden U17 crown". UEFA.com. 19 May 2008. Archived from the original on 16 July 2012. Retrieved 20 October 2010.
^ Bartlitz, Rudi (8 July 2009). "Am 25. Juli Premiere in der "MDCC-Arena"" . Volksstimme.de (in German). Magdeburger Verlags- und Druckhaus GmbH. Archived from the original on 21 July 2009. Retrieved 8 July 2009.
^ "MDCC zukünftig Namenssponsor für das Stadion Magdeburg". Official website (in German). 1. FC Magdeburg e.V. 7 July 2009. Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 7 July 2009.
^ "German Bowl ab 2011 in Magdeburg" . Official website (in German). American Football Verband Deutschland e.V. 20 October 2010. Retrieved 20 October 2010."
^ "Anstosspunkt-Versteigerung vom MDCC-Arena-"Aufstiegsrasen"" (in German). Retrieved 31 May 2016.
^ "Anstoßpunkt vom exklusiven "FCM-Aufstiegsrasen" aus der MDCC-Arena Magdeburg" (in German). Retrieved 31 May 2016.
External links
Media related to Stadion Magdeburg at Wikimedia Commons
Official website Fair- and Event-Company Magdeburg (in German)
vte1. FC MagdeburgInformation
Club
Seasons
Matches
Managers
Players
Stadia
MDCC-Arena
Ernst Grube Stadium
Heinrich Germer Stadium
Seasons
2015–16
2016–17
2017–18
2018–19
2022–23
2023–24
vte2023–24 2. Bundesliga venues
BBBank Wildpark (Karlsruher SC)
BRITA-Arena (Wehen Wiesbaden)
Eintracht-Stadion (Eintracht Braunschweig)
Fritz-Walter-Stadion (1. FC Kaiserslautern)
Heinz von Heiden-Arena (Hannover 96)
Holstein-Stadion (Holstein Kiel)
Home Deluxe Arena (SC Paderborn)
Max-Morlock-Stadion (1. FC Nürnberg)
MDCC-Arena (1. FC Magdeburg)
Merkur Spiel-Arena (Fortuna Düsseldorf)
Millerntor-Stadion (FC St. Pauli)
Olympiastadion (Hertha BSC)
Ostseestadion (Hansa Rostock)
Sportpark Ronhof Thomas Sommer (Greuther Fürth)
Stadion an der Bremer Brücke (VfL Osnabrück)
Veltins-Arena (Schalke 04)
Volksparkstadion (Hamburger SV)
Waldstadion an der Kaiserlinde (SV Elversberg) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"multi-purpose stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-purpose_stadium"},{"link_name":"Magdeburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdeburg"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Ernst-Grube-Stadion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst-Grube-Stadion"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"1. FC Magdeburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1._FC_Magdeburg"}],"text":"Football stadiumMDCC-Arena is a multi-purpose stadium in Magdeburg, Germany. It has been completed and opened to the public in December 2006, replacing the old Ernst-Grube-Stadion. It is mostly used for football matches and hosts the home matches of 1. FC Magdeburg.In European competitions, the stadium is known as 1. 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In 1914, it hosted the final to the German championship between Spielvereinigung Fürth and VfB Leipzig. In 1937 it was bought by the Allianz insurance company after Victoria had gone bankrupt. During World War II the stadium was completely destroyed by bombing.After World War II the city of Magdeburg planned to erect a sports center consisting among others of a stadium with a capacity for 80,000 people and a natatorium. However, the city was unable to acquire the site originally intended and so the project was abandoned. Instead, the city decided to build a new stadium east of the Elbe river, at the site of the Victoria stadium. In order to erect the stands, about 5.3 million cubic ft of rubble were transported from the ruins of the city. The stadium was equipped with an athletics track and was opened in front of a crowd of 40,000 on 18 September 1955. Over the years, it was upgraded several times, parts of the stands were put under a roof, and floodlights were installed. However, after the reunification of Germany the stadium fell into disrepair and in 2004 the city council decided to build a new one at the same site. The Ernst-Grube-Stadion was demolished between March and June 2005, and construction of the new stadium began on 4 July 2005.The first match was held on 19 December 2006. In front of a crowd of 13,279, hosts 1. FC Magdeburg came to a nil-all draw against Eintracht Braunschweig. In the inaugural match, 1. FC Magdeburg lost 0–3 to Bundesliga side SV Werder Bremen, this time 24,300 spectators had come. In the remaining matches of the season, 10,800 spectators came to see 1. FC Magdeburg play on average. The first international match was held on 29 July 2007 when the German women's national team beat their Danish counterparts 4–0 in front of 10,735 spectators.[4]In 2009, the stadium hosted the 2009 UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship final.[5]In July 2009, local ISP and cable TV company MDCC announced they had signed a five-year[6] sponsorship agreement with the stadium operator under which the stadium would be known as MDCC-Arena.[7]On 20 October 2010, the American Football Verband Deutschland e.V. announced that the German Bowl, the championship game of the German Football League – an American football competition, would be held in the MDCC-Arena for three iterations, beginning with the 2011 championship.[8]The kick-off spot grass patch from the 2014–15 Regionalliga promotion round match against Kickers Offenbach on 27 May 2015, was auctioned on eBay on 30 May 2016.[9] The money raised was used for the development of 1. FC Magdeburg's youth team.[10]Following a refurbishment of the guest terraces and seating in early 2016, the stadium capacity was reduced to 25,910, including 21,510 seats.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stadion_Magdeburg.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stadion_Magdeburg_Aussen.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anzeigetafel_Stadion_Magdeburg.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stadion_Magdeburg_Luftbild_2.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stadion_Magdeburg_Fassade.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FC_Magdeburg_2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nordkurve_(Block_U)_Stadion_Magdeburg.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Frauenlaenderspiel_deutschland-daenemark_magdeburg_2007.jpg"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany_women%27s_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark_women%27s_national_football_team"}],"text":"Stadium interior\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tView towards the west facade\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tScore board\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAerial view\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOutside of the north stand\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPanorama during a football match\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tView towards the north stand\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWomen's friendly Germany - Denmark","title":"Gallery"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of football stadiums in Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_football_stadiums_in_Germany"},{"title":"Lists of stadiums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_stadiums"}] | [{"reference":"Tiedemann, Uwe (23 July 2016). \"Gegen Nordhausen bleibt die Arena leer\". Volksstimme.de (in German). Magdeburger Verlags- und Druckhaus. Retrieved 25 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.volksstimme.de/sport/fussball/fc_magdeburg/1-fc-magdeburg-gegen-nordhausen-bleibt-die-arena-leer","url_text":"\"Gegen Nordhausen bleibt die Arena leer\""}]},{"reference":"\"Germany: Magdeburg stadium will undergo revamp\". stadiumdb.com. 9 June 2017. Retrieved 25 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://stadiumdb.com/news/2017/06/germany_magdeburg_stadium_will_undergo_revamp","url_text":"\"Germany: Magdeburg stadium will undergo revamp\""}]},{"reference":"\"Germany » 3. Liga 2016/2017 » Attendance » Home matches\". worldfootball.net. Retrieved 25 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldfootball.net/attendance/3-liga-2016-2017/1/","url_text":"\"Germany » 3. Liga 2016/2017 » Attendance » Home matches\""}]},{"reference":"\"DFB – Deutscher Fußball-Bund e.V. – Alle Spiele\" (in German). Deutscher Fußball-Bund e.V. Retrieved 27 April 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dfb.de/index.php?id=500008&no_cache=1&action=showSchema&liga=Frauen-Nationalmannschaft&matchid=dfbatf309&lang=D&cHash=6707200b94","url_text":"\"DFB – Deutscher Fußball-Bund e.V. – Alle Spiele\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Football_Association","url_text":"Deutscher Fußball-Bund e.V."}]},{"reference":"\"Germany secure maiden U17 crown\". UEFA.com. 19 May 2008. Archived from the original on 16 July 2012. Retrieved 20 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120716060856/http://en.archive.uefa.com/competitions/under17/history/season=2009/round=15210/match=2001173/index.html","url_text":"\"Germany secure maiden U17 crown\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA","url_text":"UEFA.com"},{"url":"http://en.archive.uefa.com/competitions/under17/history/season=2009/round=15210/match=2001173/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bartlitz, Rudi (8 July 2009). \"Am 25. Juli Premiere in der \"MDCC-Arena\"\" [Premiere at the \"MDCC-Arena\" on 25 July]. Volksstimme.de (in German). Magdeburger Verlags- und Druckhaus GmbH. Archived from the original on 21 July 2009. Retrieved 8 July 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20090721014532/http://www.volksstimme.de/vsm/sport/fussball/1._fc_magdeburg_/_regionalliga/?sid=elsdl01bom44dokgdvc0rthsr6&em_cnt=1445410","url_text":"\"Am 25. Juli Premiere in der \"MDCC-Arena\"\""},{"url":"http://www.volksstimme.de/vsm/sport/fussball/1._fc_magdeburg_/_regionalliga/?sid=elsdl01bom44dokgdvc0rthsr6&em_cnt=1445410","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"MDCC zukünftig Namenssponsor für das Stadion Magdeburg\". Official website (in German). 1. FC Magdeburg e.V. 7 July 2009. Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 7 July 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110719010749/https://1.fc-magdeburg.de/aktuelles/neuigkeiten/artikel_1364.html","url_text":"\"MDCC zukünftig Namenssponsor für das Stadion Magdeburg\""},{"url":"http://1.fc-magdeburg.de/aktuelles/neuigkeiten/artikel_1364.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"German Bowl ab 2011 in Magdeburg\" [German Bowl in Magdeburg from 2011]. Official website (in German). American Football Verband Deutschland e.V. 20 October 2010. Retrieved 20 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.afvd.de/text.php?Inhalt=newsmeldung&ID=6249&HP=AFVD","url_text":"\"German Bowl ab 2011 in Magdeburg\""}]},{"reference":"\"Anstosspunkt-Versteigerung vom MDCC-Arena-\"Aufstiegsrasen\"\" [Auction of central point from MDCC-Arena's \"promotion turf\"] (in German). Retrieved 31 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://1.fc-magdeburg.de/saison/aktuelles/anstosspunkt-versteigerung-vom-mdcc-arena-aufstiegsrasen/5965/","url_text":"\"Anstosspunkt-Versteigerung vom MDCC-Arena-\"Aufstiegsrasen\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Anstoßpunkt vom exklusiven \"FCM-Aufstiegsrasen\" aus der MDCC-Arena Magdeburg\" [Central point of exclusive \"FCM promotion turf\" from the MDCC-Arena Magdeburg] (in German). Retrieved 31 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ebay.de/itm/-/301966630919?roken=cUgayN","url_text":"\"Anstoßpunkt vom exklusiven \"FCM-Aufstiegsrasen\" aus der MDCC-Arena Magdeburg\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=MDCC-Arena¶ms=52_07_32_N_11_40_15_E_region:DE-ST_type:landmark","external_links_name":"52°07′32″N 11°40′15″E / 52.12556°N 11.67083°E / 52.12556; 11.67083"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=MDCC-Arena¶ms=52_07_32_N_11_40_15_E_region:DE-ST_type:landmark","external_links_name":"52°07′32″N 11°40′15″E / 52.12556°N 11.67083°E / 52.12556; 11.67083"},{"Link":"http://www.volksstimme.de/sport/fussball/fc_magdeburg/1-fc-magdeburg-gegen-nordhausen-bleibt-die-arena-leer","external_links_name":"\"Gegen Nordhausen bleibt die Arena leer\""},{"Link":"http://stadiumdb.com/news/2017/06/germany_magdeburg_stadium_will_undergo_revamp","external_links_name":"\"Germany: Magdeburg stadium will undergo revamp\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldfootball.net/attendance/3-liga-2016-2017/1/","external_links_name":"\"Germany » 3. Liga 2016/2017 » Attendance » Home matches\""},{"Link":"https://www.dfb.de/index.php?id=500008&no_cache=1&action=showSchema&liga=Frauen-Nationalmannschaft&matchid=dfbatf309&lang=D&cHash=6707200b94","external_links_name":"\"DFB – Deutscher Fußball-Bund e.V. – Alle Spiele\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120716060856/http://en.archive.uefa.com/competitions/under17/history/season=2009/round=15210/match=2001173/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Germany secure maiden U17 crown\""},{"Link":"http://en.archive.uefa.com/competitions/under17/history/season=2009/round=15210/match=2001173/index.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20090721014532/http://www.volksstimme.de/vsm/sport/fussball/1._fc_magdeburg_/_regionalliga/?sid=elsdl01bom44dokgdvc0rthsr6&em_cnt=1445410","external_links_name":"\"Am 25. Juli Premiere in der \"MDCC-Arena\"\""},{"Link":"http://www.volksstimme.de/vsm/sport/fussball/1._fc_magdeburg_/_regionalliga/?sid=elsdl01bom44dokgdvc0rthsr6&em_cnt=1445410","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110719010749/https://1.fc-magdeburg.de/aktuelles/neuigkeiten/artikel_1364.html","external_links_name":"\"MDCC zukünftig Namenssponsor für das Stadion Magdeburg\""},{"Link":"http://1.fc-magdeburg.de/aktuelles/neuigkeiten/artikel_1364.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.afvd.de/text.php?Inhalt=newsmeldung&ID=6249&HP=AFVD","external_links_name":"\"German Bowl ab 2011 in Magdeburg\""},{"Link":"http://1.fc-magdeburg.de/saison/aktuelles/anstosspunkt-versteigerung-vom-mdcc-arena-aufstiegsrasen/5965/","external_links_name":"\"Anstosspunkt-Versteigerung vom MDCC-Arena-\"Aufstiegsrasen\"\""},{"Link":"http://www.ebay.de/itm/-/301966630919?roken=cUgayN","external_links_name":"\"Anstoßpunkt vom exklusiven \"FCM-Aufstiegsrasen\" aus der MDCC-Arena Magdeburg\""},{"Link":"https://www.mvgm.de/de/locations/mdcc-arena/","external_links_name":"Official website"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luther%27s_theology | Theology of Martin Luther | ["1 Justification by faith","2 Law and Gospel","3 Universal priesthood of the baptized","4 Simul justus et peccator","5 Sacraments and the means of grace","6 Two Kingdoms","7 New Finnish School","8 Demonology","9 See also","10 Further reading","11 Notes"] | Martin Luther
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The theology of Martin Luther was instrumental in influencing the Protestant Reformation, specifically topics dealing with justification by faith, the relationship between the Law and Gospel (also an instrumental component of Reformed theology), and various other theological ideas. Although Luther never wrote a systematic theology or a "summa" in the style of St. Thomas Aquinas, many of his ideas were systematized in the Lutheran Confessions.
Justification by faith
See also: Sola fide and Theology of the Cross
A painting by Lucas Cranach on Lutheran teachings, Lutherhaus
"This one and firm rock, which we call the doctrine of justification," insisted Luther, "is the chief article of the whole Christian doctrine, which comprehends the understanding of all godliness." Lutherans tend to follow Luther in this matter. For the Lutheran tradition, the doctrine of salvation by grace alone through faith alone in Christ alone is the material principle upon which all other teachings rest.
Luther came to understand justification as being entirely the work of God. Against the teaching of his day that the believers are made righteous through the infusion of God's grace into the soul, Luther asserted that Christians receive that righteousness entirely from outside themselves; that righteousness not only comes from Christ, it actually is the righteousness of Christ, and remains outside of us but is merely imputed to us (rather than infused into us) through faith. "That is why faith alone makes someone just and fulfills the law," said Luther. "Faith is that which brings the Holy Spirit through the merits of Christ". Thus faith, for Luther, is a gift from God, and ". . .a living, bold trust in God's grace, so certain of God's favor that it would risk death a thousand times trusting in it." This faith grasps Christ's righteousness and appropriates it for itself in the believer's heart.
Luther's study and research led him to question the contemporary usage of terms such as penance and righteousness in the Roman Catholic Church. He became convinced that the church had lost sight of what he saw as several of the central truths of Christianity — the most important being the doctrine of justification by faith alone. He began to teach that salvation is a gift of God's grace through Christ received by faith alone. As a result of his lectures on the Psalms and Paul the Apostle's Epistle to the Romans, from 1513–1516, Luther "achieved an exegetical breakthrough, an insight into the all-encompassing grace of God and all-sufficient merit of Christ." It was particularly in connection with Romans 1:17 "For therein is the righteousness of God revealed from faith, to faith: as it is written: 'The just shall live by faith.'" Luther came to one of his most important understandings, that the "righteousness of God" was not God's active, harsh, punishing wrath demanding that a person keep God's law perfectly in order to be saved, but rather Luther came to believe that God's righteousness is something that God gives to a person as a gift, freely, through Christ. "Luther emerged from his tremendous struggle with a firmer trust in God and love for him. The doctrine of salvation by God's grace alone, received as a gift through faith and without dependence on human merit, was the measure by which he judged the religious practices and official teachings of the church of his day and found them wanting."
Luther explained justification this way in his Smalcald Articles:
The first and chief article is this: Jesus Christ, our God and Lord, died for our sins and was raised again for our justification (Romans 3:24-25). He alone is the Lamb of God who takes away the sins of the world (John 1:29), and God has laid on Him the iniquity of us all (Isaiah 53:6). All have sinned and are justified freely, without their own works and merits, by His grace, through the redemption that is in Christ Jesus, in His blood (Romans 3:23-25). This is necessary to believe. This cannot be otherwise acquired or grasped by any work, law, or merit. Therefore, it is clear and certain that this faith alone justifies us...Nothing of this article can be yielded or surrendered, even though heaven and earth and everything else falls (Mark 13:31).
Law and Gospel
Law and Grace painting by Lucas Cranach
Another essential aspect of his theology was his emphasis on the "proper distinction" between Law and Gospel. He believed that this principle of interpretation was an essential starting point in the study of the scriptures and that failing to distinguish properly between Law and Gospel was at the root of many fundamental theological errors.
Universal priesthood of the baptized
Main article: Priesthood of all believers
Luther developed his expositions of the "universal priesthood of believers" from New Testament scripture. Through his studies, Luther recognized that the hierarchical division of Christians into clergy and laity, stood in contrast to the Apostle Peter's teaching (1Peter 2:1-10).. . . 9But you are a chosen race, a royal priesthood, a holy nation, a people for his own possession, that you may proclaim the excellencies of him who called you out of darkness into his marvelous light. 10Once you were not a people, but now you are God’s people; once you had not received mercy, but now you have received mercy.
Simul justus et peccator
(Latin simul, "simultaneous" + Latin justus, "righteous" + Latin et, "and" + Latin peccator, "sinner")
Roman Catholic theology maintains that baptism washes away original sin. However, "concupiscence" remains as an inclination to sin, which is not sin unless actualized. Luther and the Reformers, following Augustine, insisted that what was called "concupiscence" was actually sin. While not denying the validity of baptism, Luther maintains that the inclination to sin is truly sin.
Simul justus et peccator means that a Christian is at the same time both righteous and a sinner. Human beings are justified by grace alone, but at the same time they will always remain sinners, even after baptism. The doctrine can be interpreted in two different ways. From the perspective of God, human beings are at the same time totally sinners and totally righteous in Christ (totus/totus). However, it would also be possible to argue that human beings are partly sinful and partly righteous (partim/partim). The doctrine of simul justus is not an excuse for lawlessness, or a license for continued sinful conduct; rather, properly understood, it comforts the person who truly wishes to be free from sin and is aware of the inner struggle within him. Romans 7 is the key biblical passage for understanding this doctrine.
Luther also does not deny that the Christian may ever "improve" in his conduct. Instead, he wishes to keep Christians from either relying upon or despairing because of their own conduct or attitude.
18th century philosopher Immanuel Kant's doctrine of radical evil has been described as an adaptation of the Lutheran simul justus et peccator.
Sacraments and the means of grace
See also: The Sacrament of the Body and Blood of Christ—Against the Fanatics
Two Kingdoms
Martin Luther's doctrine of the two kingdoms (or two reigns) of God teaches that God is the ruler of the whole world and that he rules in two ways, both by the law and by the gospel.
God rules the earthly kingdom through secular government, by means of law and the sword. As creator, God would like to promote social justice, and this is done through the political use of the law. At the same time, God rules his spiritual kingdom in order to promote human righteousness before God. This is done through the gospel, according to which all humans are justified by God's grace alone.
This distinction has in Lutheran theology often been related to the idea that there is no particular Christian contribution to political and economic ethics. Human reason is enough to understand what is a right act in political and economic life. The gospel does not give any contribution to the content of social ethics. From this perspective Lutheran theology has often supported those in political and economic power.
New Finnish School
Finnish scholarship in recent years has presented a distinctive view of Luther. Tuomo Mannermaa at the University of Helsinki led "The New Finnish Interpretation of Luther" that presents Luther's views on salvation in terms much closer to the Eastern Orthodox doctrine of theosis rather than established interpretations of German Luther scholarship.
Mannermaa's student Olli-Pekka Vainio has argued that Luther and other Lutherans in the sixteenth century (especially theologians who later wrote the Formula of Concord) continued to define justification as participation in Christ rather than simply forensic imputation. Vainio concludes that the Lutheran doctrine of justification can deny merit to human actions, "only if the new life given to the sinner is construed as participation in the divine Life in Christ. . . . The faith that has Christ as its object, and which apprehends Him and His merit, making Him present as the form of faith, is reckoned as righteousness".
The Finnish approach argues that it is due to a much later interpretation of Luther that he is popularly known as centering his doctrine of human salvation in the belief that people are saved by the imputation to them of a righteousness not their own, Christ's own ("alien") righteousness. This is known as the theological doctrine of forensic justification. Rather, the Finnish School asserts that Luther's doctrine of salvation was similar to that of Eastern Orthodoxy, theosis (divinization). The Finnish language is deliberately borrowed from the Greek Orthodox tradition, and thus it reveals the intention and context of this theological enterprise: it is an attempt by Lutherans to find common ground with Orthodoxy, an attempt launched amid the East-West détente of the 1970s, but taking greater impetus in a post-1989 world as such dialogue appears much more urgent for churches around the Baltic.
The New Finnish Interpretation has been challenged because it ignores Luther's roots and theological development in Western Christendom, and it characterizes Luther's teaching on Justification as based on Jesus Christ's righteousness which indwells the believer rather than his righteousness as imputed to the believer. Kolb and Arand (2008) argue that, "These views ignore the radically different metaphysical base of Luther's understanding and that of the Eastern church, and they ignore Luther's understanding of the dynamic, re-creative nature of God's Word." In the anthology Union with Christ: The New Finnish Interpretation of Luther the topic of Osiandrianism is addressed because the Finnish School is perceived as a repristination of Andreas Osiander's doctrine of salvation through Christ's indwelling the believer with his divine nature.
Demonology
Luther continued a tradition of Christian engagement with the demonic from his medieval predecessors. For instance, during his Table Talks, he references Mechthild of Magedburg's The Flowing Light of the Godhead, an example of the pre-reformation piety which Luther was immersed in that associate the Devil with excrement. Luther references Mechtihild's work, suggesting that those in a state of mortal sin are eventually excreted by the Devil. Joseph Smith states that Luther's advice regarding the Devil, is "that one should address the devil as such" quoting:
"Devil, I also shat into my pants, did you smell it, and did you record it with my others sins?’ (Tischreden 261,b)
Other instances include him rehearsing medieval scatalogical limericks:
Devil: You monk on the latrine,
you may not read the matins here!
Monk: I am cleansing my bowels
and worshipping God Almighty;
You deserve what descends
and God what ascends."
He separately states:
Reader, be commended to God, and pray for the increase of preaching against Satan. For he is powerful and wicked, today more dangerous than ever before because he knows that he has only a short time left to rage.
See also
Apology of the Augsburg Confession
Augsburg Confession
Book of Concord
Criticism of Protestantism
Formula of Concord
Luther's Large Catechism
Luther's Small Catechism
Lutheran Mariology
Sacramental union
Treatise on the Power and Primacy of the Pope
Further reading
Althaus, Paul. The theology of Martin Luther (1966) 464 pages
Bagchi, David, and David C. Steinmetz, eds. The Cambridge Companion to Reformation Theology (2004) 289 pp.
Bainton, Roland H. Here I Stand: A Life of Martin Luther (1950) 386 pages
Bayer, Oswald, Martin Luther's Theology: A Contemporary Interpretation (2008) 354 pages
Brendler, Gerhard. Martin Luther: theology and revolution (1991) 383 pages
Gerrish, B. A. Grace and Reason: A Study in the Theology of Luther (2005) 188 pages
Kolb, Robert. Bound Choice, Election, and Wittenberg Theological Method: From Martin Luther to the Formula of Concord. (2005) 382 pp.
Kramm, H. H. The Theology of Martin Luther (2009) 152 pages
Lehninger, Paul. Luther and theosis: deification in the theology of Martin Luther (1999) 388 pages
McKim, Donald K., ed. The Cambridge companion to Martin Luther (2003) 320 pages
Osborne, Thomas M. "Faith, Philosophy, and the Nominalist Background to Luther's Defense of the Real Presence," Journal of the History of Ideas, Volume 63, Number 1, January 2002, pp. 63–82
Paulson, Steven D., Luther for Armchair Theologians (2004) 208 pages
Trigg, Jonathan D. Baptism in the theology of Martin Luther (2001) 234 pages
Wengert, Timothy J. The Pastoral Luther: Essays on Martin Luther's Practical Theology (2009) 380 pages
Zachman, Randall C. The Assurance Of Faith: Conscience In The Theology Of Martin Luther And John Calvin (2005), 272pp
Notes
^ Herbert Bouman, "The Doctrine of Justification in the Lutheran Confessions," Concordia Theological Monthly 26 (November 1955) No. 11:801."Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2008-05-12. Retrieved 2009-03-15.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ Herbert J. A. Bouman, "The Doctrine of Justification," 801-802.
^ "Martin Luther's Definition of Faith". projectwittenberg.org. Retrieved 16 April 2018.
^ "Preface to Romans by Martin Luther". www.ccel.org. Retrieved 16 April 2018.
^ Markus Wriedt, "Luther's Theology," in The Cambridge Companion to Luther (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 88-94.
^ Lewis W. Spitz, The Renaissance and Reformation Movements, Revised Ed. (St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1987), 332.
^ a b Spitz, 332.
^ Martin Luther, The Smalcald Articles in Concordia: The Lutheran Confessions (Saint Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 2005), 289, Part two, Article 1.
^ Ewald Plass, "Law and Gospel", in What Luther Says: An Anthology (St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1959), 2:732, no. 2276
^ Preus, Robert D. "Luther and the Doctrine of Justification" Archived 2006-09-09 at the Wayback Machine Concordia Theological Quarterly 48 (1984) no. 1:11-12.
^ "Simul justus et peccator | Theological Word of the Day". Archived from the original on 2009-07-04. Retrieved 2009-07-17.
^ Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification, 4.4 (30)
^ Apology of the Augsburg Confession 2.38-41
^ Patrick Frierson (2007) Providence And Divine Mercy In Kant's Ethical Cosmopolitanism, Faith and Philosophy Volume 24, Issue 2, April 2007, page 151
^ See Carl E. Braaten and Robert W. Jenson, eds. Union with Christ: The New Finnish Interpretation of Luther (1998); also Ted Dorman, Review of "Union With Christ: The New Finnish Interpretation of Luther". First Things, 1999. Retrieved 2007-05-31.
^ Olli-Pekka Vainio, Justification and Participation in Christ: The Development of Justification from Luther to the Formula of Concord (1580) Studies in Medieval and Reformation Traditions (Leiden: Brill, 2008). p 227
^ Diarmaid MacCulloch, "Protestantism in Mainland Europe: New Directions," Renaissance Quarterly, Volume 59, Number 3, Fall 2006, pp. 698-706
^ William Wallace Schumacher, "'Who Do I Say That You Are?' Anthropology and the Theology of Theosis in the Finnish School of Tuomo Mannermaa" (Ph.D. diss., Concordia Seminary, St. Louis, Missouri, 2003), 260ff.
^ Robert Kolb and Charles P. Arand, The Genius of Luther's Theology: A Wittenberg Way of Thinking for the Contemporary Church, (Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Academic, 2008), 48
^ Mechthild of Magdeburg, Das fliessende Licht der Gottheit ("The Glowing Light of the Godhead"), Chapter 3, 21 in Schmidt, Joseph with Mary Simon. "Holy and Unholy Shit: The Pragmatic Context of Scatological Curses in Early German Reformation Satire". In Fecal Matters in Early Modern Literature and Art: Studies in Scatology. Edited by Jeff Persels andRussell Ganim, 109-117. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate Publishing, 2004. see page 170 EPUB edition
^ a b D. Martin Luthers Werke: Kritische Gesamtausgabe, Tischreden , vols. I -6 (Weimar, 1912-21). WAT no. 2307; 413, 14-19; 1531. in Oberman, Heiko Augustinus. Luther : Man Between God and the Devil New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989. page 154,
vteMartin Luther
Bibliography
Resources about Martin Luther
Worksh
Ninety-five Theses (1517)
Sermon on Indulgences and Grace (1518)
To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation (1520)
On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church (1520)
On the Freedom of a Christian (1520)
Against Henry, King of the English (1522)
Luther Bible (1522, 1534)
The Adoration of the Sacrament (1523)
Formula missae (1523)
Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants (1525)
On the Bondage of the Will (1525)
The Sacrament of the Body and Blood of Christ—Against the Fanatics (1526)
Deutsche Messe (1526)
Confession Concerning Christ's Supper (1528)
On War Against the Turk (1529)
Small Catechism (1529)
Articles of Schwabach (1529)
Large Catechism (1529)
Smalcald Articles (1537)
On the Councils and the Church (1539)
On the Jews and Their Lies (1543)
Vom Schem Hamphoras (1543)
Luther's Table Talk (1566)
Weimar edition of Luther's works
List of hymns
First Lutheran hymnal (1524)
Erfurt Enchiridion (1524)
Eyn geystlich Gesangk Buchleyn (1524)
"A Mighty Fortress Is Our God" (1529)
"Christ unser Herr zum Jordan kam" (1543)
Topicsand events
Reformation
Lutheranism
Heidelberg Disputation, 1518
Leipzig Debate, 1519
Exsurge Domine, 1520
Diet of Worms, 1521
Decet Romanum Pontificem, 1521
Marburg Colloquy, 1529
Augsburg Confession, 1530
Luther's canon
Theology of Martin Luther
Theology of the Cross
Priesthood of all believers
Sola fide
Sola scriptura
Two kingdoms
Beerwolf (1539)
Law and Gospel
Marian theology
Eucharist in Lutheranism
Sacramental union
Words of Institution
Antisemitism
Propaganda during the Reformation
Die Lügend von S. Johanne Chrysostomo (1537 edition)
People
Hans and Margarethe Luther (parents)
Katharina von Bora (wife)
Magdalena Luther (daughter)
Paul Luther (son)
Albert of Brandenburg
Bartholomaeus Arnoldi
Erasmus
Georg Rörer
Johann Cochlaeus
Johann Reuchlin
Johann von Staupitz
Justus Jonas
Karl von Miltitz
Andreas Karlstadt
Philip Melanchthon
Pope Leo X
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
Frederick the Wise
Albrecht VII. von Mansfeld
Luther sites
All Saints' Church, Wittenberg
Stadtkirche Wittenberg
Lutherhaus
Lutherstädte
Martin Luther's Birth House
Martin Luther's Death House
Melanchthonhaus (Wittenberg)
St. Augustine's Monastery
Veste Coburg (Fortress)
Wartburg Castle
Film and theatre
Martin Luther (1923 film)
Luther (1928 film)
Martin Luther (1953 film)
Luther (1961 play)
Luther (1964 film)
Luther (1974 film)
Martin Luther, Heretic (1983 film)
Luther (2003 film)
Luther and I (2017 film)
Luther Monuments
Luther Monument, Washington D.C.
Luther Monument, Worms
Related
Luther rose
Theologia Germanica | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lucas_Cranach_d.%C3%84._-_Portr%C3%A4t_des_Martin_Luther,_1525_(Bristol).jpg"},{"link_name":"Protestant Reformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Reformation"},{"link_name":"justification by faith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_fide"},{"link_name":"Law and Gospel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_and_Gospel"},{"link_name":"Reformed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformed_churches"},{"link_name":"St. Thomas Aquinas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Thomas_Aquinas"},{"link_name":"Lutheran Confessions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheran_Confessions"}],"text":"Martin LutherThe theology of Martin Luther was instrumental in influencing the Protestant Reformation, specifically topics dealing with justification by faith, the relationship between the Law and Gospel (also an instrumental component of Reformed theology), and various other theological ideas. Although Luther never wrote a systematic theology or a \"summa\" in the style of St. Thomas Aquinas, many of his ideas were systematized in the Lutheran Confessions.","title":"Theology of Martin Luther"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sola fide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_fide"},{"link_name":"Theology of the Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theology_of_the_Cross"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lucas_Cranach_d.%C3%84._-_Gesetz_und_Gnade_(Lutherhaus_Wittenberg).jpg"},{"link_name":"Lucas Cranach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucas_Cranach_the_Elder"},{"link_name":"Lutherhaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutherhaus"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Lutherans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheranism"},{"link_name":"tradition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tradition"},{"link_name":"salvation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvation"},{"link_name":"grace alone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_gratia"},{"link_name":"faith alone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_fide"},{"link_name":"Christ alone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solus_Christus"},{"link_name":"material principle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Material_principle"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-material-2"},{"link_name":"Holy Spirit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Spirit"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-faith-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-faith1-4"},{"link_name":"penance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penance"},{"link_name":"righteousness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Righteousness"},{"link_name":"justification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justification_(theology)"},{"link_name":"salvation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvation"},{"link_name":"grace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_grace"},{"link_name":"Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ"},{"link_name":"faith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faith"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wriedt-5"},{"link_name":"Psalms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psalms"},{"link_name":"Paul the Apostle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle"},{"link_name":"Epistle to the Romans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Romans"},{"link_name":"exegetical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exegesis"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spitz,_332-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spitz,_332-7"},{"link_name":"Smalcald Articles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smalcald_Articles"},{"link_name":"John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_John"},{"link_name":"Isaiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah"},{"link_name":"Mark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"See also: Sola fide and Theology of the CrossA painting by Lucas Cranach on Lutheran teachings, Lutherhaus\"This one and firm rock, which we call the doctrine of justification,\" insisted Luther, \"is the chief article of the whole Christian doctrine, which comprehends the understanding of all godliness.\"[1] Lutherans tend to follow Luther in this matter. For the Lutheran tradition, the doctrine of salvation by grace alone through faith alone in Christ alone is the material principle upon which all other teachings rest.[2]Luther came to understand justification as being entirely the work of God. Against the teaching of his day that the believers are made righteous through the infusion of God's grace into the soul, Luther asserted that Christians receive that righteousness entirely from outside themselves; that righteousness not only comes from Christ, it actually is the righteousness of Christ, and remains outside of us but is merely imputed to us (rather than infused into us) through faith. \"That is why faith alone makes someone just and fulfills the law,\" said Luther. \"Faith is that which brings the Holy Spirit through the merits of Christ\".[3] Thus faith, for Luther, is a gift from God, and \". . .a living, bold trust in God's grace, so certain of God's favor that it would risk death a thousand times trusting in it.\"[4] This faith grasps Christ's righteousness and appropriates it for itself in the believer's heart.Luther's study and research led him to question the contemporary usage of terms such as penance and righteousness in the Roman Catholic Church. He became convinced that the church had lost sight of what he saw as several of the central truths of Christianity — the most important being the doctrine of justification by faith alone. He began to teach that salvation is a gift of God's grace through Christ received by faith alone.[5] As a result of his lectures on the Psalms and Paul the Apostle's Epistle to the Romans, from 1513–1516, Luther \"achieved an exegetical breakthrough, an insight into the all-encompassing grace of God and all-sufficient merit of Christ.\"[6] It was particularly in connection with Romans 1:17 \"For therein is the righteousness of God revealed from faith, to faith: as it is written: 'The just shall live by faith.'\" Luther came to one of his most important understandings, that the \"righteousness of God\" was not God's active, harsh, punishing wrath demanding that a person keep God's law perfectly in order to be saved, but rather Luther came to believe that God's righteousness is something that God gives to a person as a gift, freely, through Christ.[7] \"Luther emerged from his tremendous struggle with a firmer trust in God and love for him. The doctrine of salvation by God's grace alone, received as a gift through faith and without dependence on human merit, was the measure by which he judged the religious practices and official teachings of the church of his day and found them wanting.\"[7]Luther explained justification this way in his Smalcald Articles:The first and chief article is this: Jesus Christ, our God and Lord, died for our sins and was raised again for our justification (Romans 3:24-25). He alone is the Lamb of God who takes away the sins of the world (John 1:29), and God has laid on Him the iniquity of us all (Isaiah 53:6). All have sinned and are justified freely, without their own works and merits, by His grace, through the redemption that is in Christ Jesus, in His blood (Romans 3:23-25). This is necessary to believe. This cannot be otherwise acquired or grasped by any work, law, or merit. Therefore, it is clear and certain that this faith alone justifies us...Nothing of this article can be yielded or surrendered, even though heaven and earth and everything else falls (Mark 13:31).[8]","title":"Justification by faith"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lucas_Cranach_d.%C3%84._-_Verdammnis_und_Erl%C3%B6sung_(Schloss_Friedenstein).jpg"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Law and Gospel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_and_Gospel"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Preus-10"}],"text":"Law and Grace painting by Lucas CranachAnother essential aspect of his theology was his emphasis on the \"proper distinction\"[9] between Law and Gospel. He believed that this principle of interpretation was an essential starting point in the study of the scriptures and that failing to distinguish properly between Law and Gospel was at the root of many fundamental theological errors.[10]","title":"Law and Gospel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Peter_2"}],"text":"Luther developed his expositions of the \"universal priesthood of believers\" from New Testament scripture. Through his studies, Luther recognized that the hierarchical division of Christians into clergy and laity, stood in contrast to the Apostle Peter's teaching (1Peter 2:1-10).. . . 9But you are a chosen race, a royal priesthood, a holy nation, a people for his own possession, that you may proclaim the excellencies of him who called you out of darkness into his marvelous light. 10Once you were not a people, but now you are God’s people; once you had not received mercy, but now you have received mercy.","title":"Universal priesthood of the baptized"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"baptism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptism"},{"link_name":"original sin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Original_sin"},{"link_name":"concupiscence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concupiscence"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Augustine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustine"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"lawlessness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antinomianism"},{"link_name":"Romans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Romans"},{"link_name":"Immanuel Kant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant"},{"link_name":"radical evil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_evil"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"(Latin simul, \"simultaneous\" + Latin justus, \"righteous\" + Latin et, \"and\" + Latin peccator, \"sinner\")[11]\nRoman Catholic theology maintains that baptism washes away original sin. However, \"concupiscence\" remains as an inclination to sin, which is not sin unless actualized.[12] Luther and the Reformers, following Augustine, insisted that what was called \"concupiscence\" was actually sin. While not denying the validity of baptism, Luther maintains that the inclination to sin is truly sin.[13]Simul justus et peccator means that a Christian is at the same time both righteous and a sinner. Human beings are justified by grace alone, but at the same time they will always remain sinners, even after baptism. The doctrine can be interpreted in two different ways. From the perspective of God, human beings are at the same time totally sinners and totally righteous in Christ (totus/totus). However, it would also be possible to argue that human beings are partly sinful and partly righteous (partim/partim). The doctrine of simul justus is not an excuse for lawlessness, or a license for continued sinful conduct; rather, properly understood, it comforts the person who truly wishes to be free from sin and is aware of the inner struggle within him. Romans 7 is the key biblical passage for understanding this doctrine.Luther also does not deny that the Christian may ever \"improve\" in his conduct. Instead, he wishes to keep Christians from either relying upon or despairing because of their own conduct or attitude.18th century philosopher Immanuel Kant's doctrine of radical evil has been described as an adaptation of the Lutheran simul justus et peccator.[14]","title":"Simul justus et peccator"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Sacrament of the Body and Blood of Christ—Against the Fanatics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sacrament_of_the_Body_and_Blood_of_Christ%E2%80%94Against_the_Fanatics"}],"text":"See also: The Sacrament of the Body and Blood of Christ—Against the Fanatics","title":"Sacraments and the means of grace"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"doctrine of the two kingdoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctrine_of_the_two_kingdoms"},{"link_name":"law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law"},{"link_name":"creator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creation_deity"},{"link_name":"economic ethics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_ethics"}],"text":"Martin Luther's doctrine of the two kingdoms (or two reigns) of God teaches that God is the ruler of the whole world and that he rules in two ways, both by the law and by the gospel.God rules the earthly kingdom through secular government, by means of law and the sword. As creator, God would like to promote social justice, and this is done through the political use of the law. At the same time, God rules his spiritual kingdom in order to promote human righteousness before God. This is done through the gospel, according to which all humans are justified by God's grace alone.This distinction has in Lutheran theology often been related to the idea that there is no particular Christian contribution to political and economic ethics. Human reason is enough to understand what is a right act in political and economic life. The gospel does not give any contribution to the content of social ethics. From this perspective Lutheran theology has often supported those in political and economic power.","title":"Two Kingdoms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tuomo Mannermaa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuomo_Mannermaa"},{"link_name":"University of Helsinki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Helsinki"},{"link_name":"salvation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvation"},{"link_name":"Eastern Orthodox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox"},{"link_name":"theosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theosis_(Eastern_Orthodox_theology)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Justification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justification_(theology)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Andreas Osiander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Osiander"}],"text":"Finnish scholarship in recent years has presented a distinctive view of Luther. Tuomo Mannermaa at the University of Helsinki led \"The New Finnish Interpretation of Luther\" that presents Luther's views on salvation in terms much closer to the Eastern Orthodox doctrine of theosis rather than established interpretations of German Luther scholarship.[15]Mannermaa's student Olli-Pekka Vainio has argued that Luther and other Lutherans in the sixteenth century (especially theologians who later wrote the Formula of Concord) continued to define justification as participation in Christ rather than simply forensic imputation. Vainio concludes that the Lutheran doctrine of justification can deny merit to human actions, \"only if the new life given to the sinner is construed as participation in the divine Life in Christ. . . . The faith that has Christ as its object, and which apprehends Him and His merit, making Him present as the form of faith, is reckoned as righteousness\".[16]The Finnish approach argues that it is due to a much later interpretation of Luther that he is popularly known as centering his doctrine of human salvation in the belief that people are saved by the imputation to them of a righteousness not their own, Christ's own (\"alien\") righteousness. This is known as the theological doctrine of forensic justification. Rather, the Finnish School asserts that Luther's doctrine of salvation was similar to that of Eastern Orthodoxy, theosis (divinization). The Finnish language is deliberately borrowed from the Greek Orthodox tradition, and thus it reveals the intention and context of this theological enterprise: it is an attempt by Lutherans to find common ground with Orthodoxy, an attempt launched amid the East-West détente of the 1970s, but taking greater impetus in a post-1989 world as such dialogue appears much more urgent for churches around the Baltic.[17]The New Finnish Interpretation has been challenged because it ignores Luther's roots and theological development in Western Christendom, and it characterizes Luther's teaching on Justification as based on Jesus Christ's righteousness which indwells the believer rather than his righteousness as imputed to the believer.[18] Kolb and Arand (2008) argue that, \"These views ignore the radically different metaphysical base of Luther's understanding and that of the Eastern church, and they ignore Luther's understanding of the dynamic, re-creative nature of God's Word.\"[19] In the anthology Union with Christ: The New Finnish Interpretation of Luther the topic of Osiandrianism is addressed because the Finnish School is perceived as a repristination of Andreas Osiander's doctrine of salvation through Christ's indwelling the believer with his divine nature.","title":"New Finnish School"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Table Talks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_Talk_(Luther)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"scatalogical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scatology"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-21"}],"text":"Luther continued a tradition of Christian engagement with the demonic from his medieval predecessors. For instance, during his Table Talks, he references Mechthild of Magedburg's The Flowing Light of the Godhead, an example of the pre-reformation piety which Luther was immersed in that associate the Devil with excrement. Luther references Mechtihild's work, suggesting that those in a state of mortal sin are eventually excreted by the Devil.[20] Joseph Smith states that Luther's advice regarding the Devil, is \"that one should address the devil as such\" quoting:\"Devil, I also shat into my pants, did you smell it, and did you record it with my others sins?’ (Tischreden 261,b)Other instances include him rehearsing medieval scatalogical limericks:Devil: You monk on the latrine,\nyou may not read the matins here!\n\nMonk: I am cleansing my bowels\nand worshipping God Almighty;\nYou deserve what descends\nand God what ascends.\"[21]He separately states:Reader, be commended to God, and pray for the increase of preaching against Satan. For he is powerful and wicked, today more dangerous than ever before because he knows that he has only a short time left to rage.[21]","title":"Demonology"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Althaus, Paul. The theology of Martin Luther (1966) 464 pages\nBagchi, David, and David C. Steinmetz, eds. The Cambridge Companion to Reformation Theology (2004) 289 pp.\nBainton, Roland H. Here I Stand: A Life of Martin Luther (1950) 386 pages\nBayer, Oswald, Martin Luther's Theology: A Contemporary Interpretation (2008) 354 pages\nBrendler, Gerhard. Martin Luther: theology and revolution (1991) 383 pages\nGerrish, B. A. Grace and Reason: A Study in the Theology of Luther (2005) 188 pages\nKolb, Robert. Bound Choice, Election, and Wittenberg Theological Method: From Martin Luther to the Formula of Concord. (2005) 382 pp.\nKramm, H. H. The Theology of Martin Luther (2009) 152 pages\nLehninger, Paul. Luther and theosis: deification in the theology of Martin Luther (1999) 388 pages\nMcKim, Donald K., ed. The Cambridge companion to Martin Luther (2003) 320 pages\nOsborne, Thomas M. \"Faith, Philosophy, and the Nominalist Background to Luther's Defense of the Real Presence,\" Journal of the History of Ideas, Volume 63, Number 1, January 2002, pp. 63–82\nPaulson, Steven D., Luther for Armchair Theologians (2004) 208 pages\nTrigg, Jonathan D. Baptism in the theology of Martin Luther (2001) 234 pages\nWengert, Timothy J. The Pastoral Luther: Essays on Martin Luther's Practical Theology (2009) 380 pages\nZachman, Randall C. The Assurance Of Faith: Conscience In The Theology Of Martin Luther And John Calvin (2005), 272pp","title":"Further reading"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Archived copy\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080512021427/http://www.ctsfw.edu/library/files/pb/577"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ctsfw.edu/library/files/pb/577"},{"link_name":"cite web","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-material_2-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-faith_3-0"},{"link_name":"\"Martin Luther's Definition of Faith\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ProjectWittenberg.org/pub/resources/text/wittenberg/luther/luther-faith.txt"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-faith1_4-0"},{"link_name":"\"Preface to Romans by Martin Luther\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ccel.org/l/luther/romans/pref_romans.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Wriedt_5-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Spitz,_332_7-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Spitz,_332_7-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Preus_10-0"},{"link_name":"\"Luther and the Doctrine of Justification\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ctsfw.edu/library/files/pb/1458"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20060909100829/http://www.ctsfw.edu/library/files/pb/1458"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"Concordia Theological Quarterly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concordia_Theological_Quarterly"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"\"Simul justus et peccator | Theological Word of the Day\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20090704054706/http://wordoftheday.reclaimingthemind.org/blogs/2009/06/24/simul-justus-et-peccator/"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//wordoftheday.reclaimingthemind.org/blogs/2009/06/24/simul-justus-et-peccator/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"Providence And Divine Mercy In Kant's Ethical Cosmopolitanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//place.asburyseminary.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2288&context=faithandphilosophy"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"Carl E. Braaten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Braaten"},{"link_name":"Robert W. Jenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Jenson"},{"link_name":"Review of \"Union With Christ: The New Finnish Interpretation of Luther\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.firstthings.com/article.php3?id_article=3240"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_21-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_21-1"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Martin_Luther"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Martin_Luther"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Martin_Luther"},{"link_name":"Martin Luther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther"},{"link_name":"Bibliography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_bibliography"},{"link_name":"Resources about Martin Luther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resources_about_Martin_Luther"},{"link_name":"Ninety-five Theses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses"},{"link_name":"Sermon on Indulgences and Grace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sermon_on_Indulgences_and_Grace"},{"link_name":"To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/To_the_Christian_Nobility_of_the_German_Nation"},{"link_name":"On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Babylonian_Captivity_of_the_Church"},{"link_name":"On the Freedom of a Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Freedom_of_a_Christian"},{"link_name":"Against Henry, King of the English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Against_Henry,_King_of_the_English"},{"link_name":"Luther Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luther_Bible"},{"link_name":"The Adoration of the Sacrament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Adoration_of_the_Sacrament"},{"link_name":"Formula missae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_missae"},{"link_name":"Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Against_the_Murderous,_Thieving_Hordes_of_Peasants"},{"link_name":"On the Bondage of the Will","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Bondage_of_the_Will"},{"link_name":"The Sacrament of the Body and Blood of Christ—Against the Fanatics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sacrament_of_the_Body_and_Blood_of_Christ%E2%80%94Against_the_Fanatics"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Messe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Messe"},{"link_name":"Confession Concerning Christ's Supper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confession_Concerning_Christ%27s_Supper"},{"link_name":"On War Against the Turk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_War_Against_the_Turk"},{"link_name":"Small Catechism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luther%27s_Small_Catechism"},{"link_name":"Articles of Schwabach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Articles_of_Schwabach"},{"link_name":"Large Catechism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luther%27s_Large_Catechism"},{"link_name":"Smalcald Articles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smalcald_Articles"},{"link_name":"On the Councils and the Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Councils_and_the_Church"},{"link_name":"On the Jews and Their Lies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Jews_and_Their_Lies"},{"link_name":"Vom Schem Hamphoras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vom_Schem_Hamphoras"},{"link_name":"Luther's Table Talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_Talk_(Luther)"},{"link_name":"Weimar edition of Luther's works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weimar_edition_of_Martin_Luther%27s_works"},{"link_name":"List of hymns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hymns_by_Martin_Luther"},{"link_name":"First Lutheran hymnal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Lutheran_hymnal"},{"link_name":"Erfurt Enchiridion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfurt_Enchiridion"},{"link_name":"Eyn geystlich Gesangk Buchleyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyn_geystlich_Gesangk_Buchleyn"},{"link_name":"A Mighty Fortress Is Our God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Mighty_Fortress_Is_Our_God"},{"link_name":"Christ unser Herr zum Jordan kam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_unser_Herr_zum_Jordan_kam"},{"link_name":"Reformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformation"},{"link_name":"Lutheranism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheranism"},{"link_name":"Heidelberg Disputation, 1518","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heidelberg_Disputation"},{"link_name":"Leipzig Debate, 1519","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig_Debate"},{"link_name":"Exsurge Domine, 1520","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exsurge_Domine"},{"link_name":"Diet of Worms, 1521","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diet_of_Worms"},{"link_name":"Decet Romanum Pontificem, 1521","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decet_Romanum_Pontificem"},{"link_name":"Marburg Colloquy, 1529","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marburg_Colloquy"},{"link_name":"Augsburg Confession, 1530","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augsburg_Confession"},{"link_name":"Luther's canon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luther%27s_canon"},{"link_name":"Theology of Martin Luther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Theology of the Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theology_of_the_Cross"},{"link_name":"Priesthood of all believers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priesthood_of_all_believers"},{"link_name":"Sola fide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_fide"},{"link_name":"Sola scriptura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura"},{"link_name":"Two kingdoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_kingdoms_doctrine"},{"link_name":"Beerwolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beerwolf"},{"link_name":"Law and Gospel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_and_Gospel#Martin_Luther_and_Lutheran_theologians"},{"link_name":"Marian theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luther%27s_Marian_theology"},{"link_name":"Eucharist in Lutheranism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucharist_in_Lutheranism"},{"link_name":"Sacramental union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramental_union"},{"link_name":"Words of Institution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Words_of_Institution#Lutheran_Churches"},{"link_name":"Antisemitism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_and_antisemitism"},{"link_name":"Propaganda during the Reformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda_during_the_Reformation"},{"link_name":"Die Lügend von S. Johanne Chrysostomo (1537 edition)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_L%C3%BCgend_von_S._Johanne_Chrysostomo"},{"link_name":"Katharina von Bora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katharina_von_Bora"},{"link_name":"Magdalena Luther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalena_Luther"},{"link_name":"Paul Luther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Luther"},{"link_name":"Albert of Brandenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_of_Brandenburg"},{"link_name":"Bartholomaeus Arnoldi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartholomaeus_Arnoldi"},{"link_name":"Erasmus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasmus"},{"link_name":"Georg Rörer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_R%C3%B6rer"},{"link_name":"Johann Cochlaeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Cochlaeus"},{"link_name":"Johann Reuchlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Reuchlin#Influence_on_Luther"},{"link_name":"Johann von Staupitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_von_Staupitz"},{"link_name":"Justus Jonas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justus_Jonas"},{"link_name":"Karl von Miltitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_von_Miltitz"},{"link_name":"Andreas Karlstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Karlstadt"},{"link_name":"Philip Melanchthon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon"},{"link_name":"Pope Leo X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Leo_X"},{"link_name":"Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Frederick the Wise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_III,_Elector_of_Saxony"},{"link_name":"Albrecht VII. von Mansfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albrecht_VII._von_Mansfeld"},{"link_name":"All Saints' Church, Wittenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Saints%27_Church,_Wittenberg"},{"link_name":"Stadtkirche Wittenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadtkirche_Wittenberg"},{"link_name":"Lutherhaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutherhaus"},{"link_name":"Lutherstädte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutherstadt"},{"link_name":"Martin Luther's Birth House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther%27s_Birth_House"},{"link_name":"Martin Luther's Death House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther%27s_Death_House"},{"link_name":"Melanchthonhaus (Wittenberg)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanchthonhaus_(Wittenberg)"},{"link_name":"St. Augustine's Monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Augustine%27s_Monastery_(Erfurt)"},{"link_name":"Veste Coburg (Fortress)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veste_Coburg"},{"link_name":"Wartburg Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wartburg"},{"link_name":"Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_films_about_Martin_Luther"},{"link_name":"Martin Luther (1923 film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_(1923_film)"},{"link_name":"Luther (1928 film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luther_(1928_film)"},{"link_name":"Martin Luther (1953 film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_(1953_film)"},{"link_name":"Luther (1961 play)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luther_(play)"},{"link_name":"Luther (1964 film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luther_(1964_film)"},{"link_name":"Luther (1974 film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luther_(1974_film)"},{"link_name":"Martin Luther, Heretic (1983 film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther,_Heretic"},{"link_name":"Luther (2003 film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luther_(2003_film)"},{"link_name":"Luther and I (2017 film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luther_and_I&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Luther Monuments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luther_Monument"},{"link_name":"Luther Monument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luther_Monument_(Washington,_D.C.)"},{"link_name":"Luther Monument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luther_Monument_(Worms)"},{"link_name":"Luther rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luther_rose"},{"link_name":"Theologia Germanica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theologia_Germanica"}],"text":"^ Herbert Bouman, \"The Doctrine of Justification in the Lutheran Confessions,\" Concordia Theological Monthly 26 (November 1955) No. 11:801.\"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 2008-05-12. Retrieved 2009-03-15.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)\n\n^ Herbert J. A. Bouman, \"The Doctrine of Justification,\" 801-802.\n\n^ \"Martin Luther's Definition of Faith\". projectwittenberg.org. Retrieved 16 April 2018.\n\n^ \"Preface to Romans by Martin Luther\". www.ccel.org. Retrieved 16 April 2018.\n\n^ Markus Wriedt, \"Luther's Theology,\" in The Cambridge Companion to Luther (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 88-94.\n\n^ Lewis W. Spitz, The Renaissance and Reformation Movements, Revised Ed. (St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1987), 332.\n\n^ a b Spitz, 332.\n\n^ Martin Luther, The Smalcald Articles in Concordia: The Lutheran Confessions (Saint Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 2005), 289, Part two, Article 1.\n\n^ Ewald Plass, \"Law and Gospel\", in What Luther Says: An Anthology (St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1959), 2:732, no. 2276\n\n^ Preus, Robert D. \"Luther and the Doctrine of Justification\" Archived 2006-09-09 at the Wayback Machine Concordia Theological Quarterly 48 (1984) no. 1:11-12.\n\n^ \"Simul justus et peccator | Theological Word of the Day\". Archived from the original on 2009-07-04. Retrieved 2009-07-17.\n\n^ Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification, 4.4 (30)\n\n^ Apology of the Augsburg Confession 2.38-41\n\n^ Patrick Frierson (2007) Providence And Divine Mercy In Kant's Ethical Cosmopolitanism, Faith and Philosophy Volume 24, Issue 2, April 2007, page 151\n\n^ See Carl E. Braaten and Robert W. Jenson, eds. Union with Christ: The New Finnish Interpretation of Luther (1998); also Ted Dorman, Review of \"Union With Christ: The New Finnish Interpretation of Luther\". First Things, 1999. Retrieved 2007-05-31.\n\n^ Olli-Pekka Vainio, Justification and Participation in Christ: The Development of Justification from Luther to the Formula of Concord (1580) Studies in Medieval and Reformation Traditions (Leiden: Brill, 2008). p 227\n\n^ Diarmaid MacCulloch, \"Protestantism in Mainland Europe: New Directions,\" Renaissance Quarterly, Volume 59, Number 3, Fall 2006, pp. 698-706\n\n^ William Wallace Schumacher, \"'Who Do I Say That You Are?' Anthropology and the Theology of Theosis in the Finnish School of Tuomo Mannermaa\" (Ph.D. diss., Concordia Seminary, St. Louis, Missouri, 2003), 260ff.\n\n^ Robert Kolb and Charles P. Arand, The Genius of Luther's Theology: A Wittenberg Way of Thinking for the Contemporary Church, (Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Academic, 2008), 48\n\n^ Mechthild of Magdeburg, Das fliessende Licht der Gottheit (\"The Glowing Light of the Godhead\"), Chapter 3, 21 in Schmidt, Joseph with Mary Simon. \"Holy and Unholy Shit: The Pragmatic Context of Scatological Curses in Early German Reformation Satire\". In Fecal Matters in Early Modern Literature and Art: Studies in Scatology. Edited by Jeff Persels andRussell Ganim, 109-117. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate Publishing, 2004. see page 170 EPUB edition\n\n^ a b D. Martin Luthers Werke: Kritische Gesamtausgabe, Tischreden [Table Talk], vols. I -6 (Weimar, 1912-21). WAT no. 2307; 413, 14-19; 1531. in Oberman, Heiko Augustinus. Luther : Man Between God and the Devil New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989. page 154,vteMartin Luther\nBibliography\nResources about Martin Luther\nWorksh\nNinety-five Theses (1517)\nSermon on Indulgences and Grace (1518)\nTo the Christian Nobility of the German Nation (1520)\nOn the Babylonian Captivity of the Church (1520)\nOn the Freedom of a Christian (1520)\nAgainst Henry, King of the English (1522)\nLuther Bible (1522, 1534)\nThe Adoration of the Sacrament (1523)\nFormula missae (1523)\nAgainst the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants (1525)\nOn the Bondage of the Will (1525)\nThe Sacrament of the Body and Blood of Christ—Against the Fanatics (1526)\nDeutsche Messe (1526)\nConfession Concerning Christ's Supper (1528)\nOn War Against the Turk (1529)\nSmall Catechism (1529)\nArticles of Schwabach (1529)\nLarge Catechism (1529)\nSmalcald Articles (1537)\nOn the Councils and the Church (1539)\nOn the Jews and Their Lies (1543)\nVom Schem Hamphoras (1543)\nLuther's Table Talk (1566)\nWeimar edition of Luther's works\nList of hymns\nFirst Lutheran hymnal (1524)\nErfurt Enchiridion (1524)\nEyn geystlich Gesangk Buchleyn (1524)\n\"A Mighty Fortress Is Our God\" (1529)\n\"Christ unser Herr zum Jordan kam\" (1543)\n\nTopicsand events\nReformation\nLutheranism\nHeidelberg Disputation, 1518\nLeipzig Debate, 1519\nExsurge Domine, 1520\nDiet of Worms, 1521\nDecet Romanum Pontificem, 1521\nMarburg Colloquy, 1529\nAugsburg Confession, 1530\nLuther's canon\nTheology of Martin Luther\nTheology of the Cross\nPriesthood of all believers\nSola fide\nSola scriptura\nTwo kingdoms\nBeerwolf (1539)\nLaw and Gospel\nMarian theology\nEucharist in Lutheranism\nSacramental union\nWords of Institution\nAntisemitism\nPropaganda during the Reformation\nDie Lügend von S. Johanne Chrysostomo (1537 edition)\nPeople\nHans and Margarethe Luther (parents)\nKatharina von Bora (wife)\nMagdalena Luther (daughter)\nPaul Luther (son)\nAlbert of Brandenburg\nBartholomaeus Arnoldi\nErasmus\nGeorg Rörer\nJohann Cochlaeus\nJohann Reuchlin\nJohann von Staupitz\nJustus Jonas\nKarl von Miltitz\nAndreas Karlstadt\nPhilip Melanchthon\nPope Leo X\nCharles V, Holy Roman Emperor\nFrederick the Wise\nAlbrecht VII. von Mansfeld\nLuther sites\nAll Saints' Church, Wittenberg\nStadtkirche Wittenberg\nLutherhaus\nLutherstädte\nMartin Luther's Birth House\nMartin Luther's Death House\nMelanchthonhaus (Wittenberg)\nSt. Augustine's Monastery\nVeste Coburg (Fortress)\nWartburg Castle\nFilm and theatre\nMartin Luther (1923 film)\nLuther (1928 film)\nMartin Luther (1953 film)\nLuther (1961 play)\nLuther (1964 film)\nLuther (1974 film)\nMartin Luther, Heretic (1983 film)\nLuther (2003 film)\nLuther and I (2017 film)\nLuther Monuments\nLuther Monument, Washington D.C.\nLuther Monument, Worms\nRelated\nLuther rose\nTheologia Germanica","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Martin Luther","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Lucas_Cranach_d.%C3%84._-_Portr%C3%A4t_des_Martin_Luther%2C_1525_%28Bristol%29.jpg/170px-Lucas_Cranach_d.%C3%84._-_Portr%C3%A4t_des_Martin_Luther%2C_1525_%28Bristol%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"A painting by Lucas Cranach on Lutheran teachings, Lutherhaus","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Lucas_Cranach_d.%C3%84._-_Gesetz_und_Gnade_%28Lutherhaus_Wittenberg%29.jpg/220px-Lucas_Cranach_d.%C3%84._-_Gesetz_und_Gnade_%28Lutherhaus_Wittenberg%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Law and Grace painting by Lucas Cranach","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Lucas_Cranach_d.%C3%84._-_Verdammnis_und_Erl%C3%B6sung_%28Schloss_Friedenstein%29.jpg/220px-Lucas_Cranach_d.%C3%84._-_Verdammnis_und_Erl%C3%B6sung_%28Schloss_Friedenstein%29.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Apology of the Augsburg Confession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apology_of_the_Augsburg_Confession"},{"title":"Augsburg Confession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augsburg_Confession"},{"title":"Book of Concord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Concord"},{"title":"Criticism of Protestantism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Protestantism"},{"title":"Formula of Concord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_of_Concord"},{"title":"Luther's Large Catechism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luther%27s_Large_Catechism"},{"title":"Luther's Small Catechism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luther%27s_Small_Catechism"},{"title":"Lutheran Mariology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheran_Mariology"},{"title":"Sacramental union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramental_union"},{"title":"Treatise on the Power and Primacy of the Pope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treatise_on_the_Power_and_Primacy_of_the_Pope"}] | [{"reference":"Concordia Theological Monthly","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 2008-05-12. Retrieved 2009-03-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080512021427/http://www.ctsfw.edu/library/files/pb/577","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://www.ctsfw.edu/library/files/pb/577","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Martin Luther's Definition of Faith\". projectwittenberg.org. Retrieved 16 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.projectwittenberg.org/pub/resources/text/wittenberg/luther/luther-faith.txt","url_text":"\"Martin Luther's Definition of Faith\""}]},{"reference":"\"Preface to Romans by Martin Luther\". www.ccel.org. Retrieved 16 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ccel.org/l/luther/romans/pref_romans.html","url_text":"\"Preface to Romans by Martin Luther\""}]},{"reference":"The Cambridge Companion to Luther","urls":[]},{"reference":"The Renaissance and Reformation Movements","urls":[]},{"reference":"The Smalcald Articles","urls":[]},{"reference":"Concordia: The Lutheran Confessions","urls":[]},{"reference":"What Luther Says: An Anthology","urls":[]},{"reference":"Concordia Theological Quarterly","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concordia_Theological_Quarterly","url_text":"Concordia Theological Quarterly"}]},{"reference":"\"Simul justus et peccator | Theological Word of the Day\". Archived from the original on 2009-07-04. Retrieved 2009-07-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090704054706/http://wordoftheday.reclaimingthemind.org/blogs/2009/06/24/simul-justus-et-peccator/","url_text":"\"Simul justus et peccator | Theological Word of the Day\""},{"url":"http://wordoftheday.reclaimingthemind.org/blogs/2009/06/24/simul-justus-et-peccator/","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080512021427/http://www.ctsfw.edu/library/files/pb/577","external_links_name":"\"Archived copy\""},{"Link":"http://www.ctsfw.edu/library/files/pb/577","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.projectwittenberg.org/pub/resources/text/wittenberg/luther/luther-faith.txt","external_links_name":"\"Martin Luther's Definition of Faith\""},{"Link":"http://www.ccel.org/l/luther/romans/pref_romans.html","external_links_name":"\"Preface to Romans by Martin Luther\""},{"Link":"http://www.ctsfw.edu/library/files/pb/1458","external_links_name":"\"Luther and the Doctrine of Justification\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060909100829/http://www.ctsfw.edu/library/files/pb/1458","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090704054706/http://wordoftheday.reclaimingthemind.org/blogs/2009/06/24/simul-justus-et-peccator/","external_links_name":"\"Simul justus et peccator | Theological Word of the Day\""},{"Link":"http://wordoftheday.reclaimingthemind.org/blogs/2009/06/24/simul-justus-et-peccator/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://place.asburyseminary.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2288&context=faithandphilosophy","external_links_name":"Providence And Divine Mercy In Kant's Ethical Cosmopolitanism"},{"Link":"http://www.firstthings.com/article.php3?id_article=3240","external_links_name":"Review of \"Union With Christ: The New Finnish Interpretation of Luther\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Commission_on_Parnellism_and_Crime | Parnell Commission | ["1 Background","2 The Commission","3 Historiography","4 References","4.1 Sources","4.2 Citations"] | Parnell commission made in 1880
The Parnell Commission, officially Special Commission on Parnellism and Crime, was a judicial inquiry in the late 1880s into allegations of crimes by Irish parliamentarian Charles Stewart Parnell which resulted in his vindication.
Background
On 6 May 1882 two leading members of the British Government in Ireland, Chief Secretary for Ireland Lord Frederick Cavendish and the Permanent Under-Secretary for Ireland T.H. Burke were stabbed to death in Phoenix Park, Dublin by the Irish National Invincibles (see Phoenix Park Murders).
In March 1887, The Times published a series of articles, "Parnellism and Crime", in which Home Rule League leaders were accused of being involved in murder and outrage during the land war. The Times produced a number of facsimile letters, allegedly bearing Parnell's signature and in one of the letters Parnell had excused and condoned the murder of T.H. Burke in the Phoenix Park.
In particular the newspaper had paid £1,780 for a letter supposedly written by Parnell to Patrick Egan, a Fenian activist, that included: "Though I regret the accident of Lord F Cavendish's death I cannot refuse to admit that Burke got no more than his deserts" and was signed "Yours very truly, Charles S. Parnell". On the day it was published (18 April 1887), Parnell described the letter in the House of Commons as "a villainous and barefaced forgery."
Also on 18 April the Perpetual Crimes Act had its second reading and debate in the Commons. It appeared to nationalists that it was more than coincidental that the Times article on the letter was published on the same day and was obviously intended to sway the debate.
The Commission
After considerable argument, the government eventually set up a Special Commission to investigate the charges made against Parnell and the Home Rule party. The commission sat for 128 days between September 1888 and November 1889. In February 1889, one of the witnesses, Richard Pigott, admitted to having forged the letters; he then fled to Madrid, where he shot himself. Parnell's name was fully cleared and The Times paid a large sum of money by way of compensation after Parnell brought a libel action. His principal lawyer was Charles Russell, who later become Lord Chief Justice. Russell also wrote an influential book about the case.
In an out-of-court settlement Parnell accepted £5,000 in damages. While this was less than the £100,000 he sought, the legal costs for The Times brought its overall costs to £200,000. When Parnell re-entered parliament after he was vindicated, he received a standing ovation from his fellow MPs.
The Commission did not limit itself to the forgeries, but also examined at length the surrounding circumstances, and in particular the violent aspects of the Land War and the Plan of Campaign. Testimony included an extensive submission by Land League founder Michael Davitt for which he was paid by The Irish Party.
In July 1889, the Irish Nationalist MPs and their lawyers withdrew, satisfied with the main result. When it eventually published its 35 volumes of evidence it satisfied for the most part the pro- and anti-nationalist camps in Ireland:
Nationalists were pleased that Parnell had been heroically vindicated, in particular against The Times which had become a supporter of the high Tory prime minister Lord Salisbury.
Unionists conceded that Parnell was innocent, but pointed to a surrounding mass of sworn evidence that suggested that some of his MPs had condoned or advocated violence in such a way that murders were inevitable. They also made much of the fact that Pigott had formerly been a Nationalist supporter and was clearly deranged.
Historiography
A balanced and up-to-date overview of the "Parnellism and Crime" affair is given by T. W. Moody (1968), who was able to take advantage of the important modern contributions of Henry Harrison in the 1940s and 1950s and of Leon Ó Broin in the 1960s. Andrew Robert's biography of Salisbury (1999) mainly lists the government's concerns; chapter 27 covers the period from March 1887 to July 1891. The commission has a chapter in Myles Dungan's Conspiracy: Irish Political Trials (2009). See also Jane Stanford, That Irishman: The Life and Times of John O'Connor Power, Part Four, "Taking a Stand".
References
Sources
Primary
Special Commission to inquire into Charges and Allegations against certain M.P.s in Proceedings in Action of O'Donnell v. Walter (1890). Report. Command papers. Vol. C.5891. HMSO. Retrieved 21 November 2016.
"Ireland—Special Commission (1888) Report". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). 21 March 1890. HL Deb vol 342 cc1357-497.
Secondary
Memoirs of Tim Healy, barrister and Nationalist MP; Chapter 23, "Collapse of Piggott 1888–89" / Chapter 24, "Parnell's Triumph"
Charles Russell; "The Parnell Commission: The Opening Speech for the Defence Delivered" (Macmillan and Co., London 1889)
Leon Ó Broin, Comhcheilg sa Chaisleán (Conspiracy in the Castle), Dublin, 1963 (later expanded and published in English)
Henry Harrison, Parnell, Joseph Chamberlain and The Times, Belfast and Dublin, 1953
T. W. Moody, "The Times versus Parnell and Co., 1887–90", Historical Studies (Papers read before the Irish Conference of Historians), VI, London, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1968
Sir Robert Anderson's 'Parnellism and Crime articles'
Citations
^ Andrew Roberts; "Salisbury Victorian Titan" (Phoenix Press, London 1999) p.446. ISBN 0-7538-1091-3
^ "Hansard; Irish debate 18 April 1887". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). 18 April 1887. Archived from the original on 21 June 2009. Retrieved 2 May 2009.
^ A Roberts, Salisbury op cit, p.454.
^ Marley, Laurence (2007). Michael Davitt. Four Courts Press. p. 97. ISBN 978-1-84682-265-0.
^ "New York Times article, 17 July 1889" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 September 2021. Retrieved 23 September 2021.
^ Myles Dungan, 'Pigott V Russell: the Parnell Commission', in Conspiracy: Irish Political Trials (Dublin, 2009) ISBN 978-1-904890-58-4, pp. 217–263.
^ Stanford, Jane, That Irishman: The Life and Times of John O'Connor Power, History Press Ireland, May 2011, Part Four, "Taking a Stand", pp.166–171. ISBN 978-1-84588-698-1 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"inquiry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inquiry"},{"link_name":"Charles Stewart Parnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Stewart_Parnell"}],"text":"The Parnell Commission, officially Special Commission on Parnellism and Crime, was a judicial inquiry in the late 1880s into allegations of crimes by Irish parliamentarian Charles Stewart Parnell which resulted in his vindication.","title":"Parnell Commission"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lord Frederick Cavendish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Frederick_Cavendish"},{"link_name":"T.H. Burke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.H._Burke"},{"link_name":"Phoenix Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_Park"},{"link_name":"Irish National Invincibles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_National_Invincibles"},{"link_name":"Phoenix Park Murders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_Park_Murders"},{"link_name":"The Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times"},{"link_name":"Home Rule League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Rule_League"},{"link_name":"Patrick Egan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Egan_(land_reformer_and_diplomat)"},{"link_name":"Fenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenian"},{"link_name":"House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Perpetual Crimes Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coercion_Act"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"On 6 May 1882 two leading members of the British Government in Ireland, Chief Secretary for Ireland Lord Frederick Cavendish and the Permanent Under-Secretary for Ireland T.H. Burke were stabbed to death in Phoenix Park, Dublin by the Irish National Invincibles (see Phoenix Park Murders).In March 1887, The Times published a series of articles, \"Parnellism and Crime\", in which Home Rule League leaders were accused of being involved in murder and outrage during the land war. The Times produced a number of facsimile letters, allegedly bearing Parnell's signature and in one of the letters Parnell had excused and condoned the murder of T.H. Burke in the Phoenix Park.In particular the newspaper had paid £1,780 for a letter supposedly written by Parnell to Patrick Egan, a Fenian activist, that included: \"Though I regret the accident of Lord F Cavendish's death I cannot refuse to admit that Burke got no more than his deserts\" and was signed \"Yours very truly, Charles S. Parnell\". On the day it was published (18 April 1887), Parnell described the letter in the House of Commons as \"a villainous and barefaced forgery.\"[1]Also on 18 April the Perpetual Crimes Act had its second reading and debate in the Commons. It appeared to nationalists that it was more than coincidental that the Times article on the letter was published on the same day and was obviously intended to sway the debate.[2]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Richard Pigott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Pigott"},{"link_name":"Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid"},{"link_name":"Charles Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Russell,_Baron_Russell_of_Killowen"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"MPs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Land War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_War"},{"link_name":"Plan of Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_of_Campaign"},{"link_name":"Land League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_League"},{"link_name":"Michael Davitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Davitt"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Tory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tory"},{"link_name":"Lord Salisbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Salisbury"}],"text":"After considerable argument, the government eventually set up a Special Commission to investigate the charges made against Parnell and the Home Rule party. The commission sat for 128 days between September 1888 and November 1889. In February 1889, one of the witnesses, Richard Pigott, admitted to having forged the letters; he then fled to Madrid, where he shot himself. Parnell's name was fully cleared and The Times paid a large sum of money by way of compensation after Parnell brought a libel action. His principal lawyer was Charles Russell, who later become Lord Chief Justice. Russell also wrote an influential book about the case.In an out-of-court settlement Parnell accepted £5,000 in damages. While this was less than the £100,000 he sought, the legal costs for The Times brought its overall costs to £200,000.[3] When Parnell re-entered parliament after he was vindicated, he received a standing ovation from his fellow MPs.The Commission did not limit itself to the forgeries, but also examined at length the surrounding circumstances, and in particular the violent aspects of the Land War and the Plan of Campaign. Testimony included an extensive submission by Land League founder Michael Davitt for which he was paid by The Irish Party.[4] \nIn July 1889, the Irish Nationalist MPs and their lawyers withdrew, satisfied with the main result.[5] When it eventually published its 35 volumes of evidence it satisfied for the most part the pro- and anti-nationalist camps in Ireland:Nationalists were pleased that Parnell had been heroically vindicated, in particular against The Times which had become a supporter of the high Tory prime minister Lord Salisbury.\nUnionists conceded that Parnell was innocent, but pointed to a surrounding mass of sworn evidence that suggested that some of his MPs had condoned or advocated violence in such a way that murders were inevitable. They also made much of the fact that Pigott had formerly been a Nationalist supporter and was clearly deranged.","title":"The Commission"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"T. W. Moody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_William_Moody"},{"link_name":"Henry Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Harrison_(MP)"},{"link_name":"Leon Ó Broin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_%C3%93_Broin"},{"link_name":"Myles Dungan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myles_Dungan"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"A balanced and up-to-date overview of the \"Parnellism and Crime\" affair is given by T. W. Moody (1968), who was able to take advantage of the important modern contributions of Henry Harrison in the 1940s and 1950s and of Leon Ó Broin in the 1960s. Andrew Robert's biography of Salisbury (1999) mainly lists the government's concerns; chapter 27 covers the period from March 1887 to July 1891. The commission has a chapter in Myles Dungan's Conspiracy: Irish Political Trials (2009).[6] See also Jane Stanford, That Irishman: The Life and Times of John O'Connor Power, Part Four, \"Taking a Stand\".[7]","title":"Historiography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Special Commission to inquire into Charges and Allegations against certain M.P.s in Proceedings in Action of O'Donnell v. Walter (1890). Report. Command papers. Vol. C.5891. HMSO. Retrieved 21 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dippam.ac.uk/eppi/documents/18576","url_text":"Report"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_paper","url_text":"Command papers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMSO","url_text":"HMSO"}]},{"reference":"\"Ireland—Special Commission (1888) Report\". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). 21 March 1890. 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ISBN 978-1-84682-265-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84682-265-0","url_text":"978-1-84682-265-0"}]},{"reference":"\"New York Times article, 17 July 1889\" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 September 2021. Retrieved 23 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1889/07/17/106356330.pdf","url_text":"\"New York Times article, 17 July 1889\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210923034322/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1889/07/17/106356330.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.dippam.ac.uk/eppi/documents/18576","external_links_name":"Report"},{"Link":"https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1890/mar/21/ireland-special-commission-1888-report","external_links_name":"\"Ireland—Special Commission (1888) Report\""},{"Link":"http://www.chaptersofdublin.com/books/THealy/healy23.htm","external_links_name":"Chapter 23, \"Collapse of Piggott 1888–89\""},{"Link":"http://www.chaptersofdublin.com/books/THealy/healy24.htm","external_links_name":"Chapter 24, \"Parnell's Triumph\""},{"Link":"http://forum.casebook.org/showthread.php?t=839","external_links_name":"Sir Robert Anderson's 'Parnellism and Crime articles'"},{"Link":"https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1887/apr/18/adjourned-debate-seventh-night","external_links_name":"\"Hansard; Irish debate 18 April 1887\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090621235213/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1887/apr/18/adjourned-debate-seventh-night","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1889/07/17/106356330.pdf","external_links_name":"\"New York Times article, 17 July 1889\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210923034322/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1889/07/17/106356330.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_body_(disambiguation) | Public body (disambiguation) | ["1 See also"] | A public body is commonly a statutory corporation created by a state.
“Public body” may also refer to:
Administrative division or public body, a political division of a country
Public body (Netherlands)
Scottish public bodies
See also
Non-departmental public body
Topics referred to by the same term
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Public body.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Administrative division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_division"},{"link_name":"Public body (Netherlands)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_body_(Netherlands)"},{"link_name":"Scottish public bodies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_public_bodies"}],"text":"“Public body” may also refer to:Administrative division or public body, a political division of a country\nPublic body (Netherlands)\nScottish public bodies","title":"Public body (disambiguation)"}] | [] | [{"title":"Non-departmental public body","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-departmental_public_body"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"title":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"title":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Public_body_(disambiguation)&namespace=0"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Public_body_(disambiguation)&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novorossiysk_Republic | Novorossiysk Republic | ["1 References"] | The Novorossiysk Republic (Новороссийская республика) was a short lived breakaway state that existed from 12 to 25 December 1905. This short lived republic was one of many that broke away from the Russian Empire during the 1905 Russian Revolution.
Earlier, in the latter half of the 19th century Novorossiysk developed rapidly from humble beginnings and a population of only 430 in 1866 it developed rapidly with the construction of the first factory in the city in 1882, and the connection of the city by rail in 1888. To give some perspective on the growth of Novorossiysk, between 1887 and 1940 the ports' total economic turnover increased by over 1.4 million tons.
By the time the 20th century came to be rebel movements were sparking all across the Black Sea region, including in Novorossiysk. In 1902 the Novorossiysk Social Democratic Union is created. Across 1905 several strikes were organized in Novorossiysk, one in February, one in May, and another one in July. The most powerful uprising however came in December. On 8 December Bolshevik leaders in Novorossiysk proclaimed an armed uprising against the government of the Russian Empire. On 14 December the government introduced many new policies such as; an eight hour work day, a new workers committee which would control the hiring and dismissing of workers, a new armed workers squad which took control of the railways and sea transport on behalf of the government, taxation of the rich, a new peoples court, and a new socialist newspaper of which four issues were published. On 24 December Tsarist forces were sent to Novorossiysk, in order to preserve the revolutionary forces the government offered no resistance and stopped operation on 25 December. The Novorossiysk socialist movement went underground as Tsarist forces entered the city, seven socialist officials from the republic were given death sentence (later spared and their punishment reduced to hard labor), and 13 others were assigned various forms of hard labor.
References
^ Grinevetsky, S.R.; Zonn, I.S.; Zhiltsov, S.S.; Kosarev, A.N.; Kostianoy, A.G. (2014). The Black Sea Encyclopedia. Encyclopedia of Seas. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 532. ISBN 978-3-642-55227-4. Retrieved 3 June 2023.
^ "Новороссийская республика". Great Soviet Encyclopedia. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Novorossiysk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novorossiysk"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grinevetsky_Zonn_Zhiltsov_Kosarev_2014_p._532-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Earlier, in the latter half of the 19th century Novorossiysk developed rapidly from humble beginnings and a population of only 430 in 1866 it developed rapidly with the construction of the first factory in the city in 1882, and the connection of the city by rail in 1888. To give some perspective on the growth of Novorossiysk, between 1887 and 1940 the ports' total economic turnover increased by over 1.4 million tons.[1]By the time the 20th century came to be rebel movements were sparking all across the Black Sea region, including in Novorossiysk. In 1902 the Novorossiysk Social Democratic Union is created. Across 1905 several strikes were organized in Novorossiysk, one in February, one in May, and another one in July. The most powerful uprising however came in December. On 8 December Bolshevik leaders in Novorossiysk proclaimed an armed uprising against the government of the Russian Empire. On 14 December the government introduced many new policies such as; an eight hour work day, a new workers committee which would control the hiring and dismissing of workers, a new armed workers squad which took control of the railways and sea transport on behalf of the government, taxation of the rich, a new peoples court, and a new socialist newspaper of which four issues were published. On 24 December Tsarist forces were sent to Novorossiysk, in order to preserve the revolutionary forces the government offered no resistance and stopped operation on 25 December. The Novorossiysk socialist movement went underground as Tsarist forces entered the city, seven socialist officials from the republic were given death sentence (later spared and their punishment reduced to hard labor), and 13 others were assigned various forms of hard labor.[2]","title":"Novorossiysk Republic"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Grinevetsky, S.R.; Zonn, I.S.; Zhiltsov, S.S.; Kosarev, A.N.; Kostianoy, A.G. (2014). The Black Sea Encyclopedia. Encyclopedia of Seas. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 532. ISBN 978-3-642-55227-4. Retrieved 3 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KFCqBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA532","url_text":"The Black Sea Encyclopedia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-55227-4","url_text":"978-3-642-55227-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Новороссийская республика\". Great Soviet Encyclopedia.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.booksite.ru/fulltext/1/001/008/082/285.htm","url_text":"\"Новороссийская республика\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KFCqBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA532","external_links_name":"The Black Sea Encyclopedia"},{"Link":"https://www.booksite.ru/fulltext/1/001/008/082/285.htm","external_links_name":"\"Новороссийская республика\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InterContinental_Kaohsiung | InterContinental Kaohsiung | ["1 Location","2 Facilities","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | Building in Kaohsiung, TaiwanInterContinental KaohsiungLocation within TaiwanGeneral informationLocationNo. 22, Xinguang Road, Cianjhen District, Kaohsiung, TaiwanCoordinates22°37′33″N 120°16′55″E / 22.62570888896818°N 120.28189886723582°E / 22.62570888896818; 120.28189886723582OpeningNovember 21, 2021ManagementInterContinentalTechnical detailsFloor count16Other informationNumber of rooms253WebsiteInterContinental Kaohsiung Website
InterContinental Kaohsiung (traditional Chinese: 高雄洲際酒店; simplified Chinese: 高雄洲际酒店; pinyin: Gāoxióng Zhōujì Jiǔdiàn) is a five star hotel located in Cianjhen District, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. It is located on the lower floors of the 266.6 m (875 ft) tall Farglory THE ONE skyscraper building. The hotel opened on November 21, 2021, and is the first InterContinental hotel in Taiwan.
Location
The hotel is located at the heart of Kaohsiung's Asia New Bay Area, near Kaohsiung International Airport, Kaohsiung Main Station and Kaohsiung Exhibition Center. Part of the Farglory THE ONE complex, the hotel commences from the 1st to the 16th floor of the second tallest skyscraper in Kaohsiung, and fourth tallest in Taiwan.
Facilities
InterContinental Kaohsiung is operated by InterContinental and offers a total of 253 guest rooms and suites. The hotel features two restaurants - Zhan Liu and SEEDS, a bar - BL.T33 and a bakery - Delicatesse.
See also
List of tallest buildings in the world
Farglory THE ONE
Hotel Nikko Kaohsiung
References
^ "(Chinese)全台唯一！高雄洲際酒店11／21正式開幕 日航酒店明年進駐". Archived from the original on 2022-02-13. Retrieved 2022-02-08.
^ "(Chinese)遠雄雙喜臨門 高雄洲際酒店今開幕 THE ONE銷售近7成". Retrieved 2022-02-08.
^ "(Chinese)高雄洲際酒店開幕 陳其邁：投資高雄是一輩子不會後悔的選擇". Archived from the original on 2022-02-13. Retrieved 2022-02-08.
^ "(Chinese)高雄洲際酒店開幕 253間智慧型奢華房吸客". Archived from the original on 2022-02-13. Retrieved 2022-02-08.
^ "(Chinese)高雄洲際酒店新開幕 假日訂房逾9成". Archived from the original on 2021-11-22. Retrieved 2022-02-08.
External links
Official website
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This article about a hotel or resort in Taiwan is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"traditional Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"simplified Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"five star hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_star_hotel"},{"link_name":"Cianjhen District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cianjhen_District"},{"link_name":"Kaohsiung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaohsiung"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"Farglory THE ONE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farglory_THE_ONE"},{"link_name":"skyscraper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyscraper"},{"link_name":"InterContinental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InterContinental"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"InterContinental Kaohsiung (traditional Chinese: 高雄洲際酒店; simplified Chinese: 高雄洲际酒店; pinyin: Gāoxióng Zhōujì Jiǔdiàn) is a five star hotel located in Cianjhen District, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. It is located on the lower floors of the 266.6 m (875 ft) tall Farglory THE ONE skyscraper building. The hotel opened on November 21, 2021, and is the first InterContinental hotel in Taiwan.[1][2]","title":"InterContinental Kaohsiung"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Asia New Bay Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_New_Bay_Area"},{"link_name":"Kaohsiung International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaohsiung_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Kaohsiung Main Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaohsiung_Main_Station"},{"link_name":"Kaohsiung Exhibition Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaohsiung_Exhibition_Center"},{"link_name":"Farglory THE ONE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farglory_THE_ONE"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The hotel is located at the heart of Kaohsiung's Asia New Bay Area, near Kaohsiung International Airport, Kaohsiung Main Station and Kaohsiung Exhibition Center. Part of the Farglory THE ONE complex, the hotel commences from the 1st to the 16th floor of the second tallest skyscraper in Kaohsiung, and fourth tallest in Taiwan.[3]","title":"Location"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"InterContinental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InterContinental"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"InterContinental Kaohsiung is operated by InterContinental and offers a total of 253 guest rooms and suites. The hotel features two restaurants - Zhan Liu and SEEDS, a bar - BL.T33 and a bakery - Delicatesse.[4][5]","title":"Facilities"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of tallest buildings in the world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_the_world"},{"title":"Farglory THE ONE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farglory_THE_ONE"},{"title":"Hotel Nikko Kaohsiung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel_Nikko_Kaohsiung"}] | [{"reference":"\"(Chinese)全台唯一！高雄洲際酒店11／21正式開幕 日航酒店明年進駐\". Archived from the original on 2022-02-13. Retrieved 2022-02-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://travel.ettoday.net/article/2128336.htm","url_text":"\"(Chinese)全台唯一！高雄洲際酒店11／21正式開幕 日航酒店明年進駐\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220213/https://travel.ettoday.net/article/2128336.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"(Chinese)遠雄雙喜臨門 高雄洲際酒店今開幕 THE ONE銷售近7成\". 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Retrieved 2022-02-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://udn.com/news/story/7266/5907955","url_text":"\"(Chinese)高雄洲際酒店新開幕 假日訂房逾9成\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211122043628/https://udn.com/news/story/7266/5907955","url_text":"Archived"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=InterContinental_Kaohsiung¶ms=22.62570888896818_N_120.28189886723582_E_type:landmark","external_links_name":"22°37′33″N 120°16′55″E / 22.62570888896818°N 120.28189886723582°E / 22.62570888896818; 120.28189886723582"},{"Link":"https://www.ihg.com/intercontinental/hotels/us/en/kaohsiung-city/khhkt/hoteldetail","external_links_name":"InterContinental Kaohsiung Website"},{"Link":"https://travel.ettoday.net/article/2128336.htm","external_links_name":"\"(Chinese)全台唯一！高雄洲際酒店11／21正式開幕 日航酒店明年進駐\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220213/https://travel.ettoday.net/article/2128336.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20211121001816-260410?chdtv","external_links_name":"\"(Chinese)遠雄雙喜臨門 高雄洲際酒店今開幕 THE ONE銷售近7成\""},{"Link":"https://ec.ltn.com.tw/article/breakingnews/3743695","external_links_name":"\"(Chinese)高雄洲際酒店開幕 陳其邁：投資高雄是一輩子不會後悔的選擇\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220213/https://ec.ltn.com.tw/article/breakingnews/3743695","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.cna.com.tw/news/aloc/202111210108.aspx","external_links_name":"\"(Chinese)高雄洲際酒店開幕 253間智慧型奢華房吸客\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220213/https://www.cna.com.tw/news/aloc/202111210108.aspx","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://udn.com/news/story/7266/5907955","external_links_name":"\"(Chinese)高雄洲際酒店新開幕 假日訂房逾9成\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211122043628/https://udn.com/news/story/7266/5907955","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.ihg.com/intercontinental/hotels/us/en/kaohsiung-city/khhkt/hoteldetail","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=InterContinental_Kaohsiung&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LAM_-_Linhas_A%C3%A9reas_de_Mo%C3%A7ambique | LAM Mozambique Airlines | ["1 History","1.1 Early years","1.2 Renaming","1.3 EU ban","2 Corporate affairs","2.1 Ownership and subsidiaries","2.2 Business trends","2.3 Key people","3 Destinations","3.1 Codeshare agreements","4 Fleet","4.1 Current fleet","4.2 Fleet development","4.3 Historical fleet","5 Accidents and incidents","6 See also","7 Notes","8 References","9 Bibliography","10 External links"] | Flag carrier of Mozambique
"LAM Airlines" redirects here. For the South American airline, formerly known as LAN Airlines, see LATAM Airlines.
LAM – Mozambique AirlinesLAM – Linhas Aéreas de Moçambique SARL
IATA
ICAO
Callsign
TM
LAM
MOZAMBIQUE
Founded26 August 1936; 87 years ago (1936-08-26) (as DETA - Direcção de Exploração de Transportes Aéreos)Commenced operations22 December 1937 (1937-12-22)HubsMaputo International AirportFocus citiesBeira AirportFrequent-flyer programFlamingo ClubSubsidiariesMoçambique Expresso (100%)Fleet size4Destinations12Parent companyGovernment of MozambiqueHeadquartersMaputo, MozambiqueKey peopleJoão Carlos Pó Jorge (General Director)Websitewww.lam.co.mz/en
LAM - Mozambique Airlines, S. A. (LAM - Linhas Aéreas de Moçambique, S. A.) or Linhas Aéreas de Moçambique, Ltd., operating as LAM Mozambique Airlines (Portuguese: LAM Linhas Aéreas de Moçambique), is the flag carrier of Mozambique. The airline was established by the Portuguese colonial government of Mozambique in August 1936 as a charter carrier named DETA - Direcção de Exploração de Transportes Aéreos, and was renamed in 1980 following reorganisation. LAM Mozambique Airlines is based in Maputo, and has its hub at Maputo International Airport. It operates scheduled services in Southern Africa. The company is a member of the International Air Transport Association, and of the African Airlines Association since 1976.
History
A France-registered McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30 wearing LAM Mozambique Airlines markings is seen here at Charles de Gaulle Airport in 1983.
A former LAM Mozambique Airlines Ilyushin Il-62M
LAM Mozambique Airlines Boeing 737-200 Advanced in 2009
Early years
The airline was established on 26 August 1936 as DETA – Direcção de Exploração de Transportes Aéreos, as a division of the Department of Railways, Harbours and Airways of the Portuguese colonial government of Mozambique. Charter flights were operated for a short period of time; a regular airmail service commenced on 22 December 1937 using a Dragonfly, a Hornet and two Rapides. Shortly afterwards, these services started carrying passengers, most of them government officials. Flown with Rapides, the Lourenço Marques–Germinston route was one of the company’s mainstays in the early years; it was operated on a twice-weekly basis, and connected with Imperial Airways services to London. In April 1938, the eight-hour-long domestic Lourenço Marques–Inhambane–Beira–Quelimane coastal route was opened. DETA passengers that were flown along the Mozambican coast could also connect with Imperial services at Lourenço Marques. At that time, Imperial Airways ran a service between Cape Town and Cairo that called at Lourenço Marques. Early in 1938, DETA had signed a contract with Imperial for the provision of such feeder services. During the spring, another Hornet was incorporated into the fleet. Also in 1938, the airline acquired three Junkers Ju 52s and two more Rapides. The coastal service was extended farther north in October, reaching Port Amelia. At April 1939, one Drangonfly, one Hornet, three Junkers Ju 52s and six Rapides were part of the fleet. Most of the operations came to a halt following the outbreak of World War II.
A Beira–Salisbury route was launched in February 1947, with scheduled services to Durban and Madagascar also starting by the end of that year. By March 1952 the carrier was operating a 2,000-mile (3,200 km) long route network that included domestic services as well as international ones to Durban, Johannesburg and Salisbury, served with a fleet of six Doves, five Rapides, three Douglas DC-3s, two Lockheed Lodestars, a Lockheed L-14 and a Junkers Ju 52. A new Moçambique–Nampula–Vila Cabral run that called at three more intermediate stops was opened in 1954. The last leg of this service was temporarily suspended when Vila Cabral was excluded from the airline's list of destinations, but flights to the city were later reinstated after Vila Cabral got linked with Beira via Vila Pery, Tete and Vila Coutinho. At March 1955, the carrier's fleet included three DC-3s, six Doves, one Dragon Fly, four Dragon Rapides, two Junkers Ju 52/3s, one Lockheed 14H, two Lodestars and two Horner Moths.
The airline was one of the last worldwide to operate the Junkers Ju 52s on scheduled services. Two of these aircraft were still in its fleet in April 1960, along with three DC-3s, four Doves, three Lodestars and four Rapides that operated a domestic network plus international services to Durban, Johannesburg and Salisbury. DETA started a fleet modernisation in the early 1960s, when three Fokker F27-200s ordered in June 1961, making the airline the 64th customer for the type, had already been handed over to the company by August 1962; the first of them was named "Lourenço Marques" after the capital city of Portuguese East Africa. DETA and Air Malawi inaugurated the Beira–Blantyre service in 1964; it was operated in a pool agreement between the two carriers. In 1965, Nova Freizo was added to the route network; in November that year, a service linking Beira with Lourenço Marques was launched. In March 1966, DETA and Swazi Air commenced flying the Lourenço Marques–Manzini run on a joint basis. Two Boeing 737-200s were ordered in 1968 both to complement the three F27s, six DC-3s, one Dove, and one Beaver already in the fleet, and to support the company's regional expansion, that had grown up to five destinations regionally served with the addition of Blantyre and Manzini to the network. The first of these machines entered the fleet in 1969. The airline would order two more Boeing 737-200s in the forthcoming years, taking possession of the fourth one in 1973.
Mozambique gained its independence from Portugal in 1975. Intercontinental services started in 1976 serving the Lourenço Marques–Beira–Accra–Lisbon route, at first with a Boeing 707-320, and then with a Boeing 707-320C leased from Tempair International Airlines. In 1979, a Douglas DC-8 was ordered.
Renaming
DETA was Mozambique's flag carrier until 1980. Following allegations of corruption, the airline was restructured and renamed LAM – Linhas Aéreas de Moçambique early that year. Four more Boeing 737-200s were ordered in 1981. The Douglas DC-8-62 that had been ordered at the end of the DETA era arrived in 1982. In 1983, a Douglas DC-10-30 was ordered. Also in 1983, a Maputo–Manzini–Maseru service that was flown using Fokker F27 aircraft was launched in cooperation with Lesotho Airways. The DC-10-30 joined the fleet in 1984, and new services to East Berlin, Copenhagen and Paris were started. At March 1985, the carrier had 1,927 employees. At this time, the DC-10-30 and three Boeing 737-200s (including a convertible one) worked on a route network radiating from Maputo that served Beira, Berlin-Schonefeld, Dar-es-Salaam, Harare, Johannesburg, Lisbon, Lusaka, Manzini, Maseru, Nampula, Paris, Pemba, Sofia and Quelimane. TACV Cabo Verde Airlines leased the DC-10 in the weekends during 1985.
The first Boeing 737-300 entered the fleet in 1991. By April that year, employment was 1,948, and the fleet consisted of two Boeing 737-200s (including a convertible one), one Boeing 767-200ER (plus another one on order) and four CASA 212-200s. The company had returned the 737-300 to the lessor in 1995 because of its inability to afford the leasing costs of the aircraft, and a Boeing 767-200ER would follow the same fate late that year. An ex-Royal Swazi Fokker 100 was leased in October 1996. On 23 December 1998, LAM became a limited company and rebranded as LAM – Mozambique Airlines.
EU ban
Like all airlines with an AOC issued in Mozambique, the carrier is banned from operating into the European Union. The ban dates back to April 2011. At that time, the company claimed the Mozambican Civil Aviation Institute was responsible for the actions taken by the European Commission against all Mozambican carriers, and argued that it was an airline with an excellent safety record. Prior to EuroAtlantic Airways launching Boeing 767-300ER operations to Lisbon on LAM's behalf in April 2011, the Lisbon–Maputo–Lisbon run was operated by TAP Portugal as a codeshare with LAM. The Maputo–Lisbon–Maputo route, originally launched in November 2011, was discontinued from late November that year, ahead of the constitution of a new autonomous division aimed at operating intercontinental routes. As of June 2013, Lisbon was served with Airbus A340 aircraft. As of December 2014, the list of airlines banned in the EU still included LAM.
In May 2017, the European Commission removed all airlines certified in Mozambique from their list of banned airlines after an audit confirmed that aviation safety had improved in the country.
Corporate affairs
Ownership and subsidiaries
As of August 2014, the state holds 91% of the shares and the employees hold the balance. The company Moçambique Expresso, set up in September 1995, is 100% owned by LAM.
Business trends
The airline has been loss-making for many years. Full annual reports do not appear to have been published, although financial results are now being released. Otherwise, the main sources for trends are industry and press reports, as shown below (as at year ending 31 December):
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
Turnover (MZMm)
5,271
5,382
6,195
4,465
Profit before tax (MZMm)
loss
loss
loss
loss
loss
-2,212
-3,061
-3,631
-6,028
Number of employees
715
909
695
865
831
831
Number of passengers (000s)
612
684
788
640
539
589
Passenger load factor (%)
70
73
66.4
73
70
Number of aircraft (at year end)
7
9
6
6
5
2
Notes/sources
^ 2020: Activities and income in 2020 were severely reduced by the impact of the coronavirus pandemic
Key people
João Carlos Pó Jorge was appointed General Director of the company on 24 July 2018.
Destinations
Main article: List of LAM Mozambique Airlines destinations
As of February 2021, LAM Mozambique Airlines serves nine domestic and three international African routes mainly from its home base at Maputo International Airport.
Codeshare agreements
LAM Mozambique Airlines has codeshare agreements with the following airlines:
Ethiopian Airlines
fastjet
Kenya Airways
South African Airways
TAAG Angola Airlines
TAP Air Portugal
Fleet
LAM Mozambique Airlines Embraer 190
Current fleet
The LAM – Mozambique Airlines fleet consists of the following aircraft (as of July 2023):
LAM – Mozambique Airlines fleet
Aircraft
In fleet
Orders
Passengers
Notes
C
W
Y
Total
Boeing 737-700
2
1
12
—
120
132
Bombardier Dash 8 Q400
2
—
—
—
72
72
Operated by Moçambique Expresso
Boeing 777-200ER
0
1
30
24
239
304
Leased from EuroAtlantic Airways
Total
4
2
Fleet development
The newest aircraft in LAM's fleet is the Embraer 190, the first of which the airline took possession of in August 2009. The carrier received the second aircraft of the type a month later. LAM Mozambique Airlines took delivery of a Boeing 737-500 on lease from GECAS in November 2012. Three Embraer 190s were in operation until November 2013, when one of them crashed in Namibia. In early December, a Boeing 737 was leased to fill the capacity shortage created by the crashed airframe. An order, that had been signed in November 2013, for three Boeing 737-700s valued at US$228 million, was announced in February 2014.
Historical fleet
The airline previously operated the following aircraft:
Antonov An-26
Beech King Air 200
Boeing 707-320
Boeing 707-320C
Boeing 707-420
Boeing 737-100
Boeing 737-200
Boeing 737-200C
Boeing 737-300
Boeing 737-500
Boeing 747SP
Boeing 767-200ER
Boeing 767-300ER
Casa C-212-200 Aviocar
Douglas C-47A
Douglas C-47B
Douglas C-53
Embraer 190
Fairchild Dornier Metro III
Fokker 100
Fokker F27-200
Fokker F27-600
Ilyushin Il-62MK
Jetstream 41
Indonesian Aerospace 212-200
Lockheed L-1011-500
Lockheed L-188AF
McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30
Partenavia P.68
Raytheon Beechcraft 1900C
Accidents and incidents
As of 29 November 2013, Aviation Safety Network records seven hull-loss events for the airline. Three of these events occurred in the DETA era, while the other four correspond to LAM. As of November 2013 there has been one fatal accident for LAM proper. Following is a list of these events.
Date
Location
Aircraft
Tail number
Aircraft damage
Fatalities
Description
Refs
23 February 1944
Quelimane
Lockheed L-14
CR-AAV
W/O
13/13
Crashed on takeoff at Quelimane Airport.
12 February 1950
Lagoa Páti
Ju 52
CR-AAJ
W/O
0/15
Force landing.
27 March 1970
Lourenço Marques
F27-200
CR-AIB
W/O
3/3
Crashed on a training flight at Lourenço Marques Airport.
27 March 1983
Quelimane
Boeing 737-200
C9-BAB
W/O
0/110
Undercarriage failure after landing some 400 metres (1,300 ft) short of the runway at Quelimane Airport.
9 February 1989
Lichinga
Boeing 737-200
C9-BAD
W/O
0/108
Overran the runway on landing at Lichinga Airport.
5 October 1998
Off Maputo
Boeing 747SP
ZS-SPF
W/O
0/66
Emergency landing, following an engine failure at 5,000 feet (1,500 m) that led to a fire. The aircraft, leased from South African Airways, was due to operate the Maputo–Lisbon route.
29 November 2013
Bwabwata National Park
Embraer 190
C9-EMC
W/O
33/33
Preliminary evidence indicates the aircraft was deliberately crashed by the pilot.
See also
Airlines of Africa
Transport in Mozambique
Notes
^ The name of the city served was actually Nova Freixo, as shown in a 1968 timetable.
^ All airlines from Mozambique have been included in the last five lists of airlines banned in the EU released in April and December 2012, July and December 2013, and April 2014.
^ According to latest timetable available. The fleet composition includes no A340s for LAM Mozambique Airlines.
References
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^
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Bibliography
Guttery, Ben R. (1998). Encyclopedia of African Airlines. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company. ISBN 0-7864-0495-7.
External links
Media related to Linhas Aéreas de Moçambique at Wikimedia Commons
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United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America"},{"link_name":"LATAM Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LATAM_Airlines"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Legal_Notice-2"},{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_language"},{"link_name":"flag carrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_carrier"},{"link_name":"Mozambique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambique"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Boeing,_LAM_-_Linhas_Aereas_de_Mocambique_Announce_Next-Generation_737_Order-3"},{"link_name":"Portuguese colonial government of Mozambique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambique_(Portugal)"},{"link_name":"carrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_carrier"},{"link_name":"Maputo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maputo"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Company_History-4"},{"link_name":"hub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airline_hub"},{"link_name":"Maputo International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maputo_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LAM_strengthens_client_support_at_Maputo_International_Airport-5"},{"link_name":"Southern Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Africa"},{"link_name":"International Air Transport Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Air_Transport_Association"},{"link_name":"African Airlines Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Airlines_Association"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"\"LAM Airlines\" redirects here. For the South American airline, formerly known as LAN Airlines, see LATAM Airlines.LAM - Mozambique Airlines, S. A. (LAM - Linhas Aéreas de Moçambique, S. A.) or Linhas Aéreas de Moçambique, Ltd.,[2] operating as LAM Mozambique Airlines (Portuguese: LAM Linhas Aéreas de Moçambique), is the flag carrier of Mozambique.[3] The airline was established by the Portuguese colonial government of Mozambique in August 1936 as a charter carrier named DETA - Direcção de Exploração de Transportes Aéreos, and was renamed in 1980 following reorganisation. LAM Mozambique Airlines is based in Maputo,[4] and has its hub at Maputo International Airport.[5] It operates scheduled services in Southern Africa. The company is a member of the International Air Transport Association, and of the African Airlines Association since 1976.[6][7]","title":"LAM Mozambique Airlines"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LAM_Linhas_Aereas_de_Mocambique_DC-10-30_F-GDJK_CDG_1983-04-03.png"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"registered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_registration"},{"link_name":"McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_DC-10-30"},{"link_name":"Charles de Gaulle Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle_Airport"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LAM_-_Linhas_Aereas_de_Mocambique_Ilyushin_Il-62M_(C9-BAE_3344724)_(9431953741).jpg"},{"link_name":"Ilyushin Il-62M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-62M"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:C9-BAK_B737-200_LAM_(4319665184).jpg"},{"link_name":"Boeing 737-200 Advanced","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_737-200_Advanced"}],"text":"A France-registered McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30 wearing LAM Mozambique Airlines markings is seen here at Charles de Gaulle Airport in 1983.A former LAM Mozambique Airlines Ilyushin Il-62MLAM Mozambique Airlines Boeing 737-200 Advanced in 2009","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Portuguese colonial government of Mozambique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambique_(Portugal)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FI1980-309-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuttery1998129-9"},{"link_name":"Dragonfly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Havilland_Dragonfly"},{"link_name":"Hornet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Havilland_Hornet_Moth"},{"link_name":"Rapides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Havilland_Dragon_Rapide"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FI2000-91-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuttery1998130-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Flight1939-398-12"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuttery1998130-11"},{"link_name":"Lourenço Marques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maputo"},{"link_name":"Germinston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg"},{"link_name":"Imperial Airways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Airways"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Flight1938-477-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Flight1938-162-14"},{"link_name":"Inhambane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhambane"},{"link_name":"Beira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beira,_Mozambique"},{"link_name":"Quelimane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quelimane"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Flight1938-477-13"},{"link_name":"Cape Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Town"},{"link_name":"Cairo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuttery1998130-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuttery1998130-11"},{"link_name":"Junkers Ju 52s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junkers_Ju_52"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Flight1939-398-12"},{"link_name":"Port Amelia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Amelia"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuttery1998130-11"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Flight1939-429-15"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuttery1998130-11"},{"link_name":"Salisbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harare"},{"link_name":"Durban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durban"},{"link_name":"Madagascar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuttery1998130-11"},{"link_name":"carrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_carrier"},{"link_name":"Johannesburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg"},{"link_name":"Doves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Havilland_Dove"},{"link_name":"Douglas DC-3s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_DC-3"},{"link_name":"Lockheed Lodestars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_Lodestar"},{"link_name":"Lockheed L-14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_L-14"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Moçambique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%C3%A7ambique_(city)"},{"link_name":"Nampula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nampula"},{"link_name":"Vila Cabral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vila_Cabral"},{"link_name":"Vila Pery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vila_Pery"},{"link_name":"Tete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tete,_Mozambique"},{"link_name":"Vila Coutinho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulongu%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuttery1998130-11"},{"link_name":"DC-3s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC-3"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Flight1955-306-17"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuttery1998130-11"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Flight1960-498-18"},{"link_name":"Fokker F27-200s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fokker_F27_Friendship"},{"link_name":"Portuguese East Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_East_Africa"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FI1962-152-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Flight1961-910-20"},{"link_name":"Air Malawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Malawi"},{"link_name":"Blantyre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blantyre"},{"link_name":"Nova Freizo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuamba"},{"link_name":"[nb 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Swazi Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swazi_Air&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Manzini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manzini,_Swaziland"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuttery1998130-11"},{"link_name":"Boeing 737-200s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_737-200"},{"link_name":"Beaver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Havilland_Canada_DHC-2_Beaver"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FI1968-520-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FI1968-532-24"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuttery1998130-11"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FI1974-232-25"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuttery1998130-11"},{"link_name":"Accra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accra"},{"link_name":"Lisbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbon"},{"link_name":"Boeing 707-320","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_707-320"},{"link_name":"Boeing 707-320C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_707-320C"},{"link_name":"Tempair International Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempair_International_Airlines"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FI1976-485/488-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Douglas DC-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_DC-8"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuttery1998130-11"}],"sub_title":"Early years","text":"The airline was established on 26 August 1936 as DETA – Direcção de Exploração de Transportes Aéreos, as a division of the Department of Railways, Harbours and Airways of the Portuguese colonial government of Mozambique.[8] Charter flights were operated for a short period of time;[9] a regular airmail service commenced on 22 December 1937 using a Dragonfly, a Hornet and two Rapides.[10][11][12] Shortly afterwards, these services started carrying passengers, most of them government officials.[11] Flown with Rapides, the Lourenço Marques–Germinston route was one of the company’s mainstays in the early years; it was operated on a twice-weekly basis, and connected with Imperial Airways services to London.[13][14] In April 1938, the eight-hour-long domestic Lourenço Marques–Inhambane–Beira–Quelimane coastal route was opened.[13] DETA passengers that were flown along the Mozambican coast could also connect with Imperial services at Lourenço Marques. At that time, Imperial Airways ran a service between Cape Town and Cairo that called at Lourenço Marques. Early in 1938, DETA had signed a contract with Imperial for the provision of such feeder services.[11] During the spring, another Hornet was incorporated into the fleet.[11] Also in 1938, the airline acquired three Junkers Ju 52s and two more Rapides.[12] The coastal service was extended farther north in October, reaching Port Amelia.[11] At April 1939, one Drangonfly, one Hornet, three Junkers Ju 52s and six Rapides were part of the fleet.[15] Most of the operations came to a halt following the outbreak of World War II.[11]A Beira–Salisbury route was launched in February 1947, with scheduled services to Durban and Madagascar also starting by the end of that year.[11] By March 1952 the carrier was operating a 2,000-mile (3,200 km) long route network that included domestic services as well as international ones to Durban, Johannesburg and Salisbury, served with a fleet of six Doves, five Rapides, three Douglas DC-3s, two Lockheed Lodestars, a Lockheed L-14 and a Junkers Ju 52.[16] A new Moçambique–Nampula–Vila Cabral run that called at three more intermediate stops was opened in 1954. The last leg of this service was temporarily suspended when Vila Cabral was excluded from the airline's list of destinations, but flights to the city were later reinstated after Vila Cabral got linked with Beira via Vila Pery, Tete and Vila Coutinho.[11] At March 1955, the carrier's fleet included three DC-3s, six Doves, one Dragon Fly, four Dragon Rapides, two Junkers Ju 52/3s, one Lockheed 14H, two Lodestars and two Horner Moths.[17]The airline was one of the last worldwide to operate the Junkers Ju 52s on scheduled services.[11] Two of these aircraft were still in its fleet in April 1960, along with three DC-3s, four Doves, three Lodestars and four Rapides that operated a domestic network plus international services to Durban, Johannesburg and Salisbury.[18] DETA started a fleet modernisation in the early 1960s, when three Fokker F27-200s ordered in June 1961, making the airline the 64th customer for the type, had already been handed over to the company by August 1962; the first of them was named \"Lourenço Marques\" after the capital city of Portuguese East Africa.[19][20] DETA and Air Malawi inaugurated the Beira–Blantyre service in 1964; it was operated in a pool agreement between the two carriers. In 1965, Nova Freizo[nb 1] was added to the route network; in November that year, a service linking Beira with Lourenço Marques was launched. In March 1966, DETA and Swazi Air commenced flying the Lourenço Marques–Manzini run on a joint basis.[11] Two Boeing 737-200s were ordered in 1968 both to complement the three F27s, six DC-3s, one Dove, and one Beaver already in the fleet, and to support the company's regional expansion, that had grown up to five destinations regionally served with the addition of Blantyre and Manzini to the network.[22][23] The first of these machines entered the fleet in 1969.[11] The airline would order two more Boeing 737-200s in the forthcoming years, taking possession of the fourth one in 1973.[24]Mozambique gained its independence from Portugal in 1975.[11] Intercontinental services started in 1976 serving the Lourenço Marques–Beira–Accra–Lisbon route, at first with a Boeing 707-320, and then with a Boeing 707-320C leased from Tempair International Airlines.[25][26][27] In 1979, a Douglas DC-8 was ordered.[11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"flag carrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_carrier"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuttery1998131-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FI1985-93-30"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FI2000-91-10"},{"link_name":"Douglas DC-8-62","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_DC-8-62"},{"link_name":"Douglas DC-10-30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_DC-10-30"},{"link_name":"Maseru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maseru"},{"link_name":"Fokker F27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fokker_F27_Friendship"},{"link_name":"Lesotho Airways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesotho_Airways"},{"link_name":"DC-10-30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC-10-30"},{"link_name":"East Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Berlin"},{"link_name":"Copenhagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuttery1998131-29"},{"link_name":"Berlin-Schonefeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin-Schonefeld"},{"link_name":"Dar-es-Salaam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dar-es-Salaam"},{"link_name":"Harare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harare"},{"link_name":"Lusaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lusaka"},{"link_name":"Maseru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maseru"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Sofia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofia_Region"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FI1985-93-30"},{"link_name":"TACV Cabo Verde Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TACV_Cabo_Verde_Airlines"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuttery1998131%E2%80%93132-31"},{"link_name":"Boeing 737-300","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_737-300"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuttery1998132-32"},{"link_name":"Boeing 767-200ER","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_767-200ER"},{"link_name":"CASA 212-200s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CASA_212-200"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FI1995-67-33"},{"link_name":"Royal Swazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Swazi_National_Airways"},{"link_name":"Fokker 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fokker_100"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuttery1998132-32"},{"link_name":"limited company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited_company"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Company_History-4"}],"sub_title":"Renaming","text":"DETA was Mozambique's flag carrier until 1980.[28] Following allegations of corruption,[29] the airline was restructured and renamed LAM – Linhas Aéreas de Moçambique early that year.[10] Four more Boeing 737-200s were ordered in 1981. The Douglas DC-8-62 that had been ordered at the end of the DETA era arrived in 1982. In 1983, a Douglas DC-10-30 was ordered. Also in 1983, a Maputo–Manzini–Maseru service that was flown using Fokker F27 aircraft was launched in cooperation with Lesotho Airways. The DC-10-30 joined the fleet in 1984, and new services to East Berlin, Copenhagen and Paris were started.[28] At March 1985, the carrier had 1,927 employees. At this time, the DC-10-30 and three Boeing 737-200s (including a convertible one) worked on a route network radiating from Maputo that served Beira, Berlin-Schonefeld, Dar-es-Salaam, Harare, Johannesburg, Lisbon, Lusaka, Manzini, Maseru, Nampula, Paris, Pemba, Sofia and Quelimane.[29] TACV Cabo Verde Airlines leased the DC-10 in the weekends during 1985.[30]The first Boeing 737-300 entered the fleet in 1991.[31] By April that year, employment was 1,948, and the fleet consisted of two Boeing 737-200s (including a convertible one), one Boeing 767-200ER (plus another one on order) and four CASA 212-200s.[32] The company had returned the 737-300 to the lessor in 1995 because of its inability to afford the leasing costs of the aircraft, and a Boeing 767-200ER would follow the same fate late that year. An ex-Royal Swazi Fokker 100 was leased in October 1996.[31] On 23 December 1998, LAM became a limited company and rebranded as LAM – Mozambique Airlines. [4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AOC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_operator%27s_certificate"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mozambique_is_latest_state_to_face_EU_blacklist_ban-34"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EC_bans_Mozambique_airlines_from_European_airspace-35"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mozambique_airlines_banned_from_European_airports-36"},{"link_name":"[nb 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Mozambican Civil Aviation Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_Aviation_Institute"},{"link_name":"European Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commission"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mozambique:_IACM_Wants_'Further_Information'_On_EU_Ban-43"},{"link_name":"EuroAtlantic Airways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EuroAtlantic_Airways"},{"link_name":"Boeing 767-300ER","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_767-300ER"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-African_airlines_say_they_are_'being_progressively_destroyed'_by_EU_blacklist-44"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EC_bans_Mozambican_airlines_on_safety_grounds-45"},{"link_name":"TAP Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TAP_Portugal"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mozambique:_LAM_Resumes_Flights_to_Lisbon-46"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mozambique:_LAM_Plans_Flights_to_Lisbon_As_From_April-47"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mozambique:_LAM_Halts_Flights_to_Lisbon-48"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LAM_Mozambique_Airlines&action=edit"},{"link_name":"Airbus A340","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus_A340"},{"link_name":"[nb 3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LAM_Mozambique_Airlines&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IP-14-2580-52"},{"link_name":"list of banned airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_air_carriers_banned_in_the_European_Union"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"}],"sub_title":"EU ban","text":"Like all airlines with an AOC issued in Mozambique, the carrier is banned from operating into the European Union. The ban dates back to April 2011.[33][34][35][nb 2] At that time, the company claimed the Mozambican Civil Aviation Institute was responsible for the actions taken by the European Commission against all Mozambican carriers, and argued that it was an airline with an excellent safety record.[41] Prior to EuroAtlantic Airways launching Boeing 767-300ER operations to Lisbon on LAM's behalf in April 2011,[42][43] the Lisbon–Maputo–Lisbon run was operated by TAP Portugal as a codeshare with LAM.[44][45] The Maputo–Lisbon–Maputo route, originally launched in November 2011, was discontinued from late November that year, ahead of the constitution of a new autonomous division aimed at operating intercontinental routes.[46] As of June 2013[update], Lisbon was served with Airbus A340 aircraft.[nb 3] As of December 2014[update], the list of airlines banned in the EU still included LAM.[49]\nIn May 2017, the European Commission removed all airlines certified in Mozambique from their list of banned airlines after an audit confirmed that aviation safety had improved in the country.[50]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Corporate affairs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LAM_Mozambique_Airlines&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Company_History-4"},{"link_name":"Moçambique Expresso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%C3%A7ambique_Expresso"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mo%C3%A7ambique_Expresso_airline_receives_Embraer_145_airplane-54"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MEX_%E2%80%93_Receives_a_Jet,_Embraer_145-55"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"}],"sub_title":"Ownership and subsidiaries","text":"As of August 2014[update], the state holds 91% of the shares and the employees hold the balance.[4] The company Moçambique Expresso, set up in September 1995,[51] is 100% owned by LAM.[52][53]","title":"Corporate affairs"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Business trends","text":"The airline has been loss-making for many years. Full annual reports do not appear to have been published, although financial results are now being released. Otherwise, the main sources for trends are industry and press reports, as shown below (as at year ending 31 December):","title":"Corporate affairs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"}],"sub_title":"Key people","text":"João Carlos Pó Jorge was appointed General Director of the company on 24 July 2018.[67]","title":"Corporate affairs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LAM_Mozambique_Airlines&action=edit"},{"link_name":"Maputo International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maputo_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-destinations-72"}],"text":"As of February 2021[update], LAM Mozambique Airlines serves nine domestic and three international African routes mainly from its home base at Maputo International Airport.[68]","title":"Destinations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"codeshare agreements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codeshare_agreement"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CAPA_LAM_profile-73"},{"link_name":"Ethiopian Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Airlines"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"fastjet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fastjet"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"Kenya Airways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya_Airways"},{"link_name":"South African Airways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Airways"},{"link_name":"TAAG Angola Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TAAG_Angola_Airlines"},{"link_name":"TAP Air Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TAP_Air_Portugal"}],"sub_title":"Codeshare agreements","text":"LAM Mozambique Airlines has codeshare agreements with the following airlines:[69]Ethiopian Airlines[70]\nfastjet[71]\nKenya Airways\nSouth African Airways\nTAAG Angola Airlines\nTAP Air Portugal","title":"Destinations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LAM_Mozambique_Embraer_190_C9-EMC.jpg"},{"link_name":"Embraer 190","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embraer_190"}],"text":"LAM Mozambique Airlines Embraer 190","title":"Fleet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LAM_Mozambique_Airlines&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"}],"sub_title":"Current fleet","text":"The LAM – Mozambique Airlines fleet consists of the following aircraft (as of July 2023[update]):[72]","title":"Fleet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Embraer 190","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embraer_190"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mozambique's_LAM_takes_first_Embraer_190-81"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mozambican_airline_LAM_takes_delivery_of_second_Embraer_190_aircraft-82"},{"link_name":"Boeing 737-500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_737-500"},{"link_name":"GECAS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GECAS"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GECAS_leases_737-500_to_LAM_Mozambique-83"},{"link_name":"Namibia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia"},{"link_name":"Boeing 737","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_737"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LAM_leases_737_temporarily_after_E-190_crash-84"},{"link_name":"Boeing 737-700s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_737-700"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Boeing,_LAM_-_Linhas_Aereas_de_Mocambique_Announce_Next-Generation_737_Order-3"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LAM_Mozambique_orders_three_Boeing_737-700s-85"}],"sub_title":"Fleet development","text":"The newest aircraft in LAM's fleet is the Embraer 190, the first of which the airline took possession of in August 2009.[77] The carrier received the second aircraft of the type a month later.[78] LAM Mozambique Airlines took delivery of a Boeing 737-500 on lease from GECAS in November 2012.[79] Three Embraer 190s were in operation until November 2013, when one of them crashed in Namibia. In early December, a Boeing 737 was leased to fill the capacity shortage created by the crashed airframe.[80] An order, that had been signed in November 2013, for three Boeing 737-700s valued at US$228 million, was announced in February 2014.[3][81]","title":"Fleet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ATDB-86"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ch-aviation_GmbH-50"},{"link_name":"Antonov An-26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonov_An-26"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FI2000-91-10"},{"link_name":"Beech King Air 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beech_King_Air"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FI1993-87"},{"link_name":"Boeing 707-320","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_707-320"},{"link_name":"Boeing 707-320C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_707-320C"},{"link_name":"Boeing 707-420","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_707-420"},{"link_name":"Boeing 737-100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_737-100"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FI1993-87"},{"link_name":"Boeing 737-200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_737-200"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FI2002-88"},{"link_name":"Boeing 737-200C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin_Mouse"},{"link_name":"Boeing 737-300","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_737-300"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuttery1998132-32"},{"link_name":"Boeing 737-500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_737-500"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-78"},{"link_name":"Boeing 747SP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_747SP"},{"link_name":"Boeing 767-200ER","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_767-200ER"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FI1995-67-33"},{"link_name":"Boeing 767-300ER","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_767-300ER"},{"link_name":"Casa C-212-200 Aviocar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CASA_C-212_Aviocar#Series_200"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FI2000-91-10"},{"link_name":"Douglas C-47A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_C-47A"},{"link_name":"Douglas C-47B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_C-47B"},{"link_name":"Douglas C-53","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_C-53"},{"link_name":"Embraer 190","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embraer_190"},{"link_name":"Fairchild Dornier Metro III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairchild_Dornier_Metro_III"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FI2002-88"},{"link_name":"Fokker 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fokker_100"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuttery1998132-32"},{"link_name":"Fokker F27-200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fokker_F27-200"},{"link_name":"Fokker F27-600","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fokker_F27-600"},{"link_name":"Ilyushin Il-62","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-62"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FI1990-90"},{"link_name":"Jetstream 41","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jetstream_41"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Other_News_-_12/16/2008-91"},{"link_name":"Indonesian Aerospace 212-200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CASA_C-212_Aviocar#Series_200"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FI2002-88"},{"link_name":"Lockheed L-1011-500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-1011-500"},{"link_name":"Lockheed L-188AF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_L-188_Electra#Variants"},{"link_name":"McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_DC-10-30"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FI1990-90"},{"link_name":"Partenavia P.68","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partenavia_P.68"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FI1993-87"},{"link_name":"Raytheon Beechcraft 1900C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raytheon_BeechCraft_1900C_Airliner"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FI2002-88"}],"sub_title":"Historical fleet","text":"The airline previously operated the following aircraft:[82][48]Antonov An-26[10]\nBeech King Air 200[83]\nBoeing 707-320\nBoeing 707-320C\nBoeing 707-420\nBoeing 737-100[83]\nBoeing 737-200[84]\nBoeing 737-200C\nBoeing 737-300[31]\nBoeing 737-500[85][74]\nBoeing 747SP\nBoeing 767-200ER[32]\nBoeing 767-300ER\nCasa C-212-200 Aviocar[10]\nDouglas C-47A\nDouglas C-47B\nDouglas C-53\nEmbraer 190\nFairchild Dornier Metro III[84]\nFokker 100[31]\nFokker F27-200\nFokker F27-600\nIlyushin Il-62MK[86]\nJetstream 41[87]\nIndonesian Aerospace 212-200[84]\nLockheed L-1011-500\nLockheed L-188AF\nMcDonnell Douglas DC-10-30[86]\nPartenavia P.68[83]\nRaytheon Beechcraft 1900C[84]","title":"Fleet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LAM_Mozambique_Airlines&action=edit"},{"link_name":"Aviation Safety Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation_Safety_Network"},{"link_name":"hull-loss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hull-loss"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"}],"text":"As of 29 November 2013[update], Aviation Safety Network records seven hull-loss events for the airline. Three of these events occurred in the DETA era, while the other four correspond to LAM. As of November 2013 there has been one fatal accident for LAM proper.[88][89] Following is a list of these events.","title":"Accidents and incidents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tm68-04.jpg-21"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-42"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IP-13-1201-40"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IP-14-415-41"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-51"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Timetable-49"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ch-aviation_GmbH-50"}],"text":"^ The name of the city served was actually Nova Freixo, as shown in a 1968 timetable.[21]\n\n^ All airlines from Mozambique have been included in the last five lists of airlines banned in the EU released in April[36] and December 2012,[37] July[38] and December 2013,[39] and April 2014.[40]\n\n^ According to latest timetable available.[47] The fleet composition includes no A340s for LAM Mozambique Airlines.[48]","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7864-0495-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-0495-7"}],"text":"Guttery, Ben R. (1998). Encyclopedia of African Airlines. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company. ISBN 0-7864-0495-7.","title":"Bibliography"}] | [{"image_text":"A France-registered McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30 wearing LAM Mozambique Airlines markings is seen here at Charles de Gaulle Airport in 1983.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/LAM_Linhas_Aereas_de_Mocambique_DC-10-30_F-GDJK_CDG_1983-04-03.png/220px-LAM_Linhas_Aereas_de_Mocambique_DC-10-30_F-GDJK_CDG_1983-04-03.png"},{"image_text":"A former LAM Mozambique Airlines Ilyushin Il-62M","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/LAM_-_Linhas_Aereas_de_Mocambique_Ilyushin_Il-62M_%28C9-BAE_3344724%29_%289431953741%29.jpg/220px-LAM_-_Linhas_Aereas_de_Mocambique_Ilyushin_Il-62M_%28C9-BAE_3344724%29_%289431953741%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"LAM Mozambique Airlines Boeing 737-200 Advanced in 2009","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/C9-BAK_B737-200_LAM_%284319665184%29.jpg/220px-C9-BAK_B737-200_LAM_%284319665184%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"LAM Mozambique Airlines Embraer 190","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/LAM_Mozambique_Embraer_190_C9-EMC.jpg/220px-LAM_Mozambique_Embraer_190_C9-EMC.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Airlines of Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airlines_of_Africa"},{"title":"Transport in Mozambique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_Mozambique"}] | [{"reference":"\"Flamingo Club\". LAM Mozambique Airlines. Retrieved 15 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://lam.frequentflyer.aero/index.php?lang=EN","url_text":"\"Flamingo Club\""}]},{"reference":"\"Legal Notice\". LAM Mozambique Airlines. Archived from the original on 21 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130321092602/http://lam.co.mz/en/Legal-Notice","url_text":"\"Legal Notice\""},{"url":"http://www.lam.co.mz/en/Legal-Notice","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Boeing, LAM - Linhas Aereas de Mocambique Announce Next-Generation 737 Order\" (Press release). Boeing. 5 February 2014. Archived from the original on 24 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140524142656/http://boeing.mediaroom.com/index.php?s=20295&item=128966","url_text":"\"Boeing, LAM - Linhas Aereas de Mocambique Announce Next-Generation 737 Order\""},{"url":"http://boeing.mediaroom.com/index.php?s=20295&item=128966#assets_117","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Company History\". LAM Mozambique Airlines. Archived from the original on 2 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140802221446/http://www.lam.co.mz/en/About-LAM/Company-History","url_text":"\"Company History\""},{"url":"http://www.lam.co.mz/en/About-LAM/Company-History","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"LAM strengthens client support at Maputo International Airport\" (Press release). LAM Mozambique Airlines. 30 January 2012. Archived from the original on 17 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130817153014/http://www.lam.co.mz/en/Company/Pressroom/LAM-strengthens-client-support-at-Maputo-International-Airport","url_text":"\"LAM strengthens client support at Maputo International Airport\""},{"url":"http://www.lam.co.mz/en/Company/Pressroom/LAM-strengthens-client-support-at-Maputo-International-Airport","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Membership\". International Air Transport Association. Archived from the original on 13 December 2011. Retrieved 15 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111213015054/http://www.iata.org/membership/pages/airline_members_list.aspx","url_text":"\"Membership\""},{"url":"http://www.iata.org/membership/pages/airline_members_list.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"AFRAA Members\". AFRAA. Archived from the original on 25 April 2011. Retrieved 19 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110425203634/http://www.afraa.org/membership.htm","url_text":"\"AFRAA Members\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Airlines_Association","url_text":"AFRAA"},{"url":"http://www.afraa.org/membership.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"World airline directory – DETA Mozambique Airlines\". Flight International. 118 (3716): 309. 26 July 1980. ISSN 0015-3710. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160305083052/https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1980/1980%20-%201928.html","url_text":"\"World airline directory – DETA Mozambique Airlines\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_International","url_text":"Flight International"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0015-3710","url_text":"0015-3710"},{"url":"http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1980/1980%20-%201928.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"World Airline Directory – LAM - Linhas Aereas de Moçambique\". Flight International. 157 (4722): 91. 4–10 April 2000. ISSN 0015-3710. Archived from the original on 6 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131006230336/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2000/2000%20-%201095.html","url_text":"\"World Airline Directory – LAM - Linhas Aereas de Moçambique\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_International","url_text":"Flight International"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0015-3710","url_text":"0015-3710"},{"url":"http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2000/2000%20-%201095.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Commercial Aviation – Eighteen Rapides\". Flight. XXXV (1582): 398. 20 April 1939. Archived from the original on 11 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150611044238/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1939/1939%20-%201129.html","url_text":"\"Commercial Aviation – Eighteen Rapides\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_(magazine)","url_text":"Flight"},{"url":"http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1939/1939%20-%201129.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Commercial Aviation: World News – Portugal and Africa\". Flight. XXXIII (1533): 477. 12 May 1938. 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Airways\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_(magazine)","url_text":"Flight"},{"url":"http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1939/1939%20-%201264.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The World's Airlines – DETA (Divisao de Exploracao des Transportes Aereos)\" (PDF). Flight: 593. 16 May 1952. Retrieved 5 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1952/1952%20-%201371.html","url_text":"\"The World's Airlines – DETA (Divisao de Exploracao des Transportes Aereos)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_(magazine)","url_text":"Flight"}]},{"reference":"\"World airline directory – Divisao de Exploracao dos Transportes Aeros [sic]\". Flight. 67 (2407): 306. 11 March 1955. 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The first aircraft, named \"Lourenco Marques\" after the provincial capital, is seen on flight test over Zeeland","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121020120919/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1962/1962%20-%201330.html","url_text":"\"Air commerce...\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_(magazine)","url_text":"Flight"},{"url":"http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1962/1962%20-%201330.html","url_text":"the original"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeeland","url_text":"Zeeland"}]},{"reference":"\"Friendships for Portuguese East\". Flight. 79 (2729): 910. 29 June 1961. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160306203619/https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1961/1961%20-%200898.html","url_text":"\"Friendships for Portuguese East\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_(magazine)","url_text":"Flight"},{"url":"http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1961/1961%20-%200898.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"DETA summer timetable (Effectine November 1968 (1968-11))—L. Marques–Inhambane–Vilanculos–Beira–Quelimane–Tete–V. Coutinho–V. Cabral–N. Freixo–Nampula\". Airline Timetable Images. Archived from the original on 2 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20131102144916/http://www.timetableimages.com/ttimages/complete/tm68/tm68-04.jpg","url_text":"\"DETA summer timetable (Effectine November 1968 (1968-11))—L. Marques–Inhambane–Vilanculos–Beira–Quelimane–Tete–V. Coutinho–V. Cabral–N. Freixo–Nampula\""},{"url":"http://www.timetableimages.com/ttimages/complete/tm68/tm68-04.jpg","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"737s for DETA\". Flight International. 3108 (94): 520. 3 October 1968. Archived from the original on 20 October 2013. The Mozambique airline DETA has ordered two Boeing 737-200s for delivery late next year, bringing to 213 the number of 737s sold. DETA has three F.27s and six DC-3s in service for regional operations.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131020012454/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1968/1968%20-%202176.html","url_text":"\"737s for DETA\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_International","url_text":"Flight International"},{"url":"http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1968/1968%20-%202176.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"World airline survey – Direccao de Exploracao dos Transportes Aereos (DETA)\". Flight International. 93 (3083): 532. 11 April 1968. 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DETA ordered and took delivery of a fourth Boeing 737-200 last October.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131020012459/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1974/1974%20-%200260.html","url_text":"\"World airlines update\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_International","url_text":"Flight International"},{"url":"http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1974/1974%20-%200260.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"World airline directory – DETA Mozambique Airlines (Linhas Aereas de Mocambique)\" (PDF). Flight International: 923. 10 April 1976. Retrieved 7 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1976/1976%20-%200615.html","url_text":"\"World airline directory – DETA Mozambique Airlines (Linhas Aereas de Mocambique)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_International","url_text":"Flight International"}]},{"reference":"Belson, John (28 February 1976). \"Tempair International (page 485)\". Flight International: 485–488. Archived from the original on 6 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.webcitation.org/68DVXRMlS?url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1976/1976%20-%200341.html","url_text":"\"Tempair International (page 485)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_International","url_text":"Flight International"},{"url":"http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1976/1976%20-%200341.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Tempair International (page 486)\". Flight International. Archived from the original on 6 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.webcitation.org/68DVlwtX0?url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1976/1976%20-%200342.html","url_text":"\"Tempair International (page 486)\""},{"url":"http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1976/1976%20-%200342.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Tempair International (page 487)\". Flight International. 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Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.webcitation.org/6I1xdhnyn?url=http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-13-662_en.pdf","url_text":"\"Aviation safety: Commission updates the European safety list of banned airlines\""},{"url":"http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-13-662_en.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"List of airlines banned within the EU\" (PDF). European Commission. 3 December 2013. 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Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.webcitation.org/6Ok349nOn?url=http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-14-415_en.pdf","url_text":"\"Aviation: Commission updates the European safety list of banned airlines\""},{"url":"http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-14-415_en.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Mozambique: IACM Wants 'Further Information' On EU Ban\". AllAfrica.com. 20 April 2011. Archived from the original on 10 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130410122311/http://allafrica.com/stories/201104210294.html","url_text":"\"Mozambique: IACM Wants 'Further Information' On EU Ban\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllAfrica.com","url_text":"AllAfrica.com"},{"url":"http://allafrica.com/stories/201104210294.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Buyck, Cathy (2 May 2011). \"African airlines say they are 'being progressively destroyed' by EU blacklist\". Air Transport World. Archived from the original on 6 June 2012. Retrieved 14 May 2012. LAM said it will be able to continue offering Maputo-Lisbon service despite Mozambique's addition to the EU blacklist by wet-leasing a Boeing 767-300ER from Portuguese ACMI provider euroAtlantic.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120606152531/http://atwonline.com/international-aviation-regulation/news/african-airlines-say-they-are-being-progressively-destroyed-e","url_text":"\"African airlines say they are 'being progressively destroyed' by EU blacklist\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Transport_World","url_text":"Air Transport World"},{"url":"http://atwonline.com/international-aviation-regulation/news/african-airlines-say-they-are-being-progressively-destroyed-e","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"EC bans Mozambican airlines on safety grounds\". Maputo: Bloomberg Businessweek. Associated Press. 19 April 2011. Archived from the original on 2 November 2012. Retrieved 14 May 2012. Portugal's EuroAtlantic Airways provides the aircraft, crew and maintenance for twice weekly Mozambique Airlines Maputo-Lisbon flights.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121102055059/http://www.businessweek.com/ap/financialnews/D9MMTU2O0.htm","url_text":"\"EC bans Mozambican airlines on safety grounds\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_Businessweek","url_text":"Bloomberg Businessweek"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"Associated Press"},{"url":"http://www.businessweek.com/ap/financialnews/D9MMTU2O0.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Mozambique: LAM Resumes Flights to Lisbon\". AllAfrica.com. 1 April 2011. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samford_Bulldogs_men%27s_tennis | Samford Bulldogs | ["1 Teams","2 Facilities","3 Mascot and school colors","4 Rivalries","5 References","6 External links"] | Collegiate sports club in the United States
Athletic teams representing Samford University
Samford BulldogsUniversitySamford UniversityConferenceSouthern ConferenceNCAADivision I (FCS)Athletic directorMartin NewtonLocationHomewood, AlabamaVarsity teams17Football stadiumPete Hanna StadiumBasketball arenaPete Hanna CenterBaseball stadiumJoe Lee Griffin StadiumNicknameBulldogsColorsBlue and red Websitesamfordsports.com
SoCon's logo in Samford's colors
The Samford Bulldogs are the 17 varsity teams (8 men's and 9 women's) that represent Samford University in NCAA Division I athletics. The men's basketball team made its first NCAA Tournament appearances in 1999 and 2000. They were led by Reed Rawlings, Marc Salyers, and Chris Weaver. The women's basketball team made its initial NCAA tournament appearance in the 2011 NCAA Women's Division I Basketball Tournament and made its second consecutive appearance in the tournament in 2012. The baseball team made its first NCAA tournament appearance in the 2012 NCAA Division I baseball tournament, reaching the finals of the Tallahassee Regional. Additionally, the softball team made its first NCAA Tournament Appearance in 2016. For the first time in history, the Lady Bulldogs won the regular-season championship as well as the Tournament Championship to cap off a record high of 40 wins on the season. The school is a member of the Southern Conference in Division I of the NCAA (FCS in football), after moving from the Ohio Valley Conference in 2008. The Samford Athletics staff is headed by athletic director Martin Newton, whose appointment was announced on March 9, 2011.
Teams
A member of the Southern Conference, Samford sponsors teams in eight men's and nine women's NCAA sanctioned sports:
Men's Intercollegiate Sports
Team Article
Head coach
Women's Intercollegiate Sports
Team Article
Head coach
Baseball
Bulldogs baseball
Tony David
Basketball
Bulldogs women's basketball
Carley Kuhns
Basketball
Bulldogs men's basketball
Bucky McMillan
Cross Country
Chad Balyo
Cross Country
Chad Balyo
Golf
Joe Davidson
Football
Bulldogs football
Chris Hatcher
Soccer
Todd Yelton
Golf
Al Del Greco
Softball
Kimball Cassady
Tennis
Oliver Reynolds
Tennis
David Vest
Track & Field (Indoor & Outdoor)
Rod Tiffin
Track & Field (Indoor & Outdoor)
Rod Tiffin
Volleyball
Keylor Chan
Facilities
Seibert Stadium, home of Bulldogs football team.
Pete Hanna Stadium - Pete Hanna Stadium has been home to Samford's football team since 1958. Over the years, Seibert has seen some memorable football, including the Bobby Bowden era (1959–62), a one-loss season in 1971 and the Terry Bowden era, which ended with a 14-game Bulldog winning streak in the stadium. In Fall 2005, the playing surface, which had always been natural grass, was replaced by a new LSR Blade Synthetic Surface. The artificial turf also includes an extensive drainage system. The stadium is named for F. Page Seibert, a Daytona Beach, Fla., businessman, who donated the money for the completion of the stadium in 1961 with the addition of the stands of the west side. The largest crowd in Seibert Stadium history was in 1994 against Steve McNair and Alcorn State when 11,189 fans showed up. The stadium holds 6,700. On October 14, 2023, Samford University announced that the stadium would be renamed to Pete Hanna Stadium.
Sullivan-Cooney Family Field House - The new 39,000-square-foot (3,600 m2) Cooney Family Field House is located in the south end of F. Page Seibert Stadium on the Samford campus. The $7.5 million building was completely funded with private financial support, according to W. Randall Pittman, Samford's vice president for university relations. The new field house includes locker rooms, training rooms, weight rooms, equipment storage, offices and meeting rooms for Samford's football program. A second-level terrace will be used to host special events, especially on football game days. The building replaces facilities in Seibert Gym that date to that building's construction in the late 1950s. A third level on the building will be finished at a later date. That level will be used to house academic and administrative offices during transition periods of other new construction or building renovations on campus. "This new building provides our football program with state-of-the-art facilities at an important time for Samford athletics," Bob Roller, the athletic director at the time of construction, said. "With the university's move to the Southern Conference, it is critical for us to compete at all levels – on the field, in the classroom and facilities – with our new conference counterparts." Visiting teams will continue to use locker rooms and other facilities in Seibert Hall adjacent to the stadium, Roller said. Gary C. Wyatt General Contractor LLC is the Birmingham-based contractor for the building, which was designed by Davis Architects of Birmingham. During the 2014 season, the facility was renamed in honor of then head coach Pat Sullivan and is now known as the Sullivan-Cooney Family Field House.
Seibert Hall - Originally opened in 1959, the lower floor played host to Samford basketball until the main gym was added in 1961. At that time, the basketball teams moved upstairs and have used the facility for the past 41 years. It has been home to Samford volleyball since 1987. It was replaced by Corts Arena in the new Hanna Center (see below) when that facility was completed in Fall 2007. Seibert Hall is also named for F. Page Seibert, a Dayton Beach, Fla., businessman, who donated the money for the completion of the upper floors. It was the largest donation at the time to then-Howard College.
Pete Hanna Center - A new, state-of-the-art multi-purpose facility has been completed (with the exception of landscaping, and other minor details), as a part of Samford's improvement campaign, The Promise, next door to Seibert Hall and its Bashinsky Fieldhouse. The new building was christened Pete Hanna Center on Friday, October 19, 2007, while the arena itself was designated the Thomas E. and Marla H. Corts Arena. The facility was scheduled for completion by Homecoming weekend 2007 (October 19–21), but was still being worked on up to the last few hours before the first Homecoming event in the center was to take place on October 18. The new facility, one of the largest buildings ever built to strictly conform to Georgian style architecture, holds 5,000 for basketball and volleyball, 6,000 for concerts and commencements, and cost $32 million. Samford, wanting to show that the Hanna Center will truly be a multi-purpose facility, hosted three back-to-back major events on the Hanna Center's opening weekend. On October 18, Samford chose to make the first event the annual J. Roderick Davis Lecture, featuring author Walter Isaacson. On October 19, the center was officially christened and the 141st Annual Homecoming Alumni Gala Dinner was held on the Corts Arena floor. On October 20, the Homecoming concert, featuring Little Big Town, was held in the Corts Arena. The new fitness facility in the Pete Hanna Center for faculty and students opened on Monday November 26, 2007. The center is named after Birmingham businessman Pete Hanna, who played football for Samford when it was Howard College in the 1950s. The arena is named after Samford's president emeritus and his wife. Dr. Thomas Corts retired as Samford's president in May 2006 and died in 2009.
Joe Lee Griffin Field - Samford's baseball program plays at Joe Lee Griffin Field, a 1,000-seat facility that was constructed in 2000.
Samford Track and Soccer Complex - Located across Lakeshore Drive from the main campus, the Samford Track and Soccer Complex was opened in the spring of 2011. The facility hosted the 2011 Southern Conference Outdoor Track and Field Championships just hours after the official ribbon-cutting ceremony. The complex, which includes a nine-lane track with a regulation soccer field inside the track, is also scheduled to host the 2012 SoCon Women's Soccer Championship.
Other facilities
Pat M. Courington Tennis Pavilion
Bulldog Softball Field
Mascot and school colors
Samford's intercollegiate athletics teams are nicknamed the Bulldogs, and the team is represented by a costumed bulldog, complete with spiked collar and nasty growl, at football and basketball games. "Sam", who was introduced in 2017 as "Spike" was retired, has also been known to appear at other competitions where Samford is competing.
Even when it was Howard College, the school's colors were Red and Blue. Today, the red tends to be a bright color and the blue is usually depicted as a darker, navy blue. Both colors are primary (though, as the name of the student fan club, The Red Sea, and the name of the student newspaper, The Crimson, show that many Samford students lean toward red).
Rivalries
Samford, as the newest member of the Southern Conference, has made new rivalries with their newfound conference foes. Their geographically closest conference opponents are Chattanooga and Mercer.
Samford also contends against SEC powerhouses and fellow Alabama institutions Alabama and Auburn in some sports—and often fares well. For example, in 2006 the Samford baseball team defeated Auburn in the annual game at the Hoover Met and in 2010 the Samford basketball team defeated Auburn for the third time. Samford's baseball team also defeated #21 Alabama in 2011.
References
^ Samford Brand Identity Standards (PDF). April 1, 2019. Retrieved June 20, 2019.
^ The Southern Conference (2008-07-01). "The Southern Conference Welcomes Samford University". SoCon Sports.
^ "Official Athletic Site of Samford University". Samford University Athletics. Retrieved 31 October 2016.
^ "Samford renames football stadium in honor of Pete Hanna". The Alabama Baptist. October 14, 2023. Retrieved March 25, 2024.
^ Mason, Will (October 17, 2023). "Samford announces renaming of stadium". The Samford Crimson. Retrieved March 25, 2024.
^ Archived October 12, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
^ "Sullivan-Cooney Family Fieldhouse". Samford University. Retrieved 2016-01-21.
^ "Samford stuns Auburn 79–68 - College Basketball - Rivals.com". Rivals.yahoo.com. 2010-01-01. Retrieved 2015-07-18.
^ Archived April 15, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
External links
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Huntingdon | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SoCon_logo_in_Samford_colors.svg"},{"link_name":"Samford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samford_University"},{"link_name":"NCAA Division I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_I"},{"link_name":"1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_NCAA_Men%27s_Division_I_Basketball_Tournament"},{"link_name":"2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_NCAA_Men%27s_Division_I_Basketball_Tournament"},{"link_name":"2011 NCAA Women's Division I Basketball Tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_NCAA_Women%27s_Division_I_Basketball_Tournament"},{"link_name":"2012 NCAA Division I baseball tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_NCAA_Division_I_baseball_tournament"},{"link_name":"Southern Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Conference"},{"link_name":"Division I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_I_(NCAA)"},{"link_name":"Ohio Valley Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_Valley_Conference"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Athletic teams representing Samford UniversitySoCon's logo in Samford's colorsThe Samford Bulldogs are the 17 varsity teams (8 men's and 9 women's) that represent Samford University in NCAA Division I athletics. The men's basketball team made its first NCAA Tournament appearances in 1999 and 2000. They were led by Reed Rawlings, Marc Salyers, and Chris Weaver. The women's basketball team made its initial NCAA tournament appearance in the 2011 NCAA Women's Division I Basketball Tournament and made its second consecutive appearance in the tournament in 2012. The baseball team made its first NCAA tournament appearance in the 2012 NCAA Division I baseball tournament, reaching the finals of the Tallahassee Regional. Additionally, the softball team made its first NCAA Tournament Appearance in 2016. For the first time in history, the Lady Bulldogs won the regular-season championship as well as the Tournament Championship to cap off a record high of 40 wins on the season. The school is a member of the Southern Conference in Division I of the NCAA (FCS in football), after moving from the Ohio Valley Conference in 2008.[2] The Samford Athletics staff is headed by athletic director Martin Newton, whose appointment was announced on March 9, 2011.","title":"Samford Bulldogs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Southern Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Conference"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"A member of the Southern Conference, Samford sponsors teams in eight men's and nine women's NCAA sanctioned sports:[3]","title":"Teams"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Samford_University_Seibert_Stadium.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pete Hanna Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Hanna_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Bobby Bowden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Bowden"},{"link_name":"Terry Bowden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Bowden"},{"link_name":"Steve McNair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_McNair"},{"link_name":"Alcorn State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcorn_State"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Pat Sullivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Sullivan_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Dayton Beach, Fla.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daytona_Beach,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Pete Hanna Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Hanna_Center"},{"link_name":"Georgian style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_style"},{"link_name":"Walter Isaacson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Isaacson"},{"link_name":"Little Big Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Big_Town"},{"link_name":"Joe Lee Griffin Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joe_Lee_Griffin_Field&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Seibert Stadium, home of Bulldogs football team.Pete Hanna Stadium - Pete Hanna Stadium has been home to Samford's football team since 1958. Over the years, Seibert has seen some memorable football, including the Bobby Bowden era (1959–62), a one-loss season in 1971 and the Terry Bowden era, which ended with a 14-game Bulldog winning streak in the stadium. In Fall 2005, the playing surface, which had always been natural grass, was replaced by a new LSR Blade Synthetic Surface. The artificial turf also includes an extensive drainage system. The stadium is named for F. Page Seibert, a Daytona Beach, Fla., businessman, who donated the money for the completion of the stadium in 1961 with the addition of the stands of the west side. The largest crowd in Seibert Stadium history was in 1994 against Steve McNair and Alcorn State when 11,189 fans showed up. The stadium holds 6,700. On October 14, 2023, Samford University announced that the stadium would be renamed to Pete Hanna Stadium.[4][5]\nSullivan-Cooney Family Field House - The new 39,000-square-foot (3,600 m2) Cooney Family Field House is located in the south end of F. Page Seibert Stadium on the Samford campus. The $7.5 million building was completely funded with private financial support, according to W. Randall Pittman, Samford's vice president for university relations. The new field house includes locker rooms, training rooms, weight rooms, equipment storage, offices and meeting rooms for Samford's football program. A second-level terrace will be used to host special events, especially on football game days. The building replaces facilities in Seibert Gym that date to that building's construction in the late 1950s. A third level on the building will be finished at a later date. That level will be used to house academic and administrative offices during transition periods of other new construction or building renovations on campus. \"This new building provides our football program with state-of-the-art facilities at an important time for Samford athletics,\" Bob Roller, the athletic director at the time of construction, said. \"With the university's move to the Southern Conference, it is critical for us to compete at all levels – on the field, in the classroom and facilities – with our new conference counterparts.\" Visiting teams will continue to use locker rooms and other facilities in Seibert Hall adjacent to the stadium, Roller said. Gary C. Wyatt General Contractor LLC is the Birmingham-based contractor for the building, which was designed by Davis Architects of Birmingham.[6] During the 2014 season, the facility was renamed in honor of then head coach Pat Sullivan and is now known as the Sullivan-Cooney Family Field House.[7]\nSeibert Hall - Originally opened in 1959, the lower floor played host to Samford basketball until the main gym was added in 1961. At that time, the basketball teams moved upstairs and have used the facility for the past 41 years. It has been home to Samford volleyball since 1987. It was replaced by Corts Arena in the new Hanna Center (see below) when that facility was completed in Fall 2007. Seibert Hall is also named for F. Page Seibert, a Dayton Beach, Fla., businessman, who donated the money for the completion of the upper floors. It was the largest donation at the time to then-Howard College.\nPete Hanna Center - A new, state-of-the-art multi-purpose facility has been completed (with the exception of landscaping, and other minor details), as a part of Samford's improvement campaign, The Promise, next door to Seibert Hall and its Bashinsky Fieldhouse. The new building was christened Pete Hanna Center on Friday, October 19, 2007, while the arena itself was designated the Thomas E. and Marla H. Corts Arena. The facility was scheduled for completion by Homecoming weekend 2007 (October 19–21), but was still being worked on up to the last few hours before the first Homecoming event in the center was to take place on October 18. The new facility, one of the largest buildings ever built to strictly conform to Georgian style architecture, holds 5,000 for basketball and volleyball, 6,000 for concerts and commencements, and cost $32 million. Samford, wanting to show that the Hanna Center will truly be a multi-purpose facility, hosted three back-to-back major events on the Hanna Center's opening weekend. On October 18, Samford chose to make the first event the annual J. Roderick Davis Lecture, featuring author Walter Isaacson. On October 19, the center was officially christened and the 141st Annual Homecoming Alumni Gala Dinner was held on the Corts Arena floor. On October 20, the Homecoming concert, featuring Little Big Town, was held in the Corts Arena. The new fitness facility in the Pete Hanna Center for faculty and students opened on Monday November 26, 2007. The center is named after Birmingham businessman Pete Hanna, who played football for Samford when it was Howard College in the 1950s. The arena is named after Samford's president emeritus and his wife. Dr. Thomas Corts retired as Samford's president in May 2006 and died in 2009.\nJoe Lee Griffin Field - Samford's baseball program plays at Joe Lee Griffin Field, a 1,000-seat facility that was constructed in 2000.\nSamford Track and Soccer Complex - Located across Lakeshore Drive from the main campus, the Samford Track and Soccer Complex was opened in the spring of 2011. The facility hosted the 2011 Southern Conference Outdoor Track and Field Championships just hours after the official ribbon-cutting ceremony. The complex, which includes a nine-lane track with a regulation soccer field inside the track, is also scheduled to host the 2012 SoCon Women's Soccer Championship.\nOther facilities\nPat M. Courington Tennis Pavilion\nBulldog Softball Field","title":"Facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Red","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red"},{"link_name":"Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue"}],"text":"Samford's intercollegiate athletics teams are nicknamed the Bulldogs, and the team is represented by a costumed bulldog, complete with spiked collar and nasty growl, at football and basketball games. \"Sam\", who was introduced in 2017 as \"Spike\" was retired, has also been known to appear at other competitions where Samford is competing.Even when it was Howard College, the school's colors were Red and Blue. Today, the red tends to be a bright color and the blue is usually depicted as a darker, navy blue. Both colors are primary (though, as the name of the student fan club, The Red Sea, and the name of the student newspaper, The Crimson, show that many Samford students lean toward red).","title":"Mascot and school colors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chattanooga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Tennessee_at_Chattanooga"},{"link_name":"Mercer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercer_University"},{"link_name":"Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Auburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auburn_University"},{"link_name":"Hoover Met","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoover_Metropolitan_Stadium"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Samford, as the newest member of the Southern Conference, has made new rivalries with their newfound conference foes. Their geographically closest conference opponents are Chattanooga and Mercer.Samford also contends against SEC powerhouses and fellow Alabama institutions Alabama and Auburn in some sports—and often fares well. For example, in 2006 the Samford baseball team defeated Auburn in the annual game at the Hoover Met and in 2010 the Samford basketball team defeated Auburn for the third time.[8] Samford's baseball team also defeated #21 Alabama in 2011.[9]","title":"Rivalries"}] | [{"image_text":"SoCon's logo in Samford's colors","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/SoCon_logo_in_Samford_colors.svg/200px-SoCon_logo_in_Samford_colors.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Seibert Stadium, home of Bulldogs football team.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Samford_University_Seibert_Stadium.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Samford Brand Identity Standards (PDF). April 1, 2019. Retrieved June 20, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.samford.edu/departments/files/Marketing/Samford-Brand-Standards.pdf","url_text":"Samford Brand Identity Standards"}]},{"reference":"The Southern Conference (2008-07-01). \"The Southern Conference Welcomes Samford University\". SoCon Sports.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.soconsports.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=4000&ATCLID=1480651","url_text":"\"The Southern Conference Welcomes Samford University\""}]},{"reference":"\"Official Athletic Site of Samford University\". Samford University Athletics. Retrieved 31 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://samfordsports.com/","url_text":"\"Official Athletic Site of Samford University\""}]},{"reference":"\"Samford renames football stadium in honor of Pete Hanna\". The Alabama Baptist. October 14, 2023. Retrieved March 25, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://thealabamabaptist.org/samford-renames-football-stadium-in-honor-of-pete-hanna/","url_text":"\"Samford renames football stadium in honor of Pete Hanna\""}]},{"reference":"Mason, Will (October 17, 2023). \"Samford announces renaming of stadium\". The Samford Crimson. Retrieved March 25, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thesamfordcrimson.com/2023/10/17/samford-announces-renaming-of-stadium/","url_text":"\"Samford announces renaming of stadium\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sullivan-Cooney Family Fieldhouse\". Samford University. Retrieved 2016-01-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://samfordsports.com/sports/2012/6/28/GEN_0628122203.aspx?id=21","url_text":"\"Sullivan-Cooney Family Fieldhouse\""}]},{"reference":"\"Samford stuns Auburn 79–68 - College Basketball - Rivals.com\". Rivals.yahoo.com. 2010-01-01. Retrieved 2015-07-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://rivals.yahoo.com/ncaa/basketball/recap?gid=201011190028","url_text":"\"Samford stuns Auburn 79–68 - College Basketball - Rivals.com\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://samfordsports.com/","external_links_name":"samfordsports.com"},{"Link":"https://www.samford.edu/departments/files/Marketing/Samford-Brand-Standards.pdf","external_links_name":"Samford Brand Identity Standards"},{"Link":"http://www.soconsports.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=4000&ATCLID=1480651","external_links_name":"\"The Southern Conference Welcomes Samford University\""},{"Link":"http://samfordsports.com/","external_links_name":"\"Official Athletic Site of Samford University\""},{"Link":"https://thealabamabaptist.org/samford-renames-football-stadium-in-honor-of-pete-hanna/","external_links_name":"\"Samford renames football stadium in honor of Pete Hanna\""},{"Link":"https://www.thesamfordcrimson.com/2023/10/17/samford-announces-renaming-of-stadium/","external_links_name":"\"Samford announces renaming of stadium\""},{"Link":"http://www.samford.edu/News/071908_1.html","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081012053140/http://www.samford.edu/News/071908_1.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://samfordsports.com/sports/2012/6/28/GEN_0628122203.aspx?id=21","external_links_name":"\"Sullivan-Cooney Family Fieldhouse\""},{"Link":"http://rivals.yahoo.com/ncaa/basketball/recap?gid=201011190028","external_links_name":"\"Samford stuns Auburn 79–68 - College Basketball - Rivals.com\""},{"Link":"http://samfordsports.cstv.com/sports/m-basebl/recaps/040511aaa.html","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110415042336/http://samfordsports.cstv.com/sports/m-basebl/recaps/040511aaa.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://samfordsports.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neatkar%C4%ABg%C4%81s_Tukuma_Zi%C5%86as | Neatkarīgās Tukuma Ziņas | ["1 References","2 External links"] | Latvian newspaper
Neatkarīgās Tukuma ZiņasTypeAlternate-daily (three times a week)FormatBroadsheetOwner(s)AS DienaPublisherSIA Novadu ziņasEditor-in-chiefIvonna PlaudeFounded1996LanguageLatvianHeadquartersTukums, LatviaCirculation4,834Websitentz.lv
Neatkarīgās Tukuma Ziņas (English: Independent News of Tukums) is a Latvian language local newspaper, targeted at the residents of the towns of Tukums and Kandava, as well as the rest of Tukums municipality in the western region of Latvia. Published three times a week in colour it supposedly the main source of local information for inhabitants of rural villages.
The newspaper supports and organizes various cultural and charity events (such as Joy for Everyone; the competitions Checkmate; the Big Catch; Gardens in the Sky and others), and publishes an annual calendar book. It has become a natural part of the local social environment.
In December 2009, Neatkarīgās Tukuma Ziņas average circulation was 4,834 copies, down from 5,689 in October 2006.
References
^ "Lpia.lv".
External links
Neatkarīgās Tukuma Ziņas website | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Latvian language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian_language"},{"link_name":"local newspaper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_newspaper"},{"link_name":"Tukums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tukums"},{"link_name":"Kandava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandava"},{"link_name":"Tukums municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tukums_municipality"},{"link_name":"Latvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Neatkarīgās Tukuma Ziņas (English: Independent News of Tukums) is a Latvian language local newspaper, targeted at the residents of the towns of Tukums and Kandava, as well as the rest of Tukums municipality in the western region of Latvia. Published three times a week in colour it supposedly the main source of local information for inhabitants of rural villages.The newspaper supports and organizes various cultural and charity events (such as Joy for Everyone; the competitions Checkmate; the Big Catch; Gardens in the Sky and others), and publishes an annual calendar book. It has become a natural part of the local social environment.In December 2009, Neatkarīgās Tukuma Ziņas average circulation was 4,834 copies, down from 5,689 in October 2006.[1]","title":"Neatkarīgās Tukuma Ziņas"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Lpia.lv\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lpia.lv/eng/?id=13","url_text":"\"Lpia.lv\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.ntz.lv/","external_links_name":"ntz.lv"},{"Link":"http://www.lpia.lv/eng/?id=13","external_links_name":"\"Lpia.lv\""},{"Link":"http://www.ntz.lv/","external_links_name":"Neatkarīgās Tukuma Ziņas website"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daghian | Daghian | ["1 References"] | Coordinates: 37°08′29″N 58°13′25″E / 37.14139°N 58.22361°E / 37.14139; 58.22361Village in Razavi Khorasan, IranDaghian
داغيانvillageDaghianCoordinates: 37°08′29″N 58°13′25″E / 37.14139°N 58.22361°E / 37.14139; 58.22361Country IranProvinceRazavi KhorasanCountyQuchanBakhshCentralRural DistrictQuchan AtiqPopulation (2006) • Total1,267Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST) • Summer (DST)UTC+4:30 (IRDT)
Daghian (Persian: داغيان, also Romanized as Dāghīān, Dagheyān, and Dāghīyān) is a village in Quchan Atiq Rural District, in the Central District of Quchan County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 1,267, in 304 families.
References
^ Daghian can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3058988" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database".
^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20.
vte Quchan CountyCapital
Quchan
DistrictsCentralCities
Quchan
Rural Districts and villagesDughayi
Allatman
Almajeq
Andarzi
Atarchi
Beniabid
Besh Aghaj
Beyg Nazar
Borselan
Chah Ab
Chahar Suq
Chanbar Gharbal
Dughayi
Dustabad
Gol Mim
Gol Mokharan
Golshanabad
Hesar
Kalateh-ye Ahmad
Kalateh-ye Ali Zeynal
Kalateh-ye Azim
Kalateh-ye Hajji Ali Dad
Kalateh-ye Malu
Kalateh-ye Reza Khan
Kalateh-ye Yesaval Bashi
Kalateh-ye Zaman
Kheyrabad
Kheyrabad-e Sharqi
Maqsudabad
Mazraeh-ye Zaman Put
Meshkanlu
Qarah Chay
Rezaabad-e Sharqi
Sahlabad
Samangan
Shafi
Shoghlabad
Shurcheh
Tukla Bagh
Yasaqi
Yazdanabad-e Sharqi
Zaman Put
Quchan Atiq
Asgarabad
Askariyeh
Biglar
Borj-e Zeydanlu
Chitgar
Daghian
Darbandi
Fathabad
Filab
Firuzabad
Gonbad Heq
Gowjeh
Gozalabad
Haji Kahu
Hasanabad
Jafarabad-e Olya
Jartudeh
Joneydabad
Kalateh-ye Mirza Rajab
Kohneh Forud
Kolukhi
Mahmudi
Mohammadabad-e Olya
Mohammadabad-e Sofla
Moheb Saraj
Nasimabad
Neyyat
Nowruzi
Orteh Cheshmeh
Otorabad
Qarah Shahverdi
Quchan Industrial Estate
Saadat Qoli-ye Olya
Saadat Qoli-ye Sofla
Salimabad
Sarab
Shahr-e Kohneh
Taqiabad
Yazdanabad-e Olya
Yazdanabad-e Sofla
Yusefabad
Zadak
Zeydanlu
Shirin Darreh
Ab Barg
Allahian
Aq Kariz
Bad Khvor
Borj-e Qardash
Chalaki
Cheran
Fakhrabad
Hemmatabad-e Chalaki
Hey Hey
Janan
Khomartash
Kordkanlu
Mezerj
Padegan-e Quchan
Pariabad
Piranlu
Pish Baghan
Qeytaqi
Salanquch
Sarzow
Shurok-e Hajji
Shurok-e Tupkanlu
Tabrik
Tavil
Yadak
Yaqubabad
Yusef Khan
Zu Khanu
Zubaran
Sudlaneh
Ab Gorg
Ab Shuri
Alaqeh Janban
Aliabad
Dadanlu
Davodli
Dizadiz
Dizavand
Dulu
Emarat
Eslamabad
Farkhan-e Kohneh
Farkhan-e Olya
Farkhan-e Shahrah
Farkhan-e Sofla
Guganlu
Jafarabad-e Olya
Kachalanlu
Kalateh-ye Archinabad
Kalateh-ye Fathabad-e Sharqi
Kalateh-ye Mirza Mohammad Ali
Kallar
Khalkanlu
Kotlar
Mohammadabad-e Sharqi
Navakh
Qaleh-ye Abbas
Qarah Jeqqeh
Qasemabad
Qeshlaq
Yengeh Qaleh-ye Havadanlu
Zalabad
BajgiranCities
Bajgiran
Rural Districts and villagesDowlatkhaneh
Ab Jahan
Asi Bolagh
Bardar
Chuynli
Dor Badam
Dowlatkhaneh
Emamqoli
Eslamabad
Hamzeh Kanlu
Incheh Keykanlu
Incheh Sabolagh
Incheh Shahbaz
Jowzan
Kalateh-ye Hajji Nasir
Kalateh-ye Molla Mohammad
Pakotal
Qach Kanlu
Qareh Cheh
Qariyeh Sharaf
Qarjqah
Rahvard
Shah Rag
Shamkhal
Sheykh Kanlu
Shirzan
Yadegar
Iran portal
This Quchan County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanize"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Quchan Atiq Rural District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quchan_Atiq_Rural_District"},{"link_name":"Central District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_District_(Quchan_County)"},{"link_name":"Quchan County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quchan_County"},{"link_name":"Razavi Khorasan Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razavi_Khorasan_Province"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Village in Razavi Khorasan, IranDaghian (Persian: داغيان, also Romanized as Dāghīān, Dagheyān, and Dāghīyān)[1] is a village in Quchan Atiq Rural District, in the Central District of Quchan County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 1,267, in 304 families.[2]","title":"Daghian"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1385/results/all/09.xls","url_text":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_Center_of_Iran","url_text":"Statistical Center of Iran"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920084728/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/09.xls","url_text":"Archived"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Daghian¶ms=37_08_29_N_58_13_25_E_region:IR_type:city(1267)","external_links_name":"37°08′29″N 58°13′25″E / 37.14139°N 58.22361°E / 37.14139; 58.22361"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Daghian¶ms=37_08_29_N_58_13_25_E_region:IR_type:city(1267)","external_links_name":"37°08′29″N 58°13′25″E / 37.14139°N 58.22361°E / 37.14139; 58.22361"},{"Link":"http://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/","external_links_name":"this link"},{"Link":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1385/results/all/09.xls","external_links_name":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920084728/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/09.xls","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daghian&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genie_Award_for_Best_Achievement_in_Music_%E2%80%93_Original_Score | Canadian Screen Award for Best Original Score | ["1 1970s","2 1980s","3 1990s","4 2000s","5 2010s","6 2020s","7 See also","8 References"] | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Canadian Screen Award for Best Original Score" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
An annual award for Best Achievement in Music - Original Score is presented by the Academy of Canadian Cinema and Television to the best Canadian original score for the previous year. Prior to 2012, the award was presented as part of the Genie Awards; since 2012 it has been presented as part of the expanded Canadian Screen Awards.
1970s
Year
Nominee
Film
Ref
197022nd Canadian Film Awards
Harry Freedman
The Act of the Heart
197123rd Canadian Film Awards
Jean Cousineau
Mon oncle Antoine
197224th Canadian Film Awards
Pierre F. Brault
The True Nature of Bernadette (La vraie nature de Bernadette)
197325th Canadian Film Awards
Willie Lamothe, Tristan Hansinger, Chick Peabody, Peter Van Ginkel
The Death of a Lumberjack (La mort d'un bûcheron)
1974
No award presented
197526th Canadian Film Awards
Nick Whitehead
Lions for Breakfast
197627th Canadian Film Awards
Lewis Furey
Normande (La tête de Normande St-Onge)
197728th Canadian Film Awards
Paul Hoffert
Outrageous!
197829th Canadian Film Awards
Oscar Peterson
The Silent Partner
Paul Zaza, Jim Caverhill
Three Card Monte
Paul Hoffert
The Third Walker
Maurice Marshall
Marie-Anne
1980s
Year
Nominee
Film
Ref
1980 1st Genie Awards
Carl Zittrer, Paul Zaza
Murder By Decree
Hagood Hardy
Jack London's Klondike Fever
Paul Hoffert
Wild Horse Hank
Alain Leroux
It Rained All Night the Day I Left
Howard Shore
The Brood
1981 2nd Genie Awards
Art Philips
The Lucky Star
Matthew McCauley
Middle Age Crazy
John Mills-Cockell
Terror Train
Kenneth Wannberg
Tribute
1982 3rd Genie Awards
Claude Denjean, Stéphane Venne
The Plouffe Family (Les Plouffe)
Jean Cousineau
Happy Memories (Les Beaux souvenirs)
Micky Erbe, Maribeth Solomon
Ticket to Heaven
Bo Harwood, Lance Rubin
Happy Birthday to Me
1983 4th Genie Awards
Michael Conway Baker
The Grey Fox
Jonathan Goldsmith
Visiting Hours
Maribeth Solomon, Micky Erbe
Threshold
1984 5th Genie Awards
Lewis Furey
Maria Chapdelaine
Michael Conway Baker
Deserters
Joël Bienvenue
Au clair de la lune
Karl Kobylansky
Dead Wrong
André Vincelli
A 20th Century Chocolate Cake
1985 6th Genie Awards
François Dompierre
Mario
J. Douglas Dodd, Michael Oczko
Walls
Germain Gauthier
The Dog Who Stopped the War (La Guerre des tuques)
François Lanctôt
Sonatine
Betty Lazebnik
Reno and the Doc
Paul Zaza
Isaac Littlefeathers
1986 7th Genie Awards
François Dompierre
The Alley Cat (Le Matou)
Lewis Furey
Night Magic
Lewis Furey
The Peanut Butter Solution
Philippe Sarde
Joshua Then and Now
1987 8th Genie Awards
Michael Conway Baker
John and the Missus
Marie Bernard, Richard Grégoire
Exit
Marvin Dolgay
The Blue Man
1988 9th Genie Awards
Jean Corriveau
Night Zoo (Un Zoo la nuit)
Mychael Danna
Family Viewing
Tim McCauley
Blue City Slammers
1989 10th Genie Awards
Howard Shore
Dead Ringers
Aaron Davis, Billy Bryans
Office Party
François Dompierre
The Revolving Doors (Les Portes tournantes)
Richard Grégoire
The Heat Line (La ligne de chaleur)
Osvaldo Montes
Straight for the Heart (À corps perdu)
Maribeth Solomon, Micky Erbe
Milk and Honey
1990s
Year
Nominee
Film
Ref
1990 11th Genie Awards
Yves Laferrière
Jesus of Montreal (Jésus de Montréal)
Jeff Danna, Mychael Danna
Cold Comfort
Mychael Danna
Speaking Parts
Milan Kymlicka
Babar: The Movie
Lawrence Schragge
Palais Royale
1991 12th Genie Awards
Jean Corriveau
The Savage Woman (La Demoiselle sauvage)
Marie Bernard
Love Crazy (Amoureux fou)
Georges Delerue
Black Robe
Jonathan Goldsmith
Diplomatic Immunity
Mark Korven
White Room
1992 13th Genie Awards
Richard Grégoire
Being at Home with Claude
Michael Becker
Solitaire
Graeme Coleman
North of Pittsburgh
Pierre Desrochers
The Saracen Woman (La Sarrasine)
Howard Shore
Naked Lunch
1993 14th Genie Awards
Simon Kendall
Cadillac Girls
Todd Boekelheide
Digger
Pierre Desrochers
Women in Love (Les Amoureuses)
Mark Korven
The Grocer's Wife
Yves Laferrière
The Sex of the Stars (Le Sexe des étoiles)
1994 15th Genie Awards
Mychael Danna
Exotica
George Blondheim
Whale Music
Mark Korven
Henry & Verlin
Milan Kymlicka
A Hero's Life (La Vie d'un héros)
Milan Kymlicka
Matusalem
1995 16th Genie Awards
Milan Kymlicka
Margaret's Museum
Serge Arcuri, Luc Aubry
Black List (Liste noire)
Aaron Davis, John Lang
Rude
Richard Grégoire
Water Child (L'Enfant d'eau)
Mark Korven
The Michelle Apartments
1996 17th Genie Awards
Mark Korven
Curtis's Charm
Richard Rodney Bennett
Swann
Normand Corbeil
Screamers
Mychael Danna
Lilies
Ron Sures
Joe's So Mean to Josephine
1997 18th Genie Awards
Mychael Danna
The Sweet Hereafter
François Dompierre
The Ideal Man (L'Homme idéal)
Serge Laforest, Gaëtan Gravel
Night of the Flood (La nuit du déluge)
Robert Marcel Lepage
The Human Plant (La Plante humaine)
Don MacDonald
Kissed
1998 19th Genie Awards
John Corigliano
The Red Violin
Mychael Danna
Regeneration
Jonathan Goldsmith
Such a Long Journey
Mark Korven
Cube
Alexina Louie, Alex Pauk
Last Night
1999 20th Genie Awards
Mychael Danna
Felicia's Journey
John Wesley Chisholm, Michael Diabo, John Roby
Beefcake
Nick Dyer, Eric Cadesky
Extraordinary Visitor
Jono Grant
Jacob Two Two Meets the Hooded Fang
Maurice Jarre
Sunshine
2000s
Year
Nominee
Film
Ref
2000 21st Genie Awards
Patric Caird
Here's to Life!
Normand Corbeil
The Art of War
Aaron Davis, John Lang
Love Come Down
François Dompierre
Laura Cadieux II (Laura Cadieux...la suite)
Alan Reeves
To Walk with Lions
2001 22nd Genie Awards
Chris Crilly
Atanarjuat: The Fast Runner
Alexander Balanescu
Eisenstein
Bertrand Chénier
Tar Angel (L'Ange de goudron)
Pierre Duchesne
A Girl at the Window (Une jeune fille à la fenêtre)
Andrew Zealley, Don Pyle
The Law of Enclosures
2002 23rd Genie Awards
Mychael Danna
Ararat
Chris Ainscough
Suddenly Naked
Michel Cusson
The Collector (Le Collectionneur)
Glenn Morley
Duct Tape Forever
Zbigniew Preisner
Between Strangers
2003 24th Genie Awards
Christopher Dedrick
The Saddest Music in the World
Michel Cusson
Séraphin: Heart of Stone (Séraphin: un homme et son péché)
Mychael Danna
The Snow Walker
Richard Grassby-Lewis, Jon Hassell, Bob Locke, Tim Norfolk
Owning Mahowny
Sandy Moore
The Wild Dogs
2004 25th Genie Awards
Terry Frewer
Head in the Clouds
Benoit Charest
The Triplets of Belleville (Les Triplettes de Belleville)
Michel Corriveau
The Last Tunnel (Le Dernier tunnel)
Pierre Duchesne
Looking for Alexander (Mémoires affectives)
Charles Papasoff
So the Moon Rises (La lune viendra d'elle-même)
2005 26th Genie Awards
Mychael Danna
Water
Mychael Danna
Where the Truth Lies
Longo Hai, Geoff Bennett, Ben Johannesen
Sabah
Éric Pfalzgraf
Manners of Dying
Byron Wong
Lie With Me
2006 27th Genie Awards
Jean Robitaille
Without Her (Sans elle)
Normand Corbeil
Cheech
Michel Cusson
The Rocket (Maurice Richard)
Pierre Desrochers
The Secret Life of Happy People (La Vie secrète des gens heureux)
Hilmar Orn Hilmarsson
Beowulf & Grendel
2007 28th Genie Awards
Howard Shore
Eastern Promises
David Hirschfelder
Shake Hands with the Devil
Steve London
That Beautiful Somewhere
Don MacDonald
Fido
Ryûichi Sakamoto
Silk
2008 29th Genie Awards
John McCarthy
The Stone Angel
Normand Corbeil
Emotional Arithmetic
Laurent Eyquem
Mommy Is at the Hairdresser's (Maman est chez le coiffeur)
Nikos Kypourgos
Fugitive Pieces
Robert Marcel Lepage
The Necessities of Life (Ce qu'il faut pour vivre)
2009 30th Genie Awards
Normand Corbeil
The Master Key (Grande Ourse: La Clé des possibles)
Benoît Charest
Polytechnique
Bertrand Chénier
Love and Savagery
Christian Clermont
5150 Elm's Way (5150, rue des Ormes)
Ben Mink
Fifty Dead Men Walking
2010s
Year
Nominee
Film
Ref
2010 31st Genie Awards
Pasquale Catalano
Barney's Version
Brendan Canning
Trigger
Jonathan Goldsmith
High Life
Keegan Jessamy, Bryce Mitchell
At Home by Myself...With You
Sook-Yin Lee, Buck 65, Adam Litovitz
Year of the Carnivore
2011 32nd Genie Awards
Howard Shore
A Dangerous Method
Ramachandra Borcar
Suspicions (Jaloux)
Mychael Danna
The Whistleblower
Martin Léon
Monsieur Lazhar
Philip Miller
The Bang Bang Club
2012 1st Canadian Screen Awards
Howard Shore
Cosmopolis
Benoit Charest
Mars and April (Mars et Avril)
Noia
Laurence Anyways
Don Rooke, Hugh Marsh, Michelle Willis
Still Mine
E. C. Woodley
Antiviral
2013 2nd Canadian Screen Awards
Danny Bensi, Saunder Jurriaans
Enemy
Ramachandra Borcar
Rock Paper Scissors (Roche papier ciseaux)
Michel Cusson
The Storm Within (Rouge sang)
Kim Gaboury, Michel Cusson
Maïna
Gabriel Yared
Tom at the Farm (Tom à la ferme)
2014 3rd Canadian Screen Awards
Howard Shore
Maps to the Stars
Patrice Dubuc, Gaëtan Gravel
Meetings with a Young Poet
Patrick Lavoie
Henri Henri
Dan Mangan, Jesse Zubot
Hector and the Search for Happiness
Jeffrey Morrow
Cast No Shadow
2015 4th Canadian Screen Awards
Michael Brook
Brooklyn
Michel Corriveau
Anna
François Dompierre
The Passion of Augustine (La Passion d'Augustine)
Chris Gestrin
Songs She Wrote About People She Knows
Stephen Rennicks
Room
2016 5th Canadian Screen Awards
Todor Kobakov, Steve London, David Braid
Born to Be Blue
Alain Mayrand
Numb
Taymaz Saba
Window Horses
Michael White
Hevn (Revenge)
Jesse Zubot
Two Lovers and a Bear
2017 6th Canadian Screen Awards
Mychael Danna, Jeff Danna
The Breadwinner
Viviane Audet, Robin-Joël Cool, Alexis Martin
Cross My Heart (Les Rois mongols)
Pierre-Philippe Côté
Ravenous (Les Affamés)
Ben Fox
Never Steady, Never Still
Terry Riley, Gyan Riley
Hochelaga, Land of Souls (Hochelaga terre des âmes)
2018 7th Canadian Screen Awards
Alaska B
Through Black Spruce
Olivier Alary
Allure
Philippe Brault
The Fireflies Are Gone (La disparition des lucioles)
Naren Chandavarkar, Benedict Taylor
Black Kite
Yves Gourmeur
The Hummingbird Project
2019 8th Canadian Screen Awards
Howard Shore
The Song of Names
Robert Carli
Lie Exposed
Peter Chapman
Riot Girls
Ian LeFeuvre, Stephen Krecklo
James vs. His Future Self
Andrew Lockington
The Kindness of Strangers
2020s
Year
Nominee
Film
Ref
2020 9th Canadian Screen Awards
Howard Shore
Funny Boy
Janal Bechthold
Marlene
Mychael Danna
Guest of Honour
Jay McCarrol
The Kid Detective
Michelle Osis, Lowell Boland
Bloodthirsty
2021 10th Canadian Screen Awards
Jonathan Goldsmith
All My Puny Sorrows
Suad Bushnaq
Jasmine Road
Spencer Creaghan
Motherly
Darren Fung
Cinema of Sleep
Stephen Krecklo
Between Waves
2022 11th Canadian Screen Awards
Todor Kobakov
Brother
Adrian Ellis
Cult Hero
Ian LeFeuvre
Ashgrove
Ari Posner
The End of Sex
Howard Shore
Crimes of the Future
2023 12th Canadian Screen Awards
Jay McCarrol
BlackBerry
Alysha Brilla
The Queen of My Dreams
Suad Bushnaq
Queen Tut
Steph Copeland
Cascade
Ryan Shore
Zombie Town
See also
Prix Iris for Best Original Music
List of film music awards § Best score
References
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac Maria Topalovich, And the Genie Goes To...: Celebrating 50 Years of the Canadian Film Awards. Stoddart Publishing, 2000. ISBN 0-7737-3238-1.
^ Jay Scott, "Changeling leads Canadian Film Award nominees". The Globe and Mail, February 8, 1980.
^ Jay Scott, "Les Plouffe, Ticket to Heaven lead the pack: Academy lists Genie nominees". The Globe and Mail, February 4, 1982.
^ Jay Scott, "Top Genie prospects for Jack Miner move". The Globe and Mail, February 10, 1983.
^ Jay Scott, "Cronenberg film earns a dozen nominations: Dead Ringers tops Genie list". The Globe and Mail, February 14, 1989.
^ "The Lotus Eaters strong contender at Genies". The Globe and Mail, December 11, 1993.
^ Gayle MacDonald, "Sunshine floods Genies International co-production sweeps award nominations, with Felicia's Journey, Five Senses, eXistenZ also in running for best picture prize to be announced next month". The Globe and Mail, December 8, 1999.
^ "Inuit film runs away with five Genies; Atanarjuat takes best picture, director, screenplay, editing and original score". Waterloo Region Record, February 8, 2002.
^ "Genie Awards in brief". Daily Gleaner, March 3, 2008.
^ Brent Furdyk, "2016 Canadian Screen Awards Nominees Announced". ET Canada, January 19, 2016.
^ "Écrans canadiens : Song of Names, The Twentieth Century et Antigone en tête des nominations". Ici Radio-Canada, February 18, 2020.
^ Naman Ramachandran, "‘Schitt’s Creek,’ ‘Blood Quantum’ Triumph at Canadian Screen Awards". Variety, May 21, 2021.
^ Brent Furdyk (March 30, 2021). "Canadian Screen Awards Announces 2021 Film Nominations". ET Canada. Archived from the original on March 30, 2021.
^ "Night Raiders, Scarborough emerge victorious at 5th night of Canadian Screen Awards". CBC News, April 8, 2022.
^ Brent Furdyk, "2022 Canadian Screen Award Nominees Announced, ‘Sort Of’ & ‘Scarborough’ Lead The Pack". ET Canada, February 15, 2022.
^ Jenna Benchetrit, "Brother dominates with a dozen wins on third night of Canadian Screen Awards". CBC News, April 13, 2023.
^ Charles-Henri Ramond, "Écrans canadiens – Viking,13 nominations". Films du Québec, February 22, 2023.
^ Connie Thiessen, "Canadian Screen Awards winners: Cinematic Arts". Broadcast Dialogue, May 30, 2024.
^ "BlackBerry Leads CSA Nominations". Northern Stars, March 6, 2024.
vteCanadian Screen AwardsBy year
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Canadian Film Awards (film, 1949–1978)
1949
1950
1951
1952
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Genie Awards (film, 1979–2012)
1979
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1984
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1990/91
1992
1993
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1997
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2011
ACTRA Awards (television, 1972–1986)
1972
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1977
1978
1979
1980
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1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
Gemini Awards (television, 1986–2012)
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
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2004
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Film awards by category
Motion Picture
Lead Performance, Comedy
Lead Performance, Drama
Supporting Performance, Comedy
Supporting Performance, Drama
Director
Animated Short
Art Direction and Production Design
Casting
Cinematography
Cinematography in a Documentary
Costume Design
Editing
Editing in a Documentary
Feature Length Documentary
Hair
Live Action Short
Makeup
Original Music in a Documentary
Original Score
Original Song
Performance in a Short Film
Screenplay (Original and Adapted)
Short Documentary
Sound Editing
Sound Mixing
Sound Design in a Documentary
Stunt Coordination
Visual Effects
Golden Screen
John Dunning Best First Feature Award
Television awards by category
Comedy Series
Drama Series
TV Movie
Children's or Youth Fiction Series
Children's or Youth Non-Fiction Series
Pre-School Series
Reality/Competition Series
Leading Performance, Comedy
Leading Performance, Drama
Supporting Performance, Comedy
Supporting Performance, Drama
Direction, Children's or Youth
Performance, Children's or Youth
Writing, Children's or Youth
Casting
Academy Achievement Award
Donald Brittain Award
Earle Grey Award
Gordon Sinclair Award
Margaret Collier Award
Rob Stewart Award
Discontinued awards
Bijou Awards (1981)
Actor (1968-2022)
Actor - Non-Feature (1969–81)
Actress (1968-2022)
Actress - Non-Feature (1969–81)
Lead Performance in a Film (2022)
Lead Actor, Comedy Series (1986-2022)
Lead Actor, Drama Series (1986-2022)
Lead Actress, Comedy Series (1986-2022)
Lead Actress, Drama Series (1986-2022)
Supporting Actor, Comedy Series (1986-2022)
Supporting Actor, Drama Series (1986-2022)
Supporting Actress, Comedy Series (1986-2022)
Supporting Actress, Drama Series (1986-2022)
Foreign Actor (1980–83)
Foreign Actress (1980–83)
Supporting Actor (1968-2022)
Supporting Actress (1968-2022)
Supporting Performance in a Film (2022)
Theatrical Short (1949–96)
Children's or Youth Program (1986-2002)
Host, Children's or Youth Program (2008-2016)
Individual or Ensemble Performance in a Comedy (1992-2000)
Ensemble Performance in a Comedy (2001-2011)
Individual Performance in a Comedy (2001-2010)
John Drainie Award (1968-2000)
Special Achievement
Foster Hewitt Award (1975-1986)
Wendy Michener Award (1969-1978)
Diversity Award (1992-2016)
Academy of Canadian Cinema & Television Note: Awards by year articles are listed here by the year of eligibility for nomination; due to variable scheduling of the ceremonies, this is not always the same year in which the awards were presented. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Academy of Canadian Cinema and Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Canadian_Cinema_and_Television"},{"link_name":"Canadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"score","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_score"},{"link_name":"Genie Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genie_Awards"},{"link_name":"Canadian Screen Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Screen_Awards"}],"text":"An annual award for Best Achievement in Music - Original Score is presented by the Academy of Canadian Cinema and Television to the best Canadian original score for the previous year. Prior to 2012, the award was presented as part of the Genie Awards; since 2012 it has been presented as part of the expanded Canadian Screen Awards.","title":"Canadian Screen Award for Best Original Score"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"1970s"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"1980s"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"1990s"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"2000s"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"2010s"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"2020s"}] | [] | [{"title":"Prix Iris for Best Original Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prix_Iris_for_Best_Original_Music"},{"title":"List of film music awards § Best score","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_film_music_awards#Best_score"}] | [{"reference":"Brent Furdyk (March 30, 2021). \"Canadian Screen Awards Announces 2021 Film Nominations\". ET Canada. Archived from the original on March 30, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210330161247/https://etcanada.com/news/762082/canadian-screen-awards-announces-2021-film-nominations/","url_text":"\"Canadian Screen Awards Announces 2021 Film Nominations\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ET_Canada","url_text":"ET Canada"},{"url":"https://etcanada.com/news/762082/canadian-screen-awards-announces-2021-film-nominations/","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Canadian+Screen+Award+for+Best+Original+Score%22","external_links_name":"\"Canadian Screen Award for Best Original Score\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Canadian+Screen+Award+for+Best+Original+Score%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Canadian+Screen+Award+for+Best+Original+Score%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Canadian+Screen+Award+for+Best+Original+Score%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Canadian+Screen+Award+for+Best+Original+Score%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Canadian+Screen+Award+for+Best+Original+Score%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160615210251/http://etcanada.com/news/37268/2016-canadian-screen-awards-nominees-announced/","external_links_name":"\"2016 Canadian Screen Awards Nominees Announced\""},{"Link":"https://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelle/1527585/song-of-names-the-twentieth-century-antigone-prix-ecrans-canadiens","external_links_name":"\"Écrans canadiens : Song of Names, The Twentieth Century et Antigone en tête des nominations\""},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2021/tv/global/schitts-creek-blood-quantum-canadian-screen-awards-1234978520/","external_links_name":"\"‘Schitt’s Creek,’ ‘Blood Quantum’ Triumph at Canadian Screen Awards\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210330161247/https://etcanada.com/news/762082/canadian-screen-awards-announces-2021-film-nominations/","external_links_name":"\"Canadian Screen Awards Announces 2021 Film Nominations\""},{"Link":"https://etcanada.com/news/762082/canadian-screen-awards-announces-2021-film-nominations/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.cbc.ca/news/entertainment/night-raiders-scarborough-csa-night-five-1.6414141","external_links_name":"\"Night Raiders, Scarborough emerge victorious at 5th night of Canadian Screen Awards\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220215130202/https://etcanada.com/news/867531/2022-canadian-screen-awards-nominees-announced/","external_links_name":"\"2022 Canadian Screen Award Nominees Announced, ‘Sort Of’ & ‘Scarborough’ Lead The Pack\""},{"Link":"https://www.cbc.ca/news/entertainment/csas-2023-third-night-1.6809964","external_links_name":"\"Brother dominates with a dozen wins on third night of Canadian Screen Awards\""},{"Link":"https://www.filmsquebec.com/ecrans-canadiens-viking13-nominations/","external_links_name":"\"Écrans canadiens – Viking,13 nominations\""},{"Link":"https://broadcastdialogue.com/canadian-screen-awards-winners-cinematic-arts-2/","external_links_name":"\"Canadian Screen Awards winners: Cinematic Arts\""},{"Link":"https://www.northernstars.ca/blackberry-leads-csa-nominations/","external_links_name":"\"BlackBerry Leads CSA Nominations\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M13_link | M13 link | ["1 History","2 Design details","3 See also","4 References"] | Disintegrating metallic ammunition link
M13 links reassembled to previously fired 7.62×51mm NATO cartridge cases
M13 links connect up to 200 7.62×51mm NATO rounds contained in an M19A1 ammunition box used to feed a M240G machine gun
The M13 link, formally Link, Cartridge, Metallic Belt, 7.62mm, M13, is the U.S. military designation for a metallic disintegrating link specifically designed for ammunition belt-fed firearms and 7.62×51mm NATO rounds. It was introduced in the mid-20th century. It is the primary link type for the United States and among NATO for the 7.62×51mm NATO cartridge. As of 2017, it has been in use for over 60 years and is used on the Dillon M134D Minigun, M60 Machine Gun, FN MAG/M240, Mk 48, MG3, HK21, MG5, UKM-2000, K16, SS-77, and Negev NG-7, among others. Some countries redesignated the M13 link when it was adopted.
History
The M13 link replaced the older M1 links designed for .30-06 Springfield ammunition, which bound cartridges to each other at the neck, used on the older M1917 Browning machine gun and M1919 Browning machine gun family, though some conversions of the M1919 to the M13 were done, such as on the U.S. Navy Mark 21 Mod 0 machine gun, which saw service in the Vietnam War. Once converted, it cannot use other link types, as firearms made for the M13 Link are not backward-compatible with the M1 link (or other systems). The M9 link is technically very similar to the M1 link but designed for 12.7×99mm NATO/.50 BMG ammunition used in heavy machine guns like the M2 machine gun. The M1 and M9 links are pull-out designs. Rounds are extracted by pulling them rearward out of the link.
The NATO Standardization Agreement STANAG 2329 Links for Disintegrating Belts for Use with NATO 7.62mm Cartridges described the M13 link in 1982. STANAG 2329 has been rendered inactive.
The DEF STAN 13-33 - Standard NATO 7.62 Millimetre Rounds and Associated Chargers and Links is a 1982 standard by the Ministry of Defence of the United Kingdom. This Defence Standard specifies 7.62 mm small arms ammunition and its associated chargers and links for use by the Ministry of Defence to meet its commitment to NATO in the United Kingdom.
The United States Army MIL-DTL-45403E (3) CONT. DIST. - Link, Cartridge, Metallic Belt, 7.62 Millimeter - M13 2021 specification covers the requirements and verification methods for the Link, Cartridge, Metallic Belt, 7.62mm - M13 for use in 7.62mm machine guns.
Design details
A Gunner from HMS Lancaster's ship's company takes part in a small arms firing at sea (SAFAS) using a pintle-mounted GPMG with a EOTech holographic weapon sight and an ejected M13 link pieces and cartridge cases collection bag
The M13 link is a push-through design. Rounds are extracted by pushing them forward out of the link. The left side of a single link has a semi-circular loop which holds the main body of the cartridge case below the shoulder, and an extension on the right that forms two similar loops which were designed to fit in between the two right-side loops of the next link, and which have a small metal tab that extends down to the cartridge base and fit into the extraction groove of the case.
The M13 link binds the rounds from halfway down the length of the case to the case head. This was designed so that the bolt of the machine gun using the link would come forward upon squeezing the trigger and strip a round from its link from below the cartridge, and the round would be chambered, fired then extracted and ejected. The feeding pawl in the gun would pull the belt to the right as the gun was fired or cocked, sending the loose link out to the right side of the receiver, where the expended case was also ejected, normally separately from a different ejector port to the link.
MIL-L-45403D stipulates that the force to strip a NATO approved round from the M13 link should be between 8.5 and 18 lbf (37.8 and 80.1 N) and the belt have a minimal tensile strength of 55 lbf (244.7 N). A single M13 link weighs approximately 4.35 g (67.1 gr).
The links often have an extra anti-corrosion surface treatment, generally (oil impregnated) black phosphate, and can be collected and reassembled by hand with fresh ammunition, but in practice this is not commonly done as it is labor-intensive, and the inexpensive links are considered disposable. Sometimes the ejected link pieces are collected to avoid littering the interior of aircraft and vehicles or reuse.
The early 1970s M27 link is a link of smaller, but identical design, used among NATO for 5.56×45mm NATO chambered light machine guns, such as the FN Minimi/M249, HK21, MG4, CETME Ameli, K3, Mini-SS and Negev, among others.
See also
M1 link
M27 link
List of firearms
References
^ MIL-L-45403D, MILITARY SPECIFICATION: LINK, CARTRIDGE, METALLIC BELT, 7.62MM, M13
^ Metal link M9 for cal. 12.7×99mm Technical data
^ Metal link M13 for cal. 7.62×51mm Technical data
http://www.army-technology.com/contractors/ammunition/eurolinks/
M13 link technical data | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MG3_Zerfallgurt.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:11th_MEU_141210-M-HU038-044_(15396078764).jpg"},{"link_name":"ammunition box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammunition_box"},{"link_name":"M240G machine gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M240_machine_gun"},{"link_name":"U.S. military","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"disintegrating link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belt_(firearms)#Disintegrating_Belt"},{"link_name":"ammunition belt-fed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belt_(firearms)"},{"link_name":"firearms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firearms"},{"link_name":"7.62×51mm NATO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7.62%C3%9751mm_NATO"},{"link_name":"rounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartridge_(firearms)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M13_link&action=edit"},{"link_name":"Minigun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minigun"},{"link_name":"M60 Machine Gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M60_machine_gun"},{"link_name":"FN MAG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FN_MAG"},{"link_name":"M240","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M240_machine_gun"},{"link_name":"Mk 48","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mk_48_machine_gun"},{"link_name":"MG3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheinmetall_MG_3"},{"link_name":"HK21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HK21"},{"link_name":"MG5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heckler_%26_Koch_MG5"},{"link_name":"UKM-2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UKM-2000"},{"link_name":"K16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%26T_Motiv_K16"},{"link_name":"SS-77","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vektor_SS-77"},{"link_name":"Negev NG-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IWI_Negev#Variants"}],"text":"M13 links reassembled to previously fired 7.62×51mm NATO cartridge casesM13 links connect up to 200 7.62×51mm NATO rounds contained in an M19A1 ammunition box used to feed a M240G machine gunThe M13 link, formally Link, Cartridge, Metallic Belt, 7.62mm, M13, is the U.S. military designation for a metallic disintegrating link specifically designed for ammunition belt-fed firearms and 7.62×51mm NATO rounds. It was introduced in the mid-20th century.[1] It is the primary link type for the United States and among NATO for the 7.62×51mm NATO cartridge. As of 2017[update], it has been in use for over 60 years and is used on the Dillon M134D Minigun, M60 Machine Gun, FN MAG/M240, Mk 48, MG3, HK21, MG5, UKM-2000, K16, SS-77, and Negev NG-7, among others. Some countries redesignated the M13 link when it was adopted.","title":"M13 link"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"M1 links","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1_link"},{"link_name":".30-06 Springfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.30-06_Springfield"},{"link_name":"M1917 Browning machine gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1917_Browning_machine_gun"},{"link_name":"M1919 Browning machine gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1919_Browning_machine_gun"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"12.7×99mm NATO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12.7%C3%9799mm_NATO"},{"link_name":".50 BMG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.50_BMG"},{"link_name":"M2 machine gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M2_machine_gun"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Standardization Agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardization_Agreement"}],"text":"The M13 link replaced the older M1 links designed for .30-06 Springfield ammunition, which bound cartridges to each other at the neck, used on the older M1917 Browning machine gun and M1919 Browning machine gun family, though some conversions of the M1919 to the M13 were done, such as on the U.S. Navy Mark 21 Mod 0 machine gun, which saw service in the Vietnam War. Once converted, it cannot use other link types, as firearms made for the M13 Link are not backward-compatible with the M1 link (or other systems). The M9 link is technically very similar to the M1 link but designed for 12.7×99mm NATO/.50 BMG ammunition used in heavy machine guns like the M2 machine gun.[2] The M1 and M9 links are pull-out designs. Rounds are extracted by pulling them rearward out of the link.[citation needed]The NATO Standardization Agreement STANAG 2329 Links for Disintegrating Belts for Use with NATO 7.62mm Cartridges described the M13 link in 1982. STANAG 2329 has been rendered inactive.\nThe DEF STAN 13-33 - Standard NATO 7.62 Millimetre Rounds and Associated Chargers and Links is a 1982 standard by the Ministry of Defence of the United Kingdom. This Defence Standard specifies 7.62 mm small arms ammunition and its associated chargers and links for use by the Ministry of Defence to meet its commitment to NATO in the United Kingdom.\nThe United States Army MIL-DTL-45403E (3) CONT. DIST. - Link, Cartridge, Metallic Belt, 7.62 Millimeter - M13 2021 specification covers the requirements and verification methods for the Link, Cartridge, Metallic Belt, 7.62mm - M13 for use in 7.62mm machine guns.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HMS_LANCASTER_TAKES_PART_IN_SMALL_ARMS_FIRING_AT_SEA_MOD_45168077.jpg"},{"link_name":"HMS Lancaster's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Lancaster_(F229)"},{"link_name":"GPMG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FN_MAG#British_versions"},{"link_name":"EOTech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EOTech"},{"link_name":"holographic weapon sight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holographic_weapon_sight"},{"link_name":"lbf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound_(force)"},{"link_name":"N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton_(unit)"},{"link_name":"lbf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound_(force)"},{"link_name":"N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton_(unit)"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram"},{"link_name":"gr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grain_(unit)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"black phosphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphate_conversion_coating"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"M27 link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M27_link"},{"link_name":"5.56×45mm NATO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5.56%C3%9745mm_NATO"},{"link_name":"FN Minimi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FN_Minimi"},{"link_name":"M249","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M249"},{"link_name":"HK21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HK21"},{"link_name":"MG4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heckler_%26_Koch_MG4"},{"link_name":"CETME Ameli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CETME_Ameli"},{"link_name":"K3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daewoo_Precision_Industries_K3"},{"link_name":"Mini-SS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vektor_SS-77"},{"link_name":"Negev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IWI_Negev#Variants"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"A Gunner from HMS Lancaster's ship's company takes part in a small arms firing at sea (SAFAS) using a pintle-mounted GPMG with a EOTech holographic weapon sight and an ejected M13 link pieces and cartridge cases collection bagThe M13 link is a push-through design. Rounds are extracted by pushing them forward out of the link. The left side of a single link has a semi-circular loop which holds the main body of the cartridge case below the shoulder, and an extension on the right that forms two similar loops which were designed to fit in between the two right-side loops of the next link, and which have a small metal tab that extends down to the cartridge base and fit into the extraction groove of the case.\nThe M13 link binds the rounds from halfway down the length of the case to the case head. This was designed so that the bolt of the machine gun using the link would come forward upon squeezing the trigger and strip a round from its link from below the cartridge, and the round would be chambered, fired then extracted and ejected. The feeding pawl in the gun would pull the belt to the right as the gun was fired or cocked, sending the loose link out to the right side of the receiver, where the expended case was also ejected, normally separately from a different ejector port to the link.\nMIL-L-45403D stipulates that the force to strip a NATO approved round from the M13 link should be between 8.5 and 18 lbf (37.8 and 80.1 N) and the belt have a minimal tensile strength of 55 lbf (244.7 N). A single M13 link weighs approximately 4.35 g (67.1 gr).[3]The links often have an extra anti-corrosion surface treatment, generally (oil impregnated) black phosphate, and can be collected and reassembled by hand with fresh ammunition, but in practice this is not commonly done as it is labor-intensive, and the inexpensive links are considered disposable. Sometimes the ejected link pieces are collected to avoid littering the interior of aircraft and vehicles or reuse.[citation needed]The early 1970s M27 link is a link of smaller, but identical design, used among NATO for 5.56×45mm NATO chambered light machine guns, such as the FN Minimi/M249, HK21, MG4, CETME Ameli, K3, Mini-SS and Negev, among others.[citation needed]","title":"Design details"}] | [{"image_text":"M13 links reassembled to previously fired 7.62×51mm NATO cartridge cases","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/MG3_Zerfallgurt.jpg/220px-MG3_Zerfallgurt.jpg"},{"image_text":"M13 links connect up to 200 7.62×51mm NATO rounds contained in an M19A1 ammunition box used to feed a M240G machine gun","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/11th_MEU_141210-M-HU038-044_%2815396078764%29.jpg/220px-11th_MEU_141210-M-HU038-044_%2815396078764%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Gunner from HMS Lancaster's ship's company takes part in a small arms firing at sea (SAFAS) using a pintle-mounted GPMG with a EOTech holographic weapon sight and an ejected M13 link pieces and cartridge cases collection bag","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/HMS_LANCASTER_TAKES_PART_IN_SMALL_ARMS_FIRING_AT_SEA_MOD_45168077.jpg/220px-HMS_LANCASTER_TAKES_PART_IN_SMALL_ARMS_FIRING_AT_SEA_MOD_45168077.jpg"}] | [{"title":"M1 link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1_link"},{"title":"M27 link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M27_link"},{"title":"List of firearms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_firearms"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M13_link&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"http://everyspec.com/MIL-SPECS/MIL-SPECS-MIL-L/MIL-L-45403D_49115/","external_links_name":"MIL-L-45403D, MILITARY SPECIFICATION: LINK, CARTRIDGE, METALLIC BELT, 7.62MM, M13"},{"Link":"http://www.arex.si/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/link_M9_12.7mm_R1.pdf","external_links_name":"Metal link M9 for cal. 12.7×99mm Technical data"},{"Link":"http://www.arex.si/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/link_M13_7.62mm_R1.pdf","external_links_name":"Metal link M13 for cal. 7.62×51mm Technical data"},{"Link":"http://www.army-technology.com/contractors/ammunition/eurolinks/","external_links_name":"http://www.army-technology.com/contractors/ammunition/eurolinks/"},{"Link":"https://www.global-ordnance.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/link_M13_7.62mm_R1.pdf","external_links_name":"M13 link technical data"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Espinosa_Batista | Manuel Espinosa Batista | ["1 Early life","2 Political career","3 Other interests","4 Family life","5 Legacy","6 References"] | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Manuel Espinosa Batista" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Espinosa and the second or maternal family name is Batista.
Manuel Espinosa Batista.
Manuel Espinosa Batista (September 12, 1857 – November 27, 1919) was a Colombian pharmacist turned politician who campaigned for a separate Panama state and became one of "Founders of the Republic". He is known for his philanthropy.
Early life
Born in Cartagena, Republic of New Granada, his father was Manuel Espinosa and his mother was Purificación Batista. At the early age of 13, he traveled to the Isthmus of Panama after being encouraged to do so by his relatives in Panama. He started to work for a pharmacy, raising money to pay for his books and pharmaceutical studies. Eventually, he became an expert pharmacist and established a pharmacy on Central Avenue in 1882, in front of the Arias-Feraud house (now known as Casa de la Municipalidad). A few months later, his great friend Jose Gabriel Duque was given a government contract to create a National Lottery and Manuel became his guarantor. Later, in 1899, Manuel became president of the company. Manual invested in, and created other business ventures.
Political career
Manuel Espinosa Batista started his political life by winning a place in the city council from 1897 to 1898. He was a supporter of the separatist movement, which wanted the separation of Panama from Colombia. This group of separatists was formed by José Agustín Arango, Manuel Amador Guerrero, Nicanor de Obarrio, Ricardo Arias, Federico Boyd, Carlos Constantino Arosemena, Tomás Arias, and Manuel Espinosa Batista. Nowadays they are called the "Founders of the Republic". José Agustín Arango organized meetings in the back part of the pharmacy owned by Manuel Espinosa Batista.
Panama achieved separation from Colombia on November 3, 1903. That night the local council proclaimed the separation and convened open cabildo in Panama City the next day. During that cabildo, Panama independence was made official in an act signed by the members of the council and the citizens who attended the event. The President of the council Demetrio H. Brid appointed the Provisional Government Junta formed by: José Agustín Arango, Tomás Arias and Federico Boyd - Manuel Espinosa Batista was appointed Deputy Member of the Provisional Government Junta, and his appointment was announce to each member by a note from Demetrio H. Brid. From November 9, 1903 to December 7, 1903 Manuel Espinosa Batista temporary replaced Federico Boyd within the Junta.
Other interests
Manuel Espinosa Batista not only acquired great economic, social, and political position during his life, but he was also a philanthropist. He granted scholarships to various boys with little resources, if they had willingness to study, and sent them overseas. In 1885 there was a great fire in Colón and many houses were destroyed, so he donated money to build new houses for the people who had lost everything. He also donated money to build streets in Panama city, donated money for the city's electric lighting, and for the recollection of garbage.
As a member of the city council, if there was not enough money to complete a scheme for the city, he would finance projects from his own pocket.
He also supported the orphanage administrated by the Salesians of Don Bosco. That orphanage later become the Don Bosco Technical Institute (Instituto Técnico Don Bosco), a private catholic school, which has a small building named Manuel Espinosa Batista.
Family life
He was married to Elisa Remón Escobar and they had seven children: María, Elisa, Isabel, Cecilia, Carmen, Raúl and Manuel Espinosa Remón. His wife, together with Hortensia de Alfaro, backed the closing show of the first art season in the Republic of Panama in 1910. This last show of the season was in benefit of the old people's home Bolívar and the children's orphanage.
Legacy
Bust of Manuel Espinosa Batista in Plaza de la Independencia, Panama City.
Manuel Espinosa Batista died at the age of 62, on November 27, 1919. the day before the 63rd birthday of the President Belisario Porras.
On December 16, 1924, the National Assembly of Panama, passed a law to commission a bronze bust sculpture of Manuel Espinosa Batista with the legend "Founder of the Republic", together with other busts of José Agustín Arango, Tomás Arias and Federico Boyd, members of the Provisional Government Junta and the bust of Manuel Amador Guerrero, the first President of the Republic of Panama.
These busts are located in Independence Square, or Plaza Catedral, in Panama City. Later the busts of other members of the separatist movement were added to the square.
A public school and an avenue in Panama are named after Manuel Espinosa Batista.
References
^ "Manuel Espinosa Batista". micanaldepanama.com. Canal de Panama. Archived from the original on 10 November 2012. Retrieved 25 August 2015. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_name"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Manuel_Espinosa_Batista,_pr%C3%B3cer_de_Panam%C3%A1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama"}],"text":"In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Espinosa and the second or maternal family name is Batista.Manuel Espinosa Batista.Manuel Espinosa Batista (September 12, 1857 – November 27, 1919) was a Colombian pharmacist turned politician who campaigned for a separate Panama state and became one of \"Founders of the Republic\". He is known for his philanthropy.","title":"Manuel Espinosa Batista"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cartagena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartagena,_Colombia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Republic of New Granada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_New_Granada"},{"link_name":"Isthmus of Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isthmus_of_Panama"},{"link_name":"Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama"},{"link_name":"pharmacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacy"}],"text":"Born in Cartagena,[1] Republic of New Granada, his father was Manuel Espinosa and his mother was Purificación Batista. At the early age of 13, he traveled to the Isthmus of Panama after being encouraged to do so by his relatives in Panama. He started to work for a pharmacy, raising money to pay for his books and pharmaceutical studies. Eventually, he became an expert pharmacist and established a pharmacy on Central Avenue in 1882, in front of the Arias-Feraud house (now known as Casa de la Municipalidad). A few months later, his great friend Jose Gabriel Duque was given a government contract to create a National Lottery and Manuel became his guarantor. Later, in 1899, Manuel became president of the company. Manual invested in, and created other business ventures.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"José Agustín Arango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Agust%C3%ADn_Arango"},{"link_name":"Manuel Amador Guerrero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Amador_Guerrero"},{"link_name":"Nicanor de Obarrio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicanor_de_Obarrio&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ricardo Arias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo_Arias_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Federico Boyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Boyd"},{"link_name":"Carlos Constantino Arosemena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carlos_Constantino_Arosemena&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tomás Arias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Arias"},{"link_name":"José Agustín Arango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Agust%C3%ADn_Arango"},{"link_name":"cabildo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabildo_(council)"},{"link_name":"Panama City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_City"},{"link_name":"Demetrio H. Brid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demetrio_H._Brid"},{"link_name":"José Agustín Arango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Agust%C3%ADn_Arango"},{"link_name":"Tomás Arias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Arias"},{"link_name":"Federico Boyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Boyd"},{"link_name":"Demetrio H. Brid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demetrio_H._Brid"},{"link_name":"Federico Boyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Boyd"}],"text":"Manuel Espinosa Batista started his political life by winning a place in the city council from 1897 to 1898. He was a supporter of the separatist movement, which wanted the separation of Panama from Colombia. This group of separatists was formed by José Agustín Arango, Manuel Amador Guerrero, Nicanor de Obarrio, Ricardo Arias, Federico Boyd, Carlos Constantino Arosemena, Tomás Arias, and Manuel Espinosa Batista. Nowadays they are called the \"Founders of the Republic\". José Agustín Arango organized meetings in the back part of the pharmacy owned by Manuel Espinosa Batista.Panama achieved separation from Colombia on November 3, 1903. That night the local council proclaimed the separation and convened open cabildo in Panama City the next day. During that cabildo, Panama independence was made official in an act signed by the members of the council and the citizens who attended the event. The President of the council Demetrio H. Brid appointed the Provisional Government Junta formed by: José Agustín Arango, Tomás Arias and Federico Boyd - Manuel Espinosa Batista was appointed Deputy Member of the Provisional Government Junta, and his appointment was announce to each member by a note from Demetrio H. Brid. From November 9, 1903 to December 7, 1903 Manuel Espinosa Batista temporary replaced Federico Boyd within the Junta.","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Colón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Col%C3%B3n,_Panama"},{"link_name":"Salesians of Don Bosco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salesians_of_Don_Bosco"}],"text":"Manuel Espinosa Batista not only acquired great economic, social, and political position during his life, but he was also a philanthropist. He granted scholarships to various boys with little resources, if they had willingness to study, and sent them overseas. In 1885 there was a great fire in Colón and many houses were destroyed, so he donated money to build new houses for the people who had lost everything. He also donated money to build streets in Panama city, donated money for the city's electric lighting, and for the recollection of garbage.As a member of the city council, if there was not enough money to complete a scheme for the city, he would finance projects from his own pocket.He also supported the orphanage administrated by the Salesians of Don Bosco. That orphanage later become the Don Bosco Technical Institute (Instituto Técnico Don Bosco), a private catholic school, which has a small building named Manuel Espinosa Batista.","title":"Other interests"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"He was married to Elisa Remón Escobar and they had seven children: María, Elisa, Isabel, Cecilia, Carmen, Raúl and Manuel Espinosa Remón. His wife, together with Hortensia de Alfaro, backed the closing show of the first art season in the Republic of Panama in 1910. This last show of the season was in benefit of the old people's home Bolívar and the children's orphanage.","title":"Family life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Manuel_Espinosa_Batista.jpg"},{"link_name":"Belisario Porras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belisario_Porras"},{"link_name":"José Agustín Arango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Agust%C3%ADn_Arango"},{"link_name":"Tomás Arias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Arias"},{"link_name":"Federico Boyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Boyd"},{"link_name":"Manuel Amador Guerrero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Amador_Guerrero"}],"text":"Bust of Manuel Espinosa Batista in Plaza de la Independencia, Panama City.Manuel Espinosa Batista died at the age of 62, on November 27, 1919. the day before the 63rd birthday of the President Belisario Porras.On December 16, 1924, the National Assembly of Panama, passed a law to commission a bronze bust sculpture of Manuel Espinosa Batista with the legend \"Founder of the Republic\", together with other busts of José Agustín Arango, Tomás Arias and Federico Boyd, members of the Provisional Government Junta and the bust of Manuel Amador Guerrero, the first President of the Republic of Panama.These busts are located in Independence Square, or Plaza Catedral, in Panama City. Later the busts of other members of the separatist movement were added to the square.A public school and an avenue in Panama are named after Manuel Espinosa Batista.","title":"Legacy"}] | [{"image_text":"Manuel Espinosa Batista.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Manuel_Espinosa_Batista%2C_pr%C3%B3cer_de_Panam%C3%A1.jpg/220px-Manuel_Espinosa_Batista%2C_pr%C3%B3cer_de_Panam%C3%A1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bust of Manuel Espinosa Batista in Plaza de la Independencia, Panama City.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Manuel_Espinosa_Batista.jpg/220px-Manuel_Espinosa_Batista.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Manuel Espinosa Batista\". micanaldepanama.com. Canal de Panama. Archived from the original on 10 November 2012. Retrieved 25 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121110090712/http://micanaldepanama.com/nosotros/sobre-la-acp/historia-del-canal/proceres/manuel-espinosa-batista/","url_text":"\"Manuel Espinosa Batista\""},{"url":"http://micanaldepanama.com/nosotros/sobre-la-acp/historia-del-canal/proceres/manuel-espinosa-batista/","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Manuel+Espinosa+Batista%22","external_links_name":"\"Manuel Espinosa Batista\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Manuel+Espinosa+Batista%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Manuel+Espinosa+Batista%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Manuel+Espinosa+Batista%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Manuel+Espinosa+Batista%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Manuel+Espinosa+Batista%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121110090712/http://micanaldepanama.com/nosotros/sobre-la-acp/historia-del-canal/proceres/manuel-espinosa-batista/","external_links_name":"\"Manuel Espinosa Batista\""},{"Link":"http://micanaldepanama.com/nosotros/sobre-la-acp/historia-del-canal/proceres/manuel-espinosa-batista/","external_links_name":"the original"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krakow_University | Jagiellonian University | ["1 History","1.1 Founding the university","1.2 Golden age of the Renaissance","1.3 Turmoil and near closure after the partitions","1.4 Modern era and renovation","1.5 International partnerships","2 Libraries","3 Rankings","4 Faculties and departments","5 Notable alumni","6 Notable faculty","7 Student associations","8 See also","9 Notes and references","10 External links"] | Coordinates: 50°3′39″N 19°55′58″E / 50.06083°N 19.93278°E / 50.06083; 19.93278Academic institution in Kraków, Poland
"University of Kraków" redirects here. For other institutes of higher education in Kraków, see List of universities and colleges in Kraków.
Jagiellonian UniversityUniwersytet JagiellońskiLatin: Universitas Iagellonica CracoviensisFormer namesStudium Generale (1364–1397)Collegium Regium (1397–1400)Collegium Maius (1400–c. late 1500s)Kraków Academy (c. late 1500s–1777)Principal School of the Realm (1777–1795)Principal School of Kraków (1795–1817)MottoPlus ratio quam visMotto in EnglishLet reason prevail over forceTypePublicEstablished1364; 660 years ago (1364)RectorJacek Popiel Academic staff3,942 (2021)Students35,517 (2021)Undergraduates16,222 (2021)Postgraduates11,014 (2021)Doctoral students2,153 (2021)LocationKraków, Poland50°3′39″N 19°55′58″E / 50.06083°N 19.93278°E / 50.06083; 19.93278CampusUrban/college townAffiliationsCoimbra Group EAIE Europaeum EUA Guild of European Research-Intensive Universities IRUN Una Europa Utrecht NetworkWebsitehttps://en.uj.edu.pl/en
Jagiellonian Universityclass=notpageimage| Location of Jagiellonian University in Kraków within PolandThe Jagiellonian University (Polish: Uniwersytet Jagielloński, UJ) is a public research university in Kraków, Poland. Founded in 1364 by King Casimir III the Great, it is the oldest university in Poland and one of the oldest universities in continuous operation in the world. It is regarded as Poland's most prestigious academic institution and one of the most prestigious academic institutions in Europe. The university has been viewed as a vanguard of Polish culture as well as a significant contributor to the intellectual heritage of Europe.
The campus of the Jagiellonian University is centrally located within the city of Kraków. The university consists of thirteen main faculties, in addition to three faculties composing the Collegium Medicum. It employs roughly 4,000 academics and provides education to more than 35,000 students who study in 166 fields. The main language of instruction is Polish, although around 30 degrees are offered in English and some in German. The university library is among the largest of its kind and houses a number of medieval manuscripts, including the landmark De Revolutionibus by alumnus Nicolaus Copernicus.
In addition to Copernicus, the university's notable alumni include heads of state King John III Sobieski, Pope John Paul II, and Andrzej Duda; Polish prime ministers Beata Szydło and Józef Cyrankiewicz; renowned cultural figures Jan Kochanowski, Stanisław Lem, and Krzysztof Penderecki; and leading intellectuals and researchers such as Hugo Kołłątaj, Bronisław Malinowski, Carl Menger, Leo Sternbach, and Norman Davies. Four Nobel laureates have been affiliated with the university, all in literature: Ivo Andrić and Wisława Szymborska, who studied there, and Czesław Miłosz and Olga Tokarczuk, who taught there. Faculty and graduates of the university have been elected to the Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences, the Royal Society, the British Academy, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and other honorary societies.
History
Founding the university
The founding of the university in 1364, painted by Jan Matejko (1838–1893)
In the mid-14th century, King Casimir III the Great realised that the nation needed a class of educated people, especially lawyers, who could arrange a better set of the country's laws and administer the courts and offices. His efforts to found an institution of higher learning in Poland were rewarded when Pope Urban V granted him permission to set up a university in Kraków. A royal charter of foundation was issued on 12 May 1364, and a simultaneous document was issued by the city council granting privileges to the Studium Generale.
Development of the University of Kraków stalled upon the death of Casimir III, and lectures were held in various places across the city, including, amongst others, in professors' houses, churches and in the cathedral school on the Wawel Hill. It is believed that the construction of a building to house the Studium Generale began on Plac Wolnica in what is today the district of Kazimierz.
After a period of low interest and lack of funds, the institution was restored in the 1390s by Jadwiga, queen of Poland, the daughter of Louis the Great. The royal couple, Jadwiga and her husband Władysław II Jagiełło decided that, instead of building new premises for the university, it would be better to buy an existing edifice; it was thus that a building on Żydowska Street, which had previously been the property of the Pęcherz family, was acquired in 1399. The Queen donated all of her personal jewellery to the university, allowing it to enroll 203 students. The faculties of astronomy, law and theology attracted eminent scholars: for example, John Cantius, Stanisław of Skarbimierz, Paweł Włodkowic, Jan of Głogów, and Albert Brudzewski, who from 1491 to 1495 was one of Nicolaus Copernicus' teachers. The university was the first university in Europe to establish independent chairs in Mathematics and Astronomy. This rapid expansion in the university's faculty necessitated the purchase of larger premises in which to house them; it was thus that the building known today as the Collegium Maius, with its quadrangle and beautiful arcade, came into being towards the beginning of the 15th century. The Collegium Maius' qualities, many of which directly contributed to the sheltered, academic atmosphere at the university, became widely respected, helping the university establish its reputation as a place of learning in Central Europe.
Golden age of the Renaissance
The main assembly hall of the university's Collegium Maius
For several centuries, almost the entire intellectual elite of Poland was educated at the university, where they enjoyed particular royal favors. While it was, and largely remains, Polish students who make up the majority of the university's students, it has, over its long history, educated thousands of foreign students from countries such as Lithuania, Russia, Hungary, Bohemia, Germany, and Spain. During the second half of the 15th century, over 40 percent of students came from the outside of the Kingdom of Poland.
The main baroque entrance to the university's Collegium Iuridicum
The first chancellor of the university was Piotr Wysz, and the first professors were Czechs, Germans and Poles, most of them trained at the Charles University in Prague. By 1520 Greek philology was introduced by Constanzo Claretti and Wenzel von Hirschberg; Hebrew was also taught. At this time, the Collegium Maius consisted of seven reading rooms, six of which were named for the great ancient scholars: Aristotle, Socrates, Plato, Galen, Ptolemy, and Pythagoras. Furthermore, it was during this period that the faculties of Law, Medicine, Theology, and Philosophy were established in their own premises; two of these buildings, the Collegium Iuridicum and Collegium Minus, survive to this day. The golden era of the University of Kraków took place during the Polish Renaissance, between 1500 and 1535, when it was attended by 3,215 students in the first decade of the 16th century, and it was in these years that the foundations for the Jagiellonian Library were set, which allowed for the addition of a library floor to the Collegium Maius. The library's original rooms in which all books were chained to their cases in order to prevent theft are no longer used as such. However, they are still occasionally open to hosting visiting lecturers' talks.
As the university's popularity, along with that of the ever more provincial Kraków's, declined in later centuries, the number of students attending the university also fell and, as such, the attendance record set in the early 16th-century wasn't surpassed until the late 18th century. This phenomenon was recorded as part of a more general economic and political decline seen in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, which was suffering from the effects of poor governance and the policies of hostile neighbors at the time. In fact, despite a number of expansion projects during the late 18th century, many of the university's buildings had fallen into disrepair and were being used for a range of other purposes; in the university's archives, there is one entry which reads: 'Nobody lives in the building, nothing happens there. If the lecture halls underwent refurbishment they could be rented out to accommodate a laundry'. This period thus represents one of the darkest periods in the university's history and is almost certainly the one during which the closure of the institution seemed most imminent.
Turmoil and near closure after the partitions
The Collegium Novum in the Old Town District
After the third partition of Poland in 1795 and the ensuing Napoleonic Wars, Kraków became a free city under the protection of the Austrian Empire; this, however, was not to last long. In 1846, after the Kraków Uprising, the city and its university became part of the Austrian Empire. The Austrians were in many ways hostile to the institution and, soon after their arrival, removed many of the furnishings from the Collegium Maius' Auditorium Maximum in order to convert it into a grain store. However, the threat of closure of the University was ultimately dissipated by Ferdinand I of Austria's decree to maintain it. By the 1870s the fortunes of the university had improved so greatly that many scholars had returned. The liquefaction of nitrogen and oxygen was successfully demonstrated by professors Zygmunt Wróblewski and Karol Olszewski in 1883. Thereafter the Austrian authorities took on a new role in the development of the university and provided funds for the construction of a number of new buildings, including the neo-gothic Collegium Novum, which opened in 1887. It was, conversely, from this building that in 1918 a large painting of Kaiser Franz Joseph was removed and destroyed by Polish students advocating the reestablishment of an independent Polish state.
Count Stanisław Tarnowski was, between 1871 and 1909, twice rector of the university.
The university around 1930
For the 500th anniversary of the university's foundation, a monument to Copernicus was placed in the quadrangle of the Collegium Maius; this statue is now to be found in the direct vicinity of the Collegium Novum, outside the Collegium Witkowskiego, to where it was moved in 1953. Nevertheless, it was in the Grzegórzecka and the Kopernika areas that much of the university's expansion took place up to 1918; during this time the Collegium Medicum was relocated to a site just east of the centre, and was expanded with the addition of a number of modern teaching hospitals – this 'medical campus' remains to this day. By the late 1930s, the number of students at the university had increased dramatically to almost 6,000. Now a major centre for education in the independent Republic of Poland, the university attained government support for the purchase of building plots for new premises, as a result of which a number of residencies were built for students and professors alike. However, of all the projects begun during this era, the most important would have to be the creation of the Jagiellonian Library. The library's monumental building, construction of which began in 1931, was finally completed towards the end of the interwar period, which allowed the university's many varied literary collections to be relocated to their new home by the outbreak of war in 1939.
Modern era and renovation
On November 6, 1939, following the Nazi invasion of Poland, 184 professors were arrested and deported to Sachsenhausen concentration camp during an operation codenamed Sonderaktion Krakau (Special Operation Krakow). The university, along with the rest of Poland's higher and secondary education, was closed for the remainder of World War II. Despite the university's reopening after the cessation of hostilities in 1945, the new government of Poland was hostile to the teachings of the pre-war university and the faculty was suppressed by the Communists in 1954. By 1957 the Polish government decided that it would invest in the establishment of new facilities near Jordan Park and expansion of other smaller existing facilities. Construction work proved slow and many of the stated goals were never achieved; it was this poor management that eventually led a number of scholars to openly criticise the government for its apparent lack of interest in educational development and disregard for the university's future. A number of new buildings, such as the Collegium Paderevianum, were built with funds from the legacy of Ignacy Paderewski.
By 1989, Poland had overthrown its Communist government. In that same year, the Jagiellonian University successfully completed the purchase of its first building plot in Pychowice, Kraków, where, from 2000, construction began of a new complex of university buildings, the so-called Third Campus. The new campus, officially named the '600th Anniversary Campus', was developed in conjunction with the new LifeScience Park, which is managed by the Jagiellonian Centre for Innovation, the university's research consortium. Public funds earmarked for the project amounted to 946.5 million zlotys, or 240 million euros. Poland's entry into the European Union in 2004 has proved instrumental in improving the fortunes of the Jagiellonian University, which has seen huge increases in funding from both central government and European authorities, allowing it to develop new departments, research centres, and better support the work of its students and academics.
International partnerships
The university's academic advancement in both Poland and abroad is illustrated by its widely recognized research achievements. The scientists and physicians from the Collegium Medicum carry out pioneer studies, e.g. in cardiac surgery, urology and neurology, often leading to the development of novel treatment methods. Their findings have been published in international journals such as European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Medicine, New England Journal of Medicine, and The Lancet. UJ archaeologists lead explorations of ancient sites in various parts of the world, including Egypt, Cyprus, Central America, South Asia and Altay. The astronomers take part in major international projects, including H.E.S.S. and VIPERS. The work of UJ bio-technologists has been published in journals, such as Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, Molecular Ecology Resources, and European Journal of Human Genetics.
In the English-speaking world, the Jagiellonian University has international partnerships with the University of Cambridge, University of Melbourne, University of Chicago, University of California, Los Angeles, London School of Economics, University of Rochester, University of California, Irvine, Case Western Reserve University. In the French-speaking world, partner universities include the Sorbonne, University of Montpellier. UJ also maintains strong academic partnership with Heidelberg University, Germany's oldest university. The Jagiellonian University offers specializations in German law, in conjunction with Heidelberg University and Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz.
Other cooperation agreements exist with Charles University Prague, University of Vienna, University of Tokyo, Saint Petersburg State University, Technical University of Munich, and Free University of Berlin.
Libraries
The Jagiellonian Library's main site
The Jagiellonian Library extension
The university's main library, the Jagiellonian Library (Biblioteka Jagiellońska), is one of Poland's largest, with almost 6.5 million volumes; it is a constituent of the Polish National Libraries system. It is home to a world-renowned collection of medieval manuscripts, which includes Copernicus' De Revolutionibus, the Balthasar Behem Codex and the Berlinka. The library also has an extensive collection of underground political literature (so-called drugi obieg or samizdat) from Poland's period of Communist rule between 1945 and 1989.
The beginning of the Jagiellonian Library is traditionally considered the same as that of the entire university – in 1364; however, instead of having one central library it had several smaller branches at buildings of various departments (the largest collection was in Collegium Maius, where works related to theology and liberal arts were kept). After 1775, during the reforms of Komisja Edukacji Narodowej, which established the first Ministry of Education in the world, various small libraries of the university were formally centralised into one public collection in Collegium Maius. During the partitions of Poland, the library continued to grow thanks to the support of such people as Karol Józef Teofil Estreicher and Karol Estreicher. Its collections were made public in 1812. Since 1932, it has been recognised as a legal deposit library, comparable to the Bodleian Library at the University of Oxford or Cambridge University Library or Trinity College Library in Dublin, and thus has the right to receive a copy of any book issued by Polish publishers within Poland. In 1940, the library finally obtained a new building of its own, which has subsequently been expanded on two occasions, most recently in 1995–2001. During the Second World War, library workers cooperated with underground universities. Since the 1990s, the library's collection has become increasingly digitised.
In addition to the Jagiellonian Library, the university maintains a large medical library (Biblioteka Medyczna) and many other subject specialised libraries in its various faculties and institutes. Finally, the collections of the university libraries' collections are enriched by the presence of the university's archives, which date back to the university's own foundation and record the entire history of its development up to the present day.
Rankings
University rankingsGlobal – OverallCWTS World253 (2022)QS World293 (2023)QS Employability201-250 (2022)USNWR Global320 (2022)
Regional – OverallQS Emerging Europe and Central Asia5 (2022)
National – OverallCWTS National1 (2022)CWUR National1 (2022)
Faculties and departments
The university is divided into the following faculties, which have different organisational sub-structures partly reflecting their history and partly their operational needs. Teaching and research at UJ are organised by these faculties, including a number of additional institutes:
Law and Administration
Medicine
Pharmacy and Medical Analysis
Health Care
Philosophy
History
Philology
Polish Language and Literature
Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science
Mathematics and Computer Science
Chemistry
Biology
Earth Sciences
Management and Social Communication
International and Political Studies
Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology
University Center of Veterinary Medicine (joint faculty with Agricultural University of Kraków)
National Center of Synchrotron Radiation SOLARIS (off-departmental facility)
Jagiellonian University Collegium Medicum is affiliated with the following hospitals and clinics:
University Hospital in Krakow-Prokocim
Children's University Hospital in Krakow
University Hospital for Orthopedics and Rehabilitation in Zakopane
Dental University Clinic in Krakow
John Paul II's Specialist Hospital in Krakow
The new seat of the University Hospital has been recently opened at Prokocim in 2019, as a result of more than 1.2 billion zloty investment projects. As 2022 the University Hospital in Krakow is the biggest supra-regional public hospital in Poland and comprises: 37 clinical departments, 12 diagnostic and research institutes, and 71 out-patient units.
Notable alumni
For a more comprehensive list, see List of Jagiellonian University people.
Nicolaus Copernicus, Renaissance polymath who formulated the theory of Heliocentrism
Jan Długosz, priest, chronicler and diplomat
Francysk Skaryna, Belarusian humanist, physician, and translator
Jan Kochanowski, Renaissance poet who established poetic patterns that would become integral to the Polish literary language
John III Sobieski, King of Poland
Hugo Kołłątaj, constitutional reformer and educationalist, one of the most prominent figures of the Polish Enlightenment
Carl Menger, Austrian economist and the founder of the Austrian School of economics
Karol Olszewski, chemist who became the first scientist to liquefy oxygen and nitrogen
Ignacy Łukasiewicz, pharmacist, engineer, businessman, inventor, and philanthropist who built the world's first modern oil refinery
Wacław Sierpiński, mathematician known for contributions to set theory, number theory, theory of functions, and topology
Bronisław Malinowski, one of the founders of social anthropology
Ivo Andrić, Yugoslav novelist, poet and short story writer, winner of the 1961 Nobel Prize in Literature
Antoni Kępiński, psychiatrist and philosopher
Stanisław Lem, writer of science fiction and essays on various subjects, including philosophy, futurology, and literary criticism
Krzysztof Penderecki, composer and conductor
Wisława Szymborska, poet, essayist and translator, recipient of the 1996 Nobel Prize in Literature
Pope John Paul II, head of the Catholic Church from 1978 until 2005
Norman Davies, British historian specializing in Central and Eastern Europe
Jerzy Vetulani, neuroscientist, pharmacologist and biochemist
Andrzej Duda, 6th President of the Republic of Poland
Notable faculty
Heraldic frieze on the building of Collegium Maius depicting coats of arms of the Kraków bishops, chancellors, cardinals as well as Elizabeth of Austria, Crown of the Kingdom of Poland, Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kraków Academy
Stanisław of Skarbimierz (1360–1431), rector, theologian, lawyer
Paweł Włodkowic (1370–1435), lawyer, diplomat and politician, representative of Poland at the Council of Constance
Albert Brudzewski (1445–1497), astronomer and mathematician
Maciej Miechowita (1457–1523), historian, chronicler, geographer, medic
Marcin Szlachciński (1511/1512–1600), scholar, translator, poet and philosopher
Jan Brożek (1585–1652), mathematician, physician and astronomer
Adam Bełcikowski (1839–1909), philosopher, historian of literature, poet
Franz Mertens (1840–1927), mathematician
Henryk Jordan (1842–1907), professor of obstetrics
Walery Jaworski (1849–1924), gastroenterologist
Ludwik Rydygier (1850–1920), general surgeon
Albert Wojciech Adamkiewicz (1850–1921), pathologist, discovered the Artery of Adamkiewicz and the Adamkiewicz reaction
Napoleon Cybulski (1854–1919), pioneer in endocrinology
Edmund Załęski (1863–1932), agrotechnician and chemist
Władysław Natanson (1864–1937), physicist
Stanisław Estreicher (1869–1939), founder of the Jagiellonian University Museum
Tadeusz Estreicher (1871–1952), pioneer in cryogenics
Marian Smoluchowski (1872–1917), pioneer of statistical physics
Bohdan Lepky (1872–1941), literature
Franciszek Bujak (1875–1953), historian
Stanisław Kutrzeba (1876–1946), rector, General Secretary of the Polish Academy of Learning
Andrzej Gawroński (1885–1927), founder of the Polish Oriental Society, master of Sanskrit
Stanisław Kot (1885–1975), historian and politician
Jan Zawidzki (1886–1928), chemist and historian
Tadeusz Sulimirski (1898–1983), historian and archaeologist, experts on the ancient Sarmatians
Roman Grodecki (1889–1964), economic historian
Stanisław Smreczyński (1899–1975), zoologist
Henryk Niewodniczański (1900–1968), physicist
Adam Vetulani (1901–1976), historian of medieval and canon law
Maria Ludwika Bernhard (1908–1998), archaeologist
Wisława Szymborska (1923–2012), poet, recipient of the 1996 Nobel Prize in Literature
Bogdan Baranowski (1927–2014), chemist
Ryszard Gryglewski (born 1932), pharmacologist and physician, a discoverer of prostacyclin
Andrzej Szczeklik (1932–2012), physician
Jan Woleński (born 1940), philosopher
Piotr Sztompka (born 1944), sociologist
Jan Potempa (born 1955), biologist, recipient of the 2011 Prize of the Foundation for Polish Science
Sławomir Kołodziej (born 1961), mathematician
Krzysztof Kościelniak (born 1965), historian
Student associations
In 1851, the university's first student scientific association was founded. In 2021, over 70 student scientific associations exist at the Jagiellonian University, most of them affiliated with Collegium Medicum. Usually, their purpose is to promote students' scientific achievements by organizing lecture sessions, science excursions, and international student conferences, such as the International Workshop for Young Mathematicians, which is organized by the Zaremba Association of Mathematicians.
The links below provide further information on student activities at the Jagiellonian:
University Study Oriented System (USOS)
Scientific Circles Archived 2014-03-12 at the Wayback Machine
Student Organizations
Ensembles
Selected locations around the city
Collegium Novum
Collegium Maius, the oldest building of the university
Collegium Broscianum on Grodzka Street
Collegium Physicum
Larysz Palace, Faculty of Law and Administration
Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science
Theatrum Anatomicum of the Faculty of Medicine
Przegorzały Castle, the seat of the Institute of European Studies
Campus of the 600th anniversary of University's Revival
Auditorium Maximum with theatre stage seating 1,200
See also
List of medieval universities
Nawojka, the university's legendary first female student from the 15th century
Sonderaktion Krakau, a Nazi German operation against professors and academics from the University of Kraków
Neuronus IBRO & IRUN Neuroscience Forum
Notes and references
^ "Jagiellonian University Facts and Figures 2021". en.uj.edu.pl. Jagiellonian University. 2021. Retrieved 14 April 2021.
^ "Dane statystyczne Uczelni as of December 31 2020". en.uj.edu.pl. Jagiellonian University. 2021. Retrieved 14 April 2021.
^ "Study in Poland". Top Universities. 3 September 2014. Retrieved 4 January 2017.
^ "Jagiellonian University". Times Higher Education (THE). Retrieved 4 January 2017.
^ a b "Overview – Jagiellonian University". en.uj.edu.pl. Retrieved 15 February 2022.
^ "Welcome to the Jagiellonian University – Programmes". www.en.uj.edu.pl. Retrieved 14 April 2021.
^ "Study of Literature and Art at the Jagiellonian University in Kraków : Kraków Miasto Literatury UNESCO". krakowcityofliterature.com. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
^ For a summary description of all of the set of scholars and literati who intervened in teaching at the University of Parma from its creation until 1800, see David de la Croix and Gaia Spolverini,(2022). Scholars and Literati at the University of Cracow (1364–1800).Repertorium Eruditorum Totius Europae/RETE. 6: 35–42.
^ a b Waltos, Stanisław. "History". Jagiellonian University. Retrieved 28 September 2010. (in Polish)
^ "Władysła Jan Pochwalski". Archived from the original on 30 December 2021. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
^ "Kraków – Pomnik Mikołaja Kopernika". Archived from the original on 12 April 2021. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
^ "Dzieje Biblioteki Jagiellońskiej". Archived from the original on 20 July 2020. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
^ a b Weigel, George (2001). Witness of Hope – The Biography of Pope John Paul II. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-018793-4.
^ "Campus of the Sixcentenary". Retrieved 12 May 2011.
^ "Campus of the Sixcentenary". Retrieved 28 September 2010.
^ empressia. "Centrum Innowacyjnych Terapii". Szpital Uniwersytecki w Krakowie (in Polish). Retrieved 15 February 2022.
^ "Wydawnictwa – Institute of Archeology – Faculty of History". archeo.uj.edu.pl. Retrieved 15 February 2022.
^ "New LSE IDEAS-Jagiellonian University Partnership". London School of Economics and Political Science. Archived from the original on 29 April 2023. Retrieved 30 December 2020.
^ Watzke, Christian. "Partneruniversitäten – International – Universität Heidelberg". www.uni-heidelberg.de. Retrieved 4 January 2017.
^ "Schule des Deutschen Rechts —". www.law.uj.edu.pl. Retrieved 4 January 2017.
^ "Bilateral Agreements List". Archived from the original on 5 January 2017. Retrieved 5 January 2017.
^ "O Dziale – Dział Współpracy Międzynarodowej Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego". Dwm.uj.edu.pl. Retrieved 30 April 2017.
^ Bętkowska, Teresa (18 May 2008). "Jagiellonian University: Cracow's Alma Mater". Warsaw Voice. Archived from the original on 13 June 2011. Retrieved 28 September 2010.
^ "BJ: Medieval manuscripts". Bj.uj.edu.pl. Archived from the original on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 28 September 2010.
^ Visiting the Biblioteka Jagiellonska (Jagiellonian Library) in Cracow Archived 2005-09-08 at the Wayback Machine. Last accessed on 4 May 2007.
^ "CWTS Leiden Ranking 2022". leidenranking.com. Retrieved 31 March 2023.
^ "QS World University Rankings 2023: Top global universities". topuniversities.com. Retrieved 31 March 2023.
^ "QS World University Rankings-Emerging Europe & Central Asia". Retrieved 15 January 2023.
^ "Uniwersytet Jagielloński – Collegium Medicum". www.cm-uj.krakow.pl. Retrieved 28 January 2022.
^ "Szpital Uniwersytecki w Krakowie – Szpital Uniwersytecki w Krakowie". www.su.krakow.pl. Retrieved 28 January 2022.
^ "Uniwersytecki Szpital Dziecięcy w Krakowie – Uniwersytecki Szpital Dziecięcy w Krakowie to największa placówka pediatryczna na południu Polski. Celem działalności jest ratowanie życia i zdrowia dzieci od pierwszego dnia życia. Wszelkie działania diagnostyczne i terapeutyczne prowadzone są w poszanowaniu praw i godności osobistej pacjenta oraz zgodnie z aktualną wiedzą medyczną" (in Polish). Retrieved 28 January 2022.
^ "Home". klinika.net.pl. Retrieved 28 January 2022.
^ "Dział Kliniczny". dk.cm.uj.edu.pl. Retrieved 28 January 2022.
^ "Uniwersytecka Klinika Stomatologiczna w Krakowie". www.uks.com.pl. Retrieved 28 January 2022.
^ "Strona główna". KRAKOWSKI SZPITAL SPECJALISTYCZNY IM. JANA PAWŁA II (in Polish). 29 February 2016. Retrieved 19 February 2022.
^ "Fundusze europejskie". Szpital Uniwersytecki w Krakowie (in Polish). Retrieved 28 January 2022.
^ empressia. "O nas". Szpital Uniwersytecki w Krakowie (in Polish). Retrieved 28 January 2022.
^ "Department of Oral Health & Rehabilitation – School of Dentistry". Louisville.edu. Retrieved 30 April 2017.
External links
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of universities and colleges in Kraków","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Krak%C3%B3w"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Relief_Map_of_Poland.svg"},{"link_name":"class=notpageimage|","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Relief_Map_of_Poland.svg"},{"link_name":"Kraków","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_language"},{"link_name":"public","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public"},{"link_name":"research university","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_university"},{"link_name":"Kraków, Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w,_Poland"},{"link_name":"King Casimir III the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casimir_III_the_Great"},{"link_name":"oldest universities in continuous operation in the world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_oldest_universities_in_continuous_operation"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-en.uj.edu.pl-5"},{"link_name":"city of Kraków","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Collegium Medicum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagiellonian_University_Medical_College"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-en.uj.edu.pl-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"De Revolutionibus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_revolutionibus_orbium_coelestium"},{"link_name":"Nicolaus Copernicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus"},{"link_name":"King John III Sobieski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_III_Sobieski"},{"link_name":"Pope John Paul II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II"},{"link_name":"Andrzej Duda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrzej_Duda"},{"link_name":"Beata Szydło","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beata_Szyd%C5%82o"},{"link_name":"Józef Cyrankiewicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Cyrankiewicz"},{"link_name":"Jan Kochanowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Kochanowski"},{"link_name":"Stanisław Lem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Lem"},{"link_name":"Krzysztof Penderecki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krzysztof_Penderecki"},{"link_name":"Hugo Kołłątaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ko%C5%82%C5%82%C4%85taj"},{"link_name":"Bronisław Malinowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronis%C5%82aw_Malinowski"},{"link_name":"Carl Menger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Menger"},{"link_name":"Leo Sternbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Sternbach"},{"link_name":"Norman Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Davies"},{"link_name":"Nobel laureates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_laureates"},{"link_name":"Ivo Andrić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivo_Andri%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Wisława Szymborska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wis%C5%82awa_Szymborska"},{"link_name":"Czesław Miłosz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czes%C5%82aw_Mi%C5%82osz"},{"link_name":"Olga Tokarczuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Tokarczuk"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences"},{"link_name":"Royal Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society"},{"link_name":"British Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Academy"},{"link_name":"American Academy of Arts and Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences"}],"text":"Academic institution in Kraków, Poland\"University of Kraków\" redirects here. For other institutes of higher education in Kraków, see List of universities and colleges in Kraków.Jagiellonian Universityclass=notpageimage| Location of Jagiellonian University in Kraków within PolandThe Jagiellonian University (Polish: Uniwersytet Jagielloński, UJ) is a public research university in Kraków, Poland. Founded in 1364 by King Casimir III the Great, it is the oldest university in Poland and one of the oldest universities in continuous operation in the world. It is regarded as Poland's most prestigious academic institution and one of the most prestigious academic institutions in Europe.[3][4] The university has been viewed as a vanguard of Polish culture as well as a significant contributor to the intellectual heritage of Europe.[5]The campus of the Jagiellonian University is centrally located within the city of Kraków. The university consists of thirteen main faculties, in addition to three faculties composing the Collegium Medicum. It employs roughly 4,000 academics and provides education to more than 35,000 students who study in 166 fields.[5] The main language of instruction is Polish, although around 30 degrees are offered in English and some in German.[6] The university library is among the largest of its kind and houses a number of medieval manuscripts, including the landmark De Revolutionibus by alumnus Nicolaus Copernicus.In addition to Copernicus, the university's notable alumni include heads of state King John III Sobieski, Pope John Paul II, and Andrzej Duda; Polish prime ministers Beata Szydło and Józef Cyrankiewicz; renowned cultural figures Jan Kochanowski, Stanisław Lem, and Krzysztof Penderecki; and leading intellectuals and researchers such as Hugo Kołłątaj, Bronisław Malinowski, Carl Menger, Leo Sternbach, and Norman Davies. Four Nobel laureates have been affiliated with the university, all in literature: Ivo Andrić and Wisława Szymborska, who studied there, and Czesław Miłosz and Olga Tokarczuk, who taught there.[7] Faculty and graduates of the university have been elected to the Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences, the Royal Society, the British Academy, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and other honorary societies.","title":"Jagiellonian University"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Za%C5%82o%C5%BCenie_Szko%C5%82y_G%C5%82%C3%B3wnej_przeniesieniem_do_Krakowa_ugruntowane_(Matejko_UJ).jpg"},{"link_name":"Jan Matejko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Matejko"},{"link_name":"King Casimir III the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazimierz_III_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Pope Urban V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Urban_V"},{"link_name":"royal charter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_charter"},{"link_name":"Studium Generale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studium_Generale"},{"link_name":"Jadwiga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jadwiga_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Louis the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_I_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Władysław II Jagiełło","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_II_Jagie%C5%82%C5%82o"},{"link_name":"jewellery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewellery"},{"link_name":"John Cantius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cantius"},{"link_name":"Stanisław of Skarbimierz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_of_Skarbimierz"},{"link_name":"Paweł Włodkowic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawe%C5%82_W%C5%82odkowic"},{"link_name":"Jan of Głogów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_of_G%C5%82og%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Albert Brudzewski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Brudzewski"},{"link_name":"Nicolaus Copernicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics"},{"link_name":"Astronomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy"},{"link_name":"Collegium Maius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collegium_Maius"},{"link_name":"Central Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Europe"}],"sub_title":"Founding the university","text":"The founding of the university in 1364, painted by Jan Matejko (1838–1893)In the mid-14th century, King Casimir III the Great realised that the nation needed a class of educated people, especially lawyers, who could arrange a better set of the country's laws and administer the courts and offices. His efforts to found an institution of higher learning in Poland were rewarded when Pope Urban V granted him permission to set up a university in Kraków. A royal charter of foundation was issued on 12 May 1364, and a simultaneous document was issued by the city council granting privileges to the Studium Generale.Development of the University of Kraków stalled upon the death of Casimir III, and lectures were held in various places across the city, including, amongst others, in professors' houses, churches and in the cathedral school on the Wawel Hill. It is believed that the construction of a building to house the Studium Generale began on Plac Wolnica in what is today the district of Kazimierz.After a period of low interest and lack of funds, the institution was restored in the 1390s by Jadwiga, queen of Poland, the daughter of Louis the Great. The royal couple, Jadwiga and her husband Władysław II Jagiełło decided that, instead of building new premises for the university, it would be better to buy an existing edifice; it was thus that a building on Żydowska Street, which had previously been the property of the Pęcherz family, was acquired in 1399. The Queen donated all of her personal jewellery to the university, allowing it to enroll 203 students. The faculties of astronomy, law and theology attracted eminent scholars: for example, John Cantius, Stanisław of Skarbimierz, Paweł Włodkowic, Jan of Głogów, and Albert Brudzewski, who from 1491 to 1495 was one of Nicolaus Copernicus' teachers.[8] The university was the first university in Europe to establish independent chairs in Mathematics and Astronomy. This rapid expansion in the university's faculty necessitated the purchase of larger premises in which to house them; it was thus that the building known today as the Collegium Maius, with its quadrangle and beautiful arcade, came into being towards the beginning of the 15th century. The Collegium Maius' qualities, many of which directly contributed to the sheltered, academic atmosphere at the university, became widely respected, helping the university establish its reputation as a place of learning in Central Europe.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Krak%C3%B3w.Uniwersytet_Jagiello%C5%84ski.Collegium_Maius.Aula_Jagiello%C5%84ska.jpg"},{"link_name":"Collegium Maius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collegium_Maius"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Bohemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohemia"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Krak%C3%B3w_-_Collegium_Iuridicum_-_Brama_01.JPG"},{"link_name":"Piotr Wysz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piotr_Wysz"},{"link_name":"Czechs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_people"},{"link_name":"Germans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_people"},{"link_name":"Charles University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_University"},{"link_name":"Prague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"Aristotle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle"},{"link_name":"Socrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socrates"},{"link_name":"Plato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato"},{"link_name":"Galen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galen"},{"link_name":"Ptolemy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy"},{"link_name":"Pythagoras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagoras"},{"link_name":"Polish Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Renaissance"},{"link_name":"Jagiellonian Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagiellonian_Library"},{"link_name":"Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth"}],"sub_title":"Golden age of the Renaissance","text":"The main assembly hall of the university's Collegium MaiusFor several centuries, almost the entire intellectual elite of Poland was educated at the university,[citation needed] where they enjoyed particular royal favors. While it was, and largely remains, Polish students who make up the majority of the university's students, it has, over its long history, educated thousands of foreign students from countries such as Lithuania, Russia, Hungary, Bohemia, Germany, and Spain. During the second half of the 15th century, over 40 percent of students came from the outside of the Kingdom of Poland.The main baroque entrance to the university's Collegium IuridicumThe first chancellor of the university was Piotr Wysz, and the first professors were Czechs, Germans and Poles, most of them trained at the Charles University in Prague. By 1520 Greek philology was introduced by Constanzo Claretti and Wenzel von Hirschberg; Hebrew was also taught. At this time, the Collegium Maius consisted of seven reading rooms, six of which were named for the great ancient scholars: Aristotle, Socrates, Plato, Galen, Ptolemy, and Pythagoras. Furthermore, it was during this period that the faculties of Law, Medicine, Theology, and Philosophy were established in their own premises; two of these buildings, the Collegium Iuridicum and Collegium Minus, survive to this day. The golden era of the University of Kraków took place during the Polish Renaissance, between 1500 and 1535, when it was attended by 3,215 students in the first decade of the 16th century, and it was in these years that the foundations for the Jagiellonian Library were set, which allowed for the addition of a library floor to the Collegium Maius. The library's original rooms in which all books were chained to their cases in order to prevent theft are no longer used as such. However, they are still occasionally open to hosting visiting lecturers' talks.As the university's popularity, along with that of the ever more provincial Kraków's, declined in later centuries, the number of students attending the university also fell and, as such, the attendance record set in the early 16th-century wasn't surpassed until the late 18th century. This phenomenon was recorded as part of a more general economic and political decline seen in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, which was suffering from the effects of poor governance and the policies of hostile neighbors at the time. In fact, despite a number of expansion projects during the late 18th century, many of the university's buildings had fallen into disrepair and were being used for a range of other purposes; in the university's archives, there is one entry which reads: 'Nobody lives in the building, nothing happens there. If the lecture halls underwent refurbishment they could be rented out to accommodate a laundry'. This period thus represents one of the darkest periods in the university's history and is almost certainly the one during which the closure of the institution seemed most imminent.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Collegium_Novum_UJ_02_Krakow.jpg"},{"link_name":"Collegium Novum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collegium_Novum"},{"link_name":"Old Town District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Old_Town"},{"link_name":"third partition of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars"},{"link_name":"free city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_City_of_Krak%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Austrian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Kraków Uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Uprising"},{"link_name":"Austrian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Empire"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-officialhistory-9"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand I of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Collegium Novum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collegium_Novum"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-officialhistory-9"},{"link_name":"Kaiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiser"},{"link_name":"Franz Joseph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"destroyed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconoclasm"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stanislaw_Tarnowski.jpg"},{"link_name":"Count","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count"},{"link_name":"Stanisław Tarnowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Tarnowski"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BASA-1771K-1-1163-32-Jagiellonian_University,_Krakow,_Poland.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Copernicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copernicus"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Republic of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Jagiellonian Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagiellonian_Library"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Turmoil and near closure after the partitions","text":"The Collegium Novum in the Old Town DistrictAfter the third partition of Poland in 1795 and the ensuing Napoleonic Wars, Kraków became a free city under the protection of the Austrian Empire; this, however, was not to last long. In 1846, after the Kraków Uprising, the city and its university became part of the Austrian Empire.[9] The Austrians were in many ways hostile to the institution and, soon after their arrival, removed many of the furnishings from the Collegium Maius' Auditorium Maximum in order to convert it into a grain store. However, the threat of closure of the University was ultimately dissipated by Ferdinand I of Austria's decree to maintain it. By the 1870s the fortunes of the university had improved so greatly that many scholars had returned. The liquefaction of nitrogen and oxygen was successfully demonstrated by professors Zygmunt Wróblewski and Karol Olszewski in 1883. Thereafter the Austrian authorities took on a new role in the development of the university and provided funds for the construction of a number of new buildings, including the neo-gothic Collegium Novum, which opened in 1887.[9] It was, conversely, from this building that in 1918 a large painting of Kaiser Franz Joseph was removed and destroyed by Polish students advocating the reestablishment of an independent Polish state.[10]Count Stanisław Tarnowski was, between 1871 and 1909, twice rector of the university.The university around 1930For the 500th anniversary of the university's foundation, a monument to Copernicus was placed in the quadrangle of the Collegium Maius; this statue is now to be found in the direct vicinity of the Collegium Novum, outside the Collegium Witkowskiego, to where it was moved in 1953.[11] Nevertheless, it was in the Grzegórzecka and the Kopernika areas that much of the university's expansion took place up to 1918; during this time the Collegium Medicum was relocated to a site just east of the centre, and was expanded with the addition of a number of modern teaching hospitals – this 'medical campus' remains to this day. By the late 1930s, the number of students at the university had increased dramatically to almost 6,000. Now a major centre for education in the independent Republic of Poland, the university attained government support for the purchase of building plots for new premises, as a result of which a number of residencies were built for students and professors alike. However, of all the projects begun during this era, the most important would have to be the creation of the Jagiellonian Library. The library's monumental building, construction of which began in 1931, was finally completed towards the end of the interwar period, which allowed the university's many varied literary collections to be relocated to their new home by the outbreak of war in 1939.[12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nazi invasion of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_invasion_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Sachsenhausen concentration camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp"},{"link_name":"Sonderaktion Krakau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonderaktion_Krakau"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pp2bio-13"},{"link_name":"Communists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Poland"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pp2bio-13"},{"link_name":"Jordan Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_Park"},{"link_name":"Ignacy Paderewski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignacy_Jan_Paderewski"},{"link_name":"Pychowice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pychowice"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"zlotys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_zloty"},{"link_name":"euros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ThirdCampus-15"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"}],"sub_title":"Modern era and renovation","text":"On November 6, 1939, following the Nazi invasion of Poland, 184 professors were arrested and deported to Sachsenhausen concentration camp during an operation codenamed Sonderaktion Krakau (Special Operation Krakow). The university, along with the rest of Poland's higher and secondary education, was closed for the remainder of World War II.[13] Despite the university's reopening after the cessation of hostilities in 1945, the new government of Poland was hostile to the teachings of the pre-war university and the faculty was suppressed by the Communists in 1954.[13] By 1957 the Polish government decided that it would invest in the establishment of new facilities near Jordan Park and expansion of other smaller existing facilities. Construction work proved slow and many of the stated goals were never achieved; it was this poor management that eventually led a number of scholars to openly criticise the government for its apparent lack of interest in educational development and disregard for the university's future. A number of new buildings, such as the Collegium Paderevianum, were built with funds from the legacy of Ignacy Paderewski.By 1989, Poland had overthrown its Communist government. In that same year, the Jagiellonian University successfully completed the purchase of its first building plot in Pychowice, Kraków, where, from 2000, construction began of a new complex of university buildings, the so-called Third Campus. The new campus, officially named the '600th Anniversary Campus', was developed in conjunction with the new LifeScience Park, which is managed by the Jagiellonian Centre for Innovation, the university's research consortium.[14] Public funds earmarked for the project amounted to 946.5 million zlotys, or 240 million euros.[15] Poland's entry into the European Union in 2004 has proved instrumental in improving the fortunes of the Jagiellonian University, which has seen huge increases in funding from both central government and European authorities, allowing it to develop new departments, research centres, and better support the work of its students and academics.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"New England Journal of Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_England_Journal_of_Medicine"},{"link_name":"The Lancet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lancet"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"H.E.S.S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Energy_Stereoscopic_System"},{"link_name":"Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioorganic_%26_Medicinal_Chemistry"},{"link_name":"Molecular Ecology Resources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_Ecology_Resources"},{"link_name":"European Journal of Human Genetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Journal_of_Human_Genetics"},{"link_name":"English-speaking world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English-speaking_world"},{"link_name":"University of Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"University of Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Melbourne"},{"link_name":"University of Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago"},{"link_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"London School of Economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_School_of_Economics"},{"link_name":"University of Rochester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Rochester"},{"link_name":"University of California, Irvine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Irvine"},{"link_name":"Case Western Reserve University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_University"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Sorbonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Paris"},{"link_name":"University of Montpellier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Montpellier"},{"link_name":"Heidelberg University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heidelberg_University"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Gutenberg_University_of_Mainz"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Charles University Prague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_University_Prague"},{"link_name":"University of Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Vienna"},{"link_name":"University of Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Saint Petersburg State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_State_University"},{"link_name":"Technical University of Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_University_of_Munich"},{"link_name":"Free University of Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_University_of_Berlin"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"International partnerships","text":"The university's academic advancement in both Poland and abroad is illustrated by its widely recognized research achievements. The scientists and physicians from the Collegium Medicum carry out pioneer studies, e.g. in cardiac surgery, urology and neurology, often leading to the development of novel treatment methods.[16] Their findings have been published in international journals such as European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Medicine, New England Journal of Medicine, and The Lancet. UJ archaeologists lead explorations of ancient sites in various parts of the world, including Egypt, Cyprus, Central America, South Asia and Altay.[17] The astronomers take part in major international projects, including H.E.S.S. and VIPERS. The work of UJ bio-technologists has been published in journals, such as Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, Molecular Ecology Resources, and European Journal of Human Genetics.In the English-speaking world, the Jagiellonian University has international partnerships with the University of Cambridge, University of Melbourne, University of Chicago, University of California, Los Angeles, London School of Economics, University of Rochester, University of California, Irvine, Case Western Reserve University.[18] In the French-speaking world, partner universities include the Sorbonne, University of Montpellier. UJ also maintains strong academic partnership with Heidelberg University, Germany's oldest university.[19] The Jagiellonian University offers specializations in German law, in conjunction with Heidelberg University and Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz.[20]Other cooperation agreements exist with Charles University Prague, University of Vienna, University of Tokyo, Saint Petersburg State University, Technical University of Munich, and Free University of Berlin.[21][22]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BibliotekaJagiello%C5%84ska-AlejaAdamaMickiewicza22-POL,_Krak%C3%B3w.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jagiellonian Library's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagiellonian_Library"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Krakau_bibliothek_anbeu_neu.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jagiellonian Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagiellonian_Library"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"medieval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Copernicus'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus"},{"link_name":"De Revolutionibus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_revolutionibus_orbium_coelestium"},{"link_name":"Balthasar Behem Codex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balthasar_Behem_Codex"},{"link_name":"Berlinka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlinka_(art_collection)"},{"link_name":"samizdat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samizdat"},{"link_name":"Poland's period of Communist rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Poland"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ColCa-25"},{"link_name":"Collegium Maius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collegium_Maius"},{"link_name":"theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theology"},{"link_name":"liberal arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_arts"},{"link_name":"Komisja Edukacji Narodowej","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komisja_Edukacji_Narodowej"},{"link_name":"Ministry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_(government_department)"},{"link_name":"partitions of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Karol Józef Teofil Estreicher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karol_J%C3%B3zef_Teofil_Estreicher"},{"link_name":"Karol Estreicher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karol_Estreicher_(junior)"},{"link_name":"legal deposit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_deposit"},{"link_name":"Bodleian Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodleian_Library"},{"link_name":"University of Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Cambridge University Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Library"},{"link_name":"Trinity College Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_College_Library"},{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"underground universities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Poland_during_World_War_II"}],"text":"The Jagiellonian Library's main siteThe Jagiellonian Library extensionThe university's main library, the Jagiellonian Library (Biblioteka Jagiellońska), is one of Poland's largest, with almost 6.5 million volumes; it is a constituent of the Polish National Libraries system.[23] It is home to a world-renowned collection of medieval manuscripts,[24] which includes Copernicus' De Revolutionibus, the Balthasar Behem Codex and the Berlinka. The library also has an extensive collection of underground political literature (so-called drugi obieg or samizdat) from Poland's period of Communist rule between 1945 and 1989.The beginning of the Jagiellonian Library is traditionally considered the same as that of the entire university – in 1364;[25] however, instead of having one central library it had several smaller branches at buildings of various departments (the largest collection was in Collegium Maius, where works related to theology and liberal arts were kept). After 1775, during the reforms of Komisja Edukacji Narodowej, which established the first Ministry of Education in the world, various small libraries of the university were formally centralised into one public collection in Collegium Maius. During the partitions of Poland, the library continued to grow thanks to the support of such people as Karol Józef Teofil Estreicher and Karol Estreicher. Its collections were made public in 1812. Since 1932, it has been recognised as a legal deposit library, comparable to the Bodleian Library at the University of Oxford or Cambridge University Library or Trinity College Library in Dublin, and thus has the right to receive a copy of any book issued by Polish publishers within Poland. In 1940, the library finally obtained a new building of its own, which has subsequently been expanded on two occasions, most recently in 1995–2001. During the Second World War, library workers cooperated with underground universities. Since the 1990s, the library's collection has become increasingly digitised.In addition to the Jagiellonian Library, the university maintains a large medical library (Biblioteka Medyczna) and many other subject specialised libraries in its various faculties and institutes. Finally, the collections of the university libraries' collections are enriched by the presence of the university's archives, which date back to the university's own foundation and record the entire history of its development up to the present day.","title":"Libraries"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Rankings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Law and Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faculty_of_Law_and_Administration_of_the_Jagiellonian_University"},{"link_name":"Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagiellonian_University_Medical_College"},{"link_name":"Agricultural University of Kraków","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_University_of_Krak%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"National Center of Synchrotron Radiation SOLARIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solaris_(synchrotron)"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"text":"The university is divided into the following faculties, which have different organisational sub-structures partly reflecting their history and partly their operational needs. Teaching and research at UJ are organised by these faculties, including a number of additional institutes:Law and Administration\nMedicine\nPharmacy and Medical Analysis\nHealth Care\nPhilosophy\nHistory\nPhilology\nPolish Language and Literature\nPhysics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science\nMathematics and Computer Science\nChemistry\nBiology\nEarth Sciences\nManagement and Social Communication\nInternational and Political Studies\nBiochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology\nUniversity Center of Veterinary Medicine (joint faculty with Agricultural University of Kraków)\nNational Center of Synchrotron Radiation SOLARIS (off-departmental facility)Jagiellonian University Collegium Medicum is affiliated with the following hospitals and clinics:[29]University Hospital in Krakow-Prokocim[30]\nChildren's University Hospital in Krakow[31]\nUniversity Hospital for Orthopedics and Rehabilitation in Zakopane[32][33]\nDental University Clinic in Krakow[34]\nJohn Paul II's Specialist Hospital in Krakow[35]The new seat of the University Hospital has been recently opened at Prokocim in 2019, as a result of more than 1.2 billion zloty investment projects.[36] As 2022 the University Hospital in Krakow is the biggest supra-regional public hospital in Poland and comprises: 37 clinical departments, 12 diagnostic and research institutes, and 71 out-patient units.[37]","title":"Faculties and departments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Jagiellonian University people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Jagiellonian_University_people"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nikolaus_Kopernikus.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nicolaus Copernicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus"},{"link_name":"Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance"},{"link_name":"polymath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymath"},{"link_name":"Heliocentrism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliocentrism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jan_D%C5%82ugosz_rze%C5%BAba_autorstwa_Franciszka_Wyspia%C5%84skiego.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jan Długosz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_D%C5%82ugosz"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Skaryna_1517.jpg"},{"link_name":"Francysk Skaryna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francysk_Skaryna"},{"link_name":"Belarusian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarusians"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jan_Kochanowski.png"},{"link_name":"Jan Kochanowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Kochanowski"},{"link_name":"Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance"},{"link_name":"poet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Polish_language_poets"},{"link_name":"literary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_literature"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Schultz_John_III_Sobieski.jpg"},{"link_name":"John III Sobieski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_III_Sobieski"},{"link_name":"King of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Polish_monarchs"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kollataj_hugo.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hugo Kołłątaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ko%C5%82%C5%82%C4%85taj"},{"link_name":"Polish Enlightenment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Poland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carl_Menger.jpg"},{"link_name":"Carl Menger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Menger"},{"link_name":"Austrian School of economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_School_of_economics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Karol_Olszewski.jpg"},{"link_name":"Karol Olszewski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karol_Olszewski"},{"link_name":"oxygen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen"},{"link_name":"nitrogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ignacy_Lukasiewicz.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ignacy Łukasiewicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignacy_%C5%81ukasiewicz"},{"link_name":"oil refinery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_refinery"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wac%C5%82aw_Sierpi%C5%84ski.jpg"},{"link_name":"Wacław Sierpiński","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wac%C5%82aw_Sierpi%C5%84ski"},{"link_name":"set theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_theory"},{"link_name":"number theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Number_theory"},{"link_name":"functions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Function_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"topology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bronislawmalinowski.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bronisław Malinowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronis%C5%82aw_Malinowski"},{"link_name":"social anthropology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_anthropology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:S._Kragujevic,_Ivo_Andric,_1961.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ivo Andrić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivo_Andri%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Nobel Prize in Literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Antoni_Kepinski.jpg"},{"link_name":"Antoni Kępiński","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoni_K%C4%99pi%C5%84ski"},{"link_name":"psychiatrist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychiatrist"},{"link_name":"philosopher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosopher"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stanis%C5%82aw_Lem.jpg"},{"link_name":"Stanisław Lem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Lem"},{"link_name":"science fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction"},{"link_name":"futurology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futurology"},{"link_name":"literary criticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_criticism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Krzysztof_Penderecki_20080706.jpg"},{"link_name":"Krzysztof Penderecki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krzysztof_Penderecki"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Szymborska_2011_(1)_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Wisława Szymborska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wis%C5%82awa_Szymborska"},{"link_name":"Nobel Prize in Literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ritratto_di_papa_Giovanni_Paolo_II_(1984_%E2%80%93_edited).jpg"},{"link_name":"Pope John Paul II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II"},{"link_name":"Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Norman_Davies_2018.jpg"},{"link_name":"Norman Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Davies"},{"link_name":"Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Europe"},{"link_name":"Eastern Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Europe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jerzy_Vetulani_TEDx_Krakow_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Jerzy Vetulani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerzy_Vetulani"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Prezydent_Rzeczypospolitej_Polskiej_Andrzej_Duda.jpg"},{"link_name":"Andrzej Duda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrzej_Duda"}],"text":"For a more comprehensive list, see List of Jagiellonian University people.Nicolaus Copernicus, Renaissance polymath who formulated the theory of Heliocentrism\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJan Długosz, priest, chronicler and diplomat\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFrancysk Skaryna, Belarusian humanist, physician, and translator\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJan Kochanowski, Renaissance poet who established poetic patterns that would become integral to the Polish literary language\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJohn III Sobieski, King of Poland\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHugo Kołłątaj, constitutional reformer and educationalist, one of the most prominent figures of the Polish Enlightenment\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCarl Menger, Austrian economist and the founder of the Austrian School of economics\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKarol Olszewski, chemist who became the first scientist to liquefy oxygen and nitrogen\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tIgnacy Łukasiewicz, pharmacist, engineer, businessman, inventor, and philanthropist who built the world's first modern oil refinery\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWacław Sierpiński, mathematician known for contributions to set theory, number theory, theory of functions, and topology\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBronisław Malinowski, one of the founders of social anthropology\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tIvo Andrić, Yugoslav novelist, poet and short story writer, winner of the 1961 Nobel Prize in Literature\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAntoni Kępiński, psychiatrist and philosopher\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tStanisław Lem, writer of science fiction and essays on various subjects, including philosophy, futurology, and literary criticism\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKrzysztof Penderecki, composer and conductor\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWisława Szymborska, poet, essayist and translator, recipient of the 1996 Nobel Prize in Literature\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPope John Paul II, head of the Catholic Church from 1978 until 2005\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNorman Davies, British historian specializing in Central and Eastern Europe\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJerzy Vetulani, neuroscientist, pharmacologist and biochemist\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAndrzej Duda, 6th President of the Republic of Poland","title":"Notable alumni"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Krakow_2016_22.jpg"},{"link_name":"frieze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frieze"},{"link_name":"Collegium Maius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collegium_Maius,_Krak%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"coats of arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_of_Austria_(1436%E2%80%931505)"},{"link_name":"Crown of the Kingdom of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Grand Duchy of Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Stanisław of Skarbimierz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_of_Skarbimierz"},{"link_name":"Paweł Włodkowic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawe%C5%82_W%C5%82odkowic"},{"link_name":"Council of Constance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Constance"},{"link_name":"Albert Brudzewski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Brudzewski"},{"link_name":"Maciej Miechowita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maciej_Miechowita"},{"link_name":"Marcin Szlachciński","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcin_Szlachci%C5%84ski"},{"link_name":"Jan Brożek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Bro%C5%BCek"},{"link_name":"Adam Bełcikowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Be%C5%82cikowski"},{"link_name":"Franz Mertens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Mertens"},{"link_name":"Henryk Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henryk_Jordan"},{"link_name":"Walery Jaworski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walery_Jaworski"},{"link_name":"Ludwik Rydygier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwik_Rydygier"},{"link_name":"Albert Wojciech Adamkiewicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Wojciech_Adamkiewicz"},{"link_name":"Artery of Adamkiewicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artery_of_Adamkiewicz"},{"link_name":"Adamkiewicz reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adamkiewicz_reaction"},{"link_name":"Napoleon Cybulski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_Cybulski"},{"link_name":"Edmund Załęski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Za%C5%82%C4%99ski"},{"link_name":"Władysław Natanson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Natanson"},{"link_name":"Stanisław Estreicher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Estreicher"},{"link_name":"Tadeusz Estreicher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadeusz_Estreicher"},{"link_name":"Marian Smoluchowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marian_Smoluchowski"},{"link_name":"Bohdan Lepky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohdan_Lepky"},{"link_name":"Franciszek Bujak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciszek_Bujak"},{"link_name":"Stanisław Kutrzeba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Kutrzeba"},{"link_name":"Polish Academy of Learning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Learning"},{"link_name":"Andrzej Gawroński","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrzej_Gawro%C5%84ski"},{"link_name":"Polish Oriental Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Oriental_Society"},{"link_name":"Sanskrit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit"},{"link_name":"Stanisław Kot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Kot"},{"link_name":"Jan Zawidzki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Zawidzki"},{"link_name":"Tadeusz Sulimirski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadeusz_Sulimirski"},{"link_name":"Sarmatians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarmatians"},{"link_name":"Roman Grodecki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Grodecki"},{"link_name":"Stanisław Smreczyński","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Smreczy%C5%84ski"},{"link_name":"Henryk Niewodniczański","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henryk_Niewodnicza%C5%84ski"},{"link_name":"Adam Vetulani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Vetulani"},{"link_name":"Maria Ludwika Bernhard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Ludwika_Bernhard"},{"link_name":"Wisława Szymborska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wis%C5%82awa_Szymborska"},{"link_name":"Nobel Prize in Literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature"},{"link_name":"Bogdan Baranowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogdan_Baranowski"},{"link_name":"Ryszard Gryglewski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryszard_Gryglewski"},{"link_name":"prostacyclin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostacyclin"},{"link_name":"Andrzej Szczeklik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrzej_Szczeklik"},{"link_name":"Jan Woleński","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Wole%C5%84ski"},{"link_name":"Piotr Sztompka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piotr_Sztompka"},{"link_name":"Jan Potempa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jan_Potempa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Prize of the Foundation for Polish Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prize_of_the_Foundation_for_Polish_Science"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Sławomir Kołodziej","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%82awomir_Ko%C5%82odziej"},{"link_name":"Krzysztof Kościelniak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krzysztof_Ko%C5%9Bcielniak"}],"text":"Heraldic frieze on the building of Collegium Maius depicting coats of arms of the Kraków bishops, chancellors, cardinals as well as Elizabeth of Austria, Crown of the Kingdom of Poland, Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kraków AcademyStanisław of Skarbimierz (1360–1431), rector, theologian, lawyer\nPaweł Włodkowic (1370–1435), lawyer, diplomat and politician, representative of Poland at the Council of Constance\nAlbert Brudzewski (1445–1497), astronomer and mathematician\nMaciej Miechowita (1457–1523), historian, chronicler, geographer, medic\nMarcin Szlachciński (1511/1512–1600), scholar, translator, poet and philosopher\nJan Brożek (1585–1652), mathematician, physician and astronomer\nAdam Bełcikowski (1839–1909), philosopher, historian of literature, poet\nFranz Mertens (1840–1927), mathematician\nHenryk Jordan (1842–1907), professor of obstetrics\nWalery Jaworski (1849–1924), gastroenterologist\nLudwik Rydygier (1850–1920), general surgeon\nAlbert Wojciech Adamkiewicz (1850–1921), pathologist, discovered the Artery of Adamkiewicz and the Adamkiewicz reaction\nNapoleon Cybulski (1854–1919), pioneer in endocrinology\nEdmund Załęski (1863–1932), agrotechnician and chemist\nWładysław Natanson (1864–1937), physicist\nStanisław Estreicher (1869–1939), founder of the Jagiellonian University Museum\nTadeusz Estreicher (1871–1952), pioneer in cryogenics\nMarian Smoluchowski (1872–1917), pioneer of statistical physics\nBohdan Lepky (1872–1941), literature\nFranciszek Bujak (1875–1953), historian\nStanisław Kutrzeba (1876–1946), rector, General Secretary of the Polish Academy of Learning\nAndrzej Gawroński (1885–1927), founder of the Polish Oriental Society, master of Sanskrit\nStanisław Kot (1885–1975), historian and politician\nJan Zawidzki (1886–1928), chemist and historian\nTadeusz Sulimirski (1898–1983), historian and archaeologist, experts on the ancient Sarmatians\nRoman Grodecki (1889–1964), economic historian\nStanisław Smreczyński (1899–1975), zoologist\nHenryk Niewodniczański (1900–1968), physicist\nAdam Vetulani (1901–1976), historian of medieval and canon law\nMaria Ludwika Bernhard (1908–1998), archaeologist\nWisława Szymborska (1923–2012), poet, recipient of the 1996 Nobel Prize in Literature\nBogdan Baranowski (1927–2014), chemist\nRyszard Gryglewski (born 1932), pharmacologist and physician, a discoverer of prostacyclin\nAndrzej Szczeklik (1932–2012), physician\nJan Woleński (born 1940), philosopher\nPiotr Sztompka (born 1944), sociologist\nJan Potempa (born 1955), biologist, recipient of the 2011 Prize of the Foundation for Polish Science[38]\nSławomir Kołodziej (born 1961), mathematician\nKrzysztof Kościelniak (born 1965), historian","title":"Notable faculty"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"excursions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excursion"},{"link_name":"Zaremba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Zaremba_(mathematician)"},{"link_name":"University Study Oriented System (USOS)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.usosweb.uj.edu.pl/kontroler.php?_action=actionx:news/default"},{"link_name":"Scientific Circles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.uj.edu.pl/studenci/kola-naukowe"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20140312035258/http://www.uj.edu.pl/studenci/kola-naukowe"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"Student Organizations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20091213152146/http://www7.uj.edu.pl/studenci/organizacje-studenckie"},{"link_name":"Ensembles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.uj.edu.pl/studenci/zespoly-artystyczne"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Krak%C3%B3w_-_Collegium_Novum_01.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Collegium_Maius_2017.jpg"},{"link_name":"Collegium Maius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collegium_Maius"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grodzka_52.jpg"},{"link_name":"Grodzka Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grodzka_Street,_Krak%C3%B3w"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jagiellonian_University_Collegium_Kollataja_(Collegium_Phisicum),_6_sw._Anny_street,_Old_Town,_Krakow,_Poland.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Larisch_Palace,_12_Bracka_street,_Old_Town,_Krakow,Poland.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Faculty_of_Physics,_Astronomy_and_Applied_Computer_Science_UJ_04.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Department_of_Anatomy,_Faculty_of_Medicine,_Jagiellonian_University_(Theatrum_Anatomicum),_12_Kopernika_street,_Krakow,_Poland.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Willa_Rotunda_w_Przegorza%C5%82ach.jpg"},{"link_name":"Institute of European Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_European_Studies_of_the_Jagiellonian_University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kampuj_UJ_III-WMiI.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jagiellonian_University_Auditorium_Maximum_(east_elevation)_and_oak_%E2%80%9EFranciszek%E2%80%9D,_33_Krupnicza_street,Krakow,Poland.jpg"}],"text":"In 1851, the university's first student scientific association was founded. In 2021, over 70 student scientific associations exist at the Jagiellonian University, most of them affiliated with Collegium Medicum. Usually, their purpose is to promote students' scientific achievements by organizing lecture sessions, science excursions, and international student conferences, such as the International Workshop for Young Mathematicians, which is organized by the Zaremba Association of Mathematicians.The links below provide further information on student activities at the Jagiellonian:University Study Oriented System (USOS)\nScientific Circles Archived 2014-03-12 at the Wayback Machine\nStudent Organizations\nEnsemblesSelected locations around the city\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCollegium Novum\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCollegium Maius, the oldest building of the university\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCollegium Broscianum on Grodzka Street\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCollegium Physicum\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLarysz Palace, Faculty of Law and Administration\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFaculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTheatrum Anatomicum of the Faculty of Medicine\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPrzegorzały Castle, the seat of the Institute of European Studies\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCampus of the 600th anniversary of University's Revival\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAuditorium Maximum with theatre stage seating 1,200","title":"Student associations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-facts2021_1-0"},{"link_name":"\"Jagiellonian University Facts and Figures 2021\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.uj.edu.pl/en_US/about-university/facts-and-figures"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-statsDec2020_2-0"},{"link_name":"\"Dane statystyczne Uczelni as of December 31 2020\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bip.uj.edu.pl/uniwersytet/liczby?p_p_id=56_INSTANCE_Ca5y&p_p_lifecycle=0&p_p_state=normal&p_p_mode=view&p_p_col_id=column-3&p_p_col_count=1&przejdz-do=3.7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Study in Poland\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.topuniversities.com/where-to-study/europe/poland/guide"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"Jagiellonian University\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/jagiellonian-university"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-en.uj.edu.pl_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-en.uj.edu.pl_5-1"},{"link_name":"\"Overview – Jagiellonian University\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.uj.edu.pl/en_GB/about-university/overview"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"Welcome to the Jagiellonian University – Programmes\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//welcome.uj.edu.pl/en_GB/programmes"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"Study of Literature and Art at the Jagiellonian University in Kraków : Kraków Miasto Literatury UNESCO\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//krakowcityofliterature.com/city-of-literature/education/literary-research-and-creative-writing-courses/study-of-literature-and-art-at-the-jagiellonian-university-in-krakow/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"University of Parma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Parma"},{"link_name":"David de la Croix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_de_la_Croix"},{"link_name":"Scholars and Literati at the University of Cracow (1364–1800).Repertorium Eruditorum Totius Europae/RETE. 6: 35–42.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ojs.uclouvain.be/index.php/RETE/article/view/65213"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-officialhistory_9-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-officialhistory_9-1"},{"link_name":"\"History\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.uj.edu.pl/uniwersytet/historia"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"\"Władysła Jan Pochwalski\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20211230161636/https://www.ipsb.nina.gov.pl/a/biografia/wladyslaw-jan-pochwalski"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ipsb.nina.gov.pl/a/biografia/wladyslaw-jan-pochwalski"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"\"Kraków – Pomnik Mikołaja Kopernika\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20210412091352/https://www.sztuka.net/palio/html.run?_Instance=sztuka&_PageID=857&newsId=7361&_cms=newser&callingPageId=856&_CheckSum=-282421568"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.sztuka.net/palio/html.run?_Instance=sztuka&_PageID=857&newsId=7361&_cms=newser&callingPageId=856&_CheckSum=-282421568"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"\"Dzieje Biblioteki Jagiellońskiej\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20200720134449/https://bj.uj.edu.pl/historia"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bj.uj.edu.pl/historia"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-pp2bio_13-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-pp2bio_13-1"},{"link_name":"Witness of Hope – The Biography of Pope John Paul II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/witnesstohopebio00weig"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-06-018793-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-018793-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"\"Campus of the Sixcentenary\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.uj.edu.pl/en/rozwoj/kampus"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ThirdCampus_15-0"},{"link_name":"\"Campus of the Sixcentenary\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.kampus.uj.edu.pl/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"\"Centrum Innowacyjnych Terapii\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.su.krakow.pl/nasz-szpital/badania-klinicze/centrum-innowacyjnych-terapii"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"\"Wydawnictwa – Institute of Archeology – Faculty of History\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archeo.uj.edu.pl/en/wydawnictwa"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"\"New LSE IDEAS-Jagiellonian University Partnership\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.lse.ac.uk/ideas/media/news/lse-ideas-jagiellonian-university-partnership.aspx"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.today/20230429165805/https://www.lse.ac.uk/ideas/media/news/lse-ideas-jagiellonian-university-partnership"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"\"Partneruniversitäten – International – Universität Heidelberg\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.uni-heidelberg.de/international/profil/partneruniversitaeten.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"\"Schule des Deutschen Rechts —\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.law.uj.edu.pl/~spn/?lang=pl"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"\"Bilateral Agreements List\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20170105175706/http://www.dwm.uj.edu.pl/documents/1333512/107230959/bilateral_agreements_list_30_December_2016.xlsx/7dba3d50-cbd2-47f4-ba5b-fbd987938e0f"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.dwm.uj.edu.pl/documents/1333512/107230959/bilateral_agreements_list_30_December_2016.xlsx/7dba3d50-cbd2-47f4-ba5b-fbd987938e0f"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"\"O Dziale – Dział Współpracy Międzynarodowej Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.dwm.uj.edu.pl/o-dziale"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"\"Jagiellonian University: Cracow's Alma Mater\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.today/20110613151435/http://www.warsawvoice.pl/view/18320"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.warsawvoice.pl/view/18320"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"\"BJ: Medieval manuscripts\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110514110651/http://www.bj.uj.edu.pl/bjmanus/manus_e.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.bj.uj.edu.pl/bjmanus/manus_e.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ColCa_25-0"},{"link_name":"Visiting the Biblioteka Jagiellonska (Jagiellonian Library) in Cracow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.collectionscanada.ca/bulletin/015017-9903-04-e.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20050908230448/http://www.collectionscanada.ca/bulletin/015017-9903-04-e.html"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"\"CWTS Leiden Ranking 2022\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.leidenranking.com/ranking/2022/list"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"\"QS World University Rankings 2023: Top global universities\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2023"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-QS_World_University_Rankings_2022_28-0"},{"link_name":"\"QS World University Rankings-Emerging Europe & Central Asia\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/eeca-rankings/2022"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-29"},{"link_name":"\"Uniwersytet Jagielloński – Collegium Medicum\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.cm-uj.krakow.pl/index.php/collegium/szpitale/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-30"},{"link_name":"\"Szpital Uniwersytecki w Krakowie – Szpital Uniwersytecki w Krakowie\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.su.krakow.pl/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-31"},{"link_name":"\"Uniwersytecki Szpital Dziecięcy w Krakowie – Uniwersytecki Szpital Dziecięcy w Krakowie to największa placówka pediatryczna na południu Polski. Celem działalności jest ratowanie życia i zdrowia dzieci od pierwszego dnia życia. Wszelkie działania diagnostyczne i terapeutyczne prowadzone są w poszanowaniu praw i godności osobistej pacjenta oraz zgodnie z aktualną wiedzą medyczną\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//szpitalzdrowia.pl/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-32"},{"link_name":"\"Home\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//klinika.net.pl/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-33"},{"link_name":"\"Dział Kliniczny\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//dk.cm.uj.edu.pl/podmioty-lecznicze/usor-w-zakopanem/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-34"},{"link_name":"\"Uniwersytecka Klinika Stomatologiczna w Krakowie\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.uks.com.pl/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-35"},{"link_name":"\"Strona główna\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.szpitaljp2.krakow.pl/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-36"},{"link_name":"\"Fundusze europejskie\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.su.krakow.pl/nasz-szpital/fundusze-europejskie"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-37"},{"link_name":"\"O nas\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.su.krakow.pl/nasz-szpital/o-nas"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-38"},{"link_name":"\"Department of Oral Health & Rehabilitation – School of Dentistry\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//louisville.edu/dental/ohr/faculty-staff/jan-s-potempa.html"}],"text":"^ \"Jagiellonian University Facts and Figures 2021\". en.uj.edu.pl. Jagiellonian University. 2021. Retrieved 14 April 2021.\n\n^ \"Dane statystyczne Uczelni as of December 31 2020\". en.uj.edu.pl. Jagiellonian University. 2021. Retrieved 14 April 2021.\n\n^ \"Study in Poland\". Top Universities. 3 September 2014. Retrieved 4 January 2017.\n\n^ \"Jagiellonian University\". Times Higher Education (THE). Retrieved 4 January 2017.\n\n^ a b \"Overview – Jagiellonian University\". en.uj.edu.pl. Retrieved 15 February 2022.\n\n^ \"Welcome to the Jagiellonian University – Programmes\". www.en.uj.edu.pl. Retrieved 14 April 2021.\n\n^ \"Study of Literature and Art at the Jagiellonian University in Kraków : Kraków Miasto Literatury UNESCO\". krakowcityofliterature.com. Retrieved 23 February 2022.\n\n^ For a summary description of all of the set of scholars and literati who intervened in teaching at the University of Parma from its creation until 1800, see David de la Croix and Gaia Spolverini,(2022). Scholars and Literati at the University of Cracow (1364–1800).Repertorium Eruditorum Totius Europae/RETE. 6: 35–42.\n\n^ a b Waltos, Stanisław. \"History\". Jagiellonian University. Retrieved 28 September 2010. (in Polish)\n\n^ \"Władysła Jan Pochwalski\". Archived from the original on 30 December 2021. Retrieved 1 April 2020.\n\n^ \"Kraków – Pomnik Mikołaja Kopernika\". Archived from the original on 12 April 2021. Retrieved 1 April 2020.\n\n^ \"Dzieje Biblioteki Jagiellońskiej\". Archived from the original on 20 July 2020. Retrieved 1 April 2020.\n\n^ a b Weigel, George (2001). Witness of Hope – The Biography of Pope John Paul II. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-018793-4.\n\n^ \"Campus of the Sixcentenary\". Retrieved 12 May 2011.\n\n^ \"Campus of the Sixcentenary\". Retrieved 28 September 2010.\n\n^ empressia. \"Centrum Innowacyjnych Terapii\". Szpital Uniwersytecki w Krakowie (in Polish). Retrieved 15 February 2022.\n\n^ \"Wydawnictwa – Institute of Archeology – Faculty of History\". archeo.uj.edu.pl. Retrieved 15 February 2022.\n\n^ \"New LSE IDEAS-Jagiellonian University Partnership\". London School of Economics and Political Science. Archived from the original on 29 April 2023. Retrieved 30 December 2020.\n\n^ Watzke, Christian. \"Partneruniversitäten – International – Universität Heidelberg\". www.uni-heidelberg.de. Retrieved 4 January 2017.\n\n^ \"Schule des Deutschen Rechts —\". www.law.uj.edu.pl. Retrieved 4 January 2017.\n\n^ \"Bilateral Agreements List\". Archived from the original on 5 January 2017. Retrieved 5 January 2017.\n\n^ \"O Dziale – Dział Współpracy Międzynarodowej Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego\". Dwm.uj.edu.pl. Retrieved 30 April 2017.\n\n^ Bętkowska, Teresa (18 May 2008). \"Jagiellonian University: Cracow's Alma Mater\". Warsaw Voice. Archived from the original on 13 June 2011. Retrieved 28 September 2010.\n\n^ \"BJ: Medieval manuscripts\". Bj.uj.edu.pl. Archived from the original on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 28 September 2010.\n\n^ Visiting the Biblioteka Jagiellonska (Jagiellonian Library) in Cracow Archived 2005-09-08 at the Wayback Machine. Last accessed on 4 May 2007.\n\n^ \"CWTS Leiden Ranking 2022\". leidenranking.com. Retrieved 31 March 2023.\n\n^ \"QS World University Rankings 2023: Top global universities\". topuniversities.com. Retrieved 31 March 2023.\n\n^ \"QS World University Rankings-Emerging Europe & Central Asia\". Retrieved 15 January 2023.\n\n^ \"Uniwersytet Jagielloński – Collegium Medicum\". www.cm-uj.krakow.pl. Retrieved 28 January 2022.\n\n^ \"Szpital Uniwersytecki w Krakowie – Szpital Uniwersytecki w Krakowie\". www.su.krakow.pl. Retrieved 28 January 2022.\n\n^ \"Uniwersytecki Szpital Dziecięcy w Krakowie – Uniwersytecki Szpital Dziecięcy w Krakowie to największa placówka pediatryczna na południu Polski. Celem działalności jest ratowanie życia i zdrowia dzieci od pierwszego dnia życia. Wszelkie działania diagnostyczne i terapeutyczne prowadzone są w poszanowaniu praw i godności osobistej pacjenta oraz zgodnie z aktualną wiedzą medyczną\" (in Polish). Retrieved 28 January 2022.\n\n^ \"Home\". klinika.net.pl. Retrieved 28 January 2022.\n\n^ \"Dział Kliniczny\". dk.cm.uj.edu.pl. Retrieved 28 January 2022.\n\n^ \"Uniwersytecka Klinika Stomatologiczna w Krakowie\". www.uks.com.pl. Retrieved 28 January 2022.\n\n^ \"Strona główna\". KRAKOWSKI SZPITAL SPECJALISTYCZNY IM. JANA PAWŁA II (in Polish). 29 February 2016. Retrieved 19 February 2022.\n\n^ \"Fundusze europejskie\". Szpital Uniwersytecki w Krakowie (in Polish). Retrieved 28 January 2022.\n\n^ empressia. \"O nas\". Szpital Uniwersytecki w Krakowie (in Polish). Retrieved 28 January 2022.\n\n^ \"Department of Oral Health & Rehabilitation – School of Dentistry\". Louisville.edu. Retrieved 30 April 2017.","title":"Notes and references"}] | [{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f9/Jagiellonian_University.svg/250px-Jagiellonian_University.svg.png"},{"image_text":"The founding of the university in 1364, painted by Jan Matejko (1838–1893)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Za%C5%82o%C5%BCenie_Szko%C5%82y_G%C5%82%C3%B3wnej_przeniesieniem_do_Krakowa_ugruntowane_%28Matejko_UJ%29.jpg/150px-Za%C5%82o%C5%BCenie_Szko%C5%82y_G%C5%82%C3%B3wnej_przeniesieniem_do_Krakowa_ugruntowane_%28Matejko_UJ%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The main assembly hall of the university's Collegium Maius","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Krak%C3%B3w.Uniwersytet_Jagiello%C5%84ski.Collegium_Maius.Aula_Jagiello%C5%84ska.jpg/220px-Krak%C3%B3w.Uniwersytet_Jagiello%C5%84ski.Collegium_Maius.Aula_Jagiello%C5%84ska.jpg"},{"image_text":"The main baroque entrance to the university's Collegium Iuridicum","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Krak%C3%B3w_-_Collegium_Iuridicum_-_Brama_01.JPG/170px-Krak%C3%B3w_-_Collegium_Iuridicum_-_Brama_01.JPG"},{"image_text":"The Collegium Novum in the Old Town District","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Collegium_Novum_UJ_02_Krakow.jpg/220px-Collegium_Novum_UJ_02_Krakow.jpg"},{"image_text":"Count Stanisław Tarnowski was, between 1871 and 1909, twice rector of the university.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Stanislaw_Tarnowski.jpg/170px-Stanislaw_Tarnowski.jpg"},{"image_text":"The university around 1930","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/BASA-1771K-1-1163-32-Jagiellonian_University%2C_Krakow%2C_Poland.jpeg/220px-BASA-1771K-1-1163-32-Jagiellonian_University%2C_Krakow%2C_Poland.jpeg"},{"image_text":"The Jagiellonian Library's main site","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/BibliotekaJagiello%C5%84ska-AlejaAdamaMickiewicza22-POL%2C_Krak%C3%B3w.jpg/220px-BibliotekaJagiello%C5%84ska-AlejaAdamaMickiewicza22-POL%2C_Krak%C3%B3w.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Jagiellonian Library extension","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Krakau_bibliothek_anbeu_neu.jpg/170px-Krakau_bibliothek_anbeu_neu.jpg"},{"image_text":"Heraldic frieze on the building of Collegium Maius depicting coats of arms of the Kraków bishops, chancellors, cardinals as well as Elizabeth of Austria, Crown of the Kingdom of Poland, Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kraków Academy","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Krakow_2016_22.jpg/220px-Krakow_2016_22.jpg"}] | [{"title":"List of medieval universities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medieval_universities"},{"title":"Nawojka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawojka"},{"title":"Sonderaktion Krakau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonderaktion_Krakau"},{"title":"Nazi German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_German"},{"title":"Neuronus IBRO & IRUN Neuroscience Forum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuronus_IBRO_%26_IRUN_Neuroscience_Forum"}] | [{"reference":"\"Jagiellonian University Facts and Figures 2021\". en.uj.edu.pl. Jagiellonian University. 2021. Retrieved 14 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.uj.edu.pl/en_US/about-university/facts-and-figures","url_text":"\"Jagiellonian University Facts and Figures 2021\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dane statystyczne Uczelni as of December 31 2020\". en.uj.edu.pl. Jagiellonian University. 2021. Retrieved 14 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://bip.uj.edu.pl/uniwersytet/liczby?p_p_id=56_INSTANCE_Ca5y&p_p_lifecycle=0&p_p_state=normal&p_p_mode=view&p_p_col_id=column-3&p_p_col_count=1&przejdz-do=3.7","url_text":"\"Dane statystyczne Uczelni as of December 31 2020\""}]},{"reference":"\"Study in Poland\". Top Universities. 3 September 2014. Retrieved 4 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.topuniversities.com/where-to-study/europe/poland/guide","url_text":"\"Study in Poland\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jagiellonian University\". Times Higher Education (THE). Retrieved 4 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/jagiellonian-university","url_text":"\"Jagiellonian University\""}]},{"reference":"\"Overview – Jagiellonian University\". en.uj.edu.pl. Retrieved 15 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.uj.edu.pl/en_GB/about-university/overview","url_text":"\"Overview – Jagiellonian University\""}]},{"reference":"\"Welcome to the Jagiellonian University – Programmes\". www.en.uj.edu.pl. Retrieved 14 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://welcome.uj.edu.pl/en_GB/programmes","url_text":"\"Welcome to the Jagiellonian University – Programmes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Study of Literature and Art at the Jagiellonian University in Kraków : Kraków Miasto Literatury UNESCO\". krakowcityofliterature.com. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvain_Wiltord | Sylvain Wiltord | ["1 Club career","1.1 Early career, Rennes and Bordeaux","1.2 Arsenal","1.3 Lyon","1.4 Rennes","1.5 Marseille","1.6 Metz","1.7 Nantes","2 International career","3 Personal life","4 Media","5 Career statistics","5.1 Club","5.2 International","6 Honours","7 References","8 External links"] | French footballer
Sylvain Wiltord
Wiltord training with Rennes in 2008Personal informationFull name
Sylvain Claude WiltordDate of birth
(1974-05-10) 10 May 1974 (age 50)Place of birth
Neuilly-sur-Marne, FranceHeight
1.73 m (5 ft 8 in)Position(s)
Right wingerYouth career
RennesSenior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)1991–1996
Rennes
91
(28)1996–1997
Deportivo La Coruña
0
(0)1996–1997
→ Rennes (loan)
35
(3)1997–2000
Bordeaux
99
(46)2000–2004
Arsenal
106
(31)2004–2007
Lyon
82
(20)2007–2009
Rennes
31
(6)2009
Marseille
13
(1)2010
Metz
15
(3)2011–2012
Nantes
33
(8)Total
505
(146)International career1999–2006
France
92
(26)
Medal record
Men's football
Representing France
UEFA European Championship
Winner
2000
FIFA Confederations Cup
Winner
2001
Winner
2003
FIFA World Cup
Runner-up
2006
*Club domestic league appearances and goals
Sylvain Claude Wiltord (born 10 May 1974) is a French former professional footballer. Mainly a right winger, he also played as a centre-forward, second striker and on the left wing.
Wiltord had a four-season spell at Arsenal, with whom he won two Premier League titles and two FA Cups. He also won the Ligue 1 title at Bordeaux and in each of his three consecutive seasons at Lyon.
With the France national team, Wiltord earned 92 caps and scored 26 goals. He played at the 1996 Olympics, two FIFA World Cups and two UEFA European Championships. Wiltord was part of the teams which won Euro 2000 (for which he scored a last minute equaliser to take the final to extra time) and reached the final of the 2006 World Cup.
Club career
Early career, Rennes and Bordeaux
Wiltord joined Rennes from lower-league side CO Joinville in 1991. At Rennes, he emerged in the 1993–94 season with eight goals in 26 games.
In summer 1996, after Wiltord's excelled for France at the 1996 Summer Olympics Spanish La Liga club Deportivo de La Coruña reached an agreement with Rennes for him to join from 1 July 1997. As part of the agreement a transfer fee of 300 million pesetas (€1.8 million) was paid to Rennes while Wiltord was loaned back to Rennes for the 1996–97 season. In the summer of 1997, at the end of his spell on loan, he returned to Spain only to request a move back to France so as to link up with Bordeaux. For this transfer a fee of 375 million pesetas (€2.25 million) and a 40% sell-on clause were agreed.
He was ever-present in his first term at Bordeaux and went on to score 22 goals in the following 1998–99 season, where he won the golden boot as Bordeaux lifted the Ligue 1 championship.
Arsenal
Wiltord was signed by English club Arsenal, for what was then a club record fee of £13 million in August 2000, weeks after scoring the stoppage-time equaliser in the Euro 2000 Final. This record fee was not surpassed until eight-and-a-half years later when Arsenal paid £15 million for Russian winger Andrey Arshavin. Whilst with the Gunners he was occasionally paired with Thierry Henry up front or otherwise upon the wing. Wiltord made his debut as a substitute against Chelsea on 6 September 2000, and his first goal followed against Coventry City on 16 September 2000. A highlight in his first season was scoring a first half hat-trick in a win against West Ham United. Arsenal reached the 2001 FA Cup Final which Wiltord started. He was substituted for Ray Parlour with Arsenal leading 1–0, however Liverpool ultimately came back and scored two late goals to win 2–1.
In the 2001–02 season Wiltord scored ten goals in the league as Arsenal finished as champions. He scored crucial winning goals along the way against Chelsea and Everton. The highlight of Wiltord's Arsenal career came at the end of that season; scoring the winning goal over Manchester United at Old Trafford, a 1–0 win which clinched the 2001–02 Premier League title as Arsenal achieved The Double on 8 May. Returning to Old Trafford the following season in the FA Cup, Wiltord netted again as Arsenal saw off United 2–0 in a year where they also won the Cup. Wiltord started the 2002 FA Cup Final and played as a substitute in the 2003 final.
Wiltord went on to form part of Arsenal's 2003–04 "Invincibles" season, though his appearances were less frequent towards the end of the campaign. During the season he made a total of 12 league appearances, which was enough to earn a title winners' medal. Altogether he played 175 times for the Gunners in all competitions, scoring a total of 49 goals.
In June 2008, Wiltord was voted 33rd in a list of 50 of the greatest Arsenal players of all time.
Lyon
When his contract with Arsenal expired in the summer of 2004, Wiltord trained for two weeks with Rennes and rejected a move to newly promoted Premier League team West Bromwich Albion. He was also reportedly keen on a move to Arsenal's rivals Tottenham Hotspur. On 31 August, he signed for Lyon on an initial two-year contract. Moving to Lyon, Wiltord found further success, winning three Ligue 1 titles and reaching the quarter-finals of the UEFA Champions League in successive seasons.
Rennes
Wiltord signed for Rennes in August 2007 on a two-year contract and with an opportunity to join the coaching staff when he finished his professional career.
Marseille
He joined Marseille on 15 January 2009 for the remainder of the Ligue 1 season. On 17 May 2009, he scored Marseille's only goal in a 3–1 loss to Lyon at home. He was released at the end of the 2008–09 season, and was considering a possible move to either America, UAE or perhaps retirement.
Metz
On 30 January 2010, after training with US Créteil, Wiltord signed with FC Metz until the end of the season.
Nantes
On 18 July 2011, Wiltord came back from retirement and signed a contract at Nantes until the end of 2011–12. He announced his immediate retirement on 11 June 2012.
International career
Wiltord made his debut for France in a 2–0 victory over England on 10 February 1999 at Wembley Stadium. For France, Wiltord has been capped 92 times, scoring 26 goals. His most memorable goal for Les Bleus was scored in dramatic fashion in the last seconds of the UEFA Euro 2000 Final against Italy to tie the match 1–1 and bring the game to extra-time. France then won the final from a golden goal scored by David Trezeguet.
Wiltord remained in the national squad for the 2002 World Cup, where France endured a shocking first round exit without a single win or scoring a single goal, the worst ever performance by a defending champion at the World Cup.
Wiltord also took part at UEFA Euro 2004 in Portugal, having played seven games in the qualifying campaign with a fantastic return of six goals. However, a poor performance from Les Bleus saw a shocking quarter-final exit at the hands of eventual surprise winners Greece.
Wiltord also was a part of Raymond Domenech's France squad that played in the 2006 World Cup final against arch-rivals Italy. Wiltord scored France's first penalty in the ensuing penalty shootout following the 1–1 draw, but France lost the shootout 5–3.
Wiltord is France's 12th highest scorer with 26 goals netted for Les Bleus.
Personal life
Wiltord's parents moved from Martinique to metropolitan France before his birth.
Born in Neuilly-sur-Marne, a commune in the eastern suburbs of Paris, to a mother from the West Indies and a father he did not know. he was one of eight children. At the age of 14, he went to live at his 27-year-old sister's apartment where he cared for his 2-year-old niece.
In 2015, he competed on the TF1 reality show Dropped, in which sportspeople were dropped by helicopter into inhospitable environments. The day after his elimination from the programme, there was a mid-air helicopter collision which killed ten, including three contestants: swimmer Camille Muffat, boxer Alexis Vastine, and sailor Florence Arthaud. He wrote on Twitter after the crash, "I'm sad for my friends, I'm trembling, I'm horrified, I have no words, I don't want to say anything."
Media
Wiltord was sponsored by sportswear company Nike and appeared in Nike commercials. In a global Nike advertising campaign in the run-up to the 2002 World Cup in Korea and Japan, he starred in a "Secret Tournament" commercial (branded "Scopion KO") directed by Terry Gilliam, appearing alongside football players such as Thierry Henry, Ronaldo, Edgar Davids, Fabio Cannavaro, Francesco Totti, Ronaldinho, Luís Figo and Hidetoshi Nakata, with former player Eric Cantona the tournament "referee".
Career statistics
Club
Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
Club
Season
League
National cup
League cup
Europe
Other
Total
Division
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Rennes
1992–93
Division 2
2
0
0
0
–
–
–
2
0
1993–94
26
8
1
0
–
–
–
27
8
1994–95
Division 1
26
5
1
0
0
0
–
–
27
5
1995–96
37
15
1
0
2
3
–
–
40
18
Total
91
28
3
0
2
3
–
–
96
31
Rennes (loan)
1996–97
Division 1
35
3
2
0
3
0
–
–
40
3
Bordeaux
1997–98
Division 1
34
11
2
4
5
1
2
0
–
43
16
1998–99
33
22
0
0
1
0
8
5
–
42
27
1999–2000
32
13
4
0
2
0
12
4
1
0
51
17
Total
99
46
6
4
8
1
22
9
1
0
136
60
Arsenal
2000–01
Premier League
27
8
6
6
1
0
13
1
–
47
15
2001–02
33
10
7
2
3
4
11
1
–
54
17
2002–03
34
10
7
2
0
0
12
1
1
0
54
13
2003–04
12
3
0
0
3
1
4
0
1
0
20
4
Total
106
31
20
10
7
5
40
3
2
0
175
49
Lyon
2004–05
Ligue 1
25
3
2
2
0
0
8
6
–
35
11
2005–06
35
12
3
0
0
0
10
2
–
48
14
2006–07
22
5
1
0
2
2
6
0
–
31
7
Total
82
20
6
2
2
2
24
8
–
114
32
Rennes
2007–08
Ligue 1
25
6
2
1
1
0
4
0
–
32
7
2008–09
6
0
0
0
1
1
2
0
–
9
1
Total
31
6
2
1
2
1
6
0
–
41
8
Marseille
2008–09
Ligue 1
13
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
–
14
1
Metz
2009–10
Ligue 2
15
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
–
15
3
Nantes
2011–12
Ligue 2
33
8
0
0
1
0
0
0
–
34
8
Career total
505
146
40
17
25
12
92
20
3
0
665
195
^ Includes Coupe de France, FA Cup
^ Includes Coupe de la Ligue, Football League Cup
^ a b c Appearances in UEFA Cup
^ a b c d e f g h Appearances in UEFA Champions League
^ Appearance in Trophee des Champions
^ a b Appearance in FA Community Shield
International
Scores and results list France's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Wiltord goal.
List of international goals scored by Sylvain Wiltord
No.
Date
Venue
Opponent
Score
Result
Competition
1
31 March 1999
Stade de France, Saint-Denis, France
Armenia
1–0
2–0
UEFA Euro 2000 qualifying
2
5 June 1999
Stade de France, Saint-Denis, France
Russia
2–1
2–3
UEFA Euro 2000 qualifying
3
29 March 2000
Hampden Park, Glasgow, Scotland
Scotland
1–0
2–0
Friendly match
4
6 June 2000
Stade Mohamed V, Casablanca, Morocco
Morocco
5–1
5–1
2000 King Hassan II International Cup Tournament
5
11 June 2000
Jan Breydel Stadium, Bruges, Belgium
Denmark
3–0
3–0
UEFA Euro 2000
6
2 July 2000
Feijenoord Stadion, Rotterdam, Netherlands
Italy
1–1
2–1
UEFA Euro 2000
7
4 October 2000
Stade de France, Saint-Denis, France
Cameroon
1–0
1–1
Friendly match
8
15 November 2000
BJK İnönü Stadium, Istanbul, Turkey
Turkey
2–0
4–0
Friendly match
9
24 March 2001
Stade de France, Saint-Denis, France
Japan
3–0
5–0
Friendly match
10
25 April 2001
Stade de France, Saint-Denis, France
Portugal
1–0
4–0
Friendly match
11
30 May 2001
Daegu World Cup Stadium, Daegu, South Korea
South Korea
5–0
5–0
2001 FIFA Confederations Cup
12
3 June 2001
Munsu Cup Stadium, Ulsan, South Korea
Mexico
1–0
4–0
2001 FIFA Confederations Cup
13
7 September 2002
GSP Stadium, Nicosia, Cyprus
Cyprus
2–1
2–1
UEFA Euro 2004 qualifying
14
12 October 2002
Stade de France, Saint-Denis, France
Slovenia
4–0
5–0
UEFA Euro 2004 qualifying
15
16 October 2002
Ta' Qali Stadium, Ta' Qali, Malta
Malta
3–0
4–0
UEFA Euro 2004 qualifying
16
29 March 2003
Stade Félix-Bollaert, Lens, France
Malta
1–0
6–0
UEFA Euro 2004 qualifying
17
26 June 2003
Stade de France, Saint-Denis, France
Turkey
3–1
3–2
2003 FIFA Confederations Cup
18
20 August 2003
Stade de Genève, Genève, Switzerland
Switzerland
1–0
2–0
Friendly match
19
6 September 2003
Stade de France, Saint-Denis, France
Cyprus
2–0
5–0
UEFA Euro 2004 qualifying
20
3–0
21
28 May 2004
Stade de la Mosson, Montpellier, France
Andorra
1–0
4–0
Friendly match
22
2–0
23
13 October 2004
GSP Stadium, Nicosia, Cyprus
Cyprus
1–0
2–0
2006 FIFA World Cup qualification
24
12 October 2005
Stade de France, Saint-Denis, France
Cyprus
2–0
4–0
2006 FIFA World Cup qualification
25
1 March 2006
Stade de France, Saint-Denis, France
Slovakia
1–1
1–2
Friendly match
26
31 May 2006
Stade Félix-Bollaert, Lens, France
Denmark
2–0
2–0
Friendly match
Honours
Bordeaux
Division 1: 1998–99
Arsenal
Premier League: 2001–02, 2003–04
FA Cup: 2001–02, 2002–03
FA Community Shield: 2002
Lyon
Ligue 1: 2004–05, 2005–06, 2006–07
France
UEFA European Championship: 2000
FIFA Confederations Cup: 2001, 2003
FIFA World Cup runner-up: 2006
Individual
French Footballer of the Year: 1999
Premier League Player of the Month: August 2002
UNFP Ligue 1 Team of the Year: 2004–05, 2005–06
References
^ "La Firme W". BFM Verif (in French). NextInteractive. Retrieved 15 November 2020."Sylvain Wiltord". BFM Business (in French). NextInteractive. Retrieved 15 November 2020.
^ "2006 FIFA World Cup Germany: List of Players: France" (PDF). FIFA. 21 March 2014. p. 11. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 June 2019.
^ a b c "Sylvain Wiltord: Overview". Premier League. Retrieved 19 April 2018.
^ a b c "Sylvain Wiltord". National Football Teams. Benjamin Strack-Zimmermann. Retrieved 28 April 2011.
^ Flandre, Laurent (26 March 1996). "Wiltord, banlieusard et footballeur, que "les flics saluent" aujourd'hui". L'Humanité (in French). Retrieved 16 August 2020.
^ Sylvain Wiltord at FootballDatabase.eu
^ a b c Hermida, Xosé (29 July 1997). "El juego del 'pelotazo'". El País (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 January 2019.
^ Thorpe, Martin (25 August 2000). "Arsenal finally capture Wiltord". The Guardian. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
^ a b c d "Sylvain Wiltord". Eurosport.com.
^ "Arsenal finally capture Wiltord". The Guardian.com. 25 August 2000.
^ a b c Arsenal F.C. (12 June 2008). "Gunners' Greatest Players 33. Sylvain Wiltord , News Archive , News". Arsenal.com. Retrieved 28 April 2011.
^ "Arsenal earn amazing draw". BBC. 6 September 2000. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
^ "Arsenal hold on against Coventry". BBC Sport. 16 September 2000. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
^ "Wiltord treble sinks Hammers". BBC Sport. 3 March 2001. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
^ "Arsenal 1 - 2 Liverpool". Guardian. 12 May 2001. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
^ "Games played by Sylvain Wiltord in 2001/2002". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
^ "Arsenal stun Chelsea". BBC. 26 December 2001. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
^ "Arsenal edge past Everton". BBC. 10 February 2002. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
^ "Arsenal clinch Double". BBC News. 8 May 2002.
^ "Arsenal cruise past Man Utd". 16 February 2003. Retrieved 19 September 2019.
^ "Arsenal lift FA Cup". BBC. 16 February 2003. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
^ "Arsenal retain FA Cup". BBC. 17 May 2003. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
^ "Games played by Sylvain Wiltord in 2003/2004". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 17 November 2013.
^ "Wiltord rejects Baggies". BBC Sport. 28 August 2004. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
^ "Wiltord wants Spurs move". BBC Sport. 11 June 2004. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
^ "Wiltord seals Lyon move". BBC News. 31 August 2004.
^ "Wiltord secures Marseille loan , Sky Sports , Football , Transfer Centre , Done Deal". Sky Sports. 15 January 2009. Retrieved 28 April 2011.
^ Hilairsaint, Thierry (11 July 2009). "Quel avenir pour Sylvain Wiltord?". Foot Mercato (in French). Retrieved 16 August 2020.
^ "La tentation Sylvain Wiltord" . Le Parisien (in French). 14 January 2010. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
^ Former Arsenal striker joins Metz; Ontheminute.com, 31 January 2010
^ "Former players: Wiltord signs for Nantes". Stade Rennais Online.
^ "Former Arsenal striker Sylvain Wiltord announces retirement". The Independent. 12 June 2012. Archived from the original on 26 May 2022.
^ "France national football team statistics and records: top scorers". 11 v 11.com.
^ Causse, Bruno (3 April 2006). "Sylvain Wiltord, âme de l'Olympique lyonnais". Le Monde (in French). Retrieved 16 August 2020.
^ Charrier, Pascal (6 January 2006). "Sylvain Wiltord, libre dans sa tête et fort avec ses pieds". La Croix (in French). Retrieved 16 August 2020.
^ Michel, Frédéric (27 May 2002). "Wiltord : " Quand j'ai vu grandir Vanessa "". Le Parisien (in French). Retrieved 16 August 2020.
^ "Former Arsenal star Sylvain Wiltord shocked by Argentina helicopter crash". The Daily Telegraph. 10 March 2015. Retrieved 10 March 2015.
^ "A lighter shoe, cooler kits, a faster ball, a Secret Tournament – every touch counts". NikeBiz. Nike. Archived from the original on 2 June 2002. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
^ Cozens, Claire (3 April 2002). "Cantona hosts World Cup with a difference". The Guardian. Guardian News and Media. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
^ "Sylvain Wiltord » Club matches". worldfootball.net. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
^ "Sylvain Wiltord". Arsenal.com. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015.
^ Garin, Erik; Pierrend, José Luis (8 January 2015). "France – Footballer of the Year". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Archived from the original on 5 September 2015. Retrieved 13 January 2016.
^ "SYLVAIN WILTORD PENS NEW DEAL". OL Web.fr.
^ "Palmarès Trophées UNFP - Oscars du football - Equipe-type de Ligue 1" (in French).
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sylvain Wiltord.
Sylvain Wiltord's profile, stats & pics
Photos & stats at sporting-heroes.net
Sylvain Wiltord at Soccerbase
Sylvain Wiltord at L'Équipe Football (in French)
survived a crash dropped at segundoenfoque.com.ar
France squads
vteFrance men's football squad – 1996 Summer Olympics
1 Letizi
2 Djetou
3 Bonnissel
4 Laville
5 Moreau
6 Vieira
7 Makélélé
8 Dhorasoo
9 Maurice
10 Sibierski
11 Pires
12 Toyes
13 Candela
14 Dacourt
15 Vairelles
16 Fernandez
17 Wiltord
18 Legwinski
20 Dieng
Coach: Domenech
vteFrance squad – UEFA Euro 2000 winners (2nd title)
1 Lama
2 Candela
3 Lizarazu
4 Vieira
5 Blanc
6 Djorkaeff
7 Deschamps (c)
8 Desailly
9 Anelka
10 Zidane
11 Pires
12 Henry
13 Wiltord
14 Micoud
15 Thuram
16 Barthez
17 Petit
18 Leboeuf
19 Karembeu
20 Trezeguet
21 Dugarry
22 Ramé
Coach: Lemerre
vteFrance squad – 2001 FIFA Confederations Cup winners (1st title)
1 Ramé
2 Sagnol
3 Lizarazu
4 Vieira
5 Gillet
6 Djorkaeff
7 Pires
8 Desailly (c)
9 Anelka
10 Carrière
11 Wiltord
12 Coupet
13 Silvestre
14 Née
15 Bréchet
16 Dacourt
17 Marlet
18 Leboeuf
19 Karembeu
20 Camara
21 Dugarry
22 Robert
23 Landreau
Coach: Lemerre
vteFrance squad – 2002 FIFA World Cup
1 Ramé
2 Candela
3 Lizarazu
4 Vieira
5 Christanval
6 Djorkaeff
7 Makélélé
8 Desailly (c)
9 Cissé
10 Zidane
11 Wiltord
12 Henry
13 Silvestre
14 Boghossian
15 Thuram
16 Barthez
17 Petit
18 Leboeuf
19 Sagnol
20 Trezeguet
21 Dugarry
22 Micoud
23 Coupet
Coach: Lemerre
vteFrance squad – 2003 FIFA Confederations Cup winners (2nd title)
1 Landreau
2 Mexès
3 Lizarazu
4 Boumsong
5 Gallas
6 Dacourt
7 Pires
8 Desailly (c)
9 Cissé
10 Giuly
11 Wiltord
12 Henry
13 Silvestre
14 Rothen
15 Thuram
16 Barthez
17 Kapo
18 Pedretti
19 Sagnol
20 Marlet
21 Dabo
22 Govou
23 Coupet
Coach: Santini
vteFrance squad – UEFA Euro 2004
1 Landreau
2 Boumsong
3 Lizarazu
4 Vieira
5 Gallas
6 Makélélé
7 Pires
8 Desailly (c)
9 Saha
10 Zidane
11 Wiltord
12 Henry
13 Silvestre
14 Rothen
15 Thuram
16 Barthez
17 Dacourt
18 Pedretti
19 Sagnol
20 Trezeguet
21 Marlet
22 Govou
23 Coupet
Coach: Santini
vteFrance squad – 2006 FIFA World Cup runners-up
1 Landreau
2 Boumsong
3 Abidal
4 Vieira
5 Gallas
6 Makélélé
7 Malouda
8 Dhorasoo
9 Govou
10 Zidane (c)
11 Wiltord
12 Henry
13 Silvestre
14 Saha
15 Thuram
16 Barthez
17 Givet
18 Diarra
19 Sagnol
20 Trezeguet
21 Chimbonda
22 Ribéry
23 Coupet
Coach: Domenech
Awards
vte2004–05 Ligue 1 UNFP Team of the Year
GK: Coupet
DF: Beye
DF: Cris
DF: Givet
DF: Abidal
MF: Essien
MF: Kalou
MF: Malouda
MF: Juninho
FW: Wiltord
FW: Frei
vte2005–06 Ligue 1 UNFP Team of the Year
GK: Coupet
DF: Jemmali
DF: Cris
DF: Yepes
DF: Abidal
MF: Diarra
MF: Ribéry
MF: Malouda
MF: Juninho
FW: Wiltord
FW: Pauleta
vteFrench Player of the Year
1959: Sbroglia
1960: Kopa
1961: Mahi
1962: Lerond
1963: Douis
1964: Artelesa
1965: Gondet
1966: Gondet
1967: Bosquier
1968: Bosquier
1969: Revelli
1970: Carnus
1971: Carnus
1972: Trésor
1973: Bereta
1974: Bereta
1975: Guillou
1976: Platini
1977: Platini
1978: Petit
1979: Bossis
1980: Larios
1981: Bossis
1982: Giresse
1983: Giresse
1984: Tigana
1985: Fernández
1986: Amoros
1987: Giresse
1988: Paille
1989: Papin
1990: Blanc
1991: Papin
1992: Roche
1993: Ginola
1994: Lama
1995: Guérin
1996: Deschamps
1997: Thuram
1998: Zidane
1999: Wiltord
2000: Henry
2001: Vieira
2002: Zidane
2003: Henry
2004: Henry
2005: Henry
2006: Henry
2007: Ribéry
2008: Ribéry
2009: Gourcuff
2010: Nasri
2011: Benzema
2012: Benzema
2013: Ribéry
2014: Benzema
2015: Matuidi
2016: Griezmann
2017: Kanté
2018: Mbappé
2019: Mbappé
2020: Not awarded
2021: Benzema
2022: Mbappé
vteLigue 1 top scorers
1933: Kaiser & Mercier
1934: Lukács
1935: Abegglen
1936: Courtois
1937: Rohr
1938: Nicolas
1939: Courtois & Koranyi
1946: Bihel
1947: Sinibaldi
1948: Baratte
1949: Baratte & Humpál
1950: Grumellon
1951: Piantoni
1952: Andersson
1953: Andersson
1954: Kargu
1955: Bliard
1956: Cisowski
1957: Cisowski
1958: Fontaine
1959: Cisowski
1960: Fontaine
1961: Piantoni
1962: Touré
1963: Masnaghetti
1964: Oudjani
1965: Simon
1966: Gondet
1967: Revelli
1968: Sansonetti
1969: Guy
1970: Revelli
1971: Skoblar
1972: Skoblar
1973: Skoblar
1974: Bianchi
1975: Onnis
1976: Bianchi
1977: Bianchi
1978: Bianchi
1979: Bianchi
1980: Kostedde & Onnis
1981: Onnis
1982: Onnis
1983: Halilhodžić
1984: Garande & Onnis
1985: Halilhodžić
1986: Bocandé
1987: Zénier
1988: Papin
1989: Papin
1990: Papin
1991: Papin
1992: Papin
1993: Bokšić
1994: Boli, Djorkaeff & Ouédec
1995: Loko
1996: Anderson
1997: Guivarc'h
1998: Guivarc'h
1999: Wiltord
2000: Anderson
2001: Anderson
2002: Cissé & Pauleta
2003: Nonda
2004: Cissé
2005: Frei
2006: Pauleta
2007: Pauleta
2008: Benzema
2009: Gignac
2010: Niang
2011: Sow
2012: Giroud & Nenê
2013: Ibrahimović
2014: Ibrahimović
2015: Lacazette
2016: Ibrahimović
2017: Cavani
2018: Cavani
2019: Mbappé
2020: Ben Yedder & Mbappé
2021: Mbappé
2022: Mbappé
2023: Mbappé
2024: Mbappé
vteKing Fahd Cup and FIFA Confederations Cup awardsGolden Ball
1992: Redondo
1995: Laudrup
1997: Denílson
1999: Ronaldinho
2001: Pires
2003: Henry
2005: Adriano
2009: Kaká
2013: Neymar
2017: Draxler
Golden Glove
2005: Sánchez
2009: Howard
2013: Júlio César
2017: Bravo
Top goalscorer
1992: Batistuta† & Murray
1995: García
1997: Romário
1999: Al-Otaibi, Blanco & Ronaldinho†
2001: Carrière, Hwang, Murphy, Pires†, Suzuki, Vieira & Wiltord
2003: Henry
2005: Adriano
2009: Luís Fabiano
2013: Fred & Torres†
2017: Goretzka, Stindl & Werner†
†: Golden Boot award winner (when goals scored are tied) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"right winger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winger_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"centre-forward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre-forward"},{"link_name":"second striker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_striker"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nft-4"},{"link_name":"Arsenal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenal_F.C."},{"link_name":"Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League"},{"link_name":"FA Cups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"Ligue 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligue_1"},{"link_name":"Bordeaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Girondins_de_Bordeaux"},{"link_name":"Lyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympique_Lyonnais"},{"link_name":"France national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"FIFA World Cups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"UEFA European Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_European_Championship"},{"link_name":"Euro 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2000"},{"link_name":"final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_FIFA_World_Cup_Final"},{"link_name":"2006 World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_FIFA_World_Cup"}],"text":"Sylvain Claude Wiltord (born 10 May 1974) is a French former professional footballer. Mainly a right winger, he also played as a centre-forward, second striker and on the left wing.[4]Wiltord had a four-season spell at Arsenal, with whom he won two Premier League titles and two FA Cups. He also won the Ligue 1 title at Bordeaux and in each of his three consecutive seasons at Lyon.With the France national team, Wiltord earned 92 caps and scored 26 goals. He played at the 1996 Olympics, two FIFA World Cups and two UEFA European Championships. Wiltord was part of the teams which won Euro 2000 (for which he scored a last minute equaliser to take the final to extra time) and reached the final of the 2006 World Cup.","title":"Sylvain Wiltord"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rennes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_Rennais_F.C."},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"1993–94 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993%E2%80%9394_French_Division_1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"1996 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"La Liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Liga"},{"link_name":"Deportivo de La Coruña","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deportivo_de_La_Coru%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elpais-7"},{"link_name":"pesetas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_peseta"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elpais-7"},{"link_name":"Bordeaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Girondins_de_Bordeaux"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elpais-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-8"},{"link_name":"1998–99","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998%E2%80%9399_French_Division_1"},{"link_name":"Ligue 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligue_1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eurosport-9"}],"sub_title":"Early career, Rennes and Bordeaux","text":"Wiltord joined Rennes from lower-league side CO Joinville[5] in 1991.[6] At Rennes, he emerged in the 1993–94 season with eight goals in 26 games.[citation needed]In summer 1996, after Wiltord's excelled for France at the 1996 Summer Olympics Spanish La Liga club Deportivo de La Coruña reached an agreement with Rennes for him to join from 1 July 1997.[7] As part of the agreement a transfer fee of 300 million pesetas (€1.8 million) was paid to Rennes[7] while Wiltord was loaned back to Rennes for the 1996–97 season. In the summer of 1997, at the end of his spell on loan, he returned to Spain only to request a move back to France so as to link up with Bordeaux. For this transfer a fee of 375 million pesetas (€2.25 million)[7] and a 40% sell-on clause were agreed.[8]He was ever-present in his first term at Bordeaux and went on to score 22 goals in the following 1998–99 season, where he won the golden boot as Bordeaux lifted the Ligue 1 championship.[9]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arsenal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenal_F.C."},{"link_name":"£","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound_sterling"},{"link_name":"Euro 2000 Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2000_Final"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"£","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound_sterling"},{"link_name":"Andrey Arshavin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrey_Arshavin"},{"link_name":"Thierry Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thierry_Henry"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Arsenal@-11"},{"link_name":"Chelsea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_F.C."},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Coventry City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coventry_City"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"West Ham United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Ham_United"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"2001 FA Cup Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_FA_Cup_Final"},{"link_name":"Ray Parlour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Parlour"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Chelsea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_F.C."},{"link_name":"Everton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everton_F.C."},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Manchester United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Old Trafford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Trafford_(football)"},{"link_name":"2001–02 Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001%E2%80%9302_FA_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"The Double","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"2002 FA Cup Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_FA_Cup_Final"},{"link_name":"2003 final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_FA_Cup_Final"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"\"Invincibles\" season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Invincibles_(football)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Arsenal@-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Arsenal@-11"}],"sub_title":"Arsenal","text":"Wiltord was signed by English club Arsenal, for what was then a club record fee of £13 million in August 2000, weeks after scoring the stoppage-time equaliser in the Euro 2000 Final.[10] This record fee was not surpassed until eight-and-a-half years later when Arsenal paid £15 million for Russian winger Andrey Arshavin. Whilst with the Gunners he was occasionally paired with Thierry Henry up front or otherwise upon the wing.[11] Wiltord made his debut as a substitute against Chelsea on 6 September 2000,[12] and his first goal followed against Coventry City on 16 September 2000.[13] A highlight in his first season was scoring a first half hat-trick in a win against West Ham United.[14] Arsenal reached the 2001 FA Cup Final which Wiltord started. He was substituted for Ray Parlour with Arsenal leading 1–0, however Liverpool ultimately came back and scored two late goals to win 2–1.[15]In the 2001–02 season Wiltord scored ten goals in the league as Arsenal finished as champions.[16] He scored crucial winning goals along the way against Chelsea and Everton.[17][18] The highlight of Wiltord's Arsenal career came at the end of that season; scoring the winning goal over Manchester United at Old Trafford, a 1–0 win which clinched the 2001–02 Premier League title as Arsenal achieved The Double on 8 May.[19] Returning to Old Trafford the following season in the FA Cup, Wiltord netted again as Arsenal saw off United 2–0 in a year where they also won the Cup.[20] Wiltord started the 2002 FA Cup Final and played as a substitute in the 2003 final.[21][22]Wiltord went on to form part of Arsenal's 2003–04 \"Invincibles\" season, though his appearances were less frequent towards the end of the campaign. During the season he made a total of 12 league appearances, which was enough to earn a title winners' medal.[23] Altogether he played 175 times for the Gunners in all competitions, scoring a total of 49 goals.[11]In June 2008, Wiltord was voted 33rd in a list of 50 of the greatest Arsenal players of all time.[11]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"West Bromwich Albion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bromwich_Albion_F.C."},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Tottenham Hotspur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tottenham_Hotspur"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Lyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympique_Lyonnais"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"UEFA Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Lyon","text":"When his contract with Arsenal expired in the summer of 2004, Wiltord trained for two weeks with Rennes and rejected a move to newly promoted Premier League team West Bromwich Albion.[24] He was also reportedly keen on a move to Arsenal's rivals Tottenham Hotspur.[25] On 31 August, he signed for Lyon on an initial two-year contract.[26] Moving to Lyon, Wiltord found further success, winning three Ligue 1 titles and reaching the quarter-finals of the UEFA Champions League in successive seasons.[citation needed]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rennes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_Rennais_F.C."},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Rennes","text":"Wiltord signed for Rennes in August 2007 on a two-year contract and with an opportunity to join the coaching staff when he finished his professional career.[citation needed]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marseille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympique_de_Marseille"},{"link_name":"Ligue 1 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_Ligue_1"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Marseille","text":"He joined Marseille on 15 January 2009 for the remainder of the Ligue 1 season. On 17 May 2009, he scored Marseille's only goal in a 3–1 loss to Lyon at home.[27] He was released at the end of the 2008–09 season, and was considering a possible move to either America, UAE or perhaps retirement.[28]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"US Créteil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Cr%C3%A9teil-Lusitanos"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"FC Metz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Metz"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"Metz","text":"On 30 January 2010, after training with US Créteil,[29] Wiltord signed with FC Metz until the end of the season.[30]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nantes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Nantes"},{"link_name":"2011–12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_Ligue_2"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"Nantes","text":"On 18 July 2011, Wiltord came back from retirement and signed a contract at Nantes until the end of 2011–12.[31] He announced his immediate retirement on 11 June 2012.[32]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Wembley Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wembley_Stadium_(1923)"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"capped","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cap_(football)"},{"link_name":"UEFA Euro 2000 Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2000_Final"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"extra-time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extra_time"},{"link_name":"golden goal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_goal"},{"link_name":"David Trezeguet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Trezeguet"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"2002 World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"UEFA Euro 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2004"},{"link_name":"qualifying campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2004_qualifying"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Raymond Domenech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Domenech"},{"link_name":"France squad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_FIFA_World_Cup_squads#France"},{"link_name":"2006 World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"penalty shootout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_shootout_(football)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"text":"Wiltord made his debut for France in a 2–0 victory over England on 10 February 1999 at Wembley Stadium. For France, Wiltord has been capped 92 times, scoring 26 goals. His most memorable goal for Les Bleus was scored in dramatic fashion in the last seconds of the UEFA Euro 2000 Final against Italy to tie the match 1–1 and bring the game to extra-time. France then won the final from a golden goal scored by David Trezeguet.[citation needed]Wiltord remained in the national squad for the 2002 World Cup, where France endured a shocking first round exit without a single win or scoring a single goal, the worst ever performance by a defending champion at the World Cup.[citation needed]Wiltord also took part at UEFA Euro 2004 in Portugal, having played seven games in the qualifying campaign with a fantastic return of six goals. However, a poor performance from Les Bleus saw a shocking quarter-final exit at the hands of eventual surprise winners Greece.[citation needed]Wiltord also was a part of Raymond Domenech's France squad that played in the 2006 World Cup final against arch-rivals Italy. Wiltord scored France's first penalty in the ensuing penalty shootout following the 1–1 draw, but France lost the shootout 5–3.[citation needed]Wiltord is France's 12th highest scorer with 26 goals netted for Les Bleus.[33]","title":"International career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Martinique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinique"},{"link_name":"metropolitan France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_France"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Neuilly-sur-Marne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuilly-sur-Marne"},{"link_name":"West Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Indies"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"TF1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TF1"},{"link_name":"Dropped","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dropped_(French_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"mid-air helicopter collision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Castelli_helicopter_collision"},{"link_name":"Camille Muffat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camille_Muffat"},{"link_name":"Alexis Vastine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Vastine"},{"link_name":"Florence Arthaud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence_Arthaud"},{"link_name":"Twitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"text":"Wiltord's parents moved from Martinique to metropolitan France before his birth.[citation needed]Born in Neuilly-sur-Marne, a commune in the eastern suburbs of Paris, to a mother from the West Indies and a father he did not know.[34] he was one of eight children.[35] At the age of 14, he went to live at his 27-year-old sister's apartment where he cared for his 2-year-old niece.[36]In 2015, he competed on the TF1 reality show Dropped, in which sportspeople were dropped by helicopter into inhospitable environments. The day after his elimination from the programme, there was a mid-air helicopter collision which killed ten, including three contestants: swimmer Camille Muffat, boxer Alexis Vastine, and sailor Florence Arthaud. He wrote on Twitter after the crash, \"I'm sad for my friends, I'm trembling, I'm horrified, I have no words, I don't want to say anything.\"[37]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike,_Inc."},{"link_name":"Secret Tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_Tournament"},{"link_name":"Terry Gilliam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Gilliam"},{"link_name":"Thierry Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thierry_Henry"},{"link_name":"Ronaldo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronaldo_(Brazilian_footballer)"},{"link_name":"Edgar Davids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Davids"},{"link_name":"Fabio Cannavaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabio_Cannavaro"},{"link_name":"Francesco Totti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Totti"},{"link_name":"Ronaldinho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronaldinho"},{"link_name":"Luís Figo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_Figo"},{"link_name":"Hidetoshi Nakata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidetoshi_Nakata"},{"link_name":"Eric Cantona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Cantona"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"text":"Wiltord was sponsored by sportswear company Nike and appeared in Nike commercials. In a global Nike advertising campaign in the run-up to the 2002 World Cup in Korea and Japan, he starred in a \"Secret Tournament\" commercial (branded \"Scopion KO\") directed by Terry Gilliam, appearing alongside football players such as Thierry Henry, Ronaldo, Edgar Davids, Fabio Cannavaro, Francesco Totti, Ronaldinho, Luís Figo and Hidetoshi Nakata, with former player Eric Cantona the tournament \"referee\".[38][39]","title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-41"},{"link_name":"Coupe de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coupe_de_France"},{"link_name":"FA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-42"},{"link_name":"Coupe de la Ligue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coupe_de_la_Ligue"},{"link_name":"Football League Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Cup"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-UC_43-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-UC_43-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-UC_43-2"},{"link_name":"UEFA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Cup"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-UCL_44-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-UCL_44-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-UCL_44-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-UCL_44-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-UCL_44-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-UCL_44-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-UCL_44-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-UCL_44-7"},{"link_name":"UEFA Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-45"},{"link_name":"Trophee des Champions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trophee_des_Champions"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FACS_46-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FACS_46-1"},{"link_name":"FA Community Shield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Community_Shield"}],"sub_title":"Club","text":"^ Includes Coupe de France, FA Cup\n\n^ Includes Coupe de la Ligue, Football League Cup\n\n^ a b c Appearances in UEFA Cup\n\n^ a b c d e f g h Appearances in UEFA Champions League\n\n^ Appearance in Trophee des Champions\n\n^ a b Appearance in FA Community Shield","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"International","text":"Scores and results list France's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Wiltord goal.","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eurosport-9"},{"link_name":"Division 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligue_1"},{"link_name":"1998–99","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998%E2%80%9399_French_Division_1"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Arsenal-47"},{"link_name":"Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League"},{"link_name":"2001–02","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001%E2%80%9302_FA_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"2003–04","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003%E2%80%9304_FA_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PremProfile-3"},{"link_name":"FA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"2001–02","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001%E2%80%9302_FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"2002–03","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002%E2%80%9303_FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"FA Community Shield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Community_Shield"},{"link_name":"2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_FA_Community_Shield"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eurosport-9"},{"link_name":"Ligue 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligue_1"},{"link_name":"2004–05","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004%E2%80%9305_Ligue_1"},{"link_name":"2005–06","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306_Ligue_1"},{"link_name":"2006–07","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_Ligue_1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eurosport-9"},{"link_name":"UEFA European Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_European_Championship"},{"link_name":"2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2000"},{"link_name":"FIFA Confederations Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_Confederations_Cup"},{"link_name":"2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_FIFA_Confederations_Cup"},{"link_name":"2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_FIFA_Confederations_Cup"},{"link_name":"FIFA World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"French Footballer of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_Football"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RSSSF-48"},{"link_name":"Premier League Player of the Month","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League_Player_of_the_Month"},{"link_name":"August 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002%E2%80%9303_FA_Premier_League#Monthly_awards"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PremProfile-3"},{"link_name":"UNFP Ligue 1 Team of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troph%C3%A9es_UNFP_du_football"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"}],"text":"Bordeaux[9]Division 1: 1998–99Arsenal[41]Premier League: 2001–02, 2003–04[3]\nFA Cup: 2001–02, 2002–03\nFA Community Shield: 2002Lyon[9]Ligue 1: 2004–05, 2005–06, 2006–07France[9]UEFA European Championship: 2000\nFIFA Confederations Cup: 2001, 2003\nFIFA World Cup runner-up: 2006IndividualFrench Footballer of the Year: 1999[42]\nPremier League Player of the Month: August 2002[3]\nUNFP Ligue 1 Team of the Year: 2004–05, 2005–06[43][44]","title":"Honours"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"La Firme W\". BFM Verif (in French). NextInteractive. Retrieved 15 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.verif.com/societe/LA-FIRME-W-424581643/","url_text":"\"La Firme W\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sylvain Wiltord\". BFM Business (in French). NextInteractive. Retrieved 15 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://dirigeants.bfmtv.com/Sylvain-WILTORD-4514757/","url_text":"\"Sylvain Wiltord\""}]},{"reference":"\"2006 FIFA World Cup Germany: List of Players: France\" (PDF). FIFA. 21 March 2014. p. 11. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190610174527/https://www.fifadata.com/document/fwc/2006/PDF/FWC_2006_SquadLists.pdf","url_text":"\"2006 FIFA World Cup Germany: List of Players: France\""},{"url":"https://www.fifadata.com/document/fwc/2006/PDF/FWC_2006_SquadLists.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Sylvain Wiltord: Overview\". Premier League. Retrieved 19 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.premierleague.com/players/1836/Sylvain-Wiltord/overview","url_text":"\"Sylvain Wiltord: Overview\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sylvain Wiltord\". National Football Teams. Benjamin Strack-Zimmermann. Retrieved 28 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/2421.html","url_text":"\"Sylvain Wiltord\""}]},{"reference":"Flandre, Laurent (26 March 1996). \"Wiltord, banlieusard et footballeur, que \"les flics saluent\" aujourd'hui\". L'Humanité (in French). Retrieved 16 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.humanite.fr/node/127402","url_text":"\"Wiltord, banlieusard et footballeur, que \"les flics saluent\" aujourd'hui\""}]},{"reference":"Hermida, Xosé (29 July 1997). \"El juego del 'pelotazo'\". El País (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://elpais.com/diario/1997/07/29/ultima/870127201_850215.html","url_text":"\"El juego del 'pelotazo'\""}]},{"reference":"Thorpe, Martin (25 August 2000). \"Arsenal finally capture Wiltord\". The Guardian. Retrieved 24 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/football/2000/aug/25/newsstory.sport4","url_text":"\"Arsenal finally capture Wiltord\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sylvain Wiltord\". Eurosport.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eurosport.com/football/sylvain-wiltord_prs233/person.shtml","url_text":"\"Sylvain Wiltord\""}]},{"reference":"\"Arsenal finally capture Wiltord\". The Guardian.com. 25 August 2000.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/football/2000/aug/25/newsstory.sport4","url_text":"\"Arsenal finally capture Wiltord\""}]},{"reference":"Arsenal F.C. (12 June 2008). \"Gunners' Greatest Players 33. Sylvain Wiltord , News Archive , News\". Arsenal.com. Retrieved 28 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.arsenal.com/history/gunners-greatest-players-33.-sylvain-wiltord","url_text":"\"Gunners' Greatest Players 33. Sylvain Wiltord , News Archive , News\""}]},{"reference":"\"Arsenal earn amazing draw\". BBC. 6 September 2000. Retrieved 30 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_prem/911712.stm","url_text":"\"Arsenal earn amazing draw\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC","url_text":"BBC"}]},{"reference":"\"Arsenal hold on against Coventry\". BBC Sport. 16 September 2000. Retrieved 30 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_prem/926808.stm","url_text":"\"Arsenal hold on against Coventry\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wiltord treble sinks Hammers\". BBC Sport. 3 March 2001. Retrieved 30 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_prem/1198999.stm","url_text":"\"Wiltord treble sinks Hammers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Arsenal 1 - 2 Liverpool\". Guardian. 12 May 2001. Retrieved 30 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/football/2001/may/12/minutebyminute.sport","url_text":"\"Arsenal 1 - 2 Liverpool\""}]},{"reference":"\"Games played by Sylvain Wiltord in 2001/2002\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 1 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=12266&season_id=131","url_text":"\"Games played by Sylvain Wiltord in 2001/2002\""}]},{"reference":"\"Arsenal stun Chelsea\". BBC. 26 December 2001. Retrieved 1 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_prem/1726892.stm","url_text":"\"Arsenal stun Chelsea\""}]},{"reference":"\"Arsenal edge past Everton\". BBC. 10 February 2002. Retrieved 1 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_prem/1807015.stm","url_text":"\"Arsenal edge past Everton\""}]},{"reference":"\"Arsenal clinch Double\". BBC News. 8 May 2002.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_prem/1964495.stm","url_text":"\"Arsenal clinch Double\""}]},{"reference":"\"Arsenal cruise past Man Utd\". 16 February 2003. Retrieved 19 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/fa_cup/2740035.stm","url_text":"\"Arsenal cruise past Man Utd\""}]},{"reference":"\"Arsenal lift FA Cup\". BBC. 16 February 2003. Retrieved 29 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/fa_cup/1959840.stm","url_text":"\"Arsenal lift FA Cup\""}]},{"reference":"\"Arsenal retain FA Cup\". BBC. 17 May 2003. Retrieved 29 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/fa_cup/3025589.stm","url_text":"\"Arsenal retain FA Cup\""}]},{"reference":"\"Games played by Sylvain Wiltord in 2003/2004\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 17 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=12266&season_id=133","url_text":"\"Games played by Sylvain Wiltord in 2003/2004\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wiltord rejects Baggies\". BBC Sport. 28 August 2004. Retrieved 23 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/w/west_bromwich_albion/3607596.stm","url_text":"\"Wiltord rejects Baggies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Sport","url_text":"BBC Sport"}]},{"reference":"\"Wiltord wants Spurs move\". BBC Sport. 11 June 2004. Retrieved 23 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/t/tottenham_hotspur/3797337.stm","url_text":"\"Wiltord wants Spurs move\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Sport","url_text":"BBC Sport"}]},{"reference":"\"Wiltord seals Lyon move\". BBC News. 31 August 2004.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/europe/3616262.stm","url_text":"\"Wiltord seals Lyon move\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wiltord secures Marseille loan , Sky Sports , Football , Transfer Centre , Done Deal\". Sky Sports. 15 January 2009. Retrieved 28 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,12875_4797543,00.html","url_text":"\"Wiltord secures Marseille loan , Sky Sports , Football , Transfer Centre , Done Deal\""}]},{"reference":"Hilairsaint, Thierry (11 July 2009). \"Quel avenir pour Sylvain Wiltord?\". Foot Mercato (in French). Retrieved 16 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.footmercato.net/a4203738256304001196-quel-avenir-pour-sylvain-wiltord","url_text":"\"Quel avenir pour Sylvain Wiltord?\""}]},{"reference":"\"La tentation Sylvain Wiltord\" [The temptation Sylvain Wiltord]. Le Parisien (in French). 14 January 2010. 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Archived from the original on 26 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/european/former-arsenal-striker-sylvain-wiltord-announces-retirement-7844596.html","url_text":"\"Former Arsenal striker Sylvain Wiltord announces retirement\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent","url_text":"The Independent"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220526/https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/european/former-arsenal-striker-sylvain-wiltord-announces-retirement-7844596.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"France national football team statistics and records: top scorers\". 11 v 11.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.11v11.com/teams/france/tab/stats/option/scorers/","url_text":"\"France national football team statistics and records: top scorers\""}]},{"reference":"Causse, Bruno (3 April 2006). \"Sylvain Wiltord, âme de l'Olympique lyonnais\". Le Monde (in French). 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Retrieved 16 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.leparisien.fr/sports/wiltord-quand-j-ai-vu-grandir-vanessa-27-05-2002-2003101022.php","url_text":"\"Wiltord : \" Quand j'ai vu grandir Vanessa \"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Former Arsenal star Sylvain Wiltord shocked by Argentina helicopter crash\". The Daily Telegraph. 10 March 2015. Retrieved 10 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/teams/arsenal/11461360/Former-Arsenal-star-Sylvain-Wiltord-shocked-by-Argentina-helicopter-crash.html","url_text":"\"Former Arsenal star Sylvain Wiltord shocked by Argentina helicopter crash\""}]},{"reference":"\"A lighter shoe, cooler kits, a faster ball, a Secret Tournament – every touch counts\". NikeBiz. Nike. Archived from the original on 2 June 2002. Retrieved 21 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20020602055510/http://www.nikebiz.com/story/stry_scorpion.shtml","url_text":"\"A lighter shoe, cooler kits, a faster ball, a Secret Tournament – every touch counts\""},{"url":"http://www.nikebiz.com/story/stry_scorpion.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Cozens, Claire (3 April 2002). \"Cantona hosts World Cup with a difference\". The Guardian. Guardian News and Media. Retrieved 21 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/media/2002/apr/03/advertising.worldcupfootball2002?INTCMP=ILCNETTXT3487","url_text":"\"Cantona hosts World Cup with a difference\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sylvain Wiltord » Club matches\". worldfootball.net. Retrieved 24 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldfootball.net/player_summary/sylvain-wiltord/2/","url_text":"\"Sylvain Wiltord » Club matches\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sylvain Wiltord\". Arsenal.com. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151117024554/http://www.arsenal.com/history/profiles/740/sylvain-wiltord","url_text":"\"Sylvain Wiltord\""},{"url":"http://www.arsenal.com/history/profiles/740/sylvain-wiltord","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Garin, Erik; Pierrend, José Luis (8 January 2015). \"France – Footballer of the Year\". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Archived from the original on 5 September 2015. Retrieved 13 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/franpoy.html","url_text":"\"France – Footballer of the Year\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150905115225/http://rsssf.com/miscellaneous/franpoy.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"SYLVAIN WILTORD PENS NEW DEAL\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._451_Squadron_RAAF | No. 451 Squadron RAAF | ["1 History","1.1 North Africa and Syria","1.2 Europe","2 Aircraft operated","3 Squadron bases","4 Commanding officers","5 References","5.1 Notes","5.2 Bibliography","6 External links"] | Royal Australian Air Force squadron
No. 451 Squadron RAAFSeptember 1944. A Spitfire LF. VIII of 451 Squadron RAAF at Cuers-Pierrefeu, France. In the background is a K-class blimp belonging to US Navy squadron ZP-14.Active1 July 1941 – 21 January 1946CountryAustraliaBranchRoyal Australian Air ForceMotto(s)Into the midst from aboveEngagementsWorld War IIBattle honoursFrance and Germany, 1944–1945RhineEgypt and Libya, 1940–1943Mediterranean, 1940–1943Italy, 1943–1945Squadron codesBQ (July 1941 – October 1944) NI (December 1945 – January 1946)Aircraft flownFighterHawker HurricaneSupermarine SpitfireTransportWestland LysanderMilitary unit
No. 451 Squadron was a Royal Australian Air Force army cooperation and fighter squadron of World War II. It was formed at Bankstown, New South Wales, on 12 February 1941 and began flying operations on 1 July as part of the North African Campaign in Egypt and Libya. No. 451 Squadron was withdrawn for refitting in early January 1942 and spent the remainder of the year performing garrison duties in Syria. In January 1943, it was transferred to Egypt to contribute to local air defence but saw almost no combat. This inactivity caused morale among the squadron's personnel to greatly deteriorate.
The squadron returned to combat in April 1944 when, operating from bases in Corsica, it took part in the Italian Campaign and Allied invasion of Southern France until September. No. 451 Squadron moved to Italy between September and October 1944, but was transferred to the United Kingdom in November. From January to April 1945, it took part in the liberation of Europe by escorting Allied bomber units and conducting air strikes against German V-2 rocket sites and transportation targets. Following the war, the squadron was deployed to Germany from September 1945 as part of the Allied occupation forces, but was disbanded on 21 January 1946 when the Australian Government dropped plans for a permanent Australian contribution to the occupation of Germany due to a shortage of volunteers for this duty.
History
North Africa and Syria
No. 451 Squadron was formed as an army cooperation unit at Bankstown, New South Wales on 12 February 1941. As one of Australia's Article XV squadrons it was intended that the squadron would serve overseas as part of the Royal Air Force (RAF). The squadron's personnel departed Sydney on 9 April on board the ocean liner Queen Mary and arrived in Egypt on 5 May. While it had been planned that the squadron would be issued with aircraft from British stocks on its arrival in Egypt, the difficult situation facing Allied forces in the region meant that all available aircraft were needed by the experienced squadrons engaged in combat and none could be spared. It was not until 1 July 1941 that No. 451 Squadron took over No. 6 Squadron RAF's Hawker Hurricane fighters and other equipment at Qasaba. The Australian War Memorial states that the squadron also operated Westland Lysander aircraft.
The squadron began flying operational missions on 1 July 1941. As an army cooperation unit its main duties were photographic and tactical reconnaissance and artillery spotting. From 13 September No. 451 Squadron maintained a detachment of two pilots and two aircraft in the besieged Libyan town of Tobruk to support the Allied garrison; this detachment remained until the siege was lifted in December; during this period several Hurricanes were shot down by Axis fighters. The remainder of No. 451 Squadron was attached to XIII Corps and participated in Operation Crusader during November and December 1941. The squadron frequently operated from airstrips near the front line, and some of its personnel were captured on 26 and 27 November when German forces attacked the airstrip at Sidi Azeiz. All but three of these men were liberated when Bardia fell to the South African 2nd Infantry Division on 2 January 1942. Following the conclusion of Operation Crusader No. 451 Squadron was withdrawn from operations on 24 January 1942 and was refitted at Heliopolis.
451 Sqn Hurricane fighters at Rayak, Syria during 1942.
In February 1942 No. 451 Squadron was deployed to Syria to operate with the Ninth Army. From March the squadron also maintained a detachment at Cyprus to counter German reconnaissance flights over the island and in June it took over responsibility for providing air defence to Haifa. As there were more Army cooperation units in the Middle East than were required and the Australian Air Board would not agree to convert No. 451 Squadron to a fighter unit, it saw little action during 1942. As a result, the squadron's morale deteriorated and aviation historian Steve Eather has written that "no other RAAF squadron, before or since, has suffered such a widespread loss of morale and combat effectiveness".
No. 451 Squadron was transferred to Mersa Matruh in Egypt on 8 January 1943 and redesignated a fighter squadron. The squadron was responsible for air defence of part of the Nile Delta and nearby convoys and in February it received a detachment of Supermarine Spitfire fighters for high-altitude interceptions. Aircraft from the squadron saw combat on only one occasion during the first six months of 1943 and morale remained low; the RAAF Historical Section has written that this period marked "the nadir of the squadron". In January No. 451 Squadron's commander Wing Commander D.R. Chapman proposed to RAAF Overseas Headquarters that the unit be transferred to Australia but this was rejected. Chapman was replaced early in May after he wrote a letter to the headquarters of No. 219 Group RAF in March which complained about the squadron's lack of employment and appeared to condone the poor morale within the unit. No. 451 Squadron's only offensive action during the year was a raid against Crete on 23 July in which it contributed six Hurricanes to a force of Beaufighter heavy fighters and Baltimore bombers. Three of these Hurricanes were lost during the operation.
No. 451 Squadron Spitfire fighters being serviced at a North African airfield in early 1944.
Europe
After being completely re-equipped with Spitfires in early 1944, No. 451 Squadron was transferred to Corsica and arrived there on 18 April, attached to No. 251 Wing RAF (with No. 237 Squadron RAF and No. 238 Squadron RAF). This move was very popular with the squadron's pilots as it gave them an opportunity to participate in offensive action. The squadron's role was to support Allied operations in Italy and southern France by escorting bombers and conducting armed reconnaissance patrols. It flew its first operation from Corsica on 23 April and engaged German fighters on a number of occasions. In mid-June the squadron supported the Free French-led Invasion of Elba. On 12 June eight personnel were killed and all but two of No. 451 Squadron's Spitfires were damaged when 25 German Ju 88 bombers raided the unit's base at Poretta airfield. The squadron's ground crew were able to return ten Spitfires to service by the afternoon of 13 June, however.
May 1944, Poretta, Corsica. In front of a Spitfire undergoing servicing are pilots (left to right) F/O W. W. Thomas of Malvern, SA; F/O E. C. House DFM DFC of Gnowangerup, WA; S/Ldr E. E. Kirkham of Concord, NSW, and; F/O H. J. Bray of Moolcolah, Qld, not long after claiming four FW190s over Italy.
The Cuers-Pierrefeu air base, near Cuers, five kilometres north of Toulon, in September 1944. It was used by 251 Wing, including 451 Sqn as well as the US Navy.
In August the squadron participated in Operation Dragoon, the Allied landings in southern France on 15 August. On 24 August, following the successful landings, 251 Wing began operating from Cuers in southern France. By this time the front line was beyond the range of the squadron's Spitfires, however, and it saw little combat.
From 16 October, No. 451 Squadron was redeployed to Foggia in Italy. By the time the ground crew arrived at Naples on 23 October the headquarters of the Mediterranean Allied Air Forces had decided that there was no need for the squadron in Italy and recommended that it be returned to Australia. By this time it was not practical to deploy the squadron to the Pacific as the RAAF fighter units there were under-employed, and the squadron's training and equipment were not suited to it joining the other RAAF squadrons in Italy with the Desert Air Force. As a result, it was eventually decided to transfer No. 451 Squadron to the United Kingdom, and its personnel embarked at Naples on 17 November after handing its Spitfires over to the other units of 251 Wing.
After arriving in the UK, No. 451 Squadron was issued with Mark XVI Spitfires and based at RAF Hawkinge in Kent from 2 December 1944. It began flying combat operations in early 1945 and was initially used to escort RAF Bomber Command heavy bombers and No. 2 Group RAF medium bombers during daylight raids. From 14 February the squadron was based at RAF Matlaske from where it operated alongside No. 453 Squadron RAAF against V-2 rocket launch sites and railway targets in the Netherlands. From 20 March 1945 the two squadrons were mainly focused on attacking German transportation targets after the V-2 campaign against the UK ended. As the war in Europe draw to a close No. 451 Squadron's activities decreased, and it flew its last attack sorties from the UK on 3 April. The squadron flew only 61 operational sorties for the remainder of April and none in May.
Following the end of the war No. 451 Squadron was deployed to Fassberg and then Wunstorf in Germany as part of the British occupation force. The squadron was deployed to RAF Gatow near Berlin during November and December 1945. While it was intended that No. 451 and No. 453 Squadrons would form a long-term Australian contribution to the occupation of Germany, insufficient RAAF personnel volunteered for this duty to make the deployment viable. As a result, No. 451 Squadron was disbanded at Wunstorf on 21 January 1946. During the war the squadron suffered 28 fatalities, 18 of them Australians.
Aircraft operated
Aircraft of No. 451 Squadron, May 1945.
No. 451 Squadron operated the following aircraft:
From
To
Aircraft
Version
May 1941
January 1943
Hawker Hurricane
Mk.I
January 1943
October 1943
Hawker Hurricane
Mk.IIc
March 1943
March 1944
Supermarine Spitfire
Mk.Vc
June 1943
October 1943
Hawker Typhoon
Mk.Ib
June 1943
October 1943
Fairchild Argus
F24
December 1943
October 1944
Supermarine Spitfire
Mk.IX
August 1944
October 1944
Supermarine Spitfire
Mk.VIII
December 1944
January 1945
Supermarine Spitfire
Mk.IXb
January 1945
June 1945
Supermarine Spitfire
Mk.XVI
August 1945
January 1946
Supermarine Spitfire
F.14
Squadron bases
No. 451 Squadron operated from the following bases and airfields:
From
To
Base
Remark
25 February 1941
8 April 1941
Bankstown, New South Wales
8 April 1941
5 May 1941
en route to Middle East
5 May 1941
12 May 1941
RAF Kasfareet, Egypt
12 May 1941
1 July 1941
RAF Aboukir, Egypt
1 July 1941
10 October 1941
Qasaba, Egypt
Dets. at LG.75, Egypt and LG.90, Egypt
10 October 1941
24 November 1941
LG.75, Egypt
Dets. at LG.131, Egypt; LG.132, Egypt and LG.148/Sidi Azeiz Airfield, Egypt
24 November 1941
25 November 1941
LG.132, Egypt
25 November 1941
29 November 1941
LG.75, Egypt
Det. at LG.128, Egypt
29 November 1941
9 December 1941
LG.128, Egypt
9 December 1941
18 December 1941
LG145/146/El Gubbi, Libya
18 December 1941
24 December
LG.131, Egypt
24 December 1941
27 January 1942
LG.148/Sidi Azeiz Airfield, Egypt
27 January 1942
16 February 1942
RAF Heliopolis, Egypt
16 February 1942
15 Augustus 1942
Rayak Airfield, Lebanon
Dets. at RAF Nicosia, Cyprus; Lakatamia Airfield, Cyprus; RAF Gaza, Palestine and RAF El Bassa, Palestine
15 August 1942
18 September 1942
Estabel, Lebanon
Dets. at Lakatamia Airfield, Cyprus; RAF Gaza, Palestine and RAF El Bassa, Palestine
18 September 1942
14 October 1942
RAF El Bassa, Palestine
Dets. at Lakatamia Airfield, Cyprus and RAF Gaza, Palestine
14 October 1942
14 November 1942
Estabel, Lebanon
Dets. at Lakatamia Airfield, Cyprus and RAF Gaza, Palestine
14 November 1942
1 January 1943
RAF St Jean, Palestine
Det. at Lakatamia Airfield, Cyprus
1 January 1943
8 February 1943
LG.08/Mersah Matruh, Egypt
8 February 1943
27 August 1943
RAF Idku, Egypt
27 August 1943
4 February 1944
LG.106, Egypt
Dets. at RAF Almaza, Egypt and LG.08/Mersah Matruh, Egypt
4 February 1944
18 April 1944
El Gamil Airfield, Egypt
Det. at RAF Almaza, Egypt
18 April 1944
23 May 1944
Poretta Airfield, Corsica, France
23 May 1944
8 July 1944
Serragia Airfield, Corsica, France
8 July 1944
25 August 1944
Calvi-St Catherine Airfield, Corsica, France
25 August 1944
23 October 1944
Y.13/Cuers-Pierrefeu, France
23 October 1944
November 1944
Gragnano Airfield, Italy
November 1944
30 November 1944
en route to the UK
arrival at Liverpool, Merseyside
2 December 1944
11 February 1945
RAF Hawkinge, Kent
11 February 1945
23 February 1945
RAF Manston, Kent
23 February 1945
24 February 1945
RAF Matlaske, Norfolk
24 February 1945
22 March 1945
RAF Swannington, Norfolk
22 March 1945
6 April 1945
RAF Matlaske, Norfolk
6 April 1945
3 May 1945
RAF Lympne, Kent
3 May 1945
17 May 1945
RAF Hawkinge, Kent
17 May 1945
12 June 1945
RAF Skeabrae, Orkney Islands, Scotland
12 June 1945
14 September 1945
RAF Lasham, Hampshire
14 September 1945
27 September 1945
B.152/Fassberg, Germany
27 September 1945
28 November 1945
B.116/Wunstorf, Germany
28 November 1945
30 December 1945
RAF Gatow, Germany
30 December 1945
21 January 1946
B.116/Wunstorf, Germany
Commanding officers
No. 451 Squadron operated from the following bases and airfields:
From
To
Name
25 February 1941
13 June 1941
Pilot Officer W.L. Langslow (acting)
13 June 1941
24 June 1941
Flight Lieutenant B.R. Pelly (acting)
24 June 1941
16 October 1941
Squadron Leader V.A. Pope, DSO
16 October 1941
25 February 1942
Squadron Leader R.D. Williams, DFC
25 February 1942
23 April 1942
Squadron Leader A.D. Ferguson, DFC
1 July 1942
21 April 1943
Wing Commander D.R. Chapman
21 April 1943
7 September 1943
Squadron Leader J. Paine
7 September 1943
1944
Squadron Leader R.N.B. Stevens, DFC & Bar
1944
7 July 1944
Squadron Leader E.E. Kirkham
7 July 1944
17 July 1944 (KIA)
Squadron Leader W.W.B. Gale
26 July 1944
26 January 1945
Squadron Leader G.W. Small, DFC and Bar
26 January 1945
7 September 1945
Squadron Leader C.W. Robertson, DFC
7 September 1945
21 January 1946
Squadron Leader G. Falconer
References
Notes
^ a b c d e f g h i j k "451 Squadron RAAF". Units. Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
^ Bowyer & Rawlings 1979, p. 23
^ Flintham & Thomas 2003, p. 65
^ Bowyer & Rawlings 1979, p. 76
^ Flintham & Thomas 2003, p. 91
^ a b c d RAAF Historical Section 1995, p. 112
^ Herington 1954, p. 96
^ a b Eather 1995, p. 105
^ RAAF Historical Section 1995, pp. 112–113
^ Herington 1954, p. 210
^ a b c RAAF Historical Section 1995, p. 113
^ Herington 1954, pp. 393–394
^ RAAF Historical Section 1995, pp. 113–114
^ Herington 1963, pp. 83–84, 255
^ a b RAAF Historical Section 1995, p. 114
^ Herington 1963, p. 256
^ RAAF Historical Section 1995, pp. 114–115
^ Herington 1963, pp. 257–258
^ RAAF Historical Section 1995, p. 115
^ Herington 1963, pp. 191–192
^ Herington 1963, pp. 440–441
^ Eather 1995, pp. 105–106
^ Herington 1963, pp. 450–451
^ a b Rawlings 1978, p. 443
^ a b Halley 1988, p. 474.
^ a b Jefford 2001, p. 94
^ "RAAF Hawker Typhoon Mk.Ib". Australian & New Zealand Military Aircraft Serials & History. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
^ "Fairchild F24". Australian & New Zealand Military Aircraft Serials & History. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
^ Rawlings 1978, pp. 443–444
Bibliography
Barton, Leonard L. (1996). Bankstown to Berlin with 451 (RAAF) Squadron, 1941–1946. Rydalmere, New South Wales: 451 (R.A.A.F.) Squadron Association. ISBN 0-646-29090-8.
Bowyer, Michael J.F.; Rawlings, John D.R. (1979). Squadron Codes, 1937–56. Cambridge, UK: Patrick Stephens. ISBN 0-85059-364-6.
Eather, Steve (1995). Flying Squadrons of the Australian Defence Force. Weston Creek: Aerospace Publications. ISBN 1-875671-15-3.
Flintham, Vic; Thomas, Andrew (2003). Combat Codes: A Full Explanation and Listing of British, Commonwealth and Allied Air Force Unit Codes Since 1938. Shrewsbury, Shropshire, UK: Airlife Publishing. ISBN 1-84037-281-8.
Halley, James J. (1988). The Squadrons of the Royal Air Force & Commonwealth, 1918–1988. Tonbridge, Kent, UK: Air-Britain (Historians). ISBN 0-85130-164-9.
Herington, John (1954). Air War Against Germany and Italy, 1939–1943. Australia in the War of 1939–1945. Series 3 – Air. Vol. III (1st ed.). Canberra: Australian War Memorial. OCLC 3633363.
Herington, John (1963). Air Power Over Europe, 1944–1945. Australia in the War of 1939–1945. Series 3 – Air. Vol. IV (1st ed.). Canberra: Australian War Memorial. OCLC 3633419.
Jefford, Wing Commander C.G. (2001). RAF Squadrons: A Comprehensive Record of the Movement and Equipment of All RAF Squadrons and Their Antecedents Since 1912. Shrewsbury, Shropshire, UK: Airlife Publishing. ISBN 1-85310-053-6.
Milner, Robert; Barrington, Joseph (1998). 451 Squadron RAAF: A Pictorial History; Bankstown to Berlin, 1941–1946. Rydalmere, New South Wales: 451 (R.A.A.F.) Squadron Association. ISBN 0-9586072-0-6.
Rawlings, John D.R. (1978). Fighter Squadrons of the RAF and Their Aircraft. London: Macdonald and Jane's (Publishers). ISBN 0-354-01028-X.
RAAF Historical Section (1995). Units of the Royal Australian Air Force: A Concise History Volume 2: Fighter Units. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service. ISBN 0-644-42794-9.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to No. 451 Squadron RAAF.
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VIAF | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Australian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Australian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"fighter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighter_aircraft"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Bankstown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankstown"},{"link_name":"North African Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_African_Campaign"},{"link_name":"Corsica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corsica"},{"link_name":"Italian Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Campaign_(World_War_II)"},{"link_name":"Allied invasion of Southern France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Dragoon"},{"link_name":"liberation of Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)"},{"link_name":"V-2 rocket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-2"},{"link_name":"Australian Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Government"}],"text":"Military unitNo. 451 Squadron was a Royal Australian Air Force army cooperation and fighter squadron of World War II. It was formed at Bankstown, New South Wales, on 12 February 1941 and began flying operations on 1 July as part of the North African Campaign in Egypt and Libya. No. 451 Squadron was withdrawn for refitting in early January 1942 and spent the remainder of the year performing garrison duties in Syria. In January 1943, it was transferred to Egypt to contribute to local air defence but saw almost no combat. This inactivity caused morale among the squadron's personnel to greatly deteriorate.The squadron returned to combat in April 1944 when, operating from bases in Corsica, it took part in the Italian Campaign and Allied invasion of Southern France until September. No. 451 Squadron moved to Italy between September and October 1944, but was transferred to the United Kingdom in November. From January to April 1945, it took part in the liberation of Europe by escorting Allied bomber units and conducting air strikes against German V-2 rocket sites and transportation targets. Following the war, the squadron was deployed to Germany from September 1945 as part of the Allied occupation forces, but was disbanded on 21 January 1946 when the Australian Government dropped plans for a permanent Australian contribution to the occupation of Germany due to a shortage of volunteers for this duty.","title":"No. 451 Squadron RAAF"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Article XV squadrons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_XV_squadrons"},{"link_name":"Royal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AWM_profile-1"},{"link_name":"Queen Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RMS_Queen_Mary"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AWM_profile-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RAAF_HS_112-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"No. 6 Squadron RAF's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._6_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"Hawker Hurricane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawker_Hurricane"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RAAF_HS_112-6"},{"link_name":"Westland Lysander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westland_Lysander"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AWM_profile-1"},{"link_name":"artillery spotting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery_observer"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RAAF_HS_112-6"},{"link_name":"Tobruk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobruk"},{"link_name":"the siege","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Tobruk"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RAAF_HS_112-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eather_105-8"},{"link_name":"XIII Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIII_Corps_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Operation Crusader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Crusader"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AWM_profile-1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Bardia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bardia"},{"link_name":"South African 2nd Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Infantry_Division_(South_Africa)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Heliopolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliopolis_(Cairo_suburb)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AWM_profile-1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RAAF_HS_113-11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:451_Sqn_RAAF_Hurricanes_Syria_1942.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ninth Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninth_Army_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus"},{"link_name":"Haifa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haifa"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AWM_profile-1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RAAF_HS_113-11"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AWM_profile-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eather_105-8"},{"link_name":"Mersa Matruh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mersa_Matruh"},{"link_name":"Nile Delta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile_Delta"},{"link_name":"convoys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convoy"},{"link_name":"Supermarine Spitfire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermarine_Spitfire"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RAAF_HS_113-11"},{"link_name":"RAAF Overseas Headquarters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAAF_Overseas_Headquarters"},{"link_name":"No. 219 Group RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=No._219_Group_RAF&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Crete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crete"},{"link_name":"Beaufighter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_Beaufighter"},{"link_name":"Baltimore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Baltimore"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:451_Sqn_(AWM_P00448183).jpg"}],"sub_title":"North Africa and Syria","text":"No. 451 Squadron was formed as an army cooperation unit at Bankstown, New South Wales on 12 February 1941. As one of Australia's Article XV squadrons it was intended that the squadron would serve overseas as part of the Royal Air Force (RAF).[1] The squadron's personnel departed Sydney on 9 April on board the ocean liner Queen Mary and arrived in Egypt on 5 May.[1][6] While it had been planned that the squadron would be issued with aircraft from British stocks on its arrival in Egypt, the difficult situation facing Allied forces in the region meant that all available aircraft were needed by the experienced squadrons engaged in combat and none could be spared.[7] It was not until 1 July 1941 that No. 451 Squadron took over No. 6 Squadron RAF's Hawker Hurricane fighters and other equipment at Qasaba.[6] The Australian War Memorial states that the squadron also operated Westland Lysander aircraft.[1]The squadron began flying operational missions on 1 July 1941. As an army cooperation unit its main duties were photographic and tactical reconnaissance and artillery spotting.[6] From 13 September No. 451 Squadron maintained a detachment of two pilots and two aircraft in the besieged Libyan town of Tobruk to support the Allied garrison; this detachment remained until the siege was lifted in December; during this period several Hurricanes were shot down by Axis fighters.[6][8] The remainder of No. 451 Squadron was attached to XIII Corps and participated in Operation Crusader during November and December 1941. The squadron frequently operated from airstrips near the front line, and some of its personnel were captured on 26 and 27 November when German forces attacked the airstrip at Sidi Azeiz.[1][9] All but three of these men were liberated when Bardia fell to the South African 2nd Infantry Division on 2 January 1942.[10] Following the conclusion of Operation Crusader No. 451 Squadron was withdrawn from operations on 24 January 1942 and was refitted at Heliopolis.[1][11]451 Sqn Hurricane fighters at Rayak, Syria during 1942.In February 1942 No. 451 Squadron was deployed to Syria to operate with the Ninth Army. From March the squadron also maintained a detachment at Cyprus to counter German reconnaissance flights over the island and in June it took over responsibility for providing air defence to Haifa.[1][11] As there were more Army cooperation units in the Middle East than were required and the Australian Air Board would not agree to convert No. 451 Squadron to a fighter unit, it saw little action during 1942.[1] As a result, the squadron's morale deteriorated and aviation historian Steve Eather has written that \"no other RAAF squadron, before or since, has suffered such a widespread loss of morale and combat effectiveness\".[8]No. 451 Squadron was transferred to Mersa Matruh in Egypt on 8 January 1943 and redesignated a fighter squadron. The squadron was responsible for air defence of part of the Nile Delta and nearby convoys and in February it received a detachment of Supermarine Spitfire fighters for high-altitude interceptions. Aircraft from the squadron saw combat on only one occasion during the first six months of 1943 and morale remained low; the RAAF Historical Section has written that this period marked \"the nadir of the squadron\".[11] In January No. 451 Squadron's commander Wing Commander D.R. Chapman proposed to RAAF Overseas Headquarters that the unit be transferred to Australia but this was rejected. Chapman was replaced early in May after he wrote a letter to the headquarters of No. 219 Group RAF in March which complained about the squadron's lack of employment and appeared to condone the poor morale within the unit.[12] No. 451 Squadron's only offensive action during the year was a raid against Crete on 23 July in which it contributed six Hurricanes to a force of Beaufighter heavy fighters and Baltimore bombers. Three of these Hurricanes were lost during the operation.[13]No. 451 Squadron Spitfire fighters being serviced at a North African airfield in early 1944.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Corsica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corsica"},{"link_name":"No. 251 Wing RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=No._251_Wing_RAF&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"No. 237 Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._237_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"No. 238 Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._238_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RAAF_HS_114-15"},{"link_name":"Free French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_French"},{"link_name":"Invasion of Elba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Elba"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RAAF_HS_114-15"},{"link_name":"Ju 88","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junkers_Ju_88"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:451_Squadron_RAAF_pilots_May_1944.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Base_Aeronavale_Cuers-Pierrefeu_in_September_1944.jpg"},{"link_name":"Operation Dragoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Dragoon"},{"link_name":"Cuers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuers"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Foggia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foggia"},{"link_name":"Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naples"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean Allied Air Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Allied_Air_Forces"},{"link_name":"Desert Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"RAF Hawkinge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Hawkinge"},{"link_name":"RAF Bomber Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Bomber_Command"},{"link_name":"heavy bombers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_bomber"},{"link_name":"No. 2 Group RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._2_Group_RAF"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RAAF_HS_115-19"},{"link_name":"RAF Matlaske","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Matlaske"},{"link_name":"No. 453 Squadron RAAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._453_Squadron_RAAF"},{"link_name":"V-2 rocket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-2"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Fassberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Fassberg"},{"link_name":"Wunstorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wunstorf"},{"link_name":"RAF Gatow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Gatow"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"No. 453 Squadrons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._453_Squadron_RAAF"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AWM_profile-1"}],"sub_title":"Europe","text":"After being completely re-equipped with Spitfires in early 1944, No. 451 Squadron was transferred to Corsica and arrived there on 18 April, attached to No. 251 Wing RAF (with No. 237 Squadron RAF and No. 238 Squadron RAF). This move was very popular with the squadron's pilots as it gave them an opportunity to participate in offensive action.[14] The squadron's role was to support Allied operations in Italy and southern France by escorting bombers and conducting armed reconnaissance patrols.[15] It flew its first operation from Corsica on 23 April and engaged German fighters on a number of occasions. In mid-June the squadron supported the Free French-led Invasion of Elba.[15] On 12 June eight personnel were killed and all but two of No. 451 Squadron's Spitfires were damaged when 25 German Ju 88 bombers raided the unit's base at Poretta airfield. The squadron's ground crew were able to return ten Spitfires to service by the afternoon of 13 June, however.[16]May 1944, Poretta, Corsica. In front of a Spitfire undergoing servicing are pilots (left to right) F/O W. W. Thomas of Malvern, SA; F/O E. C. House DFM DFC of Gnowangerup, WA; S/Ldr E. E. Kirkham of Concord, NSW, and; F/O H. J. Bray of Moolcolah, Qld, not long after claiming four FW190s over Italy.The Cuers-Pierrefeu air base, near Cuers, five kilometres north of Toulon, in September 1944. It was used by 251 Wing, including 451 Sqn as well as the US Navy.In August the squadron participated in Operation Dragoon, the Allied landings in southern France on 15 August. On 24 August, following the successful landings, 251 Wing began operating from Cuers in southern France. By this time the front line was beyond the range of the squadron's Spitfires, however, and it saw little combat.[17]From 16 October, No. 451 Squadron was redeployed to Foggia in Italy. By the time the ground crew arrived at Naples on 23 October the headquarters of the Mediterranean Allied Air Forces had decided that there was no need for the squadron in Italy and recommended that it be returned to Australia. By this time it was not practical to deploy the squadron to the Pacific as the RAAF fighter units there were under-employed, and the squadron's training and equipment were not suited to it joining the other RAAF squadrons in Italy with the Desert Air Force. As a result, it was eventually decided to transfer No. 451 Squadron to the United Kingdom, and its personnel embarked at Naples on 17 November after handing its Spitfires over to the other units of 251 Wing.[18]After arriving in the UK, No. 451 Squadron was issued with Mark XVI Spitfires and based at RAF Hawkinge in Kent from 2 December 1944. It began flying combat operations in early 1945 and was initially used to escort RAF Bomber Command heavy bombers and No. 2 Group RAF medium bombers during daylight raids.[19] From 14 February the squadron was based at RAF Matlaske from where it operated alongside No. 453 Squadron RAAF against V-2 rocket launch sites and railway targets in the Netherlands. From 20 March 1945 the two squadrons were mainly focused on attacking German transportation targets after the V-2 campaign against the UK ended.[20] As the war in Europe draw to a close No. 451 Squadron's activities decreased, and it flew its last attack sorties from the UK on 3 April. The squadron flew only 61 operational sorties for the remainder of April and none in May.[21]Following the end of the war No. 451 Squadron was deployed to Fassberg and then Wunstorf in Germany as part of the British occupation force. The squadron was deployed to RAF Gatow near Berlin during November and December 1945.[22] While it was intended that No. 451 and No. 453 Squadrons would form a long-term Australian contribution to the occupation of Germany, insufficient RAAF personnel volunteered for this duty to make the deployment viable.[23] As a result, No. 451 Squadron was disbanded at Wunstorf on 21 January 1946. During the war the squadron suffered 28 fatalities, 18 of them Australians.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:No_451_Squadron_Spitfires_May_1945.jpg"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rawlings1978p443-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Halley1988p474-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jefford2001p94-26"}],"text":"Aircraft of No. 451 Squadron, May 1945.No. 451 Squadron operated the following aircraft:[24][25][26]","title":"Aircraft operated"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rawlings1978p443-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Halley1988p474-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jefford2001p94-26"}],"text":"No. 451 Squadron operated from the following bases and airfields:[24][25][26]","title":"Squadron bases"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AWM_profile-1"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"No. 451 Squadron operated from the following bases and airfields:[1][29]","title":"Commanding officers"}] | [{"image_text":"451 Sqn Hurricane fighters at Rayak, Syria during 1942.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/451_Sqn_RAAF_Hurricanes_Syria_1942.jpg/220px-451_Sqn_RAAF_Hurricanes_Syria_1942.jpg"},{"image_text":"No. 451 Squadron Spitfire fighters being serviced at a North African airfield in early 1944.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/451_Sqn_%28AWM_P00448183%29.jpg/220px-451_Sqn_%28AWM_P00448183%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"May 1944, Poretta, Corsica. In front of a Spitfire undergoing servicing are pilots (left to right) F/O W. W. Thomas of Malvern, SA; F/O E. C. House DFM DFC of Gnowangerup, WA; S/Ldr E. E. Kirkham of Concord, NSW, and; F/O H. J. Bray of Moolcolah, Qld, not long after claiming four FW190s over Italy.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/451_Squadron_RAAF_pilots_May_1944.jpg/175px-451_Squadron_RAAF_pilots_May_1944.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Cuers-Pierrefeu air base, near Cuers, five kilometres north of Toulon, in September 1944. It was used by 251 Wing, including 451 Sqn as well as the US Navy.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Base_Aeronavale_Cuers-Pierrefeu_in_September_1944.jpg/220px-Base_Aeronavale_Cuers-Pierrefeu_in_September_1944.jpg"},{"image_text":"Aircraft of No. 451 Squadron, May 1945.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/No_451_Squadron_Spitfires_May_1945.jpg/175px-No_451_Squadron_Spitfires_May_1945.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"451 Squadron RAAF\". Units. Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 8 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.awm.gov.au/units/unit_11145.asp","url_text":"\"451 Squadron RAAF\""}]},{"reference":"\"RAAF Hawker Typhoon Mk.Ib\". Australian & New Zealand Military Aircraft Serials & History. Retrieved 11 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://adf-serials.com.au/typhoon.htm","url_text":"\"RAAF Hawker Typhoon Mk.Ib\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fairchild F24\". Australian & New Zealand Military Aircraft Serials & History. Retrieved 11 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.adf-serials.com.au/argus.htm","url_text":"\"Fairchild F24\""}]},{"reference":"Barton, Leonard L. (1996). Bankstown to Berlin with 451 (RAAF) Squadron, 1941–1946. Rydalmere, New South Wales: 451 (R.A.A.F.) Squadron Association. ISBN 0-646-29090-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-646-29090-8","url_text":"0-646-29090-8"}]},{"reference":"Bowyer, Michael J.F.; Rawlings, John D.R. (1979). Squadron Codes, 1937–56. Cambridge, UK: Patrick Stephens. ISBN 0-85059-364-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85059-364-6","url_text":"0-85059-364-6"}]},{"reference":"Eather, Steve (1995). Flying Squadrons of the Australian Defence Force. Weston Creek: Aerospace Publications. ISBN 1-875671-15-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-875671-15-3","url_text":"1-875671-15-3"}]},{"reference":"Flintham, Vic; Thomas, Andrew (2003). Combat Codes: A Full Explanation and Listing of British, Commonwealth and Allied Air Force Unit Codes Since 1938. Shrewsbury, Shropshire, UK: Airlife Publishing. ISBN 1-84037-281-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84037-281-8","url_text":"1-84037-281-8"}]},{"reference":"Halley, James J. (1988). The Squadrons of the Royal Air Force & Commonwealth, 1918–1988. Tonbridge, Kent, UK: Air-Britain (Historians). ISBN 0-85130-164-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85130-164-9","url_text":"0-85130-164-9"}]},{"reference":"Herington, John (1954). Air War Against Germany and Italy, 1939–1943. Australia in the War of 1939–1945. Series 3 – Air. Vol. III (1st ed.). Canberra: Australian War Memorial. OCLC 3633363.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/RCDIG1070211/","url_text":"Air War Against Germany and Italy, 1939–1943"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/3633363","url_text":"3633363"}]},{"reference":"Herington, John (1963). Air Power Over Europe, 1944–1945. Australia in the War of 1939–1945. Series 3 – Air. Vol. IV (1st ed.). Canberra: Australian War Memorial. OCLC 3633419.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/RCDIG1070212/","url_text":"Air Power Over Europe, 1944–1945"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/3633419","url_text":"3633419"}]},{"reference":"Jefford, Wing Commander C.G. (2001). RAF Squadrons: A Comprehensive Record of the Movement and Equipment of All RAF Squadrons and Their Antecedents Since 1912. Shrewsbury, Shropshire, UK: Airlife Publishing. ISBN 1-85310-053-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wing_Commander_(rank)","url_text":"Wing Commander"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85310-053-6","url_text":"1-85310-053-6"}]},{"reference":"Milner, Robert; Barrington, Joseph (1998). 451 Squadron RAAF: A Pictorial History; Bankstown to Berlin, 1941–1946. Rydalmere, New South Wales: 451 (R.A.A.F.) Squadron Association. ISBN 0-9586072-0-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9586072-0-6","url_text":"0-9586072-0-6"}]},{"reference":"Rawlings, John D.R. (1978). Fighter Squadrons of the RAF and Their Aircraft. London: Macdonald and Jane's (Publishers). ISBN 0-354-01028-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-354-01028-X","url_text":"0-354-01028-X"}]},{"reference":"RAAF Historical Section (1995). Units of the Royal Australian Air Force: A Concise History Volume 2: Fighter Units. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service. ISBN 0-644-42794-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-644-42794-9","url_text":"0-644-42794-9"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.awm.gov.au/units/unit_11145.asp","external_links_name":"\"451 Squadron RAAF\""},{"Link":"http://adf-serials.com.au/typhoon.htm","external_links_name":"\"RAAF Hawker Typhoon Mk.Ib\""},{"Link":"http://www.adf-serials.com.au/argus.htm","external_links_name":"\"Fairchild F24\""},{"Link":"https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/RCDIG1070211/","external_links_name":"Air War Against Germany and Italy, 1939–1943"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/3633363","external_links_name":"3633363"},{"Link":"https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/RCDIG1070212/","external_links_name":"Air Power Over Europe, 1944–1945"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/3633419","external_links_name":"3633419"},{"Link":"http://www.adf-serials.com.au/research/Typhoon.pdf","external_links_name":"Details of testing of Typhoons"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/155242428","external_links_name":"VIAF"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Safemoon_fraud_allegations | SafeMoon | ["1 History","1.1 2021: SafeMoon version 1","1.2 2022: Migration to SafeMoon V2","1.3 2023: LP hack and Fraud Indictment","2 Criticisms and legal issues","2.1 Parallels to a meme coin","2.2 Security issues","2.3 Ponzi-scheme comparisons","2.4 2022 fraud allegations","2.5 Class-action lawsuits","2.6 Project Pheonix lawsuit","2.7 Liquidity pool hack","2.8 Fraud indictment","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | Cryptocurrency technology company and token
SafemoonFounded2021Defunct2023HeadquartersPleasant Grove, Utah, USArea servedGlobalKey peopleBraden John Karony (CEO)ProductsCryptocurrenciesNumber of employees100+Websitewww.safemoon.com
SafeMoon LLC was a cryptocurrency and blockchain company created in March 2021. The company created the SafeMoon token (SFM) which traded on the BNB Chain blockchain. The token charged a 10% fee on transactions, with 5% redistributed (or reflected) to token holders and 5% directed to wallets in a different currency, Binance Coin (BNB), controlled by the coin's authors. The token reached its all time high market cap in April 2021 of $17b. As of December 2022, it had dropped 98.7% in value to $223m.
The SafeMoon company released a minimal-function cryptocurrency wallet and announced plans to release other cryptocurrency products. The company and the token have been the subject of several controversies: having been compared to a ponzi-scheme, not delivering on products, having multiple class-action lawsuits filed against them, and facing serious fraud allegations. In November 2023, the SEC and the DoJ charged SafeMoon and its executive team with fraud, the unregistered offering of securities, and money laundering.
History
SafeMoonSafeMoon logoDenominationsCodeSFMDevelopmentWhite paperWhitepaperCode repositorySafemoon.solDevelopment statusActiveDeveloper(s)SafeMoon US LLCLedgerBlock explorerSafeMoon V2: BscScanSupply limitSafeMoon V1: 1,000 Trillion
SafeMoon V2: 1 TrillionWebsiteWebsitesafemoon.com
2021: SafeMoon version 1
SafeMoon was released in March 2021. A compound of "Safe" and "Moon". The token was released with the slogan of landing "Safely to the moon", derived from the slang phrase used in the cryptocurrency community; "To the moon" which is used to describe a crypto token "to quickly rise in price". The token had no utility and team when it was launched. Upon release, Vice reported that between March 14 and April 21 of 2021, SafeMoon increased in value by 23,225% following celebrity endorsements from musicians Lil' Yachty and Nick Carter, YouTuber Logan Paul, social media hype, new exchange listings, and retail investors. At that time, Vice said that "cryptocurrencies like SafeMoon still have no real-world use." These celebrities were later sued by many SafeMoon investors as part of a class-action lawsuit branding SafeMoon to be a part of a pump and dump scheme. After the substantial rise in price, the unknown developers of the token appointed Braden John Karony as the CEO of Safemoon and registered as a Limited liability company with aims of providing utility to the token. Before this appointment, Karony served as a former analyst for the United States Department of Defense from January 2015 to January 2021.
In May 2021, SafeMoon announced making a presentation to The Gambia to provide "technology for innovation and learning purposes". The project was dubbed "Project Pheonix" (the misspelling of Phoenix being intentional), SafeMoon released a familiar crypto pitch of serving the "unbanked" and claimed to be working with local governments to adopt the token as a local currency. A company run by John Karony's mother ECG LC, was set up in May 2021 to deliver this project. On August 27, 2022, John stated that his reasons for discontinuing his work in West Africa were due to supply chain problems, which is disputed by his mother in the ongoing Project Pheonix lawsuit.
In June 2021, the project began beta testing of the SafeMoon wallet. The app was officially released on Google Play in September 2021 and the App Store in October 2021. Critics dubbed the wallet to be a copy of the Trust Wallet owned by Binance. Thomas Smith, who was the CTO for Safemoon, left the company in December 2021 for a role as a blockchain advisor for StrikeX, however, was dismissed by the company after the fraud allegations uncovered by Stephen Findeisen.
2022: Migration to SafeMoon V2
In December 2021, SafeMoon developed Version 2 of their token (SafeMoon V2), an updated version of the SafeMoon contract. As part of consolidating to V2, the SafeMoon team implemented a deadline to migrate their tokens, or else investors would be faced with a 100% tax. The team also released a decentralised exchange titled "Safemoon Swap" as the only place where this migration could happen. In April 2022, Safemoon announced a new product, the Safemoon card. The Safemoon card was promoted as a debit card that can be used to pay for goods using SafeMoon (and other cryptocurrencies) for a 2.5% fee. Some experts criticized paying an additional fee to pay for goods, contrasting it to Crypto.com's card which instead rewards users with a percentage return in crypto depending on how much of their native token they are holding. Although the card was supposed to be released in July 2022, as of December 2022 its release has been delayed.
Since the appointment of Karony in 2021, SafeMoon has announced plans to launch its own cryptocurrency exchange by October 2021, however, this was pushed to December 2022 and has again been pushed back to the end of 2023. The company also has plans to launch a blockchain, hardware wallet, and to become a macro Internet of things infrastructure on its own blockchain.
2023: LP hack and Fraud Indictment
On March 29, 2023, hackers exploited a security flaw in the smart contract of SafeMoon’s liquidity pool which saw USD 9 million worth of SFM tokens depleted from SafeMoon's liquidity pool causing a drop in the token’s price. After negotiations with the SafeMoon team, the hacker agreed to return only 80% ($7 million) of the stolen liquidity and kept $2 million of the stolen tokens.
On November 1, 2023, a Federal indictment was unsealed, charging SafeMoon’s CEO Braden John Karony, Token Founder Kyle Nagy, and former SafeMoon employee Thomas Smith with conspiracies involving securities fraud, wire fraud, and money laundering in connection with SafeMoon. The United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York alleged that the defendants misled SafeMoon investors about the accessibility of 'locked' liquidity and engaged in personal trading. The charges reported that as SafeMoon's market capitalization exceeded $8 billion, they fraudulently diverted millions of dollars from the 'locked' liquidity for personal gain. Karony and Smith were arrested, while Nagy remained at large. The charges were brought by the SEC and the Department of Justice with FBI assistance.
In December 2023, SafeMoon declared Chapter 7 bankruptcy and shut down.
Criticisms and legal issues
F1: Safemoon price adjusted to V2 from launch to December 2022. The token has dropped 98.7% in value from its all-time high in April 2021.
Parallels to a meme coin
The token has been described pejoratively in May 2021 as a "meme coin" alongside Dogecoin and Shiba Inu, with much of its value attributed to the result of the 2021 crypto market frenzy.
The developers of SafeMoon have been described as having "little proof of previous success", with the token having been described by some financial experts as "the furthest thing from safe" and that it "doesn't do anything".
Security issues
In May 2021, the V1 version of the token was audited by security auditing firm CertiK, which identified a "major issue" that the project's owners have "control over tokens funded by SafeMoon's seller fee". An owner address acquire's the liquidity pool tokens generated by the Safemoon-BNB pool. This gives the owner control over tokens funded by Safemoon's seller fee. This feature was later the subject of the 2022 Safemoon fraud allegations. London Capital's head of research Jasper Lawler also noted that the Manual Burn aspect of Safemoon paired with the controlling companies' large stake in the coins opens the project up to manipulation by the project controllers.
Ponzi-scheme comparisons
After the price of a SafeMoon token multiplied by 12x during a single week in April 2021, opinion columnists in various financial magazines likened SafeMoon to a ponzi scheme or pyramid scheme, where gains to early investors were paid only by incoming investors who expected a similar rate of return, with some citing the fact that each transaction sends a portion of the transacted value to existing holders of the token, as well as a portion of the transacted value to a wallet controlled by the coin's authors. Furthermore, Safemoon's token economics utilises a 10% sell tax. This means that for every $1000 sale, an investor would be charged $100. Many critics argue that this discourages investors to sell as they are at a loss as soon as they invest. The tax from the new investors is used for many things including distributing a small percentage of it to existing investors.
2022 fraud allegations
Coffeezilla is considered to be one of the main investigators into Safemoon's fraud allegation.
In April 2022, Stephen "Coffeezilla" Findeisen, a prominent independent researcher who investigates crypto scams, accused the SafeMoon team of misappropriating millions of dollars. According to Findeisen, Safemoon CEO Karony had been removing funds from the liquidity pool which is the primary explanation of the crypto's price pattern (Figure 1). Findeisen found evidence of transactions which showed Safemoon's liquidity wallet moving funds to a wallet dubbed the "Gabe (6abe) wallet" which withdrew funds to a separate company run by John Karony. Former SafeMoon CTO; Thomas "Papa" Smith was the only person who responded to Findeisen's claims stating that funds were taken from the “locked liquidity pool” before Karony’s appointment. He sent Smith evidence of this in the form of a blockchain transaction showing an outflow of 36.7 trillion tokens from the liquidity pool, dated March 5, 2021.
Class-action lawsuits
On February 18, 2022, in a class-action lawsuit filed against SafeMoon it was alleged that the company was a pump and dump scheme. Paul was named as a defendant along with musician Nick Carter, rappers Soulja Boy and Lil Yachty, and social media personality Ben Phillips for promoting the SafeMoon token on their social media accounts with misleading information. On the same day, the U.S. 11th Circuit Court of Appeals ruled in a lawsuit against Bitconnect that the Securities Act of 1933 extends to targeted solicitation using social media. Findeisen, who had just shone a light on the 2022 SafeMoon fraud allegations, supported the claims that Paul and Phillips were pumping and dumping Safemoon tokens during this time which saw a decline of 96% in token price. On August 22, 2022, it was documented that David Portnoy, who was also a defendant in this case, was dismissed from the lawsuit after it was revealed that he never received any compensation from Safemoon for promoting the token and that he also lost his investment from buying SFM.
In May 2022, multiple SafeMoon investors filed another class action lawsuit against SafeMoon for security fraud. The lawsuit which is represented by Scott+Scott, was voluntarily terminated by the plaintiff without prejudice per notice in November 2022. This means the case can be retried if the plaintiff wishes to in the future.
Project Pheonix lawsuit
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As part of Project Pheonix, a separate company Emanations Communications Group LC (ECG) was set up and led by SafeMoon CEO John Karony's mother, Jennifer, to provide antenna technology to The Gambia. The company has since been seized by Lex Vest Ltd. As part of this venture, John invested $5 million into the project in June 2021. It was claimed that Karony funded this investment from SafeMoon's liquidity pool which was supposedly locked up. As part of this capital investment John agreed 33.34% stake in the company & future profits, as well as his own personal bills, to come out of the company. ECG determined that John Karony created too many regulatory risks and that due to multiple lawsuits filed against him and his company (SafeMoon), were uncomfortable accepting any more capital investments from him. As a result, John Karony filed a lawsuit against ECG for breach of contract and accused his mother of legal trickery to remove him from ECG.
ECG developed technology relating to Project Pheonix which was presented to John in December 2021. According to court documents, John had been disclosing information about developing technology for the benefit of SafeMoon to make claims on SafeMoon’s website and social media accounts about the technology. He was counselled not to do so by ECG (particularly his mother) because of potential adverse effects on pending patents and other intellectual property. In March 2022, John and his counsel met with Project Pheonix partners Sankung Jawara and Pa Alieu Jawara, and offered them an upfront payment of $350,000 to cut Jennifer Karony out of the transaction, which they refused. John then negotiated an offer to pay them of up to $4.5 million, to be paid out over time, with the understanding that Jennifer was again removed from consideration. Sankung and Pa Alieu once more refused, due to the proposed circumvention of the business partnership and John's assertion that there was a way to circumvent the legal and parliamentary procedures required for John's desired bank project.
Karony's mother stated that John had not provided a plan for Project Pheonix and was not interested in the content of the financial documents, but was looking for "opportunities to take pictures of the lab to substantiate his published claims of owning ECG labs which he called 'Area 32' or 'DarkMoon'". Due to the lawsuit, Project Pheonix has since been abandoned. On August 27, 2022, John stated that his reasons for discontinuing his work in West Africa were due to supply chain problems, which is disputed by his mother.
Liquidity pool hack
On March 29, 2023, it was reported that almost $9 million USD worth of SafeMoon tokens were depleted from SafeMoon's liquidity pool after hackers exploited a security flaw in its smart contracts. As a result, the price of the token fell further in value. The hacker agreed to return only 80% ($7 million) of the stolen liquidity after striking a deal with the team to keep $2 million of the stolen tokens.
Fraud indictment
On November 1, 2023, a Federal indictment was unsealed charging Braden John Karony, Kyle Nagy, and Thomas Smith with conspiracies to commit securities fraud, wire fraud, and money laundering through SafeMoon. According to the US District Court for the Eastern District of New York, "As alleged, the defendants lied to SFM investors concerning whether SFM's use of 'locked' liquidity was inaccessible to the defendants, as well as their personal holding and trading of SFM. As SFM's market capitalization grew to more than $8 billion, the defendants fraudulently diverted and misappropriated millions of dollars' worth of purportedly 'locked' SFM liquidity for their personal benefit." At the time Karony and Smith had been arrested while Nagy remained at large. The charges were brought in parallel by the SEC and the Department of Justice with assistance from the FBI.
See also
Decentralized finance
Meme coin
Binance Smart Chain
References
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^ Harper, Chris (23 April 2021). "What is SafeMoon". BirminghamLive. Retrieved 14 June 2021.
^ "Contract Address 0x8076c74c5e3f5852037f31ff0093eeb8c8add8d3 | BscScan". Binance (BNB) Blockchain Explorer.
^ a b "SEC.gov | SEC Charges Crypto Company SafeMoon and its Executive Team for Fraud and Unregistered Offering of Crypto Securities". www.sec.gov. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
^ a b "Eastern District of New York | Founders and Executives of Digital-Asset Company Charged in Multi-Million Dollar International Fraud Scheme | United States Department of Justice". U.S. Attorney's Office, Eastern District of New York (Press release). www.justice.gov. 1 November 2023. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
^ a b Stempel, Jonathan (1 November 2023). "SafeMoon executives charged in US with fraud related to crypto token". Reuters. Retrieved 6 May 2024.
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^ "Token SafeMoon". Retrieved 13 December 2021.
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^ a b "Cryptocurrency - SafeMoon To Implement Operation Phoenix in Gambia". The Chronicle Gambia. 18 May 2021. Retrieved 1 June 2021.
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^ "Cooli Carlito x HALO - StrikeX". Genius.
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^ "Coffeezilla, the YouTuber Exposing Crypto Scams". The New Yorker. 14 May 2022.
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^ "Five ridiculous claims from the latest SafeMoon court battle". 5 October 2022.
^ LEX VEST LTD v. Emanations Communications Group LC ("30 - During certain times after making his investment, John demanded payment of utilities and other personal expenses to be imposed on ECG funds to satisfy his outstanding personal bills in the amount in excess of $50,000."), Text.
^ "LEX VEST LTD v. Emanations Communications Group LC". Justia Dockets & Filings.
^ Case 2:22-cv-01226-ART-BNW Document 24 Filed 09/09/22 Page 22 of 78
^ LEX VEST LTD v. Emanations Communications Group LC ("39 - After June 2021, John has been disclosing more information about developing technology of ECG for the benefit of his cryptocurrency business Safe Moon. 40 - John demanded receipts of ECG Op’s related to technology expenses so he could make claims on Social Media and SafeMoon’s website about the technology Case 2:22-cv-01226-ART-BNW Document 24 Filed 09/09/22 Page 22 of 78 being developed through his personal investment. He was counseled not to do so because of potential adverse effects on pending and future patents and other intellectual property. He proceeded contrary to the wishes of the ECG entities."), Text.
^ "Lex Vest Ltd v. Emanations Communications Group LC".
^ "Safemoon Liquidity Pool Compromised: Almost Lost $8.9 million Due To A Public Burn Bug". FX Leaders. 31 March 2023. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
^ Toulas, Bill (29 March 2023). "SafeMoon 'burn' bug abused to drain $8.9 million from liquidity pool". BleepingComputer. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
^ Quiroz-Gutierrez, Marco (1 November 2023). "SEC says SafeMoon executives withdrew $200 million from crypto project to spend on McLarens and luxury homes". Fortune. Retrieved 2 November 2023 – via AOL.com.
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Commons
List | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cryptocurrency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptocurrency"},{"link_name":"blockchain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockchain"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barron-2"},{"link_name":"BNB Chain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binance#Binance_coin_(BNB)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fortune-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Street-5"},{"link_name":"Binance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binance"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"market cap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_capitalization"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wallet-8"},{"link_name":"ponzi-scheme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crypto_Ponzi_scheme"},{"link_name":"class-action lawsuits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Class-action_lawsuits"},{"link_name":"serious fraud allegations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#2022_fraud_allegations"},{"link_name":"SEC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Securities_and_Exchange_Commission"},{"link_name":"DoJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SEC2023-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SDNY2023-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reuters2023-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NatLawReview-12"}],"text":"Cryptocurrency technology company and tokenSafeMoon LLC was a cryptocurrency and blockchain company created in March 2021.[2] The company created the SafeMoon token (SFM) which traded on the BNB Chain blockchain.[3][4][5] The token charged a 10% fee on transactions, with 5% redistributed (or reflected) to token holders and 5% directed to wallets in a different currency, Binance Coin (BNB), controlled by the coin's authors.[6][7] The token reached its all time high market cap in April 2021 of $17b. As of December 2022, it had dropped 98.7% in value to $223m.[8]The SafeMoon company released a minimal-function cryptocurrency wallet and announced plans to release other cryptocurrency products. The company and the token have been the subject of several controversies: having been compared to a ponzi-scheme, not delivering on products, having multiple class-action lawsuits filed against them, and facing serious fraud allegations. In November 2023, the SEC and the DoJ charged SafeMoon and its executive team with fraud, the unregistered offering of securities, and money laundering.[9][10][11][12]","title":"SafeMoon"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"compound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_(linguistics)"},{"link_name":"Vice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_Media"},{"link_name":"Lil' Yachty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lil%27_Yachty"},{"link_name":"Nick Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Carter_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Logan Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logan_Paul"},{"link_name":"exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptocurrency_exchange"},{"link_name":"retail investors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retail_investors"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vice-14"},{"link_name":"pump and dump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pump_and_dump"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-15"},{"link_name":"Limited liability company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited_liability_company"},{"link_name":"United States Department of Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fortune-3"},{"link_name":"The Gambia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gambia"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto2-16"},{"link_name":"Phoenix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto3-17"},{"link_name":"Project Pheonix lawsuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Project_Pheonix_lawsuit"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-18"},{"link_name":"CTO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_technology_officer"},{"link_name":"StrikeX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/StrikeX"},{"link_name":"fraud allegations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#2022_fraud_allegations"},{"link_name":"Stephen Findeisen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Findeisen"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"non-primary source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources"}],"sub_title":"2021: SafeMoon version 1","text":"SafeMoon was released in March 2021. A compound of \"Safe\" and \"Moon\". The token was released with the slogan of landing \"Safely to the moon\", derived from the slang phrase used in the cryptocurrency community; \"To the moon\" which is used to describe a crypto token \"to quickly rise in price\". The token had no utility and team when it was launched. Upon release, Vice reported that between March 14 and April 21 of 2021, SafeMoon increased in value by 23,225% following celebrity endorsements from musicians Lil' Yachty and Nick Carter, YouTuber Logan Paul, social media hype, new exchange listings, and retail investors. At that time, Vice said that \"cryptocurrencies like SafeMoon still have no real-world use.\"[14] These celebrities were later sued by many SafeMoon investors as part of a class-action lawsuit branding SafeMoon to be a part of a pump and dump scheme.[15] After the substantial rise in price, the unknown developers of the token appointed Braden John Karony as the CEO of Safemoon and registered as a Limited liability company with aims of providing utility to the token. Before this appointment, Karony served as a former analyst for the United States Department of Defense from January 2015 to January 2021.[3]In May 2021, SafeMoon announced making a presentation to The Gambia to provide \"technology for innovation and learning purposes\".[16] The project was dubbed \"Project Pheonix\" (the misspelling of Phoenix being intentional), SafeMoon released a familiar crypto pitch of serving the \"unbanked\" and claimed to be working with local governments to adopt the token as a local currency. A company run by John Karony's mother ECG LC, was set up in May 2021 to deliver this project.[17] On August 27, 2022, John stated that his reasons for discontinuing his work in West Africa were due to supply chain problems, which is disputed by his mother in the ongoing Project Pheonix lawsuit.[18]In June 2021, the project began beta testing of the SafeMoon wallet.[19][20] The app was officially released on Google Play in September 2021 and the App Store in October 2021.[21] Critics dubbed the wallet to be a copy of the Trust Wallet owned by Binance.[18] Thomas Smith, who was the CTO for Safemoon, left the company in December 2021 for a role as a blockchain advisor for StrikeX, however, was dismissed by the company after the fraud allegations uncovered by Stephen Findeisen.[22][23][non-primary source needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"decentralised exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decentralized_exchange"},{"link_name":"debit card","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debit_card"},{"link_name":"Crypto.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crypto.com"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"cryptocurrency exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptocurrency_exchange"},{"link_name":"blockchain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockchain"},{"link_name":"Internet of things","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_of_things"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fortune-3"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"2022: Migration to SafeMoon V2","text":"In December 2021, SafeMoon developed Version 2 of their token (SafeMoon V2), an updated version of the SafeMoon contract.[24] As part of consolidating to V2, the SafeMoon team implemented a deadline to migrate their tokens, or else investors would be faced with a 100% tax. The team also released a decentralised exchange titled \"Safemoon Swap\" as the only place where this migration could happen. In April 2022, Safemoon announced a new product, the Safemoon card. The Safemoon card was promoted as a debit card that can be used to pay for goods using SafeMoon (and other cryptocurrencies) for a 2.5% fee. Some experts criticized paying an additional fee to pay for goods, contrasting it to Crypto.com's card which instead rewards users with a percentage return in crypto depending on how much of their native token they are holding.[25] Although the card was supposed to be released in July 2022, as of December 2022 its release has been delayed.Since the appointment of Karony in 2021, SafeMoon has announced plans to launch its own cryptocurrency exchange by October 2021, however, this was pushed to December 2022 and has again been pushed back to the end of 2023. The company also has plans to launch a blockchain, hardware wallet, and to become a macro Internet of things infrastructure on its own blockchain.[26][27][3][28]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"indictment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indictment"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Chapter 7 bankruptcy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapter_7_bankruptcy"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"sub_title":"2023: LP hack and Fraud Indictment","text":"On March 29, 2023, hackers exploited a security flaw in the smart contract of SafeMoon’s liquidity pool which saw USD 9 million worth of SFM tokens depleted from SafeMoon's liquidity pool causing a drop in the token’s price.[29] After negotiations with the SafeMoon team, the hacker agreed to return only 80% ($7 million) of the stolen liquidity and kept $2 million of the stolen tokens.[30]On November 1, 2023, a Federal indictment was unsealed, charging SafeMoon’s CEO Braden John Karony, Token Founder Kyle Nagy, and former SafeMoon employee Thomas Smith with conspiracies involving securities fraud, wire fraud, and money laundering in connection with SafeMoon. The United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York alleged that the defendants misled SafeMoon investors about the accessibility of 'locked' liquidity and engaged in personal trading. The charges reported that as SafeMoon's market capitalization exceeded $8 billion, they fraudulently diverted millions of dollars from the 'locked' liquidity for personal gain. Karony and Smith were arrested, while Nagy remained at large.[31] The charges were brought by the SEC and the Department of Justice with FBI assistance.[32]In December 2023, SafeMoon declared Chapter 7 bankruptcy and shut down.[33]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Safemoon_V2_adjusted_price.jpg"}],"text":"F1: Safemoon price adjusted to V2 from launch to December 2022. The token has dropped 98.7% in value from its all-time high in April 2021.","title":"Criticisms and legal issues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"meme coin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meme_coin"},{"link_name":"Dogecoin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogecoin"},{"link_name":"Shiba Inu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiba_Inu_(cryptocurrency)"},{"link_name":"2021 crypto market frenzy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptocurrency_bubble#2020%E2%80%932021_bubbles"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barron-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Street-5"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nasdaq-34"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nasdaq-34"}],"sub_title":"Parallels to a meme coin","text":"The token has been described pejoratively in May 2021 as a \"meme coin\" alongside Dogecoin and Shiba Inu, with much of its value attributed to the result of the 2021 crypto market frenzy.[2]The developers of SafeMoon have been described as having \"little proof of previous success\",[5] with the token having been described by some financial experts as \"the furthest thing from safe\"[34] and that it \"doesn't do anything\".[34]","title":"Criticisms and legal issues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CertiK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CertiK&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nasdaq-34"},{"link_name":"2022 Safemoon fraud allegations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Safemoon_fraud_allegations"},{"link_name":"London Capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Capital_Credit_Union"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"sub_title":"Security issues","text":"In May 2021, the V1 version of the token was audited by security auditing firm CertiK, which identified a \"major issue\" that the project's owners have \"control over tokens funded by SafeMoon's seller fee\".[35][34] An owner address acquire's the liquidity pool tokens generated by the Safemoon-BNB pool. This gives the owner control over tokens funded by Safemoon's seller fee. This feature was later the subject of the 2022 Safemoon fraud allegations. London Capital's head of research Jasper Lawler also noted that the Manual Burn aspect of Safemoon paired with the controlling companies' large stake in the coins opens the project up to manipulation by the project controllers.[36]","title":"Criticisms and legal issues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"ponzi scheme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponzi_scheme"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"pyramid scheme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramid_scheme"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MarketRealist-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"sub_title":"Ponzi-scheme comparisons","text":"After the price of a SafeMoon token multiplied by 12x during a single week in April 2021,[37] opinion columnists in various financial magazines likened SafeMoon to a ponzi scheme[38] or pyramid scheme, where gains to early investors were paid only by incoming investors who expected a similar rate of return, with some citing the fact that each transaction sends a portion of the transacted value to existing holders of the token, as well as a portion of the transacted value to a wallet controlled by the coin's authors.[39] Furthermore, Safemoon's token economics utilises a 10% sell tax. This means that for every $1000 sale, an investor would be charged $100. Many critics argue that this discourages investors to sell as they are at a loss as soon as they invest. The tax from the new investors is used for many things including distributing a small percentage of it to existing investors.[40]","title":"Criticisms and legal issues"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coffeezilla.png"},{"link_name":"Coffeezilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffeezilla"},{"link_name":"Stephen \"Coffeezilla\" Findeisen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffeezilla"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"liquidity pool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquidity_pool"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"sub_title":"2022 fraud allegations","text":"Coffeezilla is considered to be one of the main investigators into Safemoon's fraud allegation.In April 2022, Stephen \"Coffeezilla\" Findeisen, a prominent independent researcher who investigates crypto scams, accused the SafeMoon team of misappropriating millions of dollars.[41] According to Findeisen, Safemoon CEO Karony had been removing funds from the liquidity pool which is the primary explanation of the crypto's price pattern (Figure 1). Findeisen found evidence of transactions which showed Safemoon's liquidity wallet moving funds to a wallet dubbed the \"Gabe (6abe) wallet\" which withdrew funds to a separate company run by John Karony. Former SafeMoon CTO; Thomas \"Papa\" Smith was the only person who responded to Findeisen's claims stating that funds were taken from the “locked liquidity pool” before Karony’s appointment. He sent Smith evidence of this in the form of a blockchain transaction showing an outflow of 36.7 trillion tokens from the liquidity pool, dated March 5, 2021.[42]","title":"Criticisms and legal issues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pump and dump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pump_and_dump"},{"link_name":"Nick Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Carter"},{"link_name":"Soulja Boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soulja_Boy"},{"link_name":"Lil Yachty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lil_Yachty"},{"link_name":"Ben Phillips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Phillips_(YouTuber)"},{"link_name":"social media accounts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influencer_marketing"},{"link_name":"misleading information","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_advertising"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-15"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"U.S. 11th Circuit Court of Appeals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Eleventh_Circuit"},{"link_name":"Bitconnect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitconnect"},{"link_name":"Securities Act of 1933","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Securities_Act_of_1933"},{"link_name":"targeted solicitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Targeted_advertising"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"pumping and dumping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pump_and_dump"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"David Portnoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Portnoy"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"non-primary source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources"},{"link_name":"original research?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research"},{"link_name":"class action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_action"},{"link_name":"without prejudice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Without_prejudice"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"unreliable source?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources"}],"sub_title":"Class-action lawsuits","text":"On February 18, 2022, in a class-action lawsuit filed against SafeMoon it was alleged that the company was a pump and dump scheme. Paul was named as a defendant along with musician Nick Carter, rappers Soulja Boy and Lil Yachty, and social media personality Ben Phillips for promoting the SafeMoon token on their social media accounts with misleading information.[15][43] On the same day, the U.S. 11th Circuit Court of Appeals ruled in a lawsuit against Bitconnect that the Securities Act of 1933 extends to targeted solicitation using social media.[44] Findeisen, who had just shone a light on the 2022 SafeMoon fraud allegations, supported the claims that Paul and Phillips were pumping and dumping Safemoon tokens during this time which saw a decline of 96% in token price.[45] On August 22, 2022, it was documented that David Portnoy, who was also a defendant in this case, was dismissed from the lawsuit after it was revealed that he never received any compensation from Safemoon for promoting the token and that he also lost his investment from buying SFM.[46][non-primary source needed][original research?]In May 2022, multiple SafeMoon investors filed another class action lawsuit against SafeMoon for security fraud. The lawsuit which is represented by Scott+Scott, was voluntarily terminated by the plaintiff without prejudice per notice in November 2022. This means the case can be retried if the plaintiff wishes to in the future.[47][48][unreliable source?]","title":"Criticisms and legal issues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Gambia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gambia"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto2-16"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto3-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto3-17"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"}],"sub_title":"Project Pheonix lawsuit","text":"As part of Project Pheonix, a separate company Emanations Communications Group LC (ECG) was set up and led by SafeMoon CEO John Karony's mother, Jennifer, to provide antenna technology to The Gambia.[49] The company has since been seized by Lex Vest Ltd.[16] As part of this venture, John invested $5 million into the project in June 2021. It was claimed that Karony funded this investment from SafeMoon's liquidity pool which was supposedly locked up.[50] As part of this capital investment John agreed 33.34% stake in the company & future profits, as well as his own personal bills, to come out of the company.[51] ECG determined that John Karony created too many regulatory risks and that due to multiple lawsuits filed against him and his company (SafeMoon), were uncomfortable accepting any more capital investments from him. As a result, John Karony filed a lawsuit against ECG for breach of contract and accused his mother of legal trickery to remove him from ECG.[52]ECG developed technology relating to Project Pheonix which was presented to John in December 2021. According to court documents, John had been disclosing information about developing technology for the benefit of SafeMoon to make claims on SafeMoon’s website and social media accounts about the technology. He was counselled not to do so by ECG (particularly his mother) because of potential adverse effects on pending patents and other intellectual property.[53][54] In March 2022, John and his counsel met with Project Pheonix partners Sankung Jawara and Pa Alieu Jawara, and offered them an upfront payment of $350,000 to cut Jennifer Karony out of the transaction, which they refused. John then negotiated an offer to pay them of up to $4.5 million, to be paid out over time, with the understanding that Jennifer was again removed from consideration. Sankung and Pa Alieu once more refused, due to the proposed circumvention of the business partnership and John's assertion that there was a way to circumvent the legal and parliamentary procedures required for John's desired bank project.[17]Karony's mother stated that John had not provided a plan for Project Pheonix and was not interested in the content of the financial documents, but was looking for \"opportunities to take pictures of the lab to substantiate his published claims of owning ECG labs which he called 'Area 32' or 'DarkMoon'\". Due to the lawsuit, Project Pheonix has since been abandoned. On August 27, 2022, John stated that his reasons for discontinuing his work in West Africa were due to supply chain problems, which is disputed by his mother.[17][55]","title":"Criticisms and legal issues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"}],"sub_title":"Liquidity pool hack","text":"On March 29, 2023, it was reported that almost $9 million USD worth of SafeMoon tokens were depleted from SafeMoon's liquidity pool after hackers exploited a security flaw in its smart contracts. As a result, the price of the token fell further in value.[56] The hacker agreed to return only 80% ($7 million) of the stolen liquidity after striking a deal with the team to keep $2 million of the stolen tokens.[57]","title":"Criticisms and legal issues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"indictment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indictment"},{"link_name":"securities fraud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Securities_fraud"},{"link_name":"wire fraud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wire_fraud"},{"link_name":"money laundering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money_laundering"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NatLawReview-12"},{"link_name":"US District Court for the Eastern District of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"SEC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Securities_and_Exchange_Commission"},{"link_name":"Department of Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SDNY2023-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SEC2023-9"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reuters2023-11"}],"sub_title":"Fraud indictment","text":"On November 1, 2023, a Federal indictment was unsealed charging Braden John Karony, Kyle Nagy, and Thomas Smith with conspiracies to commit securities fraud, wire fraud, and money laundering through SafeMoon.[12] According to the US District Court for the Eastern District of New York, \"As alleged, the defendants lied to SFM investors concerning whether SFM's use of 'locked' liquidity was inaccessible to the defendants, as well as their personal holding and trading of SFM. As SFM's market capitalization grew to more than $8 billion, the defendants fraudulently diverted and misappropriated millions of dollars' worth of purportedly 'locked' SFM liquidity for their personal benefit.\" At the time Karony and Smith had been arrested while Nagy remained at large. The charges were brought in parallel by the SEC and the Department of Justice with assistance from the FBI.[10][9][58][11]","title":"Criticisms and legal issues"}] | [{"image_text":"F1: Safemoon price adjusted to V2 from launch to December 2022. The token has dropped 98.7% in value from its all-time high in April 2021.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Safemoon_V2_adjusted_price.jpg/300px-Safemoon_V2_adjusted_price.jpg"},{"image_text":"Coffeezilla is considered to be one of the main investigators into Safemoon's fraud allegation.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Coffeezilla.png/184px-Coffeezilla.png"}] | [{"title":"Decentralized finance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decentralized_finance"},{"title":"Meme coin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meme_coin"},{"title":"Binance Smart Chain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binance_Smart_Chain"}] | [{"reference":"DeCambre, Mark (18 May 2021). \"Here's What Crypto SafeMoon Is and Why It's Trending\". Barron's. Retrieved 14 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.marketwatch.com/story/why-is-crypto-safemoon-trending-and-why-is-dave-portnoy-using-it-to-diversify-his-bitcoin-exposure-11621361310","url_text":"\"Here's What Crypto SafeMoon Is and Why It's Trending\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barron%27s_(newspaper)","url_text":"Barron's"}]},{"reference":"\"What is SafeMoon coin? A Bitcoin, Ethereum, and Dogecoin challenger\". Fortune. 17 May 2021. Retrieved 1 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://fortune.com/2021/05/17/what-is-safemoon-coin-cryptocurrency-bitcoin-ethereum-dogecoin/","url_text":"\"What is SafeMoon coin? A Bitcoin, Ethereum, and Dogecoin challenger\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune_(magazine)","url_text":"Fortune"}]},{"reference":"Brooks, Matt (7 May 2021). \"What is SafeMoon? New cryptocurrency explained, how to buy in UK - and could it rival Dogecoin in popularity\". The Scotsman. 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Retrieved 1 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/dogecoins-12-000-rally-spurs-hunt-for-next-crypto-winner-11620293371","url_text":"\"Dogecoin's 12,000% Rally Spurs Hunt for Next Crypto Winner\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal","url_text":"The Wall Street Journal"}]},{"reference":"Harper, Chris (23 April 2021). \"What is SafeMoon\". BirminghamLive. Retrieved 14 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/news/uk-news/what-safemoon-new-cryptocurrency-how-20453449","url_text":"\"What is SafeMoon\""}]},{"reference":"\"Contract Address 0x8076c74c5e3f5852037f31ff0093eeb8c8add8d3 | BscScan\". Binance (BNB) Blockchain Explorer.","urls":[{"url":"https://bscscan.com/token/0x42981d0bfbAf196529376EE702F2a9Eb9092fcB5","url_text":"\"Contract Address 0x8076c74c5e3f5852037f31ff0093eeb8c8add8d3 | BscScan\""}]},{"reference":"\"SEC.gov | SEC Charges Crypto Company SafeMoon and its Executive Team for Fraud and Unregistered Offering of Crypto Securities\". www.sec.gov. Retrieved 1 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sec.gov/news/press-release/2023-229","url_text":"\"SEC.gov | SEC Charges Crypto Company SafeMoon and its Executive Team for Fraud and Unregistered Offering of Crypto Securities\""}]},{"reference":"\"Eastern District of New York | Founders and Executives of Digital-Asset Company Charged in Multi-Million Dollar International Fraud Scheme | United States Department of Justice\". U.S. Attorney's Office, Eastern District of New York (Press release). www.justice.gov. 1 November 2023. 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Retrieved 6 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://natlawreview.com/article/sec-charges-against-safemoon-continue-trend-increased-crypto-enforcement-agency","url_text":"\"SEC Charges Against SafeMoon Continue Trend of Increased Crypto Enforcement by the Agency\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_National_Law_Review","url_text":"The National Law Review"}]},{"reference":"\"Token SafeMoon\". Retrieved 13 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://bscscan.com/token/0x42981d0bfbAf196529376EE702F2a9Eb9092fcB5","url_text":"\"Token SafeMoon\""}]},{"reference":"\"To the Moon: How One Cryptocurrency Made People Millions Overnight\". Vice News. 6 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vice.com/en/article/4avd8p/safemoon-cryptocurrency-made-people-millions","url_text":"\"To the Moon: How One Cryptocurrency Made People Millions Overnight\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_News","url_text":"Vice News"}]},{"reference":"Germain, Atahabih (24 February 2022). \"Soulja Boy and Lil Yachty Named in Suit Accused of Misleading Crypto Buyers in 'Pump and Dump' Scheme\". Atlanta Black Star. Diamond Diaspora Media. Retrieved 13 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://atlantablackstar.com/2022/02/24/soulja-boy-and-lil-yachty-named-in-suit-accused-of-misleading-crypto-buyers-in-pump-and-dump-scheme/","url_text":"\"Soulja Boy and Lil Yachty Named in Suit Accused of Misleading Crypto Buyers in 'Pump and Dump' Scheme\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Black_Star","url_text":"Atlanta Black Star"}]},{"reference":"\"Cryptocurrency - SafeMoon To Implement Operation Phoenix in Gambia\". The Chronicle Gambia. 18 May 2021. Retrieved 1 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chronicle.gm/cryptocurrency-safemoon-to-implement-operation-phoenix-in-gambia/","url_text":"\"Cryptocurrency - SafeMoon To Implement Operation Phoenix in Gambia\""}]},{"reference":"\"LEX VEST LTD v. Emanations Communications Group LC (2:22-cv-01226), Nevada District Court\". PacerMonitor.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pacermonitor.com/public/case/45452726/LEX_VEST_LTD_v_Emanations_Communications_Group_LC","url_text":"\"LEX VEST LTD v. Emanations Communications Group LC (2:22-cv-01226), Nevada District Court\""}]},{"reference":"\"What Happened to Safemoon, the Hyped-Up Crypto That Promised Riches?\". Vice News. 9 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vice.com/en/article/wxdmj9/what-happened-to-safemoon-the-hyped-up-crypto-that-promised-riches","url_text":"\"What Happened to Safemoon, the Hyped-Up Crypto That Promised Riches?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_News","url_text":"Vice News"}]},{"reference":"Rearick, Brenden (15 June 2021). \"#SafeMoonWallet: What to Know as SafeMoon Launches Its Crypto Wallet\". InvestorPlace. Retrieved 15 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://investorplace.com/2021/06/safemoonwallet-what-to-know-as-safemoon-launches-its-crypto-wallet/","url_text":"\"#SafeMoonWallet: What to Know as SafeMoon Launches Its Crypto Wallet\""}]},{"reference":"Thapa, Anuz (16 June 2021). \"SafeMoon Wallet: What Is It?\". TheStreet. Retrieved 18 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thestreet.com/video/safemoon-wallet-explained","url_text":"\"SafeMoon Wallet: What Is It?\""}]},{"reference":"Jeffries, Scott. \"What Is SafeMoon and Is It a Good Investment?\". MSN. Retrieved 10 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.msn.com/en-us/money/markets/what-is-safemoon-and-is-it-a-good-investment/ar-AAPili9","url_text":"\"What Is SafeMoon and Is It a Good Investment?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSN","url_text":"MSN"}]},{"reference":"\"Cooli Carlito x HALO - StrikeX\". Genius.","urls":[{"url":"https://genius.com/25116507/Broke-hustler-strikex/Like-a-wizard-with-the-potion-yeah-the-moneys-next","url_text":"\"Cooli Carlito x HALO - StrikeX\""}]},{"reference":"\"StrikeX Make Monumental Announcement & Appoint Thomas \"Papa\" Smith from SafeMoon as a Blockchain Advisor\". finance.yahoo.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://finance.yahoo.com/news/strikex-monumental-announcement-officially-begin-151800155.html","url_text":"\"StrikeX Make Monumental Announcement & Appoint Thomas \"Papa\" Smith from SafeMoon as a Blockchain Advisor\""}]},{"reference":"Gottlich, Max (13 December 2021). \"SafeMoon implements V2 upgrade, new wallet features; tokens dip\". Seeking Alpha. Retrieved 14 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://seekingalpha.com/news/3779480-safemoon-implements-v2-upgrade-new-wallet-features-tokens-dip","url_text":"\"SafeMoon implements V2 upgrade, new wallet features; tokens dip\""}]},{"reference":"\"Safemoon card. Is it outdated?\". www.analyticsinsight.net. 10 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.analyticsinsight.net/safemoon-card-a-new-hype-bitgert-founder-says-cards-are-out-dated-and-continues-to-cardless-payments/","url_text":"\"Safemoon card. Is it outdated?\""}]},{"reference":"Willing, Nicole. \"Safemoon price prediction: will the price break out?\". Retrieved 16 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://capital.com/safemoon-price-prediction-should-you-choose-it-over-doge","url_text":"\"Safemoon price prediction: will the price break out?\""}]},{"reference":"Armstrong, Vanessa (21 December 2021). \"SafeMoon's emphatic fanbase won't let it fail\". Retrieved 31 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.utahbusiness.com/the-safemoon-fanbase-wont-let-this-utah-based-crypto-fail/","url_text":"\"SafeMoon's emphatic fanbase won't let it fail\""}]},{"reference":"\"SafeMoon Introduces Token Monetization Innovation\". Web3Wire. 30 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web3wire.org/crypto/safemoon-introduces-token-monetization-innovation/","url_text":"\"SafeMoon Introduces Token Monetization Innovation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Safemoon Liquidity Pool Compromised: Almost Lost $8.9 million Due To A Public Burn Bug\". FX Leaders. 31 March 2023. Retrieved 23 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fxleaders.com/news/2023/03/31/safemoon-liquidity-pool-compromised-almost-lost-8-9-million-due-to-a-public-burn-bug/","url_text":"\"Safemoon Liquidity Pool Compromised: Almost Lost $8.9 million Due To A Public Burn Bug\""}]},{"reference":"\"SafeMoon 'burn' bug abused to drain $8.9 million from liquidity pool\". BleepingComputer. 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InvestorPlace. Retrieved 14 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://investorplace.com/2021/05/safemoon-audit-9-things-to-know-about-the-safemoon-certik-findings/","url_text":"\"SafeMoon Audit: 9 Things to Know About the SafeMoon CertiK Findings\""}]},{"reference":"\"Crypto SafeMoon's Rules to Tamp Down Selling Raise Red Flags\". Bloomberg. 16 July 2021. 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Why Some Investors Are Skeptical\". Market Realist. 23 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://marketrealist.com/p/safemoon-pyramid-scheme/","url_text":"\"Is SafeMoon a Pyramid Scheme? Why Some Investors Are Skeptical\""}]},{"reference":"\"8 Things to Know Before You Buy Safemoon\". 10 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fool.com/the-ascent/cryptocurrency/articles/8-things-to-know-before-you-buy-safemoon/","url_text":"\"8 Things to Know Before You Buy Safemoon\""}]},{"reference":"\"What Happened to SafeMoon, the Hyped-Up Crypto That Promised Riches?\". 9 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vice.com/en/article/wxdmj9/what-happened-to-safemoon-the-hyped-up-crypto-that-promised-riches","url_text":"\"What Happened to SafeMoon, the Hyped-Up Crypto That Promised Riches?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Coffeezilla, the YouTuber Exposing Crypto Scams\". The New Yorker. 14 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newyorker.com/news/letter-from-the-southwest/coffeezilla-the-youtuber-exposing-crypto-scams","url_text":"\"Coffeezilla, the YouTuber Exposing Crypto Scams\""}]},{"reference":"Cole, Ty (24 February 2022). \"Soulja Boy and Lil Yachty Faces Class-Action Lawsuit In Alleged Cryptocurrency Scheme\". BET. Retrieved 13 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bet.com/article/70b0vf/lil-yachty-soulja-boy-crypto-currency-alleged-scheme","url_text":"\"Soulja Boy and Lil Yachty Faces Class-Action Lawsuit In Alleged Cryptocurrency Scheme\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BET","url_text":"BET"}]},{"reference":"Lawler, Richard (18 February 2022). \"Influencers beware: promoting the wrong crypto could mean facing a class-action lawsuit\". The Verge. Vox Media. 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SafeMoon LLC et al\""}]},{"reference":"\"SafeMoon Crypto Investors Bring Another Class Action Fraud Suit\".","urls":[{"url":"https://news.bloomberglaw.com/class-action/safemoon-crypto-investors-bring-another-class-action-fraud-suit","url_text":"\"SafeMoon Crypto Investors Bring Another Class Action Fraud Suit\""}]},{"reference":"\"Safemoon – Scott+Scott\".","urls":[{"url":"https://scott-scott.com/cryptocurrency-cases/safemoon/","url_text":"\"Safemoon – Scott+Scott\""}]},{"reference":"Franceschi-Bicchierai, Lorenzo (9 May 2022). \"What Happened to SafeMoon, the Hyped-Up Crypto That Promised Riches?\". Vice.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vice.com/en/article/wxdmj9/what-happened-to-safemoon-the-hyped-up-crypto-that-promised-riches","url_text":"\"What Happened to SafeMoon, the Hyped-Up Crypto That Promised Riches?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Five ridiculous claims from the latest SafeMoon court battle\". 5 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://protos.com/five-ridiculous-claims-from-the-latest-safemoon-court-battle__trashed/","url_text":"\"Five ridiculous claims from the latest SafeMoon court battle\""}]},{"reference":"LEX VEST LTD v. Emanations Communications Group LC","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"LEX VEST LTD v. Emanations Communications Group LC\". Justia Dockets & Filings.","urls":[{"url":"https://dockets.justia.com/docket/nevada/nvdce/2:2022cv01226/157620","url_text":"\"LEX VEST LTD v. Emanations Communications Group LC\""}]},{"reference":"LEX VEST LTD v. Emanations Communications Group LC","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Lex Vest Ltd v. Emanations Communications Group LC\".","urls":[{"url":"https://dockets.justia.com/docket/nevada/nvdce/2:2022cv01226/157620","url_text":"\"Lex Vest Ltd v. Emanations Communications Group LC\""}]},{"reference":"\"Safemoon Liquidity Pool Compromised: Almost Lost $8.9 million Due To A Public Burn Bug\". FX Leaders. 31 March 2023. Retrieved 4 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fxleaders.com/news/2023/03/31/safemoon-liquidity-pool-compromised-almost-lost-8-9-million-due-to-a-public-burn-bug/","url_text":"\"Safemoon Liquidity Pool Compromised: Almost Lost $8.9 million Due To A Public Burn Bug\""}]},{"reference":"Toulas, Bill (29 March 2023). \"SafeMoon 'burn' bug abused to drain $8.9 million from liquidity pool\". BleepingComputer. 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Retrieved 2 November 2023 – via AOL.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aol.com/finance/sec-says-safemoon-executives-withdrew-183135935.html","url_text":"\"SEC says SafeMoon executives withdrew $200 million from crypto project to spend on McLarens and luxury homes\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.safemoon.com/","external_links_name":"www.safemoon.com"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220827043657/https://safemoon.com/whitepaper.pdf","external_links_name":"Whitepaper"},{"Link":"https://github.com/safemoonprotocol/Safemoon.sol","external_links_name":"Safemoon.sol"},{"Link":"https://bscscan.com/token/0x42981d0bfbAf196529376EE702F2a9Eb9092fcB5","external_links_name":"BscScan"},{"Link":"https://safemoon.com/","external_links_name":"safemoon.com"},{"Link":"https://www.marketwatch.com/story/why-is-crypto-safemoon-trending-and-why-is-dave-portnoy-using-it-to-diversify-his-bitcoin-exposure-11621361310","external_links_name":"\"Here's What Crypto SafeMoon Is and Why It's Trending\""},{"Link":"https://fortune.com/2021/05/17/what-is-safemoon-coin-cryptocurrency-bitcoin-ethereum-dogecoin/","external_links_name":"\"What is SafeMoon coin? A Bitcoin, Ethereum, and Dogecoin challenger\""},{"Link":"https://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/money/what-is-safemoon-new-cryptocurrency-explained-how-to-buy-in-uk-and-could-it-rival-dogecoin-in-popularity-3207467","external_links_name":"\"What is SafeMoon? New cryptocurrency explained, how to buy in UK - and could it rival Dogecoin in popularity\""},{"Link":"https://www.thestreet.com/crypto/defi/is-safemoon-really-a-safe-investment","external_links_name":"\"Is SafeMoon Really a Safe Investment?\""},{"Link":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/dogecoins-12-000-rally-spurs-hunt-for-next-crypto-winner-11620293371","external_links_name":"\"Dogecoin's 12,000% Rally Spurs Hunt for Next Crypto Winner\""},{"Link":"https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/news/uk-news/what-safemoon-new-cryptocurrency-how-20453449","external_links_name":"\"What is SafeMoon\""},{"Link":"https://bscscan.com/token/0x42981d0bfbAf196529376EE702F2a9Eb9092fcB5","external_links_name":"\"Contract Address 0x8076c74c5e3f5852037f31ff0093eeb8c8add8d3 | BscScan\""},{"Link":"https://www.sec.gov/news/press-release/2023-229","external_links_name":"\"SEC.gov | SEC Charges Crypto Company SafeMoon and its Executive Team for Fraud and Unregistered Offering of Crypto Securities\""},{"Link":"https://www.justice.gov/usao-edny/pr/founders-and-executives-digital-asset-company-charged-multi-million-dollar","external_links_name":"\"Eastern District of New York | Founders and Executives of Digital-Asset Company Charged in Multi-Million Dollar International Fraud Scheme | United States Department of Justice\""},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/legal/safemoon-executives-charged-us-with-fraud-related-crypto-token-2023-11-01/","external_links_name":"\"SafeMoon executives charged in US with fraud related to crypto token\""},{"Link":"https://natlawreview.com/article/sec-charges-against-safemoon-continue-trend-increased-crypto-enforcement-agency","external_links_name":"\"SEC Charges Against SafeMoon Continue Trend of Increased Crypto Enforcement by the Agency\""},{"Link":"https://bscscan.com/token/0x42981d0bfbAf196529376EE702F2a9Eb9092fcB5","external_links_name":"\"Token SafeMoon\""},{"Link":"https://www.vice.com/en/article/4avd8p/safemoon-cryptocurrency-made-people-millions","external_links_name":"\"To the Moon: How One Cryptocurrency Made People Millions Overnight\""},{"Link":"https://atlantablackstar.com/2022/02/24/soulja-boy-and-lil-yachty-named-in-suit-accused-of-misleading-crypto-buyers-in-pump-and-dump-scheme/","external_links_name":"\"Soulja Boy and Lil Yachty Named in Suit Accused of Misleading Crypto Buyers in 'Pump and Dump' Scheme\""},{"Link":"https://www.chronicle.gm/cryptocurrency-safemoon-to-implement-operation-phoenix-in-gambia/","external_links_name":"\"Cryptocurrency - SafeMoon To Implement Operation Phoenix in Gambia\""},{"Link":"https://www.pacermonitor.com/public/case/45452726/LEX_VEST_LTD_v_Emanations_Communications_Group_LC","external_links_name":"\"LEX VEST LTD v. Emanations Communications Group LC (2:22-cv-01226), Nevada District Court\""},{"Link":"https://www.vice.com/en/article/wxdmj9/what-happened-to-safemoon-the-hyped-up-crypto-that-promised-riches","external_links_name":"\"What Happened to Safemoon, the Hyped-Up Crypto That Promised Riches?\""},{"Link":"https://investorplace.com/2021/06/safemoonwallet-what-to-know-as-safemoon-launches-its-crypto-wallet/","external_links_name":"\"#SafeMoonWallet: What to Know as SafeMoon Launches Its Crypto Wallet\""},{"Link":"https://www.thestreet.com/video/safemoon-wallet-explained","external_links_name":"\"SafeMoon Wallet: What Is It?\""},{"Link":"https://www.msn.com/en-us/money/markets/what-is-safemoon-and-is-it-a-good-investment/ar-AAPili9","external_links_name":"\"What Is SafeMoon and Is It a Good Investment?\""},{"Link":"https://genius.com/25116507/Broke-hustler-strikex/Like-a-wizard-with-the-potion-yeah-the-moneys-next","external_links_name":"\"Cooli Carlito x HALO - StrikeX\""},{"Link":"https://finance.yahoo.com/news/strikex-monumental-announcement-officially-begin-151800155.html","external_links_name":"\"StrikeX Make Monumental Announcement & Appoint Thomas \"Papa\" Smith from SafeMoon as a Blockchain Advisor\""},{"Link":"https://seekingalpha.com/news/3779480-safemoon-implements-v2-upgrade-new-wallet-features-tokens-dip","external_links_name":"\"SafeMoon implements V2 upgrade, new wallet features; tokens dip\""},{"Link":"https://www.analyticsinsight.net/safemoon-card-a-new-hype-bitgert-founder-says-cards-are-out-dated-and-continues-to-cardless-payments/","external_links_name":"\"Safemoon card. Is it outdated?\""},{"Link":"https://capital.com/safemoon-price-prediction-should-you-choose-it-over-doge","external_links_name":"\"Safemoon price prediction: will the price break out?\""},{"Link":"https://www.utahbusiness.com/the-safemoon-fanbase-wont-let-this-utah-based-crypto-fail/","external_links_name":"\"SafeMoon's emphatic fanbase won't let it fail\""},{"Link":"https://web3wire.org/crypto/safemoon-introduces-token-monetization-innovation/","external_links_name":"\"SafeMoon Introduces Token Monetization Innovation\""},{"Link":"https://www.fxleaders.com/news/2023/03/31/safemoon-liquidity-pool-compromised-almost-lost-8-9-million-due-to-a-public-burn-bug/","external_links_name":"\"Safemoon Liquidity Pool Compromised: Almost Lost $8.9 million Due To A Public Burn Bug\""},{"Link":"https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/cryptocurrency/safemoon-burn-bug-abused-to-drain-89-million-from-liquidity-pool/","external_links_name":"\"SafeMoon 'burn' bug abused to drain $8.9 million from liquidity pool\""},{"Link":"https://www.sec.gov/news/press-release/2023-229","external_links_name":"\"SEC.gov | SEC Charges Crypto Company SafeMoon and its Executive Team for Fraud and Unregistered Offering of Crypto Securities\""},{"Link":"https://www.aol.com/finance/sec-says-safemoon-executives-withdrew-183135935.html","external_links_name":"\"SEC says SafeMoon executives withdrew $200 million from crypto project to spend on McLarens and luxury homes\""},{"Link":"https://www.sltrib.com/news/business/2023/12/19/amid-federal-fraud-accusations/","external_links_name":"\"Utah crypto company files for bankruptcy amid federal fraud accusations\""},{"Link":"https://www.nasdaq.com/articles/should-you-or-anyone-buy-safemoon-2021-05-29","external_links_name":"\"Should You (or Anyone) Buy Safemoon?\""},{"Link":"https://investorplace.com/2021/05/safemoon-audit-9-things-to-know-about-the-safemoon-certik-findings/","external_links_name":"\"SafeMoon Audit: 9 Things to Know About the SafeMoon CertiK Findings\""},{"Link":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-07-16/crypto-safemoon-s-rules-to-tamp-down-selling-raise-red-flags","external_links_name":"\"Crypto SafeMoon's Rules to Tamp Down Selling Raise Red Flags\""},{"Link":"https://stockhead.com.au/cryptocurrency/this-is-a-scam-crypto-influencers-speak-out-about-safemoon-pyramid-scheme/","external_links_name":"\"'This is a scam': Crypto influencers speak out about SafeMoon 'pyramid scheme'\""},{"Link":"https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/is-the-safemoon-crypto-a-scam-3-insiders-weigh-in-on-the-controversy-1030334687","external_links_name":"\"Is the SafeMoon Crypto a Scam? 3 Insiders Weigh In on the Controversy\""},{"Link":"https://marketrealist.com/p/safemoon-pyramid-scheme/","external_links_name":"\"Is SafeMoon a Pyramid Scheme? Why Some Investors Are Skeptical\""},{"Link":"https://www.fool.com/the-ascent/cryptocurrency/articles/8-things-to-know-before-you-buy-safemoon/","external_links_name":"\"8 Things to Know Before You Buy Safemoon\""},{"Link":"https://www.vice.com/en/article/wxdmj9/what-happened-to-safemoon-the-hyped-up-crypto-that-promised-riches","external_links_name":"\"What Happened to SafeMoon, the Hyped-Up Crypto That Promised Riches?\""},{"Link":"https://www.newyorker.com/news/letter-from-the-southwest/coffeezilla-the-youtuber-exposing-crypto-scams","external_links_name":"\"Coffeezilla, the YouTuber Exposing Crypto Scams\""},{"Link":"https://www.bet.com/article/70b0vf/lil-yachty-soulja-boy-crypto-currency-alleged-scheme","external_links_name":"\"Soulja Boy and Lil Yachty Faces Class-Action Lawsuit In Alleged Cryptocurrency Scheme\""},{"Link":"https://www.theverge.com/2022/2/18/22941470/bitconnect-ponzi-bitcoin-securities-act-sec-lawsuit-influencers-youtube-tiktok","external_links_name":"\"Influencers beware: promoting the wrong crypto could mean facing a class-action lawsuit\""},{"Link":"https://www.invenglobal.com/articles/16672/coffeezilla-reveals-jake-pauls-alleged-crypto-scams-safemoon-lawsuit","external_links_name":"\"CoffeeZilla reveals Jake Paul's alleged crypto scams amid Safemoon lawsuit\""},{"Link":"https://dockets.justia.com/docket/california/cacdce/2:2022cv01108/844364","external_links_name":"\"Bill Merewhuader et al v. SafeMoon LLC et al\""},{"Link":"https://news.bloomberglaw.com/class-action/safemoon-crypto-investors-bring-another-class-action-fraud-suit","external_links_name":"\"SafeMoon Crypto Investors Bring Another Class Action Fraud Suit\""},{"Link":"https://scott-scott.com/cryptocurrency-cases/safemoon/","external_links_name":"\"Safemoon – Scott+Scott\""},{"Link":"https://www.vice.com/en/article/wxdmj9/what-happened-to-safemoon-the-hyped-up-crypto-that-promised-riches","external_links_name":"\"What Happened to SafeMoon, the Hyped-Up Crypto That Promised Riches?\""},{"Link":"https://protos.com/five-ridiculous-claims-from-the-latest-safemoon-court-battle__trashed/","external_links_name":"\"Five ridiculous claims from the latest SafeMoon court battle\""},{"Link":"https://www.pacermonitor.com/public/case/45452726/LEX_VEST_LTD_v_Emanations_Communications_Group_LC","external_links_name":"Text"},{"Link":"https://dockets.justia.com/docket/nevada/nvdce/2:2022cv01226/157620","external_links_name":"\"LEX VEST LTD v. Emanations Communications Group LC\""},{"Link":"https://www.pacermonitor.com/public/case/45452726/LEX_VEST_LTD_v_Emanations_Communications_Group_LC","external_links_name":"Text"},{"Link":"https://dockets.justia.com/docket/nevada/nvdce/2:2022cv01226/157620","external_links_name":"\"Lex Vest Ltd v. Emanations Communications Group LC\""},{"Link":"https://www.fxleaders.com/news/2023/03/31/safemoon-liquidity-pool-compromised-almost-lost-8-9-million-due-to-a-public-burn-bug/","external_links_name":"\"Safemoon Liquidity Pool Compromised: Almost Lost $8.9 million Due To A Public Burn Bug\""},{"Link":"https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/cryptocurrency/safemoon-burn-bug-abused-to-drain-89-million-from-liquidity-pool/","external_links_name":"\"SafeMoon 'burn' bug abused to drain $8.9 million from liquidity pool\""},{"Link":"https://www.aol.com/finance/sec-says-safemoon-executives-withdrew-183135935.html","external_links_name":"\"SEC says SafeMoon executives withdrew $200 million from crypto project to spend on McLarens and luxury homes\""},{"Link":"https://safemoon.net/","external_links_name":"Official website"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panoz | Panoz | ["1 Panoz and racing","2 Road cars","3 Race cars","4 Panoz Motor Sports Group","4.1 American Le Mans Series","4.2 Circuits","4.3 Élan Motorsport Technologies","4.4 Panoz Racing School and series","5 References","6 External links"] | American sports car manufacturer
For the race car manufacturer, see Élan Motorsport Technologies.
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Panoz LLCCompany typeCorporationIndustryAutomotivePredecessorThompson Motor Company (Assets)Founded1989; 35 years ago (1989) (as Panoz Auto Development)FounderDan PanozHeadquarters1089 Hwy. 124 Hoschton, Georgia 30548 U.S.Key peopleDan Panoz John Leverett John Leverett JrProductsLimited-production luxury carsWebsitewww.panoz.com (defunct)
Panoz is an American manufacturer of luxury sports automobiles founded in 1989 as Panoz Auto Development by Dan Panoz, son of Don Panoz (1935 – 2018). The company has also been extensively involved in professional racing, and designs, engineers and builds its own race cars (including chassis and components). Panoz products have included the Panoz Roadster and AIV Roadster, the Panoz Esperante, and the Panoz Avezzano.
Panoz and racing
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Since 1997, Panoz cars have competed in racing series around the world. Team Panoz Racing race the Panoz Avezzano in the Pirelli GTS class, and in 2018 won the Manufacturer's Championship. In addition to Le Mans series wins, an Esperante GTLM won the GT2 class at the 2006 24 Hours of Le Mans and in the same year, won the 2006 12 Hours of Sebring and was on the podium at the endurance season finale, 2006 Petit Le Mans. For the 2007 American Le Mans season, Panoz contracted longtime BMW Motorsport partner Prototype Technology Group to campaign the GTLM in the ALMS and Le Mans. Panoz has also provided IndyCar with the G-Force GF05 and GF09; and the Champ Car World Series with their final race car, the Panoz DP01 which was the final chassis used under ChampCar until the unification
of the American open wheel series in road racing.
Road cars
Panoz Esperante.
Panoz (AIV) Roadster
Panoz Esperante
Panoz Esperante GT
Panoz Esperante GTLM
Panoz Esperante JRD (tuned By JRD)
Panoz Abruzzi
Panoz Avezzano
Race cars
G-Force GF09
Panoz DP01
Panoz DP09
Panoz Esperante GTR-1
Panoz LMP-1 Roadster-S
Panoz LMP07
Panoz LMP01 Evo
Panoz Esperante GTS
Panoz Esperante GTLM (race version)
Panoz Abruzzi
Panoz Avezzano GT4
Panoz Motor Sports Group
Panoz Motor Sports Group was sold to NASCAR in 2012. The assets of the sale included the American Le Mans Series, Road Atlanta, Sebring International Raceway and Panoz Racing Schools. Mosport International Raceway was sold separately to a Canadian consortium led by Ron Fellows and Carlo Fidani.
Panoz, LLC., is an automotive manufacturer that builds and designs street cars and race cars. Élan Motorsports is a company that builds and designs race cars too. Both these two companies are still owned by the Panoz family.
American Le Mans Series
Main article: American Le Mans Series
The American Le Mans Series (ALMS) was created by Don Panoz in 1999. Panoz also owned the International Motor Sports Association, the organization that sanctions the ALMS. It held its inaugural event, the 1998 Petit Le Mans as part of the Professional Sportscar Racing series. The ALMS has a partnership with the Automobile Club de l'Ouest, the organizers of the 24 Hours of Le Mans, to allow teams to compete to the same regulations. In 2012, the ALMS was sold to NASCAR and then in 2014, the series merged with the Rolex Sports Car Series to form United SportsCar Racing.
Circuits
The Panoz group previously owned Road Atlanta in Braselton, Georgia, as well as previously operated Sebring International Raceway in Sebring, Florida. They also previously owned Mosport International Raceway in Bowmanville, Ontario, Canada but was sold in 2011. The tracks hosted the American Le Mans Series, now the IMSA WeatherTech SportsCar Championship, in addition to other top-level auto and motorcycle racing series.
Élan Motorsport Technologies
Main article: Élan Motorsport Technologies
Élan Motorsports is a company that designs and builds race cars from top-level professional racing cars, through to amateur race cars. The company is owned by the Panoz family. Élan acquired other manufacturers, including famous Formula Ford builders Van Diemen and Indy Racing League constructor G-Force Technologies. Élan-built cars have raced in the Indy Racing League, Champ Car World Series, American Le Mans Series, Le Mans Series, and other championships.
Panoz Racing School and series
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The Panoz Racing School was a driver training school previously operated at Road Atlanta and Sebring International Raceway. Students learned racing techniques in purpose-built Panoz GT-RA cars. Following completion of the course, students were eligible for an SCCA regional racing license. The school also included programs where customers could receive instruction in their own road cars.
The Panoz Racing Series was a one-make series made up of the Panoz School cars, as well as the more powerful Panoz GTS models. The series was designed for amateurs to learn racing in a low-cost environment.
References
^ "Contact Us". panoz.com. Retrieved October 2, 2020.
^ "About - Panoz". panoz.com. Retrieved 4 July 2023.
^ "Grand-Am, ALMS to become 'United SportsCar Racing' series in 2014". Autoweek. Archived from the original on 2013-05-24. Retrieved 2013-07-21.
External links
Panoz, LLC
Panoz Racing School
Panoz at the 24 hours of Le Mans
In-depth article about one man's experience at the Panoz Racing School, driving the Panoz GT-RA
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Portal | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Élan Motorsport Technologies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lan_Motorsport_Technologies"},{"link_name":"Don Panoz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Panoz"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"For the race car manufacturer, see Élan Motorsport Technologies.Panoz is an American manufacturer of luxury sports automobiles founded in 1989 as Panoz Auto Development by Dan Panoz, son of Don Panoz (1935 – 2018). The company has also been extensively involved in professional racing, and designs, engineers and builds its own race cars (including chassis and components).[2] Panoz products have included the Panoz Roadster and AIV Roadster, the Panoz Esperante, and the Panoz Avezzano.","title":"Panoz"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Panoz Avezzano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panoz_Avezzano"},{"link_name":"2006 24 Hours of Le Mans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_24_Hours_of_Le_Mans"},{"link_name":"2006 12 Hours of Sebring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_12_Hours_of_Sebring"},{"link_name":"2006 Petit Le Mans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Petit_Le_Mans"},{"link_name":"2007 American Le Mans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_American_Le_Mans_Series"},{"link_name":"BMW Motorsport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW_Motorsport"},{"link_name":"G-Force GF05","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-Force_GF05"},{"link_name":"GF09","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-Force_GF09"},{"link_name":"Champ Car World Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champ_Car_World_Series"},{"link_name":"Panoz DP01","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panoz_DP01"}],"text":"Since 1997, Panoz cars have competed in racing series around the world. Team Panoz Racing race the Panoz Avezzano in the Pirelli GTS class, and in 2018 won the Manufacturer's Championship. In addition to Le Mans series wins, an Esperante GTLM won the GT2 class at the 2006 24 Hours of Le Mans and in the same year, won the 2006 12 Hours of Sebring and was on the podium at the endurance season finale, 2006 Petit Le Mans. For the 2007 American Le Mans season, Panoz contracted longtime BMW Motorsport partner Prototype Technology Group to campaign the GTLM in the ALMS and Le Mans. Panoz has also provided IndyCar with the G-Force GF05 and GF09; and the Champ Car World Series with their final race car, the Panoz DP01 which was the final chassis used under ChampCar until the unification \nof the American open wheel series in road racing.","title":"Panoz and racing"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Panoz_Esperante_front_quarter.jpg"},{"link_name":"Panoz (AIV) Roadster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panoz_Roadster"},{"link_name":"Panoz Esperante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panoz_Esperante"},{"link_name":"Panoz Abruzzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panoz_Abruzzi"},{"link_name":"Panoz Avezzano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panoz_Avezzano"}],"text":"Panoz Esperante.Panoz (AIV) Roadster\nPanoz Esperante\nPanoz Esperante GT\nPanoz Esperante GTLM\nPanoz Esperante JRD (tuned By JRD)\nPanoz Abruzzi\nPanoz Avezzano","title":"Road cars"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"G-Force GF09","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-Force_GF09"},{"link_name":"Panoz DP01","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panoz_DP01"},{"link_name":"Panoz DP09","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panoz_DP09"},{"link_name":"Panoz Esperante GTR-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panoz_Esperante_GTR-1"},{"link_name":"Panoz LMP-1 Roadster-S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panoz_LMP-1_Roadster-S"},{"link_name":"Panoz LMP07","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panoz_LMP07"},{"link_name":"Panoz Esperante GTS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panoz_Esperante"},{"link_name":"Panoz Abruzzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panoz_Abruzzi"},{"link_name":"Panoz Avezzano GT4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panoz_Avezzano"}],"text":"G-Force GF09\nPanoz DP01\nPanoz DP09\nPanoz Esperante GTR-1\nPanoz LMP-1 Roadster-S\nPanoz LMP07\nPanoz LMP01 Evo\nPanoz Esperante GTS\nPanoz Esperante GTLM (race version)\nPanoz Abruzzi\nPanoz Avezzano GT4","title":"Race cars"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NASCAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASCAR"},{"link_name":"American Le Mans Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Le_Mans_Series"},{"link_name":"Road Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_Atlanta"},{"link_name":"Sebring International Raceway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebring_International_Raceway"},{"link_name":"Mosport International Raceway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosport_International_Raceway"},{"link_name":"Ron Fellows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Fellows"}],"text":"Panoz Motor Sports Group was sold to NASCAR in 2012. The assets of the sale included the American Le Mans Series, Road Atlanta, Sebring International Raceway and Panoz Racing Schools. Mosport International Raceway was sold separately to a Canadian consortium led by Ron Fellows and Carlo Fidani.Panoz, LLC., is an automotive manufacturer that builds and designs street cars and race cars. Élan Motorsports is a company that builds and designs race cars too. Both these two companies are still owned by the Panoz family.","title":"Panoz Motor Sports Group"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"International Motor Sports Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Motor_Sports_Association"},{"link_name":"1998 Petit Le Mans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_Petit_Le_Mans"},{"link_name":"Professional Sportscar Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_Sportscar_Racing"},{"link_name":"Automobile Club de l'Ouest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_Club_de_l%27Ouest"},{"link_name":"24 Hours of Le Mans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/24_Hours_of_Le_Mans"},{"link_name":"NASCAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASCAR"},{"link_name":"Rolex Sports Car Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolex_Sports_Car_Series"},{"link_name":"United SportsCar Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_SportsCar_Racing"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"American Le Mans Series","text":"The American Le Mans Series (ALMS) was created by Don Panoz in 1999. Panoz also owned the International Motor Sports Association, the organization that sanctions the ALMS. It held its inaugural event, the 1998 Petit Le Mans as part of the Professional Sportscar Racing series. The ALMS has a partnership with the Automobile Club de l'Ouest, the organizers of the 24 Hours of Le Mans, to allow teams to compete to the same regulations. In 2012, the ALMS was sold to NASCAR and then in 2014, the series merged with the Rolex Sports Car Series to form United SportsCar Racing.[3]","title":"Panoz Motor Sports Group"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Road Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_Atlanta"},{"link_name":"Sebring International Raceway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebring_International_Raceway"},{"link_name":"Sebring, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebring,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Mosport International Raceway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosport_International_Raceway"},{"link_name":"Bowmanville, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowmanville,_Ontario"}],"sub_title":"Circuits","text":"The Panoz group previously owned Road Atlanta in Braselton, Georgia, as well as previously operated Sebring International Raceway in Sebring, Florida. They also previously owned Mosport International Raceway in Bowmanville, Ontario, Canada but was sold in 2011. The tracks hosted the American Le Mans Series, now the IMSA WeatherTech SportsCar Championship, in addition to other top-level auto and motorcycle racing series.","title":"Panoz Motor Sports Group"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Formula Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_Ford"},{"link_name":"Van Diemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Diemen"},{"link_name":"Indy Racing League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indy_Racing_League"},{"link_name":"G-Force Technologies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-Force_Technologies"},{"link_name":"American Le Mans Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Le_Mans_Series"},{"link_name":"Le Mans Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Mans_Series"}],"sub_title":"Élan Motorsport Technologies","text":"Élan Motorsports is a company that designs and builds race cars from top-level professional racing cars, through to amateur race cars. The company is owned by the Panoz family. Élan acquired other manufacturers, including famous Formula Ford builders Van Diemen and Indy Racing League constructor G-Force Technologies. Élan-built cars have raced in the Indy Racing League, Champ Car World Series, American Le Mans Series, Le Mans Series, and other championships.","title":"Panoz Motor Sports Group"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SCCA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Car_Club_of_America"}],"sub_title":"Panoz Racing School and series","text":"The Panoz Racing School was a driver training school previously operated at Road Atlanta and Sebring International Raceway. Students learned racing techniques in purpose-built Panoz GT-RA cars. Following completion of the course, students were eligible for an SCCA regional racing license. The school also included programs where customers could receive instruction in their own road cars.The Panoz Racing Series was a one-make series made up of the Panoz School cars, as well as the more powerful Panoz GTS models. The series was designed for amateurs to learn racing in a low-cost environment.","title":"Panoz Motor Sports Group"}] | [{"image_text":"Panoz Esperante.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Panoz_Esperante_front_quarter.jpg/220px-Panoz_Esperante_front_quarter.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Contact Us\". panoz.com. Retrieved October 2, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://panoz.com/contact/","url_text":"\"Contact Us\""}]},{"reference":"\"About - Panoz\". panoz.com. Retrieved 4 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://panoz.com/about/","url_text":"\"About - Panoz\""}]},{"reference":"\"Grand-Am, ALMS to become 'United SportsCar Racing' series in 2014\". Autoweek. Archived from the original on 2013-05-24. Retrieved 2013-07-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.autoweek.com/article/20130314/ALMS/130319903","url_text":"\"Grand-Am, ALMS to become 'United SportsCar Racing' series in 2014\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130524063947/http://www.autoweek.com/article/20130314/ALMS/130319903","url_text":"Archived"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Panoz&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve this article"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Panoz%22","external_links_name":"\"Panoz\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Panoz%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Panoz%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Panoz%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Panoz%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Panoz%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Panoz%22","external_links_name":"\"Panoz\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Panoz%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Panoz%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Panoz%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Panoz%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Panoz%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.panoz.com/","external_links_name":"www.panoz.com"},{"Link":"https://panoz.com/contact/","external_links_name":"\"Contact Us\""},{"Link":"http://panoz.com/about/","external_links_name":"\"About - Panoz\""},{"Link":"http://www.autoweek.com/article/20130314/ALMS/130319903","external_links_name":"\"Grand-Am, ALMS to become 'United SportsCar Racing' series in 2014\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130524063947/http://www.autoweek.com/article/20130314/ALMS/130319903","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.panoz.com/","external_links_name":"Panoz, LLC"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20041117092609/http://www.panozracingschool.com/","external_links_name":"Panoz Racing School"},{"Link":"http://www.les24heures.fr/database-24h/FR/PAGE_24h_mans_marque_lm.php?P1=Panoz","external_links_name":"Panoz at the 24 hours of Le Mans"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070501172433/http://www.john-ross.net/panoz.htm","external_links_name":"In-depth article about one man's experience at the Panoz Racing School, driving the Panoz GT-RA"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_String_Quartet | Miami String Quartet | ["1 Recordings","2 Current members","3 External links"] | This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: "Miami String Quartet" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
The Miami String Quartet is an American string quartet. The group was founded in 1988 at The New World School of the Arts by John de Lancie in Miami, Florida. The Quartet was in Residence at Kent State University in Kent, Ohio, where all four members served as faculty members in the School of Music, and two still remain. The Quartet was the Grand Prize winner at the Fischoff competition, First Prize winners of the Concert Artists Guild competition, and prize winners at the London and Evian International Quartet Competitions. They were awarded the Cleveland Quartet Award and were named to the Chamber Music Society of Lincoln Center II Residency as well. The Miami Quartet has served as Artists in Residence at the Hartt School and Florida International University and perform and teach at the Kent Blossom Music Festival every summer.
Recordings
The Miami String Quartet's first recording, which featured the first two string quartets by Alberto Ginastera, was released in 1994. Their second CD, of Camille Saint-Saëns first two string quartets and Gabriel Fauré's String Quartet, was released in 1997. In 1999, they released a CD of the first three string quartets of Pēteris Vasks.
Current members
Benny Kim, violin
Cathy Meng Robinson, violin
Scott Lee, viola
Keith Robinson, cello
External links
Miami String Quartet official site
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
Israel
United States
Artists
MusicBrainz
This article about a United States classical music orchestra is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"string quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_quartet"},{"link_name":"New World School of the Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_World_School_of_the_Arts"},{"link_name":"John de Lancie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_de_Lancie_(oboist)"},{"link_name":"Miami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida"},{"link_name":"Kent State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_State_University"},{"link_name":"Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio"}],"text":"The Miami String Quartet is an American string quartet. The group was founded in 1988 at The New World School of the Arts by John de Lancie in Miami, Florida. The Quartet was in Residence at Kent State University in Kent, Ohio, where all four members served as faculty members in the School of Music, and two still remain. The Quartet was the Grand Prize winner at the Fischoff competition, First Prize winners of the Concert Artists Guild competition, and prize winners at the London and Evian International Quartet Competitions. They were awarded the Cleveland Quartet Award and were named to the Chamber Music Society of Lincoln Center II Residency as well. The Miami Quartet has served as Artists in Residence at the Hartt School and Florida International University and perform and teach at the Kent Blossom Music Festival every summer.","title":"Miami String Quartet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alberto Ginastera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Ginastera"},{"link_name":"Camille Saint-Saëns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camille_Saint-Sa%C3%ABns"},{"link_name":"Gabriel Fauré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Faur%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Pēteris Vasks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%93teris_Vasks"}],"text":"The Miami String Quartet's first recording, which featured the first two string quartets by Alberto Ginastera, was released in 1994. Their second CD, of Camille Saint-Saëns first two string quartets and Gabriel Fauré's String Quartet, was released in 1997. In 1999, they released a CD of the first three string quartets of Pēteris Vasks.","title":"Recordings"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Benny Kim, violin\nCathy Meng Robinson, violin\nScott Lee, viola\nKeith Robinson, cello","title":"Current members"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Miami+String+Quartet%22","external_links_name":"\"Miami String Quartet\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Miami+String+Quartet%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Miami+String+Quartet%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Miami+String+Quartet%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Miami+String+Quartet%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Miami+String+Quartet%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.miamistringquartet.com/","external_links_name":"Miami String Quartet official site"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000090121519","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/131551225","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007317957105171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no96025427","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/1991b21e-daa2-4c81-9428-cf5ca5946aa5","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miami_String_Quartet&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Bryceland | Tommy Bryceland | ["1 References","2 External links"] | Scottish footballer and manager
Tommy BrycelandPersonal informationFull name
Thomas BrycelandDate of birth
(1939-03-01)1 March 1939Place of birth
Greenock, ScotlandDate of death
22 January 2016(2016-01-22) (aged 76)Place of death
Ayrshire, ScotlandPosition(s)
ForwardSenior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)1956–1962
St Mirren
104
(47)1962–1969
Norwich City
254
(49)1969–1971
Oldham Athletic
67
(10)1971–1972
St Mirren
14
(2)Total
439
(108)Managerial career1972–1973
St Mirren
*Club domestic league appearances and goals
Tommy Bryceland (1 March 1939 – 22 January 2016) was a Scottish football player and manager. He played for St Mirren, Norwich City and Oldham Athletic and then returned to St Mirren for a stint as player-manager.
A scheming inside-forward (attacking midfielder), Bryceland made his name at St Mirren where he won the Scottish Cup in 1959. He moved to Norwich City in 1962 and played 284 times for the Canaries, scoring 55 goals, between 1962 and 1969. His exploits won him a place as one of the fan nominees in the inaugural Norwich City Hall of Fame.
Bryceland's time at Norwich coincided with the club's stay in the second division, notably finishing 6th in 1965. He moved to Oldham Athletic in 1969, before returning to St Mirren as player-manager in 1971. His final scoring tally for St Mirren was 69 goals and he was inducted to the club's Hall of Fame in May 2007.
References
^ "Tommy Bryceland". Barry Hugman's Footballers.
^ "Tributes after Norwich City Hall of Famer Tommy Bryceland dies at age of 76". Eastern Daily Press. 23 January 2016. Retrieved 23 January 2016.
^ Vallance, Matt (27 January 2016). "Thomas Bryceland". The Herald. Herald & Times Group. Retrieved 27 January 2016.
^ EDP24: Norwich City FC centenary Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine
External links
Tommy Bryceland at Post War English & Scottish Football League A–Z Player's Transfer Database
vteSt Mirren F.C. – managers
McCartney (1904–10)
Grieve (1910)
Law (1910–16)
Cochrane (1916–28)
Turner (1928–29)
Graham (1929)
Morrison (1929–36)
Blythe (1936–41)
Menzies (1941–42)
Fotheringham (1942–45)
Rankin (1945–54)
Reid (1954–61)
Flavell (1961–62)
Cox (1962–65)
Millward (1965–66)
Wright (1966–70)
Humphries (1970–72)
Bryceland (1972–73)
Cunningham (1973–74)
Ferguson (1974–78)
Clunie (1978–80)
McFarlane (1980–83)
Miller (1983–86)
Smith (1986–88)
Fitzpatrick (1988–91)
Hay (1991–92)
Bone (1992–96)
Munro (1996)
Fitzpatrick (1996–98)
Hendrie (1998–2002)
Coughlin (2002–03)
MacPherson (2003–10)
Lennon (2010–14)
Craig (2014)
Teale (2014–15)
Murray (2015)
Rae (2015–16)
Ross (2016–18)
Stubbs (2018)
Kearney (2018–19)
Goodwin (2019–22)
Robinson (2022–)
vteSt Mirren F.C. – Hall of Fame inductees2004
Fitzpatrick
Gillies
Money
H. Murray
2005
Fulton
Lapsley
McDowall
McGarvey
Miller
Turner
Wright
Yardley
2006
Abercromby
Dunlop
McLaughlin
Rodger
Somner
Stark
2007
6 October 1877 XI
Baker
Bryceland
Connell
McGowne
Wilson
2008
Beckett
McCrae
McFadden
Richardson
2009
Clunie
McWhirter
2011
Bradford
Roy
2013
Lavety
Rankin
van Zanten
2016
Copland
2017
Bone
Goodwin
Lennon
Smith
2018
Thompson
2019
C. Murray
Potter
Samson
Telfer
vteNorwich City F.C. – Hall of Fame inductees2002
Allcock
Ashman
Brennan
Butler
Davies
Deehan
Forbes
Gavin
Gunn
Hannah
Keelan
Lochhead
Macaulay
Nethercott
Nutchey
Peters
Ramsay
Roberts
Robinson
Ross
Saunders
South
Stringer
Varco
Vinall
Watling
2003
Adams
Bellamy
Bennett
Bly
Bond
Bone
Bowen
Boyer
Brown
Bruce
Bryceland
Channon
Chase
Crook
Cross
Crossan
Crowe
Culverhouse
Curran
Drinkell
Eadie
Eyre
Fashanu
Fleck
Fleming
Foggo
Foulkes
Fox
Furness
Gordon
Goss
Hartford
Hill
Hollis
Ga. Holt
Hunt
Kennon
Kenton
Kinsey
Lewis
Livermore
Low
MacDougall
Mackay
Marshall
Mendham
McCrohan
McVeigh
Megson
Morgan
Neighbour
Newman
Newsome
Norman
O'Neill
Paddon
Pickwick
Polston
Powell
Punton
Reeves
Sheppard
Smith
Suggett
Sutch
Sutton
Thurlow
Townsend
Walker
Watson
Williams
Woods
Worthington
Wynn-Jones
2006
Briggs
Burton
Butterworth
Green
Halliday
Howes
Huckerby
Machin
Parker
Phelan
2009
Allison
Barham
Collinson
Dublin
Johnston
Munby
Phillips
Silvester
Turner
Young
2012
Ashton
Drury
Ekoku
Foulger
Hoolahan
Gr. Holt
Kirchen
Lambert
This biographical article related to association football in Scotland, about a midfielder born in the 1930s, is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manager_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"St Mirren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mirren_F.C."},{"link_name":"Norwich City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"Oldham Athletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldham_Athletic_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"St Mirren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mirren_F.C."},{"link_name":"Norwich City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Norwich City Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Norwich_City_F.C._Hall_of_Fame_members"},{"link_name":"Oldham Athletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldham_Athletic_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"St Mirren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mirren_F.C."}],"text":"Tommy Bryceland (1 March 1939 – 22 January 2016) was a Scottish football player and manager.[2][3] He played for St Mirren, Norwich City and Oldham Athletic and then returned to St Mirren for a stint as player-manager.A scheming inside-forward (attacking midfielder), Bryceland made his name at St Mirren where he won the Scottish Cup in 1959. He moved to Norwich City in 1962 and played 284 times for the Canaries, scoring 55 goals, between 1962 and 1969.[4] His exploits won him a place as one of the fan nominees in the inaugural Norwich City Hall of Fame.Bryceland's time at Norwich coincided with the club's stay in the second division, notably finishing 6th in 1965. He moved to Oldham Athletic in 1969, before returning to St Mirren as player-manager in 1971. His final scoring tally for St Mirren was 69 goals and he was inducted to the club's Hall of Fame in May 2007.","title":"Tommy Bryceland"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Tommy Bryceland\". Barry Hugman's Footballers.","urls":[{"url":"http://barryhugmansfootballers.com/player/2556","url_text":"\"Tommy Bryceland\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tributes after Norwich City Hall of Famer Tommy Bryceland dies at age of 76\". Eastern Daily Press. 23 January 2016. Retrieved 23 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.edp24.co.uk/news/tributes_after_norwich_city_hall_of_famer_tommy_bryceland_dies_at_age_of_76_1_4390987","url_text":"\"Tributes after Norwich City Hall of Famer Tommy Bryceland dies at age of 76\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Daily_Press","url_text":"Eastern Daily Press"}]},{"reference":"Vallance, Matt (27 January 2016). \"Thomas Bryceland\". The Herald. Herald & Times Group. Retrieved 27 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.heraldscotland.com/opinion/14232011.Thomas_Bryceland/","url_text":"\"Thomas Bryceland\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://barryhugmansfootballers.com/player/2556","external_links_name":"\"Tommy Bryceland\""},{"Link":"http://www.edp24.co.uk/news/tributes_after_norwich_city_hall_of_famer_tommy_bryceland_dies_at_age_of_76_1_4390987","external_links_name":"\"Tributes after Norwich City Hall of Famer Tommy Bryceland dies at age of 76\""},{"Link":"http://www.heraldscotland.com/opinion/14232011.Thomas_Bryceland/","external_links_name":"\"Thomas Bryceland\""},{"Link":"http://www.edp24.co.uk/Content/Sport/CanaryCentenary/HallofFame.asp","external_links_name":"EDP24: Norwich City FC centenary"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070927172948/http://www.edp24.co.uk/Content/Sport/CanaryCentenary/HallofFame.asp","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.neilbrown.newcastlefans.com/player/tommybryceland.html","external_links_name":"Tommy Bryceland"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tommy_Bryceland&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosario_Crocetta | Rosario Crocetta | ["1 Biography","2 Political career","3 Fight against Mafia and assassination attempts","4 Personal life","5 See also","6 References"] | Italian politician (born 1951)
Rosario CrocettaPresident of SicilyIn office10 November 2012 – 18 November 2017Preceded byRaffaele LombardoSucceeded byNello MusumeciMember of the European Parliamentfor Italian IslandsIn office14 July 2009 – 16 December 2012Mayor of GelaIn office18 March 2003 – 23 September 2009
Personal detailsBorn (1951-02-08) 8 February 1951 (age 73)Gela, Sicily, ItalyPolitical partyPCI (until 1991)PRC (1991–2000)PdCI (2000–2008)PD (since 2008)
Rosario Crocetta (born 8 February 1951) is an Italian politician. He was the first openly gay mayor in Italy when he became Mayor of Gela in 2003, a post he held until 2009.
A prominent figure in the fight against the Sicilian Mafia, in 2009 he was elected as a Member of the European Parliament (MEP). He was President of Sicily between 2012 and 2017 following the 2012 Sicilian regional election, thus becoming the second openly gay head of a regional government in Italy after Nichi Vendola.
Biography
Born in Gela, Sicily, in 1951, Crocetta is the son of a water-worker and a seamstress. His older brother is former PCI senator Salvatore Crocetta. After having received his diploma he worked for ENI in Gela.
He says he speaks four languages: Italian, Arabic, English and French and has been heard speaking and has posted on social media in the Sicilian language.
Political career
Crocetta started his political career in the 1980s within the Italian Communist Party (dissolved in 1991), later joining the Communist Refoundation Party. In 1998, he was appointed as Councillor for Culture in the City Council of Gela with the Federation of the Greens, and was engaged in cultural projects shared between Mediterranean countries. In 2000, he joined the Party of Italian Communists. In 2001-2002 he worked as a Councillor for Public Education in Gela.
In May 2002, he contested the mayoral elections for Gela as a center-left coalition candidate. At first, right-wing candidate Giovanni Scaglione was declared elected, with a narrow margin of 197 votes. But in 2003, the Administrative Court of Sicily established that electoral frauds took place in town elections and subsequently proclaimed Crocetta as mayor. Telephone tappings revealed that a local Mafia boss ordered a returning officer to "move heaven and earth in order to avoid the communist faggot to win". Since then, being the first openly gay mayor of Italy, he became for many a symbol of the fight against obscurantism and organized crime in Sicily. In 2007, he was re-elected mayor of Gela with 64.4 percent of the vote.
In 2008, he joined the Democratic Party. In the 2009 European elections, he was elected as a member of the European Parliament for the Italian Islands constituency with 150,091 votes. In 2012, Crocetta ran as gubernatorial candidate against Sebastiano "Nello" Musumeci of Berlusconi's PDL party and eight other minor party candidates. Crocetta ran in Sicily on the ticket of La Rivoluzione è Già Iniziata (The Revolution Has Already Started) and obtained 30.5 percent of the votes, becoming the first left-wing governor of Sicily since 1947.
From 2013 to 2017, he was also a member of the Committee of the Regions.
On 19 July 2017, Rosario Crocetta announced his candidacy to the presidency at the November regional elections, with the list The Megaphone – Crocetta List, without the support of the Democratic Party. After the decision of the Democratic Party to nominate the rector of the University of Palermo Fabrizio Micari, on 3 September 2017 Crocetta withdrew from the race, and instead supporting Micari with his list.
Fight against Mafia and assassination attempts
Throughout his political career, Crocetta has been a forthright proponent of the fight against organized crime in Sicily. Consequently, he has been the target of several Mafia attacks.
In 2003, a plot to kill Crocetta during the patronal feast of the Immaculate Conception involving a Lithuanian killer was thwarted by the local Carabinieri. After that episode, Crocetta was placed under security.
In 2008, a failed plan to kill Crocetta was made public by the district attorney of Caltanissetta; as a result, Crocetta was immediately placed under tighter security.
In 2010, a new assassination plot against Crocetta was thwarted, and five people affiliated with the local Mafia were arrested.
Personal life
Crocetta is openly gay. He was the first openly gay mayor in Italy when he became Mayor of Gela in 2003 till 2009. He is also the second openly gay head of a regional government in Italy after Nichi Vendola when he was the President of Sicily between 2012 and 2017.
See also
List of openly LGBT heads of government
Politics of Italy
References
^ "Sindaco gay a Gela". La Repubblica. 11 March 2003. Retrieved 31 October 2012.
^ "Crocetta: "Così ho vinto la mafia" Gare d'appalto davanti ai carabinieri - Politica - Repubblica.it". www.repubblica.it. Retrieved 2016-01-04.
^ "Security Check Required". www.facebook.com. Retrieved 2016-01-04.
^ "Crocetta: "Così ho vinto la mafia"". La Repubblica. 15 May 2007. Retrieved 31 October 2012.
^ "Elezioni comunali 2007". La Repubblica. 15 May 2007. Retrieved 31 October 2012.
^ "Elezioni europee ed amministrative del 6 - 7 giugno 2009" (in Italian). Italian Ministry of Internal Affairs. Archived from the original on June 11, 2009. Retrieved July 20, 2021.
^ "Sicily's electoral shock". The Economist. 30 October 2012. Retrieved 31 October 2012.
^ "Regional Election Results 28 October 2012, Sicily". Archived from the original on 2 April 2018. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
^ "Rosario Crocetta". European Union Committee of the Regions. Archived from the original on October 31, 2013. Retrieved July 20, 2021.
^ "Crocetta parla ormai da candidato e sfida il Pd: "Partito fa viaggi della speranza invece di decidere" (VIDEO)". BlogSicilia (in Italian). July 20, 2017. Retrieved July 20, 2021.
^ "Gela, per eliminare il sindaco la mafia paga un killer lituano". La Repubblica. 8 September 2004. Retrieved 31 October 2012.
^ "Un piano di morte per Crocetta i preparativi ascoltati in diretta". La Repubblica. 9 February 2008. Retrieved 31 October 2012.
^ "Gela, dal carcere duro la condanna a morte". La Repubblica. 20 January 2010. Archived from the original on 18 October 2018. Retrieved 31 October 2012.
^ Il Fatto quotidiano
^ "Rosario Crocetta si confessa: "Se potessi tornare indietro, non farei coming out"". Libero. 10 July 2015. Retrieved 4 July 2017.
vtePresidents of the Regional Government of SicilyHigh Commissioners
Musotto
Aldisio
D'Antoni
Selvaggi
Presidents elected bythe regional Council
Alessi
Restivo
Alessi
La Loggia
Milazzo
Majorana
Corallo
D'Angelo
Coniglio
Giumarra
Carollo
Fasino
Giumarra
Bonfiglio
Mattarella
Giuliano
D'Acquisto
Lo Giudice
Nicita
Sardo
Nicolosi
Leanza
Campione
Martino
Graziano
Provenzano
Drago
Capodicasa
Leanza
Presidents elected by people
Cuffaro
Lombardo
Crocetta
Musumeci
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Germany | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"the first openly gay mayor in Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_first_LGBT_holders_of_political_offices"},{"link_name":"Gela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gela"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-March_11th_2003-1"},{"link_name":"Sicilian Mafia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia"},{"link_name":"Member of the European Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_the_European_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicily"},{"link_name":"2012 Sicilian regional election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Sicilian_regional_election"},{"link_name":"openly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coming_out"},{"link_name":"Nichi Vendola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nichi_Vendola"}],"text":"Rosario Crocetta (born 8 February 1951) is an Italian politician. He was the first openly gay mayor in Italy when he became Mayor of Gela in 2003, a post he held until 2009.[1]A prominent figure in the fight against the Sicilian Mafia, in 2009 he was elected as a Member of the European Parliament (MEP). 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His older brother is former PCI senator Salvatore Crocetta. 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In 1998, he was appointed as Councillor for Culture in the City Council of Gela with the Federation of the Greens, and was engaged in cultural projects shared between Mediterranean countries. In 2000, he joined the Party of Italian Communists. In 2001-2002 he worked as a Councillor for Public Education in Gela.In May 2002, he contested the mayoral elections for Gela as a center-left coalition candidate. At first, right-wing candidate Giovanni Scaglione was declared elected, with a narrow margin of 197 votes. But in 2003, the Administrative Court of Sicily established that electoral frauds took place in town elections and subsequently proclaimed Crocetta as mayor. Telephone tappings revealed that a local Mafia boss ordered a returning officer to \"move heaven and earth in order to avoid the communist faggot to win\".[4] Since then, being the first openly gay mayor of Italy, he became for many a symbol of the fight against obscurantism and organized crime in Sicily. In 2007, he was re-elected mayor of Gela with 64.4 percent of the vote.[5]In 2008, he joined the Democratic Party. In the 2009 European elections, he was elected as a member of the European Parliament for the Italian Islands constituency with 150,091 votes.[6] In 2012, Crocetta ran as gubernatorial candidate against Sebastiano \"Nello\" Musumeci of Berlusconi's PDL party and eight other minor party candidates. Crocetta ran in Sicily on the ticket of La Rivoluzione è Già Iniziata (The Revolution Has Already Started) and obtained 30.5 percent of the votes, becoming the first left-wing governor of Sicily since 1947.[7][8]From 2013 to 2017, he was also a member of the Committee of the Regions.[9]On 19 July 2017, Rosario Crocetta announced his candidacy to the presidency at the November regional elections, with the list The Megaphone – Crocetta List, without the support of the Democratic Party. After the decision of the Democratic Party to nominate the rector of the University of Palermo Fabrizio Micari, on 3 September 2017 Crocetta withdrew from the race, and instead supporting Micari with his list.[10]","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Immaculate Conception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feast_of_the_Immaculate_Conception"},{"link_name":"Carabinieri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carabinieri"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Caltanissetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caltanissetta"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Throughout his political career, Crocetta has been a forthright proponent of the fight against organized crime in Sicily. Consequently, he has been the target of several Mafia attacks.In 2003, a plot to kill Crocetta during the patronal feast of the Immaculate Conception involving a Lithuanian killer was thwarted by the local Carabinieri.[11] After that episode, Crocetta was placed under security.In 2008, a failed plan to kill Crocetta was made public by the district attorney of Caltanissetta; as a result, Crocetta was immediately placed under tighter security.[12]In 2010, a new assassination plot against Crocetta was thwarted, and five people affiliated with the local Mafia were arrested.[13]","title":"Fight against Mafia and assassination attempts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"openly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coming_out"},{"link_name":"gay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"the first openly gay mayor in Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_first_LGBT_holders_of_political_offices"},{"link_name":"Gela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gela"},{"link_name":"openly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coming_out"},{"link_name":"head of a regional government in Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_LGBT_heads_of_government#Subnational_level"},{"link_name":"Nichi Vendola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nichi_Vendola"},{"link_name":"President of Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Sicily"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Crocetta is openly gay.[14] He was the first openly gay mayor in Italy when he became Mayor of Gela in 2003 till 2009. He is also the second openly gay head of a regional government in Italy after Nichi Vendola when he was the President of Sicily between 2012 and 2017.[15]","title":"Personal life"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of openly LGBT heads of government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_openly_LGBT_heads_of_government"},{"title":"Politics of Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Italy"}] | [{"reference":"\"Sindaco gay a Gela\". La Repubblica. 11 March 2003. Retrieved 31 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.repubblica.it/online/cronaca/sindacogela/sindacogela/sindacogela.html","url_text":"\"Sindaco gay a Gela\""}]},{"reference":"\"Crocetta: \"Così ho vinto la mafia\" Gare d'appalto davanti ai carabinieri - Politica - Repubblica.it\". www.repubblica.it. 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Retrieved July 20, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://palermo.blogsicilia.it/crocetta-parla-ormai-da-candidato-e-sfida-il-pd-fa-viaggi-della-speranza-invece-di-decidere/402487/","url_text":"\"Crocetta parla ormai da candidato e sfida il Pd: \"Partito fa viaggi della speranza invece di decidere\" (VIDEO)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gela, per eliminare il sindaco la mafia paga un killer lituano\". La Repubblica. 8 September 2004. Retrieved 31 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/2004/09/08/gela-per-eliminare-il-sindaco-la-mafia.html","url_text":"\"Gela, per eliminare il sindaco la mafia paga un killer lituano\""}]},{"reference":"\"Un piano di morte per Crocetta i preparativi ascoltati in diretta\". La Repubblica. 9 February 2008. Retrieved 31 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/2008/02/09/un-piano-di-morte-per-crocetta-preparativi.html","url_text":"\"Un piano di morte per Crocetta i preparativi ascoltati in diretta\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gela, dal carcere duro la condanna a morte\". La Repubblica. 20 January 2010. Archived from the original on 18 October 2018. Retrieved 31 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181018044851/https://palermo.repubblica.it/dettaglio/Mafia-dal-41-bis-ordini-di-morteper-giudice-e-sindaco-Crocetta/1833907","url_text":"\"Gela, dal carcere duro la condanna a morte\""},{"url":"http://palermo.repubblica.it/dettaglio/Mafia-dal-41-bis-ordini-di-morteper-giudice-e-sindaco-Crocetta/1833907","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Rosario Crocetta si confessa: \"Se potessi tornare indietro, non farei coming out\"\". Libero. 10 July 2015. Retrieved 4 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.liberoquotidiano.it/news/personaggi/11809388/Rosario-Crocetta-si-confessa--.html","url_text":"\"Rosario Crocetta si confessa: \"Se potessi tornare indietro, non farei coming out\"\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.repubblica.it/online/cronaca/sindacogela/sindacogela/sindacogela.html","external_links_name":"\"Sindaco gay a Gela\""},{"Link":"http://www.repubblica.it/2007/05/sezioni/politica/elezioni-amministrative/crocetta-rosario/crocetta-rosario.html","external_links_name":"\"Crocetta: \"Così ho vinto la mafia\" Gare d'appalto davanti ai carabinieri - Politica - Repubblica.it\""},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/rosariocrocetta","external_links_name":"\"Security Check Required\""},{"Link":"http://www.repubblica.it/2007/05/sezioni/politica/elezioni-amministrative/crocetta-rosario/crocetta-rosario.html","external_links_name":"\"Crocetta: \"Così ho vinto la mafia\"\""},{"Link":"http://www.repubblica.it/speciale/2007/elezioni/comunali/gela.html","external_links_name":"\"Elezioni comunali 2007\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090611003624/http://elezioni.interno.it/europee/euro090607/prefEI5000000000.htm","external_links_name":"\"Elezioni europee ed amministrative del 6 - 7 giugno 2009\""},{"Link":"http://elezioni.interno.it/europee/euro090607/prefEI5000000000.htm#03456","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.economist.com/blogs/charlemagne/2012/10/italian-politics","external_links_name":"\"Sicily's electoral shock\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180402050555/http://www.elezioni.regione.sicilia.it/rep_3/votiListeRegionali.html","external_links_name":"\"Regional Election Results 28 October 2012, Sicily\""},{"Link":"http://www.elezioni.regione.sicilia.it//rep_3/votiListeRegionali.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131031100530/http://memberspage.cor.europa.eu/Detail.aspx?id=2030078&f=0&s=0&o1=0&o2=0&o3=0","external_links_name":"\"Rosario Crocetta\""},{"Link":"http://memberspage.cor.europa.eu/Detail.aspx?id=2030078&f=0&s=0&o1=0&o2=0&o3=0","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://palermo.blogsicilia.it/crocetta-parla-ormai-da-candidato-e-sfida-il-pd-fa-viaggi-della-speranza-invece-di-decidere/402487/","external_links_name":"\"Crocetta parla ormai da candidato e sfida il Pd: \"Partito fa viaggi della speranza invece di decidere\" (VIDEO)\""},{"Link":"http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/2004/09/08/gela-per-eliminare-il-sindaco-la-mafia.html","external_links_name":"\"Gela, per eliminare il sindaco la mafia paga un killer lituano\""},{"Link":"http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/2008/02/09/un-piano-di-morte-per-crocetta-preparativi.html","external_links_name":"\"Un piano di morte per Crocetta i preparativi ascoltati in diretta\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181018044851/https://palermo.repubblica.it/dettaglio/Mafia-dal-41-bis-ordini-di-morteper-giudice-e-sindaco-Crocetta/1833907","external_links_name":"\"Gela, dal carcere duro la condanna a morte\""},{"Link":"http://palermo.repubblica.it/dettaglio/Mafia-dal-41-bis-ordini-di-morteper-giudice-e-sindaco-Crocetta/1833907","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2014/02/17/crocetta-io-sono-gay-ma-qualche-donna-che-mi-arrapa-ce-sempre/266330/","external_links_name":"Il Fatto quotidiano"},{"Link":"http://www.liberoquotidiano.it/news/personaggi/11809388/Rosario-Crocetta-si-confessa--.html","external_links_name":"\"Rosario Crocetta si confessa: \"Se potessi tornare indietro, non farei coming out\"\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/304655697","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1036225178","external_links_name":"Germany"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Carmarthen | Mayor of Carmarthen | ["1 List of mayors","2 References"] | Position of Carmarthen Town Council, Wales
The Mayor, Burgesses, and Commonalty of the Borough of Carmarthen were established by a royal charter of 1604. The Mayorship was transferred in 1835 to Carmarthen Borough Council, and following local government reorganization in 1974 to Carmarthen Town Council.
List of mayors
Year
Name
circa 1300
Walter Malenphant
1360
John Andrew Spilman
1401–1414
David Lloyd
1415–1419
John Moore
1420–1424
William Read
1425 -1426
Nicholas Blewitt
1427–1430
John Willy Fisher
1431–1433
William Read
1434–1439
John Moore
1440–1441
Nicholas Blewitt
1442–1448
Stephen Griffith
1449–1458
Lewis ab Rees Gethin
1459–1462
Rees Howell
1463–1469
John Wardibeck
1470–1471
Rees Howell
1472
Thomas Gethin
1473–1474
William Weithie
1475–1480
John Wardbeck
1481
Rees Howell
1482–1483
John Higgon
1484–1487
Jenkin Lloyd Hire
1488
John Higgon
1489
Sir Rhys ap Thomas
1490–1492
Rees ab Ievan ab Eynon
1493
Morris Read
1494
Richard ab Owen
1495–1496
Sir Rhys ap Thomas
1497
Rees ab Ievan ab Eynon
1498
Stephen Gravell
1499–1500
Hugh Higgon
1501–1503
Sir Rhys ap Thomas
1504
Jeffery Dier
1505–1507
Sir Rhys ap Thomas
1508–1509
Richard Read
1510
William Morris
1511
Philip Rees ab Thomas Vychan
1512
Sir Giffith Rhys KT
1513
William ab Gwilim With
1514
Griffith Rhys
1515
Gwalter Dier
1516–1517
Philip David
1518
Morgan Taylor
1519
John Thomas ab Gwilym
1520
John Hire
1521 -1522
Richard ab Gwalter
1523
Griffith Higgon
1524
David ab David
1525
John Jenins
1526
Thomas ab Owen
1527
John ab Rees ab Ievan
1528–1529
Philip David
1530
David Llewelyn
1531
Griffith Higgon
1532–1533
Sir Walter Devereux KT
1534
John David Lloyd
1535–1536
Sir Walter Devereux KT
1537
Richard Devereux
1538
Martin Davy
1539
Thomas Brine
1540–1541
David Rees
1542
William Read
1543
Thomas Hancocke
1544
Thomas Walter
1545
Morgan ab David
1546
John Jenins
1547
Martin Davy
1547
David Richards
1548
Richard ab Ievan
1549
Griffith William
1550
Griffith Donne
1551
David Nash
1552
Griffith Higgon
1553
Thomas Morgan
1554
Jenkin David
1555
John Vaughan
1556
John Griffith
1557
Griffith Donne
1558
Hymphrey Toye
1559
Thomas Beynon
1560
Rees Penry
1561
William Davies
1562
Jenkin David
1563
David John Read
1564
John Vaughan
1565
Robert Brit
1566
Griffith John David Lloyd
1567
Thomas Lewis
1568
Griffith ab Eynon
1569
Lewis Philip David
1570
Richard Lewis
1571
Lewis William
1572
Jenkin David
1573 -1574
Richard Phillips
1575
Walter Vaughan.
1576
Griffith ab Ievan
1577
Walter Vaughan
1578
David ab Ievan Taylor
1579–1580
William Phillips
1581
Walter Vaughan
1582
Griffith ab Ievan
1583
Robert Toye
1584
Edward Middleton
1585
David Edwards
1586
Thomas Nothed
1587
Thomas Atkins
1588
Philip William
1589
Griffith Howell
1590
John Morris
1591
Harry Owen
1592
John Brit
1593
Thomas Davies
1594
Robert Brit
1595
John Fisher
1596
Morris Lloyd
1597
William Thomas Morris
1597
David Edwardes
1598
Walter Vaughan
1598
Philip William
1599
Henry Vaughan
1600
Henry Phillips
1601
Thomas Rees
1602
William Thomas
1603
Ievan Thomas
1604
Sir John Vaughan KT
1605
Thomas Parry
1606
Thomas Atkins
1607
Ievan Long
1608
John Griffith John
1609
Thomas Vaughan
1610
Martin Beynon
1611
William Lewes
1612
Thomas Higgs
1613
Thomas Davids
1614
Edward Atkins
1614
Martin Beynon
1615
Richard Jeanes
1616
David Edwards
1617
John Bowen
1618
Griffith Davids
1619
Griffith Lewis
1620
Thomas Atkins
1621
Morgan Davids
1622
David Beven
1623
Richard Barrett
1624
John Vaughan
1625
Thomas Muggall
1625
William Thomas
1626
Griffith Beynon
1627
Anthony Johns
1628
Griffith Read
1629
William Lewis
1630
Richard Jeanes
1631
John Bowen
1632
Griffith Lewis
1633
Thomas Atkins
1634
Thomas Woode
1635
Thomas Jones
1636
Richard Thomas
1637
Robert Lewis
1638
Attwill Taylor
1639
Lewis Johnes
1640
Rowland Phillips
1641
Morris James
1642
George Ockley
1643
David Bevan
1644
Thomas Phillips
1645–1646
Thomas Phillips
1647
George Jeanes
1648
Thomas Jones
1649
Dawkin Gove
1650
Robert Brend
1651
John Hughes
1652
David Edwardes
1653
Richard Thomas
1654
Edward Jones
1655
John Vaughan
1656
Robert Brit
1657
William Gower
1658
Griffith Beynon
1659
Walter Thomas
1660 -1661
John Hughes
1661
Anthony Jones
1662
George Lewis
1663
John Ockley
1664
Robert Lewis
1665
Thomas Beynon
1666
John Scurlocke
1667
Richard Leigh
1668–1669
John Muggell
1670
William Brigstocke
1671
Sir Henry Vaughan KT
1672
Robert Lewis
1673
Altham Vaughan
1674
John Vaughan
1675
John Williams
1676
Thomas Griffith
1677
Thomas Jones
1678
Dawkin Gove
1679
Thomas Newsham
1680
David Jones
1681
Edward Gower
1682
Edward Jones
1683
Owen Brigstocke
1684
William Jones
1685
John Phillips
1686
Charles de Lancy
1687
Sir Sackville Crow
1688
Rowland Gwynne
1689
Sir Rice William KT
1689
Martin Beynon
1690
John Ryder
1691
Thomas Rogers
1692
George Catchmaid
1693
Howell David
1694
Thomas Powell
1695
Griffith Lewis
1696
Morris James
1697
John Davies
1698
Theophilus Bevan
1699
Griffith William
1699
William Brigstocke
1700
John Williams
1701
Henry Vaughan
1702
Sir Anthony Rudd Bart
1703
John Scurlock
1704
Thomas Mainwaring
1705
Anthony Jones
1706
William Brigstocke
1706
William Jones
1707
Anthony Jones
1708
John Newsham
1709
James Phillips
1710
William Gower
1711
John Vaughan
1712
Nathaniel Morgan
1713
John Morgan
1714
Rees Thomas
1715
Francis Lloyd
1716
John Thomas
1717
Thomas Jones
1718
Thomas Lloyd
1719
David Lloyd
1719–1720
Benjamin Davies
1721
Morgan Davies
1722
William Thomas
1723
Arnold Bowen
1724
Peter Chetle
1725
John Lewis
1726
John Roberts
1727
John Williams
1728
Thomas Rees
1729
George Davies
1730
John Phillips
1731
Henry Price
1732
John Leigh
1733
Robert Rees
1734
James Johnson
1735
William Rees
1736
David Lewes
1737
Edward Davies
1738
John Newsham
1739
Charles Morgan
1740
John Lloyd
1741
John Phillips
1742
John Williams
1743
William Thomas
1744
John Morgan
1745
John Phillips
1746
Evan Williams
1747
Anthony Rogers
1747
William Thomas
1748
John Phillips
1749
Evan Williams
1750
David Lloyd
1750
D. Thomas
1751
John Jones
1752
John Lewis
1753
Francis Morgan
1754
David Edwardes
1754
John Adams
1755
Dr Roger Phillips
1756
William Leigh
1756
Evan Davies
1757
John Evan
1757
Charles Webb
1758
William Leigh
1759
Arthur Jones
1759
Robert Morgan
1759
Admiral Thos Jones
1760
Woodford Rice
1760
James Wilson
1761
James Evans
1761
1. James ab William Brenin
1762
Edward Read
1762
William Morgan
1763
John Evans
1763
Vaughan Horton
1763
James Williams
1764
Albert Davids
1765
Edward Parry
1766
Francis Morgan
1766
Edward Parry
1767
Vaughan Horton
1768
George Rice
1769
Arthur Jones
1770
Morris Howell
1771
Henry Morris
1772
David Edwardes
1773
William Williams
1774
George Phillips
1775
Richard le Davids
1776
David Williams
1777
Walter George
1778
George Evans
1780
George Lewis
1781
John Morgan
1782
John Lloyd
1783
Thomas Howell
1784
John William
1785
John George Phillips
1786
Thomas Blome
1787
Morgan Lewis
1788
Jeremiah Owen
1789
Richard Howell
1790
William Price
1791
Hon. George Talbot Rice
1792
Herbert Ball
1793
Thomas Williams
1794
William Lewes
1795
William Bonnell
1795
William Price
1795
John Morgan
1796
Josiah Llewelyn
1797
David John Edwardes
1798
Charles Morgan
1799
Richard Mansel Phillips
1800
William Morris
1801
John Morgan
1802
James Hughes
1803
Sir William Paxton
1804
Thomas Morris
1805
William Morgan
1806
Charles Morgan MD
1807
John Hughes
1808
John William Hughes
1809
John, Lord Cawdor
1810
John Jones
1811
John Geo Phillips
1812
Mark Roch
1813
David Morris
1814
Sir Geo. G. Williams BT
1815
Charles Morgan MD
1816
Charles Morgan
1817
John Geo. Phillips
1818
John Hughes
1819
Thomas Morris
1820
Charles Morgan
1821
John Hughes
1822
Thomas Morris
1823
Charles Morgan
1824
David John Edwardes
1825
Daniel Prytherch
1826
Robert Waters
1827
Grismond Phillips
1828
Aaron Thomas
1829
John Bowen MD
1830
David Jones
1831
Daniel John Edwardes
1832
Daniel Prytherch
1833
Grismond Phillips
1834
Aaron Timms
1835
David Davies
1836
Capt John George Phillips
1837–1838
Thomas Morris
1839
William Phillips
1840
Charles Jones
1841
Thomas Taylor Webb
1842
William Morris
1843
Edmond Hills Stacey
1844
William Morris
1845
George Davies
1846
Thomas Charles Morris
1847
Samuel Tardrew
1848
William George Thomas
1849
John Lewis
1850–1851
Valentine Davies
1852–1853
William Morris
1854–1855
Lewis Morris
1856
Thomas Charles Morris
1857
John Lewis Phillips
1858
James Rowlands
1859
Henry Norton
1860–1861
John Thomas
1862–1863
Wm de Grunchy Warren
1864
Valentine Davies
1865
John Adams
1866
Robert Brodie
1867
E. D. Bowen Jones
1868
David Davies
1869 -1870
John Lewis
1871
Henry Norton
1872
John Thomas
1873
Wm de Grunchy Warren
1874
David Lewis
1875
David M. Morgan
1876
David Bonnell Edwards
1877
Thomas Mostyn Davies
1878
Thomas Thomas
1879
Richard William Richards
1880
Charles William Jones
1881
John Morris
1882–1884
James Jenkyn Jones
1885
John Lewis
1886
Thomas Mostyn Davies
1887
William Richard Edwards
1888
Edward Alfred Rogers
1889
Howell Howells
1890
Thomas Davies
1891–1892
Thomas Jenkins
1893
James Davies
1894
Henry Cadle
1895–1898
Henry Brunel White
1899
John Lewis
1900
Walter Spurell
1901 -1902
Edward Colby Evans
1903
Walter Spurell
1904 -1905
Edward Alfred Rogers
1906
Henry Evan Blagdon Richards
1907
Joseph Nicholas Williams
1908
John Lewis
1909
John Crossman
1910
Walter Lloyd
1911
William Thomas
1912 -1913
John Beynon Arthur
1914–1917
John Lewis
1918–1919
Alderman William Evans
1920–1921
Andrew Fuller Mills
1922
Lewis David Thomas
1923
John Richards
1924
Andrew Fuller Mills
1925
John Hinds
1926
Andrew Fuller Mills
1927
Walter Spurell
1928–1929
David John Davies
1930–1932
William Jones
1933–1935
Thomas Lloyd
1936–1937
John Owen Morgans
1938–1941
James Islwyn Davies
1942–1944
Philip William Trefor Thomas
1945
John Russell
1945
Lewis Jones
1946–1947
John Jenkins
1948–1950
Enoch Davies
1950–1952
William David Jones
1952–1954
Charles Wright Griffiths
1954–1956
John James Lewis
1956–1958
Clifford Caron Jones
1958–1959
T. J. Thomas (Died in Office)
1959–1961
M. E. Clifford Jones
1961 (May to Sept)
Alice. K. White (Died in Office)
1961–1963
T. Idwal Jones
1963–1964
Alderman Ellis J. Powell
1964–1965
Sidney Jeremy
1965–1966
D. D. Harries
1966–1967
William Wynford Francis Davies
1967–1968
Charles Wright Griffiths
1968
Leslie Hyde Howells
1969
David Jones Howells
1970
William Colvin
1971
Ronald Byles Evans
1972
Lawrence Victor Rice
Since the passing of the Local Government Act (1972)
1973
William Roy Nicholl
1974–1975
Ivor Morgan Morris
1975–1976
Thomas James Hurley
1976–1977
Samuel David Thomas
1977–1978
Thomas Henry Gwyn Davies
1978–1979
Gwyn Morris Williams
1979–1980
Joyce Lodwick
1980–1981
Helen M. Thomas
1981–1982
Peter Hughes Griffiths
1982–1983
Samuel David Thomas
1983–1984
June Williams
1984–1985
John Elfed Williams
1985–1986
Kenneth Bryan Maynard
1986–1987
Malcolm Morgan Jones
1987–1988
Mary Kathleen Davies
1988–1989
Siân Morris
1989–1990
William Gwynoro Jones
1990–1991
Peter Hughes Griffiths
1991–1992
John Elfed Williams
1992–1993
Sarah Mary Lorraine Maynard
1993–1994
Richard John Goodridge
1994–1995
Agnes Maria Dunbar
1995–1996
Kenneth Bryan Maynard
1996–1997
June Williams
1997–1998
Richard Edwards
1998–1999
Sioned Mair Richards
1999–2000
Peter Hughes Griffiths
2000–2001
Dr Ioan Aled Matthews
2001–2002
Llyr Huws Griffiths
2002–2003
William Gwynoro Jones
2003–2004
Peter Hughes Griffiths
2004–2005
June Williams
2005–2006
Phillip Grice
2006–2007
Richard Evans
2007–2008
Aled Williams
2008–2009
Anthony Jenkins
2009–2010
Kenneth Wigley Lloyd
2010–2011
Alan Douglas Thomas Speake
2011–2012
Reverend Tom Talog Defis
2012–2013
Philip Grice
2013–2014
Douglas Rose
2014–2015
Arwel Lloyd
2015–2016
Barry Williams
2020-2022
Gareth Howell John (term extended due to Covid 19 pandemic)
2022–2023
Miriam Margaret Moules
References
^ "VAUGHAN, Walter (d.1598), of Golden Grove, Carm. | History of Parliament Online". www.historyofparliamentonline.org.
^ "TheMayorofCarmarthen – The Carmarthen Weekly Reporter". William Morgan Evans. 16 November 1906. Retrieved 22 May 2023.
^ "The Mayor – Carmarthen Town Council". www.carmarthentowncouncil.gov.uk. Retrieved 26 May 2023.
vteCarmarthen TownGovernment
Carmarthen Borough Council
Mayor of Carmarthen
Sheriff of Carmarthen
Historic buildings
Carmarthen Priory
Carmarthen Castle
St Peter's Church
Monuments
Picton Monument
Sports
Carmarthen Quins RFC
Carmarthen Athletic RFC
Carmarthen Town A.F.C.
Geography portal
Wales portal
This article about a mayor in Wales is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carmarthen Borough Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmarthen_Borough_Council"},{"link_name":"Carmarthen Town Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmarthen"}],"text":"The Mayor, Burgesses, and Commonalty of the Borough of Carmarthen were established by a royal charter of 1604. The Mayorship was transferred in 1835 to Carmarthen Borough Council, and following local government reorganization in 1974 to Carmarthen Town Council.","title":"Mayor of Carmarthen"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of mayors"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"VAUGHAN, Walter (d.1598), of Golden Grove, Carm. | History of Parliament Online\". www.historyofparliamentonline.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1558-1603/member/vaughan-walter-1598","url_text":"\"VAUGHAN, Walter (d.1598), of Golden Grove, Carm. | History of Parliament Online\""}]},{"reference":"\"TheMayorofCarmarthen – The Carmarthen Weekly Reporter\". William Morgan Evans. 16 November 1906. Retrieved 22 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10107/3584390","url_text":"\"TheMayorofCarmarthen – The Carmarthen Weekly Reporter\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Mayor – Carmarthen Town Council\". www.carmarthentowncouncil.gov.uk. Retrieved 26 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.carmarthentowncouncil.gov.uk/The_Mayor_1972.aspx","url_text":"\"The Mayor – Carmarthen Town Council\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1558-1603/member/vaughan-walter-1598","external_links_name":"\"VAUGHAN, Walter (d.1598), of Golden Grove, Carm. | History of Parliament Online\""},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/10107/3584390","external_links_name":"\"TheMayorofCarmarthen – The Carmarthen Weekly Reporter\""},{"Link":"http://www.carmarthentowncouncil.gov.uk/The_Mayor_1972.aspx","external_links_name":"\"The Mayor – Carmarthen Town Council\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mayor_of_Carmarthen&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBL_Finals_Weekend | BBL Championship | ["1 History","2 Format","2.1 Regular season","2.2 BBL Playoffs","3 Sponsorship","4 BBL Playoff winners","5 Honours board","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"] | British basketball league
BBL ChampionshipCurrent season, competition or edition: 2023–24 British Basketball League seasonThe BBL Championship logoSportBasketballFounded1987First season1987–88Organising bodyBritish Basketball LeagueNo. of teams10Country United KingdomContinent FIBA Europe (Europe)Most recentchampion(s)London Lions (3rd title)Most titlesNewcastle Eagles (7 titles)TV partner(s)Sky SportsYouTubeLevel on pyramid1Domestic cup(s)BBL Cup BBL TrophyRelatedcompetitionsEBL ChampionshipSBC Senior Men Division 1
The British Basketball League Championship, often shortened to the BBL Championship, is the top-level men's professional basketball league in the United Kingdom. Established in 1987, the competition is administered by the British Basketball League and comprises 10 teams from both England and Scotland. Each team plays a 36-game regular season, from September until April, with the team that finishes in first place being crowned as League champions.
Following the end of the regular season, the top eight-placed teams advance to the postseason Playoffs tournament to decide the winner of the BBL Playoffs.
There is currently no promotion or relegation between the second-tier English and Scottish leagues and the BBL Championship because of the franchise system in use in the BBL, although several clubs have been elected from the English Basketball League in recent years.
History
Since 1972, the English Basketball Association-operated semi-professional National Basketball League provided competition for the country's top basketball clubs. The league started with six clubs, but grew each year to include multiple divisions featuring teams from across England. However, by the mid-1980s, following an increase in the sport's popularity due to coverage from television network Channel 4, the League's foremost clubs – looking to improve the basketball's image through greater professionalism – broke away from the English Basketball Association and formed their own administration. The new organisation, simply called the Basketball League, was established in 1987 and saw a franchise-based set-up where every member would have an equal shareholding and a representative on the League's Board of Directors, and with no promotion or relegation to the lower leagues aiming at increasing the league's stability. The NBL's sponsorship deal from the Carlsberg Group continued with the new organisation and the newly founded Carlsberg League tipped off its inaugural season in 1987. A total of 15 teams took to the floor for the 1987–88 season, with the new League including all 13 former NBL teams present as well as drafting in new entrants Oldham Celtics (promoted from NBL Division 2) and Livingston (elected from the Scottish National League). The new league continued the NBL's policy of allowing only two import players to be registered per team. Portsmouth were the early pace-setters and pipped Kingston to the first regular-season League title but it was underdogs Livingston, the only member based outside England, that claimed the first Championship thanks to an 81–72 victory over Portsmouth in the Play-off Final.
Portsmouth's dominance was short-lived however and after a failed attempt to relocate to Reading, the franchise withdrew from the League in 1988. This was the beginning of a membership crisis for the Carlsberg League, with no fewer than seven teams withdrawing from the competition by the start of the 1989–90 season. With a lack of teams, the League opened up for expansion and brought in the newly rebranded London Docklands team along with Cheshire Jets and Worthing Bears from the NBL, whilst readmitting Birmingham Bullets and Hemel Royals over the next couple of seasons. In 1990, the league was rebranded as the Carlsberg League Division One, after the Carlsberg Group decided to extend its sponsorship to the lower leagues. Kingston dominated the League throughout its early years and under the guidance of Coach Kevin Cadle – the most successful coach in British Basketball history – netted four consecutive regular season and Championship titles from 1989 (as Glasgow Rangers) to 1992.
In 1993, the competition was rebranded again due to new sponsorship deal from Budweiser, thus becoming the Budweiser Basketball League. The addition of Sheffield Sharks (from the NBL) and the London-based Leopards in 1994 ushered in a new era for the League, with both teams utilising multimillion-pound arenas to stage home games. It was a huge step away from the traditional, small sports centre venues that were commonplace throughout the League (though London Docklands briefly used London Arena for home games). With financial backing from the Chrysalis Group, Sheffield stormed to their first League title in 1994–95 season – their rookie season. Following the demise of Kingston, who had since moved to Guildford to become the Guildford Kings, Worthing made their mark in history with three back-to-back Play-off Finals victories from 1993 to 1995. In 1995, the Budweiser League secured a deal with BSkyB to broadcast games live on its Sky Sports platform, which brought a greater following and popularity to the League. To increase playing standards and game quality, the League amended its rules a year later to allow teams to include five imported players on their roster.
By 1996, the Budweiser League had become more stable and comprised 13 teams, all of which were based in England and five of which were located in and around London (Crystal Palace, Hemel Royals, Leopards, London Towers and Thames Valley Tigers). The capital city enjoyed huge success throughout this period with Towers taking the 1996 League crown and Leopards scoring back-to-back League titles in 1997 and 1998 – where they won via head-to-head results over second placed Birmingham Bullets after both teams finished with 58 points. The spell of dominance from the South was broken by Birmingham's two Championship Final's victories in 1996 and 1998, against the Towers and Thames Valley Tigers respectively. The 1998–99 season saw a new addition to the League with the expansion of Edinburgh Rocks, who became the League's first Scottish-based team since Glasgow Rangers' and Livingston's participation in 1989. The 1999 Budweiser League title came down to a final game between title-chasing rivals Sheffield and Manchester Giants in front of more than 11,000 fans at Manchester's MEN Arena. With both teams tied on points at the top of the League table, and tied at 85–85 with just 3.5 seconds left in the game, Terrell Myers' last-gasp 18-foot buzzer-beating jump-shot claimed the regular season title for Sheffield. However it was the third-seed London Towers who went all the way in the post-season play-offs and took home the Championship crown.
Another change of sponsorship in 1999 saw the competition renamed as the Dairylea Dunkers Championship, whilst the League radically changed its structure to incorporate a conference-based system. The League's 13 teams were geographically divided into two conferences – seven teams in the North and six teams in the South – with the top four-placed teams in each conference advancing to the play-offs. Towers had dominated the South, whilst Giants gained revenge on Sheffield, pipping them to the Northern Conference crown. The Northern and Southern winner's were kept apart throughout the play-offs until the Final, where Manchester went on to beat Birmingham for the post-season title. The new millennium saw yet another name change as the competition was rebranded as the British Basketball League Championship following the end of Darylea's sponsorship in 2000 and the 2000–01 season saw one of the biggest upsets in BBL history as Leicester Riders, who finished with a 17–19 record in the regular season and were the lowest seeded team in the play-offs, went all the way to take the Championship silverware with a 75–84 in the Final over Sheffield. Following that season the League's TV broadcasting deal transferred from BSkyB to ITV Digital in a three-year contract agreement. Just months later the Manchester Giants became the first franchise to be removed from the competition by League officials due to unfulfilling a fixture and a lack of finance.
The 2001–02 season was a remarkable one for minor North-west club Chester Jets who were victorious in all four BBL competitions, winning the Northern Conference title, as well as the Play-off Championship, the BBL Trophy and the National Cup. The accomplishment was dubbed the "Jetwash" by fans and the media, and had last been achieved by the former Kingston franchise in 1992. By the end of the campaign though, the BBL had lost another franchise following Derby Storm's decision to withdraw, and the collapse of ITV Digital during the summer of 2002 brought financial instability to the League and due to the decreased membership, the competition abolished its Conference structure and returned to a single league format. Scottish Rocks went on to win the 2003 Championship title becoming the first non-English team to win since Glasgow Rangers 14 years earlier. With the loss of the Leopards franchise in 2003, the Championship now consisted of just 10 teams. Plymouth Raiders, a powerhouse of the lower divisions, stepped up to the BBL in 2004 and joined as the Championship's eleventh team. The withdrawal of Thames Valley Tigers in 2005 brought about another membership shake-up as Tigers fans, determined not to lose professional basketball in their locality, established the Guildford Heat as the BBL's first supporter-owned franchise. The 2005–06 season saw Newcastle Eagles enjoy their most successful season to date and as they joined Chester and Kingston as the only teams to win a "grand slam" of League, Play-off, BBL Trophy and Cup titles in the same season.
The summer of 2006 saw major upheaval within the BBL's membership as three long-standing franchises – Birmingham Bullets, Brighton Bears and London Towers – all withdrew from the League. With no BBL representation from the country's two biggest cities (Birmingham and London), the League elected lower division teams London United and Midlands-based Worcester Wolves to keep the number of teams at 10 for the upcoming season. United's stay within the BBL lasted only for one season as they too would be forced to withdraw prior to the start of the 2007–08 season due to the loss of its major sponsor. However the Championship saw the addition of three more teams prior to the season tip-off, with English Basketball League team London Capital stepping-up and new franchises Birmingham Panthers and Everton Tigers bringing the number of competing teams to 12. This kick-started another period of instability which saw no fewer than 12 new expansion franchises being drafted in over a period seven years (until 2014), six of which later withdrew or folded due to various issues. Newcastle continued their dynasty of success by claiming a further five Championship titles in seven seasons, from 2005 to 2012, along with many other accolades. Only Guildford Heat in 2008 and Everton/Mersey Tigers, in 2010 and 2011, were able to break their run. Challenging Newcastle's dominance were Leicester Riders who, despite finishing as Finalists in 2012 to Eagles, claimed a treble the following season with victories in the League, Championship Play-offs and BBL Cup.
Format
Regular season
The competition features all member teams playing a 30-game regular season (in a round robin format), from September through to April. Matches are played according to FIBA rules and games consist of four quarters of 10 minutes each. Two points are awarded for a win, with overtime used if the score is tied at the final buzzer – unlimited numbers of 5 minute overtime periods are played until one team is ahead when a period ends. At the end of the regular season, the team with the most points is crowned as winners of the BBL Championship, and thus British Champions. If points are equal between two or more teams then head-to-head results between said teams are used to determine the winners. In the case of a tie between multiple teams where this does not break the tie, the winners are then determined by the points difference in the games between said teams. Following the completion of the Championship regular season, the top-eight ranked teams advance into the post-season Championship Play-offs which usually take place during April.
In the regular season, team schedules are not identical and neither are matchdays, with games scheduled mainly around venue availability. Because of this, teams may find themselves playing a series of home games consecutively followed by a straight set of away games. As the season is also particularly short many games are played over weekends as 'doubleheaders, whereby a team will play games (possibly a home and away game) on consecutive days, something that is not commonplace in British sports, although often seen in the National Basketball Association and other North American sports.
BBL Playoffs
The postseason BBL Playoffs usually takes place in April and May, featuring the top eight ranked teams from the regular season compete in a knockout tournament. Teams are seeded depending on their final positioning in the Championship standings, so first-place faces eighth-place, second versus seventh-place, third against sixth-place and finally fourth plays the fifth-placed team. Both the Quarterfinals and the succeeding Semifinals are played over a two-game series (home & away) with the higher seed having choice of home advantage in the either the first or second leg – an aggregated score over the two games will determine which team will advance to the next stage. As with the Quarterfinals, teams in the Semifinals are also seeded, with the highest-ranking team drawn against the lowest-ranking team in one Semifinal and the two remaining teams drawn together in the other Semifinal. The culmination of the postseason is the Grand Final, held at The O2 Arena in London, which sees the two Semifinal winners play a one-game event to determine the BBL Playoff winners.
Sponsorship
Throughout its history the competition has been sponsored by several businesses, which have resulted in the trophy being renamed in accordance with the sponsor's branding.
Period
Sponsor
Name
1987–1990
Carlsberg Group
Carlsberg Basketball League
1990–1993
Carlsberg Group
Carlsberg League Division One
1993–1999
Budweiser
Budweiser Basketball League
1999–2000
Dairylea
Dairylea Dunker's Championship
2000–present
No main sponsor
BBL Championship
BBL Playoff winners
Season
Winner
Score
Runners-up
Venue
Location
MVP
1987–88
Livingston
81–72
Portsmouth
Wembley Arena
London
Graeme Hill
1988–89
Glasgow Rangers
89–86
Livingston
National Exhibition Centre
Birmingham
Alan Cunningham
1989–90
Kingston
87–82
Sunderland Saints
National Exhibition Centre
Birmingham
unknown
1990–91
Kingston
94–72
Sunderland Saints
National Exhibition Centre
Birmingham
unknown
1991–92
Kingston
84–67
Thames Valley Tigers
Wembley Arena
London
unknown
1992–93
Worthing Bears
75–74
Thames Valley Tigers
Wembley Arena
London
unknown
1993–94
Worthing Bears
71–65
Guildford Kings
Wembley Arena
London
unknown
1994–95
Worthing Bears
77–73
Manchester Giants
Wembley Arena
London
unknown
1995–96
Birmingham Bullets
89–72
London Towers
Wembley Arena
London
unknown
1996–97
London Towers
89–88
Leopards
Wembley Arena
London
unknown
1997–98
Birmingham Bullets
78–75
Thames Valley Tigers
Wembley Arena
London
Tony Dorsey
1998–99
London Towers
82–71
Thames Valley Tigers
Wembley Arena
London
Danny Lewis
1999–00
Manchester Giants
74–65
Birmingham Bullets
Wembley Arena
London
Tony Dorsey
2000–01
Leicester Riders
84–75
Chester Jets
Wembley Arena
London
Larry Johnson
2001–02
Chester Jets
93–82
Sheffield Sharks
Wembley Arena
London
John McCord
2002–03
Scottish Rocks
83–76
Brighton Bears
National Indoor Arena
Birmingham
Shawn Myers
2003–04
Sheffield Sharks
86–74
Chester Jets
National Indoor Arena
Birmingham
Lynard Stewart
2004–05
Newcastle Eagles
78–75
Chester Jets
National Indoor Arena
Birmingham
Andrew Sullivan
2005–06
Newcastle Eagles
83–68
Scottish Rocks
National Indoor Arena
Birmingham
Fabulous Flournoy
2006–07
Newcastle Eagles
95–82
Scottish Rocks
Metro Radio Arena
Newcastle upon Tyne
Olu Babalola
2007–08
Guildford Heat
100–88
Milton Keynes Lions
National Indoor Arena
Birmingham
Daniel Gilbert
2008–09
Newcastle Eagles
87–84
Everton Tigers
National Indoor Arena
Birmingham
Trey Moore
2009–10
Everton Tigers
80–72
Glasgow Rocks
National Indoor Arena
Birmingham
Kevin Bell
2010–11
Mersey Tigers
79–74
Sheffield Sharks
National Indoor Arena
Birmingham
James Jones
2011–12
Newcastle Eagles
71–62
Leicester Riders
National Indoor Arena
Birmingham
Charles Smith
2012–13
Leicester Riders
68–57
Newcastle Eagles
Wembley Arena
London
Jay Cousinard
2013–14
Worcester Wolves
90–78
Newcastle Eagles
Wembley Arena
London
Zaire Taylor
2014–15
Newcastle Eagles
96–84
London Lions
O2 Arena
London
Rahmon Fletcher
2015–16
Sheffield Sharks
84–74
Leicester Riders
O2 Arena
London
Mike Tuck
2016–17
Leicester Riders
84–63
Newcastle Eagles
O2 Arena
London
Pierre Hampton
2017–18
Leicester Riders
81–60
London Lions
O2 Arena
London
TrayVonn Wright
2018–19
Leicester Riders
93–61
London City Royals
O2 Arena
London
Timothy Williams
2020–21
Newcastle Eagles
68–66
London Lions
Morningside Arena
Leicester
Cortez Edwards
2021–22
Leicester Riders
78–75
London Lions
O2 Arena
London
Geno Crandall
2022–23
London Lions
88–80
Leicester Riders
O2 Arena
London
Jordan Taylor
Honours board
Rank
Team
Wins
RU
Wins
RU
Wins
RU
Wins
RU
Wins
RU
BBL Championship
BBL Playoffs
BBL Cup
BBL Trophy
Total
1
Newcastle Eagles
7
6
7
5
7
4
7
4
28
19
2
Leicester Riders
6
4
6
3
4
5
3
4
19
16
3
Guildford Kings†
4
1
4
1
4
0
3
1
15
3
4
Sheffield Sharks
4
6
2
3
6
2
2
2
14
13
5
Cheshire Phoenix
2
2
1
3
2
2
6
3
11
10
6
London Towers†
4
1
2
1
1
1
3
2
10
5
7
London Lions
3
2
2
5
3
1
1
4
9
12
8
Brighton Bears†
2
3
3
1
3
1
0
3
8
8
9
Thames Valley Tigers†
1
4
0
4
2
3
4
0
7
11
10
Mersey Tigers†
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
0
5
3
11
Surrey Scorchers
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
2
4
3
12
Manchester Giants†
1
2
1
1
0
2
1
4
3
9
13
Essex Leopards†
2
1
0
1
2
0
0
0
3
4
14
Worcester Wolves†
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
0
3
1
15
Caledonia Gladiators
0
1
1
3
0
4
1
1
2
9
16
Livingston†
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
2
3
17
Birmingham Bullets†
0
1
2
1
0
1
0
0
2
3
18
Plymouth Raiders†
0
0
0
0
0
2
1
3
1
5
19
Portsmouth†
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
3
20
London City Royals†
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
21
Derby Storm†
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
22
Solent Kestrels
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
23
Bristol Flyers
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
24
Manchester Giants
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
*Note: † Defunct club.
*Note: This is a ranking of all BBL clubs titles won both throughout BBL history and including pre-BBL titles.
*Note: Manchester Giants refers to the first franchise with this name rather than the current franchise of the same name.
Soruce: Honours board
See also
Basketball in England
British Basketball League
BBL Cup
BBL Trophy
References
^ Richard Taylor (1999). "Myers in moment of magic". The Independent. Retrieved 2013-09-19.
^ Ian Whittell (2001). "League sign three-year deal with digital TV". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 2013-09-19.
^ "Immortal Jets slam Sheffield". Liverpool Daily Post. 2002. Retrieved 2013-09-19.
^ Mark Woods (2005). "Guildford heat up BBL". BritBall.com. Retrieved 2013-09-19.
^ Rob Dugdale (31 July 2006). "Towers owner to suspend franchise for new season". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 2013-09-13.
^ Andrew Shields (2006). "Towards 2012". Time Out. Archived from the original on 2012-01-12. Retrieved 2013-09-19.
^ a b c d e "BBL – British Basketball League". Bbl.org.uk. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
^ "BBL – British Basketball League". Bbl.org.uk. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
External links
BBL Championship on the BBL's official website.
vteBritish Basketball LeagueTeams
Bristol Flyers
Caledonia Gladiators
Cheshire Phoenix
Leicester Riders
London Lions
Manchester Giants
Newcastle Eagles
Plymouth City Patriots
Sheffield Sharks
Surrey Scorchers
Competitions
BBL Championship (BBL Playoffs)
BBL Trophy
All-Star Game
BBL Cup (defunct)
Cup Winners' Cup (defunct)
Women's British Basketball League
Seasons(List)
1987–88
1988–89
1989–90
1990–91
1991–92
1992–93
1993–94
1994–95
1995–96
1996–97
1997–98
1998–99
1999–00
2000–01
2001–02
2002–03
2003–04
2004–05
2005–06
2006–07
2007–08
2008–09
2009–10
2010–11
2011–12
2012–13
2013–14
2014–15
2015–16
2016–17
2017–18
2018–19
2019–20
2020–21
2021–22
2022–23
2023–24
Awards
Coach of the Year
Most Valuable Player
Other
BBL Player
National Basketball League
Scottish Basketball Championship
National Cup
Timeline of basketball on UK television | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"British Basketball League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Basketball_League"},{"link_name":"promotion or relegation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promotion_and_relegation"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Basketball_League"},{"link_name":"Scottish leagues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Men%27s_National_League"},{"link_name":"franchise system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_franchise"}],"text":"The British Basketball League Championship, often shortened to the BBL Championship, is the top-level men's professional basketball league in the United Kingdom. Established in 1987, the competition is administered by the British Basketball League and comprises 10 teams from both England and Scotland. 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Docklands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Docklands_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Cheshire Jets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheshire_Jets"},{"link_name":"Worthing Bears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worthing_Bears"},{"link_name":"Birmingham Bullets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_Bullets"},{"link_name":"Hemel Royals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemel_Royals"},{"link_name":"Kevin Cadle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Cadle"},{"link_name":"Glasgow Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow_Rangers_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Budweiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budweiser_(Anheuser-Busch)"},{"link_name":"Sheffield Sharks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield_Sharks"},{"link_name":"Leopards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopards_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"London Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Arena"},{"link_name":"Chrysalis Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysalis_Group"},{"link_name":"1994–95 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994%E2%80%9395_British_Basketball_League_season"},{"link_name":"Guildford Kings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guildford_Kings"},{"link_name":"BSkyB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BSkyB"},{"link_name":"Sky Sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_Sports"},{"link_name":"Crystal Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_Palace_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"London Towers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Towers"},{"link_name":"Thames Valley Tigers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thames_Valley_Tigers"},{"link_name":"1998–99 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998%E2%80%9399_British_Basketball_League_season"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh Rocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_Rocks"},{"link_name":"Manchester Giants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_Giants_(1989%E2%80%932001)"},{"link_name":"MEN Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MEN_Arena"},{"link_name":"Terrell Myers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrell_Myers"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Darylea's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dairylea_(cheese)"},{"link_name":"2000–01 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000%E2%80%9301_British_Basketball_League_season"},{"link_name":"Leicester Riders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicester_Riders"},{"link_name":"ITV Digital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV_Digital"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"2001–02 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001%E2%80%9302_British_Basketball_League_season"},{"link_name":"Chester Jets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_Jets"},{"link_name":"BBL Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBL_Trophy"},{"link_name":"National Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Cup"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Derby Storm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_Storm"},{"link_name":"Plymouth Raiders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth_Raiders"},{"link_name":"Guildford Heat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guildford_Heat"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"2005–06 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306_British_Basketball_League_season"},{"link_name":"Newcastle Eagles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_Eagles"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"London United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_United_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Worcester Wolves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcester_Wolves"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"2007–08 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_British_Basketball_League_season"},{"link_name":"English Basketball League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Basketball_League"},{"link_name":"London Capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAWS_London_Capital"},{"link_name":"Birmingham Panthers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_Panthers"},{"link_name":"Everton Tigers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everton_Tigers"},{"link_name":"Guildford Heat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guildford_Heat"},{"link_name":"Everton/Mersey Tigers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mersey_Tigers"}],"text":"Since 1972, the English Basketball Association-operated semi-professional National Basketball League provided competition for the country's top basketball clubs. The league started with six clubs, but grew each year to include multiple divisions featuring teams from across England. However, by the mid-1980s, following an increase in the sport's popularity due to coverage from television network Channel 4, the League's foremost clubs – looking to improve the basketball's image through greater professionalism – broke away from the English Basketball Association and formed their own administration. The new organisation, simply called the Basketball League, was established in 1987 and saw a franchise-based set-up where every member would have an equal shareholding and a representative on the League's Board of Directors, and with no promotion or relegation to the lower leagues aiming at increasing the league's stability. The NBL's sponsorship deal from the Carlsberg Group continued with the new organisation and the newly founded Carlsberg League tipped off its inaugural season in 1987. A total of 15 teams took to the floor for the 1987–88 season, with the new League including all 13 former NBL teams present as well as drafting in new entrants Oldham Celtics (promoted from NBL Division 2) and Livingston (elected from the Scottish National League). The new league continued the NBL's policy of allowing only two import players to be registered per team. Portsmouth were the early pace-setters and pipped Kingston to the first regular-season League title but it was underdogs Livingston, the only member based outside England, that claimed the first Championship thanks to an 81–72 victory over Portsmouth in the Play-off Final.Portsmouth's dominance was short-lived however and after a failed attempt to relocate to Reading, the franchise withdrew from the League in 1988. This was the beginning of a membership crisis for the Carlsberg League, with no fewer than seven teams withdrawing from the competition by the start of the 1989–90 season. With a lack of teams, the League opened up for expansion and brought in the newly rebranded London Docklands team along with Cheshire Jets and Worthing Bears from the NBL, whilst readmitting Birmingham Bullets and Hemel Royals over the next couple of seasons. In 1990, the league was rebranded as the Carlsberg League Division One, after the Carlsberg Group decided to extend its sponsorship to the lower leagues. Kingston dominated the League throughout its early years and under the guidance of Coach Kevin Cadle – the most successful coach in British Basketball history – netted four consecutive regular season and Championship titles from 1989 (as Glasgow Rangers) to 1992.In 1993, the competition was rebranded again due to new sponsorship deal from Budweiser, thus becoming the Budweiser Basketball League. The addition of Sheffield Sharks (from the NBL) and the London-based Leopards in 1994 ushered in a new era for the League, with both teams utilising multimillion-pound arenas to stage home games. It was a huge step away from the traditional, small sports centre venues that were commonplace throughout the League (though London Docklands briefly used London Arena for home games). With financial backing from the Chrysalis Group, Sheffield stormed to their first League title in 1994–95 season – their rookie season. Following the demise of Kingston, who had since moved to Guildford to become the Guildford Kings, Worthing made their mark in history with three back-to-back Play-off Finals victories from 1993 to 1995. In 1995, the Budweiser League secured a deal with BSkyB to broadcast games live on its Sky Sports platform, which brought a greater following and popularity to the League. To increase playing standards and game quality, the League amended its rules a year later to allow teams to include five imported players on their roster.By 1996, the Budweiser League had become more stable and comprised 13 teams, all of which were based in England and five of which were located in and around London (Crystal Palace, Hemel Royals, Leopards, London Towers and Thames Valley Tigers). The capital city enjoyed huge success throughout this period with Towers taking the 1996 League crown and Leopards scoring back-to-back League titles in 1997 and 1998 – where they won via head-to-head results over second placed Birmingham Bullets after both teams finished with 58 points. The spell of dominance from the South was broken by Birmingham's two Championship Final's victories in 1996 and 1998, against the Towers and Thames Valley Tigers respectively. The 1998–99 season saw a new addition to the League with the expansion of Edinburgh Rocks, who became the League's first Scottish-based team since Glasgow Rangers' and Livingston's participation in 1989. The 1999 Budweiser League title came down to a final game between title-chasing rivals Sheffield and Manchester Giants in front of more than 11,000 fans at Manchester's MEN Arena. With both teams tied on points at the top of the League table, and tied at 85–85 with just 3.5 seconds left in the game, Terrell Myers' last-gasp 18-foot buzzer-beating jump-shot claimed the regular season title for Sheffield.[1] However it was the third-seed London Towers who went all the way in the post-season play-offs and took home the Championship crown.Another change of sponsorship in 1999 saw the competition renamed as the Dairylea Dunkers Championship, whilst the League radically changed its structure to incorporate a conference-based system. The League's 13 teams were geographically divided into two conferences – seven teams in the North and six teams in the South – with the top four-placed teams in each conference advancing to the play-offs. Towers had dominated the South, whilst Giants gained revenge on Sheffield, pipping them to the Northern Conference crown. The Northern and Southern winner's were kept apart throughout the play-offs until the Final, where Manchester went on to beat Birmingham for the post-season title. The new millennium saw yet another name change as the competition was rebranded as the British Basketball League Championship following the end of Darylea's sponsorship in 2000 and the 2000–01 season saw one of the biggest upsets in BBL history as Leicester Riders, who finished with a 17–19 record in the regular season and were the lowest seeded team in the play-offs, went all the way to take the Championship silverware with a 75–84 in the Final over Sheffield. Following that season the League's TV broadcasting deal transferred from BSkyB to ITV Digital in a three-year contract agreement.[2] Just months later the Manchester Giants became the first franchise to be removed from the competition by League officials due to unfulfilling a fixture and a lack of finance.[citation needed]The 2001–02 season was a remarkable one for minor North-west club Chester Jets who were victorious in all four BBL competitions, winning the Northern Conference title, as well as the Play-off Championship, the BBL Trophy and the National Cup. The accomplishment was dubbed the \"Jetwash\" by fans and the media, and had last been achieved by the former Kingston franchise in 1992.[3] By the end of the campaign though, the BBL had lost another franchise following Derby Storm's decision to withdraw, and the collapse of ITV Digital during the summer of 2002 brought financial instability to the League and due to the decreased membership, the competition abolished its Conference structure and returned to a single league format. Scottish Rocks went on to win the 2003 Championship title becoming the first non-English team to win since Glasgow Rangers 14 years earlier. With the loss of the Leopards franchise in 2003, the Championship now consisted of just 10 teams. Plymouth Raiders, a powerhouse of the lower divisions, stepped up to the BBL in 2004 and joined as the Championship's eleventh team. The withdrawal of Thames Valley Tigers in 2005 brought about another membership shake-up as Tigers fans, determined not to lose professional basketball in their locality, established the Guildford Heat as the BBL's first supporter-owned franchise.[4] The 2005–06 season saw Newcastle Eagles enjoy their most successful season to date and as they joined Chester and Kingston as the only teams to win a \"grand slam\" of League, Play-off, BBL Trophy and Cup titles in the same season.The summer of 2006 saw major upheaval within the BBL's membership as three long-standing franchises – Birmingham Bullets, Brighton Bears and London Towers – all withdrew from the League.[5] With no BBL representation from the country's two biggest cities (Birmingham and London), the League elected lower division teams London United and Midlands-based Worcester Wolves to keep the number of teams at 10 for the upcoming season.[6] United's stay within the BBL lasted only for one season as they too would be forced to withdraw prior to the start of the 2007–08 season due to the loss of its major sponsor. However the Championship saw the addition of three more teams prior to the season tip-off, with English Basketball League team London Capital stepping-up and new franchises Birmingham Panthers and Everton Tigers bringing the number of competing teams to 12. This kick-started another period of instability which saw no fewer than 12 new expansion franchises being drafted in over a period seven years (until 2014), six of which later withdrew or folded due to various issues. Newcastle continued their dynasty of success by claiming a further five Championship titles in seven seasons, from 2005 to 2012, along with many other accolades. Only Guildford Heat in 2008 and Everton/Mersey Tigers, in 2010 and 2011, were able to break their run. Challenging Newcastle's dominance were Leicester Riders who, despite finishing as Finalists in 2012 to Eagles, claimed a treble the following season with victories in the League, Championship Play-offs and BBL Cup.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Format"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"round robin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round-robin_tournament"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbl.org.uk-7"},{"link_name":"FIBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIBA"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbl.org.uk-7"},{"link_name":"overtime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtime_(sports)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbl.org.uk-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbl.org.uk-7"},{"link_name":"doubleheaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doubleheader_(television)"},{"link_name":"National Basketball Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Basketball_Association"}],"sub_title":"Regular season","text":"The competition features all member teams playing a 30-game regular season (in a round robin format), from September through to April.[7] Matches are played according to FIBA rules and games consist of four quarters of 10 minutes each. Two points are awarded for a win,[7] with overtime used if the score is tied at the final buzzer – unlimited numbers of 5 minute overtime periods are played until one team is ahead when a period ends. At the end of the regular season, the team with the most points is crowned as winners of the BBL Championship, and thus British Champions. If points are equal between two or more teams then head-to-head results between said teams are used to determine the winners. In the case of a tie between multiple teams where this does not break the tie, the winners are then determined by the points difference in the games between said teams.[7] Following the completion of the Championship regular season, the top-eight ranked teams advance into the post-season Championship Play-offs which usually take place during April.[7]In the regular season, team schedules are not identical and neither are matchdays, with games scheduled mainly around venue availability. Because of this, teams may find themselves playing a series of home games consecutively followed by a straight set of away games. As the season is also particularly short many games are played over weekends as 'doubleheaders, whereby a team will play games (possibly a home and away game) on consecutive days, something that is not commonplace in British sports, although often seen in the National Basketball Association and other North American sports.","title":"Format"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"knockout tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knockout_tournament"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbl.org.uk-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-8"},{"link_name":"The O2 Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_O2"}],"sub_title":"BBL Playoffs","text":"The postseason BBL Playoffs usually takes place in April and May, featuring the top eight ranked teams from the regular season compete in a knockout tournament. Teams are seeded depending on their final positioning in the Championship standings, so first-place faces eighth-place, second versus seventh-place, third against sixth-place and finally fourth plays the fifth-placed team. Both the Quarterfinals and the succeeding Semifinals are played over a two-game series (home & away) with the higher seed having choice of home advantage in the either the first or second leg – an aggregated score over the two games will determine which team will advance to the next stage.[7][8] As with the Quarterfinals, teams in the Semifinals are also seeded, with the highest-ranking team drawn against the lowest-ranking team in one Semifinal and the two remaining teams drawn together in the other Semifinal. The culmination of the postseason is the Grand Final, held at The O2 Arena in London, which sees the two Semifinal winners play a one-game event to determine the BBL Playoff winners.","title":"Format"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Throughout its history the competition has been sponsored by several businesses, which have resulted in the trophy being renamed in accordance with the sponsor's branding.","title":"Sponsorship"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"BBL Playoff winners"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Honours board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.bbl.org.uk/bbl-honours-board/"}],"text":"*Note: † Defunct club.*Note: This is a ranking of all BBL clubs titles won both throughout BBL history and including pre-BBL titles.*Note: Manchester Giants refers to the first franchise with this name rather than the current franchise of the same name.Soruce: Honours board","title":"Honours board"}] | [] | [{"title":"Basketball in England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_in_England"},{"title":"British Basketball League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Basketball_League"},{"title":"BBL Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBL_Cup"},{"title":"BBL Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBL_Trophy"}] | [{"reference":"Richard Taylor (1999). \"Myers in moment of magic\". 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Retrieved 2013-09-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thefreelibrary.com/IMMORTAL+JETS+SLAM+SHEFFIELD;+Chester+Jets+Four+trophies+in+historic...-a085231297l","url_text":"\"Immortal Jets slam Sheffield\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_Daily_Post","url_text":"Liverpool Daily Post"}]},{"reference":"Mark Woods (2005). \"Guildford heat up BBL\". BritBall.com. Retrieved 2013-09-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.britball.com/gui050719.html","url_text":"\"Guildford heat up BBL\""}]},{"reference":"Rob Dugdale (31 July 2006). \"Towers owner to suspend franchise for new season\". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 2013-09-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://sport.guardian.co.uk/news/story/0,,1834014,00.html","url_text":"\"Towers owner to suspend franchise for new season\""}]},{"reference":"Andrew Shields (2006). \"Towards 2012\". Time Out. Archived from the original on 2012-01-12. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_League_(Opposition) | Muslim League (Opposition) | ["1 Formation","2 Election history","2.1 1977 Kerala Assembly Elections","2.2 1977 General Elections","2.3 1980 Kerala Assembly Elections","2.4 1980 General Elections","2.5 1982 Kerala Assembly Elections","3 Merger with Indian Union Muslim League","4 References"] | Indian political party
Political party in India
Muslim League (Opposition) LeaderUmmer Bafaqy ThangalFounded
1974 (wing within the League)
1975 (formal)
Dissolved1985Split fromIndian Union Muslim LeagueMerged intoIndian Union Muslim LeagueAlliance
Left front (Kerala)
Left Democratic Front
Politics of IndiaPolitical partiesElections
Muslim League (Opposition), also rebel Muslim League, renamed as the All India Muslim League in 1980, was an Indian political party formed by the aggrieved leaders of Indian Union Muslim League in Kerala. The party was a member of the Communist Party of India Marxist-led Left front (later Left Democratic Front) in Kerala.
The party was organized by Ummer Bafaqy Thangal, son-in-law of the prominent Indian Union Muslim League leader Bafaqy Thangal (died 1973). All India Muslim League withdrew from the Left Democratic Front and merged with the Indian Union Muslim League in 1985.
Formation
The signs of a dissensions within ranks of the Kerala unit of the Indian Union Muslim League emerged with the deaths of senior League leaders M. Muhammed Ismail (1972) and Abdurrahiman Bafaqy Thangal (1973).
The main reasons of the rift were,
A power struggle between League leaders C. H. Mohammed Koya and Ummer Bafaqy Thangal, the son-in-law of Bafaqy Thangal.
A generational conflict within the Kerala unit of the Indian Union Muslim League.
A dispute over tactics (whether to compromise the alliance with Indian National Congress in Kerala).
Six aggrieved League M. L. A.s refused the party whip in May 1975. They were expelled from the party, and subsequently the 'rebel Muslim League' was formed.
Election history
The Muslim League (Opposition) or 'rebel Muslim League' began to cooperate with the Communist Party of India Marxist-led Left Front from 1977 Kerala Assembly Elections.
1977 Kerala Assembly Elections
The Muslim League (Opposition) contested the 1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly elections by fielding 16 candidates across Kerala. The party managed to receive a total of 390,139 votes (4.45% of the polled votes in Kerala). Three of its candidates were elected; P. P. V. Moosa from Edakkad, P. M. Aboobaker from Calicut-II and K. P. Raman from Kunnamangalam (S. C.).
1977 General Elections
Muslim League (Opposition) fielded two candidates in the 1977 general election. Both were defeated by Indian Union Muslim League candidates in straight contests; B. M. Hussain in the Manjeri Constituency (167,034 votes, 38.73%) and M. Moideen Kutty Haji (151,945 votes, 36.05%) in Ponnani Constituency. The party secured the 1979 by-election to the Kasaragod Legislative Assembly seat, with B. M. A. Rahiman as the candidate.
1980 Kerala Assembly Elections
Muslim League (Opposition) changed its name to the 'All India Muslim League' ahead of the 1980 Kerala assembly election (with the election symbol of the boat).
All India Muslim League fielded eleven candidates in the 1980 Legislative Assembly election, out of whom five were elected; P. P. V. Moosa, P. M. Aboobacker, K. P. Rama, A. V. Abdulurahiman Haji and M. J. Zakaria. In total, the party received 335,223 votes (3.51% of the polled votes in the state). The party became a partner in the Communist Party of India Marxist-led coalition government, with E. K. Nayanar as the Chief Minister (the first Left Democratic Front government).
1980 General Elections
All India Muslim League fielded K. Moideen Kutty Haji in Manjeri Constituency in the 1980 general election. He finished second with 196,820 votes (and managed to receive 45.60% of the total polled votes in the constituency).
1982 Kerala Assembly Elections
The All India Muslim League fielded twelve candidates in the 1982 Legislative Assembly election, out of whom four were elected. A. V. Abdulurahiman Haji, P. M. Aboobacker and K. P. Raman were re-elected. N. A. Mammoo Haji was elected from Peringalam. All in all, the candidates of the party obtained 310,626 votes (3.25% of the total polled votes in the state).
Merger with Indian Union Muslim League
The alliance between Communist Party of India Marxist and the All India Muslim League was severed in 1985. The party withdrew from the Left Democratic Front and merged with the Indian Union Muslim League in 1985.
References
India portal
^ a b c d e f g h i Wright, Jr., Theodore P. (1977). "Muslims and the 1977 Indian Elections: A Watershed?". Asian Survey. 17 (12): 1213–14. doi:10.2307/2643422. JSTOR 2643422.
^ a b c d e Nossiter, Thomas J. (1982). Communism in Kerala: A Study in Political Adaptation. University of California Press. pp. 25, 228-29 and 236. ISBN 978-0-520-04667-2.
^ Radhakrishnan, M. G. (19 April 2019). "Revenge of the Dead Horse". Asianet News. Trivandrum. Archived from the original on 15 June 2020.
^ a b Pillai, Sreedhar (31 August 1985). "Indian Union Muslim League and All India Muslim League Merge in Kerala". India Today. Archived from the original on 13 June 2020.
^ "Kerala Assembly Elections 1977" (PDF). Election Commission of India. Government of India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 January 2013.
^ "1977 General Elections" (PDF). Election Commission of India. Government of India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 January 2013.
^ "By-Elections". Election Commission of India. Government of India. Archived from the original on 11 April 2011.
^ The Indian Political Science Review. 19. Department of Political Science, University of Delhi: 149. 1985 https://books.google.com/books?id=xxmDAAAAMAAJ. {{cite journal}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
^ The Election Archives. Shiv Lal. 1982. p. 66.
^ "Kerala Assembly Elections 1980" (PDF). Election Commission of India. Government of India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 October 2010.
^ Sharafudeen, S. (2003). Muslims of Kerala: A Modern Approach. Kerala Historical Society. p. 86.
^ "1980 General Elections" (PDF). Election Commission of India. Government of India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 January 2013.
^ "Kerala Assembly Elections 1982" (PDF). Election Commission of India. Government of India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 January 2013.
^ Singh, R. S.; Singh, Champa (1991). Indian Communism, Its Role Towards Indian Polity. New Delhi: Mittal Publications. p. 141. ISBN 978-81-7099-294-3.
^ Biju, M. R. (1997). Politics of Democracy and Decentralisation in India: A Case Study of Kerala. New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers. p. 61. ISBN 978-81-7156-705-8.
^ Chander, N. Jose (1986). Dynamics of State Politics, Kerala. Sterling Publishers. p. 204. ISBN 9788120706040.
vteLeft Democratic FrontMembersNational Parties
Communist Party of India (Marxist)
State Parties
Communist Party of India
Nationalist Congress Party
Kerala Congress (M)
Janata Dal (Secular)
Registered Unrecognised Parties
Kerala Congress (B)
Congress (Secular)
Indian National League
Revolutionary Socialist Party (Leninist)
National Secular Conference
Loktantrik Janata Dal
Janathipathiya Samrakshana Samithy
Kerala Congress (Skaria Thomas)
Janadhipathya Kerala Congress
Leaders
E. M. S. Namboodiripad
E. K. Nayanar
V. S. Achuthanandan
Pinarayi Vijayan
Kodiyeri Balakrishnan
Prakash Karat
S. Ramachandran Pillai
M. B. Rajesh
C. Achutha Menon
Pannyan Raveendran
Kanam Rajendran
K. E. Ismail
A. K. Saseendran
Thomas Chandy
K. Krishnankutty
Mathew T. Thomas
R. Balakrishna Pillai
Kadannappalli Ramachandran
P. T. A. Rahim
M. P. Veerendra Kumar
K. R. Gowri Amma
Skaria Thomas
Francis George
Chief Ministers of Kerala
E. K. Nayanar
V. S. Achuthanandan
Pinarayi Vijayan | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indian Union Muslim League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Union_Muslim_League"},{"link_name":"Kerala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nossiter1982-2"},{"link_name":"Communist Party of India Marxist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)"},{"link_name":"Left Democratic Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_Democratic_Front"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-3"},{"link_name":"Indian Union Muslim League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Union_Muslim_League"},{"link_name":"Bafaqy Thangal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdurrahiman_Bafaki_Tangal"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nossiter1982-2"},{"link_name":"Left Democratic Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_Democratic_Front"},{"link_name":"Indian Union Muslim League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Union_Muslim_League"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"}],"text":"Indian political partyPolitical party in IndiaMuslim League (Opposition), also rebel Muslim League, renamed as the All India Muslim League in 1980, was an Indian political party formed by the aggrieved leaders of Indian Union Muslim League in Kerala.[1][2] The party was a member of the Communist Party of India Marxist-led Left front (later Left Democratic Front) in Kerala.[3]The party was organized by Ummer Bafaqy Thangal, son-in-law of the prominent Indian Union Muslim League leader Bafaqy Thangal (died 1973).[1][2] All India Muslim League withdrew from the Left Democratic Front and merged with the Indian Union Muslim League in 1985.[4]","title":"Muslim League (Opposition)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indian Union Muslim League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Union_Muslim_League"},{"link_name":"M. Muhammed Ismail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._Muhammad_Ismail"},{"link_name":"Abdurrahiman Bafaqy Thangal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdurrahiman_Bafaki_Tangal"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nossiter1982-2"},{"link_name":"C. H. Mohammed Koya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._H._Mohammed_Koya"},{"link_name":"Bafaqy Thangal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdurrahiman_Bafaki_Tangal"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nossiter1982-2"},{"link_name":"Indian Union Muslim League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Union_Muslim_League"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-1"},{"link_name":"Indian National Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congress"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nossiter1982-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-1"}],"text":"The signs of a dissensions within ranks of the Kerala unit of the Indian Union Muslim League emerged with the deaths of senior League leaders M. Muhammed Ismail (1972) and Abdurrahiman Bafaqy Thangal (1973).[1][2]The main reasons of the rift were,A power struggle between League leaders C. H. Mohammed Koya and Ummer Bafaqy Thangal, the son-in-law of Bafaqy Thangal.[1][2]\nA generational conflict within the Kerala unit of the Indian Union Muslim League.[1]\nA dispute over tactics (whether to compromise the alliance with Indian National Congress in Kerala).[1][2]Six aggrieved League M. L. A.s refused the party whip in May 1975.[1] They were expelled from the party, and subsequently the 'rebel Muslim League' was formed.[1]","title":"Formation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Communist Party of India Marxist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-1"}],"text":"The Muslim League (Opposition) or 'rebel Muslim League' began to cooperate with the Communist Party of India Marxist-led Left Front from 1977 Kerala Assembly Elections.[1]","title":"Election history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"1977 Kerala Assembly Elections","text":"The Muslim League (Opposition) contested the 1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly elections by fielding 16 candidates across Kerala. The party managed to receive a total of 390,139 votes (4.45% of the polled votes in Kerala). Three of its candidates were elected; P. P. V. Moosa from Edakkad, P. M. Aboobaker from Calicut-II and K. P. Raman from Kunnamangalam (S. C.).[5]","title":"Election history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1977 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_Indian_general_election"},{"link_name":"Manjeri Constituency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manjeri_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"1977 General Elections","text":"Muslim League (Opposition) fielded two candidates in the 1977 general election. Both were defeated by Indian Union Muslim League candidates in straight contests; B. M. Hussain in the Manjeri Constituency (167,034 votes, 38.73%) and M. Moideen Kutty Haji (151,945 votes, 36.05%) in Ponnani Constituency.[6] The party secured the 1979 by-election to the Kasaragod Legislative Assembly seat, with B. M. A. Rahiman as the candidate.[7]","title":"Election history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Communist Party of India Marxist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)"},{"link_name":"E. K. Nayanar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E.K._Nayanar"},{"link_name":"Left Democratic Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_Democratic_Front"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sharafudeen2003-11"}],"sub_title":"1980 Kerala Assembly Elections","text":"Muslim League (Opposition) changed its name to the 'All India Muslim League' ahead of the 1980 Kerala assembly election (with the election symbol of the boat).[8] [9]All India Muslim League fielded eleven candidates in the 1980 Legislative Assembly election, out of whom five were elected; P. P. V. Moosa, P. M. Aboobacker, K. P. Rama, A. V. Abdulurahiman Haji and M. J. Zakaria. In total, the party received 335,223 votes (3.51% of the polled votes in the state). [10] The party became a partner in the Communist Party of India Marxist-led coalition government, with E. K. Nayanar as the Chief Minister (the first Left Democratic Front government).[11]","title":"Election history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Manjeri Constituency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manjeri_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)"},{"link_name":"1980 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Indian_general_election"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"1980 General Elections","text":"All India Muslim League fielded K. Moideen Kutty Haji in Manjeri Constituency in the 1980 general election. He finished second with 196,820 votes (and managed to receive 45.60% of the total polled votes in the constituency).[12]","title":"Election history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"1982 Kerala Assembly Elections","text":"The All India Muslim League fielded twelve candidates in the 1982 Legislative Assembly election, out of whom four were elected. A. V. Abdulurahiman Haji, P. M. Aboobacker and K. P. Raman were re-elected. N. A. Mammoo Haji was elected from Peringalam. All in all, the candidates of the party obtained 310,626 votes (3.25% of the total polled votes in the state).[13]","title":"Election history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Communist Party of India Marxist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SinghSingh1991-14"},{"link_name":"Left Democratic Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_Democratic_Front"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Biju19972-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chander19862-16"}],"text":"The alliance between Communist Party of India Marxist and the All India Muslim League was severed in 1985.[14] The party withdrew from the Left Democratic Front and merged with the Indian Union Muslim League in 1985.[4] [15][16]","title":"Merger with Indian Union Muslim League"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Wright, Jr., Theodore P. (1977). \"Muslims and the 1977 Indian Elections: A Watershed?\". Asian Survey. 17 (12): 1213–14. doi:10.2307/2643422. JSTOR 2643422.","urls":[{"url":"https://online.ucpress.edu/as/article/17/12/1207/21233/Muslims-and-the-1977-Indian-Elections-A-Watershed","url_text":"\"Muslims and the 1977 Indian Elections: A Watershed?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2643422","url_text":"10.2307/2643422"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2643422","url_text":"2643422"}]},{"reference":"Nossiter, Thomas J. (1982). Communism in Kerala: A Study in Political Adaptation. University of California Press. pp. 25, 228-29 and 236. 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Archived from the original on 15 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200615084904/https://www.asianetnews.com/magazine/column/godaykku-pinnil-election-analysis-mg-radhakrishnan-on-muslim-league-ppn7te","url_text":"\"Revenge of the Dead Horse\""},{"url":"https://www.asianetnews.com/magazine/column/godaykku-pinnil-election-analysis-mg-radhakrishnan-on-muslim-league-ppn7te","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Pillai, Sreedhar (31 August 1985). \"Indian Union Muslim League and All India Muslim League Merge in Kerala\". India Today. Archived from the original on 13 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200613062836/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19850831-indian-union-muslim-league-and-all-india-muslim-league-merge-in-kerala-801918-2014-01-03","url_text":"\"Indian Union Muslim League and All India Muslim League Merge in Kerala\""},{"url":"https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19850831-indian-union-muslim-league-and-all-india-muslim-league-merge-in-kerala-801918-2014-01-03","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Kerala Assembly Elections 1977\" (PDF). Election Commission of India. Government of India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130127203833/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReporKerala77.pdf","url_text":"\"Kerala Assembly Elections 1977\""},{"url":"https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReporKerala77.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"1977 General Elections\" (PDF). Election Commission of India. Government of India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130127185359/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1977/Vol_I_LS_77.pdf","url_text":"\"1977 General Elections\""},{"url":"https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1977/Vol_I_LS_77.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"By-Elections\". Election Commission of India. Government of India. Archived from the original on 11 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110411035636/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/ByeElection/Bye-ele-results%2052-95.xls","url_text":"\"By-Elections\""},{"url":"https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/ByeElection/Bye-ele-results%2052-95.xls","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"The Indian Political Science Review. 19. Department of Political Science, University of Delhi: 149. 1985 https://books.google.com/books?id=xxmDAAAAMAAJ.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xxmDAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xxmDAAAAMAAJ"}]},{"reference":"The Election Archives. Shiv Lal. 1982. p. 66.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dB4vAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"The Election Archives"}]},{"reference":"\"Kerala Assembly Elections 1980\" (PDF). Election Commission of India. Government of India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101007122928/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReport-Kerala%2080.pdf","url_text":"\"Kerala Assembly Elections 1980\""},{"url":"http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReport-Kerala%2080.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sharafudeen, S. (2003). Muslims of Kerala: A Modern Approach. Kerala Historical Society. p. 86.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1RpuAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Muslims of Kerala: A Modern Approach"}]},{"reference":"\"1980 General Elections\" (PDF). Election Commission of India. Government of India. 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ISBN 978-81-7099-294-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=paQkd5NOPtcC&pg=PA141","url_text":"Indian Communism, Its Role Towards Indian Polity"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7099-294-3","url_text":"978-81-7099-294-3"}]},{"reference":"Biju, M. R. (1997). Politics of Democracy and Decentralisation in India: A Case Study of Kerala. New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers. p. 61. ISBN 978-81-7156-705-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rBPhlynHQ4EC&pg=PA61","url_text":"Politics of Democracy and Decentralisation in India: A Case Study of Kerala"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7156-705-8","url_text":"978-81-7156-705-8"}]},{"reference":"Chander, N. Jose (1986). Dynamics of State Politics, Kerala. Sterling Publishers. p. 204. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Chaldeans | Chaldea | ["1 Name","2 Land","3 Ancient Chaldeans","3.1 Language","3.2 Religion","4 History","4.1 End of the Chaldean dynasty","5 Legacy","5.1 Impact on Assyrian identity","6 References","7 Sources","8 External links"] | Small Semitic nation of ancient Mesopotamia
Not to be confused with Chaldia.
"Ancient Chaldeans" redirects here. For other uses, see Chaldeans (disambiguation).
The Chaldean states in Babylonia during the 1st millennium BC.
Chaldea (/kælˈdiːə/) was a small country that existed between the late 10th or early 9th and mid-6th centuries BC, after which the country and its people were absorbed and assimilated into the indigenous population of Babylonia. Semitic-speaking, it was located in the marshy land of the far southeastern corner of Mesopotamia and briefly came to rule Babylon. The Hebrew Bible uses the term כשדים (Kaśdim) and this is translated as Chaldaeans in the Greek Old Testament, although there is some dispute as to whether Kasdim in fact means Chaldean or refers to the south Mesopotamian Kaldu.
During a period of weakness in the East Semitic-speaking kingdom of Babylonia, new tribes of West Semitic-speaking migrants arrived in the region from the Levant between the 11th and 9th centuries BC. The earliest waves consisted of Suteans and Arameans, followed a century or so later by the Kaldu, a group who became known later as the Chaldeans or the Chaldees. These migrations did not affect the powerful kingdom and empire of Assyria in Upper Mesopotamia, which repelled these incursions.
These nomadic Chaldeans settled in the far southeastern portion of Babylonia, chiefly on the left bank of the Euphrates. Though for a short time the name commonly referred to the whole of southern Mesopotamia in Hebraic literature, this was a geographical and historical misnomer as Chaldea proper was in fact only the plain in the far southeast formed by the deposits of the Euphrates and the Tigris, extending about 640 kilometres (400 mi) along the course of these rivers and averaging about 160 km (100 mi) in width.
There were several kings of Chaldean origins who ruled Babylonia.: 178 From 626 BC to 539 BC, a ruling family referred to as the Chaldean dynasty, named after their possible Chaldean origin,: 4 ruled the kingdom at its height under the Neo-Babylonian Empire, although the final ruler of this empire, Nabonidus (556–539 BC) (and his son and regent Belshazzar) was a usurper of Assyrian ancestry.
Name
The name Chaldaea is a latinization of the Greek Khaldaía (Χαλδαία), a hellenization of Akkadian māt Kaldu or Kašdu, suggesting an underlying /kaɬdu/. The name appears in Hebrew in the Bible as Kaśdim (כשדים) and in Aramaic as Kaśdāy (כשדי).
The Bible (Book of Genesis 22:22) uses the name Kesed (כשׂד, ancient pronunciation /kaɬd/), the singular form of Kasdim(כַּשְׂדִּים), meaning Chaldeans. Kesed is identified as son of Abraham's brother Nahor (and brother of Kemuel the father of Aram), residing in Aram Naharaim. Jewish historian Flavius Josephus (37 – c. 100) also links Arphaxad and Chaldaea, in his Antiquities of the Jews: "Arphaxad named the Arphaxadites, who are now called Chaldeans."
Land
Chaldea and neighboring countriesIn the early period, between the early 9th century and late 7th century BC, mat Kaldi was the name of a small sporadically independent migrant-founded territory under the domination of the Neo-Assyrian Empire (911–605 BC) in southeastern Babylonia, extending to the western shores of the Persian Gulf.
The expression mat Bit Yâkin is also used, apparently synonymously. Bit Yâkin was the name of the largest and most powerful of the five tribes of the Chaldeans, or equivalently, their territory.
The original extension of Bit Yâkin is not known precisely, but it extended from the lower Tigris into the Arabian Peninsula. Sargon II mentions it as extending as far as Dilmun or "sea-land" (littoral Eastern Arabia). "Chaldea" or mat Kaldi generally referred to the low, marshy, alluvial land around the estuaries of the Tigris and Euphrates, which at the time discharged their waters through separate mouths into the sea.
The tribal capital Dur Yâkin was the original seat of Marduk-Baladan.
The king of Chaldea was also called the king of Bit Yakin, just as the kings of Babylonia and Assyria were regularly styled simply king of Babylon or Assur, the capital city in each case. In the same way, what is now known as the Persian Gulf was sometimes called "the Sea of Bit Yakin", and sometimes "the Sea of the Land of Chaldea".
"Chaldea" came to be used in a wider sense, of Southern Mesopotamia in general, following the brief ascendancy of the Chaldeans during 608–557 BC. This is especially the case in the Hebrew Bible, which was substantially composed during this period (roughly corresponding to the period of Babylonian captivity). The Book of Jeremiah makes frequent reference to the Chaldeans (King James Version Chaldees following LXX Χαλδαίοι; in Biblical Hebrew as Kasdîm כַּשְׂדִּים).
Book of Habakkuk 1:6 calls them "that bitter and hasty nation" (הַגֹּוי הַמַּר וְהַנִּמְהָר). Book of Isaiah 23:13 DRB states, “Behold the land of the Chaldeans, there was not such a people, the Assyrians founded it: they have led away the strong ones thereof into captivity, they have destroyed the houses thereof, they have brought it to ruin.”
Ancient Chaldeans
Unlike the East Semitic Akkadian-speaking Akkadians, Assyrians and Babylonians, whose ancestors had been established in Mesopotamia since at least the 30th century BC, the Chaldeans were not a native Mesopotamian people, but were late 10th- or early 9th-century BC West Semitic Levantine migrants to the southeastern corner of the region, who had played no part in the previous three millennia of Sumero-Akkadian and Assyro-Babylonian Mesopotamian civilization and history.
The ancient Chaldeans seem to have migrated into Mesopotamia sometime between c. 940 and 860 BC, a century or so after other new Semitic arrivals, the Arameans and the Suteans, appeared in Babylonia, c. 1100 BC. According to Ran Zadok, they first appear in written record in cylinder inscriptions of the King of Mari Aššur-ketta-lēšir II (late 12th-early 11th century BC), which record them reaching Messopotamia as early as the 11th century BC. They later appear in the annals of the Assyrian king Shalmaneser III during the 850s BC. This was a period of weakness in Babylonia, and its ineffectual native kings were unable to prevent new waves of semi-nomadic foreign peoples from invading and settling in the land.
Though belonging to the same West Semitic speaking ethnic group and migrating from the same Levantine regions as the earlier arriving Aramaeans, they are to be differentiated; the Assyrian king Sennacherib, for example, carefully distinguishes them in his inscriptions.
The Chaldeans were for a time able to keep their identity despite the dominant native Assyro-Babylonian (Sumero-Akkadian-derived) culture although, as was the case for the earlier Amorites, Kassites and Suteans before them, by the time Babylon fell in 539 BC, perhaps before, the Chaldeans ceased to exist as a specific ethnic group.
In the Hebrew Bible, "Ur of the Chaldees" (Ur Kaśdim) is cited as the starting point of the patriarch Abraham's journey to Canaan.
Language
Ancient Chaldeans originally spoke a West Semitic language similar to Old Aramaic. During the Neo-Assyrian Empire, Imperial Aramaic became the lingua franca of the empire under the rule of the Assyrian king Tiglath-Pileser III in the mid-8th century BC. As a result, in late periods both the Babylonian and Assyrian dialects of Akkadian became marginalized, and Aramaic took its place across Mesopotamia, including among the Chaldeans, and later, also the southern Levant. One form of this once widespread Aramaic language was used in some books of the Hebrew Bible (the Book of Daniel and the Book of Ezra). The use of the name "Chaldean" (Chaldaic, Chaldee) to describe it, first introduced by Jerome of Stridon (d. 420), became common in early Aramaic studies, but that misnomer was later corrected, when modern scholars concluded that the Aramaic dialect used in the Hebrew Bible was not related to the ancient Chaldeans and their language.
Religion
Ancient Chaldeans believed in "three heavens".
History
Further information: Neo-Babylonian Empire
Eurasia around 1000 BC, showing Babylon, Assyria, Aramean states and their neighbors
The region that the Chaldeans eventually made their homeland was in relatively poor southeastern Mesopotamia, at the head of the Persian Gulf. They appear to have migrated into southern Babylonia from the Levant at some unknown point between the end of the reign of Ninurta-kudurri-usur II (a contemporary of Tiglath-Pileser II) circa 940 BC, and the start of the reign of Marduk-zakir-shumi I in 855 BC, although there is no historical proof of their existence prior to the late 850s BC.
For perhaps a century or so after settling in the area, these semi-nomadic migrant Chaldean tribes had no impact on the pages of history, seemingly remaining subjugated by the native Akkadian speaking kings of Babylon or by perhaps regionally influential Aramean tribes. The main players in southern Mesopotamia during this period were Babylonia and Assyria, together with Elam to the east and the Aramaeans, who had already settled in the region a century or so prior to the arrival of the Chaldeans.
The very first written historical attestation of the existence of Chaldeans occurs in 852 BC, in the annals of the Assyrian king Shalmaneser III, who mentions invading the southeastern extremes of Babylonia and subjugating one Mushallim-Marduk, the chief of the Amukani tribe and overall leader of the Kaldu tribes, together with capturing the town of Baqani, extracting tribute from Adini, chief of the Bet-Dakkuri, another Chaldean tribe.
Shalmaneser III had invaded Babylonia at the request of its own king, Marduk-zakir-shumi I, who, being threatened by his own rebellious relations, together with powerful Aramean tribes pleaded with the more powerful Assyrian king for help. The subjugation of the Chaldean tribes by the Assyrian king appears to have been an aside, as they were not at that time a powerful force or a threat to the native Babylonian king.
Important Kaldu tribes and their regions in southeastern Babylonia were Bit-Yâkin (the original area the Chaldeans settled in on the Persian Gulf), Bet-Dakuri, Bet-Adini, Bet-Amukkani, and Bet-Shilani.
Chaldean leaders had by this time already adopted Assyro-Babylonian names, religion, language, and customs, indicating that they had become Akkadianized to a great degree.
The Chaldeans remained quietly ruled by the native Babylonians (who were in turn subjugated by their Assyrian relations) for the next seventy-two years, only coming to historical prominence for the first time in Babylonia in 780 BC, when a previously unknown Chaldean named Marduk-apla-usur usurped the throne from the native Babylonian king Marduk-bel-zeri (790–780 BC). The latter was a vassal of the Assyrian king Shalmaneser IV (783–773 BC), who was otherwise occupied quelling a civil war in Assyria at the time.
This was to set a precedent for all future Chaldean aspirations on Babylon during the Neo-Assyrian Empire; always too weak to confront a strong Assyria alone and directly, the Chaldeans awaited periods when Assyrian kings were distracted elsewhere in their vast empire, or engaged in internal conflicts, then, in alliance with other powers stronger than themselves (usually Elam), they made a bid for control over Babylonia.
Shalmaneser IV attacked and defeated Marduk-apla-user, retaking northern Babylonia and forcing on him a border treaty in Assyria's favour. The Assyrians allowed him to remain on the throne, although subject to Assyria. Eriba-Marduk, another Chaldean, succeeded him in 769 BC and his son, Nabu-shuma-ishkun in 761 BC, with both being dominated by the new Assyrian king Ashur-Dan III (772–755 BC). Babylonia appears to have been in a state of chaos during this time, with the north occupied by Assyria, its throne occupied by foreign Chaldeans, and continual civil unrest throughout the land.
The Chaldean rule proved short-lived. A native Babylonian king named Nabonassar (748–734 BC) defeated and overthrew the Chaldean usurpers in 748 BC, restored indigenous rule, and successfully stabilised Babylonia. The Chaldeans once more faded into obscurity for the next three decades. During this time both the Babylonians and the Chaldean and Aramean migrant groups who had settled in the land once more fell completely under the yoke of the powerful Assyrian king Tiglath-Pileser III (745–727 BC), a ruler who introduced Imperial Aramaic as the lingua franca of the empire. The Assyrian king at first made Nabonassar and his successor native Babylonian kings Nabu-nadin-zeri, Nabu-suma-ukin II and Nabu-mukin-zeri his subjects, but decided to rule Babylonia directly from 729 BC. He was followed by Shalmaneser V (727–722 BC), who also ruled Babylon in person.
When Sargon II (722–705 BC) ascended the throne of the Assyrian Empire in 722 BC after the death of Shalmaneser V, he was forced to launch a major campaign in his subject states of Persia, Mannea and Media in Ancient Iran to defend his territories there. He defeated and drove out the Scythians and Cimmerians who had attacked Assyria's Persian and Median vassal colonies in the region. At the same time, Egypt began encouraging and supporting the rebellion against Assyria in Israel and Canaan, forcing the Assyrians to send troops to deal with the Egyptians.
These events allowed the Chaldeans to once more attempt to assert themselves. While the Assyrian king was otherwise occupied defending his Iranian colonies from the Scythians and Cimmerians and driving the Egyptians from Canaan, Marduk-apla-iddina II (the Biblical Merodach-Baladan) of Bit-Yâkin, allied himself with the powerful Elamite kingdom and the native Babylonians, briefly seizing control of Babylon between 721 and 710 BC. With the Scythians and Cimmerians vanquished, the Medes and Persians pledging loyalty, and the Egyptians defeated and ejected from southern Canaan, Sargon II was free at last to deal with the Chaldeans, Babylonians, and Elamites. He attacked and deposed Marduk-apla-adding II in 710 BC, also defeating his Elamite allies in the process. After defeat by the Assyrians, Merodach-Baladan fled to his protectors in Elam
In 703, Merodach-Baladan very briefly regained the throne from a native Akkadian-Babylonian ruler Marduk-zakir-shumi II, who was a puppet of the new Assyrian king, Sennacherib (705–681 BC). He was once more soundly defeated at Kish, and once again fled to Elam where he died in exile after one final failed attempt to raise a revolt against Assyria in 700 BC, this time not in Babylon, but in the Chaldean tribal land of Bit-Yâkin. A native Babylonian king named Bel-ibni (703–701 BC) was placed on the throne as a puppet of Assyria.
The next challenge to Assyrian domination came from the Elamites in 694 BC, with Nergal-ushezib deposing and murdering Ashur-nadin-shumi (700–694 BC), the Assyrian prince who was king of Babylon and son of Sennacherib. The Chaldeans and Babylonians again allied with their more powerful Elamite neighbors in this endeavour. This prompted the enraged Assyrian king Sennacherib to invade and subjugate Elam and Chaldea and to sack Babylon, laying waste to and largely destroying the city. Babylon was regarded as a sacred city by all Mesopotamians, including the Assyrians, and this act eventually resulted in Sennacherib's being murdered by his own sons while he was praying to the god Nisroch in Nineveh.
Esarhaddon (681–669 BC) succeeded Sennacherib as ruler of the Assyrian Empire. He completely rebuilt Babylon and brought peace to the region. He conquered Egypt, Nubia and Libya and entrenched his mastery over the Persians, Medes, Parthians, Scythians, Cimmerians, Arameans, Israelites, Phoenicians, Canaanites, Urartians, Pontic Greeks, Cilicians, Phrygians, Lydians, Manneans and Arabs. For the next 60 or so years, Babylon and Chaldea remained peacefully under direct Assyrian control. The Chaldeans remained subjugated and quiet during this period, and the next major revolt in Babylon against the Assyrian empire was fermented not by a Chaldean, Babylonian or Elamite, but by Shamash-shum-ukin, who was an Assyrian king of Babylon, and elder brother of Ashurbanipal (668–627 BC), the new ruler of the Neo-Assyrian Empire.
Shamash-shum-ukin (668–648 BC) had become infused with Babylonian nationalism after sixteen years peacefully subject to his brother, and despite being Assyrian himself, declared that the city of Babylon and not Nineveh or Assur should be the seat of the empire.
In 652 BC, he raised a powerful coalition of peoples resentful of their subjugation to Assyria against his own brother Ashurbanipal. The alliance included the Babylonians, Persians, Chaldeans, Medes, Elamites, Sultans, Arameans, Israelites, Arabs and Canaanites, together with some disaffected elements among the Assyrians themselves. After a bitter struggle lasting five years, the Assyrian king triumphed over his rebellious brother in 648 BC, Elam was utterly destroyed, and the Babylonians, Persians, Medes, Chaldeans, Arabs, and others were savagely punished. An Assyrian governor named Kandalanu was then placed on the throne of Babylon to rule on behalf of Ashurbanipal. The next 22 years were peaceful, and neither the Babylonians nor Chaldeans posed a threat to the dominance of Ashurbanipal.
However, after the death of the mighty Ashurbanipal (and Kandalanu) in 627 BC, the Neo-Assyrian Empire descended into a series of bitter internal dynastic civil wars that were to be the cause of its downfall.
Eurasia around 600 BC, showing Neo-Babylonian Empire (Chaldean Empire) and its neighbors
Ashur-etil-ilani (626–623 BC) ascended to the throne of the empire in 626 BC but was immediately engulfed in a torrent of fierce rebellions instigated by rival claimants. He was deposed in 623 BC by an Assyrian general (turtanu) named Sin-shumu-lishir (623–622 BC), who was also declared king of Babylon. Sin-shar-ishkun (622–612 BC), the brother of Ashur-etil-ilani, took back the throne of empire from Sin-shumu-lishir in 622 BC, but was then himself faced with unremitting rebellion against his rule by his own people. Continual conflict among the Assyrians led to a myriad of subject peoples, from Cyprus to Persia and The Caucasus to Egypt, quietly reasserting their independence and ceasing to pay tribute to Assyria.
Nabopolassar, a previously obscure and unknown Chaldean chieftain, followed the opportunistic tactics laid down by previous Chaldean leaders to take advantage of the chaos and anarchy gripping Assyria and Babylonia and seized the city of Babylon in 620 BC with the help of its native Babylonian inhabitants.
Sin-shar-ishkun amassed a powerful army and marched into Babylon to regain control of the region. Nabopolassar was saved from likely destruction because yet another massive Assyrian rebellion broke out in Assyria proper, including the capital Nineveh, which forced the Assyrian king to turn back in order to quell the revolt. Nabopolassar took advantage of this situation, seizing the ancient city of Nippur in 619 BC, a mainstay of pro-Assyrianism in Babylonia, and thus Babylonia as a whole.
However, his position was still far from secure, and bitter fighting continued in the Babylonian heartlands from 620 to 615 BC, with Assyrian forces encamped in Babylonia in an attempt to eject Nabopolassar. Nabopolassar attempted a counterattack, marched his army into Assyria proper in 616 BC, and tried to besiege Assur and Arrapha (modern Kirkuk), but was defeated by Sin-shar-ishkun and chased back into Babylonia after being driven from Idiqlat (modern Tikrit) at the southernmost end of Assyria. A stalemate seemed to have ensued, with Nabopolassar unable to make any inroads into Assyria despite its greatly weakened state, and Sin-shar-ishkun unable to eject Nabopolassar from Babylonia due to constant rebellions and civil war among his own people.
Nabopolassar's position, and the fate of the Assyrian empire, was sealed when he entered into an alliance with another of Assyria's former vassals, the Medes, the now dominant people of what was to become Persia. The Median Cyaxares had also recently taken advantage of the anarchy in the Assyrian Empire, while officially still a vassal of Assyria, he took the opportunity to meld the Iranian peoples; the Medes, Persians, Sagartians and Parthians, into a large and powerful Median-dominated force. The Medes, Persians, Parthians, Chaldeans and Babylonians formed an alliance that also included the Scythians and Cimmerians to the north.
While Sin-shar-ishkun was fighting both the rebels in Assyria and the Chaldeans and Babylonians in southern Mesopotamia, Cyaxares (hitherto a vassal of Assyria), in alliance with the Scythians and Cimmerians launched a surprise attack on civil-war-beleaguered Assyria in 615 BC, sacking Kalhu (the Biblical Calah/Nimrud) and taking Arrapkha (modern Kirkuk). Nabopolassar, still pinned down in southern Mesopotamia, was not involved in this major breakthrough against Assyria. From this point however, the alliance of Medes, Persians, Chaldeans, Babylonians, Sagartians, Scythians and Cimmerians fought in unison against Assyria.
Despite the sorely depleted state of Assyria, bitter fighting ensued. Throughout 614 BC the alliance of powers continued to make inroads into Assyria itself, although in 613 BC the Assyrians somehow rallied to score a number of counterattacking victories over the Medes-Persians, Babylonians-Chaldeans and Scythians-Cimmerians. This led to a coalition of forces ranged against it to unite and launch a massive combined attack in 612 BC, finally besieging and sacking Nineveh in late 612 BC, killing Sin-shar-ishkun in the process.
A new Assyrian king, Ashur-uballit II (612–605 BC), took the crown amidst the house-to-house fighting in Nineveh, and refused a request to bow in vassalage to the rulers of the alliance. He managed to fight his way out of Nineveh and reach the northern Assyrian city of Harran, where he founded a new capital. Assyria resisted for another seven years until 605 BC, when the remnants of the Assyrian army and the army of the Egyptians, whose 26th Dynasty had formed a brief allied coalition with the Assyrians, were defeated at Karchemish. Nabopolassar and his Median, Scythian and Cimmerian allies were now in possession of much of the huge Neo-Assyrian Empire. The Egyptians had belatedly come to the aid of Assyria, which they would have hoped to support as a secure buffer between Egypt and the new powers of Babylon, Medes and Persians, having already been raided by the Scythians.
The Chaldean king of Babylon now ruled all of southern Mesopotamia (Assyria in the north was ruled by the Medes), and the former Assyrian possessions of Aram (Syria), Phoenicia, Israel, Cyprus, Edom, Philistia, and parts of Arabia, while the Medes took control of the former Assyrian colonies in Ancient Iran, Asia Minor and the Caucasus.
Nabopolassar was not able to enjoy his success for long, dying in 604 BC, only one year after the victory at Karchemish. He was succeeded by his son, who took the name Nebuchadnezzar II, after the unrelated 12th century BC native Akkadian-Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar I, indicating the extent to which the migrant Chaldeans had become infused with native Mesopotamian culture.
Nebuchadnezzar II and his allies may well have been forced to deal with remnants of Assyrian resistance based in and around Dur-Katlimmu, as Assyrian imperial records continue to be dated in this region between 604 and 599 BC. In addition, the Egyptians remained in the region an attempt to revive the Asian colonies of the ancient Egyptian Empire.
Nebuchadnezzar II was to prove himself to be the greatest of the Chaldean rulers, rivaling another non-native ruler, the 18th century BC Amorite king Hammurabi, as the greatest king of Babylon. He was a patron of the cities and a spectacular builder, rebuilding all of Babylonia's major cities on a lavish scale. His building activity at Babylon, expanding on the earlier major and impressive rebuilding of the Assyrian king Esarhaddon, helped to turn it into the immense and beautiful city of legend. Babylon covered more than 8 km2 (3 sq mi), surrounded by moats and ringed by a double circuit of walls. The Euphrates flowed through the center of the city, spanned by a beautiful stone bridge. At the center of the city rose the giant ziggurat called Etemenanki, "House of the Frontier Between Heaven and Earth," which lay next to the Temple of Marduk. He is also believed by many historians to have built The Hanging Gardens of Babylon (although others believe these gardens were built much earlier by an Assyrian king in Nineveh) for his wife, a Median princess from the green mountains, so that she would feel at home.
A capable leader, Nebuchadnezzar II conducted successful military campaigns; cities like Tyre, Sidon and Damascus were subjugated. He also conducted numerous campaigns in Asia Minor against the Scythians, Cimmerians, and Lydians. Like their Assyrian relations, the Babylonians had to campaign yearly in order to control their colonies.
In 601 BC, Nebuchadnezzar II was involved in a major but inconclusive battle against the Egyptians. In 599 BC, he invaded Arabia and routed the Arabs at Qedar. In 597 BC, he invaded Judah, captured Jerusalem after the siege of Jerusalem (597 BC) and deposed its king Jehoiachin, carrying the Israelites into captivity in Babylon. Egyptian and Babylonian armies fought each other for control of the Near East throughout much of Nebuchadnezzar's reign, and this encouraged king Zedekiah of Judah to revolt. After an eighteen-month siege, Jerusalem was captured in 587 BC, thousands of Jews were deported to Babylon, and Solomon's Temple was razed to the ground.
Nebuchadnezzar successfully fought the Pharaohs Psammetichus II and Apries throughout his reign, and during the reign of Pharaoh Amasis in 568 BC it is rumoured that he may have briefly invaded Egypt itself.
By 572, Nebuchadnezzar was in full control of Babylonia, Chaldea, Aramea (Syria), Phonecia, Israel, Judah, Philistia, Samarra, Jordan, northern Arabia, and parts of Asia Minor. Nebuchadnezzar died of illness in 562 BC after a one-year co-reign with his son, Amel-Marduk, who was deposed in 560 BC after a reign of only two years.
End of the Chaldean dynasty
Neriglissar succeeded Amel-Marduk. It is unclear as to whether he was in fact an ethnic Chaldean or a native Babylonian nobleman, as he was not related by blood to Nabopolassar's descendants, having married into the ruling family. He conducted successful military campaigns against the Hellenic inhabitants of Cilicia, which had threatened Babylonian interests. Neriglissar reigned for only four years and was succeeded by the youthful Labashi-Marduk in 556 BC. Again, it is unclear whether he was a Chaldean or a native Babylonian.
Labashi-Marduk reigned only for a matter of months, being deposed by Nabonidus in late 556 BC. Nabonidus was certainly not a Chaldean, but an Assyrian from Harran, the last capital of Assyria, and proved to be the final native Mesopotamian king of Babylon. He and his son, the regent Belshazzar, were deposed by the Persians under Cyrus the Great in 539 BC.
When the Babylonian Empire was absorbed into the Persian Achaemenid Empire, the name "Chaldean" lost its meaning in reference to a particular ethnicity or land, but lingered for a while as a term solely and explicitly used to describe a societal class of astrologers and astronomers in southern Mesopotamia. The original Chaldean tribe had long ago became Akkadianized, adopting Akkadian culture, religion, language and customs, blending into the majority native population, and eventually wholly disappearing as a distinct race of people, as had been the case with other preceding migrant peoples, such as the Amorites, Kassites, Suteans and Arameans of Babylonia.
The Persians considered this Chaldean societal class to be masters of reading and writing, and especially versed in all forms of incantation, sorcery, witchcraft, and the magical arts. They spoke of astrologists and astronomers as Chaldeans, and it is used with this specific meaning in the Book of Daniel (Dan. i. 4, ii. 2 et seq.) and by classical writers, such as Strabo.
The disappearance of the Chaldeans as an ethnicity and Chaldea as a land is evidenced by the fact that the Persian rulers of the Achaemenid Empire (539–330 BC) did not retain a province called "Chaldea", nor did they refer to "Chaldeans" as a race of people in their written annals. This is in contrast to Assyria, and for a time Babylonia also, where the Persians retained the names Assyria and Babylonia as designations for distinct geo-political entities within the Achaemenid Empire. In the case of the Assyrians in particular, Achaemenid records show Assyrians holding important positions within the empire, particularly with regards to military and civil administration.
Legacy
The term Chaldean was still in use at the time of Cicero (106–43 BC) long after the Chaldeans had disappeared. In one of his speeches he mentioned "Chaldean astrologers", and he spoke of them more than once in his De Divinatione. Other classical Latin writers who speak of them as distinguished for their knowledge of astronomy and astrology are Pliny the Elder, Valerius Maximus, Aulus Gellius, Cato the Elder, Lucretius, and Juvenal. Horace in his Carpe diem ode speaks of the "Babylonian calculations" (Babylonii numeri), the horoscopes of astrologers consulted regarding the future.
In the late antiquity, a variant of Aramaic that was used in some books of the Bible was misnamed as Chaldean by Jerome of Stridon. That inaccurate usage continued down the centuries in Western Europe, and it was still customary during the nineteenth century, until the misnomer was corrected by scholars. In West Asian, Greek and Hebraic sources, however, the term for the language spoken in Mesopotamia was commonly "Assyrian" and later also "Syriac". Accordingly, in the earliest recorded "Western" mentions of the Christians of what is now Iraq and nearby countries, "Chaldean" is used with reference to their language. In 1220/1, Jacques de Vitry wrote that "they denied that Mary was the Mother of God and claimed that Christ existed in two persons. They consecrated leavened bread and used the 'Chaldean' (Syriac) language". In the fifteenth century the term "Chaldeans" was first applied specifically to Assyrians living in Cyprus who entered a union with Rome, and no longer merely with reference to their language but the name of a new church.
Impact on Assyrian identity
In the present, Chaldea has been associated with Assyrian separatism through the Chaldean Catholics, and the belief that their descent is based southern Babylonia. While some religious leaders of the Chaldean church and activists in the West have advocated for a separate identity based on this notion, historians and international organizations generally treat Assyrians and Chaldeans as the same group ethnically, owing to genetic, linguistic, geographic, and modern historical factors. However, across the rest of Mesopotamia (particularly the North) after Chaldea fell, the terms "Assyrian", and its derivative Syrian remained the common ethnic term for the Aramaic-speaking inhabitants. These were used by the people themselves and their Persian, Armenian, Arab, Greek, Georgian and Kurdish neighbours both before and after the advent of Christianity in Iraq, Northeast Syria, Southeast Turkey and Northwest Iran. The Assyrian continuity in these regions is well documented.
References
^ Sayce 1878, p. 372.
^ Roux 1992, p. 281.
^ Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013). "West Semitic". Glottolog 2.2. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
^ a b Beaulieu, Paul-Alain (2018). A History of Babylon, 2200 BC – AD 75. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1405188999.
^ Vlaardingerbroek, H.M. (2014). "Mesopotamia in Greek and Biblical Perceptions: Idiosyncrasies and Distortions" (PDF). Retrieved 15 December 2021.
^ a b McCurdy & Rogers 1902, pp. 661–662.
^ Miller, Stephen (1994-08-31). Daniel: An Exegetical and Theological Exposition of Holy Scripture. B&H Publishing Group. p. 78. ISBN 978-1-4336-7559-1.
^ Strong, James (2009). Strong's Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible. Hendrickson Publishers. p. 1518. ISBN 978-1-59856-378-8.
^ a b FREEDMAN, ed; Freedman, David Noel (2000). Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 230. ISBN 978-0-8028-2400-4.
^ Gzella, Holger. "Ancient Hebrew". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ Josephus, Flavius. Antiquities of the Jews. pp. Book 1, section 143.
^ bit is the "house of" tribal denominator, Yâkin (Ia-kin) is presumably the name of a king of the Arabian Sealand. Sargon mentions Yakini as the name of the Marduk-Baladan's father. G. W. Bromiley (ed.), The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia (1995), p. 325.
^ Raymond Philip Dougherty, The Sealand of Ancient Arabia, Yale University Press, 1932, 66ff.
^ FREEDMAN, ed; Freedman, David Noel (2000). Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 229. ISBN 978-0-8028-2400-4.
^ Trevor Bryce, The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia: From the Early Bronze Age to the Fall of the Persian Empire (2009), p. 130.
^ A. Leo Oppenheim – Ancient Mesopotamia
^ Roux 1992.
^ Zadok 2017, p. 333.
^ A. Leo Oppenheim, Ancient Mesopotamia
^ Vanderhooft 2017, p. 173.
^ a b Gallagher 2012, p. 123-141.
^ a b Nöldeke 1871, p. 113-131.
^ Doresse, Jean (1986). The Secret Books of the Egyptian Gnostics. New York: MJF Books. p. 269. ISBN 9781567312270.
^ Cox, Wade (2008). "Mysticism Chapter 1: Spreading the Babylonian Mysteries". CCG Publishing. Retrieved 2024-04-14.
^ Didier, John C. (September 2009). "In and Outside the Square: The Sky and the Power of Belief in Ancient China and the World, c. 4500 BC – AD 200" (PDF). Sino-Platonic Papers. University of Pennsylvania.
^ Roux 1992, p. 298.
^ A. K. Grayson (1996). Assyrian Rulers of the Early First Millennium BC II (858–745 B.C.) (RIMA 3). Toronto University Press. pp. 31, 26–28. iv 6
^ Door fitting from the Balawat Gates, BM 124660.
^ Ran Zadok (1984), Assyrians in Chaldean and Achaemenians Babylonia. Page 2.
^ Assyria 1995: Proceedings of the 10th Anniversary Symposium of the Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project / Helsinki, September 7–11, 1995.
^ "Assyrians after Assyria". Nineveh.com. 4 September 1999. Archived from the original on 14 July 2011. Retrieved 19 June 2011.
^ "M. Tullius Cicero, For Lucius Murena, chapter 11". www.perseus.tufts.edu.
^ "LacusCurtius • Cicero — De Divinatione: BookI". penelope.uchicago.edu.
^ "Lewis and Short". alatius.com.
^ Horace, Odes 1.11
^ Baum & Winkler 2003, p. 83.
^ Baum & Winkler 2003, p. 112.
^ Michael Angold; Frances Margaret Young; K. Scott Bowie (17 August 2006). The Cambridge History of Christianity: Volume 5, Eastern Christianity. Cambridge University Press. p. 527. ISBN 978-0-521-81113-2.
Sources
Baum, Wilhelm; Winkler, Dietmar W. (2003). The Church of the East: A Concise History. London-New York: Routledge-Curzon. ISBN 9781134430192.
Brinkman, John A. (1977). "Notes on Arameans and Chaldeans in Southern Babylonia in the Early Seventh Century B.C." Orientalia. 46 (2): 304–325. JSTOR 43074768.
Dever, William G. (2002), What Did the Biblical Writers Know, and when Did They Know It?: What Archaeology Can Tell Us about the Reality of Ancient Israel, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, ISBN 978-0-8028-2126-3
Gallagher, Edmon L. (2012). Hebrew Scripture in Patristic Biblical Theory: Canon, Language, Text. Leiden-Boston: Brill. ISBN 9789004228023.
McCurdy, J. Frederic; Rogers, Robert W. (1902), "Chaldea", in Singer, Isidore; et al. (eds.), The Jewish Encyclopedia, vol. 3, New York: Funk & Wagnalls, pp. 661–662
Lenorman, Francois (1877), Chaldean Magic: Its Origin and Development, London: Samuel Bagster & Sons
Moore, Megan Bishop; Kelle, Brad E. (2011), Biblical History and Israel's Past, Eerdmans, ISBN 978-0-8028-6260-0
Nöldeke, Theodor (1871). "Die Namen der aramäischen Nation und Sprache". Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft. 25 (1–2): 113–131. JSTOR 43366019.
Prince, John Dyneley (1911), "Chaldaea" , in Chisholm, Hugh (ed.), Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 5 (11th ed.), Cambridge University Press, p. 804
Roux, Georges (27 August 1992). Ancient Iraq. Penguin Books Limited. ISBN 978-0-14-193825-7.
Sayce, Archibald Henry (1878), "Babylon—Babylonia" , Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 5 (9th ed.), p. 182–194
Sayce, Archibald Henry (1878), "Chaldea" , in Baynes, T. S. (ed.), Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 5 (9th ed.), New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, p. 372
Vanderhooft, David S. (2017). "Depictions of כשדים 'Chaldeans' in Judean Prophecy and Historiography". Now It Happened in Those Days: Studies in Biblical, Assyrian, and Other Ancient Near Eastern Historiography. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns. pp. 171–182.
Zadok, Ran (2017). "A Cylinder Inscription of Aššur-ketta-lēšir II". In Baruchi-Unna, Amitai; Forti, Tova; Aḥituv, Shmuel; Ephʿal, Israel; Tigay, Jeffrey H. (eds.). Now It Happened in Those Days: Studies in Biblical, Assyrian, and Other Ancient Near Eastern Historiography. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns. pp. 309–340. ISBN 978-1575067612.
Ragozin, Zénaïde A. (1886). Chaldea from the earliest times to the rise of Assyria. London: Unwin.
Saggs, Henry W. F. (1996). "Chaldeans in the Nimrud Letters". Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes. 86: 379–390. JSTOR 23864750.
External links
Media related to Chaldea at Wikimedia Commons
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Chicago Hittite Dictionary | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chaldia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaldia"},{"link_name":"Chaldeans (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaldeans_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Babylonie_chaldeens.svg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESayce1878372-1"},{"link_name":"/kælˈdiːə/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"Babylonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoux1992281-2"},{"link_name":"Semitic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semitic_language"},{"link_name":"Mesopotamia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia"},{"link_name":"Babylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylon"},{"link_name":"Hebrew Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_Bible"},{"link_name":"Greek Old Testament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Old_Testament"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"East Semitic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Semitic_languages"},{"link_name":"West Semitic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Semitic_languages"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"the Levant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Levant"},{"link_name":"Suteans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suteans"},{"link_name":"Arameans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arameans"},{"link_name":"Assyria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyria"},{"link_name":"Upper Mesopotamia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Mesopotamia"},{"link_name":"Euphrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphrates"},{"link_name":"Euphrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphrates"},{"link_name":"Tigris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beaulieu-4"},{"link_name":"Chaldean dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaldean_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beaulieu-4"},{"link_name":"Neo-Babylonian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Nabonidus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabonidus"},{"link_name":"Belshazzar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belshazzar"},{"link_name":"Assyrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_people"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Chaldia.\"Ancient Chaldeans\" redirects here. For other uses, see Chaldeans (disambiguation).The Chaldean states in Babylonia during the 1st millennium BC.Chaldea[1] (/kælˈdiːə/) was a small country that existed between the late 10th or early 9th and mid-6th centuries BC, after which the country and its people were absorbed and assimilated into the indigenous population of Babylonia.[2] Semitic-speaking, it was located in the marshy land of the far southeastern corner of Mesopotamia and briefly came to rule Babylon. The Hebrew Bible uses the term כשדים (Kaśdim) and this is translated as Chaldaeans in the Greek Old Testament, although there is some dispute as to whether Kasdim in fact means Chaldean or refers to the south Mesopotamian Kaldu.[citation needed]During a period of weakness in the East Semitic-speaking kingdom of Babylonia, new tribes of West Semitic-speaking migrants[3] arrived in the region from the Levant between the 11th and 9th centuries BC. The earliest waves consisted of Suteans and Arameans, followed a century or so later by the Kaldu, a group who became known later as the Chaldeans or the Chaldees. These migrations did not affect the powerful kingdom and empire of Assyria in Upper Mesopotamia, which repelled these incursions.These nomadic Chaldeans settled in the far southeastern portion of Babylonia, chiefly on the left bank of the Euphrates. Though for a short time the name commonly referred to the whole of southern Mesopotamia in Hebraic literature, this was a geographical and historical misnomer as Chaldea proper was in fact only the plain in the far southeast formed by the deposits of the Euphrates and the Tigris, extending about 640 kilometres (400 mi) along the course of these rivers and averaging about 160 km (100 mi) in width.\n There were several kings of Chaldean origins who ruled Babylonia.[4]: 178 From 626 BC to 539 BC, a ruling family referred to as the Chaldean dynasty, named after their possible Chaldean origin,[4]: 4 ruled the kingdom at its height under the Neo-Babylonian Empire, although the final ruler of this empire, Nabonidus (556–539 BC) (and his son and regent Belshazzar) was a usurper of Assyrian ancestry.","title":"Chaldea"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"latinization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinisation_of_names"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language"},{"link_name":"hellenization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenization"},{"link_name":"Akkadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akkadian_language"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCurdyRogers1902661%E2%80%93662-6"},{"link_name":"Aramaic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aramaic_language"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-9"},{"link_name":"Book of Genesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Genesis"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Abraham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham"},{"link_name":"Nahor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahor,_son_of_Terah"},{"link_name":"Aram Naharaim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aram_Naharaim"},{"link_name":"Flavius Josephus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus"},{"link_name":"Arphaxad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arpachshad"},{"link_name":"Antiquities of the Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiquities_of_the_Jews"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"The name Chaldaea is a latinization of the Greek Khaldaía (Χαλδαία), a hellenization of Akkadian māt Kaldu or Kašdu, suggesting an underlying /kaɬdu/.[5] The name appears in Hebrew in the Bible as Kaśdim (כשדים)[6] and in Aramaic as Kaśdāy (כשדי).[7][8][9]The Bible (Book of Genesis 22:22) uses the name Kesed (כשׂד, ancient pronunciation /kaɬd/[10]), the singular form of Kasdim(כַּשְׂדִּים), meaning Chaldeans. Kesed is identified as son of Abraham's brother Nahor (and brother of Kemuel the father of Aram), residing in Aram Naharaim. Jewish historian Flavius Josephus (37 – c. 100) also links Arphaxad and Chaldaea, in his Antiquities of the Jews: \"Arphaxad named the Arphaxadites, who are now called Chaldeans.\"[11]","title":"Name"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chaldea_-_Map_-_Chaldea_and_Neighboring_Countries.png"},{"link_name":"Neo-Assyrian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Persian Gulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Gulf"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCurdyRogers1902661%E2%80%93662-6"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Arabian Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Sargon II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sargon_II"},{"link_name":"Dilmun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilmun"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Marduk-Baladan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marduk-Baladan"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Babylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylon"},{"link_name":"Assur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assur"},{"link_name":"Hebrew Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_Bible"},{"link_name":"Babylonian captivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonian_captivity"},{"link_name":"Book of Jeremiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Jeremiah"},{"link_name":"King James Version","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_James_Version"},{"link_name":"LXX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septuagint"},{"link_name":"Biblical Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew"},{"link_name":"Book of Habakkuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Habakkuk"},{"link_name":"Book of Isaiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah"},{"link_name":"DRB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douay%E2%80%93Rheims_Bible"},{"link_name":"Assyrians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_people"}],"text":"Chaldea and neighboring countriesIn the early period, between the early 9th century and late 7th century BC, mat Kaldi was the name of a small sporadically independent migrant-founded territory under the domination of the Neo-Assyrian Empire (911–605 BC) in southeastern Babylonia, extending to the western shores of the Persian Gulf.[6]The expression mat Bit Yâkin is also used, apparently synonymously. Bit Yâkin was the name of the largest and most powerful of the five tribes of the Chaldeans, or equivalently, their territory.[12]\nThe original extension of Bit Yâkin is not known precisely, but it extended from the lower Tigris into the Arabian Peninsula. Sargon II mentions it as extending as far as Dilmun or \"sea-land\" (littoral Eastern Arabia).[13] \"Chaldea\" or mat Kaldi generally referred to the low, marshy, alluvial land around the estuaries of the Tigris and Euphrates,[14] which at the time discharged their waters through separate mouths into the sea.The tribal capital Dur Yâkin was the original seat of Marduk-Baladan.[15]The king of Chaldea was also called the king of Bit Yakin, just as the kings of Babylonia and Assyria were regularly styled simply king of Babylon or Assur, the capital city in each case. In the same way, what is now known as the Persian Gulf was sometimes called \"the Sea of Bit Yakin\", and sometimes \"the Sea of the Land of Chaldea\".\"Chaldea\" came to be used in a wider sense, of Southern Mesopotamia in general, following the brief ascendancy of the Chaldeans during 608–557 BC. This is especially the case in the Hebrew Bible, which was substantially composed during this period (roughly corresponding to the period of Babylonian captivity). The Book of Jeremiah makes frequent reference to the Chaldeans (King James Version Chaldees following LXX Χαλδαίοι; in Biblical Hebrew as Kasdîm כַּשְׂדִּים). \nBook of Habakkuk 1:6 calls them \"that bitter and hasty nation\" (הַגֹּוי הַמַּר וְהַנִּמְהָר). Book of Isaiah 23:13 DRB states, “Behold the land of the Chaldeans, there was not such a people, the Assyrians founded it: they have led away the strong ones thereof into captivity, they have destroyed the houses thereof, they have brought it to ruin.”","title":"Land"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"East Semitic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Semitic_languages"},{"link_name":"Akkadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akkadian_language"},{"link_name":"Akkadians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akkadian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Assyrians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyria"},{"link_name":"Babylonians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonians"},{"link_name":"West Semitic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Semitic_languages"},{"link_name":"Levantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levant"},{"link_name":"Mesopotamian civilization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamian_civilization"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoux1992-17"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"Semitic arrivals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Semitic-speaking_peoples"},{"link_name":"Arameans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arameans"},{"link_name":"Suteans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suteans"},{"link_name":"written record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorded_history"},{"link_name":"Mari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari,_Syria"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZadok2017333-18"},{"link_name":"Shalmaneser III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shalmaneser_III"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Sennacherib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sennacherib"},{"link_name":"Amorites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorites"},{"link_name":"Kassites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kassites"},{"link_name":"Suteans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suteans"},{"link_name":"Babylon fell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Babylon"},{"link_name":"ethnic group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_group"},{"link_name":"Hebrew Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_Bible"},{"link_name":"Ur of the Chaldees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ur_of_the_Chaldees"},{"link_name":"Ur Kaśdim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ur_Ka%C5%9Bdim"},{"link_name":"Abraham's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham"},{"link_name":"Canaan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaan"}],"text":"Unlike the East Semitic Akkadian-speaking Akkadians, Assyrians and Babylonians, whose ancestors had been established in Mesopotamia since at least the 30th century BC, the Chaldeans were not a native Mesopotamian people, but were late 10th- or early 9th-century BC West Semitic Levantine migrants to the southeastern corner of the region, who had played no part in the previous three millennia of Sumero-Akkadian and Assyro-Babylonian Mesopotamian civilization and history.[16][17][page needed]The ancient Chaldeans seem to have migrated into Mesopotamia sometime between c. 940 and 860 BC, a century or so after other new Semitic arrivals, the Arameans and the Suteans, appeared in Babylonia, c. 1100 BC. According to Ran Zadok, they first appear in written record in cylinder inscriptions of the King of Mari Aššur-ketta-lēšir II (late 12th-early 11th century BC), which record them reaching Messopotamia as early as the 11th century BC.[18] They later appear in the annals of the Assyrian king Shalmaneser III during the 850s BC. This was a period of weakness in Babylonia, and its ineffectual native kings were unable to prevent new waves of semi-nomadic foreign peoples from invading and settling in the land.[19]Though belonging to the same West Semitic speaking ethnic group and migrating from the same Levantine regions as the earlier arriving Aramaeans, they are to be differentiated; the Assyrian king Sennacherib, for example, carefully distinguishes them in his inscriptions.The Chaldeans were for a time able to keep their identity despite the dominant native Assyro-Babylonian (Sumero-Akkadian-derived) culture although, as was the case for the earlier Amorites, Kassites and Suteans before them, by the time Babylon fell in 539 BC, perhaps before, the Chaldeans ceased to exist as a specific ethnic group.In the Hebrew Bible, \"Ur of the Chaldees\" (Ur Kaśdim) is cited as the starting point of the patriarch Abraham's journey to Canaan.","title":"Ancient Chaldeans"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"West Semitic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Semitic_languages"},{"link_name":"Old Aramaic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Aramaic"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanderhooft2017173-20"},{"link_name":"Neo-Assyrian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Imperial Aramaic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Aramaic"},{"link_name":"lingua franca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca"},{"link_name":"Assyrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyria"},{"link_name":"Tiglath-Pileser III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiglath-Pileser_III"},{"link_name":"Akkadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akkadian_language"},{"link_name":"southern Levant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Levant"},{"link_name":"Hebrew Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_Bible"},{"link_name":"Book of Daniel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Daniel"},{"link_name":"Book of Ezra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Ezra"},{"link_name":"Jerome of Stridon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_of_Stridon"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGallagher2012123-141-21"},{"link_name":"Aramaic studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aramaic_studies"},{"link_name":"misnomer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaldean_language_(misnomer)"},{"link_name":"Aramaic dialect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_Aramaic"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEN%C3%B6ldeke1871113-131-22"}],"sub_title":"Language","text":"Ancient Chaldeans originally spoke a West Semitic language similar to Old Aramaic.[20] During the Neo-Assyrian Empire, Imperial Aramaic became the lingua franca of the empire under the rule of the Assyrian king Tiglath-Pileser III in the mid-8th century BC. As a result, in late periods both the Babylonian and Assyrian dialects of Akkadian became marginalized, and Aramaic took its place across Mesopotamia, including among the Chaldeans, and later, also the southern Levant. One form of this once widespread Aramaic language was used in some books of the Hebrew Bible (the Book of Daniel and the Book of Ezra). The use of the name \"Chaldean\" (Chaldaic, Chaldee) to describe it, first introduced by Jerome of Stridon (d. 420),[21] became common in early Aramaic studies, but that misnomer was later corrected, when modern scholars concluded that the Aramaic dialect used in the Hebrew Bible was not related to the ancient Chaldeans and their language.[22]","title":"Ancient Chaldeans"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gnostic-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-25"}],"sub_title":"Religion","text":"Ancient Chaldeans believed in \"three heavens\".[23][24][25]","title":"Ancient Chaldeans"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Neo-Babylonian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:East-Hem_1000bc.jpg"},{"link_name":"Babylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonia"},{"link_name":"Assyria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyria"},{"link_name":"Aramean states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aram_(region)"},{"link_name":"Babylonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonia"},{"link_name":"Ninurta-kudurri-usur II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninurta-kudurri-usur_II"},{"link_name":"Tiglath-Pileser II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiglath-Pileser_II"},{"link_name":"Marduk-zakir-shumi I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marduk-zakir-shumi_I"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoux1992298-26"},{"link_name":"Akkadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akkadian_language"},{"link_name":"Elam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam"},{"link_name":"Aramaeans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arameans"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Shalmaneser III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shalmaneser_III"},{"link_name":"Mushallim-Marduk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mushallim-Marduk&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Amukani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amukani&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Baqani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baqani&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Adini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adini&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bet-Dakkuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bet-Dakkuri&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Marduk-zakir-shumi I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marduk-zakir-shumi_I"},{"link_name":"Bit-Yâkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit-Y%C3%A2kin"},{"link_name":"Bet-Dakuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bet-Dakuri&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bet-Adini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bet-Adini"},{"link_name":"Bet-Amukkani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit-Amukkani"},{"link_name":"Bet-Shilani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bet-Shilani&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-9"},{"link_name":"Marduk-apla-usur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marduk-apla-usur"},{"link_name":"Marduk-bel-zeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marduk-bel-zeri"},{"link_name":"Shalmaneser IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shalmaneser_IV"},{"link_name":"Neo-Assyrian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Elam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam"},{"link_name":"Eriba-Marduk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eriba-Marduk"},{"link_name":"Nabu-shuma-ishkun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabu-shuma-ishkun"},{"link_name":"Ashur-Dan III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashur-Dan_III"},{"link_name":"Nabonassar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabonassar"},{"link_name":"Tiglath-Pileser III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiglath-Pileser_III"},{"link_name":"Imperial Aramaic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Aramaic"},{"link_name":"lingua franca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca"},{"link_name":"Nabonassar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabonassar"},{"link_name":"Nabu-nadin-zeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabu-nadin-zeri"},{"link_name":"Nabu-suma-ukin II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabu-suma-ukin_II"},{"link_name":"Nabu-mukin-zeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabu-mukin-zeri"},{"link_name":"Shalmaneser V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shalmaneser_V"},{"link_name":"Sargon II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sargon_II"},{"link_name":"Shalmaneser V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shalmaneser_V"},{"link_name":"Persia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persia"},{"link_name":"Mannea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannea"},{"link_name":"Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_(region)"},{"link_name":"Ancient Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Iran"},{"link_name":"Scythians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scythians"},{"link_name":"Cimmerians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cimmerians"},{"link_name":"Median","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Canaan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaan"},{"link_name":"Scythians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scythians"},{"link_name":"Cimmerians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cimmerians"},{"link_name":"Marduk-apla-iddina II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marduk-apla-iddina_II"},{"link_name":"Merodach-Baladan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marduk-apla-iddina_II"},{"link_name":"Elamite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elamite"},{"link_name":"Egyptians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptians"},{"link_name":"Sargon II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sargon_II"},{"link_name":"Marduk-zakir-shumi II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marduk-zakir-shumi_II"},{"link_name":"Sennacherib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sennacherib"},{"link_name":"Kish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kish_(Sumer)"},{"link_name":"Bel-ibni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bel-ibni"},{"link_name":"Elamites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elamites"},{"link_name":"Nergal-ushezib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nergal-ushezib"},{"link_name":"Ashur-nadin-shumi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashur-nadin-shumi"},{"link_name":"Sennacherib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sennacherib"},{"link_name":"Nisroch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nisroch"},{"link_name":"Nineveh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nineveh"},{"link_name":"Esarhaddon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esarhaddon"},{"link_name":"Nubia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubia"},{"link_name":"Libya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya"},{"link_name":"Shamash-shum-ukin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamash-shum-ukin"},{"link_name":"Ashurbanipal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashurbanipal"},{"link_name":"Shamash-shum-ukin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamash-shum-ukin"},{"link_name":"Nineveh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nineveh"},{"link_name":"Assur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assur"},{"link_name":"Ashurbanipal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashurbanipal"},{"link_name":"Persians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persia"},{"link_name":"Medes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medes"},{"link_name":"Elamites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elamites"},{"link_name":"Israelites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelites"},{"link_name":"Arabs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabs"},{"link_name":"Canaanites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaanites"},{"link_name":"Kandalanu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandalanu"},{"link_name":"Ashurbanipal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashurbanipal"},{"link_name":"Neo-Assyrian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:East-Hem_600bc.jpg"},{"link_name":"Neo-Babylonian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Ashur-etil-ilani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashur-etil-ilani"},{"link_name":"turtanu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turtanu"},{"link_name":"Sin-shumu-lishir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sin-shumu-lishir"},{"link_name":"Sin-shar-ishkun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sin-shar-ishkun"},{"link_name":"Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus"},{"link_name":"The Caucasus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Caucasus"},{"link_name":"Nabopolassar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabopolassar"},{"link_name":"Sin-shar-ishkun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sin-shar-ishkun"},{"link_name":"Nippur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nippur"},{"link_name":"Arrapha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrapha"},{"link_name":"Kirkuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkuk"},{"link_name":"Tikrit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tikrit"},{"link_name":"Medes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medes"},{"link_name":"Cyaxares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyaxares"},{"link_name":"Iranian peoples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_peoples"},{"link_name":"Medes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medes"},{"link_name":"Persians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_people"},{"link_name":"Sagartians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagartians"},{"link_name":"Parthians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthia"},{"link_name":"Scythians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scythians"},{"link_name":"Cimmerians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cimmerians"},{"link_name":"Cyaxares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyaxares"},{"link_name":"Kalhu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalhu"},{"link_name":"Calah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calah"},{"link_name":"Nimrud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimrud"},{"link_name":"Arrapkha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrapkha"},{"link_name":"Kirkuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkuk"},{"link_name":"Sin-shar-ishkun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sin-shar-ishkun"},{"link_name":"Ashur-uballit II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashur-uballit_II"},{"link_name":"Harran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harran"},{"link_name":"Egyptians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt"},{"link_name":"26th Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Karchemish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karchemish"},{"link_name":"Neo-Assyrian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Mesopotamia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Aram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aram_(biblical_region)"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"link_name":"Phoenicia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenicia"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus"},{"link_name":"Edom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edom"},{"link_name":"Philistia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philistia"},{"link_name":"Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia"},{"link_name":"Ancient Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Iran"},{"link_name":"Asia Minor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Minor"},{"link_name":"Caucasus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus"},{"link_name":"Nebuchadnezzar II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II"},{"link_name":"Nebuchadnezzar I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_I"},{"link_name":"Nebuchadnezzar II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II"},{"link_name":"Dur-Katlimmu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dur-Katlimmu"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Amorite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorite"},{"link_name":"Hammurabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammurabi"},{"link_name":"Esarhaddon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esarhaddon"},{"link_name":"ziggurat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziggurat"},{"link_name":"Etemenanki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etemenanki"},{"link_name":"Marduk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marduk"},{"link_name":"The Hanging Gardens of Babylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hanging_Gardens_of_Babylon"},{"link_name":"Median","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medes"},{"link_name":"Tyre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon"},{"link_name":"Sidon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidon"},{"link_name":"Damascus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus"},{"link_name":"Asia Minor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Minor"},{"link_name":"Scythians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scythians"},{"link_name":"Cimmerians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cimmerians"},{"link_name":"Lydians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydians"},{"link_name":"Egyptians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptians"},{"link_name":"Qedar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qedar"},{"link_name":"Judah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"siege of Jerusalem (597 BC)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(597_BC)"},{"link_name":"Jehoiachin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehoiachin"},{"link_name":"captivity in Babylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonian_captivity"},{"link_name":"Zedekiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zedekiah"},{"link_name":"Psammetichus II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psammetichus_II"},{"link_name":"Apries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apries"},{"link_name":"Amasis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amasis_II"},{"link_name":"Aramea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aramea"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"link_name":"Phonecia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonecia"},{"link_name":"Judah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah"},{"link_name":"Philistia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philistia"},{"link_name":"Samarra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samarra"},{"link_name":"Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan"},{"link_name":"Asia Minor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Minor"},{"link_name":"Amel-Marduk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amel-Marduk"}],"text":"Further information: Neo-Babylonian EmpireEurasia around 1000 BC, showing Babylon, Assyria, Aramean states and their neighborsThe region that the Chaldeans eventually made their homeland was in relatively poor southeastern Mesopotamia, at the head of the Persian Gulf. They appear to have migrated into southern Babylonia from the Levant at some unknown point between the end of the reign of Ninurta-kudurri-usur II (a contemporary of Tiglath-Pileser II) circa 940 BC, and the start of the reign of Marduk-zakir-shumi I in 855 BC, although there is no historical proof of their existence prior to the late 850s BC.[26]For perhaps a century or so after settling in the area, these semi-nomadic migrant Chaldean tribes had no impact on the pages of history, seemingly remaining subjugated by the native Akkadian speaking kings of Babylon or by perhaps regionally influential Aramean tribes. The main players in southern Mesopotamia during this period were Babylonia and Assyria, together with Elam to the east and the Aramaeans, who had already settled in the region a century or so prior to the arrival of the Chaldeans.The very first written historical attestation of the existence of Chaldeans occurs in 852 BC,[27] in the annals of the Assyrian king Shalmaneser III, who mentions invading the southeastern extremes of Babylonia and subjugating one Mushallim-Marduk, the chief of the Amukani tribe and overall leader of the Kaldu tribes,[28] together with capturing the town of Baqani, extracting tribute from Adini, chief of the Bet-Dakkuri, another Chaldean tribe.Shalmaneser III had invaded Babylonia at the request of its own king, Marduk-zakir-shumi I, who, being threatened by his own rebellious relations, together with powerful Aramean tribes pleaded with the more powerful Assyrian king for help. The subjugation of the Chaldean tribes by the Assyrian king appears to have been an aside, as they were not at that time a powerful force or a threat to the native Babylonian king.Important Kaldu tribes and their regions in southeastern Babylonia were Bit-Yâkin (the original area the Chaldeans settled in on the Persian Gulf), Bet-Dakuri, Bet-Adini, Bet-Amukkani, and Bet-Shilani.[9]Chaldean leaders had by this time already adopted Assyro-Babylonian names, religion, language, and customs, indicating that they had become Akkadianized to a great degree.The Chaldeans remained quietly ruled by the native Babylonians (who were in turn subjugated by their Assyrian relations) for the next seventy-two years, only coming to historical prominence for the first time in Babylonia in 780 BC, when a previously unknown Chaldean named Marduk-apla-usur usurped the throne from the native Babylonian king Marduk-bel-zeri (790–780 BC). The latter was a vassal of the Assyrian king Shalmaneser IV (783–773 BC), who was otherwise occupied quelling a civil war in Assyria at the time.This was to set a precedent for all future Chaldean aspirations on Babylon during the Neo-Assyrian Empire; always too weak to confront a strong Assyria alone and directly, the Chaldeans awaited periods when Assyrian kings were distracted elsewhere in their vast empire, or engaged in internal conflicts, then, in alliance with other powers stronger than themselves (usually Elam), they made a bid for control over Babylonia.Shalmaneser IV attacked and defeated Marduk-apla-user, retaking northern Babylonia and forcing on him a border treaty in Assyria's favour. The Assyrians allowed him to remain on the throne, although subject to Assyria. Eriba-Marduk, another Chaldean, succeeded him in 769 BC and his son, Nabu-shuma-ishkun in 761 BC, with both being dominated by the new Assyrian king Ashur-Dan III (772–755 BC). Babylonia appears to have been in a state of chaos during this time, with the north occupied by Assyria, its throne occupied by foreign Chaldeans, and continual civil unrest throughout the land.The Chaldean rule proved short-lived. A native Babylonian king named Nabonassar (748–734 BC) defeated and overthrew the Chaldean usurpers in 748 BC, restored indigenous rule, and successfully stabilised Babylonia. The Chaldeans once more faded into obscurity for the next three decades. During this time both the Babylonians and the Chaldean and Aramean migrant groups who had settled in the land once more fell completely under the yoke of the powerful Assyrian king Tiglath-Pileser III (745–727 BC), a ruler who introduced Imperial Aramaic as the lingua franca of the empire. The Assyrian king at first made Nabonassar and his successor native Babylonian kings Nabu-nadin-zeri, Nabu-suma-ukin II and Nabu-mukin-zeri his subjects, but decided to rule Babylonia directly from 729 BC. He was followed by Shalmaneser V (727–722 BC), who also ruled Babylon in person.When Sargon II (722–705 BC) ascended the throne of the Assyrian Empire in 722 BC after the death of Shalmaneser V, he was forced to launch a major campaign in his subject states of Persia, Mannea and Media in Ancient Iran to defend his territories there. He defeated and drove out the Scythians and Cimmerians who had attacked Assyria's Persian and Median vassal colonies in the region. At the same time, Egypt began encouraging and supporting the rebellion against Assyria in Israel and Canaan, forcing the Assyrians to send troops to deal with the Egyptians.These events allowed the Chaldeans to once more attempt to assert themselves. While the Assyrian king was otherwise occupied defending his Iranian colonies from the Scythians and Cimmerians and driving the Egyptians from Canaan, Marduk-apla-iddina II (the Biblical Merodach-Baladan) of Bit-Yâkin, allied himself with the powerful Elamite kingdom and the native Babylonians, briefly seizing control of Babylon between 721 and 710 BC. With the Scythians and Cimmerians vanquished, the Medes and Persians pledging loyalty, and the Egyptians defeated and ejected from southern Canaan, Sargon II was free at last to deal with the Chaldeans, Babylonians, and Elamites. He attacked and deposed Marduk-apla-adding II in 710 BC, also defeating his Elamite allies in the process. After defeat by the Assyrians, Merodach-Baladan fled to his protectors in ElamIn 703, Merodach-Baladan very briefly regained the throne from a native Akkadian-Babylonian ruler Marduk-zakir-shumi II, who was a puppet of the new Assyrian king, Sennacherib (705–681 BC). He was once more soundly defeated at Kish, and once again fled to Elam where he died in exile after one final failed attempt to raise a revolt against Assyria in 700 BC, this time not in Babylon, but in the Chaldean tribal land of Bit-Yâkin. A native Babylonian king named Bel-ibni (703–701 BC) was placed on the throne as a puppet of Assyria.The next challenge to Assyrian domination came from the Elamites in 694 BC, with Nergal-ushezib deposing and murdering Ashur-nadin-shumi (700–694 BC), the Assyrian prince who was king of Babylon and son of Sennacherib. The Chaldeans and Babylonians again allied with their more powerful Elamite neighbors in this endeavour. This prompted the enraged Assyrian king Sennacherib to invade and subjugate Elam and Chaldea and to sack Babylon, laying waste to and largely destroying the city. Babylon was regarded as a sacred city by all Mesopotamians, including the Assyrians, and this act eventually resulted in Sennacherib's being murdered by his own sons while he was praying to the god Nisroch in Nineveh.Esarhaddon (681–669 BC) succeeded Sennacherib as ruler of the Assyrian Empire. He completely rebuilt Babylon and brought peace to the region. He conquered Egypt, Nubia and Libya and entrenched his mastery over the Persians, Medes, Parthians, Scythians, Cimmerians, Arameans, Israelites, Phoenicians, Canaanites, Urartians, Pontic Greeks, Cilicians, Phrygians, Lydians, Manneans and Arabs. For the next 60 or so years, Babylon and Chaldea remained peacefully under direct Assyrian control. The Chaldeans remained subjugated and quiet during this period, and the next major revolt in Babylon against the Assyrian empire was fermented not by a Chaldean, Babylonian or Elamite, but by Shamash-shum-ukin, who was an Assyrian king of Babylon, and elder brother of Ashurbanipal (668–627 BC), the new ruler of the Neo-Assyrian Empire.Shamash-shum-ukin (668–648 BC) had become infused with Babylonian nationalism after sixteen years peacefully subject to his brother, and despite being Assyrian himself, declared that the city of Babylon and not Nineveh or Assur should be the seat of the empire.In 652 BC, he raised a powerful coalition of peoples resentful of their subjugation to Assyria against his own brother Ashurbanipal. The alliance included the Babylonians, Persians, Chaldeans, Medes, Elamites, Sultans, Arameans, Israelites, Arabs and Canaanites, together with some disaffected elements among the Assyrians themselves. After a bitter struggle lasting five years, the Assyrian king triumphed over his rebellious brother in 648 BC, Elam was utterly destroyed, and the Babylonians, Persians, Medes, Chaldeans, Arabs, and others were savagely punished. An Assyrian governor named Kandalanu was then placed on the throne of Babylon to rule on behalf of Ashurbanipal. The next 22 years were peaceful, and neither the Babylonians nor Chaldeans posed a threat to the dominance of Ashurbanipal.However, after the death of the mighty Ashurbanipal (and Kandalanu) in 627 BC, the Neo-Assyrian Empire descended into a series of bitter internal dynastic civil wars that were to be the cause of its downfall.Eurasia around 600 BC, showing Neo-Babylonian Empire (Chaldean Empire) and its neighborsAshur-etil-ilani (626–623 BC) ascended to the throne of the empire in 626 BC but was immediately engulfed in a torrent of fierce rebellions instigated by rival claimants. He was deposed in 623 BC by an Assyrian general (turtanu) named Sin-shumu-lishir (623–622 BC), who was also declared king of Babylon. Sin-shar-ishkun (622–612 BC), the brother of Ashur-etil-ilani, took back the throne of empire from Sin-shumu-lishir in 622 BC, but was then himself faced with unremitting rebellion against his rule by his own people. Continual conflict among the Assyrians led to a myriad of subject peoples, from Cyprus to Persia and The Caucasus to Egypt, quietly reasserting their independence and ceasing to pay tribute to Assyria.Nabopolassar, a previously obscure and unknown Chaldean chieftain, followed the opportunistic tactics laid down by previous Chaldean leaders to take advantage of the chaos and anarchy gripping Assyria and Babylonia and seized the city of Babylon in 620 BC with the help of its native Babylonian inhabitants.Sin-shar-ishkun amassed a powerful army and marched into Babylon to regain control of the region. Nabopolassar was saved from likely destruction because yet another massive Assyrian rebellion broke out in Assyria proper, including the capital Nineveh, which forced the Assyrian king to turn back in order to quell the revolt. Nabopolassar took advantage of this situation, seizing the ancient city of Nippur in 619 BC, a mainstay of pro-Assyrianism in Babylonia, and thus Babylonia as a whole.However, his position was still far from secure, and bitter fighting continued in the Babylonian heartlands from 620 to 615 BC, with Assyrian forces encamped in Babylonia in an attempt to eject Nabopolassar. Nabopolassar attempted a counterattack, marched his army into Assyria proper in 616 BC, and tried to besiege Assur and Arrapha (modern Kirkuk), but was defeated by Sin-shar-ishkun and chased back into Babylonia after being driven from Idiqlat (modern Tikrit) at the southernmost end of Assyria. A stalemate seemed to have ensued, with Nabopolassar unable to make any inroads into Assyria despite its greatly weakened state, and Sin-shar-ishkun unable to eject Nabopolassar from Babylonia due to constant rebellions and civil war among his own people.Nabopolassar's position, and the fate of the Assyrian empire, was sealed when he entered into an alliance with another of Assyria's former vassals, the Medes, the now dominant people of what was to become Persia. The Median Cyaxares had also recently taken advantage of the anarchy in the Assyrian Empire, while officially still a vassal of Assyria, he took the opportunity to meld the Iranian peoples; the Medes, Persians, Sagartians and Parthians, into a large and powerful Median-dominated force. The Medes, Persians, Parthians, Chaldeans and Babylonians formed an alliance that also included the Scythians and Cimmerians to the north.While Sin-shar-ishkun was fighting both the rebels in Assyria and the Chaldeans and Babylonians in southern Mesopotamia, Cyaxares (hitherto a vassal of Assyria), in alliance with the Scythians and Cimmerians launched a surprise attack on civil-war-beleaguered Assyria in 615 BC, sacking Kalhu (the Biblical Calah/Nimrud) and taking Arrapkha (modern Kirkuk). Nabopolassar, still pinned down in southern Mesopotamia, was not involved in this major breakthrough against Assyria. From this point however, the alliance of Medes, Persians, Chaldeans, Babylonians, Sagartians, Scythians and Cimmerians fought in unison against Assyria.Despite the sorely depleted state of Assyria, bitter fighting ensued. Throughout 614 BC the alliance of powers continued to make inroads into Assyria itself, although in 613 BC the Assyrians somehow rallied to score a number of counterattacking victories over the Medes-Persians, Babylonians-Chaldeans and Scythians-Cimmerians. This led to a coalition of forces ranged against it to unite and launch a massive combined attack in 612 BC, finally besieging and sacking Nineveh in late 612 BC, killing Sin-shar-ishkun in the process.A new Assyrian king, Ashur-uballit II (612–605 BC), took the crown amidst the house-to-house fighting in Nineveh, and refused a request to bow in vassalage to the rulers of the alliance. He managed to fight his way out of Nineveh and reach the northern Assyrian city of Harran, where he founded a new capital. Assyria resisted for another seven years until 605 BC, when the remnants of the Assyrian army and the army of the Egyptians, whose 26th Dynasty had formed a brief allied coalition with the Assyrians, were defeated at Karchemish. Nabopolassar and his Median, Scythian and Cimmerian allies were now in possession of much of the huge Neo-Assyrian Empire. The Egyptians had belatedly come to the aid of Assyria, which they would have hoped to support as a secure buffer between Egypt and the new powers of Babylon, Medes and Persians, having already been raided by the Scythians.The Chaldean king of Babylon now ruled all of southern Mesopotamia (Assyria in the north was ruled by the Medes),[29] and the former Assyrian possessions of Aram (Syria), Phoenicia, Israel, Cyprus, Edom, Philistia, and parts of Arabia, while the Medes took control of the former Assyrian colonies in Ancient Iran, Asia Minor and the Caucasus.Nabopolassar was not able to enjoy his success for long, dying in 604 BC, only one year after the victory at Karchemish. He was succeeded by his son, who took the name Nebuchadnezzar II, after the unrelated 12th century BC native Akkadian-Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar I, indicating the extent to which the migrant Chaldeans had become infused with native Mesopotamian culture.Nebuchadnezzar II and his allies may well have been forced to deal with remnants of Assyrian resistance based in and around Dur-Katlimmu, as Assyrian imperial records continue to be dated in this region between 604 and 599 BC.[30] In addition, the Egyptians remained in the region an attempt to revive the Asian colonies of the ancient Egyptian Empire.Nebuchadnezzar II was to prove himself to be the greatest of the Chaldean rulers, rivaling another non-native ruler, the 18th century BC Amorite king Hammurabi, as the greatest king of Babylon. He was a patron of the cities and a spectacular builder, rebuilding all of Babylonia's major cities on a lavish scale. His building activity at Babylon, expanding on the earlier major and impressive rebuilding of the Assyrian king Esarhaddon, helped to turn it into the immense and beautiful city of legend. Babylon covered more than 8 km2 (3 sq mi), surrounded by moats and ringed by a double circuit of walls. The Euphrates flowed through the center of the city, spanned by a beautiful stone bridge. At the center of the city rose the giant ziggurat called Etemenanki, \"House of the Frontier Between Heaven and Earth,\" which lay next to the Temple of Marduk. He is also believed by many historians to have built The Hanging Gardens of Babylon (although others believe these gardens were built much earlier by an Assyrian king in Nineveh) for his wife, a Median princess from the green mountains, so that she would feel at home.A capable leader, Nebuchadnezzar II conducted successful military campaigns; cities like Tyre, Sidon and Damascus were subjugated. He also conducted numerous campaigns in Asia Minor against the Scythians, Cimmerians, and Lydians. Like their Assyrian relations, the Babylonians had to campaign yearly in order to control their colonies.In 601 BC, Nebuchadnezzar II was involved in a major but inconclusive battle against the Egyptians. In 599 BC, he invaded Arabia and routed the Arabs at Qedar. In 597 BC, he invaded Judah, captured Jerusalem after the siege of Jerusalem (597 BC) and deposed its king Jehoiachin, carrying the Israelites into captivity in Babylon. Egyptian and Babylonian armies fought each other for control of the Near East throughout much of Nebuchadnezzar's reign, and this encouraged king Zedekiah of Judah to revolt. After an eighteen-month siege, Jerusalem was captured in 587 BC, thousands of Jews were deported to Babylon, and Solomon's Temple was razed to the ground.Nebuchadnezzar successfully fought the Pharaohs Psammetichus II and Apries throughout his reign, and during the reign of Pharaoh Amasis in 568 BC it is rumoured that he may have briefly invaded Egypt itself.By 572, Nebuchadnezzar was in full control of Babylonia, Chaldea, Aramea (Syria), Phonecia, Israel, Judah, Philistia, Samarra, Jordan, northern Arabia, and parts of Asia Minor. Nebuchadnezzar died of illness in 562 BC after a one-year co-reign with his son, Amel-Marduk, who was deposed in 560 BC after a reign of only two years.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Neriglissar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neriglissar"},{"link_name":"Hellenic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeks"},{"link_name":"Cilicia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilicia"},{"link_name":"Labashi-Marduk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labashi-Marduk"},{"link_name":"Nabonidus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabonidus"},{"link_name":"Harran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harran"},{"link_name":"Belshazzar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belshazzar"},{"link_name":"Cyrus the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Achaemenid Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire"},{"link_name":"incantation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incantation"},{"link_name":"witchcraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witchcraft"},{"link_name":"Book of Daniel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Daniel"},{"link_name":"Strabo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strabo"},{"link_name":"Achaemenid Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire"},{"link_name":"geo-political","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geo-political"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"End of the Chaldean dynasty","text":"Neriglissar succeeded Amel-Marduk. It is unclear as to whether he was in fact an ethnic Chaldean or a native Babylonian nobleman, as he was not related by blood to Nabopolassar's descendants, having married into the ruling family. He conducted successful military campaigns against the Hellenic inhabitants of Cilicia, which had threatened Babylonian interests. Neriglissar reigned for only four years and was succeeded by the youthful Labashi-Marduk in 556 BC. Again, it is unclear whether he was a Chaldean or a native Babylonian.Labashi-Marduk reigned only for a matter of months, being deposed by Nabonidus in late 556 BC. Nabonidus was certainly not a Chaldean, but an Assyrian from Harran, the last capital of Assyria, and proved to be the final native Mesopotamian king of Babylon. He and his son, the regent Belshazzar, were deposed by the Persians under Cyrus the Great in 539 BC.When the Babylonian Empire was absorbed into the Persian Achaemenid Empire, the name \"Chaldean\" lost its meaning in reference to a particular ethnicity or land, but lingered for a while as a term solely and explicitly used to describe a societal class of astrologers and astronomers in southern Mesopotamia. The original Chaldean tribe had long ago became Akkadianized, adopting Akkadian culture, religion, language and customs, blending into the majority native population, and eventually wholly disappearing as a distinct race of people, as had been the case with other preceding migrant peoples, such as the Amorites, Kassites, Suteans and Arameans of Babylonia.The Persians considered this Chaldean societal class to be masters of reading and writing, and especially versed in all forms of incantation, sorcery, witchcraft, and the magical arts. They spoke of astrologists and astronomers as Chaldeans, and it is used with this specific meaning in the Book of Daniel (Dan. i. 4, ii. 2 et seq.) and by classical writers, such as Strabo.The disappearance of the Chaldeans as an ethnicity and Chaldea as a land is evidenced by the fact that the Persian rulers of the Achaemenid Empire (539–330 BC) did not retain a province called \"Chaldea\", nor did they refer to \"Chaldeans\" as a race of people in their written annals. This is in contrast to Assyria, and for a time Babylonia also, where the Persians retained the names Assyria and Babylonia as designations for distinct geo-political entities within the Achaemenid Empire. In the case of the Assyrians in particular, Achaemenid records show Assyrians holding important positions within the empire, particularly with regards to military and civil administration.[31]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cicero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicero"},{"link_name":"astrologers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrologers"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"De Divinatione","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Divinatione"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Pliny the Elder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder"},{"link_name":"Valerius Maximus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerius_Maximus"},{"link_name":"Aulus Gellius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aulus_Gellius"},{"link_name":"Cato the Elder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cato_the_Elder"},{"link_name":"Lucretius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucretius"},{"link_name":"Juvenal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juvenal"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Horace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace"},{"link_name":"Carpe diem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpe_diem"},{"link_name":"horoscopes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horoscope"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"late antiquity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_antiquity"},{"link_name":"Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible"},{"link_name":"Jerome of Stridon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_of_Stridon"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGallagher2012123-141-21"},{"link_name":"Western Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Europe"},{"link_name":"West Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Asian"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEN%C3%B6ldeke1871113-131-22"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"Jacques de Vitry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_de_Vitry"},{"link_name":"Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"Mother of God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Mariology#Mother_of_God"},{"link_name":"Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_(title)"},{"link_name":"leavened bread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bread#Leavening"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler200383-36"},{"link_name":"Assyrians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_people"},{"link_name":"Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_See"},{"link_name":"a new church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church"}],"text":"The term Chaldean was still in use at the time of Cicero (106–43 BC) long after the Chaldeans had disappeared. In one of his speeches he mentioned \"Chaldean astrologers\",[32] and he spoke of them more than once in his De Divinatione.[33] Other classical Latin writers who speak of them as distinguished for their knowledge of astronomy and astrology are Pliny the Elder, Valerius Maximus, Aulus Gellius, Cato the Elder, Lucretius, and Juvenal.[34] Horace in his Carpe diem ode speaks of the \"Babylonian calculations\" (Babylonii numeri), the horoscopes of astrologers consulted regarding the future.[35]In the late antiquity, a variant of Aramaic that was used in some books of the Bible was misnamed as Chaldean by Jerome of Stridon.[21] That inaccurate usage continued down the centuries in Western Europe, and it was still customary during the nineteenth century, until the misnomer was corrected by scholars. In West Asian, Greek and Hebraic sources, however, the term for the language spoken in Mesopotamia was commonly \"Assyrian\" and later also \"Syriac\". [22] Accordingly, in the earliest recorded \"Western\" mentions of the Christians of what is now Iraq and nearby countries, \"Chaldean\" is used with reference to their language. In 1220/1, Jacques de Vitry wrote that \"they denied that Mary was the Mother of God and claimed that Christ existed in two persons. They consecrated leavened bread and used the 'Chaldean' (Syriac) language\".[36] In the fifteenth century the term \"Chaldeans\" was first applied specifically to Assyrians living in Cyprus who entered a union with Rome, and no longer merely with reference to their language but the name of a new church.","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chaldean Catholics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaldean_Catholics"},{"link_name":"Assyrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_people"},{"link_name":"ethnic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_group"},{"link_name":"Aramaic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aramaic"},{"link_name":"Assyrian continuity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_continuity"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumWinkler2003112-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"sub_title":"Impact on Assyrian identity","text":"In the present, Chaldea has been associated with Assyrian separatism through the Chaldean Catholics, and the belief that their descent is based southern Babylonia. While some religious leaders of the Chaldean church and activists in the West have advocated for a separate identity based on this notion, historians and international organizations generally treat Assyrians and Chaldeans as the same group ethnically, owing to genetic, linguistic, geographic, and modern historical factors. However, across the rest of Mesopotamia (particularly the North) after Chaldea fell, the terms \"Assyrian\", and its derivative Syrian remained the common ethnic term for the Aramaic-speaking inhabitants. These were used by the people themselves and their Persian, Armenian, Arab, Greek, Georgian and Kurdish neighbours both before and after the advent of Christianity in Iraq, Northeast Syria, Southeast Turkey and Northwest Iran. The Assyrian continuity in these regions is well documented.[37][38]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baum, Wilhelm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Baum_(historian)"},{"link_name":"The Church of the East: A Concise History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=CnSCAgAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781134430192","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134430192"},{"link_name":"\"Notes on Arameans and Chaldeans in Southern Babylonia in the Early Seventh Century B.C.\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/43074768"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"43074768","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/43074768"},{"link_name":"Dever, William G.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_G._Dever"},{"link_name":"What Did the Biblical Writers Know, and when Did They Know It?: What Archaeology Can Tell Us about the Reality of Ancient Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=6-VxwC5rQtwC&q=%22respectable+archaeologists%22&pg=PA98"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8028-2126-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2126-3"},{"link_name":"Gallagher, Edmon L.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmon_L._Gallagher"},{"link_name":"Hebrew Scripture in Patristic Biblical Theory: Canon, Language, Text","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=aWkyAQAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9789004228023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004228023"},{"link_name":"\"Chaldea\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/jewishencyclopedia03sing#page/661/mode/1up"},{"link_name":"Singer, Isidore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isidore_Singer"},{"link_name":"The Jewish Encyclopedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia"},{"link_name":"Biblical History and Israel's Past","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=Qjkz_8EMoaUC&q=Thompson+%22Van+Seters%22&pg=PA19"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8028-6260-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6260-0"},{"link_name":"Nöldeke, Theodor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_N%C3%B6ldeke"},{"link_name":"\"Die Namen der aramäischen Nation und Sprache\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/43366019"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"43366019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/43366019"},{"link_name":"Prince, John Dyneley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dyneley_Prince"},{"link_name":"\"Chaldaea\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Chaldaea"},{"link_name":"Chisholm, Hugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm"},{"link_name":"Encyclopædia Britannica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition"},{"link_name":"Ancient Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=klZX8B_RzzYC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-14-193825-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-193825-7"},{"link_name":"Sayce, Archibald Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archibald_Henry_Sayce"},{"link_name":"\"Babylon—Babylonia\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Babylon%E2%80%94Babylonia"},{"link_name":"Encyclopædia Britannica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica"},{"link_name":"Sayce, Archibald Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archibald_Henry_Sayce"},{"link_name":"\"Chaldea\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Chaldea"},{"link_name":"Encyclopædia Britannica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica"},{"link_name":"\"Depictions of כשדים 'Chaldeans' in Judean Prophecy and Historiography\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.academia.edu/34378851"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1575067612","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1575067612"},{"link_name":"Ragozin, Zénaïde A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A9na%C3%AFde_Alexe%C3%AFevna_Ragozin"},{"link_name":"Chaldea from the earliest times to the rise of Assyria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=9H-VpCCd03AC"},{"link_name":"Saggs, Henry W. F.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_W._F._Saggs"},{"link_name":"\"Chaldeans in the Nimrud Letters\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/23864750"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"23864750","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/23864750"}],"text":"Baum, Wilhelm; Winkler, Dietmar W. (2003). The Church of the East: A Concise History. London-New York: Routledge-Curzon. ISBN 9781134430192.\nBrinkman, John A. (1977). \"Notes on Arameans and Chaldeans in Southern Babylonia in the Early Seventh Century B.C.\" Orientalia. 46 (2): 304–325. JSTOR 43074768.\nDever, William G. (2002), What Did the Biblical Writers Know, and when Did They Know It?: What Archaeology Can Tell Us about the Reality of Ancient Israel, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, ISBN 978-0-8028-2126-3\nGallagher, Edmon L. (2012). Hebrew Scripture in Patristic Biblical Theory: Canon, Language, Text. Leiden-Boston: Brill. ISBN 9789004228023.\n McCurdy, J. Frederic; Rogers, Robert W. (1902), \"Chaldea\", in Singer, Isidore; et al. (eds.), The Jewish Encyclopedia, vol. 3, New York: Funk & Wagnalls, pp. 661–662\nLenorman, Francois (1877), Chaldean Magic: Its Origin and Development, London: Samuel Bagster & Sons\nMoore, Megan Bishop; Kelle, Brad E. (2011), Biblical History and Israel's Past, Eerdmans, ISBN 978-0-8028-6260-0\nNöldeke, Theodor (1871). \"Die Namen der aramäischen Nation und Sprache\". Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft. 25 (1–2): 113–131. JSTOR 43366019.\nPrince, John Dyneley (1911), \"Chaldaea\" , in Chisholm, Hugh (ed.), Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 5 (11th ed.), Cambridge University Press, p. 804\nRoux, Georges (27 August 1992). Ancient Iraq. Penguin Books Limited. ISBN 978-0-14-193825-7.\nSayce, Archibald Henry (1878), \"Babylon—Babylonia\" , Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 5 (9th ed.), p. 182–194\nSayce, Archibald Henry (1878), \"Chaldea\" , in Baynes, T. S. (ed.), Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 5 (9th ed.), New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, p. 372\nVanderhooft, David S. (2017). \"Depictions of כשדים 'Chaldeans' in Judean Prophecy and Historiography\". Now It Happened in Those Days: Studies in Biblical, Assyrian, and Other Ancient Near Eastern Historiography. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns. pp. 171–182.\nZadok, Ran (2017). \"A Cylinder Inscription of Aššur-ketta-lēšir II\". In Baruchi-Unna, Amitai; Forti, Tova; Aḥituv, Shmuel; Ephʿal, Israel; Tigay, Jeffrey H. (eds.). Now It Happened in Those Days: Studies in Biblical, Assyrian, and Other Ancient Near Eastern Historiography. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns. pp. 309–340. ISBN 978-1575067612.\nRagozin, Zénaïde A. (1886). Chaldea from the earliest times to the rise of Assyria. London: Unwin.\nSaggs, Henry W. F. (1996). \"Chaldeans in the Nimrud Letters\". Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes. 86: 379–390. JSTOR 23864750.","title":"Sources"}] | [{"image_text":"The Chaldean states in Babylonia during the 1st millennium BC.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Babylonie_chaldeens.svg/350px-Babylonie_chaldeens.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Chaldea and neighboring countries","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Chaldea_-_Map_-_Chaldea_and_Neighboring_Countries.png/220px-Chaldea_-_Map_-_Chaldea_and_Neighboring_Countries.png"},{"image_text":"Eurasia around 1000 BC, showing Babylon, Assyria, Aramean states and their neighbors","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/East-Hem_1000bc.jpg/260px-East-Hem_1000bc.jpg"},{"image_text":"Eurasia around 600 BC, showing Neo-Babylonian Empire (Chaldean Empire) and its neighbors","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/East-Hem_600bc.jpg/260px-East-Hem_600bc.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Beaulieu, Paul-Alain (2018). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UEFA_European_Championship_winning_managers | List of UEFA European Championship winning managers | ["1 Winning managers","2 By nationality","3 See also","4 References"] | Gavriil Kachalin was the first manager to win the UEFA European Championship.
The UEFA European Championship is the primary national association football tournament in Europe. The sixteen completed tournaments have been won by ten national teams: Germany and Spain have each won three titles, France and Italy have each won two titles, and the Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia, the Netherlands, Denmark, Greece and Portugal have each won one title. The role of the manager is to select the squad for the European Championship and develop the tactics of the team. Pressure is attached to the role due to the significance of winning the competition and the lack of day-to-day contact with players during the regular club season aside from international breaks.
Gavriil Kachalin led the Soviet Union to victory in the inaugural tournament in 1960. No manager has won the title on more than one occasion, and all winning managers have won it with their native countries, with the exception of German coach Otto Rehhagel leading Greece to victory in 2004. Two managers have both won and lost a European Championship final: Helmut Schön (winner in 1972 and runner-up in 1976, both with West Germany) and Berti Vogts (winner in 1996 and runner-up in 1992, both with Germany). Vogts is also the only person to win the European Championship as both a player and a manager, having previously lifted the trophy while playing for West Germany in 1972. Schön and Vicente del Bosque are the only managers to have won the European Championship and World Cup; Schön managed Germany to the 1974 World Cup after winning the European Championship in 1972 and del Bosque led Spain to victory in the 2010 World Cup before winning the European Championship in 2012.
José Villalonga is the youngest manager to win the trophy, he was 44 years and 192 days old when he led Spain to victory in 1964. The oldest manager to win the European Championship is Luis Aragonés, who was 69 years and 336 days old when Spain won in 2008. Joachim Löw and Lars Lagerbäck jointly hold the record for managing at the most European Championships, with both leading teams at four different tournaments; Löw additionally holds the records for most matches managed (21) and most matches won (12) in the competition, all coming between the 2008 and 2020 tournaments.
Winning managers
Helmut Schön of Germany (left) and Vicente del Bosque of Spain (middle) are the only two managers to have won the European Championship and the FIFA World Cup. Roberto Mancini of Italy (right) is the most recent manager to have won the tournament.
UEFA European Championship-winning managers
Year
Winning manager
Nationality
Winning national team
1960
Gavriil Kachalin
Soviet Union
Soviet Union
1964
José Villalonga
Spain
Spain
1968
Ferruccio Valcareggi
Italy
Italy
1972
Helmut Schön
West Germany
West Germany
1976
Václav Ježek
Czechoslovakia
Czechoslovakia
1980
Jupp Derwall
West Germany
West Germany
1984
Michel Hidalgo
France
France
1988
Rinus Michels
Netherlands
Netherlands
1992
Richard Møller Nielsen
Denmark
Denmark
1996
Berti Vogts
Germany
Germany
2000
Roger Lemerre
France
France
2004
Otto Rehhagel
Germany
Greece
2008
Luis Aragonés
Spain
Spain
2012
Vicente del Bosque
2016
Fernando Santos
Portugal
Portugal
2020
Roberto Mancini
Italy
Italy
By nationality
Winning managers by nationality
Nationality
Manager(s)
Number ofwins
Germany
4
4
Spain
3
3
France
2
2
Italy
2
2
Russia
1
1
Slovakia
1
1
Netherlands
1
1
Denmark
1
1
Portugal
1
1
^ Includes West Germany
^ Includes Soviet Union
^ Includes Czechoslovakia
See also
UEFA European Championship
List of UEFA European Championship finals
List of UEFA European Championship winning players
References
^ Irving, Duncan (9 June 2021). "Stunning Soccer Moments in European Championship History". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 30 December 2022.
^ Stokkermans, Karel (22 July 2021). "European Championship". Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation (RSSSF). Archived from the original on 27 December 2022. Retrieved 13 November 2022.
^ Evans, Chris (20 July 2022). "The art of international football management — by those who've done it". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 31 December 2022. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
^ "History: 1960". Eurosport. 22 May 2008. Archived from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 13 November 2022.
^ a b c d e f g "Euro coaches: Oldest, youngest, most appearances, most wins". UEFA. 29 June 2021. Retrieved 13 November 2022.
^ a b "Who has won Euro as player and coach?". UEFA. 12 May 2020. Retrieved 13 November 2022.
^ Garcia, Adriana (13 September 2016). "Vicente del Bosque hailed by Sir Alex Ferguson at UEFA conference". ESPN. Retrieved 24 December 2022.
^ Sanghera, Mandeep (12 May 2012). "Euro 1964: A forgotten Spanish triumph". BBC Sport. Archived from the original on 24 December 2022. Retrieved 24 December 2022.
^ "Every coach in EURO history: team by team". UEFA. 1 January 2024. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
vteUEFA European ChampionshipTournaments
France 1960
Spain 1964
Italy 1968
Belgium 1972
Yugoslavia 1976
Italy 1980
France 1984
West Germany 1988
Sweden 1992
England 1996
Belgium / Netherlands 2000
Portugal 2004
Austria / Switzerland 2008
Poland / Ukraine 2012
France 2016
Pan-European 2020†
Germany 2024
United Kingdom / Ireland 2028
Italy / Turkey 2032
Qualifying
1960
1964
1968
1972
1976
1980
1984
1988
1992
1996
2000
2004
2008
2012
2016
2020
2024
Finals
1960
1964
1968
1972
1976
1980
1984
1988
1992
1996
2000
2004
2008
2012
2016
2020
2024
Squads
1960
1964
1968
1972
1976
1980
1984
1988
1992
1996
2000
2004
2008
2012
2016
2020
2024
Bids
2004
2008
2012
2016
2020
2024
2028
2032
Statistics
1992
1996
2000
2004
2008
2012
2016
2020
Broadcasting rights
2000
2004
2008
2012
2016
2020
2024
Overall records
Records and statistics
Player appearances
Goalscorers
Hat-tricks
Own goals
Penalty shoot-outs
Red cards
Winning players
Winning managers
Miscellaneous
Awards
Music
Mascots
Balls
Video games
† Postponed to 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe
Category
Commons
vteUEFA European Championship winning managers
1960: Kachalin
1964: Villalonga
1968: Valcareggi
1972: Schön
1976: Ježek
1980: Derwall
1984: Hidalgo
1988: Michels
1992: Nielsen
1996: Vogts
2000: Lemerre
2004: Rehhagel
2008: Aragonés
2012: Del Bosque
2016: Santos
2020: Mancini | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dynamo_Tbilisi_at_Schiphol_airport_(September_25,_1972).jpg"},{"link_name":"Gavriil Kachalin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavriil_Kachalin"},{"link_name":"UEFA European Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_European_Championship"},{"link_name":"association football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Czechoslovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manager_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Gavriil Kachalin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavriil_Kachalin"},{"link_name":"inaugural tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_European_Nations%27_Cup"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Otto Rehhagel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Rehhagel"},{"link_name":"2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2004"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-coaches-5"},{"link_name":"Helmut Schön","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Sch%C3%B6n"},{"link_name":"1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Euro_1972"},{"link_name":"1976","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Euro_1976"},{"link_name":"Berti Vogts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berti_Vogts"},{"link_name":"1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Euro_1996"},{"link_name":"1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Euro_1992"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-coaches-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vogts-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vogts-6"},{"link_name":"Vicente del Bosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicente_del_Bosque"},{"link_name":"1974 World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"2010 World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2012"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-coaches-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"José Villalonga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Villalonga"},{"link_name":"1964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_European_Nations%27_Cup"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-coaches-5"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Luis Aragonés","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Aragon%C3%A9s"},{"link_name":"2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2008"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-coaches-5"},{"link_name":"Joachim Löw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_L%C3%B6w"},{"link_name":"Lars Lagerbäck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lars_Lagerb%C3%A4ck"},{"link_name":"2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2008"},{"link_name":"2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2020"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-coaches-5"}],"text":"Gavriil Kachalin was the first manager to win the UEFA European Championship.The UEFA European Championship is the primary national association football tournament in Europe.[1] The sixteen completed tournaments have been won by ten national teams: Germany and Spain have each won three titles, France and Italy have each won two titles, and the Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia, the Netherlands, Denmark, Greece and Portugal have each won one title.[2] The role of the manager is to select the squad for the European Championship and develop the tactics of the team. Pressure is attached to the role due to the significance of winning the competition and the lack of day-to-day contact with players during the regular club season aside from international breaks.[3]Gavriil Kachalin led the Soviet Union to victory in the inaugural tournament in 1960.[4] No manager has won the title on more than one occasion, and all winning managers have won it with their native countries, with the exception of German coach Otto Rehhagel leading Greece to victory in 2004.[5] Two managers have both won and lost a European Championship final: Helmut Schön (winner in 1972 and runner-up in 1976, both with West Germany) and Berti Vogts (winner in 1996 and runner-up in 1992, both with Germany).[5][6] Vogts is also the only person to win the European Championship as both a player and a manager, having previously lifted the trophy while playing for West Germany in 1972.[6] Schön and Vicente del Bosque are the only managers to have won the European Championship and World Cup; Schön managed Germany to the 1974 World Cup after winning the European Championship in 1972 and del Bosque led Spain to victory in the 2010 World Cup before winning the European Championship in 2012.[5][7]José Villalonga is the youngest manager to win the trophy, he was 44 years and 192 days old when he led Spain to victory in 1964.[5][8] The oldest manager to win the European Championship is Luis Aragonés, who was 69 years and 336 days old when Spain won in 2008.[5] Joachim Löw and Lars Lagerbäck jointly hold the record for managing at the most European Championships, with both leading teams at four different tournaments; Löw additionally holds the records for most matches managed (21) and most matches won (12) in the competition, all coming between the 2008 and 2020 tournaments.[5]","title":"List of UEFA European Championship winning managers"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fu%C3%9Fball-Bundestrainer_Helmut_Sch%C3%B6n_(Kiel_87.306).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vicente_del_Bosque_Euro_2012_final.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roberto_Mancini_2021.jpg"},{"link_name":"Helmut Schön","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Sch%C3%B6n"},{"link_name":"Vicente del Bosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicente_del_Bosque"},{"link_name":"FIFA World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Roberto Mancini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Mancini"}],"text":"Helmut Schön of Germany (left) and Vicente del Bosque of Spain (middle) are the only two managers to have won the European Championship and the FIFA World Cup. Roberto Mancini of Italy (right) is the most recent manager to have won the tournament.","title":"Winning managers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"}],"text":"^ Includes West Germany\n\n^ Includes Soviet Union\n\n^ Includes Czechoslovakia","title":"By nationality"}] | [{"image_text":"Gavriil Kachalin was the first manager to win the UEFA European Championship.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Dynamo_Tbilisi_at_Schiphol_airport_%28September_25%2C_1972%29.jpg/150px-Dynamo_Tbilisi_at_Schiphol_airport_%28September_25%2C_1972%29.jpg"}] | [{"title":"UEFA European Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_European_Championship"},{"title":"List of UEFA European Championship finals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UEFA_European_Championship_finals"},{"title":"List of UEFA European Championship winning players","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UEFA_European_Championship_winning_players"}] | [{"reference":"Irving, Duncan (9 June 2021). \"Stunning Soccer Moments in European Championship History\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 30 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230114194324/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/09/sports/soccer/european-championship-history.html","url_text":"\"Stunning Soccer Moments in European Championship History\""},{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/09/sports/soccer/european-championship-history.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Stokkermans, Karel (22 July 2021). \"European Championship\". Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation (RSSSF). Archived from the original on 27 December 2022. Retrieved 13 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221227193855/https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/eurochamp.html","url_text":"\"European Championship\""},{"url":"https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/eurochamp.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Evans, Chris (20 July 2022). \"The art of international football management — by those who've done it\". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 31 December 2022. Retrieved 25 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221231205647/https://www.theguardian.com/football/the-set-pieces-blog/2022/jul/20/art-international-management-football-luiz-felipe-scolari-ottmar-hitzfeld-carlos-alberto-parreira-world-cup","url_text":"\"The art of international football management — by those who've done it\""},{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/football/the-set-pieces-blog/2022/jul/20/art-international-management-football-luiz-felipe-scolari-ottmar-hitzfeld-carlos-alberto-parreira-world-cup","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"History: 1960\". Eurosport. 22 May 2008. Archived from the original on 14 January 2023. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attonewton | Newton (unit) | ["1 Definition","2 Examples","3 Kilonewtons","4 Conversion factors","5 See also","6 References"] | Unit of force in physics
"Newtons" redirects here. For the snack, see Newtons (cookie).
newtonVisualization of one newton of forceGeneral informationUnit systemSIUnit offorceSymbolNNamed afterSir Isaac NewtonConversions
1 N in ...... is equal to ...
SI base units 1 kg⋅m⋅s−2 CGS units 105 dyn Imperial units 0.224809 lbf
The newton (symbol: N) is the unit of force in the International System of Units (SI). It is defined as
1
kg
⋅
m/s
2
{\displaystyle 1\ {\text{kg}}\cdot {\text{m/s}}^{2}}
, the force which gives a mass of 1 kilogram an acceleration of 1 metre per second squared.
It is named after Isaac Newton in recognition of his work on classical mechanics, specifically his second law of motion.
Definition
A newton is defined as
1
k
g
⋅
m
/
s
2
{\displaystyle \mathrm {1\ kg{\cdot }m/s^{2}} }
(it is a named derived unit defined in terms of the SI base units).: 137 One newton is, therefore, the force needed to accelerate one kilogram of mass at the rate of one metre per second squared in the direction of the applied force.
The units "metre per second squared" can be understood as measuring a rate of change in velocity per unit of time, i.e. an increase in velocity by 1 metre per second every second.
In 1946, the General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) Resolution 2 standardized the unit of force in the MKS system of units to be the amount needed to accelerate 1 kilogram of mass at the rate of 1 metre per second squared. In 1948, the 9th CGPM Resolution 7 adopted the name newton for this force. The MKS system then became the blueprint for today's SI system of units. The newton thus became the standard unit of force in the Système international d'unités (SI), or International System of Units.
The newton is named after Isaac Newton. As with every SI unit named for a person, its symbol starts with an upper case letter (N), but when written in full, it follows the rules for capitalisation of a common noun; i.e., newton becomes capitalised at the beginning of a sentence and in titles but is otherwise in lower case.
The connection to Newton comes from Newton's second law of motion, which states that the force exerted on an object is directly proportional to the acceleration hence acquired by that object, thus:
F
=
m
a
,
{\displaystyle F=ma,}
where
m
{\displaystyle m}
represents the mass of the object undergoing an acceleration
a
{\displaystyle a}
. When using the SI unit of mass, the kilogram (
kg
{\displaystyle {\text{kg}}}
), and SI units for distance metre (
m
{\displaystyle {\text{m}}}
), and time, second (
s
{\displaystyle {\text{s}}}
) we arrive at the SI definition of the newton:
1
k
g
⋅
m
/
s
2
.
{\displaystyle \mathrm {1\ kg{\cdot }m/s^{2}} .}
Examples
At average gravity on Earth (conventionally,
g
=
9.80665
m/s
2
{\displaystyle g={9.80665}\ {\text{m/s}}^{2}}
), a kilogram mass exerts a force of about 9.8 newtons.
An average-sized apple at 200 g exerts about two newtons of force at Earth's surface, which we measure as the apple's weight on Earth.
0.200
kg
×
9.80665
m/s
2
=
1.961
N
.
{\displaystyle 0.200{\text{ kg}}\times 9.80665{\text{ m/s}}^{2}=1.961{\text{ N}}.}
An average adult exerts a force of about 608 N on Earth.
62
kg
×
9.80665
m/s
2
=
608
N
{\displaystyle 62{\text{ kg}}\times 9.80665{\text{ m/s}}^{2}=608{\text{ N}}}
(where 62 kg is the world average adult mass).
Kilonewtons
A carabiner used in rock climbing, with a safety rating of 26 kN when loaded along the spine with the gate closed, 8 kN when loaded perpendicular to the spine, and 10 kN when loaded along the spine with the gate open.
Large forces may be expressed in kilonewtons (kN), where 1 kN = 1000 N. For example, the tractive effort of a Class Y steam train locomotive and the thrust of an F100 jet engine are both around 130 kN.
Climbing ropes are tested by assuming a human can withstand a fall that creates 12 kN of force. The ropes must not break when tested against 5 such falls.: 11
Conversion factors
Units of force
vte
newton
dyne
kilogram-force, kilopond
pound-force
poundal
1 N
≡ 1 kg⋅m/s2
= 105 dyn
≈ 0.10197 kp
≈ 0.22481 lbf
≈ 7.2330 pdl
1 dyn
= 10–5 N
≡ 1 g⋅cm/s2
≈ 1.0197×10−6 kp
≈ 2.2481×10−6 lbf
≈ 7.2330×10−5 pdl
1 kp
= 9.80665 N
= 980665 dyn
≡ gn × 1 kg
≈ 2.2046 lbf
≈ 70.932 pdl
1 lbf
≈ 4.448222 N
≈ 444822 dyn
≈ 0.45359 kp
≡ gn × 1 lb
≈ 32.174 pdl
1 pdl
≈ 0.138255 N
≈ 13825 dyn
≈ 0.014098 kp
≈ 0.031081 lbf
≡ 1 lb⋅ft/s2
The value of gn as used in the official definition of the kilogram-force (9.80665 m/s2) is used here for all gravitational units.
Three approaches to units of mass and force or weight
vte Base
Force
Weight
Mass
2nd law of motion
m = F/a
F = W ⋅ a/g
F = m ⋅ a
System
BG
GM
EE
M
AE
CGS
MTS
SI
Acceleration (a)
ft/s2
m/s2
ft/s2
m/s2
ft/s2
Gal
m/s2
m/s2
Mass (m)
slug
hyl
pound-mass
kilogram
pound
gram
tonne
kilogram
Force (F), weight (W)
pound
kilopond
pound-force
kilopond
poundal
dyne
sthène
newton
Pressure (p)
pound per square inch
technical atmosphere
pound-force per square inch
standard atmosphere
poundal per square foot
barye
pieze
pascal
Standard prefixes for the metric units of measure (multiples)
vte
Prefix name
N/A
deca
hecto
kilo
mega
giga
tera
peta
exa
zetta
yotta
ronna
quetta
Prefix symbol
da
h
k
M
G
T
P
E
Z
Y
R
Q
Factor
100
101
102
103
106
109
1012
1015
1018
1021
1024
1027
1030
Standard prefixes for the metric units of measure (submultiples)
vte
Prefix name
N/A
deci
centi
milli
micro
nano
pico
femto
atto
zepto
yocto
ronto
quecto
Prefix symbol
d
c
m
μ
n
p
f
a
z
y
r
q
Factor
100
10−1
10−2
10−3
10−6
10−9
10−12
10−15
10−18
10−21
10−24
10−27
10−30
See also
Force gauge
International System of Units (SI)
Joule, SI unit of energy, 1 newton exerted over a distance of 1 metre
Kilogram-force, force exerted by Earth's gravity at sea level on one kilogram of mass
Kip (unit)
Pascal, SI unit of pressure, 1 newton acting on an area of 1 square metre
Orders of magnitude (force)
Pound (force)
Sthène
Newton metre, SI unit of torque
References
^ Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (2019). The International System of Units (SI) (PDF) (9 ed.). Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM). p. 137. Archived from the original on 30 September 2021. Retrieved 22 September 2021.
^ a b "Newton | unit of measurement". Encyclopædia Britannica. 17 December 2020. Archived from the original on 27 September 2019. Retrieved 27 September 2019.
^ a b The International System of Units (SI) (1977 ed.). U.S. Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards. 1977. p. 17. ISBN 9282220451. Archived from the original on 11 May 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
^ David B. Newell; Eite Tiesinga, eds. (2019). The International System of Units (SI) (PDF) (NIST Special publication 330, 2019 ed.). Gaithersburg, MD: NIST. Retrieved 30 November 2019.
^ "Table 3. Coherent derived units in the SI with special names and symbols". The International System of Units (SI). International Bureau of Weights and Measures. 2006. Archived from the original on 18 June 2007.
^ Walpole, Sarah Catherine; Prieto-Merino, David; et al. (18 June 2012). "The weight of nations: an estimation of adult human biomass". BMC Public Health. 12 (12): 439. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-12-439. PMC 3408371. PMID 22709383.
^ Bright, Casandra Marie. "A History of Rock Climbing Gear Technology and Standards." (2014).
^ Comings, E. W. (1940). "English Engineering Units and Their Dimensions". Industrial & Engineering Chemistry. 32 (7): 984–987. doi:10.1021/ie50367a028.
^ Klinkenberg, Adrian (1969). "The American Engineering System of Units and Its Dimensional Constant gc". Industrial & Engineering Chemistry. 61 (4): 53–59. doi:10.1021/ie50712a010.
vteSI unitsBase units
ampere
candela
kelvin
kilogram
metre
mole
second
Derived units with special names
becquerel
coulomb
degree Celsius
farad
gray
henry
hertz
joule
katal
lumen
lux
newton
ohm
pascal
radian
siemens
sievert
steradian
tesla
volt
watt
weber
Other accepted units
astronomical unit
dalton
day
decibel
degree of arc
electronvolt
hectare
hour
litre
minute
minute and second of arc
neper
tonne
See also
Conversion of units
Metric prefixes
Historical definitions of the SI base units
2019 redefinition
System of units of measurement
Category
vteSir Isaac NewtonPublications
Fluxions (1671)
De Motu (1684)
Principia (1687)
Opticks (1704)
Queries (1704)
Arithmetica (1707)
De Analysi (1711)
Other writings
Quaestiones (1661–1665)
"standing on the shoulders of giants" (1675)
Notes on the Jewish Temple (c. 1680)
"General Scholium" (1713; "hypotheses non fingo" )
Ancient Kingdoms Amended (1728)
Corruptions of Scripture (1754)
Contributions
Calculus
fluxion
Impact depth
Inertia
Newton disc
Newton polygon
Newton–Okounkov body
Newton's reflector
Newtonian telescope
Newton scale
Newton's metal
Spectrum
Structural coloration
Newtonianism
Bucket argument
Newton's inequalities
Newton's law of cooling
Newton's law of universal gravitation
post-Newtonian expansion
parameterized
gravitational constant
Newton–Cartan theory
Schrödinger–Newton equation
Newton's laws of motion
Kepler's laws
Newtonian dynamics
Newton's method in optimization
Apollonius's problem
truncated Newton method
Gauss–Newton algorithm
Newton's rings
Newton's theorem about ovals
Newton–Pepys problem
Newtonian potential
Newtonian fluid
Classical mechanics
Corpuscular theory of light
Leibniz–Newton calculus controversy
Newton's notation
Rotating spheres
Newton's cannonball
Newton–Cotes formulas
Newton's method
generalized Gauss–Newton method
Newton fractal
Newton's identities
Newton polynomial
Newton's theorem of revolving orbits
Newton–Euler equations
Newton number
kissing number problem
Newton's quotient
Parallelogram of force
Newton–Puiseux theorem
Absolute space and time
Luminiferous aether
Newtonian series
table
Personal life
Woolsthorpe Manor (birthplace)
Cranbury Park (home)
Early life
Later life
Apple tree
Religious views
Occult studies
Scientific Revolution
Copernican Revolution
Relations
Catherine Barton (niece)
John Conduitt (nephew-in-law)
Isaac Barrow (professor)
William Clarke (mentor)
Benjamin Pulleyn (tutor)
John Keill (disciple)
William Stukeley (friend)
William Jones (friend)
Abraham de Moivre (friend)
Depictions
Newton by Blake (monotype)
Newton by Paolozzi (sculpture)
Isaac Newton Gargoyle
Astronomers Monument
Namesake
Newton (unit)
Newton's cradle
Isaac Newton Institute
Isaac Newton Medal
Isaac Newton Telescope
Isaac Newton Group of Telescopes
XMM-Newton
Sir Isaac Newton Sixth Form
Statal Institute of Higher Education Isaac Newton
Newton International Fellowship
Categories
Isaac Newton | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Newtons (cookie)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newtons_(cookie)"},{"link_name":"force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force"},{"link_name":"International System of Units (SI)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_System_of_Units"},{"link_name":"Isaac Newton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton"},{"link_name":"classical mechanics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_mechanics"},{"link_name":"his second law of motion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%27s_laws_of_motion#Newton's_second_law"}],"text":"\"Newtons\" redirects here. For the snack, see Newtons (cookie).The newton (symbol: N) is the unit of force in the International System of Units (SI). It is defined as \n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n kg\n \n ⋅\n \n \n m/s\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle 1\\ {\\text{kg}}\\cdot {\\text{m/s}}^{2}}\n \n, the force which gives a mass of 1 kilogram an acceleration of 1 metre per second squared.It is named after Isaac Newton in recognition of his work on classical mechanics, specifically his second law of motion.","title":"Newton (unit)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SI base units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SI_base_unit"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SIBrochure9thEd-1"},{"link_name":"accelerate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acceleration"},{"link_name":"kilogram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilogram"},{"link_name":"metre per second squared","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_per_second_squared"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"velocity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velocity"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"General Conference on Weights and Measures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Conference_on_Weights_and_Measures"},{"link_name":"MKS system of units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MKS_system_of_units"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ISU1977-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NIST330-4"},{"link_name":"International System of Units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_System_of_Units"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ISU1977-3"},{"link_name":"Isaac Newton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton"},{"link_name":"SI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_System_of_Units"},{"link_name":"upper case","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_case"},{"link_name":"common noun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_noun"},{"link_name":"Newton's second law of motion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%27s_laws_of_motion"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"1\n \n k\n g\n \n ⋅\n \n m\n \n /\n \n \n s\n \n 2\n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathrm {1\\ kg{\\cdot }m/s^{2}} .}","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:MathWikibase&qid=Q12438"}],"text":"A newton is defined as \n \n \n \n \n 1\n \n k\n g\n \n ⋅\n \n m\n \n /\n \n \n s\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathrm {1\\ kg{\\cdot }m/s^{2}} }\n \n (it is a named derived unit defined in terms of the SI base units).[1]: 137 One newton is, therefore, the force needed to accelerate one kilogram of mass at the rate of one metre per second squared in the direction of the applied force.[2]The units \"metre per second squared\" can be understood as measuring a rate of change in velocity per unit of time, i.e. an increase in velocity by 1 metre per second every second.[2]In 1946, the General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) Resolution 2 standardized the unit of force in the MKS system of units to be the amount needed to accelerate 1 kilogram of mass at the rate of 1 metre per second squared. In 1948, the 9th CGPM Resolution 7 adopted the name newton for this force.[3] The MKS system then became the blueprint for today's SI system of units.[4] The newton thus became the standard unit of force in the Système international d'unités (SI), or International System of Units.[3]The newton is named after Isaac Newton. As with every SI unit named for a person, its symbol starts with an upper case letter (N), but when written in full, it follows the rules for capitalisation of a common noun; i.e., newton becomes capitalised at the beginning of a sentence and in titles but is otherwise in lower case.The connection to Newton comes from Newton's second law of motion, which states that the force exerted on an object is directly proportional to the acceleration hence acquired by that object, thus:[5]F\n =\n m\n a\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle F=ma,}m\n \n \n {\\displaystyle m}massa\n \n \n {\\displaystyle a}kg\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\text{kg}}}metrem\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\text{m}}}seconds\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\text{s}}}1\n \n k\n g\n \n ⋅\n \n m\n \n /\n \n \n s\n \n 2\n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathrm {1\\ kg{\\cdot }m/s^{2}} .}","title":"Definition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gravity on Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity_of_Earth"},{"link_name":"apple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton#Apple_incident"},{"link_name":"average adult","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_body_weight#Average_weight_around_the_world"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"At average gravity on Earth (conventionally, \n \n \n \n g\n =\n \n 9.80665\n \n \n \n \n m/s\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle g={9.80665}\\ {\\text{m/s}}^{2}}\n \n), a kilogram mass exerts a force of about 9.8 newtons.An average-sized apple at 200 g exerts about two newtons of force at Earth's surface, which we measure as the apple's weight on Earth.0.200\n \n kg\n \n ×\n 9.80665\n \n \n m/s\n \n \n 2\n \n \n =\n 1.961\n \n N\n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 0.200{\\text{ kg}}\\times 9.80665{\\text{ m/s}}^{2}=1.961{\\text{ N}}.}An average adult exerts a force of about 608 N on Earth.62\n \n kg\n \n ×\n 9.80665\n \n \n m/s\n \n \n 2\n \n \n =\n 608\n \n N\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle 62{\\text{ kg}}\\times 9.80665{\\text{ m/s}}^{2}=608{\\text{ N}}}\n \n (where 62 kg is the world average adult mass).[6]","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dwire_carabiner.jpg"},{"link_name":"carabiner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carabiner"},{"link_name":"rock climbing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_climbing"},{"link_name":"tractive effort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tractive_effort"},{"link_name":"a Class Y steam train locomotive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NER_Class_Y"},{"link_name":"thrust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrust"},{"link_name":"F100 jet engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_F100"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"A carabiner used in rock climbing, with a safety rating of 26 kN when loaded along the spine with the gate closed, 8 kN when loaded perpendicular to the spine, and 10 kN when loaded along the spine with the gate open.Large forces may be expressed in kilonewtons (kN), where 1 kN = 1000 N. For example, the tractive effort of a Class Y steam train locomotive and the thrust of an F100 jet engine are both around 130 kN.[citation needed]Climbing ropes are tested by assuming a human can withstand a fall that creates 12 kN of force. The ropes must not break when tested against 5 such falls.[7]: 11","title":"Kilonewtons"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Conversion factors"}] | [{"image_text":"A carabiner used in rock climbing, with a safety rating of 26 kN when loaded along the spine with the gate closed, 8 kN when loaded perpendicular to the spine, and 10 kN when loaded along the spine with the gate open.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Dwire_carabiner.jpg/220px-Dwire_carabiner.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Force gauge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force_gauge"},{"title":"International System of Units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_System_of_Units"},{"title":"Joule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joule"},{"title":"energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy"},{"title":"Kilogram-force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilogram-force"},{"title":"Kip (unit)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kip_(unit)"},{"title":"Pascal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_(unit)"},{"title":"pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure"},{"title":"square metre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_metre"},{"title":"Orders of magnitude (force)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(force)"},{"title":"Pound (force)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound_(force)"},{"title":"Sthène","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sth%C3%A8ne"},{"title":"Newton metre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton_metre"},{"title":"torque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torque"}] | [{"reference":"Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (2019). The International System of Units (SI) (PDF) (9 ed.). Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM). p. 137. Archived from the original on 30 September 2021. Retrieved 22 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bipm.org/documents/20126/41483022/SI-Brochure-9-EN.pdf/2d2b50bf-f2b4-9661-f402-5f9d66e4b507?version=1.10&download=true","url_text":"The International System of Units (SI)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_International_des_Poids_et_Mesures","url_text":"Bureau International des Poids et Mesures"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210930221014/https://www.bipm.org/documents/20126/41483022/SI-Brochure-9-EN.pdf/2d2b50bf-f2b4-9661-f402-5f9d66e4b507?version=1.10&download=true","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Newton | unit of measurement\". Encyclopædia Britannica. 17 December 2020. Archived from the original on 27 September 2019. Retrieved 27 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/science/newton-unit-of-measurement","url_text":"\"Newton | unit of measurement\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190927032140/https://www.britannica.com/science/newton-unit-of-measurement","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"The International System of Units (SI) (1977 ed.). U.S. Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards. 1977. p. 17. ISBN 9282220451. Archived from the original on 11 May 2016. 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Retrieved 30 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.330-2019.pdf","url_text":"The International System of Units (SI)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology","url_text":"NIST"}]},{"reference":"\"Table 3. Coherent derived units in the SI with special names and symbols\". The International System of Units (SI). International Bureau of Weights and Measures. 2006. Archived from the original on 18 June 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070618123613/http://www.bipm.org/en/si/si_brochure/chapter2/2-2/table3.html","url_text":"\"Table 3. 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PMID 22709383.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3408371","url_text":"\"The weight of nations: an estimation of adult human biomass\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMC_Public_Health","url_text":"BMC Public Health"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1471-2458-12-439","url_text":"10.1186/1471-2458-12-439"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3408371","url_text":"3408371"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22709383","url_text":"22709383"}]},{"reference":"Comings, E. W. (1940). \"English Engineering Units and Their Dimensions\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramiro_Ledesma_Ramos | Ramiro Ledesma Ramos | ["1 Early life","2 La Conquista del Estado and the Falange","3 Death and legacy","4 Quotes","5 Works","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"] | Spanish author (1905–1936)
In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Ledesma and the second or maternal family name is Ramos.
Ramiro LedesmaPersonal detailsBorn(1905-05-23)23 May 1905Alfaraz de Sayago, Kingdom of SpainDied29 October 1936(1936-10-29) (aged 31)Aravaca, SpainPolitical partyJONS (1931–1934)FE de las JONS (1934–1935)ProfessionPhilosopher, politician, writer, essayist, and journalistSignaturePhilosophy careerNotable workDiscurso a las juventudes de España¿Fascismo en España?Escritos filosóficosLa Conquista del EstadoEra20th-century philosophyRegionWestern philosophyNotable ideasNational syndicalism
Part of a series onFascism
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Ramiro Ledesma Ramos (23 May 1905 – 29 October 1936) was a Spanish philosopher, politician, writer, essayist, and journalist, known as one of the pioneers in the introduction of Fascism in Spain.
Early life
Born in Alfaraz de Sayago (province of Zamora), he was raised in Torrefrades , where his father worked as school teacher. After studying Arts and Sciences at the Central University of Madrid, where he was a disciple of José Ortega y Gasset, and contributing to La Gaceta Literaria, El Sol and Revista de Occidente, Ledesma Ramos began studying the works of Martin Heidegger. He also wrote a novel for the youth, entitled El sello de la muerte ("The Seal of Death").
Attracted to both Benito Mussolini's Corporatism, and the developing Nazi movement of Adolf Hitler in Germany, he strove to overcome his "middle class roots," which he saw as an obstacle in reaching out to the revolutionary milieu of Spanish politics in the 1920s. In 1931, Ledesma Ramos began publishing the periodical La Conquista del Estado, named in tribute to Curzio Malaparte's Italian Fascist magazine La Conquista dello Stato—one of the first publications of the Spanish National-Syndicalism. It attempted to bridge the gap between nationalism and the anarcho-syndicalist of the dominant trade union, the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT), by revising syndicalism altogether.
His admiration for Nazism brought him to imitate Adolf Hitler's hairstyle.
La Conquista del Estado and the Falange
In the very first issue of the La Conquista del Estado (The Conquest of the State), Ledesma published a syncretic program, which promoted statism, a political role for universities, a system of regionalisation, and a syndicalist structure for the national economy. The program's paper was in publication throughout the year, and, although a subject of debate in a CNT assembly, it did not have the intended impact.
He subsequently led his group into an October 1931 merger with Onésimo Redondo's Junta Castellana de Actuación Hispánica, creating the Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista, and its magazine JONS. The group became the Falange Española de las Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista (FE-JONS), after it fused with José Antonio Primo de Rivera's group in 1934; he personally designed the movement's badge, the yoke, and the arrows, while he also coined the mottos Arriba España and Una, Grande y Libre,both of which were keptin use in Francoist Spain.
Death and legacy
The group remained stable, despite the fact that Ledesma left over disagreements with Primo de Rivera. He formed the group La Patria Libre, which, displaying the same favorable attitude to the left-wing trade unions, stood in disagreement with the Falange.
The outbreak of the Spanish Civil War caught Ledesma in Republican Madrid, far from the forces of Francisco Franco. Imprisoned by the Popular Front government because of suspected espionage throughout the summer and early autumn of 1936, he was soon executed by the Republican militia.
Ledesma remained a key figure of Francoist propaganda. Though he'd issued invitations to the Catholic Church to participate in the task of the "national revolution," Ramiro Ledesma was nonetheless viewed with suspicion by the Roman Catholic Church—which had even threatened to censor his works through the Index Librorum Prohibitorum.
Quotes
"The red shirt of Garibaldi fits Ramiro Ledesma and his comrades better than the black shirt of Mussolini."
Works
Discurso a las juventudes de España (Speech to the Youth of Spain)
¿Fascismo en España? (Fascism in Spain?)
La Conquista del Estado (The Conquest of the State)
Escritos filosóficos, &c. (Philosophical Writings, etc.)
See also
José Antonio Primo de Rivera
Onésimo Redondo
Christian nationalism
References
^ Mainer, José-Carlos (2015). "Ramiro Ledesma Ramos: años de literatura (1924–1930)". Cahiers de civilisation espagnole contemporaine (2). doi:10.4000/ccec.5574. ISSN 1957-7761.
^ Stanley G. Payne (1999). Fascism in Spain, 1923–1977. Madison, WI; London: University of Wisconsin Press. p. 56. ISBN 978-0-299-16564-2.
^ Hugh Thomas (1976); Historia de la Guerra Civil Española. Círculo de Lectores, Barcelona. ISBN 84-226-0874-X p. 194
^ Ferrán Gallego, (2005). Ramiro Ledesma Ramos y el fascismo español. Madrid: Editorial Síntesis. ISBN 9788497563130
^ Ledesma, Ramiro (2009) . "Discurso A Las Juventudes de Espana" . Scribd (in Spanish). Retrieved 23 December 2023. The enterprise of building a national doctrine, a plan of historical resurgence, a strategy of struggle, effective political institutions, etc., is something that can be carried out without appealing to the Catholic sign of the Spanish, and not only that, but the Catholics must and can collaborate in it, serve it, in the name of their national dimension, in the name of their patriotism, and not in the name of anything else.
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Nuestra Revolución, website about Ramiro Ledesma Ramos
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IdRef
vteFascismThemesCore tenets
Actual idealism
Aestheticization of politics
Anti-communism
Anti-intellectualism
Anti-materialism
Anti-pacifism
Authoritarianism
Chauvinism
Class collaboration
Conspiracism
Corporatism
Cult of personality
Dictatorship
Direct action
Dirigisme
Economic interventionism
Eugenics
Heroic capitalism
Heroic realism
Heroism
Imperialism
Indoctrination
Irrationalism
Machismo
Masculinity
Militarism
National syndicalism
Nationalism
Integral
Palingenetic
Ultra
New Man
One-party state
Perpetual war
Populism
Proletarian nation
Propaganda
Racism
Reactionary modernism
Social Darwinism
Social interventionism
Social order
State capitalism
Statolatry
Supercapitalism
Syncretism
Third Position
Totalitarianism
Topics
Definitions
Economics
Fascism and ideology
Fascism worldwide
Symbolism
Variants
Argentine
Nacionalismo
Orthodox Peronism
Austrian
Banderism
Brazilian
British
Christian (Christian Identity)
Clerical
Crypto
Eco
Falangism
Francoism
French
Révolution nationale
Hindutva
Hungarism
Hutu
Ilminism
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Islamic
Italian
Jewish
Kahanism
Revisionist Maximalism
LaRoucheism
Mystical
Nazism
Austrian
Esoteric
Hitlerism
Neo-Nazism
Strasserism
Neo
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Romanian
Legionarism
Neo-Legionarism
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Politics portal | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_name"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"Fascism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascism"}],"text":"In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Ledesma and the second or maternal family name is Ramos.Ramiro Ledesma Ramos (23 May 1905 – 29 October 1936) was a Spanish philosopher, politician, writer, essayist, and journalist, known as one of the pioneers in the introduction of Fascism in Spain.","title":"Ramiro Ledesma Ramos"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"province of Zamora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Zamora"},{"link_name":"Torrefrades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Torrefrades&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"es","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torrefrades"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Central University of Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complutense_University_of_Madrid"},{"link_name":"José Ortega y Gasset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset"},{"link_name":"La Gaceta Literaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Gaceta_Literaria"},{"link_name":"El Sol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Sol_(Madrid)"},{"link_name":"Revista de Occidente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revista_de_Occidente"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Martin Heidegger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Heidegger"},{"link_name":"novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novel"},{"link_name":"Benito Mussolini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito_Mussolini"},{"link_name":"Corporatism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporatism"},{"link_name":"Nazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazism"},{"link_name":"Adolf Hitler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler"},{"link_name":"middle class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_class"},{"link_name":"La Conquista del Estado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Conquista_del_Estado"},{"link_name":"Curzio Malaparte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curzio_Malaparte"},{"link_name":"nationalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalism"},{"link_name":"anarcho-syndicalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism"},{"link_name":"trade union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union"},{"link_name":"Confederación Nacional del Trabajo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederaci%C3%B3n_Nacional_del_Trabajo"},{"link_name":"syndicalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndicalism"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Born in Alfaraz de Sayago (province of Zamora), he was raised in Torrefrades [es], where his father worked as school teacher.[1] After studying Arts and Sciences at the Central University of Madrid, where he was a disciple of José Ortega y Gasset, and contributing to La Gaceta Literaria, El Sol and Revista de Occidente,[2] Ledesma Ramos began studying the works of Martin Heidegger. He also wrote a novel for the youth, entitled El sello de la muerte (\"The Seal of Death\").Attracted to both Benito Mussolini's Corporatism, and the developing Nazi movement of Adolf Hitler in Germany, he strove to overcome his \"middle class roots,\" which he saw as an obstacle in reaching out to the revolutionary milieu of Spanish politics in the 1920s. In 1931, Ledesma Ramos began publishing the periodical La Conquista del Estado, named in tribute to Curzio Malaparte's Italian Fascist magazine La Conquista dello Stato—one of the first publications of the Spanish National-Syndicalism. It attempted to bridge the gap between nationalism and the anarcho-syndicalist of the dominant trade union, the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT), by revising syndicalism altogether.His admiration for Nazism brought him to imitate Adolf Hitler's hairstyle.[3]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"La Conquista del Estado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Conquista_del_Estado"},{"link_name":"syncretic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syncretic"},{"link_name":"statism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statism"},{"link_name":"universities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University"},{"link_name":"regionalisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regionalisation"},{"link_name":"Onésimo Redondo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On%C3%A9simo_Redondo"},{"link_name":"Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juntas_de_Ofensiva_Nacional-Sindicalista"},{"link_name":"Falange Española de las Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falange_Espa%C3%B1ola"},{"link_name":"José Antonio Primo de Rivera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Primo_de_Rivera"},{"link_name":"yoke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoke"},{"link_name":"mottos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motto"},{"link_name":"Francoist Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain_under_Franco"}],"text":"In the very first issue of the La Conquista del Estado (The Conquest of the State), Ledesma published a syncretic program, which promoted statism, a political role for universities, a system of regionalisation, and a syndicalist structure for the national economy. The program's paper was in publication throughout the year, and, although a subject of debate in a CNT assembly, it did not have the intended impact.He subsequently led his group into an October 1931 merger with Onésimo Redondo's Junta Castellana de Actuación Hispánica, creating the Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista, and its magazine JONS. The group became the Falange Española de las Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista (FE-JONS), after it fused with José Antonio Primo de Rivera's group in 1934; he personally designed the movement's badge, the yoke, and the arrows, while he also coined the mottos Arriba España and Una, Grande y Libre,both of which were keptin use in Francoist Spain.","title":"La Conquista del Estado and the Falange"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"left-wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-wing"},{"link_name":"Spanish Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic"},{"link_name":"Francisco Franco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Franco"},{"link_name":"Popular Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_Front_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"espionage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espionage"},{"link_name":"executed by the Republican militia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_repression_in_Madrid_(1936%E2%80%931939)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"censor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censorship"},{"link_name":"Index Librorum Prohibitorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_Librorum_Prohibitorum"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The group remained stable, despite the fact that Ledesma left over disagreements with Primo de Rivera. He formed the group La Patria Libre, which, displaying the same favorable attitude to the left-wing trade unions, stood in disagreement with the Falange.The outbreak of the Spanish Civil War caught Ledesma in Republican Madrid, far from the forces of Francisco Franco. Imprisoned by the Popular Front government because of suspected espionage throughout the summer and early autumn of 1936, he was soon executed by the Republican militia.Ledesma remained a key figure of Francoist propaganda.[4] Though he'd issued invitations to the Catholic Church to participate in the task of the \"national revolution,\"[5] Ramiro Ledesma was nonetheless viewed with suspicion by the Roman Catholic Church—which had even threatened to censor his works through the Index Librorum Prohibitorum.[citation needed]","title":"Death and legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"red shirt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redshirts_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"Garibaldi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi"},{"link_name":"black shirt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackshirts"}],"text":"[On himself:] \"The red shirt of Garibaldi fits Ramiro Ledesma and his comrades better than the black shirt of Mussolini.\"","title":"Quotes"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Discurso a las juventudes de España (Speech to the Youth of Spain)\n¿Fascismo en España? (Fascism in Spain?)\nLa Conquista del Estado (The Conquest of the State)\nEscritos filosóficos, &c. (Philosophical Writings, etc.)","title":"Works"}] | [] | [{"title":"José Antonio Primo de Rivera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Primo_de_Rivera"},{"title":"Onésimo Redondo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On%C3%A9simo_Redondo"},{"title":"Christian nationalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_nationalism"}] | [{"reference":"Mainer, José-Carlos (2015). \"Ramiro Ledesma Ramos: años de literatura (1924–1930)\". Cahiers de civilisation espagnole contemporaine (2). doi:10.4000/ccec.5574. ISSN 1957-7761.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Carlos_Mainer","url_text":"Mainer, José-Carlos"},{"url":"https://journals.openedition.org/ccec/5574","url_text":"\"Ramiro Ledesma Ramos: años de literatura (1924–1930)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fccec.5574","url_text":"10.4000/ccec.5574"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1957-7761","url_text":"1957-7761"}]},{"reference":"Stanley G. Payne (1999). Fascism in Spain, 1923–1977. Madison, WI; London: University of Wisconsin Press. p. 56. ISBN 978-0-299-16564-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_G._Payne","url_text":"Stanley G. Payne"},{"url":"https://muse.jhu.edu/book/13373","url_text":"Fascism in Spain, 1923–1977"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-16564-2","url_text":"978-0-299-16564-2"}]},{"reference":"Ledesma, Ramiro (2009) [1938]. \"Discurso A Las Juventudes de Espana\" [Speech to the Spanish youth]. Scribd (in Spanish). Retrieved 23 December 2023. The enterprise of building a national doctrine, a plan of historical resurgence, a strategy of struggle, effective political institutions, etc., is something that can be carried out without appealing to the Catholic sign of the Spanish, and not only that, but the Catholics must and can collaborate in it, serve it, in the name of their national dimension, in the name of their patriotism, and not in the name of anything else.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.example.org/","url_text":"\"Discurso A Las Juventudes de Espana\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scribd","url_text":"Scribd"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://journals.openedition.org/ccec/5574","external_links_name":"\"Ramiro Ledesma Ramos: años de literatura (1924–1930)\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fccec.5574","external_links_name":"10.4000/ccec.5574"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1957-7761","external_links_name":"1957-7761"},{"Link":"https://muse.jhu.edu/book/13373","external_links_name":"Fascism in Spain, 1923–1977"},{"Link":"https://www.example.org/","external_links_name":"\"Discurso A Las Juventudes de Espana\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080815080823/https://www.ramiroledesma.com/nrevolucion/","external_links_name":"Nuestra Revolución"},{"Link":"http://www.filosofia.org/ave/001/a016.htm","external_links_name":"Spanish-language biography"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/19658/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000081488415","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/69057729","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJgCHq88YCwKR6byKgrwmd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/13055560","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX959420","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12819354z","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12819354z","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058511366606706","external_links_name":"Catalonia"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/119001691","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007279066205171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50081720","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810611323705606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/45119","external_links_name":"Portugal"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA04518452?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/030451434","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennette_Arnold | Jennette Arnold | ["1 Background","2 References","3 External links"] | British politician (born 1949)
Jennette ArnoldOBEArnold in 2012Chair of the London AssemblyIn office2 May 2019 – 15 May 2020Preceded byTony ArbourSucceeded byNavin ShahIn office3 May 2017 – 10 May 2018Preceded byTony ArbourSucceeded byTony ArbourIn officeMay 2015 – May 2016Preceded byRoger EvansSucceeded byTony ArbourIn officeMay 2011 – May 2013Preceded byDee DooceySucceeded byDarren JohnsonIn officeMay 2008 – May 2009Preceded bySally HamweeSucceeded byDarren JohnsonMember of the London Assembly for North EastIn office10 June 2004 – 8 May 2021Preceded byMeg HillierSucceeded bySem MoemaMember of the London Assembly as the 8th Additional MemberIn office4 July 2000 – 10 June 2004Preceded byDavid LammySucceeded byNicky Gavron
Personal detailsBornMontserratNationalityBritishPolitical partyLabour Co-op
Jennette Arnold, OBE is a Labour Co-op politician who served as chair of the London Assembly for five terms. From 2004 to 2021, Arnold represented the North East constituency, comprising the London Boroughs of Hackney, Islington and Waltham Forest.
Background
Born in Montserrat, Arnold trained as a nurse. She then worked as an Industrial Relations Officer and as Regional Director of Services and Special Adviser (Equalities) to the General Secretary of the Royal College of Nursing. She then worked as an associate for organisational development consultancy, Beacon Associates.
Arnold was elected to Islington Council in 1994, eventually serving a term as deputy mayor. On the creation of the Greater London Authority in 2000, she was included on Labour's Londonwide list for the London Assembly, but missed out on a spot. Following the resignation of David Lammy prompted by his election as a Member of Parliament, Arnold as next in line on Labour's list became a Londonwide member of the Assembly in July 2000. She was subsequently selected as Labour's candidate for the North East constituency and elected in the 2004 Assembly election.
Arnold served as Chair of the London Assembly for five terms. She was the London Assembly Labour Group's lead spokesperson on education and Chair of the London Assembly's Education Panel. Arnold previously chaired the Cultural Strategy Group for London, playing a role in bringing the 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games to London. She has also sat on the Assembly's Economic and Social Development Committee and served as a member of the Metropolitan Police Authority.
During her time in the Assembly, Arnold campaigned on issues including the provision of education for young people with special educational needs and disabilities (SEND) and the improvement of services on the Gospel Oak to Barking line. She also campaigned extensively on the eradication of Female Genital Mutilation (FGM), often citing witnessing a victim of FGM during her time as a student nurse as what prompted her to take action.
In 2007 Arnold was listed by New Nation newspaper as one of Britain's 50 most influential black women.
A member of the UK delegation on the European Committee of the Regions, Arnold is currently: a council member of the Royal Court Theatre; a governor of the Museum of London; a governor of Sadler's Wells Theatre Foundation, a patron of the Victoria Climbie Foundation, and a former Chair of the Stephen Lawrence Charitable Trust.
During the 2015 Labour Party leadership election Arnold endorsed Jeremy Corbyn.
In January 2019 Arnold announced in a statement to the Assembly that she would not be standing in the 2020 London Assembly election. In May 2020, she stepped down as chair and was replaced by Navin Shah. However, with the deferral of the election by one year due to the COVID-19 pandemic, she continued as an AM until the 2021 London Assembly election.
References
^ "Jennette Arnold – Bio". london.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 5 May 2008. Retrieved 25 August 2008.
^ "London Assembly – Membership of Committees/Bodies and Terms of Reference 2019/20 | London Assembly" (PDF). london.gov.uk. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 August 2019. Retrieved 14 August 2019.
^ a b "London Assembly member Jennette Arnold to step down | The Voice". voiceonline.co.uk. Archived from the original on 16 August 2019. Retrieved 16 August 2019.
^ "Committee Details - Education Panel | London City Hall". london.gov.uk. Retrieved 16 August 2019.
^ "About Jennette | London City Hall". london.gov.uk. Retrieved 16 August 2019.
^ "Special needs funding gap in London schools "unsustainable" | East London & West Essex Guardian". guardian-series.co.uk. 25 July 2019. Retrieved 16 August 2019.
^ "News from Jennette Arnold OBE: Free month of travel on GOBLIN line does not stretch far enough | London City Hall". london.gov.uk. Retrieved 16 August 2019.
^ "NEWS FROM THE BARKING –GOSPEL OAK RAIL USER GROUP 15 JULY 2018 | Barking - Gospel Oak Rail User Group" (PDF). barking-gospeloak.org.uk. Retrieved 16 August 2019.
^ "Eradicating Female Genital Mutilation in London – the role of the London Assembly | Jennette Arnold OBE AM". jennettearnold.com. Archived from the original on 16 August 2019. Retrieved 16 August 2019.
^ "FGM Still Exists: And We Need To Fight Even Harder To Eradicate It | HuffPost UK". huffingtonpost.co.uk. 27 March 2017. Retrieved 16 August 2019.
^ "Ending FGM in London | London City Hall". london.gov.uk. Retrieved 16 August 2019.
^ "Jennette Arnold appointed to the Museum of London". 10 Downing Street. 19 March 2008. Archived from the original on 19 March 2012. Retrieved 25 August 2008.
^ Jennette Arnold OBE (3 June 2015). ".@jeremycorbyn My MP has put himself forward 2be leader of the @UKLabour party. I do hope he gets the 35 PLP names so that I can vote 4 him!" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
^ "Jennette Arnold announces she won't stand for re-election to London Assembly | Islington Gazette". islingtongazette.co.uk. Archived from the original on 16 August 2019. Retrieved 16 August 2019.
^ "May 2020 London Assembly Plenary Session". YouTube. Archived from the original on 12 December 2021.
External links
Personal website Jennettearnold.com Archived 5 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine
Biography from the London Assembly | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"OBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Officer_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"Labour Co-op","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_and_Co-operative"},{"link_name":"London Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Assembly"},{"link_name":"North East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_East_(London_Assembly_constituency)"},{"link_name":"London Boroughs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Boroughs"},{"link_name":"Hackney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Borough_of_Hackney"},{"link_name":"Islington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Borough_of_Islington"},{"link_name":"Waltham Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Borough_of_Waltham_Forest"}],"text":"Jennette Arnold, OBE is a Labour Co-op politician who served as chair of the London Assembly for five terms. From 2004 to 2021, Arnold represented the North East constituency, comprising the London Boroughs of Hackney, Islington and Waltham Forest.","title":"Jennette Arnold"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Montserrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montserrat"},{"link_name":"nurse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nurse"},{"link_name":"Royal College of Nursing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_College_of_Nursing"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Islington Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islington_Council"},{"link_name":"Greater London Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_London_Authority"},{"link_name":"London Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Assembly"},{"link_name":"David Lammy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lammy"},{"link_name":"Member of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"North East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_East_(London_Assembly_constituency)"},{"link_name":"2004 Assembly election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_London_Assembly_election"},{"link_name":"Chair of the London Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Assembly#List_of_chairs_of_the_London_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Assembly_Committee_Membership-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-voice-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-education_panel-4"},{"link_name":"Cultural Strategy Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_Strategy_Group"},{"link_name":"2012 Olympic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Paralympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Summer_Paralympics"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-City_Hall_bio-5"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Police Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Police_Authority"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-voice-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SEND-6"},{"link_name":"Gospel Oak to Barking line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_Oak_to_Barking_line"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GOBLIN1-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GOBLIN2-8"},{"link_name":"Female Genital Mutilation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Female_Genital_Mutilation"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FGM1-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FGM2-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FGM3-11"},{"link_name":"New Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Nation"},{"link_name":"European Committee of the Regions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Committee_of_the_Regions"},{"link_name":"Royal Court Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Court_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Museum of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_London"},{"link_name":"Sadler's Wells Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadler%27s_Wells_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Victoria Climbie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Victoria_Climbi%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Stephen Lawrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Lawrence"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"2015 Labour Party leadership election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Labour_Party_(UK)_leadership_election"},{"link_name":"Jeremy Corbyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"2020 London Assembly election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_London_Assembly_election"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-standing_down-14"},{"link_name":"Navin Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navin_Shah"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"2021 London Assembly election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_London_Assembly_election"}],"text":"Born in Montserrat, Arnold trained as a nurse. She then worked as an Industrial Relations Officer and as Regional Director of Services and Special Adviser (Equalities) to the General Secretary of the Royal College of Nursing. She then worked as an associate for organisational development consultancy, Beacon Associates.[1]Arnold was elected to Islington Council in 1994, eventually serving a term as deputy mayor. On the creation of the Greater London Authority in 2000, she was included on Labour's Londonwide list for the London Assembly, but missed out on a spot. Following the resignation of David Lammy prompted by his election as a Member of Parliament, Arnold as next in line on Labour's list became a Londonwide member of the Assembly in July 2000. She was subsequently selected as Labour's candidate for the North East constituency and elected in the 2004 Assembly election.Arnold served as Chair of the London Assembly[2] for five terms.[3] She was the London Assembly Labour Group's lead spokesperson on education and Chair of the London Assembly's Education Panel.[4] Arnold previously chaired the Cultural Strategy Group for London, playing a role in bringing the 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games to London.[5] She has also sat on the Assembly's Economic and Social Development Committee and served as a member of the Metropolitan Police Authority.During her time in the Assembly, Arnold campaigned on issues including the provision of education for young people with special educational needs and disabilities (SEND)[3][6] and the improvement of services on the Gospel Oak to Barking line.[7][8] She also campaigned extensively on the eradication of Female Genital Mutilation (FGM),[9][10] often citing witnessing a victim of FGM during her time as a student nurse as what prompted her to take action.[11]In 2007 Arnold was listed by New Nation newspaper as one of Britain's 50 most influential black women.A member of the UK delegation on the European Committee of the Regions, Arnold is currently: a council member of the Royal Court Theatre; a governor of the Museum of London; a governor of Sadler's Wells Theatre Foundation, a patron of the Victoria Climbie Foundation, and a former Chair of the Stephen Lawrence Charitable Trust.[12]During the 2015 Labour Party leadership election Arnold endorsed Jeremy Corbyn.[13]In January 2019 Arnold announced in a statement to the Assembly that she would not be standing in the 2020 London Assembly election.[14] In May 2020, she stepped down as chair and was replaced by Navin Shah.[15] However, with the deferral of the election by one year due to the COVID-19 pandemic, she continued as an AM until the 2021 London Assembly election.","title":"Background"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Jennette Arnold – Bio\". london.gov.uk. 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Retrieved 16 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190816114106/https://www.voice-online.co.uk/article/london-assembly-member-jennette-arnold-step-down-0","url_text":"\"London Assembly member Jennette Arnold to step down | The Voice\""},{"url":"https://www.voice-online.co.uk/article/london-assembly-member-jennette-arnold-step-down-0","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Committee Details - Education Panel | London City Hall\". london.gov.uk. Retrieved 16 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.london.gov.uk/moderngov/mgCommitteeDetails.aspx?ID=322","url_text":"\"Committee Details - Education Panel | London City Hall\""}]},{"reference":"\"About Jennette | London City Hall\". london.gov.uk. Retrieved 16 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.london.gov.uk/about-us/london-assembly/news-jennette-arnold/about-jennette","url_text":"\"About Jennette | London City Hall\""}]},{"reference":"\"Special needs funding gap in London schools \"unsustainable\" | East London & West Essex Guardian\". guardian-series.co.uk. 25 July 2019. Retrieved 16 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.guardian-series.co.uk/news/17792280.special-needs-funding-gap-london-schools-quot-unsustainable-quot/","url_text":"\"Special needs funding gap in London schools \"unsustainable\" | East London & West Essex Guardian\""}]},{"reference":"\"News from Jennette Arnold OBE: Free month of travel on GOBLIN line does not stretch far enough | London City Hall\". london.gov.uk. Retrieved 16 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.london.gov.uk/press-releases/assembly/jennette-arnold/goblin-line-refund-update","url_text":"\"News from Jennette Arnold OBE: Free month of travel on GOBLIN line does not stretch far enough | London City Hall\""}]},{"reference":"\"NEWS FROM THE BARKING –GOSPEL OAK RAIL USER GROUP 15 JULY 2018 | Barking - Gospel Oak Rail User Group\" (PDF). barking-gospeloak.org.uk. Retrieved 16 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.barking-gospeloak.org.uk/documents/20180715_Newsletter.pdf","url_text":"\"NEWS FROM THE BARKING –GOSPEL OAK RAIL USER GROUP 15 JULY 2018 | Barking - Gospel Oak Rail User Group\""}]},{"reference":"\"Eradicating Female Genital Mutilation in London – the role of the London Assembly | Jennette Arnold OBE AM\". jennettearnold.com. Archived from the original on 16 August 2019. Retrieved 16 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190816132901/https://jennettearnold.com/2017/01/eradicating-female-genital-mutilation-in-london-the-role-of-the-london-assembly/","url_text":"\"Eradicating Female Genital Mutilation in London – the role of the London Assembly | Jennette Arnold OBE AM\""},{"url":"https://jennettearnold.com/2017/01/eradicating-female-genital-mutilation-in-london-the-role-of-the-london-assembly/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"FGM Still Exists: And We Need To Fight Even Harder To Eradicate It | HuffPost UK\". huffingtonpost.co.uk. 27 March 2017. Retrieved 16 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/jennette-arnold/fgm-still-exists-and-we-n_b_15429256.html","url_text":"\"FGM Still Exists: And We Need To Fight Even Harder To Eradicate It | HuffPost UK\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ending FGM in London | London City Hall\". london.gov.uk. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSG_Blomberg-Lippe | HSG Blomberg-Lippe | ["1 Kits","2 Team","2.1 Current squad","2.2 Transfers","3 References","4 External links"] | German handball club
HSG Blomberg-LippeFull nameHSG Blomberg-Lippe Bundesliga GmbHFounded1993; 31 years ago (1993)ArenaSchulzentrum BlombergCapacity900Head coachSteffen BirknerLeagueBundesliga2022–235thClub colours
Home
Away
Website Official site
HSG Blomberg-Lippe is a German women's handball club, that competes in the Handball-Bundesliga Frauen. They play their home matches in Schulzentrum Blomberg, which have capacity for 900 spectators. They play in blue shirts and black shorts.
Kits
HOME
2014-15
2017-18
2018-19
2020-
AWAY
2017-18
2018-19
Team
Current squad
Squad for the 2023-24 season
Goalkeepers
12 Zoe Ludwig
16 Melanie Veith
Wings
RW
11 Lisa Bormann-Rajes
00 Judith Tietjen
LW
31 Alexia Hauf
00 Ona Vegué Pena
Pivot
03 Laura Rüffieux
29 Stefanie Kaiser
Back players
LB
07 Leni Ruwe
08 Lisa Frey
09 Nieke Kuehne
CB
21 Nele Franz
24 Malina Marie Michalczik
RB
05 Ann Kynast
08 Laetitia Quist
Transfers
Transfers for the season 2024–25
Joining
Leaving
References
^ "Verein" (in German). hsg-blomberg-lippe.de. Retrieved 13 March 2017.
^ "Kader 2021/22" (in German). hsg-blomberg-lippe.de. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
External links
HSG Blomberg-Lippe official website
vteHandball-Bundesliga Frauen
HSG Bad Wildungen
HSG Bensheim/Auerbach
Füchse Berlin
SG BBM Bietigheim
HSG Blomberg-Lippe
Buxtehuder SV
SVG Celle
Borussia Dortmund
Frisch Auf Göppingen
Union Halle-Neustadt
HC Leipzig
TSV Bayer 04 Leverkusen
TuS Metzingen
VfL Oldenburg
Thüringer HC
Neckarsulmer SU
TV Nellingen
Authority control databases
VIAF | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"handball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handball"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Handball-Bundesliga Frauen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handball-Bundesliga_Frauen"},{"link_name":"Blomberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blomberg,_North_Rhine-Westphalia"}],"text":"HSG Blomberg-Lippe is a German women's handball club,[1] that competes in the Handball-Bundesliga Frauen. They play their home matches in Schulzentrum Blomberg, which have capacity for 900 spectators. They play in blue shirts and black shorts.","title":"HSG Blomberg-Lippe"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Kits"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Team"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Alexia Hauf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexia_Hauf&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Stefanie Kaiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stefanie_Kaiser&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Lisa Frey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Frey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Laetitia Quist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laetitia_Quist"}],"sub_title":"Current squad","text":"Squad for the 2023-24 season[2]Goalkeepers\n12 Zoe Ludwig\n16 Melanie Veith\nWings\nRW\n11 Lisa Bormann-Rajes\n00 Judith Tietjen\nLW\n31 Alexia Hauf\n00 Ona Vegué Pena\nPivot\n03 Laura Rüffieux\n29 Stefanie Kaiser\n\n\nBack players\nLB\n07 Leni Ruwe\n08 Lisa Frey\n09 Nieke Kuehne\nCB\n21 Nele Franz\n24 Malina Marie Michalczik\nRB\n05 Ann Kynast\n08 Laetitia Quist","title":"Team"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arrow-up.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arrow-down.gif"}],"sub_title":"Transfers","text":"Transfers for the season 2024–25Joining\n\n\n Leaving","title":"Team"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Verein\" (in German). hsg-blomberg-lippe.de. Retrieved 13 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hsg-blomberg-lippe.de/verein-2/","url_text":"\"Verein\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kader 2021/22\" (in German). hsg-blomberg-lippe.de. Retrieved 28 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://hsg-blomberg-lippe.de/bundesliga/bundesliga-kader-2020-2021/","url_text":"\"Kader 2021/22\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.hsg-blomberg-lippe.de/","external_links_name":"Official site"},{"Link":"http://www.hsg-blomberg-lippe.de/verein-2/","external_links_name":"\"Verein\""},{"Link":"https://hsg-blomberg-lippe.de/bundesliga/bundesliga-kader-2020-2021/","external_links_name":"\"Kader 2021/22\""},{"Link":"http://www.hsg-blomberg-lippe.de/","external_links_name":"HSG Blomberg-Lippe official website"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/2146574878438150298","external_links_name":"VIAF"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_de_Br%C3%A8s | Guido de Bres | ["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Death and legacy","4 References","5 External links"] | Walloon protestant theologian reformer
Guido de BresBorn1522 (1522)Mons, County of Hainaut, Southern NetherlandsDied31 May 1567(1567-05-31) (aged 44–45)ValenciennesOccupation(s)Reformer, minister, author, theologianNotable workBelgic ConfessionTheological workEraProtestant ReformationTradition or movementCalvinismMain interestsSystematic theology
Guido de Bres (also known as Guido de Bray, Guy de Bray and Guido de Brès, 1522 – 31 May 1567) was a Walloon pastor, Protestant reformer and theologian, a student of John Calvin and Theodore Beza in Geneva. He was born in Mons, County of Hainaut, Southern Netherlands, and was executed at Valenciennes. De Bres compiled and published the Walloon Confession of Faith known as the Belgic Confession (1561) (Confessio Belgica) still in use today in Belgium and the Netherlands. It is also used by many Reformed Churches all over the world.
Early life
De Bres was born in Mons, today in southwestern Belgium. His father, formerly known as Jean Du Beguinage (alternatively: Jan le Béguinage), was an itinerant blauschilder which is indicative of the tin-glazed process, a precursor to Delftware, introduced into the Netherlands by Guido de Savino in 1512 at Antwerp. Jean changed his name to de Bres when he settled in Mons. He and his wife had five children: Jehan, Jherome, Christoffel, Guido and daughter Mailette. Rehalenbeck suggests one other son, Michel.
De Bres was brought up by his mother, a devout Roman Catholic. Guido was a Roman Catholic and was very strong in that faith by all accounts. Not much is known of Guido's early life other than he followed his brother Jehan into school at the appropriate age and after a basic education followed his father in learning the craft of blauschilder. The de Bres family was known for their skills in glass painting, and young Guido was trained in this art before moving to England. In his teenage years, he became a follower of the Protestant religion as taught by Martin Luther. Later he converted to Calvinism. He met and studied under John Calvin at the academy of Geneva where Calvin taught.
Career
Guido was converted between the ages of 18 and 25. It is almost certain he became familiar with the Reformed faith through printed works. On 22 September 1540, a proclamation banned a large number of books: by Erasmus in Latin, Melanchthon, Eobanus Hessus and others, as well as the New Testament, the Gospels, the Epistles, and the prophetical books of the Bible in French and Flemish. These books were deemed heretical by the Roman Catholic Church authorities.
In 1548, while Guido was still in Mons, he forged a friendship with an English couple: Mr. Nicholas and his wife. Mr Nicholas, his friend and two wives were caught by the authorities and charged with subversion of the Roman Catholic faith. They were imprisoned together with a number of Protestants from that area. Guido fled to England during the reign of Edward VI. On 4 November 1547, the English parliament decided to allow the two elements used in the communion to be enjoyed by all people. Guido probably kept company with a number of refugees from continental Europe: Tremellius, Valérand Poullain, Martin Bucer, John a Lasco, Jan Utenhove, Marten de Klyne (Marten Micron or Micronius), Wouter Deelen, François Perucel de la Rivière and others. Whilst in England, Guido attended the church of John à Lasco, and in 1551 he became familiar with à Lasco's London Confession. The largest group of refugees came from the Low Countries. John à Lasco served as superintendent to a number of foreign congregations including the Dutch. Guido left England in 1552 before Mary, Queen of England came to the throne.
De Bres went to Germany and later moved back to Geneva. Around 1559, he returned to the Low Countries as a travelling Calvinist preacher. From 1559 to 1561, he served as the resident minister in Tournai. In 1561, de Bres authored the Belgic Confession. This confession was meant for the Spanish government to show them that the Calvinists were not a radical Anabaptist sectarian movement but demanded a Reformation in the biblical sense of the Roman Catholic Church. The text is strongly influenced by Calvin's "Institutes of the Christian Religion" and the creed of the French Huguenots. The creed was printed by Jean Crespin in Geneva. On the night of 1 November 1561, de Bres threw his creed over the castle wall of Tournai, where Margaret of Parma, governor of the Netherlands stayed, to bring the confession to the attention of the Spanish government.
Death and legacy
In 1567, after the Siege of Valenciennes, de Bres was arrested for his Calvinist beliefs and his rebellion during the siege. He was tried before the Spanish Inquisition, received the death penalty and was hanged at Valenciennes. He died in front of a large crowd after making a final statement of his beliefs. He was pushed off the scaffold by the hangman whilst addressing the crowd. Twelve days before his death he wrote a letter to his wife, which speaks of his trust in God.
De Bres wrote a number of books. The Belgic Confession is part of the Three Forms of Unity, a set of official statements of doctrine used by churches with roots in the continental Reformed tradition. Its text is still in wide use in particular among confessionally Reformed churches.
References
^ a b c d L.A. van Langeraad, Guido de Bray Zijn Leven en Werken, Zierikzee: S.Ochtman en Zoon 1884 p.9, 13
^ Frossart, CH. L (1857), L'Église sous la croix pendant la domination espaynole (in French), Paris: Lille, pp. 163–71.
^ Crespin, J; Goulart, S (1582), Histoire des Martyrs, persecutez et mis a mort la verite de l'Evangile, depsis le temps des Apostres iusques a l'an 1574 (in French), Geneva: Eustache Vignon, f0. 197, v0. a-109 v0. b.
^ Dalton, Joh (1881), A. Lasco, Gotha, S.325 ff.
External links
Works by Guido de Bres at Post-Reformation Digital Library
Biographical and bibliographical data, Leiden University Bibliothèque Wallonne
Last letter of De Brès to his mother of 19 May 1567 in modern Dutch
Works by Guido de Bres at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Spain
France
BnF data
Germany
Italy
Israel
United States
Czech Republic
Netherlands
Poland
People
Netherlands
Deutsche Biographie
Trove
Other
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Langeraad-1"},{"link_name":"Walloon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walloons"},{"link_name":"Protestant reformer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Reformers"},{"link_name":"John Calvin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Calvin"},{"link_name":"Theodore Beza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Beza"},{"link_name":"Mons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mons,_Belgium"},{"link_name":"County of Hainaut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Hainaut"},{"link_name":"Southern Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Valenciennes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valenciennes"},{"link_name":"Belgic Confession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgic_Confession"},{"link_name":"Reformed Churches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvinism"}],"text":"Guido de Bres (also known as Guido de Bray,[1] Guy de Bray and Guido de Brès, 1522 – 31 May 1567) was a Walloon pastor, Protestant reformer and theologian, a student of John Calvin and Theodore Beza in Geneva. 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He met and studied under John Calvin at the academy of Geneva where Calvin taught.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Erasmus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasmus"},{"link_name":"Melanchthon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon"},{"link_name":"Eobanus Hessus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helius_Eobanus_Hessus"},{"link_name":"Edward VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_VI"},{"link_name":"Tremellius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Tremellius"},{"link_name":"Valérand Poullain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val%C3%A9rand_Poullain"},{"link_name":"Martin Bucer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Bucer"},{"link_name":"John a Lasco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_%C5%81aski"},{"link_name":"Jan Utenhove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Utenhove"},{"link_name":"Marten de Klyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marten_de_Klyne"},{"link_name":"Wouter Deelen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wouter_Deelen"},{"link_name":"François Perucel de la Rivière","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Peru%C3%A7el_de_la_Rivi%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Langeraad-1"},{"link_name":"John à Lasco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_%C5%81aski"},{"link_name":"Low Countries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_Countries"},{"link_name":"Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"Tournai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tournai"},{"link_name":"Belgic Confession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgic_Confession"},{"link_name":"confession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confession_(religion)"},{"link_name":"Spanish government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Anabaptist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anabaptism"},{"link_name":"Reformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformation"},{"link_name":"Institutes of the Christian Religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institutes_of_the_Christian_Religion"},{"link_name":"Huguenots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huguenots"},{"link_name":"Jean Crespin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Crespin"},{"link_name":"Margaret of Parma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_of_Parma"},{"link_name":"governor of the Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_the_Habsburg_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Langeraad-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Guido was converted between the ages of 18 and 25. It is almost certain he became familiar with the Reformed faith through printed works. On 22 September 1540, a proclamation banned a large number of books: by Erasmus in Latin, Melanchthon, Eobanus Hessus and others, as well as the New Testament, the Gospels, the Epistles, and the prophetical books of the Bible in French and Flemish. These books were deemed heretical by the Roman Catholic Church authorities.In 1548, while Guido was still in Mons, he forged a friendship with an English couple: Mr. Nicholas and his wife. Mr Nicholas, his friend and two wives were caught by the authorities and charged with subversion of the Roman Catholic faith. They were imprisoned together with a number of Protestants from that area. Guido fled to England during the reign of Edward VI. On 4 November 1547, the English parliament decided to allow the two elements used in the communion to be enjoyed by all people. Guido probably kept company with a number of refugees from continental Europe: Tremellius, Valérand Poullain, Martin Bucer, John a Lasco, Jan Utenhove, Marten de Klyne (Marten Micron or Micronius), Wouter Deelen, François Perucel de la Rivière and others.[1] Whilst in England, Guido attended the church of John à Lasco, and in 1551 he became familiar with à Lasco's London Confession. The largest group of refugees came from the Low Countries. John à Lasco served as superintendent to a number of foreign congregations including the Dutch. Guido left England in 1552 before Mary, Queen of England came to the throne.De Bres went to Germany and later moved back to Geneva. Around 1559, he returned to the Low Countries as a travelling Calvinist preacher. From 1559 to 1561, he served as the resident minister in Tournai. In 1561, de Bres authored the Belgic Confession. This confession was meant for the Spanish government to show them that the Calvinists were not a radical Anabaptist sectarian movement but demanded a Reformation in the biblical sense of the Roman Catholic Church. The text is strongly influenced by Calvin's \"Institutes of the Christian Religion\" and the creed of the French Huguenots. The creed was printed by Jean Crespin in Geneva. On the night of 1 November 1561, de Bres threw his creed over the castle wall of Tournai, where Margaret of Parma, governor of the Netherlands stayed, to bring the confession to the attention of the Spanish government.[1][2][3][4]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Siege of Valenciennes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Valenciennes_(1567)"},{"link_name":"Spanish Inquisition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition"},{"link_name":"Three Forms of Unity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Forms_of_Unity"}],"text":"In 1567, after the Siege of Valenciennes, de Bres was arrested for his Calvinist beliefs and his rebellion during the siege. He was tried before the Spanish Inquisition, received the death penalty and was hanged at Valenciennes. He died in front of a large crowd after making a final statement of his beliefs. He was pushed off the scaffold by the hangman whilst addressing the crowd. Twelve days before his death he wrote a letter to his wife, which speaks of his trust in God.De Bres wrote a number of books. The Belgic Confession is part of the Three Forms of Unity, a set of official statements of doctrine used by churches with roots in the continental Reformed tradition. Its text is still in wide use in particular among confessionally Reformed churches.","title":"Death and legacy"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Frossart, CH. L (1857), L'Église sous la croix pendant la domination espaynole [The church under the cross during the Spanish domination] (in French), Paris: Lille, pp. 163–71","urls":[]},{"reference":"Crespin, J; Goulart, S (1582), Histoire des Martyrs, persecutez et mis a mort la verite de l'Evangile, depsis le temps des Apostres iusques a l'an 1574 [History of the Martirs, persecuted and killed for the truth of the Gospel, since the time of the Apostles until the year 1574] (in French), Geneva: Eustache Vignon, f0. 197, v0. a-109 v0. b","urls":[]},{"reference":"Dalton, Joh (1881), A. Lasco, Gotha, S.325 ff","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.prdl.org/author_view.php?a_id=165","external_links_name":"Works by Guido de Bres"},{"Link":"http://www.dutchrevolt.leiden.edu/dutch/personen/B/Pages/bres.aspx","external_links_name":"Biographical and bibliographical data, Leiden University Bibliothèque Wallonne"},{"Link":"http://members.home.nl/a.janssen/evangelie/guido.html","external_links_name":"Last letter of De Brès to his mother of 19 May 1567 in modern Dutch"},{"Link":"https://librivox.org/author/15710","external_links_name":"Works by Guido de Bres"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/72930/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000079717565","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/22174787","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJdWQXbqw443MC3WY4Y773","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5571698","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121232338","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121232338","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/119424770","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://opac.sbn.it/nome/BVEV031405","external_links_name":"Italy"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007259290305171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81055730","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ola2009522933&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070346402","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810537118805606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"http://www.biografischportaal.nl/en/persoon/38841667","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd119424770.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1117295","external_links_name":"Trove"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/029652960","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inculturation | Inculturation | ["1 Background","2 Inculturation after the discoveries","2.1 China","3 Papal teachings","3.1 Leo XIII","3.2 Benedict XV and Pius XI","3.3 Pius XII","3.4 Paul VI","3.5 John Paul II","3.6 Benedict XVI","4 Challenges and criticisms","5 See also","6 Notes and references","7 Sources","8 External links"] | Adaptation of Christianity to cultures
This article is about the adaptation of Christianity to cultures. Not to be confused with Enculturation or Acculturation.
In Christianity, inculturation is the adaptation of Christian teachings and practices to cultures. This is a term that is generally used by Catholics and the Orthodox, whereas Protestants (such as Anglicans and Lutherans), especially associated with the World Council of Churches, prefer to use the term "contextual theology".
Background
The coexistence of Christianity and other cultures dates back to the apostolic age. Before his Ascension, Jesus instructed his disciples to spread his teachings to the ends of the earth (Mt 28,18; Mk 16,15), Saint Paul's speech to the Greeks at the Areopagus of Athens (Acts 17:22-33) could be considered as the first inculturation attempt. The speech was not well received by all, according to verse 32: "Now when they heard of the resurrection of the dead, some mocked". Around the year 50, the apostles convened the first Church council, the Council of Jerusalem, to decide whether to include Gentiles and inculturate Gentile culture. The Council confirmed that Gentiles could be accepted as Christians without first converting to Judaism.
Cultural conflicts continued until Christianity incorporated the Greco-Roman culture. Similar inculturation occurred when the Roman Empire ceased and the Germanic and Medieval cultures became dominant, a process taking centuries. Early practitioners of inculturation in the history of missions include St. Patrick in Ireland and Sts. Cyril and Methodius for the Slavic peoples of Eastern Europe. After the schism of 1054, the Catholic Church was largely restricted to the Western parts of Europe. Attempts failed to return the sphere of influence to the cultures of the Middle East with the crusades and the Latin Empire in Constantinople (1204–1261). The Protestant Reformation generated a division in the Western Church. However, at the same time, Spanish and Portuguese discoveries of the Americas, Asia and Africa broadened contact with other cultures and civilizations.
Inculturation after the discoveries
After the discoveries of new territories and the Council of Trent (1545–1563), the inculturation movement became more systematic and was particularly associated with the Jesuits. The Catholic Church had to ponder how and to evaluate elements of ancient non-Christian cultures. Notable figures were, among others, the Jesuits José de Anchieta for the indigenous people of Brazil, Thomas Stephens in Goa, Roberto de Nobili in Southern India, and Alexandre de Rhodes in Vietnam.
China
Matteo Ricci (left) and Xu Guangqi (right) in the Chinese edition of Euclid's Elements, published in 1607
Main article: Chinese Rites controversy
The Jesuits Matteo Ricci (from Portugal), Adam Schall von Bell and others were missionaries appointed to introduce Christianity to China. They learned Chinese and more about the culture, seeking to find ways to help the people understand elements of the Gospel. Ricci and Schall were appointed by the Chinese Emperor in Peking to be court mathematicians, court astronomers and Mandarins. The first Catholic Church was built in Peking in 1650. The emperor granted freedom of religion to Catholics.
Ricci had adapted the Catholic faith to Chinese thinking, permitting, among other things, the cultic veneration of ancestors, which he described as cultural practice. The Holy See disagreed, deeming the veneration an act of worship and hence idolatry. It forbade any adaptation of Christianity in the so-called Chinese Rites controversy in 1692 and 1742. The Chinese emperor felt duped and refused to permit any alteration of existing Christian practices. The Church suffered setbacks in 1721 when the Kangxi Emperor outlawed Christian missions. According to Franzen, "The Vatican policy was the death of the missions in China."
Papal teachings
Leo XIII
See also: Liturgical Latinisation
In the late nineteenth century, Pope Leo XIII fostered inter-cultural diversity, leading to the reintegration of the Armenian Catholic Church into the Catholic Church in 1879. He opposed efforts to Latinize the Eastern Rite Churches, saying that they constitute a most valuable ancient tradition and symbol of the divine unity of the Catholic Church. His 1894 encyclical Praeclara gratulationis praised the cultural and liturgical diversity of expressions of faith within the Church. In Orientalium Dignitas he repeated the need to preserve and cultivate diversity and declared different cultures to be a treasure. He opposed the latinization policies of the Vatican and decreed a number of measures that preserved the integrity and distinctiveness of other cultural expressions.
Benedict XV and Pius XI
While Pope Pius IX and Pope Pius X tended to be slightly more Latin oriented, Benedict XV was especially concerned with the development of missionary activities, which had suffered so much during World War I. He believed that inculturation was based on development of a domestic clergy in lands where Christianity was new. On November 20, 1919, he appealed to the Catholics of the world, to support missions and especially the development of local clergy, favouring a de-Europeanization of the Catholic missions. Pope Pius XI promoted local clergy in order to better recognize local cultures. He held a mission congress in Rome in 1922. Each year he personally consecrated newly appointed bishops from Asia, Africa and Latin America. At his death 240 dioceses and administrations were led by bishops who were natives of the countries where they served.
Pius XII
In 1939 Pope Pius XII, within weeks of his coronation, radically reverted the 250-year-old Vatican policy and permitted the veneration of dead family members in China. The December 8, 1939 issuance from the Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith, issued at the request of Pius XII, stated that Chinese customs were no longer considered superstitious but rather an honourable way of esteeming one's relatives, and therefore permitted to Catholics. The Church established twenty new arch-dioceses, seventy-nine dioceses, and thirty-eight apostolic prefect over the next decade. But in 1949, the Communist revolution took over the country and repressed Christianity.
The introduction of the Gospel means inculturation and not the destruction of local cultures. Pius emphasized this; he wrote in Summi Pontificatus that a deeper appreciation of various civilizations and their good qualities is necessary to the preaching of the Gospel of Christ. And in his 1944 speech to the directors of the Pontifical Missionary Society, he said: "The herald of the Gospel and messenger of Christ is an apostle. His office does not demand that he transplant European civilization and culture, and no other, to foreign soil, there to take root and propagate itself. His task in dealing with these peoples, who sometimes boast of a very old and highly developed culture of their own, is to teach and form them so that they are ready to accept willingly and in a practical manner the principles of Christian life and morality; principles, I might add, that fit into any culture, provided it be good and sound, and which give that culture greater force in safeguarding human dignity and in gaining human happiness." Inculturation was addressed in his encyclicals Evangelii praecones and Fidei donum, issued on June 2, 1951 and April 21, 1957, respectively. Pius increased the local decision-making of Catholic missions, many of which became independent dioceses. Pius XII demanded recognition of local cultures as fully equal to European culture. Continuing the line of his predecessors, Pius XII supported the establishment of local administration in Church affairs: in 1950, the hierarchy of Western Africa became independent; in 1951, Southern Africa; and in 1953, British Eastern Africa. Finland, Burma, and French Africa became independent dioceses in 1955.
Paul VI
In the Second Vatican Council, Paul VI promulgated the decree Ad gentes, teaching that inculturation imitates the "economy of Incarnation".
John Paul II
John Paul II addressed the issue in several encyclicals and public appearances. The term was used again by the encyclical Redemptoris Missio of John Paul II in 1990.
"The incarnation of the Gospel in native cultures and also the introduction of these cultures into the life of the Church."
"The intimate transformation of authentic cultural values through their integration in Christianity and the insertion of Christianity in the various human cultures."
"It is now acknowledged that inculturation is a theological term which has been defined in Redemptoris Missio 52 as the on-going dialogue between faith and culture."
Benedict XVI
Benedict XVI, like his predecessor, placed a high regard on the dialogue between cultures and religions. Though he at one point attempted to move from the notion of "inculturation" to "inter-culturality", he would later state that the inculturation of the faith is necessary, as long as the specificity and the integrity of the "culture of faith" are not compromised.
Challenges and criticisms
Christian approaches of inculturation have not always been positively received by the context being inculturation.
In Francis Xavier's missionary work in 16th-century Japan, Xavier asked the convert Anjiro for a Japanese word that would be the equivalent of Deus and was offered the word Dainichi. While first accepting it, Xavier later realized Anjiro's Dainichi derived from the central divinity of Shingon Buddhism. To avoid invoking the god of a competing religion, Xavier transliterated Deus into the phonetic equivalent Deusu. But this was phonetically similar to the term dai uso, meaning "great lie." Avoiding Xavier's difficulties, Matteo Ricci in China and Roberto de Nobili in India did not attempt the same phonetic transliteration in inculturation.
See also
Christianity and colonialism
Christianization
Cultural Christian
Cultural imperialism
Enculturation
Missiology
Religious pluralism and Jacques Dupuis (Jesuit)
Syncretism
Zaire Use
Models of Contextual Theology
Notes and references
^ Bosch, David J. (1991). Transforming Mission: Paradigm Shifts in Theology of Mission. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books. pp. 447–457. ISBN 9780883447192.
^ Bevans, Stephen B. (2002). Models of Contextual Theology (rev. and exp. ed.). Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books. pp. 26–27. ISBN 9781570754388.
^ (ESV)
^ McManners, Oxford Illustrated History of Christianity (2002), p. 37, Chapter 1 The Early Christian Community subsection entitled "Rome", quote: "In Acts 15 scripture recorded the apostles meeting in synod to reach a common policy about the Gentile mission."
^ McManners, Oxford Illustrated History of Christianity (2002), pp. 37–8, Chapter 1 The Early Christian Community subsection entitled "Rome", quote: "The 'synod' or, in Latin, 'council' (the modern distinction making a synod something less than a council was unknown in antiquity) became an indispensable way of keeping a common mind, and helped to keep maverick individuals from centrifugal tendencies. During the third century synodal government became so developed that synods used to meet not merely at times of crisis but on a regular basis every year, normally between Easter and Pentecost."
^ Franzen,319
^ Franzen 319
^ Franzen 321
^ Franzen 323
^ McManners, Oxford Illustrated History of Christianity (1990), p. 328, Chapter 9 "The Expansion of Christianity", by John McManners
^ a b Franzen 324
^ a b Duffy 241
^ Franzen 382
^ Franzen 385
^ J Smit, Pope Pius XII, New York, 1950 pp. 186–187
^ Franzen 325
^ Evangelii 56
^ Evangelii 60
^ Audience for the directors of mission activities in 1944 A.A.S., 1944, p. 208.
^ Evangelii praecones. p. 56.
^ Walker, C. (2009). Missionary Pope: The Catholic Church and the Positive Elements of Other Religions in the Magisterium of Paul VI. IVE Press, New York. .
^ John Paul II, encyclical Slavorum Apostoli, June 2, 1985, No. 21: AAS 77 (1985), 802–803; Address to the Pontifical Council for Culture plenary assembly, Jan. 17, 1987, No. 5: AAS 79 (1987), 1204–1205.
^ Redemptoris Missio 52–54.
^ Ethiopia and Inculturation, Brendan Cogavin C.S.Sp.
^ Ratzinger, Joseph Cardinal (2004). Truth and Tolerance: Christian Belief and World Religions. San Francisco: Ignatius Press. .
^ Follo, F. (2010). Inculturation and interculturality in John Paul II and Benedict XVI. Oasis, 29/03/2010. .
^ Ropp, Matthew (Winter 1997). "Francis Xavier and the Land of the Rising Sun". www.theropps.com. Retrieved 15 July 2021.
^ Kim, Sangkeun (2004). Strange Names of God: The Missionary Translation of the Divine Name and the Chinese Responses to Matteo Ricci's Shangti in Late Ming China, 1583–1644. New York, NY: Peter Lang Publishing. pp. 84–85.
Sources
August Franzen Church history, Kirchengeschichte, Herder Freiburg, 1988
Schineller, Peter. A Handbook on Inculturation. New York, 1990.
Shorter, Aylward. Toward a Theology of Inculturation. Maryknoll, NY, 1988.
External links
Jesus Living in Mary: Handbook of the Spirituality of St. Louis de Montfort. Chapter: "Inculturation"
Translation and Inculturation in the Catholic Church Archived 2013-02-07 at the Wayback Machine by Stephen M. Beall
Inculturation: Matteo Ricci's Legacy in China Short videos from Georgetown's Ricci Legacy Symposium on inculturation.
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Czech Republic | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Enculturation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enculturation"},{"link_name":"Acculturation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acculturation"},{"link_name":"Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"Catholics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Orthodox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"Protestants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism"},{"link_name":"Anglicans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican_Communion"},{"link_name":"Lutherans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheranism"},{"link_name":"World Council of Churches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Council_of_Churches"},{"link_name":"contextual theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contextual_theology"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"This article is about the adaptation of Christianity to cultures. Not to be confused with Enculturation or Acculturation.In Christianity, inculturation is the adaptation of Christian teachings and practices to cultures. This is a term that is generally used by Catholics and the Orthodox, whereas Protestants (such as Anglicans and Lutherans), especially associated with the World Council of Churches, prefer to use the term \"contextual theology\".[1][2]","title":"Inculturation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ascension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus"},{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Council of Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McManners37-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McManners371-5"},{"link_name":"Gentiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentiles"},{"link_name":"Greco-Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greco-Roman"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"St. Patrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Patrick"},{"link_name":"Sts. Cyril and Methodius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sts._Cyril_and_Methodius"},{"link_name":"Slavic peoples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic_peoples"},{"link_name":"Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Middle East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East"},{"link_name":"crusades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusades"},{"link_name":"Latin Empire in Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Empire"},{"link_name":"Protestant Reformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Reformation"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The coexistence of Christianity and other cultures dates back to the apostolic age. Before his Ascension, Jesus instructed his disciples to spread his teachings to the ends of the earth (Mt 28,18; Mk 16,15), Saint Paul's speech to the Greeks at the Areopagus of Athens (Acts 17:22-33) could be considered as the first inculturation attempt. The speech was not well received by all, according to verse 32: \"Now when they heard of the resurrection of the dead, some mocked\".[3] Around the year 50, the apostles convened the first Church council, the Council of Jerusalem, to decide whether to include Gentiles and inculturate Gentile culture.[4][5] The Council confirmed that Gentiles could be accepted as Christians without first converting to Judaism.Cultural conflicts continued until Christianity incorporated the Greco-Roman culture.[6] Similar inculturation occurred when the Roman Empire ceased and the Germanic and Medieval cultures became dominant, a process taking centuries.[7] Early practitioners of inculturation in the history of missions include St. Patrick in Ireland and Sts. Cyril and Methodius for the Slavic peoples of Eastern Europe. After the schism of 1054, the Catholic Church was largely restricted to the Western parts of Europe. Attempts failed to return the sphere of influence to the cultures of the Middle East with the crusades and the Latin Empire in Constantinople (1204–1261). The Protestant Reformation generated a division in the Western Church. However, at the same time, Spanish and Portuguese discoveries of the Americas, Asia and Africa broadened contact with other cultures and civilizations.[8]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Council of Trent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Trent"},{"link_name":"Christian cultures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_culture"},{"link_name":"José de Anchieta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Anchieta"},{"link_name":"Thomas Stephens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Stephens_(Jesuit)"},{"link_name":"Roberto de Nobili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_de_Nobili"},{"link_name":"Alexandre de Rhodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_de_Rhodes"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"}],"text":"After the discoveries of new territories and the Council of Trent (1545–1563), the inculturation movement became more systematic and was particularly associated with the Jesuits. The Catholic Church had to ponder how and to evaluate elements of ancient non-Christian cultures. Notable figures were, among others, the Jesuits José de Anchieta for the indigenous people of Brazil, Thomas Stephens in Goa, Roberto de Nobili in Southern India, and Alexandre de Rhodes in Vietnam.","title":"Inculturation after the discoveries"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ricci_Guangqi_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Xu Guangqi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xu_Guangqi"},{"link_name":"Euclid's Elements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclid%27s_Elements"},{"link_name":"Jesuits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuit"},{"link_name":"Matteo Ricci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matteo_Ricci"},{"link_name":"Adam Schall von Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Schall_von_Bell"},{"link_name":"Chinese Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Peking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peking"},{"link_name":"mathematicians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematician"},{"link_name":"astronomers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomer"},{"link_name":"Mandarins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandarin_(bureaucrat)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"idolatry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idolatry"},{"link_name":"Chinese Rites controversy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Rites_controversy"},{"link_name":"Kangxi Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McManners328-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Franzen_324-11"}],"sub_title":"China","text":"Matteo Ricci (left) and Xu Guangqi (right) in the Chinese edition of Euclid's Elements, published in 1607The Jesuits Matteo Ricci (from Portugal), Adam Schall von Bell and others were missionaries appointed to introduce Christianity to China. They learned Chinese and more about the culture, seeking to find ways to help the people understand elements of the Gospel. Ricci and Schall were appointed by the Chinese Emperor in Peking to be court mathematicians, court astronomers and Mandarins. The first Catholic Church was built in Peking in 1650.[9] The emperor granted freedom of religion to Catholics.Ricci had adapted the Catholic faith to Chinese thinking, permitting, among other things, the cultic veneration of ancestors, which he described as cultural practice. The Holy See disagreed, deeming the veneration an act of worship and hence idolatry. It forbade any adaptation of Christianity in the so-called Chinese Rites controversy in 1692 and 1742. The Chinese emperor felt duped and refused to permit any alteration of existing Christian practices. The Church suffered setbacks in 1721 when the Kangxi Emperor outlawed Christian missions.[10] According to Franzen, \"The Vatican policy was the death of the missions in China.\"[11]","title":"Inculturation after the discoveries"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Papal teachings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Liturgical Latinisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liturgical_Latinisation"},{"link_name":"Leo XIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_XIII"},{"link_name":"Armenian Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Eastern Rite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches"},{"link_name":"Orientalium Dignitas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orientalium_Dignitas"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Duffy_241-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Duffy_241-12"}],"sub_title":"Leo XIII","text":"See also: Liturgical LatinisationIn the late nineteenth century, Pope Leo XIII fostered inter-cultural diversity, leading to the reintegration of the Armenian Catholic Church into the Catholic Church in 1879. He opposed efforts to Latinize the Eastern Rite Churches, saying that they constitute a most valuable ancient tradition and symbol of the divine unity of the Catholic Church. His 1894 encyclical Praeclara gratulationis praised the cultural and liturgical diversity of expressions of faith within the Church. In Orientalium Dignitas he repeated the need to preserve and cultivate diversity and declared different cultures to be a treasure.[12] He opposed the latinization policies of the Vatican and decreed a number of measures that preserved the integrity and distinctiveness of other cultural expressions.[12]","title":"Papal teachings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pope Pius IX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX"},{"link_name":"Pope Pius X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_X"},{"link_name":"Benedict XV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedict_XV"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Pope Pius XI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Benedict XV and Pius XI","text":"While Pope Pius IX and Pope Pius X tended to be slightly more Latin oriented, Benedict XV was especially concerned with the development of missionary activities, which had suffered so much during World War I. He believed that inculturation was based on development of a domestic clergy in lands where Christianity was new. On November 20, 1919, he appealed to the Catholics of the world, to support missions and especially the development of local clergy, favouring a de-Europeanization of the Catholic missions.[13] Pope Pius XI promoted local clergy in order to better recognize local cultures. He held a mission congress in Rome in 1922. Each year he personally consecrated newly appointed bishops from Asia, Africa and Latin America.[14] At his death 240 dioceses and administrations were led by bishops who were natives of the countries where they served.","title":"Papal teachings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pope Pius XII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII"},{"link_name":"reverted the 250-year-old Vatican policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII_and_the_Church_in_China"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Franzen_324-11"},{"link_name":"Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_Congregation_for_the_Propagation_of_the_Faith"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Summi Pontificatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summi_Pontificatus"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Evangelii praecones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelii_praecones"},{"link_name":"Fidei donum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidei_donum"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Pius XII","text":"In 1939 Pope Pius XII, within weeks of his coronation, radically reverted the 250-year-old Vatican policy and permitted the veneration of dead family members in China.[11] The December 8, 1939 issuance from the Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith, issued at the request of Pius XII, stated that Chinese customs were no longer considered superstitious but rather an honourable way of esteeming one's relatives, and therefore permitted to Catholics.[15] The Church established twenty new arch-dioceses, seventy-nine dioceses, and thirty-eight apostolic prefect over the next decade. But in 1949, the Communist revolution took over the country and repressed Christianity.[16]The introduction of the Gospel means inculturation and not the destruction of local cultures. Pius emphasized this; he wrote in Summi Pontificatus that a deeper appreciation of various civilizations and their good qualities is necessary to the preaching of the Gospel of Christ.[17] And in his 1944 speech to the directors of the Pontifical Missionary Society, he said:\"The herald of the Gospel and messenger of Christ is an apostle. His office does not demand that he transplant European civilization and culture, and no other, to foreign soil, there to take root and propagate itself. His task in dealing with these peoples, who sometimes boast of a very old and highly developed culture of their own, is to teach and form them so that they are ready to accept willingly and in a practical manner the principles of Christian life and morality; principles, I might add, that fit into any culture, provided it be good and sound, and which give that culture greater force in safeguarding human dignity and in gaining human happiness.\"[18]Inculturation was addressed in his encyclicals Evangelii praecones and Fidei donum, issued on June 2, 1951 and April 21, 1957, respectively. Pius increased the local decision-making of Catholic missions, many of which became independent dioceses. Pius XII demanded recognition of local cultures as fully equal to European culture.[19][20] Continuing the line of his predecessors, Pius XII supported the establishment of local administration in Church affairs: in 1950, the hierarchy of Western Africa became independent; in 1951, Southern Africa; and in 1953, British Eastern Africa. Finland, Burma, and French Africa became independent dioceses in 1955.","title":"Papal teachings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Second Vatican Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council"},{"link_name":"Paul VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_VI"},{"link_name":"Ad gentes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_gentes"},{"link_name":"Incarnation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incarnation"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Paul VI","text":"In the Second Vatican Council, Paul VI promulgated the decree Ad gentes, teaching that inculturation imitates the \"economy of Incarnation\".[21]","title":"Papal teachings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Paul II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Paul_II"},{"link_name":"Redemptoris Missio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redemptoris_Missio"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"John Paul II","text":"John Paul II addressed the issue in several encyclicals and public appearances. The term was used again by the encyclical Redemptoris Missio of John Paul II in 1990.\"The incarnation of the Gospel in native cultures and also the introduction of these cultures into the life of the Church.\"[22]\n\"The intimate transformation of authentic cultural values through their integration in Christianity and the insertion of Christianity in the various human cultures.\"[23]\n\"It is now acknowledged that inculturation is a theological term which has been defined in Redemptoris Missio 52 as the on-going dialogue between faith and culture.\"[24]","title":"Papal teachings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Benedict XVI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedict_XVI"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"Benedict XVI","text":"Benedict XVI, like his predecessor, placed a high regard on the dialogue between cultures and religions. Though he at one point attempted to move from the notion of \"inculturation\" to \"inter-culturality\",[25] he would later state that the inculturation of the faith is necessary, as long as the specificity and the integrity of the \"culture of faith\" are not compromised.[26]","title":"Papal teachings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Francis Xavier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Xavier"},{"link_name":"Anjiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anjiro"},{"link_name":"Deus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deus"},{"link_name":"Dainichi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vairocana"},{"link_name":"Shingon Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ropp-27"},{"link_name":"Matteo Ricci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matteo_Ricci"},{"link_name":"Roberto de Nobili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_de_Nobili"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Strange-28"}],"text":"Christian approaches of inculturation have not always been positively received by the context being inculturation.\nIn Francis Xavier's missionary work in 16th-century Japan, Xavier asked the convert Anjiro for a Japanese word that would be the equivalent of Deus and was offered the word Dainichi. While first accepting it, Xavier later realized Anjiro's Dainichi derived from the central divinity of Shingon Buddhism. To avoid invoking the god of a competing religion, Xavier transliterated Deus into the phonetic equivalent Deusu.[27] But this was phonetically similar to the term dai uso, meaning \"great lie.\" Avoiding Xavier's difficulties, Matteo Ricci in China and Roberto de Nobili in India did not attempt the same phonetic transliteration in inculturation.[28]","title":"Challenges and criticisms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Transforming Mission: Paradigm Shifts in Theology of Mission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=uk9DnwEACAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780883447192","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780883447192"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Models of Contextual Theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=6ukPAQAAIAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781570754388","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781570754388"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-McManners37_4-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-McManners371_5-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-McManners328_10-0"},{"link_name":"John McManners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McManners"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Franzen_324_11-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Franzen_324_11-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Duffy_241_12-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Duffy_241_12-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"Evangelii praecones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelii_praecones"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=lAmWDAs9hk4C"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"Slavorum Apostoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/encyclicals/documents/hf_jp-ii_enc_19850602_slavorum-apostoli_en.html"},{"link_name":"Address to the Pontifical Council for Culture plenary assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/speeches/1996/documents/hf_jp-ii_spe_17011987_address-to-pc-culture_en.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"Redemptoris Missio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/encyclicals/documents/hf_jp-ii_enc_07121990_redemptoris-missio_en.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"Ethiopia and Inculturation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/cultr/documents/rc_pc_cultr_01061996_doc_ii-1996-ple_en.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"Truth and Tolerance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth_and_Tolerance"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=kSrjXVX8quYC"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120130084726/http://www.oasiscenter.eu/ar/node/5610"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Ropp_27-0"},{"link_name":"\"Francis Xavier and the Land of the Rising Sun\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.theropps.com/papers/Winter1997/FrancisXavier.htm#Dainichi%20and%20Deus"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Strange_28-0"}],"text":"^ Bosch, David J. (1991). Transforming Mission: Paradigm Shifts in Theology of Mission. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books. pp. 447–457. ISBN 9780883447192.\n\n^ Bevans, Stephen B. (2002). Models of Contextual Theology (rev. and exp. ed.). Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books. pp. 26–27. ISBN 9781570754388.\n\n^ (ESV)\n\n^ McManners, Oxford Illustrated History of Christianity (2002), p. 37, Chapter 1 The Early Christian Community subsection entitled \"Rome\", quote: \"In Acts 15 scripture recorded the apostles meeting in synod to reach a common policy about the Gentile mission.\"\n\n^ McManners, Oxford Illustrated History of Christianity (2002), pp. 37–8, Chapter 1 The Early Christian Community subsection entitled \"Rome\", quote: \"The 'synod' or, in Latin, 'council' (the modern distinction making a synod something less than a council was unknown in antiquity) became an indispensable way of keeping a common mind, and helped to keep maverick individuals from centrifugal tendencies. During the third century synodal government became so developed that synods used to meet not merely at times of crisis but on a regular basis every year, normally between Easter and Pentecost.\"\n\n^ Franzen,319\n\n^ Franzen 319\n\n^ Franzen 321\n\n^ Franzen 323\n\n^ McManners, Oxford Illustrated History of Christianity (1990), p. 328, Chapter 9 \"The Expansion of Christianity\", by John McManners\n\n^ a b Franzen 324\n\n^ a b Duffy 241\n\n^ Franzen 382\n\n^ Franzen 385\n\n^ J Smit, Pope Pius XII, New York, 1950 pp. 186–187\n\n^ Franzen 325\n\n^ Evangelii 56\n\n^ Evangelii 60\n\n^ Audience for the directors of mission activities in 1944 A.A.S., 1944, p. 208.\n\n^ Evangelii praecones. p. 56.\n\n^ Walker, C. (2009). Missionary Pope: The Catholic Church and the Positive Elements of Other Religions in the Magisterium of Paul VI. IVE Press, New York. [1].\n\n^ John Paul II, encyclical Slavorum Apostoli, June 2, 1985, No. 21: AAS 77 (1985), 802–803; Address to the Pontifical Council for Culture plenary assembly, Jan. 17, 1987, No. 5: AAS 79 (1987), 1204–1205.\n\n^ Redemptoris Missio 52–54.\n\n^ Ethiopia and Inculturation, Brendan Cogavin C.S.Sp.\n\n^ Ratzinger, Joseph Cardinal (2004). Truth and Tolerance: Christian Belief and World Religions. San Francisco: Ignatius Press. [2].\n\n^ Follo, F. (2010). Inculturation and interculturality in John Paul II and Benedict XVI. Oasis, 29/03/2010. [3].\n\n^ Ropp, Matthew (Winter 1997). \"Francis Xavier and the Land of the Rising Sun\". www.theropps.com. Retrieved 15 July 2021.\n\n^ Kim, Sangkeun (2004). Strange Names of God: The Missionary Translation of the Divine Name and the Chinese Responses to Matteo Ricci's Shangti in Late Ming China, 1583–1644. New York, NY: Peter Lang Publishing. pp. 84–85.","title":"Notes and references"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"August Franzen Church history, Kirchengeschichte, Herder Freiburg, 1988\nSchineller, Peter. A Handbook on Inculturation. New York, 1990.\nShorter, Aylward. Toward a Theology of Inculturation. Maryknoll, NY, 1988.","title":"Sources"}] | [{"image_text":"Matteo Ricci (left) and Xu Guangqi (right) in the Chinese edition of Euclid's Elements, published in 1607","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Ricci_Guangqi_2.jpg/220px-Ricci_Guangqi_2.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Christianity and colonialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_and_colonialism"},{"title":"Christianization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianization"},{"title":"Cultural Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_Christian"},{"title":"Cultural imperialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_imperialism"},{"title":"Enculturation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enculturation"},{"title":"Missiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missiology"},{"title":"Religious pluralism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_pluralism"},{"title":"Jacques Dupuis (Jesuit)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Dupuis_(Jesuit)"},{"title":"Syncretism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syncretism"},{"title":"Zaire Use","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaire_Use"},{"title":"Models of Contextual Theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Models_of_Contextual_Theology"}] | [{"reference":"Bosch, David J. (1991). Transforming Mission: Paradigm Shifts in Theology of Mission. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books. pp. 447–457. ISBN 9780883447192.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uk9DnwEACAAJ","url_text":"Transforming Mission: Paradigm Shifts in Theology of Mission"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780883447192","url_text":"9780883447192"}]},{"reference":"Bevans, Stephen B. (2002). Models of Contextual Theology (rev. and exp. ed.). Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books. pp. 26–27. ISBN 9781570754388.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6ukPAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"Models of Contextual Theology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781570754388","url_text":"9781570754388"}]},{"reference":"Ropp, Matthew (Winter 1997). \"Francis Xavier and the Land of the Rising Sun\". www.theropps.com. Retrieved 15 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theropps.com/papers/Winter1997/FrancisXavier.htm#Dainichi%20and%20Deus","url_text":"\"Francis Xavier and the Land of the Rising Sun\""}]},{"reference":"Kim, Sangkeun (2004). Strange Names of God: The Missionary Translation of the Divine Name and the Chinese Responses to Matteo Ricci's Shangti in Late Ming China, 1583–1644. New York, NY: Peter Lang Publishing. pp. 84–85.","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uk9DnwEACAAJ","external_links_name":"Transforming Mission: Paradigm Shifts in Theology of Mission"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6ukPAQAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"Models of Contextual Theology"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lAmWDAs9hk4C","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/encyclicals/documents/hf_jp-ii_enc_19850602_slavorum-apostoli_en.html","external_links_name":"Slavorum Apostoli"},{"Link":"https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/speeches/1996/documents/hf_jp-ii_spe_17011987_address-to-pc-culture_en.html","external_links_name":"Address to the Pontifical Council for Culture plenary assembly"},{"Link":"https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/encyclicals/documents/hf_jp-ii_enc_07121990_redemptoris-missio_en.html","external_links_name":"Redemptoris Missio"},{"Link":"https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/cultr/documents/rc_pc_cultr_01061996_doc_ii-1996-ple_en.html","external_links_name":"Ethiopia and Inculturation"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kSrjXVX8quYC","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120130084726/http://www.oasiscenter.eu/ar/node/5610","external_links_name":"[3]"},{"Link":"http://www.theropps.com/papers/Winter1997/FrancisXavier.htm#Dainichi%20and%20Deus","external_links_name":"\"Francis Xavier and the Land of the Rising Sun\""},{"Link":"http://www.ewtn.com/library/Montfort/Handbook/Incult.htm","external_links_name":"\"Inculturation\""},{"Link":"http://www.adoremus.org/1096-Beall.html","external_links_name":"Translation and Inculturation in the Catholic Church"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130207135913/http://www.adoremus.org/1096-Beall.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140222054121/http://www.georgetown.edu/inculturation.html","external_links_name":"Inculturation: Matteo Ricci's Legacy in China"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4161769-1","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000340360&P_CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Latvia"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph335389&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Rose | Leonard Rose | ["1 Biography","2 Awards and recognitions","3 Notes","4 References","5 Further reading"] | American cellist and pedagogue
For the American computer hacker, see Leonard Rose (hacker). For the California pioneer and politician, see Leonard John Rose. For the later California politician, see J. Leonard Rose.
Leonard RoseLeonard Rose, Tel Aviv, 1961BornLeonard Joseph Rose(1918-07-27)July 27, 1918Washington, D.C.DiedNovember 16, 1984(1984-11-16) (aged 66)White Plains, New YorkOccupations
Cellist
Cello pedagogue
Leonard Joseph Rose (July 27, 1918 – November 16, 1984) was an American cellist and pedagogue.
Biography
Rose was born in Washington, D.C. His parents were Jewish immigrants, his father from Bragin, Belarus, and his mother from Kyiv, Ukraine. Rose took lessons from Walter Grossman, Frank Miller and Felix Salmond. After completing his studies at Philadelphia's Curtis Institute of Music at age 20, he joined Arturo Toscanini's NBC Symphony Orchestra, and almost immediately became associate principal. At 21 he was principal cellist of the Cleveland Orchestra and at 26 became the principal of the New York Philharmonic.
He made many recordings as a soloist after 1951, including concertos with conductors such as Leonard Bernstein, Eugene Ormandy, George Szell and Bruno Walter among others. Rose also joined with Isaac Stern and Eugene Istomin in a celebrated piano trio.
Rose's legacy as a teacher remains to this day: his students from the Juilliard School, Curtis Institute and Ivan Galamian's Meadowmount Summer School fill the sections of many American orchestras, notably those of the Boston Symphony Orchestra, Cleveland Orchestra, Philadelphia Orchestra, and the New York Philharmonic. His pupils include Lori Singer, Raymond Davis, Desmond Hoebig, Peter Stumpf, Fred Sherry, Christopher von Baeyer, Myung-wha Chung, Patrick Sohn, Thomas Demenga, Stephen Kates, Lynn Harrell, Yehuda Hanani, Hans Jørgen Jensen, Steven Honigberg, Eric Kim, Roger Drinkall, Robert deMaine, Bruce Uchimura, Donald Whitton, Yo-Yo Ma, Ronald Leonard, Steven Pologe, Sara Sant'Ambrogio, Matt Haimovitz, Mats Lidström, Richard Hirschl, John Sant’Ambrogio, and Marijane Carr Siegal.
Rose died in White Plains, New York, of leukemia. In November 2009, a memorial marker was placed for Rose in the Mt. Ararat Cemetery in Farmingdale, New York, next to the grave of his first wife, Minnie Knopow Rose, who died in 1964. Minnie and Leonard met at Curtis, where she studied viola. His second wife was Xenia Petschek, whom he married in January 1965. Rose played an Amati cello dated 1662, played today by Gary Hoffman.
Awards and recognitions
Grammy Award for Best Chamber Music Performance
Eugene Istomin, Leonard Rose & Isaac Stern for Beethoven: The Complete Piano Trios (1971)
Notes
^ "Leonard Rose Remembered".
^ Long, Nancy (March 6, 1968). "Vibrancy Resounds In Rose Home" (PDF). The Herald Statesman. Yonkers, New York. Retrieved January 27, 2012.
References
Janof, Tim. "Leonard Rose Remembered". Tutti Celli. Internet Cello Society. Retrieved January 27, 2012.
"Leonard Rose". Historical Cellists. Internet Cello Society. Retrieved January 27, 2012.
Further reading
Leonard Rose. America's Golden Age and Its First Cellist, Steven Honigberg, (revised edition 2013), Amazon.com
"With the Artists". World Famed String Players Discuss Their Art, Samuel and Sada Applebaum, John Markert & Co., New York (1955). Pages 203–211 are devoted to Leonard Rose.
Liner notes: "Leonard Rose Live in Recital, 1953–1960" VAI; "Seeking Perfection" by Susan M Anderson
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2 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leonard Rose (hacker)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Rose_(hacker)"},{"link_name":"Leonard John Rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_John_Rose"},{"link_name":"J. Leonard Rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Leonard_Rose"},{"link_name":"cellist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violoncello"}],"text":"For the American computer hacker, see Leonard Rose (hacker). For the California pioneer and politician, see Leonard John Rose. For the later California politician, see J. Leonard Rose.Leonard Joseph Rose (July 27, 1918 – November 16, 1984) was an American cellist and pedagogue.","title":"Leonard Rose"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bragin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahin,_Belarus"},{"link_name":"Belarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus"},{"link_name":"Kyiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyiv"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Frank Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Miller_(cellist)"},{"link_name":"Felix Salmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Salmond"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"Curtis Institute of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtis_Institute_of_Music"},{"link_name":"Arturo Toscanini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arturo_Toscanini"},{"link_name":"NBC Symphony Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_Symphony_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"New York Philharmonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Philharmonic"},{"link_name":"Leonard Bernstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein"},{"link_name":"Eugene Ormandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Ormandy"},{"link_name":"George Szell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Szell"},{"link_name":"Bruno Walter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Walter"},{"link_name":"Isaac Stern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Stern"},{"link_name":"Eugene Istomin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Istomin"},{"link_name":"piano trio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano_trio"},{"link_name":"Juilliard School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juilliard_School"},{"link_name":"Curtis Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtis_Institute"},{"link_name":"Ivan Galamian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Galamian"},{"link_name":"Meadowmount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meadowmount"},{"link_name":"Boston Symphony Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Symphony_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"Lori Singer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lori_Singer"},{"link_name":"Desmond Hoebig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond_Hoebig"},{"link_name":"Peter Stumpf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Stumpf_(cellist)"},{"link_name":"Fred Sherry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Sherry"},{"link_name":"Myung-wha Chung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myung-wha_Chung"},{"link_name":"Thomas Demenga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Demenga"},{"link_name":"Lynn Harrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynn_Harrell"},{"link_name":"Yehuda Hanani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yehuda_Hanani"},{"link_name":"Steven Honigberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Honigberg"},{"link_name":"Robert deMaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_deMaine"},{"link_name":"Donald Whitton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Whitton"},{"link_name":"Yo-Yo Ma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yo-Yo_Ma"},{"link_name":"Ronald Leonard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Leonard"},{"link_name":"Sara Sant'Ambrogio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sara_Sant%27Ambrogio"},{"link_name":"Matt Haimovitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Haimovitz"},{"link_name":"Mats Lidström","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mats_Lidstr%C3%B6m"},{"link_name":"John Sant’Ambrogio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Sant%E2%80%99Ambrogio"},{"link_name":"White Plains, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Plains,_New_York"},{"link_name":"leukemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukemia"},{"link_name":"Farmingdale, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmingdale,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Amati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amati"}],"text":"Rose was born in Washington, D.C. His parents were Jewish immigrants, his father from Bragin, Belarus, and his mother from Kyiv, Ukraine.[1] Rose took lessons from Walter Grossman, Frank Miller and Felix Salmond. After completing his studies at Philadelphia's Curtis Institute of Music at age 20, he joined Arturo Toscanini's NBC Symphony Orchestra, and almost immediately became associate principal. At 21 he was principal cellist of the Cleveland Orchestra and at 26 became the principal of the New York Philharmonic.He made many recordings as a soloist after 1951, including concertos with conductors such as Leonard Bernstein, Eugene Ormandy, George Szell and Bruno Walter among others. Rose also joined with Isaac Stern and Eugene Istomin in a celebrated piano trio.Rose's legacy as a teacher remains to this day: his students from the Juilliard School, Curtis Institute and Ivan Galamian's Meadowmount Summer School fill the sections of many American orchestras, notably those of the Boston Symphony Orchestra, Cleveland Orchestra, Philadelphia Orchestra, and the New York Philharmonic. His pupils include Lori Singer, Raymond Davis, Desmond Hoebig, Peter Stumpf, Fred Sherry, Christopher von Baeyer, Myung-wha Chung, Patrick Sohn, Thomas Demenga, Stephen Kates, Lynn Harrell, Yehuda Hanani, Hans Jørgen Jensen, Steven Honigberg, Eric Kim, Roger Drinkall, Robert deMaine, Bruce Uchimura, Donald Whitton, Yo-Yo Ma, Ronald Leonard, Steven Pologe, Sara Sant'Ambrogio, Matt Haimovitz, Mats Lidström, Richard Hirschl, John Sant’Ambrogio, and Marijane Carr Siegal.Rose died in White Plains, New York, of leukemia. In November 2009, a memorial marker was placed for Rose in the Mt. Ararat Cemetery in Farmingdale, New York, next to the grave of his first wife, Minnie Knopow Rose, who died in 1964. Minnie and Leonard met at Curtis, where she studied viola. His second wife was Xenia Petschek, whom he married in January 1965.[2] Rose played an Amati cello dated 1662, played today by Gary Hoffman.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grammy Award for Best Chamber Music Performance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Chamber_Music_Performance"},{"link_name":"Eugene Istomin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Istomin"},{"link_name":"Isaac Stern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Stern"},{"link_name":"Beethoven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven"},{"link_name":"1971","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Awards_of_1971"}],"text":"Grammy Award for Best Chamber Music PerformanceEugene Istomin, Leonard Rose & Isaac Stern for Beethoven: The Complete Piano Trios (1971)","title":"Awards and recognitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Leonard Rose Remembered\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cello.org/newsletter/articles/rose/rose.htm#"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Vibrancy Resounds In Rose Home\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//fultonhistory.com/newspaper%2010/Yonkers%20NY%20Herald%20Statesman/Yonkers%20NY%20Herald%20Statesman%201968%20%20Grayscale/Yonkers%20NY%20Herald%20Statesman%201968%20%20Grayscale%20-%201968.pdf"},{"link_name":"The Herald Statesman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Herald_Statesman"}],"text":"^ \"Leonard Rose Remembered\".\n\n^ Long, Nancy (March 6, 1968). \"Vibrancy Resounds In Rose Home\" (PDF). The Herald Statesman. Yonkers, New York. Retrieved January 27, 2012.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1378383#identifiers"},{"link_name":"FAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.worldcat.org/fast/75491/"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000108993826"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/49409265"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjtdVDGwyBPKqmxkqkxDq"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/1038759"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1592137"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13899168w"},{"link_name":"BnF data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13899168w"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/134501799"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007277281205171"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14141632"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n81075573"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mzk2014852923&CON_LNG=ENG"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35480624"},{"link_name":"Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC2018N0766"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p085032905"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810620461605606"},{"link_name":"CiNii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA10592518?l=en"},{"link_name":"Grammy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.grammy.com/artists/leonard-rose/15245"},{"link_name":"MusicBrainz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//musicbrainz.org/artist/b667c392-5b61-4cf1-bbe5-8f3324a2155f"},{"link_name":"SNAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6k36bw6"},{"link_name":"IdRef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.idref.fr/080879578"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.idref.fr/066883032"}],"text":"Leonard Rose. America's Golden Age and Its First Cellist, Steven Honigberg, (revised edition 2013), Amazon.com\n\"With the Artists\". World Famed String Players Discuss Their Art, Samuel and Sada Applebaum, John Markert & Co., New York (1955). Pages 203–211 are devoted to Leonard Rose.\nLiner notes: \"Leonard Rose Live in Recital, 1953–1960\" VAI; \"Seeking Perfection\" by Susan M AndersonAuthority control databases International\nFAST\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nNorway\nSpain\nFrance\nBnF data\nGermany\nIsrael\nBelgium\nUnited States\nCzech Republic\nAustralia\nKorea\nNetherlands\nPoland\nAcademics\nCiNii\nArtists\nGrammy Awards\nMusicBrainz\nOther\nSNAC\nIdRef\n2","title":"Further reading"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Leonard Rose Remembered\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cello.org/newsletter/articles/rose/rose.htm#","url_text":"\"Leonard Rose Remembered\""}]},{"reference":"Long, Nancy (March 6, 1968). \"Vibrancy Resounds In Rose Home\" (PDF). The Herald Statesman. Yonkers, New York. Retrieved January 27, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://fultonhistory.com/newspaper%2010/Yonkers%20NY%20Herald%20Statesman/Yonkers%20NY%20Herald%20Statesman%201968%20%20Grayscale/Yonkers%20NY%20Herald%20Statesman%201968%20%20Grayscale%20-%201968.pdf","url_text":"\"Vibrancy Resounds In Rose Home\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Herald_Statesman","url_text":"The Herald Statesman"}]},{"reference":"Janof, Tim. \"Leonard Rose Remembered\". Tutti Celli. Internet Cello Society. Retrieved January 27, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cello.org/Newsletter/Articles/rose/rose.htm","url_text":"\"Leonard Rose Remembered\""}]},{"reference":"\"Leonard Rose\". Historical Cellists. Internet Cello Society. Retrieved January 27, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cello.org/cnc/rose.htm","url_text":"\"Leonard Rose\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.cello.org/newsletter/articles/rose/rose.htm#","external_links_name":"\"Leonard Rose Remembered\""},{"Link":"http://fultonhistory.com/newspaper%2010/Yonkers%20NY%20Herald%20Statesman/Yonkers%20NY%20Herald%20Statesman%201968%20%20Grayscale/Yonkers%20NY%20Herald%20Statesman%201968%20%20Grayscale%20-%201968.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Vibrancy Resounds In Rose Home\""},{"Link":"http://www.cello.org/Newsletter/Articles/rose/rose.htm","external_links_name":"\"Leonard Rose Remembered\""},{"Link":"http://www.cello.org/cnc/rose.htm","external_links_name":"\"Leonard Rose\""},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/75491/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000108993826","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/49409265","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjtdVDGwyBPKqmxkqkxDq","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/1038759","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1592137","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13899168w","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13899168w","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/134501799","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007277281205171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14141632","external_links_name":"Belgium"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81075573","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mzk2014852923&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35480624","external_links_name":"Australia"},{"Link":"https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC2018N0766","external_links_name":"Korea"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p085032905","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810620461605606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA10592518?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"},{"Link":"https://www.grammy.com/artists/leonard-rose/15245","external_links_name":"Grammy Awards"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/b667c392-5b61-4cf1-bbe5-8f3324a2155f","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6k36bw6","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/080879578","external_links_name":"IdRef"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/066883032","external_links_name":"2"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Tour_Down_Under | 2024 Tour Down Under | ["1 Teams","2 Route","3 Stages","3.1 Stage 1","3.2 Stage 2","3.3 Stage 3","3.4 Stage 4","3.5 Stage 5","3.6 Stage 6","4 Classification leadership table","5 Classification standings","5.1 General classification","5.2 Sprints classification","5.3 Mountains classification","5.4 Young rider classification","5.5 Teams classification","6 References","7 External links"] | Cycling race
For the women's race, see 2024 Women's Tour Down Under.
Cycling race
2024 Men's Tour Down Under2024 UCI World Tour, race 1 of 35Race detailsDates16–21 January 2024Stages6Distance824.6 km (512.4 mi)Winning time19h 13' 34"Results
Winner
Stephen Williams (GBR)
(Israel–Premier Tech)
Second
Jhonatan Narváez (ECU)
(Ineos Grenadiers)
Third
Isaac del Toro (MEX)
(UAE Team Emirates)
Mountains
Luke Burns (AUS)
(Australia)
Youth
Isaac del Toro (MEX)
(UAE Team Emirates)
Sprints
Sam Welsford (AUS)
(Bora–Hansgrohe)
Team
Decathlon–AG2R La Mondiale
← 2023 2025 →
The 2024 Men's Tour Down Under was a road cycling stage race that started on 16 January, and finished on the 21st. It took place in and around Adelaide, South Australia. It was the 24th edition of the Tour Down Under and the first race of the 2024 UCI World Tour.
Teams
All eighteen UCI WorldTeams, one UCI ProTeam, and one national team participated in the race.
UCI WorldTeams
Alpecin–Deceuninck
Arkéa–B&B Hotels
Astana Qazaqstan Team
Bora–Hansgrohe
Cofidis
Decathlon–AG2R La Mondiale
EF Education–EasyPost
Groupama–FDJ
Ineos Grenadiers
Intermarché–Wanty
Lidl–Trek
Movistar Team
Soudal–Quick-Step
Team Bahrain Victorious
Team dsm–firmenich PostNL
Team Jayco–AlUla
UAE Team Emirates
Visma–Lease a Bike
UCI ProTeams
Israel–Premier Tech
National Teams
Australia
Route
Stage characteristics and winners
Stage
Date
Route
Distance
Elevation gain
Type
Winner
1
16 January
Tanunda to Tanunda
144 km (89 mi)
1,837 m (6,027 ft)
Hilly stage
Sam Welsford (AUS)
2
17 January
Norwood to Lobethal
141.6 km (88.0 mi)
2,948 m (9,672 ft)
Hilly stage
Isaac del Toro (MEX)
3
18 January
Tea Tree Gully to Campbelltown
145.3 km (90.3 mi)
2,211 m (7,254 ft)
Flat stage
Sam Welsford (AUS)
4
19 January
Murray Bridge to Port Elliot
136.2 km (84.6 mi)
1,055 m (3,461 ft)
Hilly stage
Sam Welsford (AUS)
5
20 January
Christies Beach to Willunga Hill
129.3 km (80.3 mi)
1,791 m (5,876 ft)
Hilly stage
Oscar Onley (GBR)
6
21 January
Unley to Mount Lofty
128.2 km (79.7 mi)
2,821 m (9,255 ft)
Hilly stage
Stephen Williams (GBR)
Total
824.6 km (512.4 mi)
12,663 m (41,545 ft)
Stages
Stage 1
16 January 2024 — Tanunda to Tanunda, 144 km (89 mi)
Stage 1 Result
Rank
Rider
Team
Time
1
Sam Welsford (AUS)
Bora–Hansgrohe
3h 25' 56"
2
Phil Bauhaus (GER)
Team Bahrain Victorious
+ 0"
3
Biniam Girmay (ERI)
Intermarché–Wanty
+ 0"
4
Caleb Ewan (AUS)
Team Jayco–AlUla
+ 0"
5
Jhonatan Narváez (ECU)
Ineos Grenadiers
+ 0"
6
Max Kanter (GER)
Astana Qazaqstan Team
+ 0"
7
Danny van Poppel (NED)
Bora–Hansgrohe
+ 0"
8
Corbin Strong (NZL)
Israel–Premier Tech
+ 0"
9
Madis Mihkels (EST)
Intermarché–Wanty
+ 0"
10
Mathias Vacek (CZE)
Lidl–Trek
+ 0"
General classification after Stage 1
Rank
Rider
Team
Time
1
Sam Welsford (AUS)
Bora–Hansgrohe
3h 25' 46"
2
Phil Bauhaus (GER)
Team Bahrain Victorious
+ 4"
3
Biniam Girmay (ERI)
Intermarché–Wanty
+ 6"
4
Corbin Strong (NZL)
Israel–Premier Tech
+ 7"
5
Georg Zimmermann (GER)
Intermarché–Wanty
+ 7"
6
Finn Fisher-Black (NZL)
UAE Team Emirates
+ 7"
7
Louis Barré (FRA)
Arkéa–B&B Hotels
+ 8"
8
Jhonatan Narváez (ECU)
Ineos Grenadiers
+ 9"
9
Caleb Ewan (AUS)
Team Jayco–AlUla
+ 10"
10
Max Kanter (GER)
Astana Qazaqstan Team
+ 10"
Stage 2
17 January 2024 — Norwood to Lobethal, 141.6 km (88 mi)
Stage 2 Result
Rank
Rider
Team
Time
1
Isaac del Toro (MEX)
UAE Team Emirates
3h 29' 37"
2
Corbin Strong (NZL)
Israel–Premier Tech
+ 0"
3
Stephen Williams (GBR)
Israel–Premier Tech
+ 0"
4
Biniam Girmay (ERI)
Intermarché–Wanty
+ 0"
5
Caleb Ewan (AUS)
Team Jayco–AlUla
+ 0"
6
Lars Boven (NED)
Alpecin–Deceuninck
+ 0"
7
Ruben Guerreiro (POR)
Movistar Team
+ 0"
8
Danny van Poppel (NED)
Bora–Hansgrohe
+ 0"
9
Max Kanter (GER)
Astana Qazaqstan Team
+ 0"
10
Laurence Pithie (NZL)
Groupama–FDJ
+ 0"
General classification after Stage 2
Rank
Rider
Team
Time
1
Isaac del Toro (MEX)
UAE Team Emirates
6h 55' 22"
2
Corbin Strong (NZL)
Israel–Premier Tech
+ 2"
3
Biniam Girmay (ERI)
Intermarché–Wanty
+ 7"
4
Stephen Williams (GBR)
Israel–Premier Tech
+ 7"
5
Georg Zimmermann (GER)
Intermarché–Wanty
+ 8"
6
Finn Fisher-Black (NZL)
UAE Team Emirates
+ 8"
7
Louis Barré (FRA)
Arkéa–B&B Hotels
+ 9"
8
Caleb Ewan (AUS)
Team Jayco–AlUla
+ 10"
9
Jhonatan Narváez (ECU)
Ineos Grenadiers
+ 10"
10
Danny van Poppel (NED)
Bora–Hansgrohe
+ 11"
Stage 3
18 January 2024 — Tea Tree Gully to Campbelltown, 145.3 km (90.3 mi)
Stage 3 Result
Rank
Rider
Team
Time
1
Sam Welsford (AUS)
Bora–Hansgrohe
3h 20' 42"
2
Elia Viviani (ITA)
Ineos Grenadiers
+ 0"
3
Daniel McLay (GBR)
Arkéa–B&B Hotels
+ 0"
4
Laurence Pithie (NZL)
Groupama–FDJ
+ 0"
5
Max Kanter (GER)
Astana Qazaqstan Team
+ 0"
6
Caleb Ewan (AUS)
Team Jayco–AlUla
+ 0"
7
Álvaro Hodeg (COL)
UAE Team Emirates
+ 0"
8
Biniam Girmay (ERI)
Intermarché–Wanty
+ 0"
9
Jhonatan Narváez (ECU)
Ineos Grenadiers
+ 0"
10
Emīls Liepiņš (LAT)
Team dsm–firmenich PostNL
+ 0"
General classification after Stage 3
Rank
Rider
Team
Time
1
Isaac del Toro (MEX)
UAE Team Emirates
10h 16' 04"
2
Corbin Strong (NZL)
Israel–Premier Tech
+ 2"
3
Axel Mariault (FRA)
Cofidis
+ 5"
4
Biniam Girmay (ERI)
Intermarché–Wanty
+ 7"
5
Stephen Williams (GBR)
Israel–Premier Tech
+ 7"
6
Stefan De Bod (RSA)
EF Education–EasyPost
+ 7"
7
Georg Zimmermann (GER)
Intermarché–Wanty
+ 8"
8
Finn Fisher-Black (NZL)
UAE Team Emirates
+ 8"
9
Louis Barré (FRA)
Arkéa–B&B Hotels
+ 9"
10
Caleb Ewan (AUS)
Team Jayco–AlUla
+ 10"
Stage 4
19 January 2024 — Murray Bridge to Port Elliot, 136.2 km (84.6 mi)
Stage 4 Result
Rank
Rider
Team
Time
1
Sam Welsford (AUS)
Bora–Hansgrohe
2h 59' 50"
2
Biniam Girmay (ERI)
Intermarché–Wanty
+ 0"
3
Lars Boven (NED)
Alpecin–Deceuninck
+ 0"
4
Milan Fretin (BEL)
Cofidis
+ 0"
5
Laurence Pithie (NZL)
Groupama–FDJ
+ 0"
6
Gonzalo Serrano (ESP)
Movistar Team
+ 0"
7
Max Kanter (GER)
Astana Qazaqstan Team
+ 0"
8
Antoine Huby (FRA)
Soudal–Quick-Step
+ 0"
9
Phil Bauhaus (GER)
Team Bahrain Victorious
+ 0"
10
Simon Clarke (AUS)
Israel–Premier Tech
+ 0"
General classification after Stage 4
Rank
Rider
Team
Time
1
Isaac del Toro (MEX)
UAE Team Emirates
13h 15' 54"
2
Biniam Girmay (ERI)
Intermarché–Wanty
+ 1"
3
Corbin Strong (NZL)
Israel–Premier Tech
+ 2"
4
Axel Mariault (FRA)
Cofidis
+ 5"
5
Stephen Williams (GBR)
Israel–Premier Tech
+ 7"
6
Lars Boven (NED)
Alpecin–Deceuninck
+ 7"
7
Stefan De Bod (RSA)
EF Education–EasyPost
+ 7"
8
Georg Zimmermann (GER)
Intermarché–Wanty
+ 8"
9
Finn Fisher-Black (NZL)
UAE Team Emirates
+ 8"
10
Louis Barré (FRA)
Arkéa–B&B Hotels
+ 9"
Stage 5
20 January 2024 — Christies Beach to Willunga Hill, 129.3 km (80.3 mi)
Stage 5 Result
Rank
Rider
Team
Time
1
Oscar Onley (GBR)
Team dsm–firmenich PostNL
2h 52' 23"
2
Stephen Williams (GBR)
Israel–Premier Tech
+ 0"
3
Jhonatan Narváez (ECU)
Ineos Grenadiers
+ 0"
4
Julian Alaphilippe (FRA)
Soudal–Quick-Step
+ 3"
5
Bart Lemmen (NED)
Visma–Lease a Bike
+ 3"
6
Simon Yates (GBR)
Team Jayco–AlUla
+ 3"
7
Valentin Paret-Peintre (FRA)
Decathlon–AG2R La Mondiale
+ 6"
8
Isaac del Toro (MEX)
UAE Team Emirates
+ 6"
9
Damien Howson (AUS)
Australia
+ 12"
10
Finn Fisher-Black (NZL)
UAE Team Emirates
+ 20"
General classification after Stage 5
Rank
Rider
Team
Time
1
Stephen Williams (GBR)
Israel–Premier Tech
16h 08' 18"
2
Oscar Onley (GBR)
Team dsm–firmenich PostNL
+ 0"
3
Jhonatan Narváez (ECU)
Ineos Grenadiers
+ 5"
4
Isaac del Toro (MEX)
UAE Team Emirates
+ 5"
5
Julian Alaphilippe (FRA)
Soudal–Quick-Step
+ 13"
6
Bart Lemmen (NED)
Visma–Lease a Bike
+ 13"
7
Simon Yates (GBR)
Team Jayco–AlUla
+ 13"
8
Valentin Paret-Peintre (FRA)
Decathlon–AG2R La Mondiale
+ 16"
9
Damien Howson (AUS)
Australia
+ 22"
10
Axel Mariault (FRA)
Cofidis
+ 24"
Stage 6
21 January 2024 — Unley to Mount Lofty, 128.2 km (79.7 mi)
Stage 6 Result
Rank
Rider
Team
Time
1
Stephen Williams (GBR)
Israel–Premier Tech
3h 05' 26"
2
Jhonatan Narváez (ECU)
Ineos Grenadiers
+ 0"
3
Isaac del Toro (MEX)
UAE Team Emirates
+ 0"
4
Bart Lemmen (NED)
Visma–Lease a Bike
+ 0"
5
Laurence Pithie (NZL)
Groupama–FDJ
+ 3"
6
Julian Alaphilippe (FRA)
Soudal–Quick-Step
+ 10"
7
Damien Howson (AUS)
Australia
+ 10"
8
Christian Scaroni (ITA)
Astana Qazaqstan Team
+ 10"
9
Bauke Mollema (NED)
Lidl–Trek
+ 10"
10
Lars Boven (NED)
Alpecin–Deceuninck
+ 10"
General classification after Stage 6
Rank
Rider
Team
Time
1
Stephen Williams (GBR)
Israel–Premier Tech
19h 13' 34"
2
Jhonatan Narváez (ECU)
Ineos Grenadiers
+ 9"
3
Isaac del Toro (MEX)
UAE Team Emirates
+ 11"
4
Oscar Onley (GBR)
Team dsm–firmenich PostNL
+ 20"
5
Bart Lemmen (NED)
Visma–Lease a Bike
+ 23"
6
Julian Alaphilippe (FRA)
Soudal–Quick-Step
+ 33"
7
Simon Yates (GBR)
Team Jayco–AlUla
+ 33"
8
Valentin Paret-Peintre (FRA)
Decathlon–AG2R La Mondiale
+ 36"
9
Damien Howson (AUS)
Australia
+ 42"
10
Jack Haig (AUS)
Team Bahrain Victorious
+ 50"
Classification leadership table
Classification leadership by stage
Stage
Winner
General classification
Sprints classification
Mountains classification
Young rider classification
Most competitive rider(s)
Team classification
1
Sam Welsford
Sam Welsford
Sam Welsford
Louis Barré
Madis Mihkels
Louis Barré
Intermarché–Wanty
2
Isaac del Toro
Isaac del Toro
Biniam Girmay
Luke Burns
Isaac del Toro
Luke Burns
3
Sam Welsford
Sam Welsford
Tristan Saunders
4
Sam Welsford
Jackson Medway
5
Oscar Onley
Stephen Williams
Oscar Onley
Casper Pedersen
UAE Team Emirates
6
Stephen Williams
Isaac del Toro
António Morgado
Decathlon–AG2R La Mondiale
Final
Stephen Williams
Sam Welsford
Luke Burns
Isaac del Toro
Not awarded
Decathlon–AG2R La Mondiale
Classification standings
Legend
Denotes the winner of the general classification
Denotes the winner of the sprints classification
Denotes the winner of the mountains classification
Denotes the winner of the young rider classification
Denotes the winner of the combativity award
General classification
Final general classification (1–10)
Rank
Rider
Team
Time
1
Stephen Williams (GBR)
Israel–Premier Tech
19h 13' 34"
2
Jhonatan Narváez (ECU)
Ineos Grenadiers
+ 9"
3
Isaac del Toro (MEX)
UAE Team Emirates
+ 11"
4
Oscar Onley (GBR)
Team dsm–firmenich PostNL
+ 20"
5
Bart Lemmen (NED)
Visma–Lease a Bike
+ 23"
6
Julian Alaphilippe (FRA)
Soudal–Quick-Step
+ 33"
7
Simon Yates (GBR)
Team Jayco–AlUla
+ 33"
8
Valentin Paret-Peintre (FRA)
Decathlon–AG2R La Mondiale
+ 36"
9
Damien Howson (AUS)
Australia
+ 42"
10
Jack Haig (AUS)
Team Bahrain Victorious
+ 50"
Sprints classification
Final sprints classification (1–10)
Rank
Rider
Team
Points
1
Sam Welsford (AUS)
Bora–Hansgrohe
90
2
Biniam Girmay (ERI)
Intermarché–Wanty
77
3
Jhonatan Narváez (ECU)
Ineos Grenadiers
70
4
Stephen Williams (GBR)
Israel–Premier Tech
69
5
Isaac del Toro (MEX)
UAE Team Emirates
61
6
Laurence Pithie (NZL)
Groupama–FDJ
60
7
Max Kanter (GER)
Astana Qazaqstan Team
54
8
Caleb Ewan (AUS)
Team Jayco–AlUla
52
9
Lars Boven (NED)
Alpecin–Deceuninck
44
10
Phil Bauhaus (GER)
Team Bahrain Victorious
36
Mountains classification
Final mountains classification (1–10)
Rank
Rider
Team
Points
1
Luke Burns (AUS)
Australia
49
2
Jardi Christiaan van der Lee (NED)
EF Education–EasyPost
23
3
Gil Gelders (BEL)
Soudal–Quick-Step
20
4
Chris Harper (AUS)
Team Jayco–AlUla
12
5
Julian Alaphilippe (FRA)
Soudal–Quick-Step
10
6
António Morgado (POR)
UAE Team Emirates
8
7
Tristan Sanders (AUS)
Australia
8
8
Jacopo Mosca (ITA)
Lidl–Trek
7
9
Louis Barré (FRA)
Arkéa–B&B Hotels
6
10
Oscar Onley (GBR)
Team dsm–firmenich PostNL
6
Young rider classification
Final young rider classification (1–10)
Rank
Rider
Team
Time
1
Isaac del Toro (MEX)
UAE Team Emirates
19h 13' 45"
2
Oscar Onley (GBR)
Team dsm–firmenich PostNL
+ 9"
3
Bastien Tronchon (FRA)
AG2R Citroën Team
+ 1' 00"
4
Laurence Pithie (NZL)
Groupama–FDJ
+ 1' 01"
5
Gianmarco Garofoli (ITA)
Astana Qazaqstan Team
+ 2' 00"
6
António Morgado (POR)
UAE Team Emirates
+ 3' 33"
7
Joshua Tarling (GBR)
Ineos Grenadiers
+ 5' 32"
8
Loe van Belle (NED)
Visma–Lease a Bike
+ 7' 11"
9
Mathias Vacek (CZE)
Lidl–Trek
+ 8' 14"
10
Enzo Paleni (FRA)
Groupama–FDJ
+ 9' 01"
Teams classification
Final team classification (1–10)
Rank
Team
Time
1
Decathlon–AG2R La Mondiale
57h 44' 14"
2
Israel–Premier Tech
+ 4"
3
UAE Team Emirates
+ 6"
4
Soudal–Quick-Step
+ 16"
5
Visma–Lease a Bike
+ 24"
6
Intermarché–Wanty
+ 1' 42"
7
Movistar Team
+ 1' 44"
8
Alpecin–Deceuninck
+ 1' 54"
9
Lidl–Trek
+ 2' 10"
10
Australia
+ 2' 39"
References
^ "UCI World Tour Races". procyclingstats.com. Retrieved 8 December 2023.
^ "2024 STAGES". Santos Tour Down Under. Retrieved 8 December 2023.
^ "Ziptrak® Men's Stage 1: Tanunda to Tanunda". Retrieved 20 January 2024.
^ "efex Men's Stage 2: Norwood - Lobethal". Retrieved 20 January 2024.
^ "Health Partners Men's Stage 3: Tea Tree Gully - Campbelltown". Retrieved 20 January 2024.
^ "Hahn Men's Stage 4: Murray Bridge - Port Elliot". Retrieved 20 January 2024.
^ "THINK! Road Safety Men's Stage 5: Christies Beach - Willunga Hill". Retrieved 20 January 2024.
^ "Schwalbe Men's Stage 6: Unley - Mount Lofty". Retrieved 20 January 2024.
^ "Ziptrak® Men's Stage 1: Tanunda to Tanunda". Santos Tour Down Under. Retrieved 8 December 2023.
^ a b Lamoureux, Lyne; Giuliani, Simone (16 January 2024). "Tour Down Under: Sam Welsford holds off Phil Bauhaus to win stage 1". CyclingNews. Retrieved 22 January 2024.
^ "efex Men's Stage 2: Norwood - Lobethal". Santos Tour Down Under. Retrieved 8 December 2023.
^ a b Lamoureux, Lyne (17 January 2024). "Tour Down Under: Isaac Del Toro launches late race attack to win stage 2". CyclingNews. Retrieved 17 January 2024.
^ "Health Partners Men's Stage 3: Tea Tree Gully - Campbelltown". Santos Tour Down Under. Retrieved 8 December 2023.
^ a b Lamoureux, Lyne; Giuliani, Simone (18 January 2024). "Tour Down Under: Sam Welsford speeds to second win on stage 3". CyclingNews. Retrieved 18 January 2024.
^ "Hahn Men's Stage 4: Murray Bridge - Port Elliot". Santos Tour Down Under. Retrieved 8 December 2023.
^ a b Frattini, Kirsten; Lamoureux, Lyne (19 January 2024). "Tour Down Under: A third win for Sam Welsford on stage 4". CyclingNews. Retrieved 19 January 2024.
^ "THINK! Road Safety Men's Stage 5: Christies Beach - Willunga Hill". Santos Tour Down Under. Retrieved 8 December 2023.
^ a b Lamoureux, Lyne (20 January 2024). "Tour Down Under: Oscar Onley wins on Willunga Hill". CyclingNews. Retrieved 20 January 2024.
^ "Schwalbe Men's Stage 6: Unley - Mount Lofty". Santos Tour Down Under. Retrieved 8 December 2023.
^ a b c d e f g Lamoureux, Lyne; Giuliani, Simone (20 January 2024). "Stephen Williams takes final stage and wins Tour Down Under". CyclingNews. Retrieved 20 January 2024.
External links
Official website
vteTour Down Under
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vte2024 UCI World TourRaces
Tour Down Under
Great Ocean Road Race
UAE Tour
Omloop Het Nieuwsblad
Strade Bianche
Paris–Nice
Tirreno–Adriatico
Milan–San Remo
Volta a Catalunya
Classic Brugge–De Panne
E3 Saxo Classic
Gent–Wevelgem
Dwars door Vlaanderen
Tour of Flanders
Tour of the Basque Country
Paris–Roubaix
Amstel Gold Race
La Flèche Wallonne
Liège–Bastogne–Liège
Tour de Romandie
Eschborn–Frankfurt
Giro d'Italia
Critérium du Dauphiné
Tour de Suisse
Tour de France
Clásica de San Sebastián
Tour de Pologne
Vuelta a España
Bretagne Classic Ouest-France
Renewi Tour
Hamburg Cyclassics
Grand Prix Cycliste de Québec
Grand Prix Cycliste de Montréal
Il Lombardia
Tour of Guangxi
Teams
Alpecin–Deceuninck
Arkéa–B&B Hotels
Astana Qazaqstan Team
Bora–Hansgrohe
Cofidis
Decathlon–AG2R La Mondiale
EF Education–EasyPost
Groupama–FDJ
Ineos Grenadiers
Intermarché–Wanty
Lidl–Trek
Movistar Team
Soudal–Quick-Step
Team Bahrain Victorious
Team dsm–firmenich PostNL
Team Jayco–AlUla
Visma–Lease a Bike
UAE Team Emirates
List of 2024 UCI WorldTeams and riders | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2024 Women's Tour Down Under","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Women%27s_Tour_Down_Under"},{"link_name":"road cycling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_bicycle_racing"},{"link_name":"stage race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycling_stage_race"},{"link_name":"Adelaide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide"},{"link_name":"South Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Tour Down Under","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_Down_Under"},{"link_name":"2024 UCI World Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_UCI_World_Tour"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UCIcalendar-1"}],"text":"For the women's race, see 2024 Women's Tour Down Under.Cycling raceThe 2024 Men's Tour Down Under was a road cycling stage race that started on 16 January, and finished on the 21st. It took place in and around Adelaide, South Australia. It was the 24th edition of the Tour Down Under and the first race of the 2024 UCI World Tour.[1]","title":"2024 Tour Down Under"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UCI WorldTeams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCI_WorldTeam"},{"link_name":"UCI ProTeam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCI_ProSeries"},{"link_name":"Alpecin–Deceuninck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpecin%E2%80%93Deceuninck"},{"link_name":"Arkéa–B&B Hotels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ark%C3%A9a%E2%80%93B%26B_Hotels"},{"link_name":"Astana Qazaqstan Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astana_Qazaqstan_Team"},{"link_name":"Bora–Hansgrohe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bora%E2%80%93Hansgrohe"},{"link_name":"Cofidis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cofidis_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"Decathlon–AG2R La Mondiale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decathlon%E2%80%93AG2R_La_Mondiale"},{"link_name":"EF Education–EasyPost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EF_Education%E2%80%93EasyPost"},{"link_name":"Groupama–FDJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupama%E2%80%93FDJ"},{"link_name":"Ineos Grenadiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ineos_Grenadiers"},{"link_name":"Intermarché–Wanty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermarch%C3%A9%E2%80%93Wanty"},{"link_name":"Lidl–Trek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidl%E2%80%93Trek_(men%27s_team)"},{"link_name":"Movistar Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movistar_Team_(men%27s_team)"},{"link_name":"Soudal–Quick-Step","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soudal_Quick-Step"},{"link_name":"Team Bahrain Victorious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_Bahrain_Victorious"},{"link_name":"Team dsm–firmenich PostNL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_dsm%E2%80%93firmenich_PostNL_(men%27s_team)"},{"link_name":"Team Jayco–AlUla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_Jayco%E2%80%93AlUla_(men%27s_team)"},{"link_name":"UAE Team Emirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UAE_Team_Emirates"},{"link_name":"Visma–Lease a Bike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visma%E2%80%93Lease_a_Bike_(men%27s_team)"},{"link_name":"Israel–Premier Tech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Premier_Tech"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AusCycling"}],"text":"All eighteen UCI WorldTeams, one UCI ProTeam, and one national team participated in the race.UCI WorldTeamsAlpecin–Deceuninck\nArkéa–B&B Hotels\nAstana Qazaqstan Team\nBora–Hansgrohe\nCofidis\nDecathlon–AG2R La Mondiale\nEF Education–EasyPost\nGroupama–FDJ\nIneos Grenadiers\nIntermarché–Wanty\nLidl–Trek\nMovistar Team\nSoudal–Quick-Step\nTeam Bahrain Victorious\nTeam dsm–firmenich PostNL\nTeam Jayco–AlUla\nUAE Team Emirates\nVisma–Lease a BikeUCI ProTeamsIsrael–Premier TechNational TeamsAustralia","title":"Teams"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Route"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Stages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tanunda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanunda,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S1-info-9"}],"sub_title":"Stage 1","text":"16 January 2024 — Tanunda to Tanunda, 144 km (89 mi)[9]","title":"Stages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Norwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwood,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Lobethal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobethal"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S2-info-11"}],"sub_title":"Stage 2","text":"17 January 2024 — Norwood to Lobethal, 141.6 km (88 mi)[11]","title":"Stages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tea Tree Gully","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tea_Tree_Gully"},{"link_name":"Campbelltown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campbelltown,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S3-info-13"}],"sub_title":"Stage 3","text":"18 January 2024 — Tea Tree Gully to Campbelltown, 145.3 km (90.3 mi)[13]","title":"Stages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Murray Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Bridge,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Port Elliot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Elliot"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S4-info-15"}],"sub_title":"Stage 4","text":"19 January 2024 — Murray Bridge to Port Elliot, 136.2 km (84.6 mi)[15]","title":"Stages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Christies Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christies_Beach,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Willunga Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willunga,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S5-info-17"}],"sub_title":"Stage 5","text":"20 January 2024 — Christies Beach to Willunga Hill, 129.3 km (80.3 mi)[17]","title":"Stages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Unley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unley,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Mount Lofty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Lofty"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S6-info-19"}],"sub_title":"Stage 6","text":"21 January 2024 — Unley to Mount Lofty, 128.2 km (79.7 mi)[19]","title":"Stages"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Classification leadership table"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Classification standings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2024_Tour_Down_Under&action=edit§ion=13"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Result-S6-20"},{"link_name":"Sam Welsford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Welsford"},{"link_name":"Bora–Hansgrohe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bora%E2%80%93Hansgrohe"},{"link_name":"Biniam Girmay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biniam_Girmay"},{"link_name":"Intermarché–Wanty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermarch%C3%A9%E2%80%93Wanty"},{"link_name":"Jhonatan Narváez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jhonatan_Narv%C3%A1ez"},{"link_name":"Ineos Grenadiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ineos_Grenadiers"},{"link_name":"Stephen Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Williams_(cyclist)"},{"link_name":"Israel–Premier Tech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Premier_Tech"},{"link_name":"Isaac del Toro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_del_Toro"},{"link_name":"UAE Team Emirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UAE_Team_Emirates"},{"link_name":"Laurence Pithie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Pithie"},{"link_name":"Groupama–FDJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupama%E2%80%93FDJ"},{"link_name":"Max Kanter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Kanter"},{"link_name":"Astana Qazaqstan Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astana_Qazaqstan_Team"},{"link_name":"Caleb Ewan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caleb_Ewan"},{"link_name":"Team Jayco–AlUla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_Jayco%E2%80%93AlUla_(men%27s_team)"},{"link_name":"Lars Boven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lars_Boven"},{"link_name":"Alpecin–Deceuninck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpecin%E2%80%93Deceuninck"},{"link_name":"Phil Bauhaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Bauhaus"},{"link_name":"Team Bahrain Victorious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_Bahrain_Victorious"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2024_Tour_Down_Under&action=edit§ion=14"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Result-S6-20"},{"link_name":"Luke Burns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luke_Burns&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AusCycling"},{"link_name":"Jardi Christiaan van der Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jardi_Christiaan_van_der_Lee"},{"link_name":"EF Education–EasyPost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EF_Education%E2%80%93EasyPost"},{"link_name":"Gil Gelders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gil_Gelders"},{"link_name":"Soudal–Quick-Step","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soudal_Quick-Step"},{"link_name":"Chris Harper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Harper_(cyclist)"},{"link_name":"Team Jayco–AlUla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_Jayco%E2%80%93AlUla_(men%27s_team)"},{"link_name":"Julian Alaphilippe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Alaphilippe"},{"link_name":"Soudal–Quick-Step","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soudal_Quick-Step"},{"link_name":"António Morgado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Morgado"},{"link_name":"UAE Team Emirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UAE_Team_Emirates"},{"link_name":"Tristan Sanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tristan_Sanders&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AusCycling"},{"link_name":"Jacopo Mosca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacopo_Mosca"},{"link_name":"Lidl–Trek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidl%E2%80%93Trek_(men%27s_team)"},{"link_name":"Louis Barré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Barr%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Arkéa–B&B Hotels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ark%C3%A9a%E2%80%93B%26B_Hotels"},{"link_name":"Oscar Onley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Onley"},{"link_name":"Team dsm–firmenich PostNL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_dsm%E2%80%93firmenich_PostNL_(men%27s_team)"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2024_Tour_Down_Under&action=edit§ion=15"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Result-S6-20"},{"link_name":"Isaac del Toro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_del_Toro"},{"link_name":"UAE Team Emirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UAE_Team_Emirates"},{"link_name":"Oscar Onley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Onley"},{"link_name":"Team dsm–firmenich PostNL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_dsm%E2%80%93firmenich_PostNL_(men%27s_team)"},{"link_name":"Bastien Tronchon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastien_Tronchon"},{"link_name":"AG2R Citroën Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decathlon%E2%80%93AG2R_La_Mondiale"},{"link_name":"Laurence Pithie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Pithie"},{"link_name":"Groupama–FDJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupama%E2%80%93FDJ"},{"link_name":"Gianmarco Garofoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gianmarco_Garofoli"},{"link_name":"Astana Qazaqstan Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astana_Qazaqstan_Team"},{"link_name":"António Morgado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Morgado"},{"link_name":"UAE Team Emirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UAE_Team_Emirates"},{"link_name":"Joshua Tarling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_Tarling"},{"link_name":"Ineos Grenadiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ineos_Grenadiers"},{"link_name":"Loe van Belle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loe_van_Belle"},{"link_name":"Visma–Lease a Bike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visma%E2%80%93Lease_a_Bike_(men%27s_team)"},{"link_name":"Mathias Vacek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathias_Vacek"},{"link_name":"Lidl–Trek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidl%E2%80%93Trek_(men%27s_team)"},{"link_name":"Enzo Paleni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzo_Paleni"},{"link_name":"Groupama–FDJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupama%E2%80%93FDJ"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2024_Tour_Down_Under&action=edit§ion=16"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Result-S6-20"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Decathlon–AG2R La Mondiale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decathlon%E2%80%93AG2R_La_Mondiale"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Israel–Premier Tech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Premier_Tech"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates"},{"link_name":"UAE Team Emirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UAE_Team_Emirates"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Soudal–Quick-Step","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soudal_Quick-Step"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Visma–Lease a Bike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visma%E2%80%93Lease_a_Bike_(men%27s_team)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Intermarché–Wanty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermarch%C3%A9%E2%80%93Wanty"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Movistar Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movistar_Team_(men%27s_team)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Alpecin–Deceuninck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpecin%E2%80%93Deceuninck"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Lidl–Trek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidl%E2%80%93Trek_(men%27s_team)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AusCycling"}],"sub_title":"General classification","text":"Sprints classification[edit]\n\nFinal sprints classification (1–10)[20]\n\n\nRank\n\nRider\n\nTeam\n\nPoints\n\n\n1\n\n Sam Welsford (AUS) \n\nBora–Hansgrohe\n\n90\n\n\n2\n\n Biniam Girmay (ERI)\n\nIntermarché–Wanty\n\n77\n\n\n3\n\n Jhonatan Narváez (ECU)\n\nIneos Grenadiers\n\n70\n\n\n4\n\n Stephen Williams (GBR) \n\nIsrael–Premier Tech\n\n69\n\n\n5\n\n Isaac del Toro (MEX) \n\nUAE Team Emirates\n\n61\n\n\n6\n\n Laurence Pithie (NZL)\n\nGroupama–FDJ\n\n60\n\n\n7\n\n Max Kanter (GER)\n\nAstana Qazaqstan Team\n\n54\n\n\n8\n\n Caleb Ewan (AUS)\n\nTeam Jayco–AlUla\n\n52\n\n\n9\n\n Lars Boven (NED)\n\nAlpecin–Deceuninck\n\n44\n\n\n10\n\n Phil Bauhaus (GER)\n\nTeam Bahrain Victorious\n\n36\n\n\nMountains classification[edit]\n\nFinal mountains classification (1–10)[20]\n\n\nRank\n\nRider\n\nTeam\n\nPoints\n\n\n1\n\n Luke Burns (AUS) \n\nAustralia\n\n49\n\n\n2\n\n Jardi Christiaan van der Lee (NED)\n\nEF Education–EasyPost\n\n23\n\n\n3\n\n Gil Gelders (BEL)\n\nSoudal–Quick-Step\n\n20\n\n\n4\n\n Chris Harper (AUS)\n\nTeam Jayco–AlUla\n\n12\n\n\n5\n\n Julian Alaphilippe (FRA)\n\nSoudal–Quick-Step\n\n10\n\n\n6\n\n António Morgado (POR)\n\nUAE Team Emirates\n\n8\n\n\n7\n\n Tristan Sanders (AUS)\n\nAustralia\n\n8\n\n\n8\n\n Jacopo Mosca (ITA)\n\nLidl–Trek\n\n7\n\n\n9\n\n Louis Barré (FRA)\n\nArkéa–B&B Hotels\n\n6\n\n\n10\n\n Oscar Onley (GBR)\n\nTeam dsm–firmenich PostNL\n\n6Young rider classification[edit]\n\nFinal young rider classification (1–10)[20]\n\n\nRank\n\nRider\n\nTeam\n\nTime\n\n\n1\n\n Isaac del Toro (MEX) \n\nUAE Team Emirates\n\n19h 13' 45\"\n\n\n2\n\n Oscar Onley (GBR)\n\nTeam dsm–firmenich PostNL\n\n+ 9\"\n\n\n3\n\n Bastien Tronchon (FRA)\n\nAG2R Citroën Team\n\n+ 1' 00\"\n\n\n4\n\n Laurence Pithie (NZL)\n\nGroupama–FDJ\n\n+ 1' 01\"\n\n\n5\n\n Gianmarco Garofoli (ITA)\n\nAstana Qazaqstan Team\n\n+ 2' 00\"\n\n\n6\n\n António Morgado (POR)\n\nUAE Team Emirates\n\n+ 3' 33\"\n\n\n7\n\n Joshua Tarling (GBR)\n\nIneos Grenadiers\n\n+ 5' 32\"\n\n\n8\n\n Loe van Belle (NED)\n\nVisma–Lease a Bike\n\n+ 7' 11\"\n\n\n9\n\n Mathias Vacek (CZE)\n\nLidl–Trek\n\n+ 8' 14\"\n\n\n10\n\n Enzo Paleni (FRA)\n\nGroupama–FDJ\n\n+ 9' 01\"\n\n\nTeams classification[edit]\n\nFinal team classification (1–10)[20]\n\n\nRank\n\nTeam\n\nTime\n\n\n1\n\n Decathlon–AG2R La Mondiale\n\n57h 44' 14\"\n\n\n2\n\n Israel–Premier Tech\n\n+ 4\"\n\n\n3\n\n UAE Team Emirates\n\n+ 6\"\n\n\n4\n\n Soudal–Quick-Step\n\n+ 16\"\n\n\n5\n\n Visma–Lease a Bike\n\n+ 24\"\n\n\n6\n\n Intermarché–Wanty\n\n+ 1' 42\"\n\n\n7\n\n Movistar Team\n\n+ 1' 44\"\n\n\n8\n\n Alpecin–Deceuninck\n\n+ 1' 54\"\n\n\n9\n\n Lidl–Trek\n\n+ 2' 10\"\n\n\n10\n\n Australia\n\n+ 2' 39\"","title":"Classification standings"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"UCI World Tour Races\". procyclingstats.com. Retrieved 8 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.procyclingstats.com/races.php?year=2024&circuit=1&class=&filter=Filter","url_text":"\"UCI World Tour Races\""}]},{"reference":"\"2024 STAGES\". Santos Tour Down Under. Retrieved 8 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://tourdownunder.com.au/race/mens","url_text":"\"2024 STAGES\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_Down_Under","url_text":"Santos Tour Down Under"}]},{"reference":"\"Ziptrak® Men's Stage 1: Tanunda to Tanunda\". Retrieved 20 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://tourdownunder.com.au/race/mens/stages/mens-stage-1","url_text":"\"Ziptrak® Men's Stage 1: Tanunda to Tanunda\""}]},{"reference":"\"efex Men's Stage 2: Norwood - Lobethal\". Retrieved 20 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://tourdownunder.com.au/race/mens/stages/mens-stage-2","url_text":"\"efex Men's Stage 2: Norwood - Lobethal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Health Partners Men's Stage 3: Tea Tree Gully - Campbelltown\". 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Retrieved 8 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://tourdownunder.com.au/race/mens/stages/mens-stage-2","url_text":"\"efex Men's Stage 2: Norwood - Lobethal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_Down_Under","url_text":"Santos Tour Down Under"}]},{"reference":"Lamoureux, Lyne (17 January 2024). \"Tour Down Under: Isaac Del Toro launches late race attack to win stage 2\". CyclingNews. Retrieved 17 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cyclingnews.com/races/tour-down-under-2024/stage-2/results/","url_text":"\"Tour Down Under: Isaac Del Toro launches late race attack to win stage 2\""}]},{"reference":"\"Health Partners Men's Stage 3: Tea Tree Gully - Campbelltown\". Santos Tour Down Under. Retrieved 8 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://tourdownunder.com.au/race/mens/stages/mens-stage-3","url_text":"\"Health Partners Men's Stage 3: Tea Tree Gully - Campbelltown\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_Down_Under","url_text":"Santos Tour Down Under"}]},{"reference":"Lamoureux, Lyne; Giuliani, Simone (18 January 2024). \"Tour Down Under: Sam Welsford speeds to second win on stage 3\". CyclingNews. Retrieved 18 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cyclingnews.com/races/tour-down-under-2024/stage-3/results/","url_text":"\"Tour Down Under: Sam Welsford speeds to second win on stage 3\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hahn Men's Stage 4: Murray Bridge - Port Elliot\". Santos Tour Down Under. Retrieved 8 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://tourdownunder.com.au/race/mens/stages/mens-stage-4","url_text":"\"Hahn Men's Stage 4: Murray Bridge - Port Elliot\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_Down_Under","url_text":"Santos Tour Down Under"}]},{"reference":"Frattini, Kirsten; Lamoureux, Lyne (19 January 2024). \"Tour Down Under: A third win for Sam Welsford on stage 4\". CyclingNews. Retrieved 19 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cyclingnews.com/races/tour-down-under-2024/stage-4/results/","url_text":"\"Tour Down Under: A third win for Sam Welsford on stage 4\""}]},{"reference":"\"THINK! Road Safety Men's Stage 5: Christies Beach - Willunga Hill\". Santos Tour Down Under. Retrieved 8 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://tourdownunder.com.au/race/mens/stages/mens-stage-5","url_text":"\"THINK! Road Safety Men's Stage 5: Christies Beach - Willunga Hill\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_Down_Under","url_text":"Santos Tour Down Under"}]},{"reference":"Lamoureux, Lyne (20 January 2024). \"Tour Down Under: Oscar Onley wins on Willunga Hill\". CyclingNews. Retrieved 20 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cyclingnews.com/races/tour-down-under-2024/stage-5/results/","url_text":"\"Tour Down Under: Oscar Onley wins on Willunga Hill\""}]},{"reference":"\"Schwalbe Men's Stage 6: Unley - Mount Lofty\". Santos Tour Down Under. Retrieved 8 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://tourdownunder.com.au/race/mens/stages/mens-stage-6","url_text":"\"Schwalbe Men's Stage 6: Unley - Mount Lofty\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_Down_Under","url_text":"Santos Tour Down Under"}]},{"reference":"Lamoureux, Lyne; Giuliani, Simone (20 January 2024). \"Stephen Williams takes final stage and wins Tour Down Under\". CyclingNews. Retrieved 20 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cyclingnews.com/news/stephen-williams-takes-final-stage-and-wins-tour-down-under/","url_text":"\"Stephen Williams takes final stage and wins Tour Down Under\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.procyclingstats.com/races.php?year=2024&circuit=1&class=&filter=Filter","external_links_name":"\"UCI World Tour Races\""},{"Link":"https://tourdownunder.com.au/race/mens","external_links_name":"\"2024 STAGES\""},{"Link":"https://tourdownunder.com.au/race/mens/stages/mens-stage-1","external_links_name":"\"Ziptrak® Men's Stage 1: Tanunda to Tanunda\""},{"Link":"https://tourdownunder.com.au/race/mens/stages/mens-stage-2","external_links_name":"\"efex Men's Stage 2: Norwood - Lobethal\""},{"Link":"https://tourdownunder.com.au/race/mens/stages/mens-stage-3","external_links_name":"\"Health Partners Men's Stage 3: Tea Tree Gully - Campbelltown\""},{"Link":"https://tourdownunder.com.au/race/mens/stages/mens-stage-4","external_links_name":"\"Hahn Men's Stage 4: Murray Bridge - Port Elliot\""},{"Link":"https://tourdownunder.com.au/race/mens/stages/mens-stage-5","external_links_name":"\"THINK! 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwieg_tube | Ludwieg tube | ["1 Principle","2 History","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | Ludwieg tube installation with a dump tank (left), nozzle and test section (center) and expansion tube (right)
A Ludwieg tube is a cheap and efficient way of producing supersonic flow. Mach numbers up to 4 in air are easily obtained without any additional heating of the flow. With heating, Mach numbers of up to 11 can be reached.
Principle
A Ludwieg tube is a wind tunnel that produces supersonic flow for short periods of time. A large evacuated dump tank is separated from the downstream end of a convergent-divergent nozzle by a diaphragm or fast acting valve. The upstream end of the nozzle connects to a long cylindrical tube, whose cross-sectional area is significantly larger than the throat area of the nozzle. Initially, the pressure in the nozzle and tube is high. To start the tunnel, the diaphragm is ruptured, e.g., by piercing it with a suitable cutting device, or opening the valve respectively. As always when a diaphragm ruptures, a shock wave propagates into the low-pressure region (here the dump tank) and an expansion wave propagates into the high-pressure region (here the nozzle and the long tube). As this unsteady expansion propagates through the long tube, it sets up a steady subsonic flow toward the nozzle, which is accelerated by the convergent-divergent nozzle to a supersonic condition. The flow is steady until the expansion, having been reflected from the far end of the tube, arrives at the nozzle again. For practical reasons, flow times are about 100 milliseconds for most Ludwieg tubes. For many purposes, this flow duration is sufficient. However, by taking advantage of multiple quasi-static flows between expansion wave reflections, experimentation times of up to 6 seconds can be achieved.
History
The Ludwieg tube was invented by Hubert Ludwieg (1912-2000) in 1955 in response to a competition for a transonic or supersonic wind tunnel design that would be capable of producing high Reynolds number at low operating cost. Professor Ludwieg was also responsible for the experimental demonstration and explanation of the large effect of sweep on the drag of transonic wings (his dissertation in 1937).
See also
Shock tube
Supersonic wind tunnel
Hypersonic wind tunnel
References
^ Experiments on the Mechanism of Inducing Transition between Regular and Mach Reflection
^ Facilities and Instrumentation for Hypersonic Measurements of Transition Mechanisms at Purdue University Archived 2007-01-17 at the Wayback Machine
External links
Ludwieg Tube Laboratory at the California Institute of Technology
Heated Ludwieg Tube at the ZARM in Bremen, Germany
Operation of a transonic Ludwieg tunnel(Video) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"supersonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supersonic_speed"}],"text":"A Ludwieg tube is a cheap and efficient way of producing supersonic flow. Mach numbers up to 4 in air are easily obtained without any additional heating of the flow. With heating, Mach numbers of up to 11 can be reached.","title":"Ludwieg tube"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"wind tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_tunnel"},{"link_name":"convergent-divergent nozzle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convergent-divergent_nozzle"},{"link_name":"shock wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shock_wave"},{"link_name":"expansion wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Expansion_wave&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"subsonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_of_sound"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"A Ludwieg tube is a wind tunnel that produces supersonic flow for short periods of time. A large evacuated dump tank is separated from the downstream end of a convergent-divergent nozzle by a diaphragm or fast acting valve. The upstream end of the nozzle connects to a long cylindrical tube, whose cross-sectional area is significantly larger than the throat area of the nozzle. Initially, the pressure in the nozzle and tube is high. To start the tunnel, the diaphragm is ruptured, e.g., by piercing it with a suitable cutting device, or opening the valve respectively. As always when a diaphragm ruptures, a shock wave propagates into the low-pressure region (here the dump tank) and an expansion wave propagates into the high-pressure region (here the nozzle and the long tube). As this unsteady expansion propagates through the long tube, it sets up a steady subsonic flow toward the nozzle, which is accelerated by the convergent-divergent nozzle to a supersonic condition. The flow is steady until the expansion, having been reflected from the far end of the tube, arrives at the nozzle again. For practical reasons, flow times are about 100 milliseconds for most Ludwieg tubes.[1] For many purposes, this flow duration is sufficient. However, by taking advantage of multiple quasi-static flows between expansion wave reflections, experimentation times of up to 6 seconds can be achieved.[2]","title":"Principle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"transonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transonic"},{"link_name":"Reynolds number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reynolds_number"}],"text":"The Ludwieg tube was invented by Hubert Ludwieg (1912-2000) in 1955 in response to a competition for a transonic or supersonic wind tunnel design that would be capable of producing high Reynolds number at low operating cost. Professor Ludwieg was also responsible for the experimental demonstration and explanation of the large effect of sweep on the drag of transonic wings (his dissertation in 1937).","title":"History"}] | [{"image_text":"Ludwieg tube installation with a dump tank (left), nozzle and test section (center) and expansion tube (right)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Ludwieg_lab.gif/250px-Ludwieg_lab.gif"}] | [{"title":"Shock tube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shock_tube"},{"title":"Supersonic wind tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supersonic_wind_tunnel"},{"title":"Hypersonic wind tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypersonic_wind_tunnel"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://thesis.library.caltech.edu/36/1/ThesisRootFinal.pdf","external_links_name":"Experiments on the Mechanism of Inducing Transition between Regular and Mach Reflection"},{"Link":"http://cobweb.ecn.purdue.edu/~aae519/BAM6QT-Mach-6-tunnel/summary-2006.pdf","external_links_name":"Facilities and Instrumentation for Hypersonic Measurements of Transition Mechanisms at Purdue University"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070117151651/http://cobweb.ecn.purdue.edu/~aae519/BAM6QT-Mach-6-tunnel/summary-2006.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://shepherd.caltech.edu/T5/facilities/Ludwieg/Ludwieg.html","external_links_name":"Ludwieg Tube Laboratory at the California Institute of Technology"},{"Link":"https://www.zarm.uni-bremen.de/facilities/hot-wind-tunnel.html?L=0","external_links_name":"Heated Ludwieg Tube at the ZARM in Bremen, Germany"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Ps4J2TcEG8","external_links_name":"Operation of a transonic Ludwieg tunnel(Video)"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chotek_family | Chotek family | ["1 History","2 Branches","3 Branch Chotek von Chockov und Liblín","4 Branch Chotek von Chotkov und Vojnín","4.1 Descendants of Jan Nepomuk Josef Chotek","4.2 Descendants of Josef Chotek","4.3 Descendants of Karel Chotek","4.4 Descendants of Heřman Chotek","5 References","6 Sources"] | The original arms of the family
Coat of arms of the Counts Chotek von Chotkow und Wognin
The Chotek family was an old and influential Czech noble family in the Kingdom of Bohemia, whose members occupied many important positions within the Holy Roman Empire and later in the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
History
The family is first documented in the 14th century when Miloslav, his wife Wele and their son Wenlynus are mentioned as masters of the Chockov estate near Radnice in the Plzeň Region. The uninterrupted lineage of the family starts with Otto Chotek of Chockov and Liblín.
In the late 16th century, Václav Chotek took the name of Chotkov and Wognin, while his older brother Adam Chotek retained the name of Chockov and Liblín.
In 1685, the coat of arms of the Chotek family was joined with the coat of arms of the extinct Charwat von Bärnstein family.
On 6 February 1702, Václav Antonín Chotek of Chotkov and Vojnín was elevated to the rank of Bohemian lord (Czech: páni). On 13 May 1743 in Laxenburg, he was awarded the title of Count (Graf, hrabě) in Bohemia. On 4 October 1745 in Frankfurt am Main, he was elevated to the rank of Reichsgraf.
Branches
After the death of Johann Nepomuk Rudolf Chotek von Chotkov und Vojnín in 1824, the family split into four main branches created by his surviving sons:
Branch of the descendants of Johann Nepomuk Josef Chotek von Chotkow und Wognin (1773 – 1824)
Branch of the descendants of Josef Chotek von Chotkow und Wognin (1776 – 1809)
Branch of the descendants of Karl, Count Chotek von Chotkow und Wognin
Branch of the descendants of Hermann Chotek von Chotkow und Wognin (1786-1822)
The best known member of the family was Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg, the morganatic wife of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, as his and her assassination sparked World War I.
Branch Chotek von Chockov und Liblín
Otto Chotek von Chockov und Liblín(?-after 1400)Anna Šťáhlavská von Doupov
Jan Chotek von Chockov(?-after 1474)Dorota Mitrovská von Nemyšl
Jindřich Chotek von Chockov(?-before 1500)Justina Pešíková von Komárov
Jakub Chotek von Chockov(?-after 1500)Jana Mašťovská von Kolovrat
Petr Chotek von Chockov(?-before 1537)Kristina von Zedtwitz
Mikuláš Chotek von Chockov?Václav Chotek of Chockov(?-before 1568)Dorota Kokořovská von Kokořov
Kryštof Chotek von Chockov(?-after 1589)Jan Chotek von Chockov(1519-1591)Marie Magdalena (Maruš) Beřkovská von ŠebířovJiří Chotek von Chockov(after 1520-after 1589)?Zikmund Chotek von Chockov(after 1521-1603)
Adam Chotek von Chockov(before 1553 - 1592)Václav Chotek von Chotkov und Vojnín(1553-1612)Continues with Chotkov und Vojnín branchAdam Chotek von Chockov
Branch Chotek von Chotkov und Vojnín
Václav Chotek von Chotkov und Vojnín(1553-1612)Eliška Točníková von Křimic
Eliška Charwat von BärnsteinKarel Chotek von Chotkov und Vojnín(?-1638)Jiří Chotek von Chotkov und Vojnín(?-1620)?
Jan Václav Chotek von Chotkov und Vojnín(before 1627-1638)Jiří Rudolf Chotek von Chotkov and Vojnín(1628-1673)i. Polyxena Dorota Eleonora Feldhofer von FeldhoffenVilém Chotek von Chotkov und Vojnín (1628-1674)ii. Johanna Sabina Proy von Gaiselsberg und FindtelsteinAdam Jiří Chotek von Chotkov und Vojnín(?-after 1632)
Ignác Rudolf Chotek von Chotkov und Vojnín(?-after 1683)Alžběta Polyxena Chotková von Chotkov und Vojnín (1670-1714)Jan Václav Ignác Cukr von TalmfeldVáclav Antonín Chotek von Chotkov und Vojnín(1674-1754)Maria Theresia Ludmilla Scheidler von Scheidlern
Václav Chotek von Chotkov und Vojnín(1703-1725)Jan Karel Chotek von Chotkov und Vojnín(1704-1787)Anna Marie Terezie Josefa Kottulinská of KotulínRudolf Chotek von Chotkov und Vojnin(1707-1771)Marie Aloisie Štìpánka Kinská vin Vchynic und Tetov
Jan Nepomuk Rudolf Chotek von Chotkov und Vojnín(1748-1824)Maria Sidonia von Clary und Aldringeni. Johann Philipp von TaafeMarie Quidobaldina Brigita Chotková von Chotkov und Vojnín(1738-1810)ii. Josef Emanuel Canal de Malabayla
Jan Nepomuk Josef Chotek von Chotkov und Vojnín(1773-1824)For continuation see descendants of Jan Nepomuk Josef ChotekRudolf Chotek von Chotkov und Vojnín(1775-1779)Josef Chotek von Chotkov und Vojnín(1776-1809)For continuation see descendants of Josef ChotekMaria Aloisia Chotková von Chotkov und Vojnín(1777-1864)Carl Joseph von Clary und Aldringen
Václav František Chotek von Chotkov und Vojnín(1778-1807)Rudolf Chotek von Chotkov und Vojnín(1780-1782)Ferdinand Maria Chotek von Chotkov und Vojnín(1781-1836)Karel Chotek von Chotkov und Vojnín(1783-1868)For continuation see descendants of Karel ChotekTerezie Chotková von Chotkov und Vojnín(1785-1872)Heřman Chotek von Chotkov und Vojnín(1786-1822)For continuation see descendants of Heřman Chotek
Descendants of Jan Nepomuk Josef Chotek
Jan Nepomuk Josef Chotek von Chotkov und Vojnín(1773-1824)Maria Isabella von Rottenhan(1774-1817)
Jindřich Chotek von Chotkov und Vojnín(1802-1864)Karolina Aloisie von und zu Eltz gennant Faust von StrombergSidonie Chotková von Chotkov und Vojnín(1805-1890)Friedrich Dominik von und zu Fünfkirchen
i. Maria Theresia von AuerspergRudolf Karel Chotek von Chotkov und Vojnín(1832-1894)ii. Klaudine Maria Beata von GudenusEmerich Karel Boromejský Jindřich Jan Nepomuk David Chotek von Chotkov und Vojnín(1833-1911)Julie Henrietta Maria von Thun-HohensteinFerdinand Tadeáš Karel Boromejský Jindřich Jan Nepomuk Chotek von Chotkov und Vojnín(1838-1913)Josefina Swéerts-Sporck
Jan Rudolf Chotek von Chotkov und Vojnín(1865-1884)Isabela Chotková von Chotkov und Vojnín(1842-1857)Arnošt Chotek von Chotkov und Vojnín(1844-1927)Karolina Isabella Chotková von Chotkov und Vojnín(1846-1933)Emanuel Maria von Thun-Hohenstein
Descendants of Josef Chotek
Josef Chotek von Chotkov und Vojnín(1776-1809)Maria Sophia Regina von Auersperg
Vilém Chotek of Chotkov and Vojnín(1803-1850)Aloisie (Louisa) von UgarteKarel Chotek of Chotkov and Vojnín(1805-1832)
Karolina Marie Chotková of Chotkov and Vojnín(1837-1901)Karl von LützowAloisia (Luise) Ernestina Chotková of Chotkov and Vojnín(1840-1898)Ernesto Dentice Di Frasso e San Vito
Descendants of Karel Chotek
Karel Chotek of Chotkov and Vojnín(1783-1868)Maria Sophia Berchtoldovna of Uherèic
František Chotek of Chotkov and Vojnín(1818-1818)Karel Chotek of Chotkov and Vojnín(1821-1821)Antonín Chotek of Chotkov and Vojnín(1822-1883)Olga Friederike Leontine von MoltkeEmanuel Chotek of Chotkov and Vojnín (1823-1843)Ferdinand Chotek of Chotkov and Vojnín(1826-1830)
Bohuslav Chotek of Chotkov and Vojnín(1829-1896)Vilemína Kinská of Vchynic and Tetov
Karel Maria Pavel Antonín Bohuslav Chotek of Chotkov and Vojnín(1853-1926)Adelhaid "Ada" Marie Therese zu Hohenlohe-LangenburgMarie Sophie Olga Karoline Antonie Chotková of Chotkov and Vojnín(1855-1941)Heinrich Maria von Nostitz-RieneckOlga Sophie Marie Natalie Antonie Chotková of Chotkov and Vojnín(1860-1934)
Karel Maria Ladislav Antonín Jan Josef Paschal Chotek of Chotkov and Vojnín(1887-1970)Lívia Klára Mailáth de SzékhelyAntoinette Marie Chotková of Chotkov and Vojnín(1888-1910)Ada Marie Gabriele Chotková of Chotkov and Vojnín(1890-1939)
Wolfgang Maria Karel Vilém Bohuslav Josef Chotek of Chotkov and VojnínOn Jan 30, 1901 cr. Count of Künell auf Nedamov(1860-1926)Anna Elisabeth von KünellZdeňka (Sidonia) Marie Chotková of Chotkov and Vojnín(1861-1946)Maria Pia Chotková of Chotkov and Vojnín(1863-1935)Jaroslav František de Paula Bedřich Desiderius Maria Josef Romedius von Thun-HohensteinKarolina "Kara" Maria Olga Alžbìta Chotková of Chotkov and Vojnín(1865-1919)Leopold Abraham Maria von Nostitz-Rieneck
Emilie Anna von Künell Auf Nedamov(1902-?)Sofia Maria Josefína Albína Chotková of Chotkov and Vojnín(1868-1914)From October 4, 1900 Duchess von HohenbergFranz Ferdinand Karl Ludwig Joseph Maria Habsburg-Lothringen-D'EsteTerezie Chotková of Chotkov and Vojnín(1871-1871)Oktavia Maria Josefína Karolína Chotková of Chotkov and Vojnín(1873-1946)Joachim Maria Joseph Franz de Paula Anton Alfred Alfons von Schönburg-Forderglauchau
Maria Antonia Josefa Karolína Žofie Bonifácia Nepomucena Chotková of Chotkov and Vojnín(1874-1930)Carl Adam Ludwig Johann Traugott von Wuthenau-HohenthurmMarie Henriette Leopoldina Chotková of Chotkov and Vojnín(1880-1964)Leopold Abraham Maria von Nostitz-Rieneck
Descendants of Heřman Chotek
Heřman Chotek of Chotkov and Vojnín(1786-1822)Henrietta Brunswick of Korompa(1789-1857)
Hermína Chotková of Chotkov and Vojnín(1815-1882)Franz Maria Johann Folliot de Crenneville-Poutet(1815–1888)Otto Ferdinand Chotek of Chotkov and Vojnín(1816-1889)Rudolf Chotek of Chotkov and Vojnín(1822-1890)Maria Antonie Eleonore Christiane Hedwig von Khevenhüller-Metsch(1838-1892)
Henrieta Hermína Rudolfína Ferdinanda Marie Antonie Anna Chotková of Chotkov and Vojnín(1863-1946)Anna Marie Terezie Chotková of Chotkov and Vojnín(1865-1882)Gabriela Edmundine Antonie Marie Chotková of Chotkov and Vojnín(1868-1933)Maria Franz Dominik Karl von Schönborn(1870-1942)Rudolf Otto Heřman Josef Maria Chotek of Chotkov and Vojnín(1870-1921)Irma Marie Ráday De Ráda(1871-1945)
References
Notes
When this and other Bohemian noble families' surnames and/or territorial suffixes are translated from the Czech language, particules and conjunctions are usually translated into German, rather than into English.
Citations
^ "DENTICE DEL PESCE : LINEA PRINCIPESCA". Retrieved 24 February 2024.
^ Montgomery-Massingberd, Hugh (editor). Burke's Guide to the Royal Family, Burke's Peerage, London, 1973, p. 238. ISBN 0-220-66222-3
^ Willis, Daniel A., The Descendants of King George I of Great Britain, Clearfield Company, 2002, pp. 153, 613
^ Enache, Nicolas. La Descendance de Marie-Therese de Habsburg. ICC, Paris, 1996. pp. 54, 58. French.
^ Genealogisches Handbuch des Adels, Fürstliche Häuser XV. "Hohenberg". C.A. Starke Verlag, 1997, pp.600-601.
Sources
Ivo Cerman: Chotkové. Příběh úřednické šlechty. Praha Lidové noviny 2008. 757p ISBN 978-80-7106-977-5.
Adam Wolf - Chotek - In Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie vol.4, Leipzig 1876
The History of the Chotek Family
Ancestors of Karl Chotek von Chotkow († 1638) Chotek 2
Ancestors of Otto Chotek von Chotkow auf Liblin († nach 1400) Wayback Machine
Ancestor ListWayback Machine
Roman Freiherr von Procházka: Genealogisches Handbuch erloschener böhmischer Herrenstandsfamilien, p. 54 f., Verlag Degener & Co, Neustadt (Aisch) 1973
Bowie, Costello, Cox, Engels, Gundlach, Herr, Meyer, Rick, Ryan, Schumacher, Wagner
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Germany
Czech Republic
People
Deutsche Biographie | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chotek-de-Chotkova-Wappen.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chotek-de-Chotkova-et-Vognin-Grafen-Wappen.png"},{"link_name":"Czech noble family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_nobility"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Bohemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia"},{"link_name":"Holy Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Austro-Hungarian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Empire"}],"text":"The original arms of the familyCoat of arms of the Counts Chotek von Chotkow und WogninThe Chotek family was an old and influential Czech noble family in the Kingdom of Bohemia, whose members occupied many important positions within the Holy Roman Empire and later in the Austro-Hungarian Empire.","title":"Chotek family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chockov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chockov&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Radnice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radnice"},{"link_name":"Plzeň Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plze%C5%88_Region"},{"link_name":"lineage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinship"},{"link_name":"Liblín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libl%C3%ADn"},{"link_name":"Wognin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vojn%C3%ADn&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"coat of arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms"},{"link_name":"Charwat von Bärnstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charwat_von_B%C3%A4rnstein&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Václav Antonín Chotek of Chotkov and Vojnín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Anton%C3%ADn_Chotek_of_Chotkov_and_Vojn%C3%ADn"},{"link_name":"lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord"},{"link_name":"Czech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_language"},{"link_name":"Laxenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laxenburg"},{"link_name":"Count","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graf"},{"link_name":"Frankfurt am Main","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main"},{"link_name":"Reichsgraf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsgraf"}],"text":"The family is first documented in the 14th century when Miloslav, his wife Wele and their son Wenlynus are mentioned as masters of the Chockov estate near Radnice in the Plzeň Region. The uninterrupted lineage of the family starts with Otto Chotek of Chockov and Liblín.In the late 16th century, Václav Chotek took the name of Chotkov and Wognin, while his older brother Adam Chotek retained the name of Chockov and Liblín.In 1685, the coat of arms of the Chotek family was joined with the coat of arms of the extinct Charwat von Bärnstein family.On 6 February 1702, Václav Antonín Chotek of Chotkov and Vojnín was elevated to the rank of Bohemian lord (Czech: páni). On 13 May 1743 in Laxenburg, he was awarded the title of Count (Graf, hrabě) in Bohemia. On 4 October 1745 in Frankfurt am Main, he was elevated to the rank of Reichsgraf.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Johann Nepomuk Rudolf Chotek von Chotkov und Vojnín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Rudolf,_Count_Chotek_of_Chotkow_and_Wognin"},{"link_name":"Karl, Count Chotek von Chotkow und Wognin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl,_Count_Chotek_of_Chotkow_and_Wognin"},{"link_name":"Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie,_Duchess_of_Hohenberg"},{"link_name":"morganatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morganatic"},{"link_name":"Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"assassination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"}],"text":"After the death of Johann Nepomuk Rudolf Chotek von Chotkov und Vojnín in 1824, the family split into four main branches created by his surviving sons:Branch of the descendants of Johann Nepomuk Josef Chotek von Chotkow und Wognin (1773 – 1824)\nBranch of the descendants of Josef Chotek von Chotkow und Wognin (1776 – 1809)\nBranch of the descendants of Karl, Count Chotek von Chotkow und Wognin\nBranch of the descendants of Hermann Chotek von Chotkow und Wognin (1786-1822)The best known member of the family was Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg, the morganatic wife of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, as his and her assassination sparked World War I.","title":"Branches"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Branch Chotek von Chockov und Liblín"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Branch Chotek von Chotkov und Vojnín"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Descendants of Jan Nepomuk Josef Chotek","title":"Branch Chotek von Chotkov und Vojnín"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Descendants of Josef Chotek","title":"Branch Chotek von Chotkov und Vojnín"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Descendants of Karel Chotek","title":"Branch Chotek von Chotkov und Vojnín"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Descendants of Heřman Chotek","title":"Branch Chotek von Chotkov und Vojnín"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-80-7106-977-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-80-7106-977-5"},{"link_name":"The History of the Chotek Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110618173429/http://www.zamek-vbrezno.cz/e_download.php?file=data%2Feditor%2Fmini5cs_2.pdf&original=chotek_en.pdf"},{"link_name":"Chotek 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//genealogy.euweb.cz/bohemia/chotek2.html"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20021009121013/http://www.geocities.com/Heartland/Bluffs/2868/Rodokmeny/Chotek.txt"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120213231145/http://worldroots.com/brigitte/famous/p/pignatelli.txt"},{"link_name":"Bowie, Costello, Cox, Engels, Gundlach, Herr, Meyer, Rick, Ryan, Schumacher, Wagner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=REG&db=sueream&id=I10045"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q498400#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/81815420"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/137651066"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0088712&CON_LNG=ENG"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Biographie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd137651066.html?language=en"}],"text":"Ivo Cerman: Chotkové. Příběh úřednické šlechty. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tienerklanken | Tienerklanken | ["1 Notes","2 External links"] | Belgian Dutch-language pop music television programme
TienerklankenTitle screenGenreMusic show, talk showWritten byJean AnouilhPresented byLouis NeefsCountry of originBelgiumOriginal languageDutchNo. of seasons8No. of episodes173ProductionProducerFrans NauwelaertsOriginal releaseNetworkVRTRelease1963 (1963) –1973 (1973)
Tienerklanken (English: Teen Sounds) was a Belgian Dutch language pop music television programme. It was broadcast from 1963 to 1973, running on the Vlaamse Radio- en Televisieomroeporganisatie Belgian television network. It showcased European and American stars of the pop, rock and rhythm and blues genres, such as Jacques Brel, The Rolling Stones, Jimi Hendrix and Pink Floyd. The show also had segments dealing with controversial counterculture revolution topics, such as drugs and sex.
Notes
^ Video Active Archive segment on drugs
^ Archive segment on marriage and sex
External links
IMDB article | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"Belgian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Dutch language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_language"},{"link_name":"Vlaamse Radio- en Televisieomroeporganisatie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlaamse_Radio-_en_Televisieomroeporganisatie"},{"link_name":"television network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_network"},{"link_name":"Jacques Brel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Brel"},{"link_name":"The Rolling Stones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones"},{"link_name":"Jimi Hendrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix"},{"link_name":"Pink Floyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink_Floyd"},{"link_name":"counterculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterculture"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Tienerklanken (English: Teen Sounds) was a Belgian Dutch language pop music television programme. It was broadcast from 1963 to 1973, running on the Vlaamse Radio- en Televisieomroeporganisatie Belgian television network. It showcased European and American stars of the pop, rock and rhythm and blues genres, such as Jacques Brel, The Rolling Stones, Jimi Hendrix and Pink Floyd. The show also had segments dealing with controversial counterculture revolution topics, such as drugs and sex.[1][2]","title":"Tienerklanken"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Video Active Archive segment on drugs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.videoactive.eu/VideoActive/VideoDetails.do?id=VA_VRT20080604151923899&sw=%E2%80%98Tienerklanken%E2%80%99%20&curitem=4&curpage=0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Archive segment on marriage and sex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.videoactive.eu/VideoActive/VideoDetails.do?id=VA_VRT2008060409400058&sw=&curitem=2&curpage=0"}],"text":"^ Video Active Archive segment on drugs\n\n^ Archive segment on marriage and sex","title":"Notes"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.videoactive.eu/VideoActive/VideoDetails.do?id=VA_VRT20080604151923899&sw=%E2%80%98Tienerklanken%E2%80%99%20&curitem=4&curpage=0","external_links_name":"Video Active Archive segment on drugs"},{"Link":"http://www.videoactive.eu/VideoActive/VideoDetails.do?id=VA_VRT2008060409400058&sw=&curitem=2&curpage=0","external_links_name":"Archive segment on marriage and sex"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0297651/","external_links_name":"IMDB article"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Howell_(defensive_back) | John Howell (defensive back) | ["1 Early life","2 College","3 Professional career","4 NFL career statistics","4.1 Regular season","4.2 Playoffs","5 Personal life","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"] | American football player (born 1978)
For other people with the same name, see John Howell (disambiguation).
American football player
John HowellNo. 38, 40, 44Position:SafetyPersonal informationBorn: (1978-04-28) April 28, 1978 (age 46)North Platte, Nebraska, U.S.Career informationHigh school:Mullen (NE)College:Colorado StateNFL draft:2001 / Round: 4 / Pick: 117Career history
Tampa Bay Buccaneers (2001–2004)
Seattle Seahawks (2005–2006)
Career highlights and awards
Super Bowl champion (XXXVII)
Career NFL statisticsCareer tackles:115Forced recoveries:2Passes defended:3Player stats at PFR
John Thomas Howell (born April 28, 1978) is a former American football safety in the National Football League (NFL). He played professionally for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers and Seattle Seahawks.
Early life
Howell was born in North Platte, Nebraska, and attended Mullen High School in Mullen, Nebraska. He was a letterman in American football, wrestling, track and field, and golf. In football, he was a two-time first-team All-Conference honoree, and as a senior, he was an All-State honorable mention selection. In wrestling, he was a state runner-up as a junior and as a senior, won the Nebraska State Championship.
College
Howell played college football at Colorado State University, and attended the university on a football scholarship.
Professional career
Howell was drafted by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in the fourth round of the 2001 NFL Draft. He played four seasons with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, including Super Bowl XXXVII in 2002. Howell signed with the Seattle Seahawks for the 2006 season. He suffered a season-ending hamstring injury in the 2006 Seahawks' playoff game against the Dallas Cowboys and was waived shortly thereafter.
NFL career statistics
Legend
Bold
Career high
Regular season
Year
Team
Games
Tackles
Interceptions
Fumbles
GP
GS
Cmb
Solo
Ast
Sck
TFL
Int
Yds
TD
Lng
PD
FF
FR
Yds
TD
2001
TAM
14
1
35
26
9
0.0
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
2002
TAM
16
1
28
23
5
0.0
2
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
2003
TAM
8
0
7
6
1
0.0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
2004
TAM
16
6
34
30
4
0.0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
2005
SEA
10
0
11
8
3
0.0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
64
8
115
93
22
0.0
6
0
0
0
0
3
0
2
0
0
Playoffs
Year
Team
Games
Tackles
Interceptions
Fumbles
GP
GS
Cmb
Solo
Ast
Sck
TFL
Int
Yds
TD
Lng
PD
FF
FR
Yds
TD
2001
TAM
1
0
0
0
0
0.0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2002
TAM
3
0
4
4
0
0.0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2006
SEA
1
0
0
0
0
0.0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
0
4
4
0
0.0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Personal life
Howell lives in Colorado with his wife, Laura, and their three children. His daughter Jaelin is a soccer player. His son Jack is a safety for Colorado State.
Howell is an avid hunter and active with organizations such as Safari Club International, the Dallas Safari Club, and the National Rifle Association of America. In 2007, he co-founded Dismal River Outfitters, a hunting ranch and resort in Mullen, Nebraska, with his former Buccaneer and Seahawk teammate, Joe Jurevicius.
See also
Waivers (American football)
List of Seattle Seahawks players
References
^ "John Howell". databaseFootball.com. Archived from the original on October 25, 2012. Retrieved October 22, 2012.
^ "John HowellS#44". SI.com. Retrieved October 22, 2012.
^ "2001 NFL Draft Listing". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Archived from the original on January 20, 2012. Retrieved 2023-03-18.
^ "Pro-Football-Reference.Com". John Howell. Archived from the original on December 27, 2012. Retrieved October 22, 2012.
^ "Seahawks sign two to help beleaguered secondary". The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on June 6, 2014. Retrieved October 22, 2012.
^ a b "About Us". dismalriveroutfitters.com. Archived from the original on May 9, 2008. Retrieved 2009-01-27.
^ "The 2002 Bucs: Where Are They Now?". The Tampa Tribune. 2009-01-24. Archived from the original on March 31, 2012. Retrieved 2009-01-27.
^ "Dismal River Outfitters". Dismal River Outfitters. Archived from the original on November 20, 2010. Retrieved October 22, 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
External links
databaseFootball.com
SI.com
Pro-Football-Reference.Com
Dismal River Outfitters
vteTampa Bay Buccaneers 2001 NFL draft selections
Kenyatta Walker
Dwight Smith
John Howell
Russ Hochstein
Jameel Cook
Ellis Wyms
Dauntae Finger
Than Merrill
Joe Tafoya
vteTampa Bay Buccaneers Super Bowl XXXVII champions
1 Joe Hamilton
7 Martín Gramática
9 Tom Tupa
10 Shaun King
11 Rob Johnson
14 Brad Johnson
15 Onome Ojo
19 Keyshawn Johnson
20 Ronde Barber
23 Jermaine Phillips
25 Brian Kelly
26 Dwight Smith
27 Aaron Stecker
30 Darian Barnes
31 Tim Wansley
32 Michael Pittman
34 Dexter Jackson (MVP)
35 Corey Ivy
36 Travis Stephens
38 John Howell
40 Mike Alstott
41 Daniel Wilcox
43 Jameel Cook
45 Mike Solwold
47 John Lynch
51 Alshermond Singleton
52 Nate Webster
53 Shelton Quarles
54 Idris Price
55 Derrick Brooks
56 Ryan Nece
58 Jack Golden
59 Justin Smith
60 Cosey Coleman
62 Jeff Christy
64 Dan Goodspeed
66 Ryan Benjamin
67 Kenyatta Walker
71 Kerry Jenkins
72 Roman Oben
74 Cornell Green
75 Lomas Brown
77 Todd Washington
80 Todd Yoder
81 Charles Lee
82 Marquise Walker
83 Joe Jurevicius
84 Reggie Barlow
85 Ken Dilger
86 Karl Williams
87 Keenan McCardell
88 Rickey Dudley
89 Casey Crawford
90 Buck Gurley
91 Chuck Darby
92 Anthony McFarland
93 DeVone Claybrooks
94 Greg Spires
95 Ron Warner
96 Ellis Wyms
97 Simeon Rice
98 Corey Smith
99 Warren Sapp
-- T. T. Toliver
Head coach: Jon Gruden
Coaches: Joe Barry
Jeremy Bates
Richard Bisaccia
Michael Christianson
Jay Gruden
Monte Kiffin
Richard Mann
Rod Marinelli
Raheem Morris
Bill Muir
Johnny Parker
Stan Parrish
Mike Tomlin
Art Valero
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provision_of_material_support_or_resources_to_designated_foreign_terrorist_organizations | Providing material support for terrorism | ["1 Criticism","2 Implementation","3 References"] | Crime in the United States
In United States law, providing material support for terrorism is a crime prohibited by the USA PATRIOT Act and codified in title 18 of the United States Code, sections 2339A and 2339B. It applies primarily to groups designated as terrorists by the State Department. The four types of support described are "training," "expert advice or assistance," "service," and "personnel."
In June 2010, the United States Supreme Court upheld the law in an as-applied challenge in the case Holder v. Humanitarian Law Project, but also left open the door for other as-applied challenges. The defendants in the case had sought to help the Kurdistan Workers' Party in Turkey and the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam learn means of peacefully resolving conflicts.
Criticism
The material support provisions have been criticized by rights groups as violating the First Amendment, as they criminalize activities like the distribution of literature, engaging in political advocacy, participating in peace conferences, training in human rights advocacy, and donating money and humanitarian assistance, even when the support is intended only to promote lawful and non-violent activities. The provisions are vague and wide-ranging, and impose guilt by association by punishing people not for their own acts but for the acts of those they have supported. The Secretary of State's power to designate groups as terrorist has also been criticized as being too broad, giving the Executive too much discretionary power to label groups as "terrorist" and criminalize their supporters. The American Civil Liberties Union note that: "Federal 'material support' and conspiracy statutes allow the government to secure convictions without having to show that any specific act of terrorism has taken place, or is being planned, or even that a defendant intended to further terrorism."
David D. Cole, in his book Terrorism and the Constitution, stated that:
... after lying virtually dormant for its first six years of existence, the material support law has since 9/11 become the Justice Department's most popular charge in antiterrorism cases. The allure is easy to see: convictions under the law require no proof that the defendant engaged in terrorism, aided or abetted terrorism, or conspired to commit terrorism. But what makes the law attractive to prosecutors—its sweeping ambit—is precisely what makes it so dangerous to civil liberties.
Professor Jeanne Theoharis describes the measures in equally critical terms:
Material support laws are the black box of domestic terrorism prosecutions, a shape-shifting space into which all sorts of constitutionally protected activities can be thrown and classified as suspect, if not criminal. Their vagueness is key. They criminalize guilt by association and often use political and religious beliefs to demonstrate intent and state of mind.
US Senator Patrick Leahy sent a letter to Attorney General Eric Holder and Secretary of State Hillary Clinton regarding humanitarian relief in Somalia in 2011. "I have long urged reform of our laws governing so-called material support for terrorism. The current law is so broad as to be unworkable. Aid workers trying to provide relief to starving Somalis fear they could be prosecuted if some of it were to end up in the hands of al-Shabaab, an al-Qaeda affiliate that controls parts of Somalia. And so while the situation in Somalia grows more desperate each day, with children dying needlessly, the delivery of food and medicines is hampered, first by al-Shabaab, which is denying access to broad swaths of Somali territory, and secondly, by our overly restrictive laws. The Secretary of State has the power to grant exemptions where the purpose is not to engage in terrorist activity. She should use that authority immediately to ensure aid can reach as many Somalis as possible."
Implementation
This section needs expansion with: More details & references. You can help by adding to it. (April 2011)
The following people have been charged or convicted of providing material support for terrorism under this law.
David Hicks, a former Guantanamo detainee who pleaded guilty in 2007 and served a sentence of less than one year in Australia, before his case was thrown out as a court found the crime is not a war crime and cannot be tried by a military court.
Zachary Adam Chesser, who pleaded guilty to communicating threats to Parker and Stone, soliciting violent jihadists to "desensitize" law enforcement, and attempting to provide material support to a designated foreign terrorist organization. He threatened to kill South Park directors Trey Parker and Matt Stone. He was sentenced to 25 years in prison.
John Walker Lindh, who was captured fighting for the Taliban during the Battle of Qala-i-Jangi, one of the first battles in the 2001 invasion of Afghanistan. He was sentenced to 20 years in federal prison on various charges.
Lynne Stewart, a 70-year-old veteran civil rights lawyer who was sentenced to 10 years in prison for transmitting information from her imprisoned client Omar Abdel-Rahman to his accomplices.
Salim Ahmed Hamdan, a former Guantanamo detainee who was Osama bin Laden's former driver. He was convicted in 2008 and served a sentence of less than one year in Yemen. See 8 U.S.C. § 2339B.
Mohammed Abdullah Warsame, who attended the al Farouq training camp in 2000.
David Headley, for his role in the 2008 Mumbai attacks.
Tarek Mehanna, convicted of providing "material support" to al-Qaida, for translating books and videos for website At Tibyan, encouraging readers to join al-Qaida and kill American soldiers in Iraq, sentenced to 210 months.
In September 2010, the Federal Bureau of Investigation raided activists in Minneapolis and Chicago, seizing computers, cell phones and files and issuing subpoenas to some targeted individuals to appear before a federal grand jury. The FBI agents were seeking evidence of ties to foreign terrorist organizations, including the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia and the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine. Attorneys linked the raids to the Holder v. Humanitarian Law Project decision.
in January 2016, social networking service Twitter was sued by the widow of a U.S. man killed in the Amman shooting attack, claiming that allowing ISIL to use the platform constituted material support of a terrorist organization. The lawsuit was dismissed under Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act, which dictates that the operators of an interactive computer service are not liable for content published on the service by others.
During the Syrian Civil War a naturalized U.S. citizen of Bosnian origin joined ISIL and died while fighting. In 2015, six Bosnian residents of the U.S. were charged with providing material support for terrorism. The six sent funds ranging from $150 to $1,850, and also "U.S. military uniforms, tactical clothes and gear, combat boots, military surplus supplies and other items from businesses in St. Louis" in August 2013.
References
^ "08-1498 Holder v. Humanitarian Law Project (06/21/2010)" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on August 28, 2017. Retrieved August 27, 2017.
^ Adam Liptak, Court Affirms Ban on Aiding Groups Tied to Terror Archived 2017-08-28 at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, June 21, 2010.
^ Ruane, Kathleen Ann. The Advocacy of Terrorism on the Internet: Freedom of Speech Issues and the Material Support Statutes Archived 2016-09-28 at the Wayback Machine. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, September 8, 2016.
^ a b c "Factsheet: Material Support | Center for Constitutional Rights". Archived from the original on June 30, 2014. Retrieved July 16, 2014.
^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on August 6, 2014. Retrieved July 16, 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ David Cole and James X. Dempsey (2006) Terrorism and the Constitution: Sacrificing Civil Liberties in the Name of National Security (New Press)
^ Theoharis, Jeanne (March 1, 2010). "U.S. citizen's solitary confinement raises serious questions". Progressive.org. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved August 27, 2017.
^ "Press Release | Press Releases | Press | U.S. Senator Patrick Leahy of Vermont". Leahy.senate.gov. September 27, 2012. Archived from the original on December 11, 2016. Retrieved August 27, 2017.
^ "US court tosses Australian's Guantanamo conviction". 7 News. February 19, 2015. Archived from the original on February 24, 2015.
^ "Attorney who helped terrorist gets 10 years in prison". New York Post. July 15, 2010. Retrieved December 3, 2010.
^ Tran, Mark (June 5, 2007). "Profile: Salim Ahmed Hamdan". The Guardian. London. Retrieved August 1, 2007.
^ "Minneapolis Man Pleads Guilty to Conspiracy to Provide Material Support to al Qaeda". Federal Bureau of Investigation. May 20, 2009. Archived from the original on May 23, 2009. According to the plea agreement, from about March 2000 through at least December 2003, Warsame conspired with others to provide material support to al Qaeda in the form of personnel, training, and currency. Specifically, in March 2000, Warsame traveled to Afghanistan where he attended an al Qaeda training camp outside Kabul. In the summer of 2000, he then traveled to the al Faruq training camp, where he received further training and met Osama Bin Laden. Warsame subsequently worked at an al Qaeda guesthouse and clinic.
^ "Minneapolis Man Sentenced for Conspiracy to Provide Material Support to al Qaeda". Federal Bureau of Investigation. July 9, 2009. Archived from the original on August 15, 2009.
^ Tarm, Michael; Sophia Tareen (January 24, 2013). "American Mumbai Plotter Sentenced to 35 Years". ABC News. Associated Press. Archived from the original on January 31, 2013. Retrieved January 24, 2013.
^ Sweeney, Annie (January 24, 2013). "Chicago man gets 35 years in Mumbai terror attack". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on January 24, 2013. Retrieved January 24, 2013.
^ "David Headley has no right to live: relative of 26/11 US victims". Press Trust of India appearing on NDTV.com. January 24, 2013. Archived from the original on January 25, 2013. Retrieved January 24, 2013.
^ Translating Terrorism: Is publishing radical Islamic texts on the Internet a crime? Archived 2014-09-04 at the Wayback Machine By Mark Joseph Stern, Slate, Sept. 3, 2014
^ Colin Moynihan, F.B.I. Searches Antiwar Activists' Homes Archived 2017-02-25 at the Wayback Machine, New York Times, September 24, 2010
^ Search warrant Archived 2010-10-08 at the Wayback Machine and subpoena Archived 2010-10-08 at the Wayback Machine (Indymedia)
^ Sheila Regan, FBI raids activist homes in Minneapolis, Chicago Archived 2011-01-19 at the Wayback Machine, Twin Cities Daily Planet, September 24, 2010.
^ Activists to Protest Recent FBI Raids on Anti-War Members Archived 2010-09-30 at the Wayback Machine, Associated Press, September 24, 2010.
^ "Lawsuit Blames Twitter for ISIS Terrorist Attack". Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on January 17, 2016. Retrieved January 16, 2016.
^ "Twitter is not legally responsible for the rise of ISIS, rules California district court". The Verge. Vox Media. August 10, 2016. Archived from the original on August 10, 2016. Retrieved August 11, 2016.
^ "Feds lodge terror charges against six". USA Today. Archived from the original on July 15, 2018. Retrieved January 31, 2019.
^ "Abdullah Ramo Pazara". November 13, 2015. Archived from the original on September 30, 2017. Retrieved January 31, 2019.
^ Masunaga, Samantha (February 8, 2015). "6 Bosnian immigrants indicted in alleged overseas terror financing ring". Archived from the original on September 30, 2017. Retrieved January 31, 2019 – via LA Times.
^ Goudie, Chuck (July 21, 2017). "Suburban mom claims 'combatant immunity' in terror case". ABC 7. Archived from the original on December 6, 2018. Retrieved January 31, 2019. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"crime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime"},{"link_name":"USA PATRIOT Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_PATRIOT_Act"},{"link_name":"title 18 of the United States Code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_18_of_the_United_States_Code"},{"link_name":"2339A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/2339A"},{"link_name":"2339B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/2339B"},{"link_name":"groups designated as terrorists by the State Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._State_Department_list_of_Foreign_Terrorist_Organizations#Groups_designated_as_Foreign_Terrorist_Organizations"},{"link_name":"United States Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"Holder v. Humanitarian Law Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holder_v._Humanitarian_Law_Project"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Kurdistan Workers' Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberation_Tigers_of_Tamil_Eelam"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"In United States law, providing material support for terrorism is a crime prohibited by the USA PATRIOT Act and codified in title 18 of the United States Code, sections 2339A and 2339B. It applies primarily to groups designated as terrorists by the State Department. The four types of support described are \"training,\" \"expert advice or assistance,\" \"service,\" and \"personnel.\"In June 2010, the United States Supreme Court upheld the law in an as-applied challenge in the case Holder v. Humanitarian Law Project, but also left open the door for other as-applied challenges.[1] The defendants in the case had sought to help the Kurdistan Workers' Party in Turkey and the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam learn means of peacefully resolving conflicts.[2][3]","title":"Providing material support for terrorism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ccrjustice1-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ccrjustice1-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ccrjustice1-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"David D. Cole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_D._Cole"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Jeanne Theoharis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeanne_Theoharis"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Patrick Leahy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Leahy"},{"link_name":"Attorney General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General"},{"link_name":"Eric Holder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Holder"},{"link_name":"Secretary of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State"},{"link_name":"Hillary Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_Clinton"},{"link_name":"al-Shabaab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The material support provisions have been criticized by rights groups as violating the First Amendment, as they criminalize activities like the distribution of literature, engaging in political advocacy, participating in peace conferences, training in human rights advocacy, and donating money and humanitarian assistance, even when the support is intended only to promote lawful and non-violent activities.[4] The provisions are vague and wide-ranging, and impose guilt by association by punishing people not for their own acts but for the acts of those they have supported.[4] The Secretary of State's power to designate groups as terrorist has also been criticized as being too broad, giving the Executive too much discretionary power to label groups as \"terrorist\" and criminalize their supporters.[4] The American Civil Liberties Union note that: \"Federal 'material support' and conspiracy statutes allow the government to secure convictions without having to show that any specific act of terrorism has taken place, or is being planned, or even that a defendant intended to further terrorism.\"[5]David D. Cole, in his book Terrorism and the Constitution, stated that:... after lying virtually dormant for its first six years of existence, the material support law has since 9/11 become the Justice Department's most popular charge in antiterrorism cases. The allure is easy to see: convictions under the law require no proof that the defendant engaged in terrorism, aided or abetted terrorism, or conspired to commit terrorism. But what makes the law attractive to prosecutors—its sweeping ambit—is precisely what makes it so dangerous to civil liberties.[6]Professor Jeanne Theoharis describes the measures in equally critical terms:Material support laws are the black box of domestic terrorism prosecutions, a shape-shifting space into which all sorts of constitutionally protected activities can be thrown and classified as suspect, if not criminal. Their vagueness is key. They criminalize guilt by association and often use political and religious beliefs to demonstrate intent and state of mind.[7]US Senator Patrick Leahy sent a letter to Attorney General Eric Holder and Secretary of State Hillary Clinton regarding humanitarian relief in Somalia in 2011. \"I have long urged reform of our laws governing so-called material support for terrorism. The current law is so broad as to be unworkable. Aid workers trying to provide relief to starving Somalis fear they could be prosecuted if some of it were to end up in the hands of al-Shabaab, an al-Qaeda affiliate that controls parts of Somalia. And so while the situation in Somalia grows more desperate each day, with children dying needlessly, the delivery of food and medicines is hampered, first by al-Shabaab, which is denying access to broad swaths of Somali territory, and secondly, by our overly restrictive laws. The Secretary of State has the power to grant exemptions where the purpose is not to engage in terrorist activity. She should use that authority immediately to ensure aid can reach as many Somalis as possible.\"[8]","title":"Criticism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David Hicks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hicks"},{"link_name":"Guantanamo detainee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guantanamo_detainee"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Zachary Adam Chesser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zachary_Adam_Chesser"},{"link_name":"South Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Park"},{"link_name":"Trey Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trey_Parker"},{"link_name":"Matt Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Stone"},{"link_name":"John Walker Lindh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Walker_Lindh"},{"link_name":"Battle of Qala-i-Jangi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Qala-i-Jangi"},{"link_name":"2001 invasion of Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%93present)"},{"link_name":"Lynne Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynne_Stewart"},{"link_name":"Omar Abdel-Rahman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Abdel-Rahman"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Salim Ahmed Hamdan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salim_Ahmed_Hamdan"},{"link_name":"Guantanamo detainee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guantanamo_detainee"},{"link_name":"Osama bin Laden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden"},{"link_name":"Yemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"8 U.S.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_8_of_the_United_States_Code"},{"link_name":"§ 2339B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/2339B"},{"link_name":"Mohammed Abdullah Warsame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Abdullah_Warsame"},{"link_name":"al Farouq training camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Farouq_training_camp"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fbi2009-05-20-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fbi2009-07-09-13"},{"link_name":"David Headley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Headley"},{"link_name":"2008 Mumbai attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Mumbai_attacks"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Tarek Mehanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarek_Mehanna"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Federal Bureau of Investigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation"},{"link_name":"Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionary_Armed_Forces_of_Colombia"},{"link_name":"Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Twitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter"},{"link_name":"Amman shooting attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amman_shooting_attack"},{"link_name":"ISIL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISIL"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wsj-isistwitter-22"},{"link_name":"Section 230","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Section_230"},{"link_name":"Communications Decency Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_Decency_Act"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-verge-section230isis-23"},{"link_name":"Syrian Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"ISIL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISIL"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"The following people have been charged or convicted of providing material support for terrorism under this law.David Hicks, a former Guantanamo detainee who pleaded guilty in 2007 and served a sentence of less than one year in Australia, before his case was thrown out as a court found the crime is not a war crime and cannot be tried by a military court.[9]\nZachary Adam Chesser, who pleaded guilty to communicating threats to Parker and Stone, soliciting violent jihadists to \"desensitize\" law enforcement, and attempting to provide material support to a designated foreign terrorist organization. He threatened to kill South Park directors Trey Parker and Matt Stone. He was sentenced to 25 years in prison.\nJohn Walker Lindh, who was captured fighting for the Taliban during the Battle of Qala-i-Jangi, one of the first battles in the 2001 invasion of Afghanistan. He was sentenced to 20 years in federal prison on various charges.\nLynne Stewart, a 70-year-old veteran civil rights lawyer who was sentenced to 10 years in prison for transmitting information from her imprisoned client Omar Abdel-Rahman to his accomplices.[10]\nSalim Ahmed Hamdan, a former Guantanamo detainee who was Osama bin Laden's former driver. He was convicted in 2008 and served a sentence of less than one year in Yemen.[11] See 8 U.S.C. § 2339B.\nMohammed Abdullah Warsame, who attended the al Farouq training camp in 2000.[12][13]David Headley, for his role in the 2008 Mumbai attacks.[14][15][16]\nTarek Mehanna, convicted of providing \"material support\" to al-Qaida, for translating books and videos for website At Tibyan, encouraging readers to join al-Qaida and kill American soldiers in Iraq, sentenced to 210 months.[17]In September 2010, the Federal Bureau of Investigation raided activists in Minneapolis and Chicago, seizing computers, cell phones and files and issuing subpoenas to some targeted individuals to appear before a federal grand jury. The FBI agents were seeking evidence of ties to foreign terrorist organizations, including the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia and the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine.[18][19] Attorneys linked the raids to the Holder v. Humanitarian Law Project decision.[20][21]in January 2016, social networking service Twitter was sued by the widow of a U.S. man killed in the Amman shooting attack, claiming that allowing ISIL to use the platform constituted material support of a terrorist organization.[22] The lawsuit was dismissed under Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act, which dictates that the operators of an interactive computer service are not liable for content published on the service by others.[23]During the Syrian Civil War a naturalized U.S. citizen of Bosnian origin joined ISIL and died while fighting. In 2015, six Bosnian residents of the U.S. were charged with providing material support for terrorism.[24][25] The six sent funds ranging from $150 to $1,850, and also \"U.S. military uniforms, tactical clothes and gear, combat boots, military surplus supplies and other items from businesses in St. Louis\" in August 2013.[26][27]","title":"Implementation"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"08-1498 Holder v. Humanitarian Law Project (06/21/2010)\" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on August 28, 2017. Retrieved August 27, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/09pdf/08-1498.pdf","url_text":"\"08-1498 Holder v. Humanitarian Law Project (06/21/2010)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170828012227/https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/09pdf/08-1498.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Factsheet: Material Support | Center for Constitutional Rights\". Archived from the original on June 30, 2014. Retrieved July 16, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://ccrjustice.org/learn-more/faqs/factsheet%3A-material-support","url_text":"\"Factsheet: Material Support | Center for Constitutional Rights\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140630062432/http://ccrjustice.org/learn-more/faqs/factsheet%3A-material-support","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on August 6, 2014. Retrieved July 16, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aclu.org/files/assets/acalltocourage.pdf","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140806161052/https://www.aclu.org/files/assets/acalltocourage.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Theoharis, Jeanne (March 1, 2010). \"U.S. citizen's solitary confinement raises serious questions\". Progressive.org. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved August 27, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.progressive.org/mp/theoharis030110.html","url_text":"\"U.S. citizen's solitary confinement raises serious questions\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304050324/http://www.progressive.org/mp/theoharis030110.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Press Release | Press Releases | Press | U.S. Senator Patrick Leahy of Vermont\". Leahy.senate.gov. September 27, 2012. Archived from the original on December 11, 2016. Retrieved August 27, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.leahy.senate.gov/press/comment-of-senator-patrick-leahy-on-application-of-material-support-laws-to-humanitarian-relief-in-somalia","url_text":"\"Press Release | Press Releases | Press | U.S. Senator Patrick Leahy of Vermont\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161211044911/https://www.leahy.senate.gov/press/comment-of-senator-patrick-leahy-on-application-of-material-support-laws-to-humanitarian-relief-in-somalia","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"US court tosses Australian's Guantanamo conviction\". 7 News. February 19, 2015. Archived from the original on February 24, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150224220420/https://au.news.yahoo.com/world/a/26350198/us-court-tosses-australians-guantanamo-conviction/","url_text":"\"US court tosses Australian's Guantanamo conviction\""},{"url":"https://au.news.yahoo.com/world/a/26350198/us-court-tosses-australians-guantanamo-conviction/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Attorney who helped terrorist gets 10 years in prison\". New York Post. July 15, 2010. Retrieved December 3, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nypost.com/p/news/local/manhattan/attorney_who_helped_terrorist_gets_PYGIvliTgsFfDjH8DWkVTJ","url_text":"\"Attorney who helped terrorist gets 10 years in prison\""}]},{"reference":"Tran, Mark (June 5, 2007). \"Profile: Salim Ahmed Hamdan\". The Guardian. London. Retrieved August 1, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/guantanamo/story/0,,2095889,00.html","url_text":"\"Profile: Salim Ahmed Hamdan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Minneapolis Man Pleads Guilty to Conspiracy to Provide Material Support to al Qaeda\". Federal Bureau of Investigation. May 20, 2009. Archived from the original on May 23, 2009. According to the plea agreement, from about March 2000 through at least December 2003, Warsame conspired with others to provide material support to al Qaeda in the form of personnel, training, and currency. Specifically, in March 2000, Warsame traveled to Afghanistan where he attended an al Qaeda training camp outside Kabul. In the summer of 2000, he then traveled to the al Faruq training camp, where he received further training and met Osama Bin Laden. Warsame subsequently worked at an al Qaeda guesthouse and clinic.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090523110505/http://minneapolis.fbi.gov/dojpressrel/pressrel09/mp052009b.htm","url_text":"\"Minneapolis Man Pleads Guilty to Conspiracy to Provide Material Support to al Qaeda\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation","url_text":"Federal Bureau of Investigation"},{"url":"https://minneapolis.fbi.gov/dojpressrel/pressrel09/mp052009b.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Minneapolis Man Sentenced for Conspiracy to Provide Material Support to al Qaeda\". Federal Bureau of Investigation. July 9, 2009. Archived from the original on August 15, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090815093632/http://minneapolis.fbi.gov/dojpressrel/pressrel09/mp070909.htm","url_text":"\"Minneapolis Man Sentenced for Conspiracy to Provide Material Support to al Qaeda\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation","url_text":"Federal Bureau of Investigation"},{"url":"https://minneapolis.fbi.gov/dojpressrel/pressrel09/mp070909.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Tarm, Michael; Sophia Tareen (January 24, 2013). \"American Mumbai Plotter Sentenced to 35 Years\". ABC News. Associated Press. Archived from the original on January 31, 2013. Retrieved January 24, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/american-mumbai-plotter-sentenced-chicago-18299695","url_text":"\"American Mumbai Plotter Sentenced to 35 Years\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130131130637/https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/american-mumbai-plotter-sentenced-chicago-18299695","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Sweeney, Annie (January 24, 2013). \"Chicago man gets 35 years in Mumbai terror attack\". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on January 24, 2013. Retrieved January 24, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/breaking/chi-sentencing-today-for-chicago-man-in-mumbai-terror-attack-20130124,0,3301876.story","url_text":"\"Chicago man gets 35 years in Mumbai terror attack\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune","url_text":"Chicago Tribune"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130124183315/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/breaking/chi-sentencing-today-for-chicago-man-in-mumbai-terror-attack-20130124,0,3301876.story","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"David Headley has no right to live: relative of 26/11 US victims\". Press Trust of India appearing on NDTV.com. January 24, 2013. Archived from the original on January 25, 2013. Retrieved January 24, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/david-headley-has-no-right-to-live-relative-of-26-11-us-victims-321980","url_text":"\"David Headley has no right to live: relative of 26/11 US victims\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130125001724/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/david-headley-has-no-right-to-live-relative-of-26-11-us-victims-321980","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Lawsuit Blames Twitter for ISIS Terrorist Attack\". Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on January 17, 2016. Retrieved January 16, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2016/01/14/lawsuit-blames-twitter-for-isis-terrorist-attack/","url_text":"\"Lawsuit Blames Twitter for ISIS Terrorist Attack\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160117151034/http://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2016/01/14/lawsuit-blames-twitter-for-isis-terrorist-attack/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Twitter is not legally responsible for the rise of ISIS, rules California district court\". The Verge. Vox Media. August 10, 2016. Archived from the original on August 10, 2016. Retrieved August 11, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theverge.com/2016/8/10/11950098/twitter-isis-lawsuit-safe-harbor-terrorism","url_text":"\"Twitter is not legally responsible for the rise of ISIS, rules California district court\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160810214853/http://www.theverge.com/2016/8/10/11950098/twitter-isis-lawsuit-safe-harbor-terrorism","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Feds lodge terror charges against six\". USA Today. Archived from the original on July 15, 2018. Retrieved January 31, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2015/02/06/terror-charges-syria/23013981/","url_text":"\"Feds lodge terror charges against six\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180715212201/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2015/02/06/terror-charges-syria/23013981/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Abdullah Ramo Pazara\". November 13, 2015. Archived from the original on September 30, 2017. Retrieved January 31, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.counterextremism.com/extremists/abdullah-ramo-pazara","url_text":"\"Abdullah Ramo Pazara\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170930084201/https://www.counterextremism.com/extremists/abdullah-ramo-pazara","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Masunaga, Samantha (February 8, 2015). \"6 Bosnian immigrants indicted in alleged overseas terror financing ring\". Archived from the original on September 30, 2017. Retrieved January 31, 2019 – via LA Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-terror-arrest-20150208-story.html","url_text":"\"6 Bosnian immigrants indicted in alleged overseas terror financing ring\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170930131450/http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-terror-arrest-20150208-story.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Goudie, Chuck (July 21, 2017). \"Suburban mom claims 'combatant immunity' in terror case\". ABC 7. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_Centre_of_Odesa | Historic Centre of Odesa | ["1 Selection","2 Description","3 Damage during the Russian invasion of Ukraine","4 Sites","5 Other","6 References"] | Coordinates: 46°29′6″N 30°44′28″E / 46.48500°N 30.74111°E / 46.48500; 30.74111Building in Odesa, UkraineHistoric Centre of OdesaІсторичний центр ОдесиCentre of OdesaLocation within UkraineGeneral informationTown or cityOdesaCountryUkraineCoordinates46°29′6″N 30°44′28″E / 46.48500°N 30.74111°E / 46.48500; 30.74111UNESCO World Heritage Site
UNESCO World Heritage SiteOfficial nameHistoric Centre of OdesaCriteriacultural: ii, ivReference1703Inscription2023 (45th Session)Endangered2023
The Historic Centre of Odesa (Ukrainian: Історичний центр Одеси, romanized: Istorychnyi tsentr Odesy), Historical City Centre of Odesa, or Centre of Odesa is a city centre and World Heritage Site in Odesa, Ukraine. It was listed in 2023, and currently, it is on the list of World Heritage Sites in Danger because of the Russian invasion of Ukraine.
Selection
The site had been on the UNESCO tentative list since 6 January 2009. It was submitted by the Ukrainian Ministry of Culture and Tourism, and was assigned criteria i, ii, iii, iv and v. Under an emergency procedure in January 2023, UNESCO added it to both the World Heritage List and the List of World Heritage in Danger.
Description
It stands on a shallow indentation of the seacoast about 30 kilometres north of the Dniester estuary. The city was founded in 1794 by a strategic decision by Catherine the Great to build a warm-water port following the conclusion of the Russo-Turkish war of 1787–1792. The new city, built on the site of a Turkish fortress, was initially planned by a military engineer and then expanded further during the 19th century. Odesa owes its character and rapid development during the 19th century to the success of its port, the favourable policies of its governors, and its status as a free port city from 1819 to 1859. Trade attracted many diverse people who formed multi-ethnic and multicultural communities, making Odesa a cosmopolitan city. Its pace of development, the wealth it generated and its multiculturalism all influenced its architectural expression and the variety of styles that still remain in the urban landscape. It has also caused tensions that, beginning in 1821, triggered a series of violent events. The historic centre of Odesa is a grid system of spacious tree-lined streets divided into two rectangular blocks, the direction of which conformed to the orientation of two deep ravines cutting through the Odesa high plateau perpendicular to the sea. The city is characterised by relatively low-rise buildings. Designed by renowned architects and engineers, many from Italy in the early years, its theatres, religious buildings, schools, private palaces and tenement houses, clubs, hotels, banks, shopping centres, warehouses, stock exchanges, terminals and other public and administrative buildings represent both eclectic diversity in architectural styles and all the main activities of a trading city. Prymorsky Boulevard, stretching along the edge of the plateau, Prymorsky Stairs coming down to the shore, and the ensemble of the Odesa Opera and Ballet Theatre, and the Palais-Royal are the main landmarks of the city. While the urban planning and architectural quality represented in Odesa can also be found in other cities in the former Russian and Austro-Hungarian Empires, Odesa has preserved large areas of its historic fabric that reflect its rapid and prosperous development in the 19th century and its population which was far more diverse than in many other cities. Thus, Odesa, through its urban planning and built heritage as a reflection of many cultures, values, customs, social structures, and denominations, can be considered to stand out as a testimony to multicultural and multi-ethnic traditions of Eastern European cities of the 19th century.
Damage during the Russian invasion of Ukraine
On July 23, 2023 Russia launched an overnight missile attack on Odesa, which severely damaged the Orthodox Transfiguration Cathedral, the city's largest. Russia denied targeting the cathedral. Altogether, 25 architectural monuments were damaged in the historic Centre of Odesa according to authorities.
On November 5, 2023 a new Russian missile strike damaged Odesa Fine Arts Museum and several houses.
Sites
The Russov House
The Wall House
The Opera House
Potocki Palace
Potemkin stairs
Hotel Passage
Bzhozovsky Palace
The Philharmonic, a former stock exchange
The Transfiguration Cathedral, the largest orthodox cathedral in Odesa
Other
A Ukrainian stamp featuring one of the square's monuments
A coin commemorating the 120th anniversary of the Odesa Opera
References
^ a b "Three sites 'in danger' added to UNESCO World Heritage List". CNN. 25 January 2023. Retrieved 26 March 2023.
^ "Historic Center of the Port City of Odesa - UNESCO World Heritage Centre". 2022-10-25. Archived from the original on 2022-10-25. Retrieved 2023-03-17.
^ Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "The Historic Centre of Odesa". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 2023-03-17.
^ "Russian missile attack on Odesa kills one, damages cathedral". Aljazeera. 23 July 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
^ "Moscow claims attack that hit Odesa cathedral targeted sites where Ukraine was making 'unmanned boats' to be used against Russia". The Kyiv Independent. 23 July 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
^ "В Одессе после российского обстрела повреждены 25 памятников архитектуры" (in Russian). Meduza. 2023-07-23.
^ "Российские войска атаковали Одесскую область ракетами и беспилотниками. Пострадали восемь человек". Meduza. 2023-11-06. Archived from the original on 2023-11-06.
^ "Five Wounded as Russian Missiles Strike Odesa, Damaging an Art Museum". The New York Times. 2023-11-06.
^ "Russia strikes Odesa, damaging museum, injuring 8". France 24. 2023-11-06. Archived from the original on 6 November 2023.
vteWorld Heritage Sites in UkraineCultural
Kyiv (Saint-Sophia Cathedral and Related Monastic Buildings, Kyiv Pechersk Lavra)
Lviv - Ensemble of the Historic Centre
Residence of Bukovinian and Dalmatian Metropolitans
Struve Geodetic Arc1
Ancient City of Tauric Chersonese and its Chora
Wooden tserkvas of the Carpathian region2
Historic Centre of Odesa
Lesser Coat of Arms of UkraineNatural
Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe3
1 with Estonia, Belarus, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Moldova, Russia, and Sweden
2 with Poland
3 with Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, North Macedonia, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain and Switzerland | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ukrainian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Ukrainian"},{"link_name":"World Heritage Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Site"},{"link_name":"Odesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odesa"},{"link_name":"World Heritage Sites in Danger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Sites_in_Danger"},{"link_name":"Russian invasion of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine_(2022%E2%80%93present)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WHS-CNN-1"}],"text":"Building in Odesa, UkraineThe Historic Centre of Odesa (Ukrainian: Історичний центр Одеси, romanized: Istorychnyi tsentr Odesy), Historical City Centre of Odesa, or Centre of Odesa is a city centre and World Heritage Site in Odesa, Ukraine. 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Under an emergency procedure in January 2023, UNESCO added it to both the World Heritage List and the List of World Heritage in Danger.[1]","title":"Selection"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dniester estuary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dniester_Estuary"},{"link_name":"Catherine the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Russo-Turkish war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1787%E2%80%931792)"},{"link_name":"a Turkish fortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khadjibey"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"It stands on a shallow indentation of the seacoast about 30 kilometres north of the Dniester estuary. The city was founded in 1794 by a strategic decision by Catherine the Great to build a warm-water port following the conclusion of the Russo-Turkish war of 1787–1792. 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The city is characterised by relatively low-rise buildings. Designed by renowned architects and engineers, many from Italy in the early years, its theatres, religious buildings, schools, private palaces and tenement houses, clubs, hotels, banks, shopping centres, warehouses, stock exchanges, terminals and other public and administrative buildings represent both eclectic diversity in architectural styles and all the main activities of a trading city. Prymorsky Boulevard, stretching along the edge of the plateau, Prymorsky Stairs coming down to the shore, and the ensemble of the Odesa Opera and Ballet Theatre, and the Palais-Royal are the main landmarks of the city. While the urban planning and architectural quality represented in Odesa can also be found in other cities in the former Russian and Austro-Hungarian Empires, Odesa has preserved large areas of its historic fabric that reflect its rapid and prosperous development in the 19th century and its population which was far more diverse than in many other cities. Thus, Odesa, through its urban planning and built heritage as a reflection of many cultures, values, customs, social structures, and denominations, can be considered to stand out as a testimony to multicultural and multi-ethnic traditions of Eastern European cities of the 19th century.[3]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Transfiguration Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfiguration_Cathedral_in_Odesa"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Odesa Fine Arts Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odesa_Fine_Arts_Museum"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"On July 23, 2023 Russia launched an overnight missile attack on Odesa, which severely damaged the Orthodox Transfiguration Cathedral, the city's largest.[4] Russia denied targeting the cathedral.[5] Altogether, 25 architectural monuments were damaged in the historic Centre of Odesa according to authorities.[6]On November 5, 2023 a new Russian missile strike damaged Odesa Fine Arts Museum and several houses.[7][8][9]","title":"Damage during the Russian invasion of Ukraine"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Russov_House_in_Odessa-ua.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%B7_%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%94%D1%8E_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%8E_(%D0%92%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Operniy-1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Opera House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odesa_Opera_and_Ballet_Theatre"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sofievskaya-5a23.jpg"},{"link_name":"Potocki Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odesa_Fine_Arts_Museum"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%81%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8_11.jpg"},{"link_name":"Potemkin stairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potemkin_Stairs"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B6_%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%C2%AB%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B6%C2%BB_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%97,_34_07-_2018.jpg"},{"link_name":"Passage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odesa_Passage"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86_2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bunina-15-245.jpg"},{"link_name":"Philharmonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odesa_Philharmonic_Theater"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE-%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80,_%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0_DSC8126.jpg"}],"text":"The Russov House\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Wall House\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Opera House\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPotocki Palace\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPotemkin stairs\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHotel Passage\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBzhozovsky Palace\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Philharmonic, a former stock exchange\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Transfiguration Cathedral, the largest orthodox cathedral in Odesa","title":"Sites"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%A5%D0%86%D0%86_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0_%C2%AB%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BF-2011%C2%BB._%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coin_of_Ukraine_OdTOB_r.jpg"}],"text":"A Ukrainian stamp featuring one of the square's monuments\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA coin commemorating the 120th anniversary of the Odesa Opera","title":"Other"}] | [{"image_text":"Lesser Coat of Arms of Ukraine","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Lesser_Coat_of_Arms_of_Ukraine.svg/40px-Lesser_Coat_of_Arms_of_Ukraine.svg.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Three sites 'in danger' added to UNESCO World Heritage List\". CNN. 25 January 2023. Retrieved 26 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/unesco-world-heritage-sites-special-session/index.html","url_text":"\"Three sites 'in danger' added to UNESCO World Heritage List\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN","url_text":"CNN"}]},{"reference":"\"Historic Center of the Port City of Odesa - UNESCO World Heritage Centre\". 2022-10-25. Archived from the original on 2022-10-25. Retrieved 2023-03-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221025100348/https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5412/","url_text":"\"Historic Center of the Port City of Odesa - UNESCO World Heritage Centre\""},{"url":"https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5412/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. \"The Historic Centre of Odesa\". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 2023-03-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1703/","url_text":"\"The Historic Centre of Odesa\""}]},{"reference":"\"Russian missile attack on Odesa kills one, damages cathedral\". Aljazeera. 23 July 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/23/russian-missile-attack-on-odesa-kills-one-damages-cathedral","url_text":"\"Russian missile attack on Odesa kills one, damages cathedral\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English","url_text":"Aljazeera"}]},{"reference":"\"Moscow claims attack that hit Odesa cathedral targeted sites where Ukraine was making 'unmanned boats' to be used against Russia\". The Kyiv Independent. 23 July 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://kyivindependent.com/russian-defense-ministry-claims-attack-on-odesa-targeted-sites-where-terrorist-acts-against-russia-prepared/","url_text":"\"Moscow claims attack that hit Odesa cathedral targeted sites where Ukraine was making 'unmanned boats' to be used against Russia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kyiv_Independent","url_text":"The Kyiv Independent"}]},{"reference":"\"В Одессе после российского обстрела повреждены 25 памятников архитектуры\" (in Russian). Meduza. 2023-07-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://meduza.io/news/2023/07/23/v-odesse-posle-rossiyskogo-obstrela-povrezhdeny-25-pamyatnikov-arhitektury","url_text":"\"В Одессе после российского обстрела повреждены 25 памятников архитектуры\""}]},{"reference":"\"Российские войска атаковали Одесскую область ракетами и беспилотниками. Пострадали восемь человек\". Meduza. 2023-11-06. Archived from the original on 2023-11-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://meduza.io/news/2023/11/06/rossiyskie-voyska-atakovali-odesskuyu-oblast-raketami-i-bespilotnikami-postradali-pyat-chelovek","url_text":"\"Российские войска атаковали Одесскую область ракетами и беспилотниками. Пострадали восемь человек\""},{"url":"https://archive.today/20231106195033/https://meduza.io/news/2023/11/06/rossiyskie-voyska-atakovali-odesskuyu-oblast-raketami-i-bespilotnikami-postradali-pyat-chelovek","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Five Wounded as Russian Missiles Strike Odesa, Damaging an Art Museum\". The New York Times. 2023-11-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/06/world/europe/ukraine-russia-odesa-museum.html","url_text":"\"Five Wounded as Russian Missiles Strike Odesa, Damaging an Art Museum\""}]},{"reference":"\"Russia strikes Odesa, damaging museum, injuring 8\". France 24. 2023-11-06. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Gu%C3%A9rin_(artist) | Jules Guérin (artist) | ["1 Biography","2 Selected murals","3 Books illustrated","4 Other works","5 The Chicago Plan","6 References","7 External links"] | American painter
For the French anti-Semite, see Jules Guérin.
Jules GuérinPortrait of Jules Guérin, circa 1898BornJules Vallée Guérin18 November 1866St Louis, Missouri, U.S.Died14 June 1946NationalityAmericanEducationSchool of the Art Institute of ChicagoKnown forMuralist, architectural drawing and illustrationMovementOrientalist
Jules Guérin (November 18, 1866 – June 14, 1946) was an American muralist, architectural delineator, and illustrator. A painter and widely published magazine illustrator, he gained prominence for his architectural work such as in the 1906, Plan for Chicago, and for the large murals he painted in many well-known public structures such as the Lincoln Memorial.
Biography
Jules Vallée Guérin was born in St Louis, Missouri on November 18, 1866 and his family moved to Chicago in 1880. As a teenager, he was employed as a painter in a Chicago theatrical scenery firm. By 1889 he is known to have shared a studio with Winsor McCay, the noted cartoonist. They influenced each other in their use of daring points of view. In 1893 Guerin made a painting of one of the buildings at the Chicago World's Fair. His only confirmed art instruction occurred in Chicago, Jules attended evening life drawing classes for two years from 1892 to 1894 at The School of The Art Institute of Chicago, In 1896 he left Chicago to study in Paris. Though of French Huguenot descent, he is not likely to have spoken French fluently as a child. Nothing in his style or method indicates a Beaux Arts education.
In 1900 he established a studio in New York, where he made his name as an architectural delineator and illustrator. His first major break occurred when he was hired by Charles Follen McKim to create some illustrations for the Senate Parks Commission (McMillan Plan) for Washington. These were exhibited and published in 1902. Architects began hiring Guérin to make similar, dramatic renderings of their buildings. He worked mainly in watercolor, gouache, and tempera, usually on colored board. His fame as a colorist soon spread, and he took on more work as a magazine illustrator and sold lithographs. Guérin was a frequent contributor to Scribner's Magazine and Century Magazine during the first decade of the Twentieth Century.
As a result of his success in Washington, Daniel Burnham and Edward Bennett hired Guérin to make perspective illustrations for their monumental work, The Plan of Chicago in 1907. The spectacular color views of the proposed city, many from a bird's eye perspective, are his most famous works. The majority of these original renderings—by Guérin and other artists—are in the collection of the Department of Architecture at The Art Institute of Chicago, while others are currently owned by the Chicago Historical Society.
Painting by Guerin for Daniel Burnham's Plan of Chicago, 1909
Jules Guerin mural in Louisiana State Capitol, 1932
In 1912, when the architect Henry Bacon was competing with John Russell Pope to win the commission for the Lincoln Memorial in Washington D.C., he hired Guérin to create renderings of alternative designs. The paintings, still in the National Archives, were likely influential in Bacon's triumph. After he received the commission, Bacon retained Guerin to paint two large murals, Reunion and Emancipation, that decorate the cella of the memorial above the Gettysburg and Second Inaugural Addresses. They were recently cleaned, revealing a subtle color palette that complements Daniel Chester French’s Seated Lincoln statue. In 1916 he was elected into the National Academy of Design as an Associate member and became a full Academician in 1931.
As an adjunct to his work as an illustrator, Guérin took an active part in the international expositions of his day, showing at the Pan American Expo in Buffalo, New York, 1901, the Louisiana Purchase Expo held in St Louis in 1904 at which he won a silver medal, and the Lewis & Clark Expo in Portland, Oregon in 1905. He published illustrations of these fairs in popular magazines of the day. In 1915, Guérin was asked by Edward Bennett to serve as Director of Color at the Panama Pacific International Exposition in San Francisco. Unlike previous fairs, this west coast effort used a palette of Mediterranean colors to accent the buildings to take advantage of the local climate and flora. It is likely that connections that he made there led to his one-man show at the University of California, Berkeley two years later, followed by several large murals in the old Federal Reserve Bank Building of San Francisco.
Probably because of his early Chicago based background, Guérin was a frequent collaborator with the Chicago architectural firm (and the successor firm to Daniel Burnham’s practice) Graham, Anderson, Probst & White. Most notable of these commissions was the dramatic fire curtain for the theatre in GAPW's Chicago Civic Opera Building in 1929.
Guérin's work as a book illustrator came as a result of magazine commissions. Articles in The Century by Maria Hornor Lansdale resulted in her 1906 travel book, The Chateaux of Touraine, which supplements its many photographs with Guérin's paintings. From 1909 to 1911 the painter traveled with Robert Hichens to create similar illustrations for his popular books on Egypt, the Holy Land, and the Near East. The superb color lithography in these books, as well as two he published with Maxfield Parrish, has made them highly collectible today.
Despite his wish to be regarded as a major serious artist, Jules Guérin is most highly regarded as an illustrator and architectural delineator. Indeed, he stands tall among a distinguished group of American artists who brought to life the scenes and buildings of the Progressive Era in the emerging print media of the early Twentieth Century.
Selected murals
Guerin's Traders of the Adriatic mural at the old Federal Reserve Bank Building of San Francisco, San Francisco CA
Pennsylvania Station, McKim, Mead & White, architects, New York, NY 1911
Liberty Memorial, Harold Van Buren Magonigle, architect, Kansas City, MO 1921-35
Lincoln Memorial, Henry Bacon, architect, Washington, D.C. 1922
Union Trust Building, Graham, Anderson, Probst & White, architects, Cleveland, OH 1924
Cleveland Terminal Group, Graham, Anderson, Probst & White, architects, Cleveland, OH 1924
Illinois Merchants Bank, Graham, Anderson, Probst & White, architects, Chicago, IL 1924
Federal Reserve Bank Building of San Francisco, George Kelham, architect, San Francisco, CA 1924
Chicago Civic Opera, Graham, Anderson, Probst & White, architects, Chicago, IL 1929
Merchandise Mart, Graham, Anderson, Probst & White, architects, Chicago, IL 1930
Louisiana State Capitol, Solis Seiferth, architect, Baton Rouge, LA 1932
Books illustrated
Books by Robert Hichens, illustrated By Jules Guérin.
The Fruitful Vine (1911)
Egypt and Its Monuments (1908)
The Holy Land (1910)
The Near East - Dalmatia, Greece and Constantinople (1913)
Books written or illustrated with Maxfield Parrish
The Lure of the Garden by Hildegarde Hawthorne (1911)
Water Colour Rendering-Suggestions. (n.d.)
Other books illustrated by Jules Guérin.
The Mystery of Orcival (1901)
Notes of Travel, Volume III, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Illustrated by Jules Guérin (1901)
The Winger Colt of Casa Mia (1904)
The Chateaux of Touraine (1906)
The Syrian Shepherd's Psalm (1911)
Other works
Pittsburgh as Hell with the Lid Off, 1903, commissioned by Lincoln Steffens (April 6, 1866 – August 9, 1936) and noted in his autobiography
The Chicago Plan
Paintings by Jules Guérin that were part of the Burnham Plan, owned by the Chicago Historical Society:
Chicago. Bird's-Eye View at Night of Grant Park, Facade Of City, Proposed Harbor and Lagoons of Park on South Shore.
Chicago. Bird's-Eye View at Night of Grant Park, Facade Of City, Proposed Harbor and Lagoons of Park on South Shore.
Chicago. Michigan Avenue Looking Toward the South.
View Looking North on South Branch of Chicago River, Showing Suggested Arrangement of Streets.
View Looking North on South Branch of Chicago River, Showing Suggested Arrangement of Streets.
Chicago. Proposed Plaza on Michigan Avenue West of the Field Museum of Natural History in Grant Park.
Chicago. Proposed Plaza on Michigan Avenue West of the Field Museum of Natural History in Grant Park.
Chicago. Proposed Boulevard to Connect North and South Sides of the River; View Looking North from Washington Street.
Chicago. Proposed Boulevard to Connect North and South Sides of the River; View Looking North from Washington Street.
Chicago. Alternate Railway Station Scheme West of River Between Canal and Clinton Streets.
Chicago. Alternate Railway Station Scheme West of River Between Canal and Clinton Streets.
References
^ The registration records of the School of the Art Institute of Chicago.
^ "page 13". Archived from the original on 2018-11-29. Retrieved 2018-11-29.
^ Arts For America, Vol. 6, No. 2, October 1896, p.68.
^ Mark Alan Hewitt, Guerin, Jules, American National Biography, Oxford Univ. Press, 1999
^ Mark Alan Hewitt, Jules Guerin: Master Delineator, Rice University, 1983
Burnham, Daniel H., and Edward H. Bennett, Plan of Chicago, the Commercial Club, Chicago MCMIX
Chappell, Sally Kitt, Transforming Tradition: Architecture and Planning of Graham, Anderson, Probst and White, 1912–1936, University of Chicago Press, Chicago IL 1992
Corbett, Michael,Splendid Survivors: San Francisco’s Downtown Architectural Heritage, The Foundation For San Francisco’s Architectural Heritage, San Francisco, CA 1979 ISBN 0-89395-037-8
Gray, Mary Lackritz, A Guide to Chicago’s Murals, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL 2001 ISBN 0-226-30596-1
Hewitt, Mark Alan, "Jules Guérin," American National Biography, http://www.anb.org/articles/17/17-01063.html;
American National Biography Online Feb. 2000.
______________, Jules Guérin: Master Delineator, Exhibition Catalogue, Rice University, 1983.
Kubly, Vincent, The Louisiana Capitol: Its Art and Architecture, Pelican Publishing Company, Gretna 1977 ISBN 0-88289-082-4
Roth, Leland M., McKim, Mead & White, Architects, Harper & Row Publishers, New York, NY 1983 ISBN 0-8478-0491-7
Scott, Pamela & Antoinette J. Lee, Buildings of the District of Columbia, Oxford University Press, New York NY 1993
External links
Media related to Jules Guérin (artist) at Wikimedia Commons
Works by Jules Guerin at Project Gutenberg
Works by or about Jules Guérin at Internet Archive
Authority control databases International
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SNAC
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jules Guérin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Gu%C3%A9rin"},{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americans"},{"link_name":"muralist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mural"},{"link_name":"architectural delineator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectural_delineator"},{"link_name":"illustrator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illustrator"},{"link_name":"Lincoln Memorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Memorial"}],"text":"For the French anti-Semite, see Jules Guérin.Jules Guérin (November 18, 1866 – June 14, 1946) was an American muralist, architectural delineator, and illustrator. A painter and widely published magazine illustrator, he gained prominence for his architectural work such as in the 1906, Plan for Chicago, and for the large murals he painted in many well-known public structures such as the Lincoln Memorial.","title":"Jules Guérin (artist)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Louis"},{"link_name":"Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"theatrical scenery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatrical_scenery"},{"link_name":"Winsor McCay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winsor_McCay"},{"link_name":"Chicago World's Fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1893_Chicago_World%27s_Fair"},{"link_name":"School of The Art Institute of Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_of_The_Art_Institute_of_Chicago"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Beaux Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaux-Arts_architecture"},{"link_name":"Charles Follen McKim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Follen_McKim"},{"link_name":"McMillan Plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McMillan_Plan"},{"link_name":"Scribner's Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scribner%27s_Magazine"},{"link_name":"Century Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Century_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Daniel Burnham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Burnham"},{"link_name":"Art Institute of Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Institute_of_Chicago"},{"link_name":"Chicago Historical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Historical_Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BurnhamPlanOfChicago-CivicCenterPlaza-JulesGuerin.jpg"},{"link_name":"Daniel Burnham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Burnham"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jules_Guerin_mural_in_Louisiana_State_Capitol.jpg"},{"link_name":"Henry Bacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Bacon"},{"link_name":"John Russell Pope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Russell_Pope"},{"link_name":"Lincoln Memorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Memorial"},{"link_name":"Daniel Chester French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Chester_French"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"National Academy of Design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Design"},{"link_name":"Buffalo, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Portland, Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"University of California, Berkeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley"},{"link_name":"Federal Reserve Bank Building of San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_Building_of_San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"Graham, Anderson, Probst & White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham,_Anderson,_Probst_%26_White"},{"link_name":"Robert Hichens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Smythe_Hichens"},{"link_name":"Maxfield Parrish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxfield_Parrish"},{"link_name":"Progressive Era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_Era"}],"text":"Jules Vallée Guérin was born in St Louis, Missouri on November 18, 1866 and his family moved to Chicago in 1880. As a teenager, he was employed as a painter in a Chicago theatrical scenery firm. By 1889 he is known to have shared a studio with Winsor McCay, the noted cartoonist. They influenced each other in their use of daring points of view. In 1893 Guerin made a painting of one of the buildings at the Chicago World's Fair. His only confirmed art instruction occurred in Chicago, Jules attended evening life drawing classes for two years from 1892 to 1894 at The School of The Art Institute of Chicago,[1][2] In 1896 he left Chicago to study in Paris.[3] Though of French Huguenot descent, he is not likely to have spoken French fluently as a child. Nothing in his style or method indicates a Beaux Arts education.In 1900 he established a studio in New York, where he made his name as an architectural delineator and illustrator. His first major break occurred when he was hired by Charles Follen McKim to create some illustrations for the Senate Parks Commission (McMillan Plan) for Washington. These were exhibited and published in 1902. Architects began hiring Guérin to make similar, dramatic renderings of their buildings. He worked mainly in watercolor, gouache, and tempera, usually on colored board. His fame as a colorist soon spread, and he took on more work as a magazine illustrator and sold lithographs. Guérin was a frequent contributor to Scribner's Magazine and Century Magazine during the first decade of the Twentieth Century.[4]As a result of his success in Washington, Daniel Burnham and Edward Bennett hired Guérin to make perspective illustrations for their monumental work, The Plan of Chicago in 1907. The spectacular color views of the proposed city, many from a bird's eye perspective, are his most famous works. The majority of these original renderings—by Guérin and other artists—are in the collection of the Department of Architecture at The Art Institute of Chicago, while others are currently owned by the Chicago Historical Society.Painting by Guerin for Daniel Burnham's Plan of Chicago, 1909Jules Guerin mural in Louisiana State Capitol, 1932In 1912, when the architect Henry Bacon was competing with John Russell Pope to win the commission for the Lincoln Memorial in Washington D.C., he hired Guérin to create renderings of alternative designs. The paintings, still in the National Archives, were likely influential in Bacon's triumph. After he received the commission, Bacon retained Guerin to paint two large murals, Reunion and Emancipation, that decorate the cella of the memorial above the Gettysburg and Second Inaugural Addresses. They were recently cleaned, revealing a subtle color palette that complements Daniel Chester French’s Seated Lincoln statue.[5] In 1916 he was elected into the National Academy of Design as an Associate member and became a full Academician in 1931.As an adjunct to his work as an illustrator, Guérin took an active part in the international expositions of his day, showing at the Pan American Expo in Buffalo, New York, 1901, the Louisiana Purchase Expo held in St Louis in 1904 at which he won a silver medal, and the Lewis & Clark Expo in Portland, Oregon in 1905. He published illustrations of these fairs in popular magazines of the day. In 1915, Guérin was asked by Edward Bennett to serve as Director of Color at the Panama Pacific International Exposition in San Francisco. Unlike previous fairs, this west coast effort used a palette of Mediterranean colors to accent the buildings to take advantage of the local climate and flora. It is likely that connections that he made there led to his one-man show at the University of California, Berkeley two years later, followed by several large murals in the old Federal Reserve Bank Building of San Francisco.Probably because of his early Chicago based background, Guérin was a frequent collaborator with the Chicago architectural firm (and the successor firm to Daniel Burnham’s practice) Graham, Anderson, Probst & White. Most notable of these commissions was the dramatic fire curtain for the theatre in GAPW's Chicago Civic Opera Building in 1929.Guérin's work as a book illustrator came as a result of magazine commissions. Articles in The Century by Maria Hornor Lansdale resulted in her 1906 travel book, The Chateaux of Touraine, which supplements its many photographs with Guérin's paintings. From 1909 to 1911 the painter traveled with Robert Hichens to create similar illustrations for his popular books on Egypt, the Holy Land, and the Near East. The superb color lithography in these books, as well as two he published with Maxfield Parrish, has made them highly collectible today.Despite his wish to be regarded as a major serious artist, Jules Guérin is most highly regarded as an illustrator and architectural delineator. Indeed, he stands tall among a distinguished group of American artists who brought to life the scenes and buildings of the Progressive Era in the emerging print media of the early Twentieth Century.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jules_Guerin_Traders_of_the_Adriatic.png"},{"link_name":"Federal Reserve Bank Building of San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_Building_of_San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Station_(1910)"},{"link_name":"Liberty Memorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_Memorial"},{"link_name":"Lincoln Memorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Memorial"},{"link_name":"Union Trust Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington_Bank_Building"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Terminal Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_City_Center"},{"link_name":"Federal Reserve Bank Building of San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_Building_of_San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"Chicago Civic Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civic_Opera_House_(Chicago)"},{"link_name":"Merchandise Mart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchandise_Mart"},{"link_name":"Louisiana State Capitol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_State_Capitol"}],"text":"Guerin's Traders of the Adriatic mural at the old Federal Reserve Bank Building of San Francisco, San Francisco CAPennsylvania Station, McKim, Mead & White, architects, New York, NY 1911\nLiberty Memorial, Harold Van Buren Magonigle, architect, Kansas City, MO 1921-35\nLincoln Memorial, Henry Bacon, architect, Washington, D.C. 1922\nUnion Trust Building, Graham, Anderson, Probst & White, architects, Cleveland, OH 1924\nCleveland Terminal Group, Graham, Anderson, Probst & White, architects, Cleveland, OH 1924\nIllinois Merchants Bank, Graham, Anderson, Probst & White, architects, Chicago, IL 1924\nFederal Reserve Bank Building of San Francisco, George Kelham, architect, San Francisco, CA 1924\nChicago Civic Opera, Graham, Anderson, Probst & White, architects, Chicago, IL 1929\nMerchandise Mart, Graham, Anderson, Probst & White, architects, Chicago, IL 1930\nLouisiana State Capitol, Solis Seiferth, architect, Baton Rouge, LA 1932","title":"Selected murals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hildegarde Hawthorne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hildegarde_Hawthorne"}],"text":"Books by Robert Hichens, illustrated By Jules Guérin.The Fruitful Vine (1911)\nEgypt and Its Monuments (1908)\nThe Holy Land (1910)\nThe Near East - Dalmatia, Greece and Constantinople (1913)Books written or illustrated with Maxfield ParrishThe Lure of the Garden by Hildegarde Hawthorne (1911)\nWater Colour Rendering-Suggestions. (n.d.)Other books illustrated by Jules Guérin.The Mystery of Orcival (1901)\nNotes of Travel, Volume III, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Illustrated by Jules Guérin (1901)\nThe Winger Colt of Casa Mia (1904)\nThe Chateaux of Touraine (1906)\nThe Syrian Shepherd's Psalm (1911)","title":"Books illustrated"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lincoln Steffens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Steffens"}],"text":"Pittsburgh as Hell with the Lid Off, 1903, commissioned by Lincoln Steffens (April 6, 1866 – August 9, 1936) and noted in his autobiography","title":"Other works"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Paintings by Jules Guérin that were part of the Burnham Plan, owned by the Chicago Historical Society:Chicago. Bird's-Eye View at Night of Grant Park, Facade Of City, Proposed Harbor and Lagoons of Park on South Shore.\nChicago. Bird's-Eye View at Night of Grant Park, Facade Of City, Proposed Harbor and Lagoons of Park on South Shore.\nChicago. Michigan Avenue Looking Toward the South.\nView Looking North on South Branch of Chicago River, Showing Suggested Arrangement of Streets.\nView Looking North on South Branch of Chicago River, Showing Suggested Arrangement of Streets.\nChicago. Proposed Plaza on Michigan Avenue West of the Field Museum of Natural History in Grant Park.\nChicago. Proposed Plaza on Michigan Avenue West of the Field Museum of Natural History in Grant Park.\nChicago. Proposed Boulevard to Connect North and South Sides of the River; View Looking North from Washington Street.\nChicago. Proposed Boulevard to Connect North and South Sides of the River; View Looking North from Washington Street.\nChicago. Alternate Railway Station Scheme West of River Between Canal and Clinton Streets.\nChicago. Alternate Railway Station Scheme West of River Between Canal and Clinton Streets.","title":"The Chicago Plan"}] | [{"image_text":"Painting by Guerin for Daniel Burnham's Plan of Chicago, 1909","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/BurnhamPlanOfChicago-CivicCenterPlaza-JulesGuerin.jpg/220px-BurnhamPlanOfChicago-CivicCenterPlaza-JulesGuerin.jpg"},{"image_text":"Jules Guerin mural in Louisiana State Capitol, 1932","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Jules_Guerin_mural_in_Louisiana_State_Capitol.jpg/220px-Jules_Guerin_mural_in_Louisiana_State_Capitol.jpg"},{"image_text":"Guerin's Traders of the Adriatic mural at the old Federal Reserve Bank Building of San Francisco, San Francisco CA","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Jules_Guerin_Traders_of_the_Adriatic.png/220px-Jules_Guerin_Traders_of_the_Adriatic.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"page 13\". Archived from the original on 2018-11-29. Retrieved 2018-11-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181129100141/https://www.artic.edu/exhibitions/5181/saic-second-alumni-association-retrospective","url_text":"\"page 13\""},{"url":"https://www.artic.edu/exhibitions/5181/saic-second-alumni-association-retrospective","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181129100141/https://www.artic.edu/exhibitions/5181/saic-second-alumni-association-retrospective","external_links_name":"\"page 13\""},{"Link":"https://www.artic.edu/exhibitions/5181/saic-second-alumni-association-retrospective","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.anb.org/articles/17/17-01063.html","external_links_name":"http://www.anb.org/articles/17/17-01063.html"},{"Link":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/39919","external_links_name":"Works by Jules Guerin"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Gu%C3%A9rin%2C%20Jules%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Jules%20Gu%C3%A9rin%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Gu%C3%A9rin%2C%20Jules%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Jules%20Gu%C3%A9rin%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Gu%C3%A9rin%2C%20J%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Jules%20Gu%C3%A9rin%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Gu%C3%A9rin%2C%20Jules%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Jules%20Gu%C3%A9rin%22%20OR%20%28Jules+Gu%2Arin%29%29%20OR%20%28%221866-1946%22%20AND%20%28%22Gu%C3%A9rin%22%20OR%20Guerin%29%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29","external_links_name":"Works by or about Jules Guérin"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/129354/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000067087674","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/75244946","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJrwWPdQFwfP6rxCXQv8md","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5566976","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/116482581X","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://opac.sbn.it/nome/UBOV345591","external_links_name":"Italy"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007276866405171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n84022801","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.musee-orsay.fr/en/ressources/repertoire-artistes-personnalites/115713","external_links_name":"Musée d'Orsay"},{"Link":"https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/131329","external_links_name":"RKD Artists"},{"Link":"https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500018717","external_links_name":"ULAN"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6rz09hr","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/151833818","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Grafonola | Columbia Grafonola | ["1 Patent","2 Models","3 Retail advertisements","4 References"] | Brand of early 20th century American phonograph
An advertisement for the Columbia Grafonola floor model
The Columbia Grafonola is a brand of early 20th century American phonograph made by the Columbia Graphophone Company. Introduced in 1907, Grafonolas are internal horn alternatives to the same company's external horn Disc Graphophones.
Until late 1925, all record players reproduced sound by purely mechanical means and relied on a so-called "amplifying" horn to efficiently couple the vibrations of the stylus and diaphragm to the space occupied by the listeners. In 1906, the Victor Talking Machine Company, Columbia's arch competitor, introduced a line of models in which the horn and other hardware were concealed within a cabinet made to look like fine furniture rather than a mechanical device. They named the new style a "Victrola". It quickly proved to be very popular and successful. Other makers, adopting the distinctive suffix, introduced their own "-ola" internal horn machines, such as Edison's Amberolas and Columbia's Grafonolas. They were soon outselling the external horn models.
At first, like nearly all other early record players, all Grafonolas were driven by a spring motor that the user had to wind up with a crank before playing a record or two. In 1915, Columbia began to introduce electric-motor-driven models, as a majority of urban areas had been wired to electrical grids. The electrified Grafonolas supported both alternating and direct currents from 110 to 220 volts. Electrified Grafonolas never gained the popularity enjoyed by the spring-motor-driven versions due to substantially higher prices and lack of electrical service in rural areas.
Patent
Grafonolas were manufactured under 1886 United States Letters Patent No. 341,214 which Columbia Graphophone company acquired through its predecessor American Graphophone Company.
Models
Two models were available: a portable table model and bigger stationary floor model, offering limited mobility through application of casters. The most notable table models included Grafonola Favorite introduced in 1911 and Grafonola Savoy introduced in 1915. The most notable floor models included Grafonola Symphony Grand introduced in 1907, Grafonola Regent introduced in 1909, Columbia Mignon introduced in 1910, Grafonola Princess introduced in 1911, Columbia Colonial introduced in 1913, various Period Grafonolas introduced in 1917. In order to cater to increasingly prosperous clientele Columbia Phonograph Company begun to manufacture a series of ornate, limited edition period machines. These were highly priced (some as high as $2,100.00 ) special orders, which provided consumers with options to choose styles which matched their interior decor.
American Columbia Grafonolas continued to be manufactured up until 1923 when the company was purchased by British entrepreneur Luis Sterling.
Retail advertisements
Below are depictions of various Grafonola models portrayed in retail advertisements.
Grafonola Favorite
Grafonola Princess
Grafonola Regent
Grafonola Period Designs
References
^ Library and Archives Canada. The Virtual Gramophone: Canadian Historical Sound Recordings: Early Sound Recording and the Invention of the Gramophone, Library and Archives Canada website, Ottawa. Retrieved February 26, 2016.
^ Patmore, David. The Columbia Graphophone Company, 1923–1931: Commercial Competition, Cultural Plurality and Beyond, Music Department of, University of Sheffield. Retrieved from Musicae Scientiae website February 26, 2016
^ Antique Phonograph Society. Basic Antique Phonograph Operational Tips, Retrieved from The Antique Phonograph Society
website, February 26, 2016.
^ 78-RPM Records, Cylinder Records and Phonographs. The Vintage Phonograph Gallery. Electric-Motor Columbia Grafonola (1915), Retrieved from The Mainspring Press Record Collectors' Blog website, February 26, 2016.
^ "C. A. Bell & S Tainter: Recording and Reproducing Speech and Other Sounds".
^ John C. Freund. The Purchaser's Guide to the Music Industries. 1922 Edition, Retrieved from Google Books website, February 26, 2016.
^ Peter Tschmuck. Creativity and Innovation in Music Industry. Second Edition, Retrieved from Google Books website, February 26, 2016.
^ Lynn Bylton.The Columbia Graphophone and Grafonola, a beginner's guide, Retrieved from Intertique website, February 26, 2016.
^ History of the manufacturer: Columbia Phonograph Co. Inc., Retrieved from Radio Museum website, February 26, 2016. | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GrafonolaCapture1.png"},{"link_name":"phonograph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonograph"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"diaphragm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaphragm_(acoustics)"},{"link_name":"Victor Talking Machine Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Talking_Machine_Company"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"An advertisement for the Columbia Grafonola floor modelThe Columbia Grafonola is a brand of early 20th century American phonograph made by the Columbia Graphophone Company. Introduced in 1907, Grafonolas are internal horn alternatives to the same company's external horn Disc Graphophones.[1][2]Until late 1925, all record players reproduced sound by purely mechanical means and relied on a so-called \"amplifying\" horn to efficiently couple the vibrations of the stylus and diaphragm to the space occupied by the listeners. In 1906, the Victor Talking Machine Company, Columbia's arch competitor, introduced a line of models in which the horn and other hardware were concealed within a cabinet made to look like fine furniture rather than a mechanical device. They named the new style a \"Victrola\". It quickly proved to be very popular and successful. Other makers, adopting the distinctive suffix, introduced their own \"-ola\" internal horn machines, such as Edison's Amberolas and Columbia's Grafonolas. They were soon outselling the external horn models.[3]At first, like nearly all other early record players, all Grafonolas were driven by a spring motor that the user had to wind up with a crank before playing a record or two. In 1915, Columbia began to introduce electric-motor-driven models, as a majority of urban areas had been wired to electrical grids. The electrified Grafonolas supported both alternating and direct currents from 110 to 220 volts. Electrified Grafonolas never gained the popularity enjoyed by the spring-motor-driven versions due to substantially higher prices and lack of electrical service in rural areas.[4]","title":"Columbia Grafonola"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Grafonolas were manufactured under 1886 United States Letters Patent No. 341,214[5] which Columbia Graphophone company acquired through its predecessor American Graphophone Company.[6][7]","title":"Patent"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Luis Sterling.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphophone"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Two models were available: a portable table model and bigger stationary floor model, offering limited mobility through application of casters. The most notable table models included Grafonola Favorite introduced in 1911 and Grafonola Savoy introduced in 1915. The most notable floor models included Grafonola Symphony Grand introduced in 1907, Grafonola Regent introduced in 1909, Columbia Mignon introduced in 1910, Grafonola Princess introduced in 1911, Columbia Colonial introduced in 1913, various Period Grafonolas introduced in 1917. In order to cater to increasingly prosperous clientele Columbia Phonograph Company begun to manufacture a series of ornate, limited edition period machines. These were highly priced (some as high as $2,100.00 ) special orders, which provided consumers with options to choose styles which matched their interior decor.[8]American Columbia Grafonolas continued to be manufactured up until 1923 when the company was purchased by British entrepreneur Luis Sterling.[9]","title":"Models"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GrafonolaTableModelAd.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Princess_Grafonola.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Regent_Grafonola.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Columbia_Period_Grafonola.png"}],"text":"Below are depictions of various Grafonola models portrayed in retail advertisements.Grafonola Favorite\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGrafonola Princess\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGrafonola Regent\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGrafonola Period Designs","title":"Retail advertisements"}] | [{"image_text":"An advertisement for the Columbia Grafonola floor model","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/GrafonolaCapture1.png/220px-GrafonolaCapture1.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"C. A. Bell & S Tainter: Recording and Reproducing Speech and Other Sounds\".","urls":[{"url":"https://patents.google.com/patent/US341214/en","url_text":"\"C. A. Bell & S Tainter: Recording and Reproducing Speech and Other Sounds\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/gramophone/028011-3004-e.html","external_links_name":"The Virtual Gramophone: Canadian Historical Sound Recordings: Early Sound Recording and the Invention of the Gramophone"},{"Link":"http://msx.sagepub.com/content/14/2/115.abstract","external_links_name":"The Columbia Graphophone Company, 1923–1931: Commercial Competition, Cultural Plurality and Beyond"},{"Link":"http://www.antiquephono.org/basic-antique-phonograph-operational-tips/","external_links_name":"Basic Antique Phonograph Operational Tips"},{"Link":"https://78records.wordpress.com/2015/01/05/the-vintage-phonograph-gallery-%E2%80%A2-electric-motor-columbia-grafonola-1915/","external_links_name":"The Vintage Phonograph Gallery. Electric-Motor Columbia Grafonola (1915)"},{"Link":"https://patents.google.com/patent/US341214/en","external_links_name":"\"C. A. Bell & S Tainter: Recording and Reproducing Speech and Other Sounds\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=N5NDAQAAMAAJ&dq=John+C.+Freund.+1922+Edition.+The+Purchaser%E2%80%99s+Guide+to+the+Music+Industries&pg=PA71","external_links_name":"John C. Freund. The Purchaser's Guide to the Music Industries. 1922 Edition"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wIvx9-aVCHMC&dq=Columbia+Phonograph+Manufacturing+Company&pg=PA288","external_links_name":"Peter Tschmuck. Creativity and Innovation in Music Industry. Second Edition"},{"Link":"http://www.intertique.com/TheColumbiaGraphophoneAndGrafonola.html","external_links_name":"Lynn Bylton.The Columbia Graphophone and Grafonola, a beginner's guide"},{"Link":"http://www.radiomuseum.org/","external_links_name":"History of the manufacturer: Columbia Phonograph Co. Inc."}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_sea_bass | Giant sea bass | ["1 Characteristics","2 Diet","3 History and conservation","4 References","5 External links"] | Species of fish
Giant sea bass
A giant sea bass at the California Academy of Sciences
Conservation status
Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Actinopterygii
Order:
Perciformes
Family:
Polyprionidae
Genus:
Stereolepis
Species:
S. gigas
Binomial name
Stereolepis gigasAyres, 1859
Synonyms
Stereolepis californicus Gill, 1863
Megaperca ischinagi Hilgendorf, 1878
The giant sea bass (Stereolepis gigas) is a fish native to the North Pacific Ocean. Although commonly referred to as a giant sea bass, black sea bass or giant black sea bass, it is actually a wreckfish in the family Polyprionidae rather than in the sea bass family Serranidae.
Characteristics
Photo of a particularly large giant sea bass being displayed
Giant sea bass reaching a size of 8.2 feet (2.5 m) and a weight of up to 562 pounds (255 kg) have been reported. However, in Charles F. Holder's book The Channel Islands of California, published in 1910, the author claims specimens taken from the Gulf of California attained 800 pounds (360 kg). Aside from its tremendous size, the giant sea bass is also known for its lengthy lifespan. They mature around the age of 11 or 12, around the weight of 50 pounds (23 kg). However, some of the largest specimens have been known to exceed 7 ft, and are estimated to be 75 years or older.
In the eastern North Pacific, its range is from Humboldt Bay, California, to the Gulf of California, Mexico, most common from Point Conception southward. In the northwestern Pacific it occurs around Japan. It usually stays near kelp forests, drop-offs, or rocky bottoms and sand or mudflats. Juvenile giant sea bass can be found at depths around 69 feet (21 m), with adults of the species found at depths below 66 feet (20 m). Juveniles of the species are brightly colored in red or orange, however as individuals of the species mature they take on more muddled colors of gray or brown.
Diet
Within kelp forests giant sea bass are the apex predator. Giant sea bass feed on crustaceans, as well as a wide variety of fish. For populations off the coast of California, anchovies and croaker are prominent food sources. Mackerel, sheephead, whitefish, sand bass, and several types of crab also make up the sea bass's diet. Despite their great size and bulky appearance, giant sea bass have been known to move extremely quickly, outstripping bonito.
History and conservation
Drawing, 1897
Recreational fishing of the giant sea bass began in the late 19th century.: 150 Caught off the Central and Southern California coasts in the 20th century, the peak catch of the giant sea bass was in 1932. Giant sea bass were once a relatively common inhabitant of Southern California waters, yet in the 1980s, it was facing the threat of local extinction off the California coast.
Giant sea bass were also a popular "big game" quarry for both freediving and scuba spearfishermen. In the 1970s, spearfishing for this species was made illegal by the California Department of Fish and Game. One unfortunate incident precipitated this abrupt change in the law. Several freedivers had taken 7 fish at Santa Cruz Island. Unable to eat nearly a ton of fish, they sold the fish illegally to a fish market in San Pedro. Fish and Game wardens discovered that the fish had been speared by observing the holes and slip tips left behind in their bodies.
By the late 1970s, biologists with the California Department of Fish and Game, recognized that the local population of giant sea bass was in trouble. Actions were taken, resulting in protection from commercial and sport fishing that went into effect in 1982. In 1996, the species was listed as critically endangered by the IUCN. As of 2004, it is suggested that the population size of Giant Sea Bass in California may be increasing as it is under protection; however, there are no hard data to support it. In 2016, the first successful captive breeding of the species occurred at that Aquarium of the Pacific. The total breeding population in California in 2018 is estimated to be around 500 individuals, of which 40 to 50 return to spawn around Catalina Island each year.
Giant sea bass remain understudied in the Mexican portion of its range, although efforts are underway to monitor the population size, genetic connectivity, and fishing pressure along the Pacific coast of the Baja peninsula. More than half of the range of the giant sea bass are within Mexican waters. In Mexico, the giant sea bass is called mero gigante. The peak catch of giant sea bass in Mexican waters occurred in 1932, when the catch was over 800,000 pounds (360,000 kg).: 209 Prior to 1964, commercial catches of giant sea bass in Mexican waters were above 200,000 pounds (91,000 kg).: 209 In 1981, United States commercial fishermen were initially allowed to catch up to 1,000 pounds (450 kg) of giant sea bass per trip into Mexican waters, and no more than 3,000 pounds (1,400 kg) per year; in 1988 the regulation changed to only allow a single giant sea bass fish to be taken in per trip if taken incidentally. Within those waters for over half a century the average catch of giant sea bass by Mexican fishermen has been 55 tonnes (55,000 kg).
References
^ a b c Cornish, A. (Grouper & Wrasse Specialist Group) (2004). "Stereolepis gigas". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004: e.T20795A9230697. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T20795A9230697.en. Retrieved 3 April 2020.
^ Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Genera in the family Polyprionidae". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 3 April 2020.
^ "Stereolepis gigas". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 18 April 2006.
^ a b Schultz, Ken (2004). Ken Schultz's Field Guide to Saltwater Fish. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley. p. 182. ISBN 9780471449959.
^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2019). "Sterolepis gigas" in FishBase. April 2019 version.
^ a b "Giant sea bass". Animals. Monterey Bay Aquarium. 1999. Retrieved 11 August 2021.
^ "Giant Sea Bass". Online Learning Center. Aquarium of the Pacific. 2021. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
^ a b c "About Giant Sea Bass". Marine Science Institute. UC Santa Barbara. Retrieved 14 August 2021.
^ a b c Leet, William S.; Dewees, Christopher M.; Klingbeil, Richard; Larson, Eric J., eds. (December 2001). California's Living Marine Resources: A Status Report. California Department of Fish and Game Resource Agency. University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources. ISBN 978-1-879906-57-0. LCCN 2001098707.
^ a b Sahagun, Louis (4 March 2020). "Scientists seed local seas with imperiled fish. Can giant sea bass make a comeback?". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
^ Terry, Maas. "Black Seabass Return". Blue Water Freedivers. Retrieved 10 January 2013.
^ "Giant (Black) Sea Bass". Channel Islands National Park. National Park Service. 12 December 2019. Retrieved 11 August 2021.
^ Sahagun, Louis (21 July 2018). "Giant sea bass are mysterious to scientists. Understanding them could help the species survive". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
^ Ramirez-Valdez, Arturo; Villasenor-Derbez, Juan Carlos; Sgarlatta, Maria Paula; Rowell, Timothy J.; Dominguez-Guerrero, Isai; Hernandez, Arturo; Gomez, Antonio Gomez; Cota, Juan Jose; Santana-Morales, Omar; Dominguez-Reza, Ricardo; Castro, Jhonatan. "Proyecto Mero Gigante".
^ a b Ramirez-Valdez, Arturo (4 August 2021). "Giant sea bass are thriving in Mexican waters scientific research that found them to be critically endangered stopped at the US-Mexico border". The Conversation. Waltham, Massachusetts. Retrieved 11 August 2021.Ramirez-Valdez, Arturo (9 August 2021). "Marine Ecologist Surprised To Find "Critically Endangered" Giant Sea Bass Thriving in Mexican Waters". SciTechDaily. Retrieved 11 August 2021.
^ Department of Fish and Game. Giant Sea Bass (Stereolepis gigas) (PDF) (Report). State of California. Retrieved 11 August 2021.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Stereolepis gigas.
Wikispecies has information related to Stereolepis gigas.
California Dept. of Fish & Game, species description
Photos of Giant sea bass on Sealife Collection
Taxon identifiersStereolepis gigas
Wikidata: Q1070009
Wikispecies: Stereolepis gigas
ARKive: stereolepis-gigas
BOLD: 125511
CoL: 52DZG
EoL: 46578887
EUNIS: 125028
FishBase: 3310
GBIF: 5211259
iNaturalist: 52169
IRMNG: 10854443
ITIS: 167918
IUCN: 20795
NatureServe: 2.105590
NCBI: 184449
OBIS: 282884
Plazi: 1791E391-411F-76FC-6489-167283AF5DB4
WoRMS: 282884
ZooBank: 850186D2-2673-48CE-A403-8F316C50F801 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pacific Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Polyprionidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wreckfish"},{"link_name":"Serranidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serranidae"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The giant sea bass (Stereolepis gigas) is a fish native to the North Pacific Ocean. Although commonly referred to as a giant sea bass, black sea bass or giant black sea bass, it is actually a wreckfish in the family Polyprionidae rather than in the sea bass family Serranidae.[3]","title":"Giant sea bass"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giant_sea_bass.jpg"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schultz-4"},{"link_name":"Humboldt Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humboldt_Bay_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"Gulf of California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_California"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Point Conception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_Conception"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fishbase-5"},{"link_name":"kelp forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelp_forest"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MBA-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UCSB-8"}],"text":"Photo of a particularly large giant sea bass being displayedGiant sea bass reaching a size of 8.2 feet (2.5 m) and a weight of up to 562 pounds (255 kg) have been reported. However, in Charles F. Holder's book The Channel Islands of California, published in 1910, the author claims specimens taken from the Gulf of California attained 800 pounds (360 kg). Aside from its tremendous size, the giant sea bass is also known for its lengthy lifespan. They mature around the age of 11 or 12, around the weight of 50 pounds (23 kg). However, some of the largest specimens have been known to exceed 7 ft, and are estimated to be 75 years or older.[4] \nIn the eastern North Pacific, its range is from Humboldt Bay, California, to the Gulf of California, Mexico, most common from Point Conception southward. In the northwestern Pacific it occurs around Japan.[5] It usually stays near kelp forests, drop-offs, or rocky bottoms and sand or mudflats.[6] Juvenile giant sea bass can be found at depths around 69 feet (21 m), with adults of the species found at depths below 66 feet (20 m).[7] Juveniles of the species are brightly colored in red or orange, however as individuals of the species mature they take on more muddled colors of gray or brown.[8]","title":"Characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"apex predator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apex_predator"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UCSB-8"},{"link_name":"crustaceans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crustaceans"},{"link_name":"Mackerel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mackerel"},{"link_name":"sheephead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_sheephead"},{"link_name":"whitefish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_whitefish"},{"link_name":"sand bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sand_bass"},{"link_name":"crab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crab"},{"link_name":"bonito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonito"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schultz-4"}],"text":"Within kelp forests giant sea bass are the apex predator.[8] Giant sea bass feed on crustaceans, as well as a wide variety of fish. For populations off the coast of California, anchovies and croaker are prominent food sources. Mackerel, sheephead, whitefish, sand bass, and several types of crab also make up the sea bass's diet. Despite their great size and bulky appearance, giant sea bass have been known to move extremely quickly, outstripping bonito.[4]","title":"Diet"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:StereolepisGigasGreen.jpg"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CA2001-9"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MBA-6"},{"link_name":"local extinction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_extinction"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MAR2020LAT-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"California Department of Fish and Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Department_of_Fish_and_Game"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn-1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CHISNPS-12"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn-1"},{"link_name":"captive breeding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captive_breeding"},{"link_name":"Aquarium of the Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquarium_of_the_Pacific"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MAR2020LAT-10"},{"link_name":"Catalina Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalina_Island,_CA"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ARV2021-15"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UCSB-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CA2001-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CA2001-9"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CADFG-16"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ARV2021-15"}],"text":"Drawing, 1897Recreational fishing of the giant sea bass began in the late 19th century.[9]: 150 Caught off the Central and Southern California coasts in the 20th century, the peak catch of the giant sea bass was in 1932.[6] Giant sea bass were once a relatively common inhabitant of Southern California waters, yet in the 1980s, it was facing the threat of local extinction off the California coast.[10]Giant sea bass were also a popular \"big game\" quarry for both freediving and scuba spearfishermen. In the 1970s, spearfishing for this species was made illegal by the California Department of Fish and Game. One unfortunate incident precipitated this abrupt change in the law. Several freedivers had taken 7 fish at Santa Cruz Island. Unable to eat nearly a ton of fish, they sold the fish illegally to a fish market in San Pedro. Fish and Game wardens discovered that the fish had been speared by observing the holes and slip tips left behind in their bodies.[11]By the late 1970s, biologists with the California Department of Fish and Game, recognized that the local population of giant sea bass was in trouble. Actions were taken, resulting in protection from commercial and sport fishing that went into effect in 1982.[1] In 1996, the species was listed as critically endangered by the IUCN.[12] As of 2004, it is suggested that the population size of Giant Sea Bass in California may be increasing as it is under protection; however, there are no hard data to support it.[1] In 2016, the first successful captive breeding of the species occurred at that Aquarium of the Pacific.[10] The total breeding population in California in 2018 is estimated to be around 500 individuals, of which 40 to 50 return to spawn around Catalina Island each year.[13]Giant sea bass remain understudied in the Mexican portion of its range, although efforts are underway to monitor the population size, genetic connectivity, and fishing pressure along the Pacific coast of the Baja peninsula.[14] More than half of the range of the giant sea bass are within Mexican waters.[15] In Mexico, the giant sea bass is called mero gigante.[8] The peak catch of giant sea bass in Mexican waters occurred in 1932, when the catch was over 800,000 pounds (360,000 kg).[9]: 209 Prior to 1964, commercial catches of giant sea bass in Mexican waters were above 200,000 pounds (91,000 kg).[9]: 209 In 1981, United States commercial fishermen were initially allowed to catch up to 1,000 pounds (450 kg) of giant sea bass per trip into Mexican waters, and no more than 3,000 pounds (1,400 kg) per year; in 1988 the regulation changed to only allow a single giant sea bass fish to be taken in per trip if taken incidentally.[16] Within those waters for over half a century the average catch of giant sea bass by Mexican fishermen has been 55 tonnes (55,000 kg).[15]","title":"History and conservation"}] | [{"image_text":"Photo of a particularly large giant sea bass being displayed","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Giant_sea_bass.jpg/220px-Giant_sea_bass.jpg"},{"image_text":"Drawing, 1897","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/StereolepisGigasGreen.jpg/220px-StereolepisGigasGreen.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Cornish, A. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_influenza_diagnostic_test | Rapid influenza diagnostic test | ["1 Sample collection","2 See also","3 References","4 Further reading"] | A rapid influenza diagnostic test (RIDT) tells whether a person has a current influenza infection by detecting the influenza viral nucleoprotein antigen. Commercially available RIDTs can provide results within 30 minutes. These results can be observed by a color change or other visual signals. For clinicians, RIDTs serve as a first-line test that can be confirmed (especially if negative) by traditional diagnostic tests. RIDTs also allow clinicians to promptly start antiviral treatment in high-risk populations, to formulate effective infection control measures, and to make informed decisions regarding diagnostic investigations. RIDTs have been shown to reduce chest radiography and blood tests in ambulatory care settings, but not antibiotic prescribing, or time in the emergency department.
Accordung to a study, an H1N1 rapid test had a sensitivity of 66 %, corresponding to a false-negative probability of 34 % in detecting H1N1.
Sample collection
RIDT accuracy may be dependent on collection technique used to obtain the sample. Samples used for RIDT include respiratory specimens such as throat, nose, and nasopharyngeal secretions, as well as aspirate or washings collected from the trachea.
See also
Viral culture
References
^ Vemula SV, Zhao J, Liu J, Wang X, Biswas S, Hewlett I (April 2016). "Current Approaches for Diagnosis of Influenza Virus Infections in Humans". Viruses. 8 (4): 96. doi:10.3390/v8040096. PMC 4848591. PMID 27077877.
^ "Rapid Influenza Diagnostic Tests | Seasonal Influenza (Flu) | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 2017-04-07. Retrieved 2018-09-08.
^ "Accuracy of Rapid Influenza Diagnostic Tests: A Meta Analysis". www.annals.org. 2012-04-03. Retrieved 2018-11-01.
^ Chartrand C, Pai M (June 2012). "How accurate are rapid influenza diagnostic tests?". Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy. 10 (6): 615–7. doi:10.1586/eri.12.49. PMID 22734950.
^ Lee, Joseph J; Verbakel, Jan Y; Goyder, Clare R; Ananthakumar, Thanusha; Tan, Pui San; Turner, Phillip J; Hayward, Gail; Van den Bruel, Ann (4 October 2018). "The clinical utility of point-of-care tests for influenza in ambulatory care: A systematic review and meta-analysis". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 69 (1): 24–33. doi:10.1093/cid/ciy837. PMC 6579962. PMID 30285232.
^ Louie JK, Guevara H, Boston E, Dahlke M, Nevarez M, Kong T, Schechter R, Glaser CA, Schnurr DP (May 2010). "Rapid influenza antigen test for diagnosis of pandemic (H1N1) 2009". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 16 (5): 824–6. doi:10.3201/eid1605.091797. PMC 2954007. PMID 20409373.
^ "Use of Influenza Rapid Diagnostic Tests" (PDF). Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases. World Health Organization. 2010.
Further reading
"Interim Guidance for the Detection of Novel Influenza A Virus Using Rapid Influenza Diagnostic Tests". H1N1 Flu. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2009-08-10. Retrieved 2009-11-23.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palasport_di_San_Siro | Palasport di San Siro | ["1 References"] | You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Italian. (December 2023) Click for important translation instructions.
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Palasport di San SiroThe arena under construction in 1974LocationMilan, Lombardia, ItalyCoordinates45°28′45.05″N 9°7′7.69″E / 45.4791806°N 9.1188028°E / 45.4791806; 9.1188028Capacity18,000ConstructionOpened1976Demolished1985Tenants1978 European Athletics Indoor Championships 1982 European Athletics Indoor Championships Olimpia Milano (1976-1985)
Palasport di San Siro was an indoor arena in Milan, Italy. It was primarily used for basketball and volleyball until the PalaSharp opened in 1985. The arena held 18,000 spectators and opened on 31 January 1976. On 17 January 1985, a large snowfall collapsed the roof and the arena was closed.
On 14 and 15 September 1984, at Palasport di San Siro, British rock band Queen made their only own two concerts (besides the 1984 Sanremo Music Festival) in Italy with Freddie Mercury as frontman.
References
^ "INDAGINE SUL PALASPORT 'PERCHE' NON HA RETTO?' - la Repubblica.it".
^ "Gennaio 1985: a causa di una forte nevicata crolla il PALASPORT DI SAN SIRO". Milano Citta Stato (in Italian). 17 January 2017. Retrieved 8 January 2021.
Preceded byVelódromo de AnoetaSan Sebastián
European Indoor Championships in Athletics Venue 1978
Succeeded byBudapest SportcsarnokBudapest
Preceded byPalais des SportsGrenoble
European Indoor Championships in Athletics Venue 1982
Succeeded byFerry-Dusika-HallenstadionVienna
Authority control databases: Geographic
MusicBrainz place
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernatsch | Trollinger | ["1 History","2 Sub-varieties and crossings","3 Viticulture and confusion with other grapes","4 Wine regions","4.1 Germany","4.2 Italy","5 Wine styles","6 Synonyms","7 References"] | Variety of grape
"Plant de Paris" redirects here. For the French wine grape that shares this and other synonyms with Trollinger, see Peloursin.
"Hampton Court Vine" redirects here. For another wine grape that is also known as Hampton Court Vine, see Black Muscat.
TrollingerGrape (Vitis)SpeciesVitis viniferaAlso calledSchiavaOriginItaly?Notable regionsWürttemberg (Germany), Trentino, South Tyrol (Italy)VIVC number10823
Trollinger, Schiava, or Vernatsch, is a red German/Italian wine grape variety that was likely first originally cultivated in the wine regions of South Tyrol and Trentino, but today is almost exclusively cultivated on steep, sunny locations in the Württemberg wine region of Baden-Württemberg. It is primarily known under the synonyms Trollinger in Germany, Vernatsch in South Tyrol and Schiava in other Italian regions. As a table grape the variety is sometimes known as Black Hamburg, which is commonly confused with the similar synonym for Black Muscat—a variety that is actually a cross of Trollinger and Muscat of Alexandria.
According to wine expert Oz Clarke, Trollinger has moderate acidity and tends to produce light bodied wines with fruity strawberry and subtle smokey notes.
History
While the grape is likely northern Italian in origin, the synonym Schiava is closely related to the Italian word for "Slave" and may hint to the type of vine plant in Roman times (forced by pruning). Records show that the grape has been growing in the Trentino-Alto Adige region since at least the 13th century. The German synonym Trollinger appears to be a corruption of the word Tirolinger meaning "of Tyrol". The synonym Vernatsch appears to have a similar origins as Vernaccia in having the same root word as "vernacular" or "local". British Master of Wine Nicolas Belfrage has interpreted this association as further evidence that the grape likely originated in the South Tyrol/Alto Adige region.
At some point the grape migrated northwards to the southern regions of Germany though the exact date of its arrival is unknown. In Württemberg, viticulture has existed since at least the 8th century when monks from Burgundy established monasteries and vineyards in the region. In nearby Lauffen am Neckar, it was established even earlier during Roman times, but the earliest records for Trollinger growing in the Württemberg region can only be traced back to 14th century.
Sub-varieties and crossings
An Italian Vernatsch from South Tyrol.
In the Trentino-Alto Adige region, several sub-varieties or clones of Trollinger have been identified. These include the large berry Schiava Grossa (also known as Grossvernatsch and Schiava Grigia) which is probably the highest yielding clone, but tends to produce light bodied and neutral tasting wine, the smaller berry Schiava Gentile (also known as Kleinvernatsch), which tends to produce more aromatic wines and Tschaggle, which is the lowest yielding clone, but often produces the most critically acclaimed wines. Other known clones include Schiava Media and Schiava Piccola.
In Württemberg, Trollinger was crossed with the white grape Riesling to produce the cross Kerner in 1929 (received varietal protection and was released for general cultivation in 1969). The new crossing was named after the local poet and medical writer, Justinus Kerner. The variety was also crossed with Muscat of Alexandria to produce Black Muscat.
In 2010, DNA analysis suggested that the Emilia-Romagna wine grape Uva Tosca may be a natural crossing between Trollinger/Schiava Grossa and Crepallochi.
Viticulture and confusion with other grapes
Trollinger is a late ripening variety, often ripening and being harvested much later than Riesling.
In the Trento province, Trollinger is sometimes confused with the Italian/Slovenian wine grape Piccola nera.
Wine regions
Trollinger vineyard in the city center of Stuttgart
Germany
The vast majority of the nearly 2,300 hectares (5,700 acres) of Trollinger in Germany are grown in the Württemberg around the town of Stuttgart and throughout the Neckar valley. The region is the fifth largest in Germany with nearly a third of all plantings in Württemberg being Trollinger. While there are several clones of the variety in Italy, nearly all of the Trollinger found in Germany is the high yielding Schiava Grossa clone. Here the grape is often blended with Lemberger.
Italy
In Italy it is a permitted variety in several Denominazione di Origine Controllata (DOC)s including the Santa Maddalena DOC located east of the city of Bolzano in the South Tyrol/Alto Adige region. There the grape must make up a minimum of 90% of the blend with Lagrein and Pinot noir permitted to round out the remaining 10%. Grapes are limited to a yield of 12.5 tonnes/hectare with the finished wine needing to attain a minimum alcohol level of 11.5%. Some producers use the German name "Saint Magdalener" on the wine labels.
Vernatsch vineyard in the Trentino-South Tyrol region of Italy.
Other Italian DOCs where Trollinger/Schiava/Vernatsch is a permitted variety include:
Alto Adige DOC – Varietal label Schiava must have a minimum 95% of the variety from grapes harvested limited to 14 tonnes/ha with the finished wine having a minimum alcohol level of 10.5%.
Caldaro DOC – Also known as Kalterer See/Lago di Caldaro. Minimum 85% Schiava with Pinot noir and Lagrein permitted up to 15% from grapes harvested limited to 14 tonnes/ha with the finished wine having a minimum alcohol level of 10.5%. A classico bottling can be made from grapes grown around the communes of Caldaro, Appiano, Termeno, Cortaccia, Vadena, Egna, Montagna, Ora and Bronzolo. A superiore bottling (labeled as Scelto or Selezionato) can also be made from the classico area provided the finished wine has a minimum alcohol level of 11%.
Casteller DOC – A multi-grape blend from this DOC near the border of the province of Verona. Schiava must account for a minimum of 30% of the blend up to 40% Lambrusco, 30% Merlot and 10% other red grape varieties. Yields are limited to 13.5 tonnes/ha with the finished wine needing to attain a minimum alcohol level of 11%.
Colli di Bolzano DOC – Schiava must account for a minimum 90% of the blend with Lagrein and Pinot noir permitted to fill in the remaining 10%. Yields are limited to 13 tonnes/ha with the finished wine needing to attain a minimum alcohol level of 11%.
Meranese di Collina DOC – 100% Schiava but usually a field blend of several clones including Grossa, Gentile and Tschaggle. Yields are limited to 12.5 tonnes/ha with the finished wine needing to attain a minimum alcohol level of 10.5%. A special bottling known as Bulgraviato or Burggräfler can be produced from grapes grown around the Castello di Tirolo in the high altitude hills around the town of Merano.
Meraner Schickenburg DOC
Sorni DOC – Minimum 70% Schiava with Teroldego permitted to make up 20-30% of the blend with up to a maximum 10% Lagrein. Yields are limited to 14 tonnes/ha with the finished wine needing to attain a minimum alcohol level of 10.5%. A special "riserva" or scelto bottling can be made if the finished wine attains a minimum alcohol level of 11%.
Valdadige DOC – A multi-grape blend from a DOC that extends into the Veneto wine region and includes the provinces of Verona, Bolzano and Trento with most of the Schiava grown in Bolzano and Trento. The Rosso must contain at least 20% Schiava but not more than 30% with Lambrusco permitted up to fill the remaining 10%. The remaining 70–80% is composed of Negrara, Merlot, Pinot noir, Lagrein and Teroldego. A rosé can also be made using the same varieties and permitted percentages. A varietal Schiava can also be made with a minimum 85% of the grape with the other noted red grape varieties permitted to fill in the remainder of the wine. Yields are limited to 14 tonnes/ha with the finished red wine needing to attain a minimum alcohol level of 11% and finished rosé needing to attain 10.5%.
Wine styles
Schiava from an early 20th-century ampelography text.
The grapes in this painting have been identified as the Prince Albert variety or Trollinger. The Walters Art Museum.
The wine produced from the grape is mostly red, though some dark color rosé styles are also produced. In Württemberg, the wine is often slightly sweet with some residual sugar left over after fermentation is completed. Most wines produced from Trollinger are often consumed very young, usually within a year of the vintage date. Italian styles of Schiava tend to be similarly light but are more often dryer and more noticeably acidic.
Synonyms
In addition to Schiava and Vernatsch, Trollinger has several synonyms that the grape variety has been known under. These include: Admiral, Ägypter, Ägyptische, Ägyptischer, Aleksandriskii chernyi, Baccaria, Bacheracher, Bammerer, Barth der Alte, Bilsenroth, Black Gibraltar, Black Hambourg, Black Hamburg, Black Hamburgh, Black Prince, Black Tripoli, Blauer Trollinger, Blauwälsche, Bocksauge, Bocksaugen, Bocksbeutel, Bockshoden, Bockstraube, Braddick’s Seedling, Bruxelloise, Chasselas bleu de Windsor, Chasselas de Jérusalem, Chasselas de Windsor, Dachtraube, Dachtrauben, Dutch Hamburgh, Edel Vernatsch, Edelvernatsch, Fleischtraube, Frankentaler, Frankenthal, Frankenthal noir, Frankenthaler, Garston Black Hamburgh, Gelbholziger schwarzblauer Trollinger, Gelbholziger Trollinger, Gros bleu, Gros noir, Gros plant grand noir, Gross Italiener, Gross Vernatsch, Grosse race, Grosser Burgunder, Grossroth, Grossschwarzer, Grossvernatsch, Hammelshoden, Hammelsschelle, Hammelssohlen, Hampton Court Vine, Hudler, Huttler, Imperator, Khei-Khan, Knevet’s Black Hamburgh, Kölner Blau, Kreuzertraube, Lambert, Lamper, Languedoc, Lombard, Lugiana near, Maltheser Roth, Malvasier, Malvoisier, Maroquin d’Espagne, Meraner Kurtraube, Ministra, Modri Tirolan, Mohrendutte, Mohrentutte, Morrokin Barbaron, Nougaret grosse race, Pfundtraube, Plant de Paris, Pommerer, Pope Hamburgh, Prince Albert, Purple Hamburgh, Queen Victoria, Raisin bleu, Raisin bleu de Frankental, Raisin de Languedoc, Red Hamburgh, Rheinwein blau, Richmond Villa Hamburgh, Rothelbner, Salisbury violette, Schiavone, Schiavone di Merano nero, Schliege, Schwarzblauer, Schwarzblauer Trollinger, Schwarzer, Schwarzer Wälscher, Schwarzwälscher, Spanisch Blau, Straihntraube, Südtiroler Kurtrauben, Teplichnyi chernyi, Tirolan crni, Tirolinger, Trolinger, Troller, Trollinger blau, Trollinger gelbholzig, Trollinger weissholzig, Trollingi kék, Tschaggele, Uva Cenerente, Uva meranese, Uva near d’Amburgo, Valentines, Victoria, Victoria Hamburgh, Wälscher, Warner’s Hamburgh, Weissholziger Trollinger, Welke Burgundske, Welko modre, Zottelwälscher and Zottler.
References
^ a b c d e f g J. Robinson, Jancis Robinson's Guide to Wine Grapes, pp. 171 and 191-192, Oxford University Press 1996 ISBN 0198600984.
^ a b Appellation America Black Muscat Grape details.
^ a b c d e f Oz Clarke: Encyclopedia of Grapes, pp. 229, 270 and 273 Harcourt Books 2001 ISBN 0-15-100714-4.
^ a b c d K. B. Stewart: A Traveller's Wine Guide to Germany, pp. 106-114. Aurum Press, London (1998) ISBN 1854105140.
^ a b c P. Saunders: Wine Label Language, pp. 120–210. Firefly Books 2004 ISBN 1-55297-720-X.
^ Stuart Walton, Understanding, Choosing and Enjoying Wine Hermes House 2006, p. 181 ISBN 0754800245.
^ a b J. Robinson, J. Harding and J. Vouillamoz: Wine Grapes - A complete guide to 1,368 vine varieties, including their origins and flavours, pp. 797, 1106. Allen Lane 2012 ISBN 978-1-846-14446-2.
^ "Bunch of Grapes". The Walters Art Museum.
^ Vitis International Variety Catalogue (VIVC) Schiava Grossa Accessed on 14 August 2020.
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For the French wine grape that shares this and other synonyms with Trollinger, see Peloursin.\"Hampton Court Vine\" redirects here. For another wine grape that is also known as Hampton Court Vine, see Black Muscat.Trollinger, Schiava, or Vernatsch, is a red German/Italian wine grape variety that was likely first originally cultivated in the wine regions of South Tyrol and Trentino, but today is almost exclusively cultivated on steep, sunny locations in the Württemberg wine region of Baden-Württemberg. It is primarily known under the synonyms Trollinger in Germany, Vernatsch in South Tyrol and Schiava in other Italian regions. 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In nearby Lauffen am Neckar, it was established even earlier during Roman times,[4] but the earliest records for Trollinger growing in the Württemberg region can only be traced back to 14th century.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vernatsch_THWZ_edit.jpg"},{"link_name":"clones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clones_(vine)"},{"link_name":"yielding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yield_(wine)"},{"link_name":"light bodied","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_(wine)"},{"link_name":"aromatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatic_(wine)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Robinson-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Saunders-5"},{"link_name":"crossed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossed_(wine)"},{"link_name":"Riesling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riesling"},{"link_name":"Kerner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerner_(grape)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Walton-6"},{"link_name":"Justinus Kerner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justinus_Kerner"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-German-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Appellation-2"},{"link_name":"DNA analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_analysis"},{"link_name":"Emilia-Romagna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilia-Romagna"},{"link_name":"Uva Tosca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uva_Tosca"},{"link_name":"Crepallochi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crepallochi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wine_Grapes-7"}],"text":"An Italian Vernatsch from South Tyrol.In the Trentino-Alto Adige region, several sub-varieties or clones of Trollinger have been identified. These include the large berry Schiava Grossa (also known as Grossvernatsch and Schiava Grigia) which is probably the highest yielding clone, but tends to produce light bodied and neutral tasting wine, the smaller berry Schiava Gentile (also known as Kleinvernatsch), which tends to produce more aromatic wines and Tschaggle, which is the lowest yielding clone, but often produces the most critically acclaimed wines.[1] Other known clones include Schiava Media and Schiava Piccola.[5]In Württemberg, Trollinger was crossed with the white grape Riesling to produce the cross Kerner in 1929 (received varietal protection and was released for general cultivation in 1969).[6] The new crossing was named after the local poet and medical writer, Justinus Kerner.[4] The variety was also crossed with Muscat of Alexandria to produce Black Muscat.[2]In 2010, DNA analysis suggested that the Emilia-Romagna wine grape Uva Tosca may be a natural crossing between Trollinger/Schiava Grossa and Crepallochi.[7]","title":"Sub-varieties and crossings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"late ripening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripeness_(wine)"},{"link_name":"harvested","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvested_(wine)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Robinson-1"},{"link_name":"Slovenian wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenian_wine"},{"link_name":"Piccola nera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piccola_nera"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wine_Grapes-7"}],"text":"Trollinger is a late ripening variety, often ripening and being harvested much later than Riesling.[1]In the Trento province, Trollinger is sometimes confused with the Italian/Slovenian wine grape Piccola nera.[7]","title":"Viticulture and confusion with other grapes"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kriegsberg.jpg"},{"link_name":"Stuttgart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuttgart"}],"text":"Trollinger vineyard in the city center of Stuttgart","title":"Wine regions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stuttgart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuttgart"},{"link_name":"Neckar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neckar"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Robinson-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-German-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clarke-3"},{"link_name":"Lemberger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemberger_(grape)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-German-4"}],"sub_title":"Germany","text":"The vast majority of the nearly 2,300 hectares (5,700 acres) of Trollinger in Germany are grown in the Württemberg around the town of Stuttgart and throughout the Neckar valley. The region is the fifth largest in Germany with nearly a third of all plantings in Württemberg being Trollinger.[1][4] While there are several clones of the variety in Italy, nearly all of the Trollinger found in Germany is the high yielding Schiava Grossa clone.[3] Here the grape is often blended with Lemberger.[4]","title":"Wine regions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Denominazione di Origine Controllata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denominazione_di_Origine_Controllata"},{"link_name":"Santa Maddalena DOC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Santa_Maddalena_DOC&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bolzano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolzano"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clarke-3"},{"link_name":"Lagrein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagrein"},{"link_name":"Pinot noir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinot_noir"},{"link_name":"tonnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonnes"},{"link_name":"hectare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hectare"},{"link_name":"alcohol level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_level"},{"link_name":"wine labels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine_labels"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Saunders-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vernatsch_tirol_-_widumraut.jpg"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Saunders-5"},{"link_name":"Alto Adige DOC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alto_Adige_DOC&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Varietal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varietal"},{"link_name":"Caldaro DOC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caldaro_DOC&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caldaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caldaro"},{"link_name":"Appiano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eppan_an_der_Weinstra%C3%9Fe"},{"link_name":"Termeno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termeno"},{"link_name":"Cortaccia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortaccia"},{"link_name":"Vadena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vadena"},{"link_name":"Egna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egna"},{"link_name":"Montagna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montan"},{"link_name":"Ora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auer,_South_Tyrol"},{"link_name":"Bronzolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronzolo"},{"link_name":"Casteller DOC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Casteller_DOC&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"province of Verona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Verona"},{"link_name":"Lambrusco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambrusco"},{"link_name":"Merlot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merlot"},{"link_name":"Colli di Bolzano DOC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colli_di_Bolzano_DOC&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Meranese di Collina DOC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meranese_di_Collina_DOC&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"field blend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_blend"},{"link_name":"Castello di Tirolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Castello_di_Tirolo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Merano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merano"},{"link_name":"Sorni DOC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sorni_DOC&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Teroldego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teroldego"},{"link_name":"riserva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riserva"},{"link_name":"Valdadige DOC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valdadige_DOC&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Veneto wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veneto_wine"},{"link_name":"Bolzano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Tyrol"},{"link_name":"Trento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trentino"},{"link_name":"Negrara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negrara"},{"link_name":"rosé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ros%C3%A9"}],"sub_title":"Italy","text":"In Italy it is a permitted variety in several Denominazione di Origine Controllata (DOC)s including the Santa Maddalena DOC located east of the city of Bolzano in the South Tyrol/Alto Adige region.[3] There the grape must make up a minimum of 90% of the blend with Lagrein and Pinot noir permitted to round out the remaining 10%. Grapes are limited to a yield of 12.5 tonnes/hectare with the finished wine needing to attain a minimum alcohol level of 11.5%. Some producers use the German name \"Saint Magdalener\" on the wine labels.[5]Vernatsch vineyard in the Trentino-South Tyrol region of Italy.Other Italian DOCs where Trollinger/Schiava/Vernatsch is a permitted variety include:[5]Alto Adige DOC – Varietal label Schiava must have a minimum 95% of the variety from grapes harvested limited to 14 tonnes/ha with the finished wine having a minimum alcohol level of 10.5%.\nCaldaro DOC – Also known as Kalterer See/Lago di Caldaro. Minimum 85% Schiava with Pinot noir and Lagrein permitted up to 15% from grapes harvested limited to 14 tonnes/ha with the finished wine having a minimum alcohol level of 10.5%. A classico bottling can be made from grapes grown around the communes of Caldaro, Appiano, Termeno, Cortaccia, Vadena, Egna, Montagna, Ora and Bronzolo. A superiore bottling (labeled as Scelto or Selezionato) can also be made from the classico area provided the finished wine has a minimum alcohol level of 11%.\nCasteller DOC – A multi-grape blend from this DOC near the border of the province of Verona. Schiava must account for a minimum of 30% of the blend up to 40% Lambrusco, 30% Merlot and 10% other red grape varieties. Yields are limited to 13.5 tonnes/ha with the finished wine needing to attain a minimum alcohol level of 11%.\nColli di Bolzano DOC – Schiava must account for a minimum 90% of the blend with Lagrein and Pinot noir permitted to fill in the remaining 10%. Yields are limited to 13 tonnes/ha with the finished wine needing to attain a minimum alcohol level of 11%.\nMeranese di Collina DOC – 100% Schiava but usually a field blend of several clones including Grossa, Gentile and Tschaggle. Yields are limited to 12.5 tonnes/ha with the finished wine needing to attain a minimum alcohol level of 10.5%. A special bottling known as Bulgraviato or Burggräfler can be produced from grapes grown around the Castello di Tirolo in the high altitude hills around the town of Merano.\nMeraner Schickenburg DOC\nSorni DOC – Minimum 70% Schiava with Teroldego permitted to make up 20-30% of the blend with up to a maximum 10% Lagrein. Yields are limited to 14 tonnes/ha with the finished wine needing to attain a minimum alcohol level of 10.5%. A special \"riserva\" or scelto bottling can be made if the finished wine attains a minimum alcohol level of 11%.\nValdadige DOC – A multi-grape blend from a DOC that extends into the Veneto wine region and includes the provinces of Verona, Bolzano and Trento with most of the Schiava grown in Bolzano and Trento. The Rosso must contain at least 20% Schiava but not more than 30% with Lambrusco permitted up to fill the remaining 10%. The remaining 70–80% is composed of Negrara, Merlot, Pinot noir, Lagrein and Teroldego. A rosé can also be made using the same varieties and permitted percentages. A varietal Schiava can also be made with a minimum 85% of the grape with the other noted red grape varieties permitted to fill in the remainder of the wine. Yields are limited to 14 tonnes/ha with the finished red wine needing to attain a minimum alcohol level of 11% and finished rosé needing to attain 10.5%.","title":"Wine regions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Schiava.JPG"},{"link_name":"ampelography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampelography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Andrew_John_Henry_Way_-_Bunch_of_Grapes_-_Walters_371887.jpg"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"rosé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ros%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"sweet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_(wine)"},{"link_name":"residual sugar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Residual_sugar"},{"link_name":"fermentation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermentation_(wine)"},{"link_name":"vintage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vintage"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Robinson-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clarke-3"}],"text":"Schiava from an early 20th-century ampelography text.The grapes in this painting have been identified as the Prince Albert variety or Trollinger.[8] The Walters Art Museum.The wine produced from the grape is mostly red, though some dark color rosé styles are also produced. In Württemberg, the wine is often slightly sweet with some residual sugar left over after fermentation is completed. Most wines produced from Trollinger are often consumed very young, usually within a year of the vintage date.[1] Italian styles of Schiava tend to be similarly light but are more often dryer and more noticeably acidic.[3]","title":"Wine styles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"In addition to Schiava and Vernatsch, Trollinger has several synonyms that the grape variety has been known under. These include: Admiral, Ägypter, Ägyptische, Ägyptischer, Aleksandriskii chernyi, Baccaria, Bacheracher, Bammerer, Barth der Alte, Bilsenroth, Black Gibraltar, Black Hambourg, Black Hamburg, Black Hamburgh, Black Prince, Black Tripoli, Blauer Trollinger, Blauwälsche, Bocksauge, Bocksaugen, Bocksbeutel, Bockshoden, Bockstraube, Braddick’s Seedling, Bruxelloise, Chasselas bleu de Windsor, Chasselas de Jérusalem, Chasselas de Windsor, Dachtraube, Dachtrauben, Dutch Hamburgh, Edel Vernatsch, Edelvernatsch, Fleischtraube, Frankentaler, Frankenthal, Frankenthal noir, Frankenthaler, Garston Black Hamburgh, Gelbholziger schwarzblauer Trollinger, Gelbholziger Trollinger, Gros bleu, Gros noir, Gros plant grand noir, Gross Italiener, Gross Vernatsch, Grosse race, Grosser Burgunder, Grossroth, Grossschwarzer, Grossvernatsch, Hammelshoden, Hammelsschelle, Hammelssohlen, Hampton Court Vine, Hudler, Huttler, Imperator, Khei-Khan, Knevet’s Black Hamburgh, Kölner Blau, Kreuzertraube, Lambert, Lamper, Languedoc, Lombard, Lugiana near, Maltheser Roth, Malvasier, Malvoisier, Maroquin d’Espagne, Meraner Kurtraube, Ministra, Modri Tirolan, Mohrendutte, Mohrentutte, Morrokin Barbaron, Nougaret grosse race, Pfundtraube, Plant de Paris, Pommerer, Pope Hamburgh, Prince Albert, Purple Hamburgh, Queen Victoria, Raisin bleu, Raisin bleu de Frankental, Raisin de Languedoc, Red Hamburgh, Rheinwein blau, Richmond Villa Hamburgh, Rothelbner, Salisbury violette, Schiavone, Schiavone di Merano nero, Schliege, Schwarzblauer, Schwarzblauer Trollinger, Schwarzer, Schwarzer Wälscher, Schwarzwälscher, Spanisch Blau, Straihntraube, Südtiroler Kurtrauben, Teplichnyi chernyi, Tirolan crni, Tirolinger, Trolinger, Troller, Trollinger blau, Trollinger gelbholzig, Trollinger weissholzig, Trollingi kék, Tschaggele, Uva Cenerente, Uva meranese, Uva near d’Amburgo, Valentines, Victoria, Victoria Hamburgh, Wälscher, Warner’s Hamburgh, Weissholziger Trollinger, Welke Burgundske, Welko modre, Zottelwälscher and Zottler.[9]","title":"Synonyms"}] | [{"image_text":"An Italian Vernatsch from South Tyrol.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Vernatsch_THWZ_edit.jpg/220px-Vernatsch_THWZ_edit.jpg"},{"image_text":"Trollinger vineyard in the city center of Stuttgart","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Kriegsberg.jpg/220px-Kriegsberg.jpg"},{"image_text":"Vernatsch vineyard in the Trentino-South Tyrol region of Italy.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Vernatsch_tirol_-_widumraut.jpg/220px-Vernatsch_tirol_-_widumraut.jpg"},{"image_text":"Schiava from an early 20th-century ampelography text.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Schiava.JPG/220px-Schiava.JPG"},{"image_text":"The grapes in this painting have been identified as the Prince Albert variety or Trollinger.[8] The Walters Art Museum.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Andrew_John_Henry_Way_-_Bunch_of_Grapes_-_Walters_371887.jpg/220px-Andrew_John_Henry_Way_-_Bunch_of_Grapes_-_Walters_371887.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Bunch of Grapes\". The Walters Art Museum.","urls":[{"url":"https://art.thewalters.org/detail/20220/bunch-of-grapes","url_text":"\"Bunch of Grapes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Walters_Art_Museum","url_text":"The Walters Art Museum"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.vivc.de/?r=passport%2Fview&id=10823","external_links_name":"10823"},{"Link":"http://wine.appellationamerica.com/grape-varietal/Black-Muscat.html","external_links_name":"Black Muscat"},{"Link":"https://art.thewalters.org/detail/20220/bunch-of-grapes","external_links_name":"\"Bunch of Grapes\""},{"Link":"https://www.vivc.de/?r=passport%2Fview&id=10823","external_links_name":"Schiava Grossa"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider-Man:_Kizuna | Saikyō Jump | ["1 Circulation","2 Features","2.1 Current series","2.2 YouTube series","2.3 Former series","3 References","4 External links"] | Japanese bimonthly manga magazine by Shueisha
Saikyō JumpCover of the first issue of Saikyō JumpEditor-in-ChiefNaoki KawashimaCategoriesShōnen mangaFrequencyQuarterly (2010–2011)Monthly (2011–2014; 2021–present)Bimonthly (2014–2021)Circulation148,000(January–December 2021)First issueDecember 3, 2010CompanyShueishaCountryJapanLanguageJapaneseWebsitewww.shonenjump.com/j/saikyo/Saikyō Jump (Japanese: 最強ジャンプ, Hepburn: Saikyō Janpu) is a Japanese monthly shōnen manga magazine published by Shueisha. The magazine was started on December 3, 2010 with three completely original titles and seven spin-off manga from series in Weekly Shōnen Jump and V Jump. Originally a quarterly magazine, Saikyō Jump became a monthly publication in December 2011, before switching to publishing once every 2 months with the November 2014 issue. It switched back to a monthly schedule with the September 2021 issue.
Circulation
The magazine's mascot was created by Eiichiro Oda. Shueisha estimated that the vast majority of Saikyō Jump readers are elementary school aged children; 58.5% being upper elementary school aged, and 28% being lower elementary school aged.
Features
Current series
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Daimonji to Mondaiji (大門寺と問題児)
Tarou Sasebo
August 2022
Fire Emblem Engage (ファイアーエムブレム エンゲージ)
Kazuro Kyou
February 2023
Kabushiki Gaisha 5-nen 1-kumi (株式会社5年1組)
Hideo Shinkai
April 2024
Kaiju No. 8: Relax (怪獣8号 RELAX)
Kizuku Watanabe
June 2024
Kaiki Kuukan Zozozo Zone (怪奇空間ゾゾゾゾーン)
Setta Kobayashi, Ayumi Nakashima
September 2022
Ki ni naru ano ko wa kaeru suki (気になるあの子はカエル好き)
Yuusuke Matsumoto
September 2023
Mitsuru Quest (ミツルクエスト)
Shinichirou Ooe
July 2023
My Hero Academia: Team-Up Missions (僕のヒーローアカデミア チームアップミッション)
Yōkō Akiyama
August 2019
One Piece Gakuen (ワンピース学園, Wan Pīsu Gakuen)
Souhei Kouji
August 2019
Oshiri Dandy: The Young (おしりダンディ ザ・ヤング)
Robinson Haruhara, Akihiro Kikuchi
May 2020
Sakamoto Holidays (SAKAMOTO HOLIDAYS)
Tetsu Ookawa
July 2024
Sand Land Full Color
Akira Toriyama
September 2023
Shinkalion Dive the World (シンカリオン ダイブ ザ ワールド)
Mashino Sawazaki, Kou Furuya
April 2024
Spider-Man: Kizuna (スパイダーマン：絆)
Setta Kobayashi, Hachi Mizuno
October 2023
Super Dragon Ball Heroes: Avatars!! (SDBHアバターズ!!)
Yuuji Kasai
August 2021
Super Dragon Ball Heroes: Meteor Mission! (スーパードラゴンボールヒーローズ メテオミッション!)
Yoshitaka Nagayama
November 2023
Unlucky Fukouda-sensei (アンラッキー不幸田先生)
Kazumata Oguri
May 2022
YouTube series
Series title
Author(s)
Premiere issue
Captain Tsubasa: Kids Dream (キャプテン翼KIDS DREAM)
Kunikazu Toda
May 2018
Dragon Ball SD (ドラゴンボールSD)
Naho Ōishi
January 2012
Fischer's x One Piece: 7-tsunagi no Daihihou (Fischer's×ONE PIECE 7つなぎの大秘宝)
Semimaro Aburakouji
September 2018
Jigoku Sensei Nube S (地獄先生ぬ～べ～S)
Shō Makura, Takeshi Okano
August 2018
Former series
Series title
Author(s)
Premiere issue
Final issue
Black Clover SD Asta-kun's Road to Magic Emperor (ブラッククローバーSD アスタくん魔法帝への道)
Setta Kobayashi
February 2018
April 2021
Boruto: Saikyo Dash Generations (BORUTO-ボルト- SAIKYO DASH GENERATIONS)
Kenji Taira
May 2017
April 2021
Dragon Ball Discross Jinryoku God Max!! (ドラゴンボールディスクロス神力ゴッドMAX!!)
Katsuki Hirose
May 2015
November 2016
Dragon Ball Fusions the Manga!! (ドラゴンボールフュージョンズ the MANGA!!)
Hiroshi Otoki
May 2016
May 2018
Dragon Ball GT Anime Comic (ドラゴンボールGT アニメコミック)
Toei Animation, Akira Toriyama, Bird Studio, Shueisha
December 2013
July 2023
Dragon Ball Heroes: Super Charisma Mission! (ドラゴンボールヒーローズ 超（スーパー）カリスマミッション!)
Yoshitaka Nagayama
April 2014
July 2016
Dragon Quest: Dai no Daibouken - Xross Blade (ドラゴンクエストダイの大冒険 クロスブレイド)
Yoshikazu Amami
November 2020
January 2024
Gourmet Academy Toriko (グルメ学園トリコ)
Toshinori Takayama, Akitsugu Mizumoto
January 2012
January 2017
I'm From Japan (ジモトがジャパン)
Seiji Hayashi
September 2018
April 2020
Kimetsu Gakuen! (キメツ学園!)
Natsuki Hokami
August 2021
March 2024
Koro-sensei Q! (殺せんせーQ!)
Kizuku Watanabe, Jou Aoto
November 2015
November 2019
Monster Strike: Burst Fantasista (モンスターストライク バーストファンタジスタ)
Ryou Yamori
May 2023
April 2024
Ojarumaru (おじゃる丸)
Tatsuma Ejiri (story and art), Rin Inumaru (original creator)
January 2012
September 2014
One Piece Party (ワンピースパーティー, Wan Pīsu Pātī)
Ei Andō
January 2015
February 2021
Rock Lee no Seishun Full-Power Ninden (ロック・リーの青春フルパワー忍伝)
Kenji Taira
January 2012
September 2014
Sōsei no Onmyōji: SD Nyoritsuryō!! (双星の陰陽師 SD如律令!!)
koppy, Yoshiaki Sukeno
May 2016
March 2017
Super Dragon Ball Heroes: Dark Demon Realm Mission!! (スーパードラゴンボールヒーローズ 暗黒魔界ミッション！！)
Yoshitaka Nagayama
September 2016
March 2018
Super Dragon Ball Heroes: Ultimate Charisma Mission!! (スーパードラゴンボールヒーローズ 極（アルティメット）カリスマミッション!!)
Yoshitaka Nagayama
March 2017
February 2020
Super Dragon Ball Heroes: Universe Mission!! (スーパードラゴンボールヒーローズ ユニバースミッション!!)
Yoshitaka Nagayama
April 2018
February 2020
Uchiha Sasuke no Sharingan Den (うちはサスケの写輪眼伝)
Kenji Taira
November 2014
May 2017
Yu-Gi-Oh! Arc-V The Strongest Duelist Yuya!! (遊☆戯☆王 ARC-V 最強デュエリスト遊矢！！)
Akihiro Tomonaga
May 2015
September 2017
Yu-Gi-Oh! D Team ZEXAL (遊☆戯☆王 Dチーム ゼアル)
Akihiro Tomonaga
May 2012
May 2014
Yu-Gi-Oh! Go Rush!! (遊戯王ゴーラッシュ!!)
Naoya Sugita, Masahiro Hikokubo
April 2022
March 2024
Yu-Gi-Oh! Rush Duel LP (遊☆戯☆王 ラッシュデュエル LP)
Akihiro Tomonaga
September 2021
September 2022
References
^ a b c "Shueisha Media Guide 2021" (PDF). May 7, 2022. Retrieved May 7, 2022.
^ "Shueisha to Launch Super Strong Jump Mag for Kids". Anime News Network. November 9, 2010. Retrieved January 13, 2015.
^ "Square Enix's New Robot Game Gets Saikyō Jump Mag Manga". Anime News Network. October 8, 2011. Retrieved January 13, 2015.
^ "Saikyō Jump Magazine to Ship Every Other Month". Anime News Network. July 8, 2010. Retrieved January 13, 2015.
^ 鳥嶋和彦がマンガ家志望者に“漫画術”を指南する「Dr.マシリトの最強漫画術」 (in Japanese). Natalie. August 4, 2021. Retrieved August 12, 2021.
^ 最強ジャンプ創刊！「ボーボボ」首領パッチ主役の新連載も (in Japanese). Natalie. December 3, 2011. Retrieved January 13, 2015.
External links
Official website (in Japanese)
vteShueisha manga magazinesShōjo
Bessatsu Margaret
Cobalt (light novels)
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Ribon
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Super Jump | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language"},{"link_name":"Hepburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepburn_romanization"},{"link_name":"shōnen manga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dnen_manga"},{"link_name":"Shueisha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shueisha"},{"link_name":"spin-off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin-off_(media)"},{"link_name":"Weekly Shōnen Jump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weekly_Sh%C5%8Dnen_Jump"},{"link_name":"V Jump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V_Jump"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Saikyō Jump (Japanese: 最強ジャンプ, Hepburn: Saikyō Janpu) is a Japanese monthly shōnen manga magazine published by Shueisha. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Strahan | Andrew Strahan | ["1 Biography","2 References","3 Sources","4 External links"] | British politician and printer
Andrew Strahan (1749–1831) was an MP and printer who served as the King's Printer.
Biography
Andrew Strahan was the youngest son of William Strahan (1715–1785), and carried on his father's business with success, becoming one of the joint patentees, with John Reeves and George Eyre as the King's Printer. He retired in 1819. Between 1796 and 1820 he sat in Parliament successively for Newport, Wareham, Carlow, Aldeburgh, and New Romney.
Strahan was a close friend of the inventor John Dickinson (1782–1869) and his family. He recommended the young John Dickinson as an apprentice to the stationer Thomas Harrison in London and supported him financially on several occasions, amongst others to establish himself as a paper trader in 1805 and to set up a paper producing company in 1809, which later evolved into the leading paper and stationery company John Dickinson & Co. Ltd.
Strahan died on 25 August 1831 leaving an enormous fortune. In his will he bequeathed £1,000 to the Royal Literary Fund, and £1,225 to the Stationers' Company but Strahan also remembered all the Dickinson family, among them John Dickinson, who received £4,000.
References
^ Joan Evans (great niece of John Dickinson): „The Endless Web - John Dickinson & Co. Ltd 1804-1954“, pp. 2-4 and 13, Jonathan Cape, London 1955
^ Joan Evans (great niece of John Dickinson): „The Endless Web - John Dickinson & Co. Ltd 1804-1954“, p. 54, Jonathan Cape, London 1955
Sources
Cochrane, J. A., Dr Johnson's Printer : The Life of William Strahan, 1964
Attribution
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: "Strahan, William". Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
External links
Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by Andrew Strahan
Parliament of Great Britain
Preceded byJervoise Clarke JervoiseEdward Rushworth
Member of Parliament for Newport (Isle of Wight) 1796–1800 With: William Hamilton Nisbet 1796–1800Sir George Dallas 1800
Succeeded byParliament of the United Kingdom
Parliament of the United Kingdom
Preceded byParliament of Great Britain
Member of Parliament for Newport (Isle of Wight) 1801–1802 With: Sir George Dallas
Succeeded byJohn BlackburnRichard Gervas Ker
Preceded byJoseph Chaplin HankeyJohn Calcraft
Member of Parliament for Wareham 1802–1807 With: John Calcraft 1802–1806Jonathan Raine 1806–1807
Succeeded bySir Granby CalcraftHon. John Ward
Preceded byHon. F. J. Robinson
Member of Parliament for Carlow 1807–1812
Succeeded byFrederick Falkiner
Preceded bySir John AubreySandford Graham
Member of Parliament for Aldeburgh 1812–1818 With: The Lord Dufferin and Claneboye
Succeeded bySamuel WalkerJoshua Walker
Preceded byWilliam MitfordCholmeley Dering
Member of Parliament for New Romney 1818–1820 With: Richard Erle-Drax-Grosvenor 1818–1819Richard Erle-Drax-Grosvenor 1819–1820
Succeeded byRichard Erle-Drax-GrosvenorGeorge Hay Dawkins-Pennant
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Spain
France
BnF data
Catalonia
Germany
Israel
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Portugal
People
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RISM
SNAC
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"King's Printer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Printer"}],"text":"Andrew Strahan (1749–1831) was an MP and printer who served as the King's Printer.","title":"Andrew Strahan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Strahan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Strahan_(publisher)"},{"link_name":"John Reeves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Reeves_(activist)"},{"link_name":"Newport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport_(Isle_of_Wight)_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Wareham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wareham_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Carlow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlow_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Aldeburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldeburgh_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"New Romney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Romney_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"John Dickinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dickinson_(inventor)"},{"link_name":"stationery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stationery"},{"link_name":"John Dickinson & Co. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America%27s_Dumbest_Criminals | America's Dumbest Criminals | ["1 Overview","2 Production notes","3 See also","4 Further reading","5 References","6 External links"] | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "America's Dumbest Criminals" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
American TV series or program
America's Dumbest CriminalsGenreNews magazineCreated byDaniel ButlerPresented by
Daniel Butler (1996–2000)
Beaumont Bacon (1997–98)
Debbie Alan (1998–2000)
ComposerAlan RayCountry of originUnited StatesOriginal languageEnglishNo. of seasons4No. of episodes104ProductionRunning time30 minutesProduction companiesEntheos Group(1996-1997)(Season 1)
Scene Three(1996-1997)(Season 1)Electric Entertainment(1997)(Season 2)Dumb Inc.(1997-1998)(Season 2)PVS/Speer International(1998-1999)(Season 3)Slingshot Networks(1999-2000)(Season 4)Original releaseNetworkSyndicationReleaseSeptember 21, 1996 (1996-09-21) –May 27, 2000 (2000-05-27)
America's Dumbest Criminals is an American comedic news magazine that aired in syndication from September 21, 1996, to May 27, 2000, for a total of 104 episodes. For international syndication the show was titled Everyone's Dumbest Criminals. The show ultimately aired in 30 countries. The show was created and hosted by Daniel Butler during all four seasons. Butler was a co-author of the book America's Dumbest Criminals, which spent four months on The New York Times bestseller list. Beaumont Bacon co-hosted during season 2, and Debbie Alan joined for seasons 3 and 4. The series features surveillance footage, news reports and dramatic reenactments of particularly foolish criminal behavior. Also highlighted are "dumb laws", featuring various trivialities passed into law. Francopolitan Mercury Anastassacos was voted the "World's Dumbest Criminal" for the world tour phase.
The show's disclaimer partially parodies the radio and TV series Dragnet by stating that each segment was a real-life occurrence, but that "only the names have been changed...to protect the ignorant".
Overview
While some captures featured in the show were easy and straightforward due to obvious oversights or mistakes by the offenders, many others were much tougher and sometimes required greater resources. Many criminals put together their game plan beautifully but were tripped up by a simple oversight (such as forgetting to fill the tank of the getaway car). Others actually got away clean, but without the goods, while others were captured because the arresting officers were not fooled by them.
Production notes
The show was directed by Steve Angus. The executive producer was Florida businessman John Palumbo. Allison Nathe was a showrunner and writer on Seasons 2 and 3. Season 3 was shot in Los Angeles, California and was directed by Andrew Maisner. A short-lived Australian version of the show called World's Dumbest Criminals, hosted by Gordon Elliott, aired in 1997.
See also
The Smoking Gun Presents: World's Dumbest Criminals
Further reading
America's Dumbest Criminals by Daniel Butler, Leland Gregory, and Alan Ray (Rutledge Hill Press, 1995). ISBN 1-55853-372-9
References
^ "null - YouTube". www.youtube.com.
^ Stanley, T. L. (March 25, 1996). ""Criminals" abroad". Mediaweek. Vol. 6, no. 13. p. 30.
^ Devan, Stuart (November 10, 2003). "'Dumbest' investment a smart move". Jacksonville Business Journal. Vol. 20, no. 5. p. 10.
^ Bark, Ed (August 26, 1997). "Criminals with doofus operandi". Dallas Morning News. p. 1C.
^ Carman, John (November 6, 1995). "New Program Focuses on Dumb Crimes". San Francisco Chronicle. p. B1.
^ "John Palumbo Presents: America's Dumbest Criminals". Archived from the original on March 28, 2008.
External links
Official website
America's Dumbest Criminals at IMDb
This article relating to reality television in the United States is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"news magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_magazine"},{"link_name":"syndication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast_syndication"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"criminal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"dumb laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumb_laws"},{"link_name":"law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law"},{"link_name":"Dragnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragnet_(series)"}],"text":"American TV series or programAmerica's Dumbest Criminals is an American comedic news magazine that aired in syndication from September 21, 1996, to May 27, 2000, for a total of 104 episodes. 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Francopolitan Mercury Anastassacos was voted the \"World's Dumbest Criminal\" for the world tour phase.The show's disclaimer partially parodies the radio and TV series Dragnet by stating that each segment was a real-life occurrence, but that \"only the names have been changed...to protect the ignorant\".","title":"America's Dumbest Criminals"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"While some captures featured in the show were easy and straightforward due to obvious oversights or mistakes by the offenders, many others were much tougher and sometimes required greater resources. Many criminals put together their game plan beautifully but were tripped up by a simple oversight (such as forgetting to fill the tank of the getaway car). Others actually got away clean, but without the goods, while others were captured because the arresting officers were not fooled by them.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Palumbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Palumbo"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California"},{"link_name":"Gordon Elliott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Elliott_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The show was directed by Steve Angus. The executive producer was Florida businessman John Palumbo.[6] Allison Nathe was a showrunner and writer on Seasons 2 and 3.[citation needed] Season 3 was shot in Los Angeles, California and was directed by Andrew Maisner. A short-lived Australian version of the show called World's Dumbest Criminals, hosted by Gordon Elliott, aired in 1997.[citation needed]","title":"Production notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leland Gregory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leland_Gregory&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-55853-372-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55853-372-9"}],"text":"America's Dumbest Criminals by Daniel Butler, Leland Gregory, and Alan Ray (Rutledge Hill Press, 1995). ISBN 1-55853-372-9","title":"Further reading"}] | [] | [{"title":"The Smoking Gun Presents: World's Dumbest Criminals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Smoking_Gun_Presents:_World%27s_Dumbest..."}] | [{"reference":"\"null - YouTube\". www.youtube.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLFtpZ659RpvHJpxUhfHW-cUz1uF2_iwQr","url_text":"\"null - YouTube\""}]},{"reference":"Stanley, T. L. (March 25, 1996). \"\"Criminals\" abroad\". Mediaweek. Vol. 6, no. 13. p. 30.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediaweek_(American_magazine)","url_text":"Mediaweek"}]},{"reference":"Devan, Stuart (November 10, 2003). \"'Dumbest' investment a smart move\". Jacksonville Business Journal. Vol. 20, no. 5. p. 10.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacksonville_Business_Journal","url_text":"Jacksonville Business Journal"}]},{"reference":"Bark, Ed (August 26, 1997). \"Criminals with doofus operandi\". Dallas Morning News. p. 1C.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_Morning_News","url_text":"Dallas Morning News"}]},{"reference":"Carman, John (November 6, 1995). \"New Program Focuses on Dumb Crimes\". San Francisco Chronicle. p. B1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Chronicle","url_text":"San Francisco Chronicle"}]},{"reference":"\"John Palumbo Presents: America's Dumbest Criminals\". Archived from the original on March 28, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080328054209/http://www.americasdumbestcriminals.com/about.html","url_text":"\"John Palumbo Presents: America's Dumbest Criminals\""},{"url":"http://www.americasdumbestcriminals.com/about.html","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22America%27s+Dumbest+Criminals%22","external_links_name":"\"America's Dumbest Criminals\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22America%27s+Dumbest+Criminals%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22America%27s+Dumbest+Criminals%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22America%27s+Dumbest+Criminals%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22America%27s+Dumbest+Criminals%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22America%27s+Dumbest+Criminals%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLFtpZ659RpvHJpxUhfHW-cUz1uF2_iwQr","external_links_name":"\"null - YouTube\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080328054209/http://www.americasdumbestcriminals.com/about.html","external_links_name":"\"John Palumbo Presents: America's Dumbest Criminals\""},{"Link":"http://www.americasdumbestcriminals.com/about.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.americasdumbestcriminals.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0211134/","external_links_name":"America's Dumbest Criminals"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=America%27s_Dumbest_Criminals&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koh_Kong_(National_Assembly_constituency) | Koh Kong (National Assembly constituency) | ["1 MPs","2 References"] | Koh KongNational Assembly constituencyProvinceKoh KongPopulation123,618Current constituencyCreated1993Seats1Member(s)Dom Yuhean
Koh Kong (Khmer: កោះកុង) is one of the 25 constituencies of the National Assembly of Cambodia. It is allocated 1 seat in the National Assembly.
MPs
Election
MP(Party)
1993
Rong Phlam Kesorn(CPP)
1998
Ay Khorn(CPP)
2003
2008
2013
2018
Dom Yuhean(CPP)
References
^ "Hun Sen's CPP wins all parliamentary seats in Cambodia election". www.aljazeera.com.
^ "បញ្ជីរាយនាមបេក្ខជនជាប់ឆ្នោតជាតំណាងរាស្រ្ត នីតិកាលទី៥ តាមមណ្ឌលរ រាជធានី/ខេត្ត". គណៈកម្មាធិការជាតិរៀបចំការបោះឆ្នោត (គ.ជ.ប). August 11, 2016. Archived from the original on September 20, 2019. Retrieved September 20, 2019.
^ "នីតិកាលទី ២ (១៩៩៨-២០០៣)". national-assembly.org.kh.
vteConstituencies of Cambodia
Banteay Meanchey
Battambang
Kampong Cham
Kampong Chhnang
Kampong Speu
Kampong Thom
Kampot
Kandal
Kep
Koh Kong
Kratié
Mondulkiri
Phnom
Preah Vihear
Prey Veng
Pursat
Ratanakiri
Siem Reap
Stung Treng
Svay Rieng
Takéo
Tboung Khmum
Oddar Meanchey
Pailin | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Koh Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koh_Kong_Province"},{"link_name":"Khmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_language"},{"link_name":"National Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_(Cambodia)"},{"link_name":"Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia"}],"text":"Koh Kong (Khmer: កោះកុង) is one of the 25 constituencies of the National Assembly of Cambodia. It is allocated 1 seat in the National Assembly.","title":"Koh Kong (National Assembly constituency)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"[1]\n[2]\n[3]","title":"MPs"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Hun Sen's CPP wins all parliamentary seats in Cambodia election\". www.aljazeera.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/08/hun-sen-cpp-wins-parliamentary-seats-cambodia-election-180815135109639.html","url_text":"\"Hun Sen's CPP wins all parliamentary seats in Cambodia election\""}]},{"reference":"\"បញ្ជីរាយនាមបេក្ខជនជាប់ឆ្នោតជាតំណាងរាស្រ្ត នីតិកាលទី៥ តាមមណ្ឌលរ រាជធានី/ខេត្ត\". គណៈកម្មាធិការជាតិរៀបចំការបោះឆ្នោត (គ.ជ.ប). August 11, 2016. Archived from the original on September 20, 2019. Retrieved September 20, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190920134103/https://www.necelect.org.kh/khmer/content/758","url_text":"\"បញ្ជីរាយនាមបេក្ខជនជាប់ឆ្នោតជាតំណាងរាស្រ្ត នីតិកាលទី៥ តាមមណ្ឌលរ រាជធានី/ខេត្ត\""},{"url":"https://www.necelect.org.kh/khmer/content/758","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"នីតិកាលទី ២ (១៩៩៨-២០០៣)\". national-assembly.org.kh.","urls":[{"url":"http://national-assembly.org.kh/group-article/48","url_text":"\"នីតិកាលទី ២ (១៩៩៨-២០០៣)\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/08/hun-sen-cpp-wins-parliamentary-seats-cambodia-election-180815135109639.html","external_links_name":"\"Hun Sen's CPP wins all parliamentary seats in Cambodia election\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190920134103/https://www.necelect.org.kh/khmer/content/758","external_links_name":"\"បញ្ជីរាយនាមបេក្ខជនជាប់ឆ្នោតជាតំណាងរាស្រ្ត នីតិកាលទី៥ តាមមណ្ឌលរ រាជធានី/ខេត្ត\""},{"Link":"https://www.necelect.org.kh/khmer/content/758","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://national-assembly.org.kh/group-article/48","external_links_name":"\"នីតិកាលទី ២ (១៩៩៨-២០០៣)\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acireductone_dioxygenase_(Fe(2%2B)-requiring) | Acireductone dioxygenase (iron(II)-requiring) | ["1 Structural studies","2 References"] | Class of enzymes
acireductone dioxygenase IdentifiersEC no.1.13.11.54DatabasesIntEnzIntEnz viewBRENDABRENDA entryExPASyNiceZyme viewKEGGKEGG entryMetaCycmetabolic pathwayPRIAMprofilePDB structuresRCSB PDB PDBe PDBsumGene OntologyAmiGO / QuickGOSearchPMCarticlesPubMedarticlesNCBIproteins
Acireductone dioxygenase (EC 1.13.11.54) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
1,2-dihydroxy-5-(methylthio)pent-1-en-3-one + O2
⇌
{\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons }
4-(methylthio)-2-oxobutanoate + formate
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are 1,2-dihydroxy-5-(methylthio)pent-1-en-3-one and oxygen, whereas its two products are 4-methylthio-2-oxobutanoate and formate.
This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on single donors with O2 as oxidant and incorporation of two atoms of oxygen into the substrate (oxygenases). The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 1,2-dihydroxy-5-(methylthio)pent-1-en-3-one:oxygen oxidoreductase (formate-forming). Other names in common use include ARD', 2-hydroxy-3-keto-5-thiomethylpent-1-ene dioxygenase (ambiguous), acireductone dioxygenase (ambiguous), E-2', and E-3 dioxygenase. This enzyme participates in methionine metabolism.
Structural studies
As of late 2007, only one structure has been solved for this class of enzymes, with the PDB accession code 2HJI.
References
Wray JW, Abeles RH (1993). "A bacterial enzyme that catalyzes formation of carbon monoxide". J. Biol. Chem. 268 (29): 21466–9. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(20)80559-6. PMID 8407993.
Wray JW, Abeles RH (1995). "The methionine salvage pathway in Klebsiella pneumoniae and rat liver. Identification and characterization of two novel dioxygenases". J. Biol. Chem. 270 (7): 3147–53. doi:10.1074/jbc.270.7.3147. PMID 7852397.
Furfine ES, Abeles RH (1988). "Intermediates in the conversion of 5'-S-methylthioadenosine to methionine in Klebsiella pneumoniae". J. Biol. Chem. 263 (20): 9598–606. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)81558-2. PMID 2838472.
Dai Y, Wensink PC, Abeles RH (1999). "One protein, two enzymes". J. Biol. Chem. 274 (3): 1193–5. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.3.1193. PMID 9880484.
Mo H, Dai Y, Pochapsky SS, Pochapsky TC (1999). "1H, 13C and 15N NMR assignments for a carbon monoxide generating metalloenzyme from Klebsiella pneumoniae". J. Biomol. NMR. 14 (3): 287–8. doi:10.1023/A:1008396624784. PMID 10481280. S2CID 36731035.
Dai Y, Pochapsky TC, Abeles RH (2001). "Mechanistic studies of two dioxygenases in the methionine salvage pathway of Klebsiella pneumoniae". Biochemistry. 40 (21): 6379–87. doi:10.1021/bi010110y. PMID 11371200.
Al-Mjeni F, Ju T, Pochapsky TC, Maroney MJ (2002). "XAS investigation of the structure and function of Ni in acireductone dioxygenase". Biochemistry. 41 (21): 6761–9. doi:10.1021/bi012209a. PMID 12022880.
Pochapsky TC, Pochapsky SS, Ju T, Mo H, Al-Mjeni F, Maroney MJ (2002). "Modeling and experiment yields the structure of acireductone dioxygenase from Klebsiella pneumoniae". Nat. Struct. Biol. 9 (12): 966–72. doi:10.1038/nsb863. PMID 12402029. S2CID 38098047.
vteOxidoreductases: monooxygenases (EC 1.13)1.13.11: two atoms of oxygen
lipoxygenase: Arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase
Arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase/ALOX12
Arachidonate 8-lipoxygenase
Arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase/ALOX15
Linoleate 11-lipoxygenase
other dioxygenase: Catechol dioxygenase
Homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase
Cysteine dioxygenase
4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase
Chlorite dismutase
1.13.12: one atom of oxygen
Firefly luciferase
1.13.99: other
Inositol oxygenase
vteEnzymesActivity
Active site
Binding site
Catalytic triad
Oxyanion hole
Enzyme promiscuity
Diffusion-limited enzyme
Cofactor
Enzyme catalysis
Regulation
Allosteric regulation
Cooperativity
Enzyme inhibitor
Enzyme activator
Classification
EC number
Enzyme superfamily
Enzyme family
List of enzymes
Kinetics
Enzyme kinetics
Eadie–Hofstee diagram
Hanes–Woolf plot
Lineweaver–Burk plot
Michaelis–Menten kinetics
Types
EC1 Oxidoreductases (list)
EC2 Transferases (list)
EC3 Hydrolases (list)
EC4 Lyases (list)
EC5 Isomerases (list)
EC6 Ligases (list)
EC7 Translocases (list)
Portal: Biology | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"EC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme_Commission_number"},{"link_name":"1.13.11.54","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//enzyme.expasy.org/EC/1.13.11.54"},{"link_name":"enzyme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme"},{"link_name":"catalyzes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalysis"},{"link_name":"chemical reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_reaction"},{"link_name":"substrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substrate_(biochemistry)"},{"link_name":"1,2-dihydroxy-5-(methylthio)pent-1-en-3-one","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1,2-dihydroxy-5-(methylthio)pent-1-en-3-one&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"oxygen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen"},{"link_name":"products","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_(chemistry)"},{"link_name":"4-methylthio-2-oxobutanoate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=4-methylthio-2-oxobutanoate&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"formate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formate"},{"link_name":"oxidoreductases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidoreductase"},{"link_name":"systematic name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_enzymes"},{"link_name":"methionine metabolism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methionine_metabolism"}],"text":"Acireductone dioxygenase [iron(II)-requiring] (EC 1.13.11.54) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction1,2-dihydroxy-5-(methylthio)pent-1-en-3-one + O2 \n \n \n \n ⇌\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\rightleftharpoons }\n \n 4-(methylthio)-2-oxobutanoate + formateThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are 1,2-dihydroxy-5-(methylthio)pent-1-en-3-one and oxygen, whereas its two products are 4-methylthio-2-oxobutanoate and formate.This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on single donors with O2 as oxidant and incorporation of two atoms of oxygen into the substrate (oxygenases). The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 1,2-dihydroxy-5-(methylthio)pent-1-en-3-one:oxygen oxidoreductase (formate-forming). Other names in common use include ARD', 2-hydroxy-3-keto-5-thiomethylpent-1-ene dioxygenase (ambiguous), acireductone dioxygenase (ambiguous), E-2', and E-3 dioxygenase. This enzyme participates in methionine metabolism.","title":"Acireductone dioxygenase (iron(II)-requiring)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"structure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertiary_structure"},{"link_name":"PDB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank"},{"link_name":"2HJI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ebi.ac.uk/thornton-srv/databases/cgi-bin/pdbsum/GetPage.pl?pdbcode=2HJI"}],"text":"As of late 2007, only one structure has been solved for this class of enzymes, with the PDB accession code 2HJI.","title":"Structural studies"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Wray JW, Abeles RH (1993). \"A bacterial enzyme that catalyzes formation of carbon monoxide\". J. Biol. Chem. 268 (29): 21466–9. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(20)80559-6. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_Fran%C3%A7aise_de_Bujumbura | École Française de Bujumbura | ["1 References","2 External links"] | Coordinates: 3°22′54″S 29°22′24″E / 3.3816°S 29.3734°E / -3.3816; 29.3734SchoolÉcole Française de BujumburaAddressBoulevard de l'Uprona, Bujumbura, BurundiCoordinates3°22′54″S 29°22′24″E / 3.3817526°S 29.37330529999997°E / -3.3817526; 29.37330529999997InformationWebsiteecole-francaise-bujumbura.com
The École Française de Bujumbura is a French international school in central Bujumbura, Burundi. It is in proximity to the Prince Rwagasore Stadium. It has maternelle (preschool), élémentaire, collège (junior high school), and lycée (senior high school/sixth-form college) sections.
As of 2015 it has 550 students ranging in age from 2–18. The students include Burundians and French but the school also has persons from other countries.
As of 2016 the school directly teaches from toute petite section ("the littlest section", for students under three years of age) until seconde (first year of lycée) and uses the National Centre for Distance Education (CNED) distance learning programme for the remaining two years, première and terminale.
References
^ "Nos coordonnées." École Française de Bujumbura. Retrieved on 19 January 2015.
^ "Espace primaire." École Française de Bujumbura. Retrieved on 19 January 2015.
^ "Espace secondaire." École Française de Bujumbura. Retrieved on 19 January 2015.
^ "Etablissement" (Archive). École Française de Bujumbura. Retrieved on 14 September 2015.
^ "École française de Bujumbura." AEFE. Retrieved on October 18, 2016.
External links
École Française de Bujumbura (in French)
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3°22′54″S 29°22′24″E / 3.3816°S 29.3734°E / -3.3816; 29.3734
This Burundi school-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bujumbura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bujumbura"},{"link_name":"Burundi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi"},{"link_name":"Prince Rwagasore Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Rwagasore_Stadium"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_Fran%C3%A7aise_de_Bujumbura&action=edit"},{"link_name":"National Centre for Distance Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Centre_for_Distance_Education"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"SchoolThe École Française de Bujumbura is a French international school in central Bujumbura, Burundi. It is in proximity to the Prince Rwagasore Stadium.[1] It has maternelle (preschool), élémentaire,[2] collège (junior high school), and lycée (senior high school/sixth-form college) sections.[3]As of 2015 it has 550 students ranging in age from 2–18. The students include Burundians and French but the school also has persons from other countries.[4]As of 2016[update] the school directly teaches from toute petite section (\"the littlest section\", for students under three years of age) until seconde (first year of lycée) and uses the National Centre for Distance Education (CNED) distance learning programme for the remaining two years, première and terminale.[5]","title":"École Française de Bujumbura"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=%C3%89cole_Fran%C3%A7aise_de_Bujumbura¶ms=3.3816_S_29.3734_E_type:edu_region:BI","external_links_name":"3°22′54″S 29°22′24″E / 3.3816°S 29.3734°E / -3.3816; 29.3734"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=%C3%89cole_Fran%C3%A7aise_de_Bujumbura¶ms=3.3817526_S_29.3733053_E_type:edu","external_links_name":"3°22′54″S 29°22′24″E / 3.3817526°S 29.37330529999997°E / -3.3817526; 29.37330529999997"},{"Link":"http://ecole-francaise-bujumbura.com/","external_links_name":"ecole-francaise-bujumbura.com"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_Fran%C3%A7aise_de_Bujumbura&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"http://www.ecolefrancaisebujumbura.org/index.php/nscont","external_links_name":"Nos coordonnées"},{"Link":"http://www.ecolefrancaisebujumbura.org/index.php/espprim","external_links_name":"Espace primaire"},{"Link":"http://www.ecolefrancaisebujumbura.org/index.php/espsec","external_links_name":"Espace secondaire"},{"Link":"http://www.ecolefrancaisebujumbura.org/index.php/etab","external_links_name":"Etablissement"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150822200155/http://www.ecolefrancaisebujumbura.org/index.php/etab","external_links_name":"Archive"},{"Link":"http://www.aefe.fr/reseau-scolaire-mondial/rechercher-un-etablissement/burundi-bujumbura-ecole-francaise-de-bujumbura","external_links_name":"École française de Bujumbura"},{"Link":"http://www.ecole-francaise-bujumbura.com/","external_links_name":"École Française de Bujumbura"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=%C3%89cole_Fran%C3%A7aise_de_Bujumbura¶ms=3.3816_S_29.3734_E_type:edu_region:BI","external_links_name":"3°22′54″S 29°22′24″E / 3.3816°S 29.3734°E / -3.3816; 29.3734"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_Fran%C3%A7aise_de_Bujumbura&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Vidal_de_la_Blache | Paul Vidal de La Blache | ["1 Life","2 Works","3 The \"Vidalian\" program","4 Criticism of Vidalian geography","5 References"] | French geographer
Paul Vidal de La Blache
Paul Vidal de La Blache (French pronunciation: , Pézenas, Hérault, 22 January 1845 – Tamaris-sur-Mer, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, 5 April 1918) was a French geographer. He is considered to be the founder of modern French geography and also the founder of the French School of Geopolitics. He conceived the idea of genre de vie, which is the belief that the lifestyle of a particular region reflects the economic, social, ideological and psychological identities imprinted on the landscape.
Life
Paul Vidal de la Blache was the son of a professor who subsequently became an academic administrator. He was sent to school at the Institution Favard at the Lycée Charlemagne in Paris. Afterward, he attended the École Normale Supérieure. He entered the École Normale Supérieure in 1863 at the age of eighteen and received the agrégation (certification) in history and geography in 1866. He was appointed to the École française d’Athens, taking advantage of the opportunity to travel in Italy, Palestine, and Egypt (in the latter, being present at the inauguration of the Suez Canal). There he studied Greek archeology for three years.
The Sorbonne. Professor Vidal de La Blache – Geography (Bibliothèque de La Sorbonne, NuBIS)
Upon returning to France, in 1870 he married Laure Marie Elizabeth Mondont, with whom he had five children. He held several teaching positions, notably at the Lycée d'Angers and at the École Préparatoire de l'Enseignment Supérieur des Lettres et des Sciences. La Blache received his doctorate at the Sorbonne in 1872 with a dissertation in ancient history, afterwards published as Hérode Atticus: étude critique sur sa vie. He began working at the Nancy-Université. Vidal de la Blache returned to the École Normale Supérieure in 1877 as a full Professor of Geography and taught there for the next 21 years. He transferred to the Université de Paris, where he continued teaching until he retired in 1909, at the age of 64.
Vidal de la Blache founded the French school of geography and, together with Marcel Dubois and Lucien Gallois, the Annales de Géographie (1893), of which he was the editor until his death. The Annales de Géographie became an influential academic journal that promoted the concept of human geography as the study of man and his relationship to his environment.
Vidal de la Blache's pupil Albert Demangeon was deeply influenced by his emphasis on the importance of historical influences in the study of geography, and went on to become France's leading French academic in the field of human geography.
During World War I (1914–18) in January 1915 the Geographical Commission was established in close liaison with the 2nd Bureau of the Army Staff with six geographers, Albert Demangeon, Lucien Gallois, Emmanuel de Martonne, Emmanuel de Margerie, Louis Raveneau and Paul Vidal de la Blache.
Antoine Vacher contributed intermittently to the work of the Commission.
Works
Vidal de la Blache produced a large number of publications; including 17 books, 107 articles, and 240 reports and reviews. Only some of these have been translated into English. His most influential works included an elementary textbook Collection de Cartes Murales Accompagnées de Notices along with Histoire et Géographie: Atlas General and La France de l'Est. Two of his best-known writings are Tableau de la Géographie de la France (1903) and Principles of Human Geography (1918).
The "Vidalian" program
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The Tableau de la Geographie de la France was a summary of Vidal's methods, a manifesto whose production required a dozen years of work. It surveyed the entire country, taking note of everything he had observed in his innumerable notebooks. He took an interest in human and political aspects, geology (an infant discipline at the time, little connected with geography), transportation, and history. He was the first to tie together all those domains in a somewhat quantitative approach, using numbers sparingly, essentially narrative, even descriptive—not far removed, in some ways from a guidebook or a manual for landscape painting.
Influenced by German thought, especially by Friedrich Ratzel whom he had met in Germany, Vidal has been linked to the term "possibilism", which he never used but which summed up conveniently his opposition to the determinism of the sort that was defended by some nineteenth century geographers. The concept of possibilism has been used by historians to evoke the epistemological fuzziness that, according to them, characterized the approach of Vidal's school. Described as "idiographic", this approach was seen as blocking the evolution of the discipline in a "nomothetic" direction that would be the result of experimentation, making it possible to unlock laws or make scientific demonstrations.
Vidal published a visionary article on the regions of France in 1910. He had been requested by the Prime Minister, Aristide Briand, to create some regional groupings with representative organs. Vidal proposed to cut France into regions organized around a metropolis. The economic realities of the modern world, with worldwide competition and the shrinking of the planet due to accelerated communications, made him think that less centralized, less static modes of organization ought to be promoted.
"Vidalian" geography is based on varied forms of cartography, on monographs, and on several notable concepts, including "landscapes" (paysages), "settings" (milieux), "regions", "lifeways" (genres de vie), and "density". Many of the master's students, particularly in their dissertations, produced regional geographies that were both physical and human (even economic). The context chosen for these descriptions was a region, whose contours were not always very firmly fixed scientifically. Undoubtedly because this approach was more structured, many of Vidal's successors, and still more those of Martonne, specialized in a geomorphology that became gradually stronger, but that also, by its narrowness, weakened French geography.
Between the two world wars, "classical geography" stayed in the mold established by the Vidalian tradition. It was defended by an establishment that marginalized all attempts at epistemological renewal, to such an extent that after World War II the discipline was at the same stage where it had been left at Vidal's death. Arguably, his disciples were bound to a particular aspect of the master's thought and did not know how to deal with complexity and growth, and as a consequence the field of the discipline shrank. An immutable triad imposed itself on research and university studies: physical geography (Martonne, Baulig), regional geography (Blanchard, Cholley), and human geography (Brunhes, Demangeon, Sorre); in descending order of frequency and importance geomorphology, then rural geography, regional geography, and finally tropical geography.
This classical geography—naturalistic, monographic, morphological, literary, and didactic—would experience a rapid renewal and a radical transformation into a social science with the revolution of the 1960s and 1970s and the rise of urban and industrial studies.
Criticism of Vidalian geography
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Some adherents to modern geography as the science of the social dimension of space have criticized Vidal's geography as the natural science of lifeways. According to this view, Vidal's ideas made nature the external force that drove societies. They served to validate the equation of nation, territory, and sovereignty, and the fundamental idea of the French Third Republic that patriotism was the supreme value. The reasoning that made nature the driving force for societies was only tenable in regard to rural and seemingly static societies. Vidal avoided looking at industrialization, colonialism, and urbanization. He called those concepts "historical winds", like gusts on the surface of a pond. As he himself wrote at the end of his Tableau de la géographie de la France, "Close study of what is fixed and permanent in the geographical conditions of France ought to be or to become more than ever our guide."
Why was Vidalian geography so triumphant in France up to 1950? A notable explanation is that French thought during the Third Republic was dominated by nationalism, which was, arguably, a means of controlling the populations. History saw itself as being given the role of showing the emergence of the nation, and geography's role was not to refer to politics. A nearly static society could be explained by a static nature. Vidal's ideas formed the main paradigm for the geographical science of the epoch, controlling the universities, the research centers, and the granting of degrees. Urban thinkers had no place in France until 1950, which explains why geographers such as Jean Gottmann left France to make their careers in the United States.
References
^ Preston E. James & Geoffrey J. Martin. All Possible Worlds: A History of Geographical Ideas, Second Edition, p.194.
^ "Paul Vidal de la Blache – A biographical sketch by Jason Hilkovitch & Max Fulkerson". Archived from the original on 2006-09-09. Retrieved 2006-09-23.
^ Nicolas Ginsburger, « Des îles grecques à la géographie coloniale : Marcel Dubois à la conquête de la Sorbonne (1876–1895) », Cybergeo : European Journal of Geography , Epistémologie, Histoire de la Géographie, Didactique, document 822, mis en ligne le 15 juin 2017, consulté le 22 mai 2018. URL : http://journals.openedition.org/cybergeo/28368; Nicolas Ginsburger, « La Belle Époque d’un géographe colonial : Marcel Dubois, universitaire et figure publique, entre Affaire Dreyfus et Entente cordiale (1894–1905) », Cybergeo : European Journal of Geography , Epistémologie, Histoire de la Géographie, Didactique, document 855, mis en ligne le 16 mai 2018, consulté le 22 mai 2018. URL : http://journals.openedition.org/cybergeo/29138
^ Paul L. Knox & Sallie A. Marston. Human Geography, Third Edition, p. 181.
^ Wolff, Denis (5 July 2014), "Albert Demangeon", Hypergeo, retrieved 2017-06-30
^ Ginsburger, Nicolas (30 November 2010), " La guerre, la plus terrible des érosions " Cultures de guerre et géographes universitaires Allemagne-France-Etats-Unis (1914–1921) (PDF) (thesis) (in French), Université Paris Ouest Nanterre-La Défense, p. 293, retrieved 2017-07-26
^ "Paul Vidal de la Blache – A biographical sketch by Jason Hilkovitch & Max Fulkerson". Archived from the original on 2006-09-09. Retrieved 2006-09-23.
^ Each of these eminent professors would present a dissertation on regional geography. Thus Demangeon, La plaine picarde : Picardie. Artois. Cambrésis. Beauvaisis. Étude de géographie sur les plaines de craie de la France du Nord de la France (1905); Blanchard, La Flandre. Étude géographique de la plaine flamande en France. Belgique. Hollande (1906); Cholley, Les préalpes de Savoie (Genevois/Bauges) et leur avant-pays : étude de géographie régionale (1925); Baulig, Le plateau central et sa bordure méditerranéenne : étude morphologique (1928); Martonne, La Valachie : essai de monographie géographique (1902).
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:VIdal_de_la_Blache,_Paul,_BNF_Gallica.jpg"},{"link_name":"[pɔl vidal də la blaʃ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"Pézenas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9zenas"},{"link_name":"Hérault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9rault"},{"link_name":"Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provence-Alpes-C%C3%B4te_d%27Azur"},{"link_name":"geographer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographer"},{"link_name":"geography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography"},{"link_name":"Geopolitics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geopolitics"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Paul Vidal de La BlachePaul Vidal de La Blache (French pronunciation: [pɔl vidal də la blaʃ], Pézenas, Hérault, 22 January 1845 – Tamaris-sur-Mer, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, 5 April 1918) was a French geographer. He is considered to be the founder of modern French geography and also the founder of the French School of Geopolitics. He conceived the idea of genre de vie, which is the belief that the lifestyle of a particular region reflects the economic, social, ideological and psychological identities imprinted on the landscape.[1]","title":"Paul Vidal de La Blache"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"academic administrator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_administrator"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Lycée Charlemagne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Charlemagne"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"École Normale Supérieure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_Normale_Sup%C3%A9rieure"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece"},{"link_name":"archeology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archeology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:La_Sorbonne._M._le_professeur_Vidal_de_la_Blache_-_G%C3%A9ographie.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bibliothèque de La Sorbonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_de_la_Sorbonne"},{"link_name":"Nancy-Université","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy-Universit%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Université de Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Paris"},{"link_name":"Marcel Dubois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Dubois_(g%C3%A9ographe)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Lucien Gallois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucien_Gallois"},{"link_name":"Annales de Géographie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annales_de_G%C3%A9ographie"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Albert Demangeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Demangeon"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Lucien Gallois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucien_Gallois"},{"link_name":"Emmanuel de Margerie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_de_Margerie"},{"link_name":"Antoine Vacher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Vacher"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Paul Vidal de la Blache was the son of a professor who subsequently became an academic administrator.[2] He was sent to school at the Institution Favard at the Lycée Charlemagne in Paris. Afterward, he attended the École Normale Supérieure. He entered the École Normale Supérieure in 1863 at the age of eighteen and received the agrégation (certification) in history and geography in 1866. He was appointed to the École française d’Athens, taking advantage of the opportunity to travel in Italy, Palestine, and Egypt (in the latter, being present at the inauguration of the Suez Canal). There he studied Greek archeology for three years.The Sorbonne. Professor Vidal de La Blache – Geography (Bibliothèque de La Sorbonne, NuBIS)Upon returning to France, in 1870 he married Laure Marie Elizabeth Mondont, with whom he had five children. He held several teaching positions, notably at the Lycée d'Angers and at the École Préparatoire de l'Enseignment Supérieur des Lettres et des Sciences. La Blache received his doctorate at the Sorbonne in 1872 with a dissertation in ancient history, afterwards published as Hérode Atticus: étude critique sur sa vie. He began working at the Nancy-Université. Vidal de la Blache returned to the École Normale Supérieure in 1877 as a full Professor of Geography and taught there for the next 21 years. He transferred to the Université de Paris, where he continued teaching until he retired in 1909, at the age of 64.Vidal de la Blache founded the French school of geography and, together with Marcel Dubois[3] and Lucien Gallois, the Annales de Géographie (1893), of which he was the editor until his death. The Annales de Géographie became an influential academic journal that promoted the concept of human geography as the study of man and his relationship to his environment.[4]\nVidal de la Blache's pupil Albert Demangeon was deeply influenced by his emphasis on the importance of historical influences in the study of geography, and went on to become France's leading French academic in the field of human geography.[5]\nDuring World War I (1914–18) in January 1915 the Geographical Commission was established in close liaison with the 2nd Bureau of the Army Staff with six geographers, Albert Demangeon, Lucien Gallois, Emmanuel de Martonne, Emmanuel de Margerie, Louis Raveneau and Paul Vidal de la Blache.\nAntoine Vacher contributed intermittently to the work of the Commission.[6]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Vidal de la Blache produced a large number of publications; including 17 books, 107 articles, and 240 reports and reviews.[7] Only some of these have been translated into English. His most influential works included an elementary textbook Collection de Cartes Murales Accompagnées de Notices along with Histoire et Géographie: Atlas General and La France de l'Est. Two of his best-known writings are Tableau de la Géographie de la France (1903) and Principles of Human Geography (1918).","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Friedrich Ratzel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Ratzel"},{"link_name":"possibilism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Possibilism_(geography)"},{"link_name":"determinism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_determinism"},{"link_name":"idiographic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomothetic_and_idiographic"},{"link_name":"nomothetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomothetic_and_idiographic"},{"link_name":"Aristide Briand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristide_Briand"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The Tableau de la Geographie de la France was a summary of Vidal's methods, a manifesto whose production required a dozen years of work. It surveyed the entire country, taking note of everything he had observed in his innumerable notebooks. He took an interest in human and political aspects, geology (an infant discipline at the time, little connected with geography), transportation, and history. He was the first to tie together all those domains in a somewhat quantitative approach, using numbers sparingly, essentially narrative, even descriptive—not far removed, in some ways from a guidebook or a manual for landscape painting.Influenced by German thought, especially by Friedrich Ratzel whom he had met in Germany, Vidal has been linked to the term \"possibilism\", which he never used but which summed up conveniently his opposition to the determinism of the sort that was defended by some nineteenth century geographers. The concept of possibilism has been used by historians to evoke the epistemological fuzziness that, according to them, characterized the approach of Vidal's school. Described as \"idiographic\", this approach was seen as blocking the evolution of the discipline in a \"nomothetic\" direction that would be the result of experimentation, making it possible to unlock laws or make scientific demonstrations.Vidal published a visionary article on the regions of France in 1910. He had been requested by the Prime Minister, Aristide Briand, to create some regional groupings with representative organs. Vidal proposed to cut France into regions organized around a metropolis. The economic realities of the modern world, with worldwide competition and the shrinking of the planet due to accelerated communications, made him think that less centralized, less static modes of organization ought to be promoted.\"Vidalian\" geography is based on varied forms of cartography, on monographs, and on several notable concepts, including \"landscapes\" (paysages), \"settings\" (milieux), \"regions\", \"lifeways\" (genres de vie), and \"density\". Many of the master's students, particularly in their dissertations,[8] produced regional geographies that were both physical and human (even economic). The context chosen for these descriptions was a region, whose contours were not always very firmly fixed scientifically. Undoubtedly because this approach was more structured, many of Vidal's successors, and still more those of Martonne, specialized in a geomorphology that became gradually stronger, but that also, by its narrowness, weakened French geography.Between the two world wars, \"classical geography\" stayed in the mold established by the Vidalian tradition. It was defended by an establishment that marginalized all attempts at epistemological renewal, to such an extent that after World War II the discipline was at the same stage where it had been left at Vidal's death. Arguably, his disciples were bound to a particular aspect of the master's thought and did not know how to deal with complexity and growth, and as a consequence the field of the discipline shrank. An immutable triad imposed itself on research and university studies: physical geography (Martonne, Baulig), regional geography (Blanchard, Cholley), and human geography (Brunhes, Demangeon, Sorre); in descending order of frequency and importance geomorphology, then rural geography, regional geography, and finally tropical geography.This classical geography—naturalistic, monographic, morphological, literary, and didactic—would experience a rapid renewal and a radical transformation into a social science with the revolution of the 1960s and 1970s and the rise of urban and industrial studies.","title":"The \"Vidalian\" program"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"paradigm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradigm"},{"link_name":"Jean Gottmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Gottmann"}],"text":"Some adherents to modern geography as the science of the social dimension of space have criticized Vidal's geography as the natural science of lifeways. According to this view, Vidal's ideas made nature the external force that drove societies. They served to validate the equation of nation, territory, and sovereignty, and the fundamental idea of the French Third Republic that patriotism was the supreme value. The reasoning that made nature the driving force for societies was only tenable in regard to rural and seemingly static societies. Vidal avoided looking at industrialization, colonialism, and urbanization. He called those concepts \"historical winds\", like gusts on the surface of a pond. As he himself wrote at the end of his Tableau de la géographie de la France, \"Close study of what is fixed and permanent in the geographical conditions of France ought to be or to become more than ever our guide.\"Why was Vidalian geography so triumphant in France up to 1950? A notable explanation is that French thought during the Third Republic was dominated by nationalism, which was, arguably, a means of controlling the populations. History saw itself as being given the role of showing the emergence of the nation, and geography's role was not to refer to politics. A nearly static society could be explained by a static nature. Vidal's ideas formed the main paradigm for the geographical science of the epoch, controlling the universities, the research centers, and the granting of degrees. Urban thinkers had no place in France until 1950, which explains why geographers such as Jean Gottmann left France to make their careers in the United States.","title":"Criticism of Vidalian geography"}] | [{"image_text":"Paul Vidal de La Blache","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/VIdal_de_la_Blache%2C_Paul%2C_BNF_Gallica.jpg/200px-VIdal_de_la_Blache%2C_Paul%2C_BNF_Gallica.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Sorbonne. Professor Vidal de La Blache – Geography (Bibliothèque de La Sorbonne, NuBIS)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/La_Sorbonne._M._le_professeur_Vidal_de_la_Blache_-_G%C3%A9ographie.jpg/220px-La_Sorbonne._M._le_professeur_Vidal_de_la_Blache_-_G%C3%A9ographie.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Paul Vidal de la Blache – A biographical sketch by Jason Hilkovitch & Max Fulkerson\". Archived from the original on 2006-09-09. Retrieved 2006-09-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060909192633/http://wwwstage.valpo.edu/geomet/histphil/test/vidal.html","url_text":"\"Paul Vidal de la Blache – A biographical sketch by Jason Hilkovitch & Max Fulkerson\""},{"url":"http://wwwstage.valpo.edu/geomet/histphil/test/vidal.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Wolff, Denis (5 July 2014), \"Albert Demangeon\", Hypergeo, retrieved 2017-06-30","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hypergeo.eu/spip.php?article611","url_text":"\"Albert Demangeon\""}]},{"reference":"Ginsburger, Nicolas (30 November 2010), \" La guerre, la plus terrible des érosions \" Cultures de guerre et géographes universitaires Allemagne-France-Etats-Unis (1914–1921) (PDF) (thesis) (in French), Université Paris Ouest Nanterre-La Défense, p. 293, retrieved 2017-07-26","urls":[{"url":"https://bdr.u-paris10.fr/theses/internet/2010PA100195.pdf","url_text":"\" La guerre, la plus terrible des érosions \" Cultures de guerre et géographes universitaires Allemagne-France-Etats-Unis (1914–1921)"}]},{"reference":"\"Paul Vidal de la Blache – A biographical sketch by Jason Hilkovitch & Max Fulkerson\". Archived from the original on 2006-09-09. Retrieved 2006-09-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060909192633/http://wwwstage.valpo.edu/geomet/histphil/test/vidal.html","url_text":"\"Paul Vidal de la Blache – A biographical sketch by Jason Hilkovitch & Max Fulkerson\""},{"url":"http://wwwstage.valpo.edu/geomet/histphil/test/vidal.html","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060909192633/http://wwwstage.valpo.edu/geomet/histphil/test/vidal.html","external_links_name":"\"Paul Vidal de la Blache – A biographical sketch by Jason Hilkovitch & Max Fulkerson\""},{"Link":"http://wwwstage.valpo.edu/geomet/histphil/test/vidal.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://journals.openedition.org/cybergeo/28368","external_links_name":"http://journals.openedition.org/cybergeo/28368"},{"Link":"http://journals.openedition.org/cybergeo/29138","external_links_name":"http://journals.openedition.org/cybergeo/29138"},{"Link":"http://www.hypergeo.eu/spip.php?article611","external_links_name":"\"Albert Demangeon\""},{"Link":"https://bdr.u-paris10.fr/theses/internet/2010PA100195.pdf","external_links_name":"\" La guerre, la plus terrible des érosions \" Cultures de guerre et géographes universitaires Allemagne-France-Etats-Unis (1914–1921)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060909192633/http://wwwstage.valpo.edu/geomet/histphil/test/vidal.html","external_links_name":"\"Paul Vidal de la Blache – A biographical sketch by Jason Hilkovitch & Max Fulkerson\""},{"Link":"http://wwwstage.valpo.edu/geomet/histphil/test/vidal.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/245245/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000120961413","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/54155397","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqqxcMhbTTFYkxx3TPhHC","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90664237","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX871821","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11928211d","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11928211d","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058515084206706","external_links_name":"Catalonia"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/119210657","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://opac.sbn.it/nome/MILV141396","external_links_name":"Italy"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007278373105171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14236587","external_links_name":"Belgium"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n89605412","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000189671&P_CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Latvia"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00459743","external_links_name":"Japan"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=uk2011644130&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35561677","external_links_name":"Australia"},{"Link":"https://data.nlg.gr/resource/authority/record88498","external_links_name":"Greece"},{"Link":"https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC201923095","external_links_name":"Korea"},{"Link":"http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000192757&local_base=nsk10","external_links_name":"Croatia"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p073210242","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810531602805606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/338756","external_links_name":"Portugal"},{"Link":"http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/56979","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/262739","external_links_name":"Vatican"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00990536?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd119210657.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/996489","external_links_name":"Trove"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w64t9r8f","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/027184099","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilbur_Bestwick | Wilbur Bestwick | ["1 Early life","2 Military career","3 Later life","4 Awards","5 References","6 External links"] | Wilbur BestwickSergeant Major Wilbur Bestwick c. 1957Born(1911-11-27)November 27, 1911Sabetha, Kansas, U.S.DiedJuly 10, 1972(1972-07-10) (aged 60)Palo Alto, California, U.S.BuriedSkylawn Memorial ParkAllegianceUnited StatesService/branchUnited States Marine CorpsYears of service1934–1959RankSergeant majorCommands heldSergeant Major of the Marine CorpsBattles/warsWorld War II
Battle of Bougainville
Battle of Guam
Korean WarAwardsNavy and Marine Corps Commendation Medal
Wilbur Bestwick (November 27, 1911 – July 10, 1972) was a United States Marine who served as the first Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps from 1957 to 1959.
Early life
Bestwick was born on November 27, 1911, in Sabetha, Kansas, and graduated from high school there in 1932.
Military career
Bestwick enlisted in the United States Marine Corps in 1934 and received his basic training at San Diego, California.
Bestwick saw pre-World War II duty at sea aboard the USS Louisville, and served at Marine posts in Bremerton, Washington; San Diego, and Camp Elliott, California. Appointed a sergeant major in 1943, he saw World War II combat with the 3rd Marine Division in the Bougainville and Guam campaigns.
On his return to the United States, in December 1944, Bestwick served as sergeant major of the Mare Island (California) Shipyard. He was transferred to San Francisco in 1945 and completed a four-year tour of duty there as sergeant major of the Marine Corps Depot of Supplies. In 1949, he became sergeant major of the Marine Corps Recruit Depot Parris Island.
During the Korean War, Bestwick joined the 1st Marine Division in Korea in October 1952 as a division sergeant major, and after a year overseas returned to the States. For excellent service in Korea, he was awarded the Navy Commendation Medal with Combat "V". In 1954, he began a two-year assignment as a sergeant major, Inspector, and Instructor Staff, 1st Air Delivery Company, San Jose, California.
Transferred to Headquarters Marine Corps, Washington, D.C., in June 1956, Bestwick served as sergeant major to the Secretary of the General Staff until May 23, 1957, when he assumed the newly established post of Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps until he retired from active duty on September 1, 1959.
Later life
Bestwick worked at Varian Associates a number of years after his service in the Marine Corps.
Bestwick died July 10, 1972, at Stanford University Hospital and according to official records, was interred at the Alta Mesa Memorial Park in Palo Alto, California. However, this was later revealed to be a mistake, and he was found to have been buried at Skylawn Memorial Park in San Mateo, California.
Awards
Bestwick's military decorations include:
Navy and Marine Corps Commendation Medal w/ valor device
Navy Unit Commendation
Marine Corps Good Conduct Medal w/ 7 service stars
American Defense Service Medal
American Campaign Medal
Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal w/ 4 service stars
World War II Victory Medal
National Defense Service Medal
Korean Service Medal w/ 3 service stars
Korean Presidential Unit Citation
United Nations Korea Medal
Republic of Korea War Service Medal
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wilbur Bestwick.
This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Marine Corps.
^ a b Zimmerman, Gunnery Sgt. F.B. (2009-03-10). "Marines use resources to locate, properly honor first sergeant major of the Marine Corps". Headquarters Marine Corps. United States Marine Corps. Archived from the original on 2013-03-11. Retrieved 2012-12-23.
^ a b c d e f "Wilbur Bestwick: 1st Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps". Headquarters Marine Corps.
^ Chapin, John (1993). Uncommon Men – The Sergeants Major of the Marine Corps (1st ed.). Shippensburg, Pennsylvania: Burd Street Press. p. 335. ISBN 0-942597-45-1.
^ "Republic of Korea Korean War Service Medal". Air Force's Personnel Center. U.S. Air Force. Archived from the original on 30 October 2019. Retrieved 9 October 2018.
External links
Official Marine Corps biography Archived 2011-06-15 at the Wayback Machine
"Sergeant Major Wilbur Bestwick, USMC". Who's Who in Marine Corps History. History Division, United States Marine Corps. Archived from the original on 2011-06-15. Retrieved 2007-10-28.
Military offices
New office
Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps 1957–1959
Succeeded byFrancis D. Rauber
Leadership of the United States Marine CorpsCommandants
Nicholas
Burrows
Wharton
Gale
Henderson
Harris
Zeilin
McCawley
Heywood
Elliott
Biddle
Barnett
Lejeune
Neville
Fuller
Russell
Holcomb
Vandegrift
Cates
Shepherd
Pate
Shoup
Greene
Chapman
Cushman
Wilson
Barrow
Kelley
Gray
Mundy
Krulak
Jones
Hagee
Conway
Amos
Dunford
Neller
Berger
Smith
AssistantCommandants
Cole
Lejeune
Long
Neville
Feland
Williams
Fuller
Myers
Russell
McDougal
Little
H. Smith
Vandegrift
Barrett
Keyser
Schmidt
Rockey
Peck
Turnage
Shepherd
O. Smith
Silverthorn
G. C. Thomas
Pate
Megee
McCaul
Munn
Hayes
Mangrum
Chapman
Walt
McCutcheon
R. Davis
Anderson
Jaskilka
Barrow
McLennan
Kelley
J. Davis
Morgan
Went
J. R. Dailey
Boomer
Hearney
Neal
Dake
Williams
Nyland
Magnus
Amos
Dunford
Paxton
Walters
G. L. Thomas
E. M. Smith
Mahoney
Sergeants Major
Bestwick
Rauber
McHugh
Sweet
J. W. Daily
Puckett
Black
Massaro
Crawford
Cleary
Sommers
Overstreet
Lee
McMichael
Estrada
Kent
Barrett
Green
Black
Ruiz
Secretary of the Navy (navbox)
Four-star generals
Headquarters Marine Corps
Category | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Marine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine"},{"link_name":"Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergeant_Major_of_the_Marine_Corps"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HQMC-2"}],"text":"Wilbur Bestwick (November 27, 1911 – July 10, 1972) was a United States Marine who served as the first Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps from 1957 to 1959.[2]","title":"Wilbur Bestwick"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sabetha, Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabetha,_Kansas"}],"text":"Bestwick was born on November 27, 1911, in Sabetha, Kansas, and graduated from high school there in 1932.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Marine Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps"},{"link_name":"basic training","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_training"},{"link_name":"San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HQMC-2"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"USS Louisville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Louisville_(CA-28)"},{"link_name":"Bremerton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremerton,_Washington"},{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_(state)"},{"link_name":"Camp Elliott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Elliott"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"3rd Marine Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Marine_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Bougainville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bougainville"},{"link_name":"Guam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1944)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HQMC-2"},{"link_name":"Mare Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare_Island"},{"link_name":"Marine Corps Recruit Depot Parris Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Corps_Recruit_Depot_Parris_Island"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HQMC-2"},{"link_name":"Korean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War"},{"link_name":"1st Marine Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Marine_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea"},{"link_name":"Navy Commendation Medal with Combat \"V\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commendation_Medal"},{"link_name":"San Jose, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jose,_California"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HQMC-2"},{"link_name":"Headquarters Marine Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headquarters_Marine_Corps"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HQMC-2"}],"text":"Bestwick enlisted in the United States Marine Corps in 1934 and received his basic training at San Diego, California.[2]Bestwick saw pre-World War II duty at sea aboard the USS Louisville, and served at Marine posts in Bremerton, Washington; San Diego, and Camp Elliott, California. Appointed a sergeant major in 1943, he saw World War II combat with the 3rd Marine Division in the Bougainville and Guam campaigns.[2]On his return to the United States, in December 1944, Bestwick served as sergeant major of the Mare Island (California) Shipyard. He was transferred to San Francisco in 1945 and completed a four-year tour of duty there as sergeant major of the Marine Corps Depot of Supplies. In 1949, he became sergeant major of the Marine Corps Recruit Depot Parris Island.[2]During the Korean War, Bestwick joined the 1st Marine Division in Korea in October 1952 as a division sergeant major, and after a year overseas returned to the States. For excellent service in Korea, he was awarded the Navy Commendation Medal with Combat \"V\". In 1954, he began a two-year assignment as a sergeant major, Inspector, and Instructor Staff, 1st Air Delivery Company, San Jose, California.[2]Transferred to Headquarters Marine Corps, Washington, D.C., in June 1956, Bestwick served as sergeant major to the Secretary of the General Staff until May 23, 1957, when he assumed the newly established post of Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps until he retired from active duty on September 1, 1959.[2]","title":"Military career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stanford University Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University_Medical_Center"},{"link_name":"Palo Alto, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palo_Alto,_California"},{"link_name":"Skylawn Memorial Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skylawn_Memorial_Park_(San_Mateo,_California)"},{"link_name":"San Mateo, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Mateo,_California"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-burial-1"}],"text":"Bestwick worked at Varian Associates a number of years after his service in the Marine Corps.Bestwick died July 10, 1972, at Stanford University Hospital and according to official records, was interred at the Alta Mesa Memorial Park in Palo Alto, California. However, this was later revealed to be a mistake, and he was found to have been buried at Skylawn Memorial Park in San Mateo, California.[1]","title":"Later life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Bestwick's military decorations include:[3][4]","title":"Awards"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Zimmerman, Gunnery Sgt. F.B. (2009-03-10). \"Marines use resources to locate, properly honor first sergeant major of the Marine Corps\". Headquarters Marine Corps. United States Marine Corps. Archived from the original on 2013-03-11. Retrieved 2012-12-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130311182805/http://www.hqmc.marines.mil/News/NewsArticleDisplay/tabid/3488/Article/78703/marines-use-resources-to-locate-properly-honor-first-sergeant-major-of-the-mari.aspx","url_text":"\"Marines use resources to locate, properly honor first sergeant major of the Marine Corps\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headquarters_Marine_Corps","url_text":"Headquarters Marine Corps"},{"url":"http://www.hqmc.marines.mil/News/NewsArticleDisplay/tabid/3488/Article/78703/marines-use-resources-to-locate-properly-honor-first-sergeant-major-of-the-mari.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Wilbur Bestwick: 1st Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps\". Headquarters Marine Corps.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hqmc.marines.mil/smmc/Previous-SMMC/Article/553774/wilbur-bestwick/","url_text":"\"Wilbur Bestwick: 1st Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headquarters_Marine_Corps","url_text":"Headquarters Marine Corps"}]},{"reference":"Chapin, John (1993). Uncommon Men – The Sergeants Major of the Marine Corps (1st ed.). Shippensburg, Pennsylvania: Burd Street Press. p. 335. ISBN 0-942597-45-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-942597-45-1","url_text":"0-942597-45-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Republic of Korea Korean War Service Medal\". Air Force's Personnel Center. U.S. Air Force. Archived from the original on 30 October 2019. Retrieved 9 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191030064754/https://www.afpc.af.mil/About/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/421898/republic-of-korea-korean-war-service-medal/","url_text":"\"Republic of Korea Korean War Service Medal\""},{"url":"https://www.afpc.af.mil/About/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/421898/republic-of-korea-korean-war-service-medal/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Sergeant Major Wilbur Bestwick, USMC\". Who's Who in Marine Corps History. History Division, United States Marine Corps. Archived from the original on 2011-06-15. Retrieved 2007-10-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110615092718/http://www.tecom.usmc.mil/HD/Whos_Who/Bestwick_W.htm","url_text":"\"Sergeant Major Wilbur Bestwick, USMC\""},{"url":"http://www.tecom.usmc.mil/HD/Whos_Who/Bestwick_W.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130311182805/http://www.hqmc.marines.mil/News/NewsArticleDisplay/tabid/3488/Article/78703/marines-use-resources-to-locate-properly-honor-first-sergeant-major-of-the-mari.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Marines use resources to locate, properly honor first sergeant major of the Marine Corps\""},{"Link":"http://www.hqmc.marines.mil/News/NewsArticleDisplay/tabid/3488/Article/78703/marines-use-resources-to-locate-properly-honor-first-sergeant-major-of-the-mari.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.hqmc.marines.mil/smmc/Previous-SMMC/Article/553774/wilbur-bestwick/","external_links_name":"\"Wilbur Bestwick: 1st Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191030064754/https://www.afpc.af.mil/About/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/421898/republic-of-korea-korean-war-service-medal/","external_links_name":"\"Republic of Korea Korean War Service Medal\""},{"Link":"https://www.afpc.af.mil/About/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/421898/republic-of-korea-korean-war-service-medal/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.tecom.usmc.mil/HD/Whos_Who/Bestwick_W.htm","external_links_name":"Official Marine Corps biography"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110615092718/http://www.tecom.usmc.mil/HD/Whos_Who/Bestwick_W.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110615092718/http://www.tecom.usmc.mil/HD/Whos_Who/Bestwick_W.htm","external_links_name":"\"Sergeant Major Wilbur Bestwick, USMC\""},{"Link":"http://www.tecom.usmc.mil/HD/Whos_Who/Bestwick_W.htm","external_links_name":"the original"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-shirt_cannon | Potato cannon | ["1 Operation methods","1.1 Combustion","1.2 Pneumatic","1.3 Hybrid","1.4 Dry ice","1.4.1 Dry ice bomb","1.5 Vacuum","2 Primary materials","2.1 Plastics","2.2 Metals","3 Valve types","3.1 Manual","3.2 Electric","3.3 Pneumatic","4 Connections","4.1 Welding, soldering and gluing","4.2 Mechanical joints","5 The sound barrier","6 Tradeoffs","7 Practical uses","7.1 Entertainment","7.2 Industry","7.3 Military","8 Safety","9 Legal issues","10 In popular culture","11 See also","12 References","13 External links"] | Pipe-based cannon
For the children's toy gun which fires small pieces of potato, see Spud gun.
This article's lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. (February 2021)
A potato cannon, also known as a potato gun or potato launcher, is a pipe-based cannon that uses air pressure (pneumatic), or combustion of a flammable gas (aerosol, propane, etc.), to fire projectiles, usually potatoes. A simple design consists of a pipe sealed on one end, with a reducer on the other end to lower the diameter of the pipe, which has the corresponding lower-diameter pipe attached to it, called the barrel. Generally, the operator loads the projectile into the barrel, then utilizes a fuel or air pressure (or sometimes both) to propel the projectile out of the cannon.
The potato cannon can trace its origin to the World War II-era Holman Projector, which was a shipboard anti-aircraft weapon.
Operation methods
Potato cannons utilise fluid pressure to propel projectiles down their barrels in the similar manner as a firearm (although at a much lower pressure). There are three basic methods that to achieve this:
By the combustion of a gaseous fuel-air mixture; this is generally called a combustion cannon, and its pressure is limited primarily by the combustion pressure of the fuel-air mixture, which is often less than 700 kPa (100 psi).
By the release of compressed gas (normally air) through a valve; such a cannon is typically referred to as a pneumatic cannon, and its power is limited primarily by the pressure of the air supply, be that from a compressor, manual pump or bottled gas.
By the combustion of a pre-pressurized fuel-air mixture; this is called a hybrid cannon, and yields higher pressures than that of a normal combustion potato cannon, limited only by the construction of the cannon (generally a few hundred pounds-force per square inch).
Combustion
Combustion powered potato cannons typically have the least complex designs; the four basic elements of which are:
A fuel-air mixture
A combustion chamber
An ignition source
A barrel
In order to fire, the operator loads a projectile into the barrel, adds fuel to the combustion chamber (for example aerosols or propane), and triggers the ignition source (often using a piezoelectric barbecue igniter). The fuel-air mixture then ignites, creating hot expanding gases which force the projectile out of the barrel. The range of the cannon depends on many variables, including the type of fuel used, the efficiency of the fuel/air ratio, the combustion chamber/barrel ratio, and the flight characteristics of the projectile. Common distances vary from 100–200 meters (330–660 feet), and there is a reported case of a cannon exceeding 500 meters (1,600 feet) of range.
Advanced combustion cannons may include metered propane or calcium carbide (acetylene) injection to ensure proper fueling, chamber fans to mix the fuel with the air and accelerate venting of the chamber after firing, multiple spark gaps (spark strips) to decrease combustion time, and high-voltage ignition sources (flyback circuits, stun guns, camera flashes, etc.).
Combustion cannons are usually less powerful than their pneumatic or hybrid counterparts, especially when hairspray / alcohol is used as a propellant. Pure oxygen can be mixed with the fuel, but this can cause an explosion of the cannon material, potentially injuring anyone nearby.
Pneumatic
A pneumatic potato cannonA large pneumatic design: The projectile is loaded in the muzzle (not pictured), which is then attached to the cannon (at 2). The air reservoir (3) is filled to 120 psi (0.83 MPa) using the Schrader valve (4). Upon opening the solenoid valve (1), the air from the reservoir is transferred to the projectile, which is fired out of the muzzle.
Pneumatic cannons are considered more difficult to build due to the need of a completely airtight construction. These cannons have four basic components:
A pressure source
A pressure chamber
A pressure release valve
A barrel
In a pneumatic potato cannon, the pressure chamber is pressurized using a pressure source. The filling valve is usually a commonly available type such as a Schrader or Presta valve but other assemblies to pressurise the cannon such as quick release connections with ball or check valves have been used.
The pressure release valve is often one of a variety of commercially available types such as a plumbing ball valve, an irrigation sprinkler valve or a quick exhaust valve. Experienced builders often make their own valves for this purpose to gain greater flow and faster actuation. The most common custom design used is the piston valve. Multiple valves arranged to be triggered together are occasionally used as an alternative to a single larger valve.
The range of pneumatic cannons is more variable than the range of combustion potato cannons due to the increased variation possible in the components. Typical ranges are slightly higher because of the greater power, but the maximum range of some high power pneumatic cannons has been said to be over 1,000 metres (3,300 ft).
Pneumatic potato cannons are generally more powerful than combustion potato cannons. A typical combustion gun generates average chamber pressures of about 200 kPa (30 psi) with peaks of around 500–700 kPa (70–100 psi), while the average pneumatic gun can operate at pressures in the vicinity of 700 kPa (100 psi). In recent times, it has become increasingly common for metal pneumatic cannons to use even higher pressures, sometimes in excess of 3,000 kPa (440 psi).
Hybrid
A hybrid cannon consists of seven basic elements:
A fuel system (usually metered propane)
An air filling valve (see pneumatic cannons)
One or more pressure gauges
A high-pressure combustion chamber
A pressure-triggered main valve (burst disk)
A barrel
An ignition source (see combustion cannons)
A hybrid combines principles of combustion and pneumatic potato cannon. It uses a pre-pressurized mixture of fuel and air to get more power out of a given chamber volume.
In order to fire, the operator first readies the pressure-triggered valve then injects several times the normal amount of fuel and appropriately more air. When the ignition source is triggered, the pressure from the combustion causes the main valve to open and propels the projectile out of the barrel with the released combustion gases. The hybrid is capable of higher velocities than a combustion or pneumatic potato cannon because the pressure generated is higher than that in a combustion gun (for most fuels), and the shock wave moves faster than it can in a pneumatic (for most gases), due to the higher temperature. Projectiles fired by a hybrid have broken the sound barrier.
A hybrid using a fuel and air mix at twice atmospheric pressure is said to be using a 2X mix. Higher mixtures can be used and will produce even higher pressures. The fuel and air need to be measured and matched carefully to ensure reliable operation; hence the use of accurate air pressure gauges and fuel meters.
Dry ice
PVC dry ice cannon in use, 1.5kg (3 pounds) of concrete is poured at the bottom to reinforce it, and plastic sleeves are used to stiffen the lower (highest pressure) part.
A dry ice cannon uses the sublimation of solid carbon dioxide to generate the gas pressure to propel a projectile and is a variation of the burst disk cannon.
The oldest examples simply involve dropping pieces of dry ice into a tube closed at one end and sealing the other end by jamming the projectile in. When the pressure of the carbon dioxide from the subliming dry ice builds high enough, the projectile will be blown out of the tube. The pressures of such devices are not very high as it only needs to build enough to overcome the static friction of the projectile jammed in the barrel. A few hundred kPa is most likely. The range is likely restricted to 100- meters.
Dry ice bomb
A more modern example is the dry ice bomb cannon. A plastic bottle containing water has some dry ice added and is quickly sealed and dropped down a tube closed at one end. A projectile is inserted in after it. The water accelerates the sublimation of the dry ice and the pressure from the carbon dioxide gas produced eventually ruptures the plastic bottle and launches the projectile. The rupturing pressure of a 0.5 L plastic soda bottle is between 1,500–2,000 kPa (220–290 psi) in the open air but when confined in a pipe, it could be higher.
Due to the operation of a dry ice bomb, extra safety issues are present:
The dry ice bomb used for propulsion can achieve bursting pressure in a matter of seconds to hours depending on the quantity of water and dry ice. If too little dry ice, it also may not achieve bursting pressure at all. These timing issues can cause belief that the cannon has failed to fire but attempting to unload the cannon may then provide the extra stress on the bottle needed for it to rupture.
The piping and any reinforcement may be insufficiently strong for the strong pressure impulse when the dry ice bomb explodes and could also explode.
The recoil of such cannons can be very strong due to the high pressure combined with the large internal diameter piping needed for the bottles (5–9 cm; 2–3½ in) resulting in them being ill-suited for hand held firing.
Compared to the operation of other potato cannons, dry ice bomb cannons are similar in firing principle to a light-gas gun of the pneumatic type; the plastic bottle performing the task of the burst disk albeit in a less controlled manner.
Another means of utilizing dry ice in potato cannons is to use the sublimation of dry ice to create substantial pressure behind a valve, and placing a barrel on the other side of that valve with a projectile loaded into it. Pressures behind the valve can reach upwards of 5,000 kPa (730 psi), and by quickly releasing the valve, the projectile can be launched. Whilst this method is more controllable and in many means safer than utilizing a soda bottle as a burst disk (provided pressure rated valves and piping are used), it is limited in that quick release valves, such as ball valves, are generally not bigger in diameter than 1 or 2 inches. Additionally, they cannot be opened as rapidly as a soda bottle will rupture, and consequently there is less immediate airflow. However, this is offset by the fact that such a design can operate at more than double the pressure of a typical dry ice bomb cannon, as soda bottles will rupture at only 1,500–2,000 kPa (220–290 psi).
Vacuum
Main article: Vacuum bazooka
Vacuum cannons differ from typical pneumatic cannons in that they apply a negative pressure to the front of the projectile in order to "pull" it out of the barrel. They typically fire light projectiles and do not have any practical applications outside of demonstrating air pressure theory.
Primary materials
Plastics
PVC-U (Polyvinyl chloride, unplasticized): Highly popular due to its availability and relatively low cost. PVC pipes are available in a wide variety of sizes and pressure ratings. In industry, however, they are illegal for compressed air applications—if they are damaged under pressure the plastic can fail explosively. PVC should not be used in this application without extensive experience and understanding of the forces at play.
ABS (Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene): Another popular plastic piping material, more expensive and less common than PVC but available in the same sizes and pressure ratings. Unlike PVC it is used in compressed air systems as it splits rather than shatters on failure. It also has a greater temperature tolerance (−40 °C to +80 °C, or −40 to 175 °F) compared to 0 °C to +60 °C or 30 to 140 °F for PVC).
Both PVC and ABS piping are also available in forms that are not pressure rated. The use of unrated plastic piping and fittings is a common source of cannon failure and poses a much greater risk to a cannon operator.
Metals
Steel: The very high-pressure rating of steel piping makes it a familiar sight on high-powered hybrid cannons. It is however much more expensive than any other common piping material. The extra weight and joining difficulties are also a consideration.
Copper: As a common plumbing material, copper pipes and associated fittings are readily available. They have higher pressure ratings and flow compared to similar plastic piping. The drawbacks are that copper is heavier, and up to four times the cost of PVC or ABS pipes of similar external diameters.
Aluminium: Aluminium is a lightweight metal with good corrosion resistance. Aluminium pipes are sometimes used as barrels on potato cannons on their own and machined aluminium is a popular material for particularly unique designs.
Brass: Often brass fittings are used on potato cannons for small parts of the construction like fuel systems, because it is one of the most common materials for small pipe fittings. Occasionally large parts of potato cannons are machined entirely out of brass.
Valve types
Manual
Ball Valve: Made out of either plastic or metal, ball valves are considered inferior by many enthusiasts due to their slow opening times. For those on a tight budget or in low-power setups, ball valves are ideal. Some choose to modify their valves by attaching a pneumatic actuator or spring to achieve a faster opening speed.
Blowgun: A blowgun is a small handheld device used to blow away debris from a work area and is designed to be used attached to a compressed air line. It uses a sprung poppet valve operated by a lever to allow air through its body and out through a specially shaped nozzle. In potato cannoning, it’s used to pilot larger valves—releasing a small volume of air to allow a piston or diaphragm to fly back and release a much larger volume of air into the barrel. It is also used as the primary valve for small cannons that fire airsoft pellets and so do not require high airflow. Blowguns can be modified to increase airflow.
Electric
Sprinkler valve (otherwise known as a solenoid valve): The use of irrigation sprinkler valves as pneumatic valves has become increasingly popular for potato cannonning. These valves are intended to be electrically triggered causing a solenoid to depressurise a diaphragm and allow airflow through. It is also possible to remove the solenoid and, instead, to actuate the valve manually with a blowgun to depressurise the diaphragm. Such modifications allow the valve to open as much as 3 to 5 times faster.
Pneumatic
Diaphragm valve: A diaphragm valve is used in pneumatic cannons where the barrel is within the air chamber. It is a disk of flexible material mounted directly behind the barrel that seals it when pressure is increased behind the disk. The design is such that air leaks past the diaphragm from behind it to the chamber around the barrel, sealing the soft rubber against the butt of the barrel. Once the chamber is fully pressurised the compressed air behind the diaphragm is quickly vented, causing the centre of the diaphragm to flex backwards, exposing the butt of the barrel to the compressed air inside the chamber, which rapidly exhausts through the barrel, launching the projectile. Sprinkler valves have also been modified to act in the same manner a diaphragm valve operates; changing the triggering of the valve to a release of air controlled by a blowgun valve, rather than electronically.
Piston valve: The gold standard of pneumatic potato cannonning is the piston valve, due to its extremely high rate of flow and opening speed. It works in an almost identical fashion to a diaphragm valve but replaces the flexible diaphragm with a hard rubber-faced piston. The valve opening is generally as wide as or wider than the barrel diameter, so there is very little constriction of airflow. Piston valves also open much faster than either ball or solenoid valves. However, construction of this type of valve is inherently complex, and some choose to order pre-built valves through the internet.
Quick Exhaust Valve (QEV): a commercial piston or diaphragm valve in a metal body intended for the quick venting of pneumatic cylinders. In potato cannonning they are ideal barrel sealing valves with faster opening times than custom piston valves and high flow rates. They can be commonly found in sizes from ⅛ inch to 1½ inches (3–40 mm) and sometimes even larger models. It provides an easy option for inexperienced spud-gun builders but the cost is usually greater than for any other valve type.
The Quick Dump Valve is a recent addition to the choices of valves for spudding. A QDV is a spool valve that is balanced under pressure with one end of the spool oriented toward the barrel. The spool is manually unbalanced allowing pressure between the end of the spool and the projectile in the barrel. The air pressure then forces the spool back and the projectile forward. Since the valve is triggered with no pilot pressure, the valve snaps open with no pilot pressure to hinder it. Currently it is not commercially for sale and must be hand built by the hobbyist like most piston valves.
Burst Disk Valve: Used in a few pneumatics but primarily in hybrid cannons, burst valves are considered the ideal pressure release mechanism as they allow an unobstructed flow of high pressure air. Burst disks have no moving parts, making them very reliable. They are very appealing for hybrid cannons because they can withstand the low pressure gas mix in the chamber before ignition, yet fail as planned upon successful ignition. The high pressure combustion gases are released into the barrel at a rate which generates greater velocities than a mechanical valve could allow. Pneumatic cannon burst discs work similarly. The disc and projectile are loaded, and the chamber is pressurised until the disc ruptures. Unfortunately, this usually does not give the operators much in the way of control over timing, although a puncturing mechanism can be used. Burst disks are of no specific material and may consist of plastic or thin sheet metal or foil.
Alternate designs have also been used which use a sharp projectile to puncture the burst disk, like a mortar or using a manual puncturing device to trigger failure of the disk. These allow total control over burst disk cannons without the need for hybrid technology and materials as simple as plastic tape can be used for the disk.
Burst disk cannons have also been made which are fired electrically, using a nichrome wire to trigger failure by heating.
Connections
Welding, soldering and gluing
Solvent welding: used for similar plastic connections using solvent fittings, the solvent temporarily dissolves the polymer chains of the plastic and the parts to be joined are brought together. On rehardening, the polymer chains from each part are entangled and so form a solid weld.
Metal welding: used to form strong joints between similar metals by melting the points of connection together. It is an uncommon process in potato cannon construction due to the equipment necessary to make the welds.
Soldering: commonly used in the construction of copper pipe based potato cannons, a solder with a lower melting point than the copper is melted and drawn into the gaps between pipe and fitting with capillary action, holding to pipe and fitting with a wetting action before hardening.
Gluing: the use of epoxy resin in small designs is common for the making of custom parts but it is rare to see glues used for structural connections. Epoxy resin is mostly used in applications where normal fittings would limit the possibilities.
Duct tape: sometimes used in simple cannons, it is unsuitable for sealing any significant pneumatic pressure and if used on a combustion cannon the heat produced can soften the adhesive and melt the tape, greatly weakening any seal or joint it creates.
Mechanical joints
Compression Fittings: primarily seen on copper pipe potato cannons, the compression fitting squeezes a metal ring against the pipe between a nut and the fitting body to form the connection. Easier than solder fittings and requiring only a spanner they are much more expensive and are of greater weight.
Threaded Fittings: commonly available in BSP or NPT (not interchangeable) they generally require a fitting attached to a pipe by other means to allow screwing into another threaded fitting. The exception to this is steel pipe, the ends of which can have the appropriate thread cut into them.
Flange joints: on large steel potato cannons, pipe and fittings are sometimes bolted together by means of flanges with a gasket sandwiched between them to provide an airtight joint.
Cam Locks: on potato cannons with interchangeable barrels a cam lock is sometimes used to connect barrels to the cannon as it provides a quick and simple solution to switching barrels. Two levers either side of the socket side of the fitting rotate internal cams to lock in or release the plug side of the fitting to which a barrel is attached.
The sound barrier
It is rare for a potato cannon to be powerful enough to break the sound barrier, although there are some cases of this happening using specialized designs. The potato cannons used are typically hybrids; but some pneumatic cannons have achieved the feat, either by using a special low-density gas, such as helium, or high pressures combined with a fast valve. There is also one reported case of a combustion design achieving super-sonic velocities.
The difficulty in breaking the barrier arises from the speed of the particles within the gas. The projectile cannot travel faster than the gas particles, which are limited to travel at the speed of sound. The problem is solved by increasing the speed of the particles, either by:
Using lighter molecules, which occurs when helium is used in a pneumatic.
Heating the gases to far higher temperatures, and thus giving them more energy. This allows hybrids and combustions to achieve supersonic velocities.
Using steel and much higher pressures of 5,000 kPa (730 psi) or more, but achieving these pressures is difficult. CO2 gas, although it can reach these pressures, is not suitable due to its high density.
Supersonic velocities may theoretically be attained by pneumatics with a sufficiently large "dead space" between the main valve and projectile. The incoming air can raise the pressure rapidly in this dead space, creating high temperatures sometimes sufficient to achieve supersonic velocities. This particular effect has not yet been successfully used, but has been discussed, as both adiabatic and shock heating are documented phenomena in gases.
The highest projectile speed recorded from a potato cannon is 933.3 m/s (3,060 ft/s) (approximately 2.7 times the speed of sound) with a 16.6-gram (256 gr) 20 mm plastic slug from a hybrid using a 20 MPa (2,900 psi) pre-ignition mixture of air and propane.
Supersonic velocities have been obtained using the related vacuum bazooka with a de Laval nozzle. This also relies on significantly lowering the density of the gas.
Further information: Vacuum bazooka
Tradeoffs
In summary, the different operation methods of a potato cannon all have their advantages and disadvantages,
Mode of Operation
Combustion
Pneumatic
Hybrid
Dry Ice Bomb
Advantage
Simple design and decent range compared to uncontained dry ice.
Freedom of pressure which allows high firing pressure and velocity/range.
Easier to reach high firing pressures which offer high prejectile velocity/range.
Reaching high firing pressure is easy due to the strength of commonly-used soda bottles, offering high firing velocity/range.
Disadvantage
Lower chamber pressure, velocity, and therefore range.
Limitations based on pressure supply.
Engineering complexity is strongly greater than combustion or pneumatic counterparts.
The pressure impulse from the rupturing of the bottle produces stressful conditions for the cannon material.
Practical uses
Although potato cannons are created and used for the purpose of recreation there are other devices which work on identical principles in many other fields with more serious uses.
Entertainment
Promotional sports cannons: Portable pneumatic cannons which run on bottled CO2 are common at large sports games in the U.S. where they are used to project items such as T-shirts or wrapped food into the audience. Such cannons can be dangerous: the Phillie Phanatic injured a fan with a hot dog cannon in June 2018. Such "air cannons", as they are often called, tend to be made of higher-quality materials than an average pneumatic potato cannon, but they use the same methods of operation.
Special effects cannons: In film and theatre productions, pneumatic cannons (such as an air mortar) are often used as a pyrotechnic-free method of material projection. These can vary from simple ball valve, manually operated models to electronically triggered designs operated from a remote control panel depending on the exact requirements.
Golf ball cannons: at some charity outings players can make a donation and launch a golf ball over 300 yards and use that as their tee shot. Usually the vendor hired by the event organizer launches the ball for safety and liability reasons.
Industry
A typical propane gun bird scarer
Hail cannons: these are very large devices which consist of a combustion chamber and a large funnel shape mounted on top of it. A gas mix is ignited in the combustion chamber and the funnel directs the blast wave upwards. They are intended to protect crops from hail damage by disrupting hail formation with the shock waves. There has however been no scientific proof of their effectiveness.
Air cannons: This can mean:
A pneumatic potato cannon
Air cannon (mechanics), a compressed air device for creating high pressure shock waves under water
Bird scarers: these devices are essentially automatic combustion cannons. They require bottled propane gas and a lead-acid battery. At intervals they ignite a propane/air mix to produce a loud explosion (up to 150 decibels close to the device) to scare birds from crop fields or near airport runways.
Chicken cannons: Many aircraft parts must be able to survive the impact of a bird in flight, known as a birdstrike. Pneumatic guns are used to project a bird, typically a dead chicken, into a product designed to imitate a birdstrike. Aircraft canopies, engines, and critical flight control surfaces will normally undergo this type of stress testing to determine whether they are strong enough to withstand a birdstrike in flight.
Shock tubes: used to test hypersonic and supersonic combustion ramjets.
Pneumatic line throwers for launching lines for rescue missions or between ships for replenishment at sea as well as a number of other applications.
Military
Combustion light-gas guns are weaponised combustion cannons which burn a low-molecular-weight gas such as hydrogen to provide a higher specific impulse than relatively high-molecular-weight conventional solid propellants.
Safety
Potato cannons by nature are hazardous and can present safety issues if poorly constructed or used. Projectiles or failing guns can be dangerous and result in life-threatening injuries, including cranial fractures, enucleation, and blindness if a person is hit.Therefore, users should follow the same rules as if handling a conventional firearm (see gun safety), but given the frequently improvised materials and construction used in potato cannons, it is particularly important for the user to use basic ear and eye protection when operating a potato cannon.
Legal issues
Main article: Spud gun legality
In some jurisdictions potato cannons are outlawed or have restrictions on their use and may require licenses and certification of the gun.
In popular culture
A Potato Gun is mentioned as the cause of death in Bones, S06E04.
In the Workaholics episode "To Friend a Predator", a Potato Gun is used in an attempt to stop the protagonist, but instead hits Blake in the back.
In The Trailer Park Boys, Julian, Ricky, Bubbles, Corey and Trevor use potato cannons to investigate the enormous damage to their crops of cannabis. This was because real guns would attract too much attention.
In the film Tremors 3: Back to Perfection, Jack Sawyer suggested to Burt Gummer that they build a potato gun to fight the Ass-Blasters. Using parts from a junkyard, they formed a variant of a potato gun that shot makeshift flaming arrows that were deadly to the Ass Blasters and killed two.
In an episode of Nickelodeon's Drake & Josh, Drake buys a potato gun, accidentally hitting Josh, making him drop the weights he was lifting, causing him to break his foot.
Dwight Schrute on the U.S. version of The Office has mentioned owning a potato cannon in more than one episode.
In 14th episode of Season 4 of Prison Break, a combustion potato gun is used by Michael Scofield to launch 40 mm smoke grenades.
The Simpsons character Maude Flanders was killed by air-cannon launched T-shirts in the eleventh season episode, "Alone Again, Natura-Diddily".
In Duct Tape Forever (the movie based on The Red Green Show) Edgar K. B. Montrose says to sell them as toys to the kids to raise money.
In the movie Aliens in the Attic the kids build a potato cannon that they use to fight aliens invading Earth.
A MythBusters episode tested a potato cannon held together by duct tape compared to one held together using PVC bonding agent. Another episode, testing MacGyver myths, supplied Adam and Jamie with the materials to build a potato cannon as part of a challenge to "MacGyver" up a way to signal a rescue helicopter; however, they used the piping and other supplies present to build a large kite instead.
In the TV series House, M.D. episode "The Dig", House is attending a potato cannon show with Thirteen, where he uses the potato cannon to threaten a teenage competitor who taunts House.
A potato cannon was one of the many different weapons used in Bully, a video game made by Rockstar Games. There were two types. One can be carried around the map, but could only fire eight potatoes before having to get more ammunition. The other one was a mounted gun that the Nerds used at the observatory during a story mission facing a second boss.
In Iron Man 3, Tony meets a boy named Harley, who owns a potato gun which he uses to threaten Tony. At the end of the movie, as thanks for his help, Tony builds Harley a newer and better potato gun.
An extremely high-velocity potato cannon is featured as a project from Nelson "Big Head" Bighetti in Silicon Valley (season 2).
The video game Scrap Mechanic has 4 variants of potato cannons: a single shot potato cannon, a double barrel spud shot gun which fires French fries, a "spudling" gun which is a triple barrel Gatling gun, and a mountable potato cannon which can be mounted on your creations.
See also
Airgun
FN 303
Paintball gun
Plastic pressure pipe systems
Pneumatic gun
Pumpkin chucking
Vacuum bazooka
References
^ Mungan, Carl E. (May 2009). "Internal ballistics of a pneumatic potato cannon". European Journal of Physics. 30 (3): 453–457. Bibcode:2009EJPh...30..453M. doi:10.1088/0143-0807/30/3/003. S2CID 35147997.
^ Ayars, Eric; Bucholtz, Louis (July 2004). "Analysis of the vacuum cannon". American Journal of Physics. 72 (7): 961–963. Bibcode:2004AmJPh..72..961A. doi:10.1119/1.1710063. Retrieved 15 August 2011.
^ Pierson, Hazel M.; Price, Douglas M. (Spring 2005). "The Potato Cannon: Determination of Combustion Principles for Engineering Freshmen" (PDF). Chemical Engineering Education. 39 (2): 156–159. Retrieved 15 August 2011.
^ Courtney, Michael; Courtney, Amy (November 2007). "Acoustic Measurement of Potato Cannon Velocity". The Physics Teacher. 45 (8): 496–7. arXiv:physics/0612118. Bibcode:2007PhTea..45..496C. doi:10.1119/1.2798362. S2CID 119057813. Archived from the original on 2012-07-16. Retrieved 15 August 2011.
^ Gurstelle, William (2001). Backyard Ballistics: Build Potato Cannons, Paper Match Rockets, Cincinnati Fire Kites, Tennis Ball Mortars, and More Dynamite Devices. Chicago: Chicago Review Press. ISBN 1-55652-375-0. OCLC 45861947. Backyard Ballistics at Google Books.
^ How the Humble Potato Cannon Served the Allies in World War Two Popular Mechanics, Retrieved April 4, 2017.
^ a b BigBang (October 2006). "Crusader". SpudFiles. Archived from the original on 20 February 2009. Retrieved 2009-06-01.
^ schmanman; et al. (March–April 2007). "(NEW) S.W.A.T v.3". SpudFiles. Archived from the original on 2 February 2013. Retrieved 16 August 2011. Cannon with a calculated range exceeding 1 mile.
^ Killjoy (25 April 2007). "FEAR". SpudFiles. Archived from the original on 27 February 2015. Retrieved 2009-06-01.
^ Van Horn, Dale R. (October 1932). "Perform These STARTLING STUNTS with DRY ICE". Modern Mechanix and Inventions: 114–116. Retrieved 15 August 2011.
^ "OSHA Safety Hazard Information Bulletin on the Use of Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Pipe in Above ground Installations". Occupational Safety and Health Administration. 20 May 1988. Retrieved 16 August 2011.
^ Arabe, Katrina C. (23 April 2001). "A Dynamic Duo: Thermoplastics and Compressed Air Systems". Industry Market Trends. ThomasNet News. Retrieved 16 August 2011.
^ Novacastrian (November 2007). "The Brass Bruiser". SpudFiles. Retrieved 2009-06-01.
^ Technician1002 (4 April 2009). "Quick Dump Valve". SpudFiles. Retrieved 16 August 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ Downie, Neil (2006). Exploding Disk Cannons, Slimemobiles, and 32 Other Projects for Saturday Science. The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 5. ISBN 9780691149660.
^ Downie, Neil (2012). The Ultimate Book of Saturday Science : The Very Best Backyard Science Experiments You Can Do Yourself. Princeton University Press. p. 411. ISBN 9780691149660.
^ Downie, Neil (2012). The Ultimate Book of Saturday Science : The Very Best Backyard Science Experiments You Can Do Yourself. Princeton University Press. pp. 407–408. ISBN 9780691149660.
^ Wise, Roger (2003-10-29). "Solvent welding of thermoplastics". TWI. Archived from the original on 2008-02-12. Retrieved 2009-06-01.
^ "New stuff". The Spudgun Technology Center. 14 January 2010 . Retrieved 16 August 2011."Theory/physics behind the spudgun". The Spudgun Technology Center. 29 August 2008 . Retrieved 16 August 2011. Used helium to attain supersonic velocities.
^ jackssmirkingrevenge (8 September 2007). "high velocity burst disc 6mm pneumatic". SpudFiles. Retrieved 16 August 2011. Attained approximately Mach 1 (340 m/s; 1120 ft/s) with 400 psi (2.8 MPa) and a fast valve.
^ Larda (31 July 2008). "Lardas First Hybrid - HyGaC20". SpudFiles. Archived from the original on 15 September 2012. Retrieved 2009-06-01.
^ Didymus, JohnThomas (2013-02-06). "Video: Supersonic Ping-Pong gun fires a ball faster than sound". Digital Journal. Retrieved 2013-10-21.
^ "Phillie Phanatic's hot dog cannon sends Phillies fan to emergency room".
^ "T4 Shock Tunnel". Centre for Hypersonics, The University of Queensland. Retrieved 16 August 2011.
^ Barker-Griffith, Ann E.; Streeten, Barbara W.; Abraham, Jerrold L.; Schaefer, Daniel P.; Norton, Sylvia W. (1 March 1998). "Potato gun ocular injury". Ophthalmology. 105 (3): 535–538. doi:10.1016/S0161-6420(98)93039-1. PMID 9499787. Retrieved 15 August 2011.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Potato cannons.
How Pneumatic Potato Cannons Work —Audio slideshow from the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory
potato cannon building instructions — potato cannon plans, animations, construction how-tos | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spud gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spud_gun"},{"link_name":"cannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannon"},{"link_name":"pneumatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumatic"},{"link_name":"combustion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combustion"},{"link_name":"aerosol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerosol"},{"link_name":"propane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propane"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Auto90-1-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Auto90-2-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Auto90-3-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Auto90-4-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Auto90-5-5"},{"link_name":"barrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_barrel"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Holman Projector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holman_Projector"},{"link_name":"anti-aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Auto90-7-6"}],"text":"For the children's toy gun which fires small pieces of potato, see Spud gun.A potato cannon, also known as a potato gun or potato launcher, is a pipe-based cannon that uses air pressure (pneumatic), or combustion of a flammable gas (aerosol, propane, etc.),[1][2][3][4] to fire projectiles, usually potatoes.[5] A simple design consists of a pipe sealed on one end, with a reducer on the other end to lower the diameter of the pipe, which has the corresponding lower-diameter pipe attached to it, called the barrel. Generally, the operator loads the projectile into the barrel, then utilizes a fuel or air pressure (or sometimes both) to propel the projectile out of the cannon.The potato cannon can trace its origin to the World War II-era Holman Projector, which was a shipboard anti-aircraft weapon.[6]","title":"Potato cannon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fluid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid"},{"link_name":"firearm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firearm"},{"link_name":"kPa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_(unit)"},{"link_name":"psi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound_per_square_inch"}],"text":"Potato cannons utilise fluid pressure to propel projectiles down their barrels in the similar manner as a firearm (although at a much lower pressure). There are three basic methods that to achieve this:By the combustion of a gaseous fuel-air mixture; this is generally called a combustion cannon, and its pressure is limited primarily by the combustion pressure of the fuel-air mixture, which is often less than 700 kPa (100 psi).\nBy the release of compressed gas (normally air) through a valve; such a cannon is typically referred to as a pneumatic cannon, and its power is limited primarily by the pressure of the air supply, be that from a compressor, manual pump or bottled gas.\nBy the combustion of a pre-pressurized fuel-air mixture; this is called a hybrid cannon, and yields higher pressures than that of a normal combustion potato cannon, limited only by the construction of the cannon (generally a few hundred pounds-force per square inch).","title":"Operation methods"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"piezoelectric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piezoelectric"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Crusader-7"},{"link_name":"calcium carbide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_carbide"},{"link_name":"acetylene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetylene"}],"sub_title":"Combustion","text":"Combustion powered potato cannons typically have the least complex designs; the four basic elements of which are:A fuel-air mixture\nA combustion chamber\nAn ignition source\nA barrelIn order to fire, the operator loads a projectile into the barrel, adds fuel to the combustion chamber (for example aerosols or propane), and triggers the ignition source (often using a piezoelectric barbecue igniter). The fuel-air mixture then ignites, creating hot expanding gases which force the projectile out of the barrel. The range of the cannon depends on many variables, including the type of fuel used, the efficiency of the fuel/air ratio, the combustion chamber/barrel ratio, and the flight characteristics of the projectile. Common distances vary from 100–200 meters (330–660 feet), and there is a reported case of a cannon exceeding 500 meters (1,600 feet) of range.[7]Advanced combustion cannons may include metered propane or calcium carbide (acetylene) injection to ensure proper fueling, chamber fans to mix the fuel with the air and accelerate venting of the chamber after firing, multiple spark gaps (spark strips) to decrease combustion time, and high-voltage ignition sources (flyback circuits, stun guns, camera flashes, etc.).Combustion cannons are usually less powerful than their pneumatic or hybrid counterparts, especially when hairspray / alcohol is used as a propellant. Pure oxygen can be mixed with the fuel, but this can cause an explosion of the cannon material, potentially injuring anyone nearby.","title":"Operation methods"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bongspud.jpg"},{"link_name":"pneumatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumatic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pneumaticspudgun989.jpg"},{"link_name":"Schrader valve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schrader_valve"},{"link_name":"Pneumatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumatic"},{"link_name":"Schrader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schrader_valve"},{"link_name":"Presta valve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presta_valve"},{"link_name":"ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ball_valve"},{"link_name":"check valves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Check_valve"},{"link_name":"irrigation sprinkler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigation_sprinkler"},{"link_name":"piston valve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piston_valve#Pneumatic_cannon"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Auto90-8-8"}],"sub_title":"Pneumatic","text":"A pneumatic potato cannonA large pneumatic design: The projectile is loaded in the muzzle (not pictured), which is then attached to the cannon (at 2). The air reservoir (3) is filled to 120 psi (0.83 MPa) using the Schrader valve (4). Upon opening the solenoid valve (1), the air from the reservoir is transferred to the projectile, which is fired out of the muzzle.Pneumatic cannons are considered more difficult to build due to the need of a completely airtight construction. These cannons have four basic components:A pressure source\nA pressure chamber\nA pressure release valve\nA barrelIn a pneumatic potato cannon, the pressure chamber is pressurized using a pressure source. The filling valve is usually a commonly available type such as a Schrader or Presta valve but other assemblies to pressurise the cannon such as quick release connections with ball or check valves have been used.The pressure release valve is often one of a variety of commercially available types such as a plumbing ball valve, an irrigation sprinkler valve or a quick exhaust valve. Experienced builders often make their own valves for this purpose to gain greater flow and faster actuation. The most common custom design used is the piston valve. Multiple valves arranged to be triggered together are occasionally used as an alternative to a single larger valve.The range of pneumatic cannons is more variable than the range of combustion potato cannons due to the increased variation possible in the components. Typical ranges are slightly higher because of the greater power, but the maximum range of some high power pneumatic cannons has been said to be over 1,000 metres (3,300 ft).[8]Pneumatic potato cannons are generally more powerful than combustion potato cannons. A typical combustion gun generates average chamber pressures of about 200 kPa (30 psi) with peaks of around 500–700 kPa (70–100 psi), while the average pneumatic gun can operate at pressures in the vicinity of 700 kPa (100 psi). In recent times, it has become increasingly common for metal pneumatic cannons to use even higher pressures, sometimes in excess of 3,000 kPa (440 psi).","title":"Operation methods"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sound barrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_barrier"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Auto90-10-9"}],"sub_title":"Hybrid","text":"A hybrid cannon consists of seven basic elements:A fuel system (usually metered propane)\nAn air filling valve (see pneumatic cannons)\nOne or more pressure gauges\nA high-pressure combustion chamber\nA pressure-triggered main valve (burst disk)\nA barrel\nAn ignition source (see combustion cannons)A hybrid combines principles of combustion and pneumatic potato cannon. It uses a pre-pressurized mixture of fuel and air to get more power out of a given chamber volume.In order to fire, the operator first readies the pressure-triggered valve then injects several times the normal amount of fuel and appropriately more air. When the ignition source is triggered, the pressure from the combustion causes the main valve to open and propels the projectile out of the barrel with the released combustion gases. The hybrid is capable of higher velocities than a combustion or pneumatic potato cannon because the pressure generated is higher than that in a combustion gun (for most fuels), and the shock wave moves faster than it can in a pneumatic (for most gases), due to the higher temperature. Projectiles fired by a hybrid have broken the sound barrier.[9]A hybrid using a fuel and air mix at twice atmospheric pressure is said to be using a 2X mix. Higher mixtures can be used and will produce even higher pressures. The fuel and air need to be measured and matched carefully to ensure reliable operation; hence the use of accurate air pressure gauges and fuel meters.","title":"Operation methods"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dry_ice_montage.jpg"},{"link_name":"dry ice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_ice"},{"link_name":"sublimation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublimation_(chemistry)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Auto90-9-10"},{"link_name":"static friction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Static_friction"}],"sub_title":"Dry ice","text":"PVC dry ice cannon in use, 1.5kg (3 pounds) of concrete is poured at the bottom to reinforce it, and plastic sleeves are used to stiffen the lower (highest pressure) part.A dry ice cannon uses the sublimation of solid carbon dioxide to generate the gas pressure to propel a projectile and is a variation of the burst disk cannon.The oldest examples simply involve dropping pieces of dry ice into a tube closed at one end and sealing the other end by jamming the projectile in. When the pressure of the carbon dioxide from the subliming dry ice builds high enough, the projectile will be blown out of the tube.[10] The pressures of such devices are not very high as it only needs to build enough to overcome the static friction of the projectile jammed in the barrel. A few hundred kPa is most likely. The range is likely restricted to 100- meters.","title":"Operation methods"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"light-gas gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-gas_gun"}],"sub_title":"Dry ice - Dry ice bomb","text":"A more modern example is the dry ice bomb cannon. A plastic bottle containing water has some dry ice added and is quickly sealed and dropped down a tube closed at one end. A projectile is inserted in after it. The water accelerates the sublimation of the dry ice and the pressure from the carbon dioxide gas produced eventually ruptures the plastic bottle and launches the projectile. The rupturing pressure of a 0.5 L plastic soda bottle is between 1,500–2,000 kPa (220–290 psi)[citation needed] in the open air but when confined in a pipe, it could be higher.Due to the operation of a dry ice bomb, extra safety issues are present:The dry ice bomb used for propulsion can achieve bursting pressure in a matter of seconds to hours depending on the quantity of water and dry ice. If too little dry ice, it also may not achieve bursting pressure at all. These timing issues can cause belief that the cannon has failed to fire but attempting to unload the cannon may then provide the extra stress on the bottle needed for it to rupture.\nThe piping and any reinforcement may be insufficiently strong for the strong pressure impulse when the dry ice bomb explodes and could also explode.\nThe recoil of such cannons can be very strong due to the high pressure combined with the large internal diameter piping needed for the bottles (5–9 cm; 2–3½ in) resulting in them being ill-suited for hand held firing.Compared to the operation of other potato cannons, dry ice bomb cannons are similar in firing principle to a light-gas gun of the pneumatic type; the plastic bottle performing the task of the burst disk albeit in a less controlled manner.Another means of utilizing dry ice in potato cannons is to use the sublimation of dry ice to create substantial pressure behind a valve, and placing a barrel on the other side of that valve with a projectile loaded into it. Pressures behind the valve can reach upwards of 5,000 kPa (730 psi), and by quickly releasing the valve, the projectile can be launched. Whilst this method is more controllable and in many means safer than utilizing a soda bottle as a burst disk (provided pressure rated valves and piping are used), it is limited in that quick release valves, such as ball valves, are generally not bigger in diameter than 1 or 2 inches. Additionally, they cannot be opened as rapidly as a soda bottle will rupture, and consequently there is less immediate airflow. However, this is offset by the fact that such a design can operate at more than double the pressure of a typical dry ice bomb cannon, as soda bottles will rupture at only 1,500–2,000 kPa (220–290 psi).","title":"Operation methods"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Vacuum","text":"Vacuum cannons differ from typical pneumatic cannons in that they apply a negative pressure to the front of the projectile in order to \"pull\" it out of the barrel. They typically fire light projectiles and do not have any practical applications outside of demonstrating air pressure theory.","title":"Operation methods"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Primary materials"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"PVC-U (Polyvinyl chloride, unplasticized)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloride"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Auto90-11-11"},{"link_name":"ABS (Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrylonitrile_butadiene_styrene"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Auto90-12-12"}],"sub_title":"Plastics","text":"PVC-U (Polyvinyl chloride, unplasticized): Highly popular due to its availability and relatively low cost. PVC pipes are available in a wide variety of sizes and pressure ratings. In industry, however, they are illegal for compressed air applications—if they are damaged under pressure the plastic can fail explosively.[11] PVC should not be used in this application without extensive experience and understanding of the forces at play.\nABS (Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene): Another popular plastic piping material, more expensive and less common than PVC but available in the same sizes and pressure ratings. Unlike PVC it is used in compressed air systems as it splits rather than shatters on failure.[12] It also has a greater temperature tolerance (−40 °C to +80 °C, or −40 to 175 °F) compared to 0 °C to +60 °C or 30 to 140 °F for PVC).Both PVC and ABS piping are also available in forms that are not pressure rated. The use of unrated plastic piping and fittings is a common source of cannon failure and poses a much greater risk to a cannon operator.","title":"Primary materials"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Steel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel"},{"link_name":"Copper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper"},{"link_name":"Aluminium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium"},{"link_name":"Brass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brass"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Auto90-13-13"}],"sub_title":"Metals","text":"Steel: The very high-pressure rating of steel piping makes it a familiar sight on high-powered hybrid cannons. It is however much more expensive than any other common piping material. The extra weight and joining difficulties are also a consideration.\nCopper: As a common plumbing material, copper pipes and associated fittings are readily available. They have higher pressure ratings and flow compared to similar plastic piping. The drawbacks are that copper is heavier, and up to four times the cost of PVC or ABS pipes of similar external diameters.\nAluminium: Aluminium is a lightweight metal with good corrosion resistance. Aluminium pipes are sometimes used as barrels on potato cannons on their own and machined aluminium is a popular material for particularly unique designs.\nBrass: Often brass fittings are used on potato cannons for small parts of the construction like fuel systems, because it is one of the most common materials for small pipe fittings. Occasionally large parts of potato cannons are machined entirely out of brass.[13]","title":"Primary materials"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Valve types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ball Valve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ball_Valve"},{"link_name":"pneumatic actuator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumatic_actuator"},{"link_name":"spring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_(device)"},{"link_name":"airsoft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airsoft"}],"sub_title":"Manual","text":"Ball Valve: Made out of either plastic or metal, ball valves are considered inferior by many enthusiasts due to their slow opening times. For those on a tight budget or in low-power setups, ball valves are ideal. Some choose to modify their valves by attaching a pneumatic actuator or spring to achieve a faster opening speed.\nBlowgun: A blowgun is a small handheld device used to blow away debris from a work area and is designed to be used attached to a compressed air line. It uses a sprung poppet valve operated by a lever to allow air through its body and out through a specially shaped nozzle. In potato cannoning, it’s used to pilot larger valves—releasing a small volume of air to allow a piston or diaphragm to fly back and release a much larger volume of air into the barrel. It is also used as the primary valve for small cannons that fire airsoft pellets and so do not require high airflow. Blowguns can be modified to increase airflow.","title":"Valve types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"solenoid valve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solenoid_valve"}],"sub_title":"Electric","text":"Sprinkler valve (otherwise known as a solenoid valve): The use of irrigation sprinkler valves as pneumatic valves has become increasingly popular for potato cannonning. These valves are intended to be electrically triggered causing a solenoid to depressurise a diaphragm and allow airflow through. It is also possible to remove the solenoid and, instead, to actuate the valve manually with a blowgun to depressurise the diaphragm. Such modifications allow the valve to open as much as 3 to 5 times faster.","title":"Valve types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Diaphragm valve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaphragm_valve"},{"link_name":"Piston valve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piston_valve"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Auto90-14-14"},{"link_name":"Burst Disk Valve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupture_disc"},{"link_name":"mortar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortar_(weapon)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Auto90-15-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Auto90-16-16"},{"link_name":"nichrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nichrome"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Auto90-17-17"}],"sub_title":"Pneumatic","text":"Diaphragm valve: A diaphragm valve is used in pneumatic cannons where the barrel is within the air chamber. It is a disk of flexible material mounted directly behind the barrel that seals it when pressure is increased behind the disk. The design is such that air leaks past the diaphragm from behind it to the chamber around the barrel, sealing the soft rubber against the butt of the barrel. Once the chamber is fully pressurised the compressed air behind the diaphragm is quickly vented, causing the centre of the diaphragm to flex backwards, exposing the butt of the barrel to the compressed air inside the chamber, which rapidly exhausts through the barrel, launching the projectile. Sprinkler valves have also been modified to act in the same manner a diaphragm valve operates; changing the triggering of the valve to a release of air controlled by a blowgun valve, rather than electronically.\nPiston valve: The gold standard of pneumatic potato cannonning is the piston valve, due to its extremely high rate of flow and opening speed. It works in an almost identical fashion to a diaphragm valve but replaces the flexible diaphragm with a hard rubber-faced piston. The valve opening is generally as wide as or wider than the barrel diameter, so there is very little constriction of airflow. Piston valves also open much faster than either ball or solenoid valves. However, construction of this type of valve is inherently complex, and some choose to order pre-built valves through the internet.\nQuick Exhaust Valve (QEV): a commercial piston or diaphragm valve in a metal body intended for the quick venting of pneumatic cylinders. In potato cannonning they are ideal barrel sealing valves with faster opening times than custom piston valves and high flow rates. They can be commonly found in sizes from ⅛ inch to 1½ inches (3–40 mm) and sometimes even larger models. It provides an easy option for inexperienced spud-gun builders but the cost is usually greater than for any other valve type.\nThe Quick Dump Valve is a recent addition to the choices of valves for spudding. A QDV is a spool valve that is balanced under pressure with one end of the spool oriented toward the barrel. The spool is manually unbalanced allowing pressure between the end of the spool and the projectile in the barrel. The air pressure then forces the spool back and the projectile forward. Since the valve is triggered with no pilot pressure, the valve snaps open with no pilot pressure to hinder it. Currently it is not commercially for sale and must be hand built by the hobbyist like most piston valves.[14]\nBurst Disk Valve: Used in a few pneumatics but primarily in hybrid cannons, burst valves are considered the ideal pressure release mechanism as they allow an unobstructed flow of high pressure air. Burst disks have no moving parts, making them very reliable. They are very appealing for hybrid cannons because they can withstand the low pressure gas mix in the chamber before ignition, yet fail as planned upon successful ignition. The high pressure combustion gases are released into the barrel at a rate which generates greater velocities than a mechanical valve could allow. Pneumatic cannon burst discs work similarly. The disc and projectile are loaded, and the chamber is pressurised until the disc ruptures. Unfortunately, this usually does not give the operators much in the way of control over timing, although a puncturing mechanism can be used. Burst disks are of no specific material and may consist of plastic or thin sheet metal or foil.Alternate designs have also been used which use a sharp projectile to puncture the burst disk, like a mortar[15] or using a manual puncturing device to trigger failure of the disk.[16] These allow total control over burst disk cannons without the need for hybrid technology and materials as simple as plastic tape can be used for the disk.Burst disk cannons have also been made which are fired electrically, using a nichrome wire to trigger failure by heating.[17]","title":"Valve types"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Connections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Solvent welding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_welding#Solvent_welding"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Auto90-18-18"},{"link_name":"Metal welding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welding"},{"link_name":"Soldering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soldering"},{"link_name":"solder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solder"},{"link_name":"capillary action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capillary_action"},{"link_name":"wetting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetting"},{"link_name":"Gluing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glue"},{"link_name":"epoxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoxy"},{"link_name":"Duct tape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duct_tape"}],"sub_title":"Welding, soldering and gluing","text":"Solvent welding: used for similar plastic connections using solvent fittings, the solvent temporarily dissolves the polymer chains of the plastic and the parts to be joined are brought together. On rehardening, the polymer chains from each part are entangled and so form a solid weld.[18]\nMetal welding: used to form strong joints between similar metals by melting the points of connection together. It is an uncommon process in potato cannon construction due to the equipment necessary to make the welds.\nSoldering: commonly used in the construction of copper pipe based potato cannons, a solder with a lower melting point than the copper is melted and drawn into the gaps between pipe and fitting with capillary action, holding to pipe and fitting with a wetting action before hardening.\nGluing: the use of epoxy resin in small designs is common for the making of custom parts but it is rare to see glues used for structural connections. Epoxy resin is mostly used in applications where normal fittings would limit the possibilities.\nDuct tape: sometimes used in simple cannons, it is unsuitable for sealing any significant pneumatic pressure and if used on a combustion cannon the heat produced can soften the adhesive and melt the tape, greatly weakening any seal or joint it creates.","title":"Connections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Compression Fittings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compression_fitting"},{"link_name":"Threaded Fittings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threaded_pipe"},{"link_name":"BSP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_standard_pipe_thread"},{"link_name":"NPT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Pipe_Thread"},{"link_name":"Flange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flange"},{"link_name":"gasket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasket"},{"link_name":"cams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cam_(mechanism)"}],"sub_title":"Mechanical joints","text":"Compression Fittings: primarily seen on copper pipe potato cannons, the compression fitting squeezes a metal ring against the pipe between a nut and the fitting body to form the connection. Easier than solder fittings and requiring only a spanner they are much more expensive and are of greater weight.\nThreaded Fittings: commonly available in BSP or NPT (not interchangeable) they generally require a fitting attached to a pipe by other means to allow screwing into another threaded fitting. The exception to this is steel pipe, the ends of which can have the appropriate thread cut into them.\nFlange joints: on large steel potato cannons, pipe and fittings are sometimes bolted together by means of flanges with a gasket sandwiched between them to provide an airtight joint.\nCam Locks: on potato cannons with interchangeable barrels a cam lock is sometimes used to connect barrels to the cannon as it provides a quick and simple solution to switching barrels. Two levers either side of the socket side of the fitting rotate internal cams to lock in or release the plug side of the fitting to which a barrel is attached.","title":"Connections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"helium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Auto90-19-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Auto90-20-20"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Crusader-7"},{"link_name":"helium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium"},{"link_name":"Supersonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supersonic"},{"link_name":"shock heating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shock_wave"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Auto90-21-21"},{"link_name":"vacuum bazooka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_bazooka"},{"link_name":"de Laval nozzle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Laval_nozzle"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-digi_journal-22"},{"link_name":"Vacuum bazooka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_bazooka"}],"text":"It is rare for a potato cannon to be powerful enough to break the sound barrier, although there are some cases of this happening using specialized designs. The potato cannons used are typically hybrids; but some pneumatic cannons have achieved the feat, either by using a special low-density gas, such as helium,[19] or high pressures combined with a fast valve.[20] There is also one reported case of a combustion design achieving super-sonic velocities.[7]The difficulty in breaking the barrier arises from the speed of the particles within the gas. The projectile cannot travel faster than the gas particles, which are limited to travel at the speed of sound. The problem is solved by increasing the speed of the particles, either by:Using lighter molecules, which occurs when helium is used in a pneumatic.\nHeating the gases to far higher temperatures, and thus giving them more energy. This allows hybrids and combustions to achieve supersonic velocities.\nUsing steel and much higher pressures of 5,000 kPa (730 psi) or more, but achieving these pressures is difficult. CO2 gas, although it can reach these pressures, is not suitable due to its high density.Supersonic velocities may theoretically be attained by pneumatics with a sufficiently large \"dead space\" between the main valve and projectile. The incoming air can raise the pressure rapidly in this dead space, creating high temperatures sometimes sufficient to achieve supersonic velocities. This particular effect has not yet been successfully used, but has been discussed, as both adiabatic and shock heating are documented phenomena in gases.The highest projectile speed recorded from a potato cannon is 933.3 m/s (3,060 ft/s) (approximately 2.7 times the speed of sound) with a 16.6-gram (256 gr) 20 mm plastic slug from a hybrid using a 20 MPa (2,900 psi) pre-ignition mixture of air and propane.[21]Supersonic velocities have been obtained using the related vacuum bazooka with a de Laval nozzle. This also relies on significantly lowering the density of the gas.[22]Further information: Vacuum bazooka","title":"The sound barrier"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"In summary, the different operation methods of a potato cannon all have their advantages and disadvantages,","title":"Tradeoffs"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Although potato cannons are created and used for the purpose of recreation there are other devices which work on identical principles in many other fields with more serious uses.","title":"Practical uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Phillie Phanatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillie_Phanatic"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Auto90-22-23"},{"link_name":"air mortar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_mortar"}],"sub_title":"Entertainment","text":"Promotional sports cannons: Portable pneumatic cannons which run on bottled CO2 are common at large sports games in the U.S. where they are used to project items such as T-shirts or wrapped food into the audience. Such cannons can be dangerous: the Phillie Phanatic injured a fan with a hot dog cannon in June 2018.[23] Such \"air cannons\", as they are often called, tend to be made of higher-quality materials than an average pneumatic potato cannon, but they use the same methods of operation.\nSpecial effects cannons: In film and theatre productions, pneumatic cannons (such as an air mortar) are often used as a pyrotechnic-free method of material projection. These can vary from simple ball valve, manually operated models to electronically triggered designs operated from a remote control panel depending on the exact requirements.\nGolf ball cannons: at some charity outings players can make a donation and launch a golf ball over 300 yards and use that as their tee shot. Usually the vendor hired by the event organizer launches the ball for safety and liability reasons.","title":"Practical uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gas_gun_bird_scarer.jpg"},{"link_name":"propane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propane"},{"link_name":"Hail cannons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hail_cannon"},{"link_name":"Air cannons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_blaster"},{"link_name":"Air cannon (mechanics)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_cannon_(mechanics)"},{"link_name":"Bird scarers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_scarer#Propane_cannons_(propane_gas_guns)"},{"link_name":"decibels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decibel"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"Chicken cannons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken_cannon"},{"link_name":"birdstrike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdstrike"},{"link_name":"chicken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken"},{"link_name":"flight control surfaces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_control_surfaces"},{"link_name":"Shock tubes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shock_tube"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Auto90-23-24"},{"link_name":"Pneumatic line throwers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumatic_line_thrower"},{"link_name":"replenishment at sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replenishment_at_sea"}],"sub_title":"Industry","text":"A typical propane gun bird scarerHail cannons: these are very large devices which consist of a combustion chamber and a large funnel shape mounted on top of it. A gas mix is ignited in the combustion chamber and the funnel directs the blast wave upwards. They are intended to protect crops from hail damage by disrupting hail formation with the shock waves. There has however been no scientific proof of their effectiveness.\nAir cannons: This can mean:\nA pneumatic potato cannon\nAir cannon (mechanics), a compressed air device for creating high pressure shock waves under water\nBird scarers: these devices are essentially automatic combustion cannons. They require bottled propane gas and a lead-acid battery. At intervals they ignite a propane/air mix to produce a loud explosion (up to 150 decibels close to the device[This is not how sound pressure level is measured, clarification needed]) to scare birds from crop fields or near airport runways.\nChicken cannons: Many aircraft parts must be able to survive the impact of a bird in flight, known as a birdstrike. Pneumatic guns are used to project a bird, typically a dead chicken, into a product designed to imitate a birdstrike. Aircraft canopies, engines, and critical flight control surfaces will normally undergo this type of stress testing to determine whether they are strong enough to withstand a birdstrike in flight.\nShock tubes: used to test hypersonic and supersonic combustion ramjets.[24]\nPneumatic line throwers for launching lines for rescue missions or between ships for replenishment at sea as well as a number of other applications.","title":"Practical uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Combustion light-gas guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combustion_light-gas_gun"},{"link_name":"specific impulse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_impulse"}],"sub_title":"Military","text":"Combustion light-gas guns are weaponised combustion cannons which burn a low-molecular-weight gas such as hydrogen to provide a higher specific impulse than relatively high-molecular-weight conventional solid propellants.","title":"Practical uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"enucleation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enucleation_of_the_eye"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Auto90-6-25"},{"link_name":"gun safety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_safety"}],"text":"Potato cannons by nature are hazardous and can present safety issues if poorly constructed or used. Projectiles or failing guns can be dangerous and result in life-threatening injuries, including cranial fractures, enucleation, and blindness if a person is hit.[25]Therefore, users should follow the same rules as if handling a conventional firearm (see gun safety), but given the frequently improvised materials and construction used in potato cannons, it is particularly important for the user to use basic ear and eye protection when operating a potato cannon.","title":"Safety"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"In some jurisdictions potato cannons are outlawed or have restrictions on their use and may require licenses and certification of the gun.","title":"Legal issues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bones_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Workaholics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workaholics"},{"link_name":"The Trailer Park Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Trailer_Park_Boys"},{"link_name":"Julian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_(Trailer_Park_Boys)"},{"link_name":"Ricky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricky_LaFleur"},{"link_name":"Bubbles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubbles_(Trailer_Park_Boys)"},{"link_name":"Tremors 3: Back to Perfection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tremors_3:_Back_to_Perfection"},{"link_name":"Jack Sawyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tremors_3:_Back_to_Perfection#Cast"},{"link_name":"Burt Gummer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burt_Gummer"},{"link_name":"Ass-Blasters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graboid#Ass-blaster"},{"link_name":"Drake & Josh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drake_%26_Josh"},{"link_name":"Dwight Schrute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_Schrute"},{"link_name":"U.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"The Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Office_(U.S.)"},{"link_name":"Prison Break","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison_Break"},{"link_name":"Michael Scofield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Scofield"},{"link_name":"40 mm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/40mm_grenade"},{"link_name":"smoke grenades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoke_grenade"},{"link_name":"The Simpsons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Simpsons"},{"link_name":"Alone Again, Natura-Diddily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alone_Again,_Natura-Diddily"},{"link_name":"Duct Tape Forever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duct_Tape_Forever"},{"link_name":"The Red Green Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Red_Green_Show"},{"link_name":"Aliens in the Attic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliens_in_the_Attic"},{"link_name":"MythBusters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MythBusters"},{"link_name":"House, M.D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Dig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dig_(House)"},{"link_name":"Bully","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bully_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Rockstar Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockstar_Games"},{"link_name":"Iron Man 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Man_3"},{"link_name":"Silicon Valley (season 2)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Valley_(season_2)"},{"link_name":"Scrap Mechanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrap_Mechanic"}],"text":"A Potato Gun is mentioned as the cause of death in Bones, S06E04.\nIn the Workaholics episode \"To Friend a Predator\", a Potato Gun is used in an attempt to stop the protagonist, but instead hits Blake in the back.\nIn The Trailer Park Boys, Julian, Ricky, Bubbles, Corey and Trevor use potato cannons to investigate the enormous damage to their crops of cannabis. This was because real guns would attract too much attention.\nIn the film Tremors 3: Back to Perfection, Jack Sawyer suggested to Burt Gummer that they build a potato gun to fight the Ass-Blasters. Using parts from a junkyard, they formed a variant of a potato gun that shot makeshift flaming arrows that were deadly to the Ass Blasters and killed two.\nIn an episode of Nickelodeon's Drake & Josh, Drake buys a potato gun, accidentally hitting Josh, making him drop the weights he was lifting, causing him to break his foot.\nDwight Schrute on the U.S. version of The Office has mentioned owning a potato cannon in more than one episode.\nIn 14th episode of Season 4 of Prison Break, a combustion potato gun is used by Michael Scofield to launch 40 mm smoke grenades.\nThe Simpsons character Maude Flanders was killed by air-cannon launched T-shirts in the eleventh season episode, \"Alone Again, Natura-Diddily\".\nIn Duct Tape Forever (the movie based on The Red Green Show) Edgar K. B. Montrose says to sell them as toys to the kids to raise money.\nIn the movie Aliens in the Attic the kids build a potato cannon that they use to fight aliens invading Earth.\nA MythBusters episode tested a potato cannon held together by duct tape compared to one held together using PVC bonding agent. Another episode, testing MacGyver myths, supplied Adam and Jamie with the materials to build a potato cannon as part of a challenge to \"MacGyver\" up a way to signal a rescue helicopter; however, they used the piping and other supplies present to build a large kite instead.\nIn the TV series House, M.D. episode \"The Dig\", House is attending a potato cannon show with Thirteen, where he uses the potato cannon to threaten a teenage competitor who taunts House.\nA potato cannon was one of the many different weapons used in Bully, a video game made by Rockstar Games. There were two types. One can be carried around the map, but could only fire eight potatoes before having to get more ammunition. The other one was a mounted gun that the Nerds used at the observatory during a story mission facing a second boss.\nIn Iron Man 3, Tony meets a boy named Harley, who owns a potato gun which he uses to threaten Tony. At the end of the movie, as thanks for his help, Tony builds Harley a newer and better potato gun.\nAn extremely high-velocity potato cannon is featured as a project from Nelson \"Big Head\" Bighetti in Silicon Valley (season 2).\nThe video game Scrap Mechanic has 4 variants of potato cannons: a single shot potato cannon, a double barrel spud shot gun which fires French fries, a \"spudling\" gun which is a triple barrel Gatling gun, and a mountable potato cannon which can be mounted on your creations.","title":"In popular culture"}] | [{"image_text":"A pneumatic potato cannon","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Bongspud.jpg/250px-Bongspud.jpg"},{"image_text":"A large pneumatic design: The projectile is loaded in the muzzle (not pictured), which is then attached to the cannon (at 2). The air reservoir (3) is filled to 120 psi (0.83 MPa) using the Schrader valve (4). Upon opening the solenoid valve (1), the air from the reservoir is transferred to the projectile, which is fired out of the muzzle.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Pneumaticspudgun989.jpg/220px-Pneumaticspudgun989.jpg"},{"image_text":"PVC dry ice cannon in use, 1.5kg (3 pounds) of concrete is poured at the bottom to reinforce it, and plastic sleeves are used to stiffen the lower (highest pressure) part.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Dry_ice_montage.jpg/220px-Dry_ice_montage.jpg"},{"image_text":"A typical propane gun bird scarer","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Gas_gun_bird_scarer.jpg/220px-Gas_gun_bird_scarer.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Airgun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airgun"},{"title":"FN 303","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FN_303"},{"title":"Paintball gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paintball_gun"},{"title":"Plastic pressure pipe systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_pressure_pipe_systems"},{"title":"Pneumatic gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumatic_gun"},{"title":"Pumpkin chucking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumpkin_chucking"},{"title":"Vacuum bazooka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_bazooka"}] | [{"reference":"Mungan, Carl E. (May 2009). \"Internal ballistics of a pneumatic potato cannon\". European Journal of Physics. 30 (3): 453–457. Bibcode:2009EJPh...30..453M. doi:10.1088/0143-0807/30/3/003. S2CID 35147997.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Journal_of_Physics","url_text":"European Journal of Physics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009EJPh...30..453M","url_text":"2009EJPh...30..453M"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0143-0807%2F30%2F3%2F003","url_text":"10.1088/0143-0807/30/3/003"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:35147997","url_text":"35147997"}]},{"reference":"Ayars, Eric; Bucholtz, Louis (July 2004). \"Analysis of the vacuum cannon\". American Journal of Physics. 72 (7): 961–963. Bibcode:2004AmJPh..72..961A. doi:10.1119/1.1710063. Retrieved 15 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://ajp.aapt.org/resource/1/ajpias/v72/i7/p961_s1","url_text":"\"Analysis of the vacuum cannon\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Journal_of_Physics","url_text":"American Journal of Physics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004AmJPh..72..961A","url_text":"2004AmJPh..72..961A"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1119%2F1.1710063","url_text":"10.1119/1.1710063"}]},{"reference":"Pierson, Hazel M.; Price, Douglas M. (Spring 2005). \"The Potato Cannon: Determination of Combustion Principles for Engineering Freshmen\" (PDF). Chemical Engineering Education. 39 (2): 156–159. Retrieved 15 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.engr.uky.edu/~aseeched/SummerSchool/2007/session_handoutsew_approaches/kinetics/v39p156.pdf","url_text":"\"The Potato Cannon: Determination of Combustion Principles for Engineering Freshmen\""}]},{"reference":"Courtney, Michael; Courtney, Amy (November 2007). \"Acoustic Measurement of Potato Cannon Velocity\". The Physics Teacher. 45 (8): 496–7. arXiv:physics/0612118. Bibcode:2007PhTea..45..496C. doi:10.1119/1.2798362. S2CID 119057813. Archived from the original on 2012-07-16. Retrieved 15 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120716144837/http://tpt.aapt.org/resource/1/phteah/v45/i8/p496_s1","url_text":"\"Acoustic Measurement of Potato Cannon Velocity\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Physics_Teacher","url_text":"The Physics Teacher"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/physics/0612118","url_text":"physics/0612118"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007PhTea..45..496C","url_text":"2007PhTea..45..496C"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1119%2F1.2798362","url_text":"10.1119/1.2798362"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119057813","url_text":"119057813"},{"url":"http://tpt.aapt.org/resource/1/phteah/v45/i8/p496_s1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gurstelle, William (2001). Backyard Ballistics: Build Potato Cannons, Paper Match Rockets, Cincinnati Fire Kites, Tennis Ball Mortars, and More Dynamite Devices. Chicago: Chicago Review Press. ISBN 1-55652-375-0. OCLC 45861947.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.backyard-ballistics.com/","url_text":"Backyard Ballistics: Build Potato Cannons, Paper Match Rockets, Cincinnati Fire Kites, Tennis Ball Mortars, and More Dynamite Devices"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55652-375-0","url_text":"1-55652-375-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/45861947","url_text":"45861947"}]},{"reference":"BigBang (October 2006). \"Crusader\". SpudFiles. Archived from the original on 20 February 2009. Retrieved 2009-06-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090220125027/http://www.spudfiles.com/spudtech_archive/viewtopic.php?t=14927","url_text":"\"Crusader\""},{"url":"http://www.spudfiles.com/spudtech_archive/viewtopic.php?t=14927","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"schmanman; et al. (March–April 2007). \"(NEW) S.W.A.T v.3\". SpudFiles. Archived from the original on 2 February 2013. Retrieved 16 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130202230732/http://www.spudfiles.com/forums/viewtopic,p,71839.html","url_text":"\"(NEW) S.W.A.T v.3\""},{"url":"http://www.spudfiles.com/forums/viewtopic,p,71839.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Killjoy (25 April 2007). \"FEAR\". SpudFiles. Archived from the original on 27 February 2015. Retrieved 2009-06-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150227203943/http://www.spudfiles.com/forums/viewtopic,p,79973.html","url_text":"\"FEAR\""},{"url":"http://www.spudfiles.com/forums/viewtopic,p,79973.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Van Horn, Dale R. (October 1932). \"Perform These STARTLING STUNTS with DRY ICE\". Modern Mechanix and Inventions: 114–116. Retrieved 15 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://blog.modernmechanix.com/2008/03/16/perform-these-startling-stunts-with-dry-ice/","url_text":"\"Perform These STARTLING STUNTS with DRY ICE\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanix_Illustrated","url_text":"Modern Mechanix and Inventions"}]},{"reference":"\"OSHA Safety Hazard Information Bulletin on the Use of Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Pipe in Above ground Installations\". Occupational Safety and Health Administration. 20 May 1988. Retrieved 16 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.osha.gov/dts/hib/hib_data/hib19880520.html","url_text":"\"OSHA Safety Hazard Information Bulletin on the Use of Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Pipe in Above ground Installations\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration","url_text":"Occupational Safety and Health Administration"}]},{"reference":"Arabe, Katrina C. (23 April 2001). \"A Dynamic Duo: Thermoplastics and Compressed Air Systems\". Industry Market Trends. ThomasNet News. Retrieved 16 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.thomasnet.com/IMT/archives/2001/04/a_dynamic_duo_t.html","url_text":"\"A Dynamic Duo: Thermoplastics and Compressed Air Systems\""}]},{"reference":"Novacastrian (November 2007). \"The Brass Bruiser\". SpudFiles. Retrieved 2009-06-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.spudfiles.com/forums/viewtopic,p,135000.html","url_text":"\"The Brass Bruiser\""}]},{"reference":"Technician1002 (4 April 2009). \"Quick Dump Valve\". SpudFiles. Retrieved 16 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.spudfiles.com/forums/quick-dump-valve-t17858.html","url_text":"\"Quick Dump Valve\""}]},{"reference":"Downie, Neil (2006). Exploding Disk Cannons, Slimemobiles, and 32 Other Projects for Saturday Science. The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 5. ISBN 9780691149660.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780691149660/page/5","url_text":"Exploding Disk Cannons, Slimemobiles, and 32 Other Projects for Saturday Science"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780691149660/page/5","url_text":"5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691149660","url_text":"9780691149660"}]},{"reference":"Downie, Neil (2012). The Ultimate Book of Saturday Science : The Very Best Backyard Science Experiments You Can Do Yourself. Princeton University Press. p. 411. ISBN 9780691149660.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780691149660/page/411","url_text":"The Ultimate Book of Saturday Science : The Very Best Backyard Science Experiments You Can Do Yourself"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780691149660/page/411","url_text":"411"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691149660","url_text":"9780691149660"}]},{"reference":"Downie, Neil (2012). The Ultimate Book of Saturday Science : The Very Best Backyard Science Experiments You Can Do Yourself. Princeton University Press. pp. 407–408. ISBN 9780691149660.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780691149660/page/407","url_text":"The Ultimate Book of Saturday Science : The Very Best Backyard Science Experiments You Can Do Yourself"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780691149660/page/407","url_text":"407–408"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691149660","url_text":"9780691149660"}]},{"reference":"Wise, Roger (2003-10-29). \"Solvent welding of thermoplastics\". TWI. Archived from the original on 2008-02-12. Retrieved 2009-06-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080212220449/http://www.twi.co.uk/j32k/protected/band_3/ksrw002.html","url_text":"\"Solvent welding of thermoplastics\""},{"url":"http://www.twi.co.uk/j32k/protected/band_3/ksrw002.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"New stuff\". The Spudgun Technology Center. 14 January 2010 [6 July 2002]. Retrieved 16 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.spudtech.com/content.asp?id=10","url_text":"\"New stuff\""}]},{"reference":"\"Theory/physics behind the spudgun\". The Spudgun Technology Center. 29 August 2008 [25 June 2002]. Retrieved 16 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.spudtech.com/content.asp?id=6","url_text":"\"Theory/physics behind the spudgun\""}]},{"reference":"jackssmirkingrevenge (8 September 2007). \"high velocity burst disc 6mm pneumatic\". SpudFiles. Retrieved 16 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.spudfiles.com/forums/viewtopic,p,116876.html","url_text":"\"high velocity burst disc 6mm pneumatic\""}]},{"reference":"Larda (31 July 2008). \"Lardas First Hybrid - HyGaC20\". SpudFiles. Archived from the original on 15 September 2012. Retrieved 2009-06-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120915114029/http://www.spudfiles.com/forums/lardas-first-hybrid-hygac20-t15524.html","url_text":"\"Lardas First Hybrid - HyGaC20\""},{"url":"http://www.spudfiles.com/forums/lardas-first-hybrid-hygac20-t15524.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Didymus, JohnThomas (2013-02-06). \"Video: Supersonic Ping-Pong gun fires a ball faster than sound\". Digital Journal. Retrieved 2013-10-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://digitaljournal.com/article/342914","url_text":"\"Video: Supersonic Ping-Pong gun fires a ball faster than sound\""}]},{"reference":"\"Phillie Phanatic's hot dog cannon sends Phillies fan to emergency room\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbssports.com/mlb/news/phillie-phanatics-hot-dog-cannon-sends-phillies-fan-to-emergency-room/","url_text":"\"Phillie Phanatic's hot dog cannon sends Phillies fan to emergency room\""}]},{"reference":"\"T4 Shock Tunnel\". Centre for Hypersonics, The University of Queensland. Retrieved 16 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uq.edu.au/hypersonics/index.html?page=32641&pid=0","url_text":"\"T4 Shock Tunnel\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Queensland","url_text":"The University of Queensland"}]},{"reference":"Barker-Griffith, Ann E.; Streeten, Barbara W.; Abraham, Jerrold L.; Schaefer, Daniel P.; Norton, Sylvia W. (1 March 1998). \"Potato gun ocular injury\". Ophthalmology. 105 (3): 535–538. doi:10.1016/S0161-6420(98)93039-1. PMID 9499787. Retrieved 15 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ophsource.org/periodicals/ophtha/article/S0161-6420(98)93039-1/abstract","url_text":"\"Potato gun ocular injury\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophthalmology_(journal)","url_text":"Ophthalmology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0161-6420%2898%2993039-1","url_text":"10.1016/S0161-6420(98)93039-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9499787","url_text":"9499787"}]}] | 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd_H._Wood | Lloyd H. Wood | ["1 Early life and education","2 Career","3 References","4 External links"] | American politician
"Lloyd Wood" redirects here. For the British theatre director, see Lloyd Wood (director).
Lloyd H. Wood20th Lieutenant Governor of PennsylvaniaIn officeJanuary 16, 1951 – January 18, 1955GovernorJohn FinePreceded byDaniel StricklerSucceeded byRoy FurmanMember of the Pennsylvania Senatefrom the 12th districtIn officeJanuary 6, 1947 – November 30, 1950Preceded byFranklin EdwardsSucceeded byHenry Propert
Personal detailsBorn(1896-10-25)October 25, 1896DiedFebruary 15, 1964(1964-02-15) (aged 67)Political partyRepublicanProfessionPolitician
Lloyd Hobart Wood (October 25, 1896 – February 15, 1964) was an American Republican politician from the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania who served as the 20th lieutenant governor of Pennsylvania from 1951 to 1955. He served in the Pennsylvania State Senate for the 12th district from 1947 to 1951 and in the Pennsylvania House of Representatives for the Montgomery County district from 1939 to 1946.
Early life and education
Wood was born in Grampian, Pennsylvania, to George L. and Maude (Goss) Wood. He graduated from Central High School in Winchester Township and received a B.S. degree from Ursinus College and a LL.B from Temple University.
He served as a corporal in the United States Marine Corps in both World War I and World War II.
Career
He worked as attorney-at-law for the Montgomery County Republican Committee and served as a member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives for the Montgomery County district from 1939 to 1946. He resigned from the House on February 11, 1946, and served in the Pennsylvania State Senate from 1947 to 1951.
He served as the 20th Lieutenant Governor of Pennsylvania from 1951 to 1955 under Governor John Fine. He had an unsuccessful campaign for Governor of Pennsylvania in 1955.
He was elected Chief Clerk of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives and served from 1957 to 1959.
He died on February 15, 1964, and is interred at Riverside Cemetery in West Norriton Township, Pennsylvania.
References
^ a b "Pennsylvania State Senate – Lloyd H Wood Biography". www.legis.state.pa.us. Retrieved 24 April 2019.
^ a b c "Pennsylvania House of Representatives – LLOYD HOBART WOOD Biography". www.legis.state.pa.us. Retrieved 24 April 2019.
External links
The Political Graveyard
Pennsylvania House of Representatives
Preceded by
Member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives from Montgomery County 1939-1946
Succeeded by
Pennsylvania State Senate
Preceded byFranklin Edwards
Member of the Pennsylvania Senate, 12th district 1947-1951
Succeeded byHenry Propert
Political offices
Preceded byDaniel Strickler
Lieutenant Governor of Pennsylvania 1951–1955
Succeeded byRoy Furman
Party political offices
Preceded byJohn Fine
Republican nominee for Governor of Pennsylvania 1954
Succeeded byArthur McGonigle
Preceded byDaniel Strickler
Republican nominee for Lieutenant Governor of Pennsylvania 1950
Succeeded byFrank Truscott
vteLieutenant governors and vice-presidents of PennsylvaniaVice-presidents(1777–1790)
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Ewing
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Biddle
Muhlenberg
Redick
Ross
Lieutenant governors(since 1875)
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Stone
Black
Davies
Watres
Lyon
Gobin
Brown
Murphy
Reynolds
McClain
Beidleman
D. Davis
James
Shannon
Kennedy
Lewis
Bell
Strickler
Wood
Furman
J. Davis
Shafer
Broderick
Kline
Scranton
Singel
Schweiker
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Fetterman
Ward (acting)
A. Davis | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lloyd Wood (director)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd_Wood_(director)"},{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"lieutenant governor of Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_of_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania State Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_Senate"},{"link_name":"12th district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Senate,_District_12"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SenateBio-1"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Montgomery County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgomery_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HouseBio-2"}],"text":"\"Lloyd Wood\" redirects here. For the British theatre director, see Lloyd Wood (director).Lloyd Hobart Wood (October 25, 1896 – February 15, 1964) was an American Republican politician from the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania who served as the 20th lieutenant governor of Pennsylvania from 1951 to 1955. He served in the Pennsylvania State Senate for the 12th district from 1947 to 1951[1] and in the Pennsylvania House of Representatives for the Montgomery County district from 1939 to 1946.[2]","title":"Lloyd H. Wood"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grampian, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grampian,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SenateBio-1"},{"link_name":"Ursinus College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursinus_College"},{"link_name":"Temple University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_University"},{"link_name":"corporal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporal"},{"link_name":"United States Marine Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HouseBio-2"}],"text":"Wood was born in Grampian, Pennsylvania, to George L. and Maude (Goss) Wood.[1] He graduated from Central High School in Winchester Township and received a B.S. degree from Ursinus College and a LL.B from Temple University.He served as a corporal in the United States Marine Corps in both World War I and World War II.[2]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HouseBio-2"},{"link_name":"Riverside Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverside_Cemetery_(West_Norriton_Township,_Pennsylvania)"},{"link_name":"West Norriton Township, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Norriton_Township,_Pennsylvania"}],"text":"He worked as attorney-at-law for the Montgomery County Republican Committee and served as a member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives for the Montgomery County district from 1939 to 1946. He resigned from the House on February 11, 1946, and served in the Pennsylvania State Senate from 1947 to 1951.He served as the 20th Lieutenant Governor of Pennsylvania from 1951 to 1955 under Governor John Fine. He had an unsuccessful campaign for Governor of Pennsylvania in 1955.He was elected Chief Clerk of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives and served from 1957 to 1959.[2]He died on February 15, 1964, and is interred at Riverside Cemetery in West Norriton Township, Pennsylvania.","title":"Career"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Pennsylvania State Senate – Lloyd H Wood Biography\". www.legis.state.pa.us. Retrieved 24 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.legis.state.pa.us/cfdocs/legis/BiosHistory/MemBio.cfm?ID=2561&body=S","url_text":"\"Pennsylvania State Senate – Lloyd H Wood Biography\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pennsylvania House of Representatives – LLOYD HOBART WOOD Biography\". www.legis.state.pa.us. Retrieved 24 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.legis.state.pa.us/cfdocs/legis/BiosHistory/MemBio.cfm?ID=2413&body=H","url_text":"\"Pennsylvania House of Representatives – LLOYD HOBART WOOD Biography\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.legis.state.pa.us/cfdocs/legis/BiosHistory/MemBio.cfm?ID=2561&body=S","external_links_name":"\"Pennsylvania State Senate – Lloyd H Wood Biography\""},{"Link":"https://www.legis.state.pa.us/cfdocs/legis/BiosHistory/MemBio.cfm?ID=2413&body=H","external_links_name":"\"Pennsylvania House of Representatives – LLOYD HOBART WOOD Biography\""},{"Link":"http://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/wood6.html","external_links_name":"The Political Graveyard"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Temptation_of_Elminster | The Temptation of Elminster | ["1 Plot summary","2 Reception","3 References"] | Book by Ed Greenwood
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "The Temptation of Elminster" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
The Temptation of Elminster Cover of the first editionAuthorEd GreenwoodLanguageEnglishGenreFantasy novelPublished1998 (hardcover)1999 (paperback)Publication placeUnited StatesMedia typePrint (hardcover and paperback)ISBN978-0-7869-1189-9 (hardcover)978-0-7869-1427-2 (paperback)Preceded byElminster in Myth Drannor Followed byElminster in Hell
The Temptation of Elminster is a fantasy novel by Ed Greenwood, set in the world of the Forgotten Realms, and based on the Dungeons & Dragons role-playing game. It is the third novel in The Elminster Series. It was published in hardcover in December 1998, and in paperback in November 1999.
An audiobook, narrated by John Pruden and produced by Audible, was released in 2013.
Plot summary
The Temptation of Elminster moves the time line ahead several centuries. At the outset of the novel, Elminster emerges from a dusty tomb, after being trapped there in stasis for many years.
During much of this book, as under orders from Mystra, Elminster restricts his use of magic, and he must again learn to survive by his wits and the skills he picked up earlier in his life. He later undergoes further magical training under the tutelage of a wicked sorceress who seeks to tempt him away from Mystra's path.
Reception
This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (August 2015)
References
^ D'Ammassa, Don (2015-04-22). Encyclopedia of Fantasy and Horror Fiction. Infobase Learning. ISBN 9781438140636.
^ "Title: The Temptation of Elminster". www.isfdb.org. Retrieved 2018-11-16.
^ "The Temptation of Elminster. Forgotten Realms: Elminster, Book 3". Audible. Retrieved 17 November 2018.
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D&D Beyond | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ed Greenwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Greenwood"},{"link_name":"Forgotten Realms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forgotten_Realms"},{"link_name":"Dungeons & Dragons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dungeons_%26_Dragons"},{"link_name":"The Elminster Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Elminster_Series"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"audiobook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audiobook"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The Temptation of Elminster is a fantasy novel by Ed Greenwood, set in the world of the Forgotten Realms, and based on the Dungeons & Dragons role-playing game. It is the third novel in The Elminster Series.[1] It was published in hardcover in December 1998, and in paperback in November 1999.[2]An audiobook, narrated by John Pruden and produced by Audible, was released in 2013.[3]","title":"The Temptation of Elminster"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Temptation of Elminster moves the time line ahead several centuries. At the outset of the novel, Elminster emerges from a dusty tomb, after being trapped there in stasis for many years.During much of this book, as under orders from Mystra, Elminster restricts his use of magic, and he must again learn to survive by his wits and the skills he picked up earlier in his life. He later undergoes further magical training under the tutelage of a wicked sorceress who seeks to tempt him away from Mystra's path.","title":"Plot summary"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reception"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"D'Ammassa, Don (2015-04-22). Encyclopedia of Fantasy and Horror Fiction. Infobase Learning. ISBN 9781438140636.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_D%27Ammassa","url_text":"D'Ammassa, Don"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-7JbAgAAQBAJ","url_text":"Encyclopedia of Fantasy and Horror Fiction"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781438140636","url_text":"9781438140636"}]},{"reference":"\"Title: The Temptation of Elminster\". www.isfdb.org. Retrieved 2018-11-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/title.cgi?26835","url_text":"\"Title: The Temptation of Elminster\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Temptation of Elminster. Forgotten Realms: Elminster, Book 3\". Audible. Retrieved 17 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.audible.com.au/pd/The-Temptation-of-Elminster-Audiobook/B00FQDVPM8","url_text":"\"The Temptation of Elminster. Forgotten Realms: Elminster, Book 3\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22The+Temptation+of+Elminster%22","external_links_name":"\"The Temptation of Elminster\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22The+Temptation+of+Elminster%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22The+Temptation+of+Elminster%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22The+Temptation+of+Elminster%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22The+Temptation+of+Elminster%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22The+Temptation+of+Elminster%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Temptation_of_Elminster&action=edit§ion=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-7JbAgAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Encyclopedia of Fantasy and Horror Fiction"},{"Link":"http://www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/title.cgi?26835","external_links_name":"\"Title: The Temptation of Elminster\""},{"Link":"https://www.audible.com.au/pd/The-Temptation-of-Elminster-Audiobook/B00FQDVPM8","external_links_name":"\"The Temptation of Elminster. Forgotten Realms: Elminster, Book 3\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Dots | Black Dots | ["1 Background","2 Recording","3 Release","4 Critical reception","5 Track listing","6 Personnel","7 References"] | 1996 demo album by Bad BrainsBlack DotsDemo album by Bad BrainsReleasedOctober 1, 1996 (1996-10-01)RecordedJune 1979StudioInner Ear, Arlington County, VirginiaGenre
Hardcore punk
reggae
Length34:29LabelCaroline (CAR 7534)ProducerBad BrainsBad Brains chronology
God of Love(1995)
Black Dots(1996)
The Omega Sessions(1997)
Black Dots is a demo album by the American rock band Bad Brains, released in 1996 by Caroline Records. It consists of one of the band's earliest recording sessions, which took place in 1979 at Inner Ear Studios with recording engineer Don Zientara. Black Dots features early versions of several songs that were later recorded for the band's first two studio albums, as well as songs that had never previously been released in any versions. The album showcases the band's hardcore punk origins, as well as their early foray into reggae with the song "The Man Won't Annoy Ya."
Background
In Prince George's County, Maryland in early 1978, brothers Paul and Earl Hudson formed a band with their high school classmates Gary Miller, Darryl Jenifer, and Sid McCray. Paul was the rhythm guitarist, Earl the drummer, Miller the lead guitarist under the stage name "Dr. Know," Jenifer the bassist, and McCray the singer. Calling themselves Mind Power, they initially played jazz fusion in the style of Weather Report and the Mahavishnu Orchestra, and extolled the virtues of PMA (positive mental attitude). When McCray introduced the others to punk rock later that year, the band grafted their jazz musicianship onto punk's aggressive style and changed their name to Bad Brains, and Paul took the stage name H.R.
The material on Black Dots was written between late 1978 and mid-1979, when the band members were living together in a house on Bay Way in Forestville, Maryland, just outside of Washington, D.C. Dr. Know had acquired the house from the manager of a Rustler Steak House where he worked. H.R. and Jenifer also worked there briefly, then took jobs washing cars at a nearby car dealership, while Hudson washed clothes at a community hospital. Dr. Know and H.R. then began working late shifts at Atlantic Research and Development. At night, the band would rehearse at the Bay Way house, where they also put on a series of basement shows. McCray's girlfriend would often tackle him off the stage early in the set, leaving H.R. to take over the vocals for the rest of the show. McCray soon left the band, and H.R. switched from rhythm guitar to singer. "The cosmics at the time weren't making it happen with Sid," Jenifer later said. "He was way ahead of his time even with us. He was so esoteric, like the minute two people started clapping for Bad Brains he was like, 'This is commercial.' He stepped out of the picture and we took the band and ran with it." When the band left the Bay Way house, Jenifer moved in with McCray, who later became his bass tech, and the other members moved back in with their parents.
Recording
By early 1979 Bad Brains were making a name for themselves in Washington, D.C.'s burgeoning hardcore punk scene, playing clubs including the Atlantis and Madam's Organ, and recorded a demo tape of one of their rehearsals. Local band the Slickee Boys heard the tape and suggested the band go into the fledgling Inner Ear Studios in Arlington County, Virginia to record the songs with engineer Don Zientara. Inner Ear then consisted of Zientara's basement, outfitted with a 4-track TEAC quarter-inch tape deck and a small drum booth set up to one side. Dr. Know, Jenifer, and Hudson set up in the basement space. Since it lacked an isolation booth, H.R. ran his vocal mic out to the back yard and performed there. Zientara set the recording equipment up in the kitchen on the first floor. The band recorded a version of their song "Don't Bother Me" there that March, produced by Slickee Boys guitarist Kim Kane, mixed by him and Skip Groff, and released that fall on The Best of Limp (...Rest of Limp), a compilation put out by Groff's Limp Records label. The recording session that produced Black Dots took place that June, and was the band's first full-length studio session. They played straight through their live set of the time, consisting of all the songs they had written up to that point. The spartan session resulted in a lot of reverberation on the drums. Zientara can be heard speaking with H.R. in between tracks, and Zientara's child can be heard asking about a tape recorder.
Finding themselves banned from The Bayou after opening for the Damned, and with the Atlantis being remodeled into the 9:30 Club, Bad Brains relocated to New York City to join its more fertile punk club scene. There, they recorded their 1982 debut album which included new recordings of several songs that had been part of their Inner Ear session: "Don't Need It," "Pay to Cum," "Supertouch/Shitfit," "Regulator," "Banned in D. C.," and "Attitude." In 1982 they recorded versions of "Black Dots," "Send You No Flowers," and "Redbone in the City" for a compilation they organized through producer Jerry Williams' East Village studio 171A, where they recorded and performed, but it was never released. Anthony Countey, who later became their manager, began working with them that year; Dr. Know gave him a list of all the band's recording sessions and where the tapes could be found, but with an offer from Ric Ocasek on the table to record their second album (1983's Rock for Light, which included "How Low Can a Punk Get?" as well as new versions of "Attitude" and "Banned in D. C."), Countey decided that it was not the right time to review older tapes. Thus, the tapes from the Inner Ear session remained with Zientara, unmixed and unreleased, for 17 years.
Release
When the band broke up following their 1995 album God of Love, Countey retrieved the Inner Ear tapes and they were mixed in June 1996 by Sean Green at Applehead Recording in Woodstock, New York. The recordings were mastered by Howie Weinberg at Masterdisk. Dr. Know and Jenifer came up with the cover concept with Roger Gorman, who designed the album's packaging. Eight of the sixteen songs on Black Dots had never been previously released in any versions, including the title track, "At the Atlantis," "You're a Migraine," "Why'd You Have to Go?," "The Man Won't Annoy Ya," "Redbone in the City," "Just Another Damn Song," and "Send You No Flowers." "Don't Bother Me" had only been released on the Limp Records compilation in its earlier recorded version.
Critical reception
Reviewing Black Dots for Entertainment Weekly at the time of its release, Tom Sinclair gave it an "A" rating and remarked that it "captures the seminal Washington, D.C., hardcore band as they began to cohere into something special. With early versions of the mosh-pit anthems 'Pay to Cum' and 'Banned in D.C.' (and a great Sex Pistols rip, 'Redbone in the City'), Black Dots could serve as a primer for neophyte punks. Come to think of it, the current incarnation of the band — whose recent work has been spotty — might do well to study this." Writing for AllMusic, critic Ned Raggett rated it 41⁄2 stars out of 5, calling it "an archival release of the best kind, something truly rare and unheard that also captured a band at its best." In a retrospective review for Citizine in 2004, Mark Prindle wrote that "Not only is Black Dots an excellent look at a great band in their earliest days, but it's a must-own for Bad Brains collectors because hidden among early run-throughs of classic material like 'How Low Can a Punk Get?' and 'Pay to Cum' are many, many rare and released tracks with intriguing titles like 'You're a Migraine,' 'Redbone in the City,' and 'Just Another Damn Song.'"
Track listing
All tracks are written by Bad BrainsNo.TitleLength1."Don't Need It"1:582."At the Atlantis"1:583."Pay to Cum"2:024."Supertouch/Shitfit"3:025."Regulator"1:286."You're a Migraine"1:417."Don't Bother Me"2:368."Banned in D.C."2:479."Why'd You Have to Go?"2:5510."The Man Won't Annoy Ya"2:4211."Redbone in the City"2:0612."Black Dots"1:1213."How Low Can a Punk Get?"2:3914."Just Another Damn Song"1:5715."Attitude"1:3916."Send You No Flowers"1:53Total length:34:29
Personnel
Credits adapted from the album's liner notes.
H.R. – vocals
Dr. Know – guitar, cover concept
Darryl Jenifer – bass, cover concept
Earl Hudson – drums
Bad Brains – producer
Don Zientara – recording engineer
Anthony Countey – mixing engineer
Sean Green – mixing engineer
Roger Gorman – cover concept, package design
Roberto Sherbo – live photographs
Yoshi Omigoto – studio photography
References
^ a b c d Raggett, Ned. "Review: Black Dots". allmusic.com. AllMusic. Retrieved 2007-10-10.
^ a b c Blush, Steven (2001). American Hardcore: A Tribal History. Los Angeles: Feral House. pp. 117–118. ISBN 0-922915-71-7.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab Black Dots (CD liner notes). Bad Brains. New York: Caroline Records. 1996. CAR 7534.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
^ a b c d Deming, Mark. "Bad Brains Biography". allmusic.com. AllMusic. Retrieved 2021-09-13.
^ a b c Blush, p. 118.
^ a b c d e Blush, p. 120.
^ The Best of Limp (...Rest of Limp) (LP sleeve). Rockville, Maryland: Limp Records. 1980. LIMP 1004.
^ a b "Bad Brains Reissue Black Dots". newnoisemagazine.com. New Noise Magazine. 2019-03-04. Retrieved 2021-09-13.
^ Blush, pp. 123–124.
^ Sinclair, Tom (1996-10-25). "Music Capsule Review: Black Dots". ew.com. Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on 2009-04-25. Retrieved 2021-09-06.
^ Prindle, Mark (2004). "Citizine Reviews: Return of the Hard Rock Classic". citizinemag.com. Citizine. Archived from the original on 2004-10-15. Retrieved 2021-09-06.
vteBad Brains
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It consists of one of the band's earliest recording sessions, which took place in 1979 at Inner Ear Studios with recording engineer Don Zientara. Black Dots features early versions of several songs that were later recorded for the band's first two studio albums, as well as songs that had never previously been released in any versions. The album showcases the band's hardcore punk origins, as well as their early foray into reggae with the song \"The Man Won't Annoy Ya.\"[1]","title":"Black Dots"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Prince George's County, Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_George%27s_County,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Earl Hudson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Hudson"},{"link_name":"Darryl Jenifer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darryl_Jenifer"},{"link_name":"Sid McCray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sid_McCray"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blush,_117-118-2"},{"link_name":"rhythm guitarist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm_guitar"},{"link_name":"drummer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drummer"},{"link_name":"lead guitarist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_guitarist"},{"link_name":"stage name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stage_name"},{"link_name":"Dr. Know","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Know_(guitarist)"},{"link_name":"bassist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bassist"},{"link_name":"singer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singing"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blush,_117-118-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-notes-3"},{"link_name":"jazz fusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz_fusion"},{"link_name":"Weather Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_Report"},{"link_name":"Mahavishnu Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahavishnu_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"positive mental attitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_mental_attitude"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blush,_117-118-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Deming-4"},{"link_name":"punk rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_rock"},{"link_name":"Bad Brains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Brains"},{"link_name":"H.R.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.R._(musician)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-notes-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Deming-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blush,_188-5"},{"link_name":"Forestville, Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forestville,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-notes-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blush,_120-6"},{"link_name":"Rustler Steak House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rustler_Steak_House"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-notes-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-notes-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-notes-3"},{"link_name":"basement shows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basement_show"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-notes-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blush,_120-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-notes-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-notes-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blush,_188-5"},{"link_name":"bass tech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar_tech"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-notes-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blush,_188-5"}],"text":"In Prince George's County, Maryland in early 1978, brothers Paul and Earl Hudson formed a band with their high school classmates Gary Miller, Darryl Jenifer, and Sid McCray.[2] Paul was the rhythm guitarist, Earl the drummer, Miller the lead guitarist under the stage name \"Dr. Know,\" Jenifer the bassist, and McCray the singer.[2][3] Calling themselves Mind Power, they initially played jazz fusion in the style of Weather Report and the Mahavishnu Orchestra, and extolled the virtues of PMA (positive mental attitude).[2][4] When McCray introduced the others to punk rock later that year, the band grafted their jazz musicianship onto punk's aggressive style and changed their name to Bad Brains, and Paul took the stage name H.R.[3][4][5]The material on Black Dots was written between late 1978 and mid-1979, when the band members were living together in a house on Bay Way in Forestville, Maryland, just outside of Washington, D.C.[3][6] Dr. Know had acquired the house from the manager of a Rustler Steak House where he worked.[3] H.R. and Jenifer also worked there briefly, then took jobs washing cars at a nearby car dealership, while Hudson washed clothes at a community hospital.[3] Dr. Know and H.R. then began working late shifts at Atlantic Research and Development.[3] At night, the band would rehearse at the Bay Way house, where they also put on a series of basement shows.[3][6] McCray's girlfriend would often tackle him off the stage early in the set, leaving H.R. to take over the vocals for the rest of the show.[3] McCray soon left the band, and H.R. switched from rhythm guitar to singer.[3] \"The cosmics at the time weren't making it happen with Sid,\" Jenifer later said. \"He was way ahead of his time even with us. He was so esoteric, like the minute two people started clapping for Bad Brains he was like, 'This is commercial.' He stepped out of the picture and we took the band and ran with it.\"[5] When the band left the Bay Way house, Jenifer moved in with McCray, who later became his bass tech, and the other members moved back in with their parents.[3][5]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hardcore punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardcore_punk"},{"link_name":"demo tape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demo_(music)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-notes-3"},{"link_name":"the Slickee Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Slickee_Boys"},{"link_name":"Inner Ear Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_Ear_Studios"},{"link_name":"Arlington County, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Don Zientara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Zientara"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-notes-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Raggett-1"},{"link_name":"4-track","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multitrack_recording"},{"link_name":"TEAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TEAC_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-notes-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-notes-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-notes-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blush,_120-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-notes-3"},{"link_name":"produced","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_producer"},{"link_name":"mixed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_mixing_(recorded_music)"},{"link_name":"Skip Groff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skip_Groff"},{"link_name":"Limp Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limp_Records"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blush,_120-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Limp-7"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-notes-3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-New_Noise-8"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-notes-3"},{"link_name":"reverberation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverberation"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-notes-3"},{"link_name":"tape recorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tape_recorder"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-notes-3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-New_Noise-8"},{"link_name":"The Bayou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bayou"},{"link_name":"the Damned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Damned_(band)"},{"link_name":"9:30 Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9:30_Club"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-notes-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Deming-4"},{"link_name":"their 1982 debut album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Brains_(album)"},{"link_name":"Pay to Cum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pay_to_Cum"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Deming-4"},{"link_name":"East Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Village,_Manhattan"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Ric Ocasek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ric_Ocasek"},{"link_name":"Rock for Light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_for_Light"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-notes-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-notes-3"}],"text":"By early 1979 Bad Brains were making a name for themselves in Washington, D.C.'s burgeoning hardcore punk scene, playing clubs including the Atlantis and Madam's Organ, and recorded a demo tape of one of their rehearsals.[3] Local band the Slickee Boys heard the tape and suggested the band go into the fledgling Inner Ear Studios in Arlington County, Virginia to record the songs with engineer Don Zientara.[3][1] Inner Ear then consisted of Zientara's basement, outfitted with a 4-track TEAC quarter-inch tape deck and a small drum booth set up to one side.[3] Dr. Know, Jenifer, and Hudson set up in the basement space.[3] Since it lacked an isolation booth, H.R. ran his vocal mic out to the back yard and performed there.[3][6] Zientara set the recording equipment up in the kitchen on the first floor.[3] The band recorded a version of their song \"Don't Bother Me\" there that March, produced by Slickee Boys guitarist Kim Kane, mixed by him and Skip Groff, and released that fall on The Best of Limp (...Rest of Limp), a compilation put out by Groff's Limp Records label.[6][7] The recording session that produced Black Dots took place that June, and was the band's first full-length studio session.[3][8] They played straight through their live set of the time, consisting of all the songs they had written up to that point.[3] The spartan session resulted in a lot of reverberation on the drums.[3] Zientara can be heard speaking with H.R. in between tracks, and Zientara's child can be heard asking about a tape recorder.[3][8]Finding themselves banned from The Bayou after opening for the Damned, and with the Atlantis being remodeled into the 9:30 Club, Bad Brains relocated to New York City to join its more fertile punk club scene.[3][4] There, they recorded their 1982 debut album which included new recordings of several songs that had been part of their Inner Ear session: \"Don't Need It,\" \"Pay to Cum,\" \"Supertouch/Shitfit,\" \"Regulator,\" \"Banned in D. C.,\" and \"Attitude.\"[4] In 1982 they recorded versions of \"Black Dots,\" \"Send You No Flowers,\" and \"Redbone in the City\" for a compilation they organized through producer Jerry Williams' East Village studio 171A, where they recorded and performed, but it was never released.[9] Anthony Countey, who later became their manager, began working with them that year; Dr. Know gave him a list of all the band's recording sessions and where the tapes could be found, but with an offer from Ric Ocasek on the table to record their second album (1983's Rock for Light, which included \"How Low Can a Punk Get?\" as well as new versions of \"Attitude\" and \"Banned in D. C.\"), Countey decided that it was not the right time to review older tapes.[3] Thus, the tapes from the Inner Ear session remained with Zientara, unmixed and unreleased, for 17 years.[3]","title":"Recording"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"God of Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_of_Love_(album)"},{"link_name":"Woodstock, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodstock,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-notes-3"},{"link_name":"mastered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastering_(audio)"},{"link_name":"Howie Weinberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howie_Weinberg"},{"link_name":"Masterdisk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masterdisk"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-notes-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-notes-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Raggett-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blush,_120-6"}],"text":"When the band broke up following their 1995 album God of Love, Countey retrieved the Inner Ear tapes and they were mixed in June 1996 by Sean Green at Applehead Recording in Woodstock, New York.[3] The recordings were mastered by Howie Weinberg at Masterdisk.[3] Dr. Know and Jenifer came up with the cover concept with Roger Gorman, who designed the album's packaging.[3] Eight of the sixteen songs on Black Dots had never been previously released in any versions, including the title track, \"At the Atlantis,\" \"You're a Migraine,\" \"Why'd You Have to Go?,\" \"The Man Won't Annoy Ya,\" \"Redbone in the City,\" \"Just Another Damn Song,\" and \"Send You No Flowers.\"[1] \"Don't Bother Me\" had only been released on the Limp Records compilation in its earlier recorded version.[6]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Entertainment Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly"},{"link_name":"Pay to Cum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pay_to_Cum"},{"link_name":"Sex Pistols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_Pistols"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sinclair-10"},{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Raggett-1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Prindle-11"}],"text":"Reviewing Black Dots for Entertainment Weekly at the time of its release, Tom Sinclair gave it an \"A\" rating and remarked that it \"captures the seminal Washington, D.C., hardcore band as they began to cohere into something special. With early versions of the mosh-pit anthems 'Pay to Cum' and 'Banned in D.C.' (and a great Sex Pistols rip, 'Redbone in the City'), Black Dots could serve as a primer for neophyte punks. Come to think of it, the current incarnation of the band — whose recent work has been spotty — might do well to study this.\"[10] Writing for AllMusic, critic Ned Raggett rated it 41⁄2 stars out of 5, calling it \"an archival release of the best kind, something truly rare and unheard that also captured a band at its best.\"[1] In a retrospective review for Citizine in 2004, Mark Prindle wrote that \"Not only is Black Dots an excellent look at a great band in their earliest days, but it's a must-own for Bad Brains collectors because hidden among early run-throughs of classic material like 'How Low Can a Punk Get?' and 'Pay to Cum' are many, many rare and [un]released tracks with intriguing titles like 'You're a Migraine,' 'Redbone in the City,' and 'Just Another Damn Song.'\"[11]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bad Brains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Brains"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-notes-3"},{"link_name":"Pay to Cum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pay_to_Cum"}],"text":"All tracks are written by Bad Brains[3]No.TitleLength1.\"Don't Need It\"1:582.\"At the Atlantis\"1:583.\"Pay to Cum\"2:024.\"Supertouch/Shitfit\"3:025.\"Regulator\"1:286.\"You're a Migraine\"1:417.\"Don't Bother Me\"2:368.\"Banned in D.C.\"2:479.\"Why'd You Have to Go?\"2:5510.\"The Man Won't Annoy Ya\"2:4211.\"Redbone in the City\"2:0612.\"Black Dots\"1:1213.\"How Low Can a Punk Get?\"2:3914.\"Just Another Damn Song\"1:5715.\"Attitude\"1:3916.\"Send You No Flowers\"1:53Total length:34:29","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-notes-3"},{"link_name":"H.R.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.R._(musician)"},{"link_name":"Dr. Know","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Know_(guitarist)"},{"link_name":"Darryl Jenifer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darryl_Jenifer"},{"link_name":"Earl Hudson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Hudson"},{"link_name":"Bad Brains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Brains"},{"link_name":"producer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_producer"},{"link_name":"Don Zientara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Zientara"},{"link_name":"recording engineer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_engineer"},{"link_name":"mixing engineer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixing_engineer"}],"text":"Credits adapted from the album's liner notes.[3]H.R. – vocals\nDr. Know – guitar, cover concept\nDarryl Jenifer – bass, cover concept\nEarl Hudson – drums\nBad Brains – producer\nDon Zientara – recording engineer\nAnthony Countey – mixing engineer\nSean Green – mixing engineer\nRoger Gorman – cover concept, package design\nRoberto Sherbo – live photographs\nYoshi Omigoto – studio photography","title":"Personnel"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Raggett, Ned. \"Review: Black Dots\". allmusic.com. AllMusic. Retrieved 2007-10-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/black-dots-mw0000613154","url_text":"\"Review: Black Dots\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"Blush, Steven (2001). American Hardcore: A Tribal History. Los Angeles: Feral House. pp. 117–118. ISBN 0-922915-71-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Blush","url_text":"Blush, Steven"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Hardcore:_A_Tribal_History","url_text":"American Hardcore: A Tribal History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feral_House","url_text":"Feral House"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-922915-71-7","url_text":"0-922915-71-7"}]},{"reference":"Black Dots (CD liner notes). Bad Brains. New York: Caroline Records. 1996. CAR 7534.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Brains","url_text":"Bad Brains"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_Records_(U.S.)","url_text":"Caroline Records"}]},{"reference":"Deming, Mark. \"Bad Brains Biography\". allmusic.com. AllMusic. Retrieved 2021-09-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mark_Deming&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Deming, Mark"},{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/bad-brains-mn0000075264/biography","url_text":"\"Bad Brains Biography\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"The Best of Limp (...Rest of Limp) (LP sleeve). Rockville, Maryland: Limp Records. 1980. LIMP 1004.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limp_Records","url_text":"Limp Records"}]},{"reference":"\"Bad Brains Reissue Black Dots\". newnoisemagazine.com. New Noise Magazine. 2019-03-04. Retrieved 2021-09-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://newnoisemagazine.com/bad-brains-reissue-black-dots/","url_text":"\"Bad Brains Reissue Black Dots\""}]},{"reference":"Sinclair, Tom (1996-10-25). \"Music Capsule Review: Black Dots\". ew.com. Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on 2009-04-25. Retrieved 2021-09-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090425121712/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,294692,00.html","url_text":"\"Music Capsule Review: Black Dots\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly","url_text":"Entertainment Weekly"},{"url":"http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,294692,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Prindle, Mark (2004). \"Citizine Reviews: Return of the Hard Rock Classic\". citizinemag.com. Citizine. Archived from the original on 2004-10-15. Retrieved 2021-09-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20041015042005/https://www.citizinemag.com/music/music-0407_prindle1.htm","url_text":"\"Citizine Reviews: Return of the Hard Rock Classic\""},{"url":"https://www.citizinemag.com/music/music-0407_prindle1.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/black-dots-mw0000613154","external_links_name":"\"Review: Black Dots\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/bad-brains-mn0000075264/biography","external_links_name":"\"Bad Brains Biography\""},{"Link":"https://newnoisemagazine.com/bad-brains-reissue-black-dots/","external_links_name":"\"Bad Brains Reissue Black Dots\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090425121712/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,294692,00.html","external_links_name":"\"Music Capsule Review: Black Dots\""},{"Link":"http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,294692,00.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20041015042005/https://www.citizinemag.com/music/music-0407_prindle1.htm","external_links_name":"\"Citizine Reviews: Return of the Hard Rock Classic\""},{"Link":"https://www.citizinemag.com/music/music-0407_prindle1.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/eea9b059-de6f-35d4-90e0-f9fa64a241c3","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As_It_Was | As It Was | ["1 Background","2 Lyric and composition","3 Critical reception","3.1 Recognition","3.2 Year-end lists","3.3 All-time lists","4 Commercial performance","4.1 Global","4.2 United Kingdom","4.3 North America","5 Music video","6 Accolades","7 Live performance","8 Credits and personnel","9 Charts","9.1 Weekly charts","9.2 Monthly charts","9.3 Year-end charts","10 Certifications","11 Release history","12 See also","13 Note","14 References"] | 2022 single by Harry Styles
This article is about the Harry Styles song. For the Hozier song, see Wasteland, Baby!
"As It Was"Single by Harry Stylesfrom the album Harry's House Released1 April 2022 (2022-04-01)StudioHenson (Hollywood)Genre
Synth-pop
new wave
Length
2:47
Label
Erskine
Columbia
Songwriter(s)
Harry Styles
Thomas Hull
Tyler Johnson
Producer(s)
Kid Harpoon
Tyler Johnson
Harry Styles singles chronology
"Fine Line" (2021)
"As It Was" (2022)
"Late Night Talking" (2022)
Music video"As It Was" on YouTube
"As It Was" is a song by English singer-songwriter Harry Styles, released through Erskine and Columbia on 1 April 2022 as the lead single from his third studio album, Harry's House (2022). The song was written by Styles alongside his producers Kid Harpoon and Tyler Johnson.
"As It Was" was widely acclaimed by music critics and entered at the top of the UK Singles Chart, becoming Styles' second solo number-one single, his first being "Sign of the Times" in April 2017. "As It Was" spent ten weeks at the top of the UK Singles Chart, becoming the longest-running number-one and best-selling single of 2022 in his home country. In the United States, it was his second chart topper on the Billboard Hot 100, where it spent 15 non-consecutive weeks at number one, becoming the longest-running US number one by a UK act and the fourth-longest-running number one in the chart's history.
"As It Was" was the best-selling global single of 2022, earning 2.28 billion subscription streams equivalents globally according to the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI). Outside the UK and US, the song was a commercial success and topped the charts in 45 countries, including Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Ireland, Lithuania, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Singapore, Sweden, and Norway.
Background
Harry Styles announced the title of his third studio album as Harry's House on 23 March 2022, unveiling its artwork, a 40-second trailer, and the album's release date as 20 May 2022. Five days later, he announced the title of its lead single as "As It Was", alongside 3 pictures of Styles facing away from the camera in a sequinned, sleeveless red outfit, and set its release date as 1 April 2022. Simultaneously, posters bearing the lyrics "It's not the same As It Was" and a picture of Styles sitting on a big ball appeared in various cities. He released a teaser of the music video on 30 March, which included an "energetic drum beat" and a "sunny electric guitar riff", and depicted him in a red jumpsuit spinning in circles atop a motorised turntable.
In an interview with Billboard, Kid Harpoon revealed Styles pushed for the track to become the lead single for the album campaign, stating: "It was Harry that pushed that through. He was like, ‘This is the one. I’m telling you.’ But everyone was like, ‘It should be this other one.’"
Lyric and composition
As It Was was the last song written for Styles' third album, Harry's House. The song was recorded at Sony Music Entertainment CEO Rob Stringer’s house in England. In an interview with Consequence of Sound, producer Kid Harpoon stated "We moved all the furniture out and put a drum kit in the TV room. “As It Was” was done in that setup. Harry came in with a riff idea, and we ran with it." In an interview with Hits Radio Styles said the song was originally written slower before adding synths and drums. He called the original voice note of the slower track "a death march" in an interview with Zane Lowe although the existence of this version has been disputed by Kid Harpoon. Speaking to Music Week, producer Tyler Johnson stated the track was almost completed in its final form after three or four days with the bridge of the song being written a few days later.
Johnson described the process of writing the single as: “Harry was sitting on the Moog One and I liked what he was playing, so I sat down and played as he started to write the melodies and the lyrics. I said to Harry, ‘We need a lead line’ and he just came up right away with the ‘Dah, dah, dah...’ part. He didn't hesitate. Then he started writing the second verse and referring to himself in the third person. So much of this song just came from Harry's heart. And then Tom, with this magical sense of hooks that he has, came up with the idea of doing, ‘You know it's not the same…’ after the chorus, which I was very impressed with. That turned out to be a very smart move.” Styles came up with the idea and melody of the tubular bells included on the track, and plays them on the finished product.
The child's voice which opens the track is Styles' godchild Ruby Winston, daughter of producer Ben Winston. Styles explained the addition in an interview with Capital Breakfast: "She used to try and call me before bedtime every night, and one time it didn’t ring or something, so they sent me that. I dug it out when we were in the studio and put it in front of the song for some reason, and I kind of just fell in love with it, so it stuck."
Styles described the meaning of the song as "about metamorphosis, embracing change and former self, perspective shift and all that kind of stuff. It just felt like the thing I wanted to say, the thing I wanted to be doing and the kind of music I wanted to make coming back."
Music critics described the song as a guitar-driven synth-pop and new wave track, a noticeable shift from Styles's rock-oriented sounds. Chris Willman of Variety noted it takes heavy inspiration from Depeche Mode and A-ha, while also suggesting it adopted a style similar to the Weeknd's 2019 single "Blinding Lights". EUPHORIA magazine felt that Styles was inspired by James Bay's 2018 single "Pink Lemonade", adding that the two songs sound "eerily similar". Lyrically, "As It Was" is rooted in personal transitions and depicts a feeling of loss and loneliness.
Critical reception
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingThe GuardianNME
"As It Was" received critical acclaim. NME's Rhian Daly gave the song five out of five stars, describing it as "not a million miles away from where Fine Line left off, but hardly retreading old ground." According to Daly, the track suggests Harry's House will solidify Styles "as one of the current pop landscapes' greats". Beau Beaumont-Thomas of The Guardian also rated the song five stars and called it "one of his very best", writing, "Many will pore over the gossipy, self-referential lyrics, but Styles's song is for everyone: an effervescent, high-tempo hit to have you clicking your heels." In his review for Rolling Stone, Rob Sheffield regarded "As It Was" as one of Styles's most "emotionally powerful" songs, calling it a "daring change-up" and a "straight-from-the-heart cry that's also an irresistible dance-floor challenge." Sahar Ghadirian of Clash magazine deemed it a "powerhouse" and Styles "at his most vulnerable". Ghadirian appreciated the "dream fusion" of synth-pop with electro rock and commented that the bells end the song on "a euphoric high". Thania Garcia of Variety magazine described the song as being "new wave-inspired". Hugh McIntyre of Forbes hailed the song as a "decade-defining smash."
Evening Standard reviewer Jochan Embley meanwhile found the track inferior to the singer's previous singles "Watermelon Sugar" and "Adore You", but wrote that Styles and his collaborators "still know how to make an instantly enjoyable tune". Olivia Horn of Pitchfork was less impressed and bemoaned that the song "winds down without any real payoff", citing the circuitousness of the lyrics as "a frequent shortcoming in Styles' songwriting."
Entertainment Weekly named "As It Was" as the best song of 2022: "The synths gallop like excitable ponies while his warm-wash vocals swoop and dip, a sweet little slice of life-support disco for the lonely." USA Today also chose it as the best song of the year: "At first, it sounds like a generically pretty pop song. But then you understand Styles' longing for the perfect something that was yanked away, his dreamy vocals taking on a sadness as he recalls that blissful bubble and resigns himself with a sigh to his current reality. The giggly opening by his goddaughter, pillowy '80s-rooted synths, tubular bells and urging beat contradict his pensiveness." Billboard ranked it at number 3 on their "The 100 Best Songs of 2022" list: "Coming in at a lean 2:47, "As It Was" serves as a broader anthem about how nothing is "the same as it was" before the pandemic, but on a micro level, it turns out Styles isn't the same either as he grapples with fame and the realization that "he's no good alone" when left to his own devices and pills."
BBC ranked it at number 3 on their "25 of the best songs released in 2022" list: "As It Was is a vapour trail of a song, silvery and airborne, as Harry Styles searches for meaning amidst break-ups and loneliness and personal turmoil." NME ranked it at number 3 on their "The 50 best songs of 2022" list: "It's hard not to tumble into the vast emotional depths of 'As It Was' and look beyond everything else that made this song such a triumph. Change is a constant beneath the track's heart-raising BPM and twinkling melodies: here, Harry Styles' empathetic songwriting saw him fight for stability amid breakups and personal upheavals, finding strength in a renewed relationship with himself." The Guardian ranked it at number 5 on their "The 20 best songs of 2022" list: "Occupying the slim valley between A-ha's Take On Me and Vampire Weekend, As It Was delivers bruised-peach hurt, sophisticated languor from the back seat of a tastefully expensive car. He can sing something as vague as "In this world, it's just us / You know it's not the same as it was" and make you feel that he really means it" i-D ranked it at number 10 on their "The 100 best songs of 2022" list: "For an artist reckoning with blinding attention towards his public persona, this infectious, upbeat song about loneliness and change felt like a balm both for the artist and his fans."
NPR ranked it at number 12 on their "100 Best Songs Of 2022" list: "Like a fling who would have never dated you in real life saying arrivederci at summer's end, this song is by turns forlorn, resigned, apologetic and a little caddish. Its slippery nostalgia is grounded in a synth line evoking the New Romantic era of Styles' parents' youth and in the singer's cool, bossa nova-ish croon, which sounds like the way it feels when that departing lover wistfully strokes your hair. The Easter-eggy verses matter to fans, but the chorus is what made "As It Was" so sticky in 2022: It renders regret comfortable, a service everyone needs in a time of chronic heartbreak." Complex ranked it at number 27 on their "50 Best Songs of 2022" list: ""As It Was" is a beautiful, mesmerizing record that lives up to all the buzz it's generated on TikTok (and everywhere else on the internet and radio). It carries an energetic tone thanks to the uptempo instrumentation, and Harry Styles adds layers of emotion with his soft vocals. "As It Was" is a fun and danceable record that continues to demonstrate his power as one of the biggest pop stars in the world." Paste ranked it at number 29 on their "The 50 Best Songs of 2022" list: "Our first glimpse into Harry Styles' newest era, where he is fully immersed in his own flamboyant intricacies, the song is a thoughtful rumination on the exhaustion that stems from not enough love and too much fame."
The Fader ranked it at number 33 on their "The 100 best songs of 2022" list: "On Harry's House lead single "As It Was," the singer hits an effervescent pitch both sonically and conceptually, expressing a willingness to embrace introspection while delivering one of the most textured performances in his loaded discography." Pitchfork ranked it at number 100 on their "The 100 Best Songs of 2022" list: ""As It Was" is the kind of twinkly little confection that would easily get the indie kids pogoing at any local DIY dance night at any point in the last two decades. It just happens to have been recorded by one of the biggest pop stars in the world in 2022 instead of, say, the Strokes twenty years earlier. "You know it's not the same as it was," Harry Styles sighs, giving a nod to the easy bait of nostalgia. A pointillist synth line tap dances through the song, and all over that nagging pandemic-era malaise we're all desperately trying to shake. Resistance is futile."
Associated Press placed it on their "Top Songs of 2022" list: "The song is deceptively upbeat with a jingly synth-pop beat and a little kid's voice as the intro and wedding bells at the end. But the lyrics are self-referentially melancholic as he accepts the reality of change that even he is not quite ready for." Esquire placed it on their "The 45 Best Songs of 2022" list: ""As It Was" was Harry Styles first single this year, and it did not disappoint. This glittering track fuels nostalgia as Styles sings about life which is, of course, always changing. (Reality bites!)"
Recognition
As It Was was praised by many musicians and those within the entertainment industry. Sir Elton John declared the track as "one of the great records of the year" and that it should win Song of The Year at The Grammys. Lindsay Buckingham praised the song as "a great pop song" in discussion with Omar Apollo. Jon Bon Jovi stated "It is not going to be the same as it was folks, I love that because he gave you a slap upside the head and said, “I’m here with you but doing it on my terms.” Artists such as Jorja Smith and Arcade Fire also covered the song in the Live Lounge.
Year-end lists
Numerous critics and publications listed "As It Was" in their year-end ranking of the best songs of 2022, often inside the top-ten.
Select year-end rankings of "As It Was"
Publication
List
Rank
Ref.
Billboard
The 100 Best Songs of 2022: Staff List
3
Consequence of Sound
Top 50 Songs of 2022
9
DIY magazine
DIY's tracks of 2022
12
Entertainment Weekly
The 10 best songs of 2022
1
Esquire
The 45 Best Songs of 2022 (So Far)
Placed
Exclaim
Exclaim!'s 25 Best Songs of 2022
8
NME
Top 50 Best Songs of 2022
3
Pitchfork
The 100 Best Songs of 2022
100
Rolling Stone
The 100 Best Songs of 2022
9
Slate
The Best Songs of 2022
Placed
The Guardian
The 20 Best Songs of 2022
5
UPROXX
The Best Songs Of 2022
Placed
Music Critics Poll: The Best Songs Of The Year
7
BBC News
25 of the best songs released in 2022
3
All-time lists
In 2024, "As It Was" was included in Rolling Stone's “The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time” list.
All-time lists for "As It Was"
Publication
List
Rank
Ref.
Rolling Stone
The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time
500
Commercial performance
Global
"As It Was" was an immediate success; it earned the Guinness World Records title for the most streamed track on Spotify within 24 hours by a male artist, and broke the Apple Music streaming record for most first-day streams for a 2022 release. The song also opened atop the Billboard Global 200 with the greatest global streaming week of 2022, becoming Styles's first number-one on the tally. Globally, "As It Was" was the best-selling global single of 2022, earning 2.28 billion subscription streams equivalents globally according to the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI). It was also the fifth best-selling global single of 2023 with 1.46 billion subscription streams equivalents. "As It Was" ranked as the most popular song on Spotify and the second most popular song on Apple Music in 2022. It was the 3rd most streamed song on Spotify and the 14th biggest song on Apple Music in 2023.
The song reached number one on the official charts of Australia, Austria, Belgium, Croatia, Denmark, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Israel, Lithuania, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Slovakia, Sweden, and Switzerland.
United Kingdom
In the UK, "As It Was" became Styles's second solo number-one on the singles chart, debuting with the biggest sales and streaming weeks of any single in 2022. It spent ten weeks at number one on the UK singles chart, becoming the longest-running number one of the year in the UK. It became the most-streamed track (149.6 million streams), most physically purchased (12,000 units), most digitally downloaded (47,000 units) and overall, best-selling (1.3 million equivalent units) track in the UK in 2022, as of October 2022. It was the 9th biggest song in the UK in 2023 according to the Official Charts Company.
North America
"As It Was" entered at number one on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming Styles' second number-one single after "Watermelon Sugar" (2019). The song garnered the most single-day streams on Spotify in the United States, surpassing Olivia Rodrigo's "Drivers License" (2021). After the single's debut at No. 1, "As It Was" fell out of the No. 1 position and returned multiple times between April and September 2022; when it returned to No. 1 for the week ending 3 September 2022, it became the first song ever to have five separate runs in the top position. "As It Was" spent 15 weeks atop the Billboard Hot 100, becoming the longest-running US number one by a UK act, the second longest-running No. 1 with no accompanying artists (i.e. a solo-billed song) and the fourth longest running number-one in the chart's history. In addition, "As It Was" spent 18 weeks at number one on the Canadian Hot 100.
Music video
The music video for "As It Was" was released alongside the song. In the clip, Styles joins dancer Mathilde Lin on a turning platform and performs choreography by Yoann Bourgeois in the Barbican to release negative emotions. The video was filmed in London: apart from the Barbican Centre, it was also filmed at Lindley Hall near the Houses of Parliament, and the penguin pool at London Zoo. It was directed by Tanu Muino, who stated that directing for Styles was "a bucket list dream come true" but, on the second day of shooting, Muino's home country of Ukraine was invaded by Russia, rendering the process a "bittersweet" experience; nevertheless, Muino and her team from Ukraine "poured so much love into this video and you can see it on screen. The music video references a photo mural of industrial designers Charles and Ray Eames on exhibit at LACMA as Styles and his love interest grow further apart. It will be a music video I will never forget and now I can happily retire.". On YouTube, the video has received over 725 million views and 8 million likes as of May 2024. Styles later released a Behind The Scenes version of the making of the music video.
Accolades
Awards and nominations for "As It Was"
Organization
Year
Category
Result
Ref.
IHeartRadio Titanium Awards
2022
1 Billion Total Audience Spins on iHeartRadio Stations
Won
MTV Millennial Awards
2022
Global Hit of the Year
Nominated
MTV Millennial Awards Brazil
2022
Global Hit
Nominated
MTV Video Music Awards
2022
Video of the Year
Nominated
Best Pop
Won
Best Direction
Nominated
Best Choreography
Nominated
Best Cinematography
Won
Los 40 Music Awards
2022
Best International Song
Nominated
Best International Video
Nominated
UK Music Video Awards
2022
Best Pop Video - UK
Won
MTV Video Music Awards Japan
2022
Best International Solo Artist Video
Won
MTV Europe Music Awards
2022
Best Song
Nominated
Best Video
Nominated
NRJ Music Award
2022
Video of The Year
Won
International Hit of the Year
Won
People's Choice Awards
2022
Song of 2022
Nominated
Video of 2022
Nominated
Premios MUSA
2022
International Anglo Song of the Year
Won
Guinness World Records
2022
Most Streamed Song by a Male Artist in 24 Hours on Spotify
Won
Most Streamed Song by a Male Artist in a Week on Spotify
Won
Most Streamed Song in a Year on Spotify (2022)
Won
American Music Awards
2022
Favorite Music Video
Nominated
Favorite Pop Song
Won
Danish Music Awards
2022
International Hit of the Year
Nominated
APRA Music Awards
2023
Most Performed International Work
Won
Grammy Awards
2023
Record of the Year
Nominated
Song of the Year
Nominated
Best Pop Solo Performance
Nominated
Best Music Video
Nominated
Brits Awards
2023
Song of the Year
Won
iHeartRadio Music Awards
2023
Song of the Year
Nominated
Best Music Video
Nominated
TikTok Bop of the Year
Nominated
GAFFA Awards
2023
International Hit of the Year
Won
Global Awards
Best Song
Won
Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards
2023
Favorite Song
Won
Ivor Novello Awards
2023
Best Song Musically and Lyrically
Nominated
PRS for Music Most Performed Work
Won
2024
Nominated
Live performance
Styles performed "As It Was" for the first time at the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival on 15 and 22 April 2022. At the 'One Night Only' performance for Harry's House, Styles surprised the crowd at Madison Square Garden with an encore of the track. Speaking on the experience to Rolling Stone, Styles stated: "We came offstage, and I went into my dressing room and just wanted to sit by myself for a minute, After One Direction, I didn’t expect to ever experience anything new. I kind of felt like, ‘All right, I’ve seen how crazy it can get and I think there was something about it where I was … not terrified, but I just needed a minute. Because I wasn’t sure what it was. Just that the energy felt insane.”
Styles performed As It Was at the 65th Annual Grammy Awards with a rotating stage and routine choreographed in the style of the music video by Yoann Bourgeois. However, a technical malfunction caused the stage to rotate the wrong way and forced the dancers with Styles to perform the dance in reverse. Dancers included in the routine stated "there was nothing we could do to stop it" once the performance began. Styles "called the team in charge to make sure they were OK" after the performance according to Grammys set designer Julio Himede.
Credits and personnel
Harry Styles – vocals, songwriting, tubular bells
Kid Harpoon – songwriting, production, bass, guitar, drum machine, drums, electric guitar, synthesizer
Tyler Johnson – songwriting, production, drum machine, piano, synthesizer
Doug Showalter – electric guitar, percussion
Mitch Rowland – drums
Jeremy Hatcher – programming, recording
Randy Merrill – mastering
Spike Stent – mixing
Katie May – assistant engineering
Luke Gibbs – assistant engineering
Adele Phillips – assistant engineering
Josh Caulder – assistant engineering
Joe Dougherty – assistant engineering
Matt Wolach – assistant engineering
Charts
Weekly charts
Weekly chart performance for "As It Was"
Chart (2022–2024)
Peakposition
Argentina (Argentina Hot 100)
2
Australia (ARIA)
1
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)
1
Belarus Airplay (TopHit)
12
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)
1
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)
1
Bolivia (Billboard)
2
Brazil (Billboard)
13
Brazil Airplay (Crowley Charts)
43
Bulgaria International Airplay (PROPHON)
1
Canada (Canadian Hot 100)
1
Canada AC (Billboard)
1
Canada CHR/Top 40 (Billboard)
1
Canada Hot AC (Billboard)
1
Chile (Billboard)
13
CIS (Tophit)
1
Colombia (Billboard)
13
Costa Rica (Monitor Latino)
1
Croatia (Billboard)
3
Croatia International Airplay (HRT)
1
Czech Republic (Rádio – Top 100)
1
Czech Republic (Singles Digitál Top 100)
1
Denmark (Tracklisten)
1
Ecuador (Billboard)
9
Estonia Airplay (TopHit)
39
Finland (Suomen virallinen lista)
1
France (SNEP)
1
Germany (Official German Charts)
1
Global 200 (Billboard)
1
Greece International (IFPI)
1
Honduras (Monitor Latino)
17
Hong Kong (Billboard)
19
Hungary (Rádiós Top 40)
1
Hungary (Single Top 40)
7
Hungary (Stream Top 40)
1
Iceland (Plötutíðindi)
1
India International Singles (IMI)
1
Indonesia (Billboard)
3
Ireland (IRMA)
1
Israel (Media Forest)
1
Italy (FIMI)
3
Japan Hot Overseas (Billboard Japan)
2
Kazakhstan Airplay (TopHit)
44
Latvia (LAIPA)
6
Latvia Airplay (LAIPA)
1
Lebanon (Lebanese Top 20)
1
Lithuania (AGATA)
1
Luxembourg (Billboard)
1
Malaysia International (RIM)
1
Mexico (Billboard)
1
Mexico Airplay (Billboard)
1
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)
1
Netherlands (Single Top 100)
1
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)
1
Norway (VG-lista)
2
Peru (Billboard)
2
Philippines (Billboard)
4
Poland (Polish Airplay Top 100)
1
Poland (Polish Streaming Top 100)
32
Portugal (AFP)
1
Romania (Billboard)
4
Romania Airplay (UPFR)
1
Singapore (RIAS)
1
Slovakia (Rádio Top 100)
1
Slovakia (Singles Digitál Top 100)
1
South Africa (TOSAC)
2
South Korea (Gaon)
113
Spain (PROMUSICAE)
10
Suriname (Nationale Top 40)
1
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)
1
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)
1
Turkey (Billboard)
23
UK Singles (OCC)
1
Ukraine Airplay (TopHit)
16
Uruguay (Monitor Latino)
9
US Billboard Hot 100
1
US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)
1
US Adult Top 40 (Billboard)
1
US Dance/Mix Show Airplay (Billboard)
1
US Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)
1
US Rhythmic (Billboard)
35
US Rock Airplay (Billboard)
28
Vietnam (Vietnam Hot 100)
10
Monthly charts
Monthly chart performance for "As It Was"
Chart (2022–2023)
Position
Brazil Streaming (Pro-Música Brasil)
17
CIS Airplay (TopHit)
1
Estonia Airplay (TopHit)
54
Lithuania Airplay (TopHit)
33
Romania Airplay (TopHit)
34
Russia Airplay (TopHit)
4
South Korea (Gaon)
123
Ukraine Airplay (TopHit)
15
Year-end charts
2022 year-end chart performance for "As It Was"
Chart (2022)
Position
Australia (ARIA)
1
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)
3
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)
1
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)
1
Brazil Airplay (Crowley Charts)
93
Brazil Streaming (Pro-Música Brasil)
35
Canada (Canadian Hot 100)
2
Costa Rica (Monitor Latino)
11
Denmark (Tracklisten)
8
El Salvador (Monitor Latino)
11
Germany (Official German Charts)
6
Global 200 (Billboard)
1
Global Singles (IFPI)
1
Guatemala (Monitor Latino)
100
Honduras (Monitor Latino)
39
Hungary (Rádiós Top 40)
45
Hungary (Single Top 40)
24
Hungary (Stream Top 40)
6
Iceland (Plötutíðindi)
1
Italy (FIMI)
16
Lithuania (AGATA)
1
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)
1
Netherlands (Single Top 100)
2
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)
2
Panama (Monitor Latino)
9
Paraguay (Monitor Latino)
6
Poland (ZPAV)
4
Puerto Rico (Monitor Latino)
52
Russia Airplay (TopHit)
14
Singapore (RIAS)
3
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)
4
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)
1
UK Singles (OCC)
1
Ukraine Airplay (TopHit)
83
Uruguay (Monitor Latino)
1
US Billboard Hot 100
2
US Adult Alternative Airplay (Billboard)
49
US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)
8
US Adult Top 40 (Billboard)
4
US Dance/Mix Show Airplay (Billboard)
1
US Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)
1
Vietnam (Vietnam Hot 100)
81
2023 year-end chart performance for "As It Was"
Chart (2023)
Position
Australia (ARIA)
9
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)
17
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)
12
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)
48
Brazil Airplay (Crowley Charts)
87
Brazil Streaming (Pro-Música Brasil)
75
Canada (Canadian Hot 100)
10
Denmark (Tracklisten)
50
Germany (Official German Charts)
25
Global 200 (Billboard)
6
Global Singles (IFPI)
5
Iceland (Plötutíðindi)
25
Italy (FIMI)
86
Netherlands (Single Top 100)
27
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)
13
Poland (Polish Airplay Top 100)
58
Poland (Polish Streaming Top 100)
57
Russia Airplay (TopHit)
87
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)
71
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)
8
UK Singles (OCC)
9
Ukraine Airplay (TopHit)
111
US Billboard Hot 100
15
US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)
3
US Adult Top 40 (Billboard)
32
US Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)
10
Certifications
Certifications for "As It Was"
Region
Certification
Certified units/sales
Australia (ARIA)
11× Platinum
770,000‡
Austria (IFPI Austria)
2× Platinum
60,000‡
Brazil (Pro-Música Brasil)
3× Diamond
480,000‡
Canada (Music Canada)
8× Platinum
640,000‡
Denmark (IFPI Danmark)
2× Platinum
180,000‡
France (SNEP)
Diamond
333,333‡
Germany (BVMI)
3× Gold
600,000‡
Italy (FIMI)
4× Platinum
400,000‡
Mexico (AMPROFON)
Diamond+2× Platinum
980,000‡
New Zealand (RMNZ)
5× Platinum
150,000‡
Poland (ZPAV)
4× Platinum
200,000‡
Portugal (AFP)
8× Platinum
80,000‡
Spain (PROMUSICAE)
5× Platinum
300,000‡
Switzerland (IFPI Switzerland)
4× Platinum
80,000‡
United Kingdom (BPI)
4× Platinum
2,400,000‡
United States (RIAA)
6× Platinum
6,000,000‡
Streaming
Greece (IFPI Greece)
Diamond
10,000,000†
Sweden (GLF)
2× Platinum
16,000,000†
Worldwide
—
3,740,000,000
‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.† Streaming-only figures based on certification alone.
Release history
Release dates and formats for "As It Was"
Region
Date
Format(s)
Label(s)
Ref.
Various
1 April 2022
Digital downloadstreaming
ErskineColumbia
Italy
Radio airplay
Sony Italy
United States
4 April 2022
Adult contemporary radio
Columbia
5 April 2022
Contemporary hit radio
United Kingdom
15 April 2022
CD single
ErskineColumbia
See also
List of best-selling singles in Mexico
List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 2022
List of Billboard Global 200 number ones of 2022
List of Billboard Mainstream Top 40 number-one songs of 2022
List of Billboard Mexico Airplay number ones
List of Canadian Hot 100 number-one singles of 2022
List of Dutch Top 40 number-one singles of 2022
List of highest-certified singles in Australia
List of number-one hits of 2022 (Austria)
List of number-one hits of 2022 (Denmark)
List of number-one hits of 2022 (France)
List of number-one hits of 2022 (Germany)
List of number-one hits of 2022 (Switzerland)
List of number-one singles and albums in Sweden#2022
List of number-one singles from the 2020s (New Zealand)
List of number-one singles of 2022 (Australia)
List of number-one singles of 2022 (Ireland)
List of number-one singles of 2022 (Poland)
List of number-one songs of 2022 (Malaysia)
List of number-one songs of 2022 (Singapore)
List of Ultratop 50 number-one singles of 2022
List of UK Singles Chart number ones of the 2020s#2022
List of Billboard Hot 100 chart achievements and milestones
Note
References
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vteHarry Styles
Discography
Awards and nominations
Songs written
Studio albums
Harry Styles
Fine Line
Harry's House
Singles
"Sign of the Times"
"Two Ghosts"
"Kiwi"
"Lights Up"
"Adore You"
"Falling"
"Watermelon Sugar"
"Golden"
"Treat People with Kindness"
"Fine Line"
"As It Was"
"Late Night Talking"
"Music for a Sushi Restaurant"
"Satellite"
Promotional singles
"Sweet Creature"
"Girl Crush"
Other songs
"Medicine"
"Matilda"
Concert tours
Harry Styles: Live on Tour
Love On Tour
Fashion
Blue Gucci dress of Harry Styles
Related
One Direction
Larries
Mitch Rowland
Sarah Jones
Kid Harpoon
Tyler Johnson
Alessandro Michele
Pauli Lovejoy
Harry Lambert
Ny Oh
Erskine Records
Category
Awards for "As It Was"
vteAmerican Music Award for Favorite Pop/Rock Song
"Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree" (1974)
"I Honestly Love You" (1975)
"Rhinestone Cowboy" (1976)
"Don't Go Breaking My Heart" (1977)
"You Light Up My Life" (1978)
"Three Times a Lady" (1979)
"Bad Girls" (1980)
"Another One Bites the Dust" (1981)
"Endless Love" (1982)
"Truly" (1983)
"Billie Jean" (1984)
"Dancing in the Dark" (1985)
"The Power of Love" (1986)
"There'll Be Sad Songs (To Make You Cry)" (1987)
"I Wanna Dance with Somebody (Who Loves Me)" (1988)
"Sweet Child o' Mine" (1989)
"Girl You Know It's True" (1990)
"Blaze of Glory" (1991)
"(Everything I Do) I Do It for You" (1992)
"End of the Road" (1993)
"I Will Always Love You" (1994)
"I'll Make Love to You" (1995)
"Love Yourself" (2016)
"Despacito" (2017)
"Havana" (2018)
"Without Me" (2019)
"Don't Start Now" (2020)
"Butter" (2021)
"As It Was" (2022)
vteBrit Award for Song of the Year1970s
"Bohemian Rhapsody" by Queen / "A Whiter Shade of Pale" by Procol Harum (1977)
1980s
"Tainted Love" by Soft Cell (1982)
"Come On Eileen" by Dexys Midnight Runners (1983)
"Karma Chameleon" by Culture Club (1984)
"Relax" by Frankie Goes to Hollywood (1985)
"Everybody Wants to Rule the World" by Tears for Fears (1986)
"West End Girls" by Pet Shop Boys (1987)
"Never Gonna Give You Up" by Rick Astley (1988)
"Perfect" by Fairground Attraction (1989)
1990s
"Another Day in Paradise" by Phil Collins (1990)
"Enjoy the Silence" by Depeche Mode (1991)
"These Are the Days of Our Lives" by Queen (1992)
"Could It Be Magic" by Take That (1993)
"Pray" by Take That (1994)
"Parklife" by Blur (1995)
"Back for Good" by Take That (1996)
"Wannabe" by Spice Girls (1997)
"Never Ever" by All Saints (1998)
"Angels" by Robbie Williams (1999)
2000s
"She's the One" by Robbie Williams (2000)
"Rock DJ" by Robbie Williams (2001)
"Don't Stop Movin'" by S Club 7 (2002)
"Just a Little" by Liberty X (2003)
"White Flag" by Dido (2004)
"Your Game" by Will Young (2005)
"Speed of Sound" by Coldplay (2006)
"Patience" by Take That (2007)
"Shine" by Take That (2008)
"The Promise" by Girls Aloud (2009)
2010s
"Beat Again" by JLS (2010)
"Pass Out" by Tinie Tempah featuring Labrinth (2011)
"What Makes You Beautiful" by One Direction (2012)
"Skyfall" by Adele (2013)
"Waiting All Night" by Rudimental featuring Ella Eyre (2014)
"Uptown Funk" by Mark Ronson featuring Bruno Mars (2015)
"Hello" by Adele (2016)
"Shout Out to My Ex" by Little Mix (2017)
"Human" by Rag'n'Bone Man (2018)
"One Kiss" by Calvin Harris and Dua Lipa (2019)
2020s
"Someone You Loved" by Lewis Capaldi (2020)
"Watermelon Sugar" by Harry Styles (2021)
"Easy on Me" by Adele (2022)
"As It Was" by Harry Styles (2023)
"Escapism" by Raye featuring 070 Shake (2024)
vteKids' Choice Award for Favorite Song1980s
"La Bamba" – Los Lobos (1988)
"Kokomo" – The Beach Boys (1989)
1990s
"Hangin' Tough" – New Kids on the Block (1990)
"Ice Ice Baby" – Vanilla Ice (1991)
"Jump" – Kris Kross (1992)
No Award (1993)
"Whoomp! (There It Is)" – Tag Team (1994)
"Creep" – TLC (1995)
"Gangsta's Paradise" – Coolio (1996)
"Killing Me Softly" – Fugees (1997)
"MMMBop" – Hanson (1998)
"Everybody (Backstreet's Back)" – Backstreet Boys (1999)
2000s
"Wild Wild West" – Will Smith (2000)
"Who Let the Dogs Out" – Baha Men (2001)
"Get the Party Started" – P!nk (2002)
"Sk8er Boi" – Avril Lavigne (2003)
"Hey Ya!" – Outkast (2004)
"Burn" – Usher (2005)
"Wake Me Up When September Ends" – Green Day (2006)
"Irreplaceable" – Beyoncé (2007)
"Girlfriend" – Avril Lavigne (2008)
"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)" – Beyoncé (2009)
2010s
"You Belong with Me" – Taylor Swift (2010)
"Baby" – Justin Bieber featuring Ludacris (2011)
"Party Rock Anthem" – LMFAO (2012)
"What Makes You Beautiful" – One Direction (2013)
"Story of My Life" – One Direction (2014)
"Bang Bang" – Jessie J, Ariana Grande and Nicki Minaj (2015)
"Hello" – Adele (2016)
"Work from Home" – Fifth Harmony featuring Ty Dolla $ign (2017)
"Shape of You" – Ed Sheeran (2018)
"Thank U, Next" – Ariana Grande (2019)
2020s
"Bad Guy" – Billie Eilish (2020)
"Dynamite" – BTS (2021)
"Happier Than Ever" – Billie Eilish (2022)
"As It Was" – Harry Styles (2023)
vteMTV Video Music Award for Best Pop Video1990s
"Livin' la Vida Loca" – Ricky Martin (1999)
2000s
"Bye Bye Bye" – NSYNC (2000)
"Pop" – NSYNC (2001)
"Hey Baby" – No Doubt featuring Bounty Killer (2002)
"Cry Me a River" – Justin Timberlake (2003)
"It's My Life" – No Doubt (2004)
"Since U Been Gone" – Kelly Clarkson (2005)
"Stupid Girls" – Pink (2007)
"Piece of Me" – Britney Spears (2008)
"Womanizer" – Britney Spears (2009)
2010s
"Bad Romance" – Lady Gaga (2010)
"Till the World Ends" – Britney Spears (2011)
"What Makes You Beautiful" – One Direction (2012)
"Come & Get It" – Selena Gomez (2013)
"Problem" – Ariana Grande featuring Iggy Azalea (2014)
"Blank Space" – Taylor Swift (2015)
"Formation" – Beyoncé (2016)
"Down" – Fifth Harmony (2017)
"No Tears Left to Cry" – Ariana Grande (2018)
"Sucker" – Jonas Brothers (2019)
2020s
"On" – BTS (2020)
"Peaches" – Justin Bieber (2021)
"As It Was" – Harry Styles (2022)
"Anti-Hero" – Taylor Swift (2023)
vteIFPI Global Year-End ChartsArtist of the Year
One Direction (2013)
Taylor Swift (2014)
Adele (2015)
Drake (2016)
Ed Sheeran (2017)
Drake (2018)
Taylor Swift (2019)
BTS (2020–2021)
Taylor Swift (2022)
Taylor Swift (2023)
Album of the Year
Hybrid Theory by Linkin Park (2001)
The Eminem Show by Eminem (2002)
Come Away with Me by Norah Jones (2003)
Confessions by Usher (2004)
X&Y by Coldplay (2005)
High School Musical by Various Artists (2006)
High School Musical 2 by Various Artists (2007)
Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends by Coldplay (2008)
I Dreamed a Dream by Susan Boyle (2009)
Recovery by Eminem (2010)
21 by Adele (2011)
21 by Adele (2012)
Midnight Memories by One Direction (2013)
Frozen by Various Artists (2014)
25 by Adele (2015)
Lemonade by Beyoncé (2016)
÷ by Ed Sheeran (2017)
The Greatest Showman by Various Artists (2018)
5x20 All the Best!! 1999–2019 by Arashi (2019)
Map of the Soul: 7 by BTS (2020)
30 by Adele (2021)
Un Verano Sin Ti by Bad Bunny (2022)
FML by Seventeen (2023)
Single of the Year
"Girlfriend" by Avril Lavigne (2007)
"Lollipop" by Lil Wayne featuring Static Major (2008)
"Poker Face" by Lady Gaga (2009)
"Tik Tok" by Kesha (2010)
"Just the Way You Are" by Bruno Mars (2011)
"Call Me Maybe" by Carly Rae Jepsen (2012)
"Blurred Lines" by Robin Thicke featuring T.I. and Pharrell (2013)
"Happy" by Pharrell Williams (2014)
"See You Again" by Wiz Khalifa featuring Charlie Puth (2015)
"One Dance" by Drake featuring Wizkid and Kyla (2016)
"Shape of You" by Ed Sheeran (2017)
"Havana" by Camila Cabello featuring Young Thug (2018)
"Bad Guy" by Billie Eilish (2019)
"Blinding Lights" by the Weeknd (2020)
"Save Your Tears" by the Weeknd (2021)
"As It Was" by Harry Styles (2022)
"Flowers" by Miley Cyrus (2023)
vteBest-selling singles by year in the United Kingdom1950s
1952: "Here in My Heart" – Al Martino
1953: "I Believe" – Frankie Laine
1954: "Secret Love" – Doris Day
1955: "Rose Marie" – Slim Whitman
1956: "I'll Be Home" – Pat Boone
1957: "Diana" – Paul Anka
1958: "Jailhouse Rock" – Elvis Presley
1959: "Living Doll" – Cliff Richard (UK)
1960s
1960: "It's Now or Never" – Elvis Presley
1961: "Wooden Heart" – Elvis Presley
1962: "I Remember You" – Frank Ifield (UK)
1963: "She Loves You" – The Beatles (UK)
1964: "Can't Buy Me Love" – The Beatles (UK)
1965: "Tears" – Ken Dodd (UK)
1966: "Green, Green Grass of Home" – Tom Jones (UK)
1967: "Release Me" – Engelbert Humperdinck (UK)
1968: "Hey Jude" – The Beatles (UK)
1969: "Sugar, Sugar" – The Archies
1970s
1970: "The Wonder of You" – Elvis Presley / "In the Summertime" – Mungo Jerry (UK)
1971: "My Sweet Lord" – George Harrison (UK)
1972: "Amazing Grace" – Royal Scots Dragoon Guards (UK)
1973: "Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree" – Dawn featuring Tony Orlando
1974: "Tiger Feet" – Mud (UK)
1975: "Bye Bye Baby" – Bay City Rollers (UK)
1976: "Save Your Kisses for Me" – Brotherhood of Man (UK)
1977: "Mull of Kintyre" / "Girls' School" – Wings (UK)
1978: "Rivers of Babylon" / "Brown Girl in the Ring" – Boney M.
1979: "Bright Eyes" – Art Garfunkel
1980s
1980: "Don't Stand So Close to Me" – The Police (UK)
1981: "Tainted Love" – Soft Cell (UK) / "Don't You Want Me" – The Human League (UK)
1982: "Come On Eileen" – Dexys Midnight Runners (UK)
1983: "Karma Chameleon" – Culture Club (UK)
1984: "Do They Know It's Christmas?" – Band Aid (UK)
1985: "The Power of Love" – Jennifer Rush
1986: "Don't Leave Me This Way" – The Communards (UK)
1987: "Never Gonna Give You Up" – Rick Astley (UK)
1988: "Mistletoe and Wine" – Cliff Richard (UK)
1989: "Ride on Time" – Black Box
1990s
1990: "Unchained Melody" – The Righteous Brothers
1991: "(Everything I Do) I Do It for You" – Bryan Adams
1992: "I Will Always Love You" – Whitney Houston
1993: "I'd Do Anything for Love (But I Won't Do That)" – Meat Loaf
1994: "Love Is All Around" – Wet Wet Wet (UK)
1995: "Unchained Melody" – Robson & Jerome (UK)
1996: "Killing Me Softly" – Fugees
1997: "Something About the Way You Look Tonight" / "Candle in the Wind 1997" – Elton John (UK)
1998: "Believe" – Cher
1999: "...Baby One More Time" – Britney Spears
2000s
2000: "Can We Fix It?" – Bob the Builder (UK)
2001: "It Wasn't Me" – Shaggy featuring Rikrok (UK)
2002: "Anything Is Possible" / "Evergreen" – Will Young (UK)
2003: "Where Is the Love?" – Black Eyed Peas
2004: "Do They Know It's Christmas?" – Band Aid 20 (UK)
2005: "(Is This the Way to) Amarillo" – Tony Christie featuring Peter Kay (UK)
2006: "Crazy" – Gnarls Barkley
2007: "Bleeding Love" – Leona Lewis (UK)
2008: "Hallelujah" – Alexandra Burke (UK)
2009: "Poker Face" – Lady Gaga
2010s
2010: "Love the Way You Lie" – Eminem featuring Rihanna
2011: "Someone like You" – Adele (UK)
2012: "Somebody That I Used to Know" – Gotye featuring Kimbra
2013: "Blurred Lines" – Robin Thicke featuring T.I. & Pharrell Williams
2014: "Happy" – Pharrell Williams
2015: "Uptown Funk" – Mark Ronson (UK) featuring Bruno Mars
2016: "One Dance" – Drake featuring Wizkid and Kyla (UK)
2017: "Shape of You" – Ed Sheeran (UK)
2018: "One Kiss" – Calvin Harris and Dua Lipa (UK)
2019: "Someone You Loved" – Lewis Capaldi (UK)
2020s
2020: "Blinding Lights" – The Weeknd
2021: "Bad Habits" – Ed Sheeran (UK)
2022: "As It Was" – Harry Styles (UK)
2023: "Flowers" – Miley Cyrus | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wasteland, Baby!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasteland,_Baby!"},{"link_name":"Harry Styles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Styles"},{"link_name":"Erskine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erskine_Records"},{"link_name":"Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Records"},{"link_name":"Harry's House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry%27s_House"},{"link_name":"Kid Harpoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kid_Harpoon"},{"link_name":"Tyler Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyler_Johnson_(musician)"},{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"Sign of the Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_of_the_Times_(Harry_Styles_song)"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"fourth-longest-running number one in the chart's history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_chart_achievements_and_milestones"},{"link_name":"best-selling global single","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_best-selling_singles#Best-selling_singles_by_year_worldwide"},{"link_name":"International Federation of the Phonographic Industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_the_Phonographic_Industry"}],"text":"This article is about the Harry Styles song. For the Hozier song, see Wasteland, Baby!\"As It Was\" is a song by English singer-songwriter Harry Styles, released through Erskine and Columbia on 1 April 2022 as the lead single from his third studio album, Harry's House (2022). The song was written by Styles alongside his producers Kid Harpoon and Tyler Johnson.\"As It Was\" was widely acclaimed by music critics and entered at the top of the UK Singles Chart, becoming Styles' second solo number-one single, his first being \"Sign of the Times\" in April 2017. \"As It Was\" spent ten weeks at the top of the UK Singles Chart, becoming the longest-running number-one and best-selling single of 2022 in his home country. In the United States, it was his second chart topper on the Billboard Hot 100, where it spent 15 non-consecutive weeks at number one, becoming the longest-running US number one by a UK act and the fourth-longest-running number one in the chart's history.\"As It Was\" was the best-selling global single of 2022, earning 2.28 billion subscription streams equivalents globally according to the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI). Outside the UK and US, the song was a commercial success and topped the charts in 45 countries, including Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Ireland, Lithuania, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Singapore, Sweden, and Norway.","title":"As It Was"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harry's House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry%27s_House"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bb-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OCC-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"drum beat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_beat"},{"link_name":"riff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar_riff"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Harry Styles announced the title of his third studio album as Harry's House on 23 March 2022, unveiling its artwork, a 40-second trailer, and the album's release date as 20 May 2022.[1][2] Five days later, he announced the title of its lead single as \"As It Was\", alongside 3 pictures of Styles facing away from the camera in a sequinned, sleeveless red outfit, and set its release date as 1 April 2022.[3][4][5] Simultaneously, posters bearing the lyrics \"It's not the same As It Was\" and a picture of Styles sitting on a big ball appeared in various cities.[6] He released a teaser of the music video on 30 March, which included an \"energetic drum beat\" and a \"sunny electric guitar riff\", and depicted him in a red jumpsuit spinning in circles atop a motorised turntable.[7]In an interview with Billboard, Kid Harpoon revealed Styles pushed for the track to become the lead single for the album campaign, stating: \"It was Harry that pushed that through. He was like, ‘This is the one. I’m telling you.’ But everyone was like, ‘It should be this other one.’\"[8]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Sony Music Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Music_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Rob Stringer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Stringer"},{"link_name":"Consequence of Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consequence_(publication)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Hits Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hits_Radio"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Music Week","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Week"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-musicweek.com-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Moog One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moog_One"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-musicweek.com-14"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Ben Winston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Winston"},{"link_name":"Capital Breakfast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_Breakfast"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"synth-pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synth-pop"},{"link_name":"new wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_wave_music"},{"link_name":"rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aniftos-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Willman-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sheffield-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Depeche Mode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depeche_Mode"},{"link_name":"A-ha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-ha"},{"link_name":"the Weeknd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Weeknd"},{"link_name":"Blinding Lights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blinding_Lights"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Willman-20"},{"link_name":"James Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bay_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Pink Lemonade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink_Lemonade_(song)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"As It Was was the last song written for Styles' third album, Harry's House.[9] The song was recorded at Sony Music Entertainment CEO Rob Stringer’s house in England. In an interview with Consequence of Sound, producer Kid Harpoon stated \"We moved all the furniture out and put a drum kit in the TV room. “As It Was” was done in that setup. Harry came in with a riff idea, and we ran with it.\"[10] In an interview with Hits Radio Styles said the song was originally written slower before adding synths and drums.[11] He called the original voice note of the slower track \"a death march\" in an interview with Zane Lowe[12] although the existence of this version has been disputed by Kid Harpoon.[13] Speaking to Music Week, producer Tyler Johnson stated the track was almost completed in its final form after three or four days[14] with the bridge of the song being written a few days later.[15]Johnson described the process of writing the single as: “Harry was sitting on the Moog One and I liked what he was playing, so I sat down and played as he started to write the melodies and the lyrics. I said to Harry, ‘We need a lead line’ and he just came up right away with the ‘Dah, dah, dah...’ part. He didn't hesitate. Then he started writing the second verse and referring to himself in the third person. So much of this song just came from Harry's heart. And then Tom, with this magical sense of hooks that he has, came up with the idea of doing, ‘You know it's not the same…’ after the chorus, which I was very impressed with. That turned out to be a very smart move.”[14] Styles came up with the idea and melody of the tubular bells included on the track, and plays them on the finished product.[16]The child's voice which opens the track is Styles' godchild Ruby Winston, daughter of producer Ben Winston. Styles explained the addition in an interview with Capital Breakfast: \"She used to try and call me before bedtime every night, and one time it didn’t ring or something, so they sent me that. I dug it out when we were in the studio and put it in front of the song for some reason, and I kind of just fell in love with it, so it stuck.\"[17]Styles described the meaning of the song as \"about metamorphosis, embracing change and former self, perspective shift and all that kind of stuff. It just felt like the thing I wanted to say, the thing I wanted to be doing and the kind of music I wanted to make coming back.\"[18]Music critics described the song as a guitar-driven synth-pop and new wave track, a noticeable shift from Styles's rock-oriented sounds.[19][20][21][22][23] Chris Willman of Variety noted it takes heavy inspiration from Depeche Mode and A-ha, while also suggesting it adopted a style similar to the Weeknd's 2019 single \"Blinding Lights\".[20] EUPHORIA magazine felt that Styles was inspired by James Bay's 2018 single \"Pink Lemonade\", adding that the two songs sound \"eerily similar\".[24] Lyrically, \"As It Was\" is rooted in personal transitions and depicts a feeling of loss and loneliness.[25]","title":"Lyric and composition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NME","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NME-20220401-27"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TG-20220401-26"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"Rob Sheffield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Sheffield"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sheffield-21"},{"link_name":"Clash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clash_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"bells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubular_bells"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"new wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_wave_music"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Forbes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Evening Standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evening_Standard"},{"link_name":"Watermelon Sugar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watermelon_Sugar"},{"link_name":"Adore You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adore_You_(Harry_Styles_song)"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Pitchfork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_(website)"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Entertainment Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"USA Today","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"A-ha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-ha"},{"link_name":"Take On Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take_On_Me"},{"link_name":"Vampire Weekend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampire_Weekend"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"i-D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-D"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"NPR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"TikTok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TikTok"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Paste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paste_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"The Fader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fader"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"the Strokes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Strokes"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Associated Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Esquire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esquire_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"}],"text":"\"As It Was\" received critical acclaim. NME's Rhian Daly gave the song five out of five stars, describing it as \"not a million miles away from where Fine Line left off, but hardly retreading old ground.\" According to Daly, the track suggests Harry's House will solidify Styles \"as one of the current pop landscapes' greats\".[27] Beau Beaumont-Thomas of The Guardian also rated the song five stars and called it \"one of his very best\", writing, \"Many will pore over the gossipy, self-referential lyrics, but Styles's song is for everyone: an effervescent, high-tempo hit to have you clicking your heels.\"[26] In his review for Rolling Stone, Rob Sheffield regarded \"As It Was\" as one of Styles's most \"emotionally powerful\" songs, calling it a \"daring change-up\" and a \"straight-from-the-heart cry that's also an irresistible dance-floor challenge.\"[21] Sahar Ghadirian of Clash magazine deemed it a \"powerhouse\" and Styles \"at his most vulnerable\". Ghadirian appreciated the \"dream fusion\" of synth-pop with electro rock and commented that the bells end the song on \"a euphoric high\".[28] Thania Garcia of Variety magazine described the song as being \"new wave-inspired\".[29] Hugh McIntyre of Forbes hailed the song as a \"decade-defining smash.\"[30]Evening Standard reviewer Jochan Embley meanwhile found the track inferior to the singer's previous singles \"Watermelon Sugar\" and \"Adore You\", but wrote that Styles and his collaborators \"still know how to make an instantly enjoyable tune\".[31] Olivia Horn of Pitchfork was less impressed and bemoaned that the song \"winds down without any real payoff\", citing the circuitousness of the lyrics as \"a frequent shortcoming in Styles' songwriting.\"[32]Entertainment Weekly named \"As It Was\" as the best song of 2022: \"The synths gallop like excitable ponies while his warm-wash vocals swoop and dip, a sweet little slice of life-support disco for the lonely.\"[33] USA Today also chose it as the best song of the year: \"At first, it sounds like a generically pretty pop song. But then you understand Styles' longing for the perfect something that was yanked away, his dreamy vocals taking on a sadness as he recalls that blissful bubble and resigns himself with a sigh to his current reality. The giggly opening by his goddaughter, pillowy '80s-rooted synths, tubular bells and urging beat contradict his pensiveness.\"[34] Billboard ranked it at number 3 on their \"The 100 Best Songs of 2022\" list: \"Coming in at a lean 2:47, \"As It Was\" serves as a broader anthem about how nothing is \"the same as it was\" before the pandemic, but on a micro level, it turns out Styles isn't the same either as he grapples with fame and the realization that \"he's no good alone\" when left to his own devices and pills.\"[35]BBC ranked it at number 3 on their \"25 of the best songs released in 2022\" list: \"As It Was is a vapour trail of a song, silvery and airborne, as Harry Styles searches for meaning amidst break-ups and loneliness and personal turmoil.\"[36] NME ranked it at number 3 on their \"The 50 best songs of 2022\" list: \"It's hard not to tumble into the vast emotional depths of 'As It Was' and look beyond everything else that made this song such a triumph. Change is a constant beneath the track's heart-raising BPM and twinkling melodies: here, Harry Styles' empathetic songwriting saw him fight for stability amid breakups and personal upheavals, finding strength in a renewed relationship with himself.\"[37] The Guardian ranked it at number 5 on their \"The 20 best songs of 2022\" list: \"Occupying the slim valley between A-ha's Take On Me and Vampire Weekend, As It Was delivers bruised-peach hurt, sophisticated languor from the back seat of a tastefully expensive car. He can sing something as vague as \"In this world, it's just us / You know it's not the same as it was\" and make you feel that he really means it\"[38] i-D ranked it at number 10 on their \"The 100 best songs of 2022\" list: \"For an artist reckoning with blinding attention towards his public persona, this infectious, upbeat song about loneliness and change felt like a balm both for the artist and his fans.\"[39]NPR ranked it at number 12 on their \"100 Best Songs Of 2022\" list: \"Like a fling who would have never dated you in real life saying arrivederci at summer's end, this song is by turns forlorn, resigned, apologetic and a little caddish. Its slippery nostalgia is grounded in a synth line evoking the New Romantic era of Styles' parents' youth and in the singer's cool, bossa nova-ish croon, which sounds like the way it feels when that departing lover wistfully strokes your hair. The Easter-eggy verses matter to fans, but the chorus is what made \"As It Was\" so sticky in 2022: It renders regret comfortable, a service everyone needs in a time of chronic heartbreak.\"[40] Complex ranked it at number 27 on their \"50 Best Songs of 2022\" list: \"\"As It Was\" is a beautiful, mesmerizing record that lives up to all the buzz it's generated on TikTok (and everywhere else on the internet and radio). It carries an energetic tone thanks to the uptempo instrumentation, and Harry Styles adds layers of emotion with his soft vocals. \"As It Was\" is a fun and danceable record that continues to demonstrate his power as one of the biggest pop stars in the world.\"[41] Paste ranked it at number 29 on their \"The 50 Best Songs of 2022\" list: \"Our first glimpse into Harry Styles' newest era, where he is fully immersed in his own flamboyant intricacies, the song is a thoughtful rumination on the exhaustion that stems from not enough love and too much fame.\"[42]The Fader ranked it at number 33 on their \"The 100 best songs of 2022\" list: \"On Harry's House lead single \"As It Was,\" the singer hits an effervescent pitch both sonically and conceptually, expressing a willingness to embrace introspection while delivering one of the most textured performances in his loaded discography.\"[43] Pitchfork ranked it at number 100 on their \"The 100 Best Songs of 2022\" list: \"\"As It Was\" is the kind of twinkly little confection that would easily get the indie kids pogoing at any local DIY dance night at any point in the last two decades. It just happens to have been recorded by one of the biggest pop stars in the world in 2022 instead of, say, the Strokes twenty years earlier. \"You know it's not the same as it was,\" Harry Styles sighs, giving a nod to the easy bait of nostalgia. A pointillist synth line tap dances through the song, and all over that nagging pandemic-era malaise we're all desperately trying to shake. Resistance is futile.\"[44]Associated Press placed it on their \"Top Songs of 2022\" list: \"The song is deceptively upbeat with a jingly synth-pop beat and a little kid's voice as the intro and wedding bells at the end. But the lyrics are self-referentially melancholic as he accepts the reality of change that even he is not quite ready for.\"[45] Esquire placed it on their \"The 45 Best Songs of 2022\" list: \"\"As It Was\" was Harry Styles first single this year, and it did not disappoint. This glittering track fuels nostalgia as Styles sings about life which is, of course, always changing. (Reality bites!)\"[46]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sir Elton John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elton_John"},{"link_name":"Song of The Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Song_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"The Grammys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Awards"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Lindsay Buckingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindsey_Buckingham"},{"link_name":"Omar Apollo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Apollo"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Jon Bon Jovi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Bon_Jovi"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Jorja Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorja_Smith"},{"link_name":"Arcade Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcade_Fire"},{"link_name":"Live Lounge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_Lounge"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"}],"sub_title":"Recognition","text":"As It Was was praised by many musicians and those within the entertainment industry. Sir Elton John declared the track as \"one of the great records of the year\" and that it should win Song of The Year at The Grammys.[47] Lindsay Buckingham praised the song as \"a great pop song\" in discussion with Omar Apollo.[48] Jon Bon Jovi stated \"It is not going to be the same as it was folks, I love that because he gave you a slap upside the head and said, “I’m here with you but doing it on my terms.”[49] Artists such as Jorja Smith and Arcade Fire also covered the song in the Live Lounge.[50][51]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Year-end lists","text":"Numerous critics and publications listed \"As It Was\" in their year-end ranking of the best songs of 2022, often inside the top-ten.","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone%27s_500_Greatest_Songs_of_All_Time"}],"sub_title":"All-time lists","text":"In 2024, \"As It Was\" was included in Rolling Stone's “The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time” list.","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Commercial performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Guinness World Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_World_Records"},{"link_name":"Spotify","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spotify"},{"link_name":"Apple Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Music"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Billboard Global 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Global_200"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"best-selling global single","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_best-selling_singles"},{"link_name":"International Federation of the Phonographic Industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_the_Phonographic_Industry"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IFPI22-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IFPI23-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AUA-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AUI-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BE-77"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-croatiaradio-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DE-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GER-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IR-82"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IS-83"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LI-84"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NE-85"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NZ-86"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SL-87"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SWE-88"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SWI-89"}],"sub_title":"Global","text":"\"As It Was\" was an immediate success; it earned the Guinness World Records title for the most streamed track on Spotify within 24 hours by a male artist, and broke the Apple Music streaming record for most first-day streams for a 2022 release.[67][68] The song also opened atop the Billboard Global 200 with the greatest global streaming week of 2022, becoming Styles's first number-one on the tally.[69] Globally, \"As It Was\" was the best-selling global single of 2022, earning 2.28 billion subscription streams equivalents globally according to the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI).[70] It was also the fifth best-selling global single of 2023 with 1.46 billion subscription streams equivalents.[71] \"As It Was\" ranked as the most popular song on Spotify and the second most popular song on Apple Music in 2022.[72] It was the 3rd most streamed song on Spotify and the 14th biggest song on Apple Music in 2023.[73][74]The song reached number one on the official charts of Australia,[75] Austria,[76] Belgium,[77] Croatia,[78] Denmark,[79] Germany,[80] Greece,[81] Ireland,[82] Israel,[83] Lithuania,[84] the Netherlands,[85] New Zealand,[86] Slovakia,[87] Sweden,[88] and Switzerland.[89]","title":"Commercial performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"singles chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"equivalent units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Album-equivalent_unit"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=As_It_Was&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UKsales-92"},{"link_name":"Official Charts Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"}],"sub_title":"United Kingdom","text":"In the UK, \"As It Was\" became Styles's second solo number-one on the singles chart, debuting with the biggest sales and streaming weeks of any single in 2022.[90] It spent ten weeks at number one on the UK singles chart, becoming the longest-running number one of the year in the UK.[91] It became the most-streamed track (149.6 million streams), most physically purchased (12,000 units), most digitally downloaded (47,000 units) and overall, best-selling (1.3 million equivalent units) track in the UK in 2022, as of October 2022[update].[92] It was the 9th biggest song in the UK in 2023 according to the Official Charts Company.[93]","title":"Commercial performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"Watermelon Sugar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watermelon_Sugar"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"Olivia Rodrigo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivia_Rodrigo"},{"link_name":"Drivers License","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drivers_License_(song)"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"Canadian Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CA-99"}],"sub_title":"North America","text":"\"As It Was\" entered at number one on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming Styles' second number-one single after \"Watermelon Sugar\" (2019).[94] The song garnered the most single-day streams on Spotify in the United States, surpassing Olivia Rodrigo's \"Drivers License\" (2021).[95] After the single's debut at No. 1, \"As It Was\" fell out of the No. 1 position and returned multiple times between April and September 2022; when it returned to No. 1 for the week ending 3 September 2022, it became the first song ever to have five separate runs in the top position.[96] \"As It Was\" spent 15 weeks atop the Billboard Hot 100, becoming the longest-running US number one by a UK act, the second longest-running No. 1 with no accompanying artists (i.e. a solo-billed song) and the fourth longest running number-one in the chart's history.[97][98] In addition, \"As It Was\" spent 18 weeks at number one on the Canadian Hot 100.[99]","title":"Commercial performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hussey-100"},{"link_name":"Yoann Bourgeois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoann_Bourgeois"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"Barbican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbican_Estate"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aniftos-19"},{"link_name":"Barbican Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbican_Centre"},{"link_name":"Lindley Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindley_Hall,_London"},{"link_name":"Houses of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houses_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"penguin pool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Pool,_London_Zoo"},{"link_name":"London Zoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Zoo"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"Tanu Muino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanu_Muino"},{"link_name":"Ukraine was invaded by Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Charles and Ray Eames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_and_Ray_Eames"},{"link_name":"LACMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hussey-100"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"}],"text":"The music video for \"As It Was\" was released alongside the song.[100] In the clip, Styles joins dancer Mathilde Lin on a turning platform and performs choreography by Yoann Bourgeois[101] in the Barbican to release negative emotions.[19] The video was filmed in London: apart from the Barbican Centre, it was also filmed at Lindley Hall near the Houses of Parliament, and the penguin pool at London Zoo.[102] It was directed by Tanu Muino, who stated that directing for Styles was \"a bucket list dream come true\" but, on the second day of shooting, Muino's home country of Ukraine was invaded by Russia, rendering the process a \"bittersweet\" experience; nevertheless, Muino and her team from Ukraine \"poured so much love into this video and you can see it on screen. The music video references a photo mural of industrial designers Charles and Ray Eames on exhibit at LACMA as Styles and his love interest grow further apart.[103] It will be a music video I will never forget and now I can happily retire.\".[100] On YouTube, the video has received over 725 million views and 8 million likes as of May 2024.[104] Styles later released a Behind The Scenes version of the making of the music video.[105]","title":"Music video"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Accolades"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coachella_Valley_Music_and_Arts_Festival"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-131"},{"link_name":"Madison Square Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison_Square_Garden"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"One Direction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Direction"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-132"},{"link_name":"65th Annual Grammy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/65th_Annual_Grammy_Awards"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-133"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_News-134"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-135"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_News-134"}],"text":"Styles performed \"As It Was\" for the first time at the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival on 15 and 22 April 2022.[131] At the 'One Night Only' performance for Harry's House, Styles surprised the crowd at Madison Square Garden with an encore of the track. Speaking on the experience to Rolling Stone, Styles stated: \"We came offstage, and I went into my dressing room and just wanted to sit by myself for a minute, After One Direction, I didn’t expect to ever experience anything new. I kind of felt like, ‘All right, I’ve seen how crazy it can get and I think there was something about it where I was … not terrified, but I just needed a minute. Because I wasn’t sure what it was. Just that the energy felt insane.”[132]Styles performed As It Was at the 65th Annual Grammy Awards with a rotating stage and routine choreographed in the style of the music video by Yoann Bourgeois.[133] However, a technical malfunction caused the stage to rotate the wrong way and forced the dancers with Styles to perform the dance in reverse.[134] Dancers included in the routine stated \"there was nothing we could do to stop it\" once the performance began.[135] Styles \"called the team in charge to make sure they were OK\" after the performance according to Grammys set designer Julio Himede.[134]","title":"Live performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harry Styles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Styles"},{"link_name":"tubular bells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubular_bells"},{"link_name":"Kid Harpoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kid_Harpoon"},{"link_name":"drum machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_machine"},{"link_name":"Tyler Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyler_Johnson_(musician)"},{"link_name":"programming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_(music)"},{"link_name":"Randy Merrill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy_Merrill"},{"link_name":"mastering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastering_(audio)"},{"link_name":"Spike Stent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spike_Stent"},{"link_name":"mixing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_mixing_(recorded_music)"}],"text":"Harry Styles – vocals, songwriting, tubular bells\nKid Harpoon – songwriting, production, bass, guitar, drum machine, drums, electric guitar, synthesizer\nTyler Johnson – songwriting, production, drum machine, piano, synthesizer\nDoug Showalter – electric guitar, percussion\nMitch Rowland – drums\nJeremy Hatcher – programming, recording\nRandy Merrill – mastering\nSpike Stent – mixing\nKatie May – assistant engineering\nLuke Gibbs – assistant engineering\nAdele Phillips – assistant engineering\nJosh Caulder – assistant engineering\nJoe Dougherty – assistant engineering\nMatt Wolach – assistant engineering","title":"Credits and personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=As_It_Was&action=edit§ion=16"},{"link_name":"Argentina Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Argentina"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardargentinahot100_Harry_Styles-136"},{"link_name":"ARIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Charts"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AUA-75"},{"link_name":"Ö3 Austria Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%963_Austria_Top_40"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AUI-76"},{"link_name":"TopHit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TopHit"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-137"},{"link_name":"Ultratop 50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultratop"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BE-77"},{"link_name":"Ultratop 50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultratop"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Wallonia_Harry_Styles-138"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-139"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil_Songs"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-140"},{"link_name":"Crowley Charts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowley_Charts"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-141"},{"link_name":"PROPHON","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFPI"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BU-142"},{"link_name":"Canadian Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CA-99"},{"link_name":"AC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_AC"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardcanadaac_Harry_Styles-143"},{"link_name":"CHR/Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_CHR/Top_40"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardcanadachrtop40_Harry_Styles-144"},{"link_name":"Hot AC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_Hot_AC"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardcanadahotac_Harry_Styles-145"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-146"},{"link_name":"CIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States"},{"link_name":"Tophit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tophit"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-147"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-148"},{"link_name":"Monitor Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monitor_Latino"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-149"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia_Songs"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-150"},{"link_name":"HRT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrvatska_radiotelevizija"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-croatiaradio-78"},{"link_name":"Rádio – Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A1dio_%E2%80%93_Top_100_(Czech_Republic)"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Czech_Republic_-151"},{"link_name":"Singles Digitál Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_the_Phonographic_Industry"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Czechdigital_-152"},{"link_name":"Tracklisten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracklisten"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DE-79"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-153"},{"link_name":"TopHit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TopHit"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-154"},{"link_name":"Suomen virallinen lista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Official_Finnish_Charts"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Finland_Harry_Styles-155"},{"link_name":"SNEP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNEP"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-156"},{"link_name":"Official German Charts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GfK_Entertainment_charts"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GER-80"},{"link_name":"Global 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Global_200"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardglobal200_Harry_Styles-157"},{"link_name":"IFPI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFPI_Greece"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-158"},{"link_name":"Monitor Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monitor_Latino"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-159"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-160"},{"link_name":"Rádiós Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Hungarian_Record_Companies"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Hungary_-161"},{"link_name":"Single Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Hungarian_Record_Companies"},{"link_name":"[162]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Hungarysingle_-162"},{"link_name":"Stream Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Hungarian_Record_Companies"},{"link_name":"[163]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Hungarystream_-163"},{"link_name":"Plötutíðindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Iceland"},{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-164"},{"link_name":"India International Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMI_International_Top_20_Singles"},{"link_name":"IMI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Music_Industry"},{"link_name":"[165]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-165"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[166]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-166"},{"link_name":"IRMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IR-82"},{"link_name":"Media Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_Forest"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IS-83"},{"link_name":"FIMI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federazione_Industria_Musicale_Italiana"},{"link_name":"[167]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-167"},{"link_name":"Billboard Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Japan"},{"link_name":"[168]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jphot-168"},{"link_name":"TopHit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TopHit"},{"link_name":"[169]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-169"},{"link_name":"LAIPA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian_Music_Producers_Association"},{"link_name":"[170]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-170"},{"link_name":"LAIPA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian_Music_Producers_Association"},{"link_name":"[171]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-171"},{"link_name":"Lebanese Top 20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Official_Lebanese_Top_20"},{"link_name":"[172]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lbn-172"},{"link_name":"AGATA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGATA_(organization)"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LI-84"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[173]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-173"},{"link_name":"RIM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_Malaysia"},{"link_name":"[174]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-174"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_Songs"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[175]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-175"},{"link_name":"Mexico Airplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_Airplay"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[176]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-176"},{"link_name":"Dutch Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Top_40"},{"link_name":"[177]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Dutch40_-177"},{"link_name":"Single Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Single_Top_100"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NE-85"},{"link_name":"Recorded Music NZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorded_Music_NZ"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NZ-86"},{"link_name":"VG-lista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VG-lista"},{"link_name":"[178]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-178"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[179]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-179"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines_Songs"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[180]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-180"},{"link_name":"Polish Airplay Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Society_of_the_Phonographic_Industry"},{"link_name":"[181]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Poland_-181"},{"link_name":"Polish Streaming Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_music_charts"},{"link_name":"[182]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-182"},{"link_name":"AFP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Fonogr%C3%A1fica_Portuguesa"},{"link_name":"[183]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Portugal_Harry_Styles-183"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania_Songs"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[184]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-184"},{"link_name":"UPFR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UPFR"},{"link_name":"[185]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UPFR-185"},{"link_name":"RIAS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_Singapore"},{"link_name":"[186]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-186"},{"link_name":"Rádio Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A1dio_%E2%80%93_Top_100_(Slovakia)"},{"link_name":"[187]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Slovakia_-187"},{"link_name":"Singles Digitál Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_the_Phonographic_Industry"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SL-87"},{"link_name":"TOSAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Official_South_African_Charts"},{"link_name":"[188]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_South_Africa2_-188"},{"link_name":"Gaon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaon_Digital_Chart"},{"link_name":"[189]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-189"},{"link_name":"PROMUSICAE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Productores_de_M%C3%BAsica_de_Espa%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"[190]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-190"},{"link_name":"Nationale Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationale_Top_40_Suriname"},{"link_name":"[191]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-191"},{"link_name":"Sverigetopplistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sverigetopplistan"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SWE-88"},{"link_name":"Schweizer Hitparade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Hitparade"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SWI-89"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[192]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-192"},{"link_name":"UK Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[193]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_UK_-193"},{"link_name":"TopHit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TopHit"},{"link_name":"[194]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Ukraine_-194"},{"link_name":"Monitor Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monitor_Latino"},{"link_name":"[195]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-195"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[196]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardhot100_Harry_Styles-196"},{"link_name":"Adult Contemporary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_Contemporary_(chart)"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[197]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardadultcontemporary_Harry_Styles-197"},{"link_name":"Adult Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_Top_40"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[198]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardadultpopsongs_Harry_Styles-198"},{"link_name":"Dance/Mix Show Airplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance/Mix_Show_Airplay"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[199]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboarddanceairplay_Harry_Styles-199"},{"link_name":"Mainstream Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainstream_Top_40"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[200]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardpopsongs_Harry_Styles-200"},{"link_name":"Rhythmic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythmic_(chart)"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[201]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardrhythmic_Harry_Styles-201"},{"link_name":"Rock Airplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Airplay"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[202]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardrockairplay_Harry_Styles-202"},{"link_name":"Vietnam Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Vietnam_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[203]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-203"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=As_It_Was&action=edit§ion=17"},{"link_name":"Pro-Música Brasil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro-M%C3%BAsica_Brasil"},{"link_name":"[204]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-204"},{"link_name":"CIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States"},{"link_name":"[205]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-205"},{"link_name":"[206]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-206"},{"link_name":"[207]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-207"},{"link_name":"[208]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-208"},{"link_name":"[209]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-209"},{"link_name":"[210]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-210"},{"link_name":"[211]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-211"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=As_It_Was&action=edit§ion=18"},{"link_name":"[212]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-212"},{"link_name":"[213]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-213"},{"link_name":"[214]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-214"},{"link_name":"[215]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-215"},{"link_name":"[216]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-216"},{"link_name":"[217]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-217"},{"link_name":"[218]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-218"},{"link_name":"[219]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-219"},{"link_name":"[220]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-220"},{"link_name":"[221]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-221"},{"link_name":"[222]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-222"},{"link_name":"[223]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-223"},{"link_name":"IFPI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_the_Phonographic_Industry"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IFPI22-70"},{"link_name":"[224]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-224"},{"link_name":"[225]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-225"},{"link_name":"[226]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-226"},{"link_name":"[227]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-227"},{"link_name":"[228]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-228"},{"link_name":"[229]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-229"},{"link_name":"[230]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-230"},{"link_name":"[231]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-231"},{"link_name":"[232]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-232"},{"link_name":"[233]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-233"},{"link_name":"[234]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-234"},{"link_name":"[235]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-235"},{"link_name":"[236]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-236"},{"link_name":"[237]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-237"},{"link_name":"[238]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-238"},{"link_name":"[239]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-239"},{"link_name":"[240]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-240"},{"link_name":"[241]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-241"},{"link_name":"[242]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-242"},{"link_name":"[243]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-243"},{"link_name":"[244]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-244"},{"link_name":"[245]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-245"},{"link_name":"[246]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-246"},{"link_name":"[247]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-247"},{"link_name":"[248]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-248"},{"link_name":"[249]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-249"},{"link_name":"[250]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-250"},{"link_name":"[251]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-251"},{"link_name":"[252]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-252"},{"link_name":"[253]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-253"},{"link_name":"[254]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-254"},{"link_name":"[255]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-255"},{"link_name":"[256]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-256"},{"link_name":"[257]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-257"},{"link_name":"[258]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-258"},{"link_name":"[259]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-259"},{"link_name":"[260]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-260"},{"link_name":"[261]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-261"},{"link_name":"[262]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-262"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IFPI23-71"},{"link_name":"[263]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-263"},{"link_name":"[264]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-264"},{"link_name":"[265]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-265"},{"link_name":"[266]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-266"},{"link_name":"[267]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-267"},{"link_name":"[268]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-268"},{"link_name":"[269]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-269"},{"link_name":"[270]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-270"},{"link_name":"[271]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-271"},{"link_name":"[272]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-272"},{"link_name":"[273]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-273"},{"link_name":"[274]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-274"},{"link_name":"[275]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-275"},{"link_name":"[276]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-276"},{"link_name":"[277]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-277"}],"text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\nWeekly chart performance for \"As It Was\"\n\n\nChart (2022–2024)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nArgentina (Argentina Hot 100)[136]\n\n2\n\n\nAustralia (ARIA)[75]\n\n1\n\n\nAustria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[76]\n\n1\n\n\nBelarus Airplay (TopHit)[137]\n\n12\n\n\nBelgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[77]\n\n1\n\n\nBelgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)[138]\n\n1\n\n\nBolivia (Billboard)[139]\n\n2\n\n\nBrazil (Billboard)[140]\n\n13\n\n\nBrazil Airplay (Crowley Charts)[141]\n\n43\n\n\nBulgaria International Airplay (PROPHON)[142]\n\n1\n\n\nCanada (Canadian Hot 100)[99]\n\n1\n\n\nCanada AC (Billboard)[143]\n\n1\n\n\nCanada CHR/Top 40 (Billboard)[144]\n\n1\n\n\nCanada Hot AC (Billboard)[145]\n\n1\n\n\nChile (Billboard)[146]\n\n13\n\n\nCIS (Tophit)[147]\n\n1\n\n\nColombia (Billboard)[148]\n\n13\n\n\nCosta Rica (Monitor Latino)[149]\n\n1\n\n\nCroatia (Billboard)[150]\n\n3\n\n\nCroatia International Airplay (HRT)[78]\n\n1\n\n\nCzech Republic (Rádio – Top 100)[151]\n\n1\n\n\nCzech Republic (Singles Digitál Top 100)[152]\n\n1\n\n\nDenmark (Tracklisten)[79]\n\n1\n\n\nEcuador (Billboard)[153]\n\n9\n\n\nEstonia Airplay (TopHit)[154]\n\n39\n\n\nFinland (Suomen virallinen lista)[155]\n\n1\n\n\nFrance (SNEP)[156]\n\n1\n\n\nGermany (Official German Charts)[80]\n\n1\n\n\nGlobal 200 (Billboard)[157]\n\n1\n\n\nGreece International (IFPI)[158]\n\n1\n\n\nHonduras (Monitor Latino)[159]\n\n17\n\n\nHong Kong (Billboard)[160]\n\n19\n\n\nHungary (Rádiós Top 40)[161]\n\n1\n\n\nHungary (Single Top 40)[162]\n\n7\n\n\nHungary (Stream Top 40)[163]\n\n1\n\n\nIceland (Plötutíðindi)[164]\n\n1\n\n\nIndia International Singles (IMI)[165]\n\n1\n\n\nIndonesia (Billboard)[166]\n\n3\n\n\nIreland (IRMA)[82]\n\n1\n\n\nIsrael (Media Forest)[83]\n\n1\n\n\nItaly (FIMI)[167]\n\n3\n\n\nJapan Hot Overseas (Billboard Japan)[168]\n\n2\n\n\nKazakhstan Airplay (TopHit)[169]\n\n44\n\n\nLatvia (LAIPA)[170]\n\n6\n\n\nLatvia Airplay (LAIPA)[171]\n\n1\n\n\nLebanon (Lebanese Top 20)[172]\n\n1\n\n\nLithuania (AGATA)[84]\n\n1\n\n\nLuxembourg (Billboard)[173]\n\n1\n\n\nMalaysia International (RIM)[174]\n\n1\n\n\nMexico (Billboard)[175]\n\n1\n\n\nMexico Airplay (Billboard)[176]\n\n1\n\n\nNetherlands (Dutch Top 40)[177]\n\n1\n\n\nNetherlands (Single Top 100)[85]\n\n1\n\n\nNew Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[86]\n\n1\n\n\nNorway (VG-lista)[178]\n\n2\n\n\nPeru (Billboard)[179]\n\n2\n\n\nPhilippines (Billboard)[180]\n\n4\n\n\nPoland (Polish Airplay Top 100)[181]\n\n1\n\n\nPoland (Polish Streaming Top 100)[182]\n\n32\n\n\nPortugal (AFP)[183]\n\n1\n\n\nRomania (Billboard)[184]\n\n4\n\n\nRomania Airplay (UPFR)[185]\n\n1\n\n\nSingapore (RIAS)[186]\n\n1\n\n\nSlovakia (Rádio Top 100)[187]\n\n1\n\n\nSlovakia (Singles Digitál Top 100)[87]\n\n1\n\n\nSouth Africa (TOSAC)[188]\n\n2\n\n\nSouth Korea (Gaon)[189]\n\n113\n\n\nSpain (PROMUSICAE)[190]\n\n10\n\n\nSuriname (Nationale Top 40)[191]\n\n1\n\n\nSweden (Sverigetopplistan)[88]\n\n1\n\n\nSwitzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[89]\n\n1\n\n\nTurkey (Billboard)[192]\n\n23\n\n\nUK Singles (OCC)[193]\n\n1\n\n\nUkraine Airplay (TopHit)[194]\n\n16\n\n\nUruguay (Monitor Latino)[195]\n\n9\n\n\nUS Billboard Hot 100[196]\n\n1\n\n\nUS Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[197]\n\n1\n\n\nUS Adult Top 40 (Billboard)[198]\n\n1\n\n\nUS Dance/Mix Show Airplay (Billboard)[199]\n\n1\n\n\nUS Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)[200]\n\n1\n\n\nUS Rhythmic (Billboard)[201]\n\n35\n\n\nUS Rock Airplay (Billboard)[202]\n\n28\n\n\nVietnam (Vietnam Hot 100)[203]\n\n10\n\n\n\nMonthly charts[edit]\n\nMonthly chart performance for \"As It Was\"\n\n\nChart (2022–2023)\n\nPosition\n\n\nBrazil Streaming (Pro-Música Brasil)[204]\n\n17\n\n\nCIS Airplay (TopHit)[205]\n\n1\n\n\nEstonia Airplay (TopHit)[206]\n\n54\n\n\nLithuania Airplay (TopHit)[207]\n\n33\n\n\nRomania Airplay (TopHit)[208]\n\n34\n\n\nRussia Airplay (TopHit)[209]\n\n4\n\n\nSouth Korea (Gaon)[210]\n\n123\n\n\nUkraine Airplay (TopHit)[211]\n\n15\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\n2022 year-end chart performance for \"As It Was\"\n\n\nChart (2022)\n\nPosition\n\n\nAustralia (ARIA)[212]\n\n1\n\n\nAustria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[213]\n\n3\n\n\nBelgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[214]\n\n1\n\n\nBelgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)[215]\n\n1\n\n\nBrazil Airplay (Crowley Charts)[216]\n\n93\n\n\nBrazil Streaming (Pro-Música Brasil)[217]\n\n35\n\n\nCanada (Canadian Hot 100)[218]\n\n2\n\n\nCosta Rica (Monitor Latino)[219]\n\n11\n\n\nDenmark (Tracklisten)[220]\n\n8\n\n\nEl Salvador (Monitor Latino)[221]\n\n11\n\n\nGermany (Official German Charts)[222]\n\n6\n\n\nGlobal 200 (Billboard)[223]\n\n1\n\n\nGlobal Singles (IFPI)[70]\n\n1\n\n\nGuatemala (Monitor Latino)[224]\n\n100\n\n\nHonduras (Monitor Latino)[225]\n\n39\n\n\nHungary (Rádiós Top 40)[226]\n\n45\n\n\nHungary (Single Top 40)[227]\n\n24\n\n\nHungary (Stream Top 40)[228]\n\n6\n\n\nIceland (Plötutíðindi)[229]\n\n1\n\n\nItaly (FIMI)[230]\n\n16\n\n\nLithuania (AGATA)[231]\n\n1\n\n\nNetherlands (Dutch Top 40)[232]\n\n1\n\n\nNetherlands (Single Top 100)[233]\n\n2\n\n\nNew Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[234]\n\n2\n\n\nPanama (Monitor Latino)[235]\n\n9\n\n\nParaguay (Monitor Latino)[236]\n\n6\n\n\nPoland (ZPAV)[237]\n\n4\n\n\nPuerto Rico (Monitor Latino)[238]\n\n52\n\n\nRussia Airplay (TopHit)[239]\n\n14\n\n\nSingapore (RIAS)[240]\n\n3\n\n\nSweden (Sverigetopplistan)[241]\n\n4\n\n\nSwitzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[242]\n\n1\n\n\nUK Singles (OCC)[243]\n\n1\n\n\nUkraine Airplay (TopHit)[244]\n\n83\n\n\nUruguay (Monitor Latino)[245]\n\n1\n\n\nUS Billboard Hot 100[246]\n\n2\n\n\nUS Adult Alternative Airplay (Billboard)[247]\n\n49\n\n\nUS Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[248]\n\n8\n\n\nUS Adult Top 40 (Billboard)[249]\n\n4\n\n\nUS Dance/Mix Show Airplay (Billboard) [250]\n\n1\n\n\nUS Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)[251]\n\n1\n\n\nVietnam (Vietnam Hot 100)[252]\n\n81\n\n\n2023 year-end chart performance for \"As It Was\"\n\n\nChart (2023)\n\nPosition\n\n\nAustralia (ARIA)[253]\n\n9\n\n\nAustria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[254]\n\n17\n\n\nBelgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[255]\n\n12\n\n\nBelgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)[256]\n\n48\n\n\nBrazil Airplay (Crowley Charts)[257]\n\n87\n\n\nBrazil Streaming (Pro-Música Brasil)[258]\n\n75\n\n\nCanada (Canadian Hot 100)[259]\n\n10\n\n\nDenmark (Tracklisten)[260]\n\n50\n\n\nGermany (Official German Charts)[261]\n\n25\n\n\nGlobal 200 (Billboard)[262]\n\n6\n\n\nGlobal Singles (IFPI)[71]\n\n5\n\n\nIceland (Plötutíðindi)[263]\n\n25\n\n\nItaly (FIMI)[264]\n\n86\n\n\nNetherlands (Single Top 100)[265]\n\n27\n\n\nNew Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[266]\n\n13\n\n\nPoland (Polish Airplay Top 100)[267]\n\n58\n\n\nPoland (Polish Streaming Top 100)[268]\n\n57\n\n\nRussia Airplay (TopHit)[269]\n\n87\n\n\nSweden (Sverigetopplistan)[270]\n\n71\n\n\nSwitzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[271]\n\n8\n\n\nUK Singles (OCC)[272]\n\n9\n\n\nUkraine Airplay (TopHit)[273]\n\n111\n\n\nUS Billboard Hot 100[274]\n\n15\n\n\nUS Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[275]\n\n3\n\n\nUS Adult Top 40 (Billboard)[276]\n\n32\n\n\nUS Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)[277]\n\n10","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certifications"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release history"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Note"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of best-selling singles in Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_best-selling_singles_in_Mexico"},{"title":"List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_2022"},{"title":"List of Billboard Global 200 number ones of 2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Global_200_number_ones_of_2022"},{"title":"List of Billboard Mainstream Top 40 number-one songs of 2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Mainstream_Top_40_number-one_songs_of_2022"},{"title":"List of Billboard Mexico Airplay number ones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Mexico_Airplay_number_ones"},{"title":"List of Canadian Hot 100 number-one singles of 2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Canadian_Hot_100_number-one_singles_of_2022"},{"title":"List of Dutch Top 40 number-one singles of 2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Dutch_Top_40_number-one_singles_of_2022"},{"title":"List of highest-certified singles in Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_highest-certified_singles_in_Australia"},{"title":"List of number-one hits of 2022 (Austria)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_number-one_hits_of_2022_(Austria)"},{"title":"List of number-one hits of 2022 (Denmark)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_number-one_hits_of_2022_(Denmark)"},{"title":"List of number-one hits of 2022 (France)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_number-one_hits_of_2022_(France)"},{"title":"List of number-one hits of 2022 (Germany)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_number-one_hits_of_2022_(Germany)"},{"title":"List of number-one hits of 2022 (Switzerland)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_number-one_hits_of_2022_(Switzerland)"},{"title":"List of number-one singles and albums in Sweden#2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_number-one_singles_and_albums_in_Sweden#2022"},{"title":"List of number-one singles from the 2020s (New Zealand)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_number-one_singles_from_the_2020s_(New_Zealand)"},{"title":"List of number-one singles of 2022 (Australia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_number-one_singles_of_2022_(Australia)"},{"title":"List of number-one singles of 2022 (Ireland)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_number-one_singles_of_2022_(Ireland)"},{"title":"List of number-one singles of 2022 (Poland)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_number-one_singles_of_2022_(Poland)"},{"title":"List of number-one songs of 2022 (Malaysia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_number-one_songs_of_2022_(Malaysia)"},{"title":"List of number-one songs of 2022 (Singapore)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_number-one_songs_of_2022_(Singapore)"},{"title":"List of Ultratop 50 number-one singles of 2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ultratop_50_number-one_singles_of_2022"},{"title":"List of UK Singles Chart number ones of the 2020s#2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UK_Singles_Chart_number_ones_of_the_2020s#2022"},{"title":"List of Billboard Hot 100 chart achievements and milestones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_chart_achievements_and_milestones"}] | [{"reference":"DeVille, Chris (23 March 2022). \"Harry Styles Announces New Album Harry's House\". Stereogum. Archived from the original on 5 April 2022. Retrieved 23 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stereogum.com/2180640/harry-styles-announces-new-album-harrys-house/news/","url_text":"\"Harry Styles Announces New Album Harry's House\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereogum","url_text":"Stereogum"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220405040339/https://www.stereogum.com/2180640/harry-styles-announces-new-album-harrys-house/news/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Sharf, Zack (28 March 2022). \"Harry Styles Dropped Out of Robert Eggers' 'Nosferatu' Remake With Anya Taylor-Joy\". Variety. Archived from the original on 6 April 2022. Retrieved 29 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2022/film/news/harry-styles-exits-nosferatu-anya-taylor-joy-1235217419/","url_text":"\"Harry Styles Dropped Out of Robert Eggers' 'Nosferatu' Remake With Anya Taylor-Joy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220406073921/https://variety.com/2022/film/news/harry-styles-exits-nosferatu-anya-taylor-joy-1235217419/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Dailey, Hannah (28 March 2022). \"Harry Styles Announces First Single From 'Harry's House' — and It's Coming Soon\". Billboard. Archived from the original on 1 April 2022. Retrieved 28 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/music/pop/harry-styles-harrys-house-first-single-announced-1235050116/","url_text":"\"Harry Styles Announces First Single From 'Harry's House' — and It's Coming Soon\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220401194505/https://www.billboard.com/music/pop/harry-styles-harrys-house-first-single-announced-1235050116/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Strauss, Matthew (28 March 2022). \"Harry Styles Announces New Song 'As It Was'\". Pitchfork. Archived from the original on 2 April 2022. Retrieved 28 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://pitchfork.com/news/harry-styles-announces-new-song-as-it-was/","url_text":"\"Harry Styles Announces New Song 'As It Was'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_(website)","url_text":"Pitchfork"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220402185134/https://pitchfork.com/news/harry-styles-announces-new-song-as-it-was/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Carl (28 March 2022). \"Harry Styles' As It Was: New single from Harry's House release date, video stills and more\". Official Charts Company. Archived from the original on 4 April 2022. Retrieved 28 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/harry-styles-as-it-was-new-single-from-harrys-house-release-date-video-stills-and-more__35595/","url_text":"\"Harry Styles' As It Was: New single from Harry's House release date, video stills and more\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company","url_text":"Official Charts Company"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220404064355/https://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/harry-styles-as-it-was-new-single-from-harrys-house-release-date-video-stills-and-more__35595/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Dupes, Abby (28 March 2022). \"Everything We Know About Harry Styles' New Album So Far\". Seventeen. Archived from the original on 6 April 2022. Retrieved 29 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.seventeen.com/celebrity/music/a39515822/harry-styles-harrys-house-album/","url_text":"\"Everything We Know About Harry Styles' New Album So Far\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventeen_(American_magazine)","url_text":"Seventeen"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220406180929/https://www.seventeen.com/celebrity/music/a39515822/harry-styles-harrys-house-album/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Dailey, Hannah (30 March 2022). \"Harry Styles Drops Dizzying Teaser for New Single 'As It Was'\". Billboard. Archived from the original on 5 April 2022. Retrieved 31 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/harry-styles-teaser-new-single-as-it-was-1235052367/","url_text":"\"Harry Styles Drops Dizzying Teaser for New Single 'As It Was'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220405040105/https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/harry-styles-teaser-new-single-as-it-was-1235052367/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Werthman, Christine (7 October 2022). \"Meet Kid Harpoon — Harry Styles' Go-To Collaborator and Pop's New Secret Weapon\". Billboard. Retrieved 13 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/music/features/kid-harpoon-harry-styles-maggie-rogers-producer-interview-1235151631/","url_text":"\"Meet Kid Harpoon — Harry Styles' Go-To Collaborator and Pop's New Secret Weapon\""}]},{"reference":"Magliola, Anna Sky (1 April 2022). \"Harry Styles reveals the unusual place he wrote his new single 'As It Was'\". Hits Radio. Retrieved 14 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://planetradio.co.uk/hits-radio/entertainment/music/harry-styles-as-it-was-interview/","url_text":"\"Harry Styles reveals the unusual place he wrote his new single 'As It Was'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kid Harpoon Interview on Harry Styles & More: Behind the Boards\". 5 October 2022. Retrieved 13 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://consequence.net/2022/10/kid-harpoon-interview-harry-styles-behind-the-boards/","url_text":"\"Kid Harpoon Interview on Harry Styles & More: Behind the Boards\""}]},{"reference":"Has Harry Styles' been teasing Harry's House all along? 👀. Retrieved 13 May 2024 – via www.youtube.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-0oWm2oqmok","url_text":"Has Harry Styles' been teasing Harry's House all along? 👀"}]},{"reference":"Harry Styles - Zane Lowe & Apple Music 'Harry's House' Interview. Retrieved 13 May 2024 – via www.youtube.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3L4m5ZMzf3A","url_text":"Harry Styles - Zane Lowe & Apple Music 'Harry's House' Interview"}]},{"reference":"\"Kid Harpoon on working with Harry Styles, Lizzo and Maggie Rogers on Apple Music\". Apple Music - Web Player. Retrieved 13 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://music.apple.com/gb/post/1658902409","url_text":"\"Kid Harpoon on working with Harry Styles, Lizzo and Maggie Rogers on Apple Music\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Harry's a full-blown force': Tyler Johnson on the making of As It Was\". www.musicweek.com. Retrieved 13 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.musicweek.com/talent/read/harry-s-a-full-blown-force-tyler-johnson-on-the-making-of-as-it-was/086679","url_text":"\"'Harry's a full-blown force': Tyler Johnson on the making of As It Was\""}]},{"reference":"Willman, Chris (1 December 2022). \"Harry Styles' 'House' Had Some Roommates: Kid Harpoon and Tyler Johnson on Making 2022's Most Ubiquitous Single, 'As It Was'\". Variety. Retrieved 13 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2022/music/news/songwriters-kid-harpoon-tyler-johnson-hitmakers-harry-styles-1235447248/","url_text":"\"Harry Styles' 'House' Had Some Roommates: Kid Harpoon and Tyler Johnson on Making 2022's Most Ubiquitous Single, 'As It Was'\""}]},{"reference":"Willman, Chris (1 December 2022). \"Harry Styles' 'House' Had Some Roommates: Kid Harpoon and Tyler Johnson on Making 2022's Most Ubiquitous Single, 'As It Was'\". Variety. Retrieved 13 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2022/music/news/songwriters-kid-harpoon-tyler-johnson-hitmakers-harry-styles-1235447248/","url_text":"\"Harry Styles' 'House' Had Some Roommates: Kid Harpoon and Tyler Johnson on Making 2022's Most Ubiquitous Single, 'As It Was'\""}]},{"reference":"Harry Styles Warns His Scenes In 'Don't Worry, Darling' Are NSFW | FULL INTERVIEW | Capital. Retrieved 13 May 2024 – via www.youtube.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ekpVd5ol1sg","url_text":"Harry Styles Warns His Scenes In 'Don't Worry, Darling' Are NSFW | FULL INTERVIEW | Capital"}]},{"reference":"\"Harry Styles' \"As It Was\" Is More About Loneliness Than His Relationship\". Nylon. 5 April 2022. Retrieved 13 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nylon.com/entertainment/harry-styles-as-it-was-lyrics-meaning-explained","url_text":"\"Harry Styles' \"As It Was\" Is More About Loneliness Than His Relationship\""}]},{"reference":"Aniftos, Rania (31 March 2022). \"Harry Styles Unveils 'As It Was'\". Billboard. Archived from the original on 5 April 2022. Retrieved 1 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/music/pop/harry-styles-as-it-was-1235053318/","url_text":"\"Harry Styles Unveils 'As It Was'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220405133505/https://www.billboard.com/music/pop/harry-styles-as-it-was-1235053318/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Willman, Chris (1 April 2022). \"Harry Styles Trades Classic Rock for Synth-Pop in New Single and Video, 'As It Was'\". Variety. Archived from the original on 5 April 2022. 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Retrieved 30 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/01/arts/music/playlist-harry-styles-angel-olsen.html","url_text":"\"Harry Styles tries on synth-pop, and 13 more new songs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220430072557/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/01/arts/music/playlist-harry-styles-angel-olsen.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Anderson, Carys (31 March 2022). \"Harry Styles Premieres New Single \"As It Was\": Stream\". Consequence. Archived from the original on 4 January 2023. Retrieved 4 January 2023. Styles goes new wave for \"As It Was,\" where he grieves a broken relationship over a gentle, reverberating synth line.","urls":[{"url":"https://consequence.net/2022/03/harry-styles-as-it-was-stream/","url_text":"\"Harry Styles Premieres New Single \"As It Was\": Stream\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consequence_(publication)","url_text":"Consequence"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230104053909/https://consequence.net/2022/03/harry-styles-as-it-was-stream/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"James Bay\". euphoriazine.com. July 2022. Archived from the original on 13 December 2022. Retrieved 13 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.euphoriazine.com/blog/2022/07/covers-james-bay/","url_text":"\"James Bay\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221213065103/https://www.euphoriazine.com/blog/2022/07/covers-james-bay/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Sposato, Cat (31 March 2022). \"Harry Styles, 'As It Was'\". NPR.org. 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Retrieved 14 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ifpi.org/harry-styles-wins-ifpi-global-single-award-for-as-it-was/","url_text":"\"Harry Styles wins IFPI Global Single Award for As It Was\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_the_Phonographic_Industry","url_text":"IFPI"}]},{"reference":"\"Miley Cyrus' Flowers Confirmed by IFPI as Biggest-Selling Global Single of the Year\". IFPI. 26 February 2024. Retrieved 14 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ifpi.org/miley-cyrus-flowers-confirmed-by-ifpi-as-biggest-selling-global-single-of-the-year/","url_text":"\"Miley Cyrus' Flowers Confirmed by IFPI as Biggest-Selling Global Single of the Year\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_the_Phonographic_Industry","url_text":"IFPI"}]},{"reference":"\"As It Was by Harry Styles\". Amazon.co.uk. Archived from the original on 31 March 2022. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinoy_baiting | Pinoy baiting | ["1 Forms of Pinoy baiting","1.1 Reaction videos","1.2 Vlog","2 See also","3 References"] | Superficial praises of the Philippines and Filipinos
Pinoy baiting is the act engaged by non-Filipino individuals, usually celebrities or YouTubers, who post content online with the intention of getting the attention of Filipinos, by acting surprised, giving superficial and insincere praises, and other forms that gives supposed recognition to the Philippines or its people.
Such actions and subsequent responses by Filipinos have been criticized as a form of cultural cringe, and that Filipinos should not constantly require validation from non-Filipinos about themselves or their country.
Forms of Pinoy baiting
Reaction videos
On social media such as YouTube, channels with the specific focus to show their reaction and opinions about a certain video or topic are called reaction channels. Reactions are very popular and require minimal effort to create, this makes it the reason why it is very easy for Pinoy baiting channels to thrive out of reaction videos.
Vlog
Vlogging, short for Video blogging, grew in popularity in recent years. Most of the popular Pinoy baiting channels tend to be vlog channels, normally following the same title and script, which include: "The Philippines changed us/me", "First impression of the Philippines", "Is this really Manila?" "Filipinos are such Kind/Good People!", as well as travelling to touristy areas such as Boracay, Bonifacio Global City and taste testing the fast food chain Jollibee, among others.
See also
Philippines portal
Colonial mentality
Cultural cringe
Orientalism
Postcolonialism
Self-hatred
Tall poppy syndrome
References
^ a b Llemit, Kathleen A. "The curious case of Pinoy baiting". Retrieved 2021-09-04.
^ Peñalosa, Gelene (6 August 2021). "Pinoy baiting should seriously stop, like right now". InqPOP!. Retrieved 30 October 2021.
^ "Filipino reacts to FOREIGNERS REACT videos". cnn. Archived from the original on December 11, 2020.
^ Lasco, Gideon. "Rethinking 'Pinoy pride'".
^ Llemit, Kathleen A. "'No clickbaiting here': Nas Daily speaks up over 'Pinoy baiting,' working with Indigenous Peoples". Philstar.com.
^ "Pinoy Baiting: What Is Pinoybaiting And Why Is It a Problem?". 8List.ph. 2021-05-12. 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Retrieved 2021-09-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.8list.ph/pinoy-baiting/","url_text":"\"Pinoy Baiting: What Is Pinoybaiting And Why Is It a Problem?\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://tribune.net.ph/index.php/2021/08/09/the-curious-case-of-pinoy-baiting/","external_links_name":"\"The curious case of Pinoy baiting\""},{"Link":"https://pop.inquirer.net/113905/pinoy-baiting-should-seriously-stop-like-right-now","external_links_name":"\"Pinoy baiting should seriously stop, like right now\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201211111520/https://cnnphilippines.com/life/culture/2020/12/11/filipinos-react-videos-.html","external_links_name":"\"Filipino reacts to FOREIGNERS REACT videos\""},{"Link":"https://www.cnnphilippines.com/life/culture/2020/12/11/filipinos-react-videos-.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://opinion.inquirer.net/141882/rethinking-pinoy-pride","external_links_name":"\"Rethinking 'Pinoy pride'\""},{"Link":"https://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/arts-and-culture/2021/08/09/2118723/no-clickbaiting-here-nas-daily-speaks-over-pinoy-baiting-working-indigenous-peoples","external_links_name":"\"'No clickbaiting here': Nas Daily speaks up over 'Pinoy baiting,' working with Indigenous Peoples\""},{"Link":"https://www.8list.ph/pinoy-baiting/","external_links_name":"\"Pinoy Baiting: What Is Pinoybaiting And Why Is It a Problem?\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Verriest | Georges Verriest | ["1 External links"] | French footballer (1909–1985)
Georges VerriestPersonal informationDate of birth
15 July 1909Place of birth
Roubaix, FranceDate of death
11 July 1985(1985-07-11) (aged 75)Position(s)
MidfielderSenior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)
RC Roubaix
International career1933–1936
France
14
(1)
*Club domestic league appearances and goals
Georges Verriest (15 July 1909 – 11 July 1985) was a French footballer. He played for RC Roubaix, and earned 14 caps for the France national team, and scored a goal in the 1934 FIFA World Cup.
External links
Georges Verriest at the French Football Federation (in French)
Georges Verriest at the French Football Federation (archived) (in French)
vteFrance squad – 1934 FIFA World Cup
GK Défossé
GK Llense
GK Thépot
DF Gonzales
DF Mairesse
DF Mattler
DF Vandooren
MF Beaucourt
MF Delfour
MF Delmer
MF Gabrillargues
MF Liétaer
MF Rio
MF Verriest
FW Alcazar
FW Aston
FW Courtois
FW Keller
FW Korb
FW Laurent
FW Nicolas
FW Veinante
Coach: Kimpton
This biographical article related to association football in France, about a midfielder born in the 1900s, is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"RC Roubaix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RC_Roubaix"},{"link_name":"France national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"1934 FIFA World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1934_FIFA_World_Cup"}],"text":"Georges Verriest (15 July 1909 – 11 July 1985) was a French footballer. He played for RC Roubaix, and earned 14 caps for the France national team, and scored a goal in the 1934 FIFA World Cup.","title":"Georges Verriest"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.fff.fr/equipe-nationale/joueur/8546-verriest-georges/fiche.html","external_links_name":"Georges Verriest"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/*/https://www.fff.fr/equipes-de-france/tous-les-joueurs/fiche-joueur/910-*","external_links_name":"Georges Verriest"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georges_Verriest&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvette_Cauchois | Yvette Cauchois | ["1 Education","2 Academic career","2.1 Research on X-rays and crystals","2.2 Synchrotron and solar research","3 Personal life and death","4 Awards","5 See also","6 References"] | French physicist
ProfessorYvette CauchoisBorn(1908-12-19)19 December 1908Francueil, Indre-et-Loire, FranceDied19 November 1999(1999-11-19) (aged 90)ParisResting placeMonastery at Bârsana, RomaniaNationalityFrenchAlma materSorbonneKnown forInventing the Cauchois spectrometer
Development and use of Synchrotron light
President of the French Society of Physical ChemistryAwardsAncel Prize from the Société chimique de France (1933)
Officer of the Legion of Honour
Officers of the National Order of Merit (France)
Gold medal of the University of ParisScientific careerFieldsX-ray spectroscopy
X-ray opticsInstitutionsCNRS
National Laboratories of Frascati
Laboratory for the Use of Electromagnetic Radiation, Orsay
University of Paris XI
Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, SorbonneThesisExtension de la spectroscopie des rayons X. Spectrographe à focalisation par cristal courbé; spectre d'émission X des gaz (1934)
Solvay Conference on Physics in Brussels 1951; Cauchois is seated, third from left.
Yvette Cauchois (French pronunciation: ⓘ; 19 December 1908 – 19 November 1999) was a French physicist known for her contributions to X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray optics, and for pioneering European synchrotron research.
Education
Cauchois attended school in Paris, and pursued undergraduate studies at the Sorbonne, who awarded her a degree in the physical sciences in July 1928. Cauchois undertook graduate studies at the Laboratory of Physical Chemistry with the support of a National Fund for Science studentship, and was awarded her doctorate in 1933 for her work on the use of curved crystals for high-resolution X-ray analysis.
Academic career
After completing her doctoral studies, Cauchois was appointed research assistant in the laboratory of Jean Perrin at the Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS). She was promoted to research associate in 1937, and in the same year participated in the launch of the Palais de la Découverte.
In January 1938 Cauchois was named head of the Physical Chemistry Laboratory in the Faculty of Sciences of the University of Paris. When World War II broke out, Cauchois maintained continuity at the Laboratory, acting as Head of Studies when Jean Perrin had to flee to the United States. In 1945, when the Liberation of France led to the dismissal of Louis Dunoyer de Segonzac, Cauchois was promoted to Professor at the Sorbonne. She became Chair of Chemical Physics in 1954, succeeding Edmond Bauer to take charge of the laboratory.
With the number of researchers outgrowing the available space in the Laboratory, Cauchois founded the Centre de Chimie Physique at Orsay in 1960. She directed this organisation for ten years, whilst simultaneously continuing her work at the Sorbonne. She joined the University of Paris VI in 1971 following the division of the Sorbonne.
Cauchois chaired the French Society of Physical Chemistry from 1975–1978. She was only the second woman to do so, after Marie Curie. From 1978 until her retirement in 1983, Cauchois was Professor Emeritus at the University of Paris VI. Cauchois was still conducting active laboratory research as late as 1992 (aged 83). Over her lifetime she produced more than 200 publications, which continue to be cited today.
Research on X-rays and crystals
In the early 1930s, Cauchois established the fundamental principles of a new X-ray spectrometer that was both easy to use and had a high resolution, satisfying the Bragg reflection condition. The new spectrometer was named after her, and from 1934 she used it to observe gas emissions and multiplets. The new technique was used around the world for the analysis of X-rays and gamma rays and prompted a wave of new scholarship in radiation studies. Cauchois pioneered developments in X-ray imaging and observed that X-ray radiation could be focused using curved crystal for use in monochromators and X-ray scattering. Cauchois' work on soft X-ray distributions was the first step in determining the photo-absorption spectra. She used the radiation reflected from crystals to study the electronic structure of materials.
Cauchois systematically studied the X-ray spectra of heavy elements and actinides. In 1936, Cauchois and Horia Hulubei claimed to have discovered element 85 via X-ray analysis, conducting further research and publishing on follow-up studies in 1939. With McTaggart in 1948 she determined the differential absorption of X-rays by Zirconium and Hafnium. Cauchois, Sonia Cotelle, and Hulubei proved the presence of polonium and neptunium, and Cauchois later pioneered studies on the X-ray spectra of transuranic elements.
A fascination with astrophysics led Cauchois to study extraterrestrial X-ray radiation, especially the solar X-ray spectrum using missile experiments. In 1970 she produced X-ray images of the Sun.
Synchrotron and solar research
From 1962, Cauchois initiated a research programme in collaboration with the Istituto Superiore di Sanità at the Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati to explore the possibilities of synchrotron research. She was the first person in Europe to realise the potential of the radiation emitted by electrons rotating in the synchrotron as a source for understanding the properties of matter. In the early 1970s, Cauchois carried out her experiments at LURE (Laboratoire pour l'utilisation des radiations électromagnétiques).
Personal life and death
Cauchois was particularly interested in assisting young and underprivileged people. She also enjoyed poetry and music, and was a skilled grand piano player.
After meeting a priest from the monastery of Bârsana in Maramureș, Romania and discussing religious themes with him, Cauchois decided to be baptized in the Orthodox religion at age 86. Cauchois contracted bronchitis on a trip to Romania, and died a few days after returning to Paris. She was buried at Bârsana Monastery , to whom she bequeathed her assets.
Awards
Ancel Prize from the Société chimique de France (1933)
Henri Becquerel Prize from the French Academy of Sciences (1935)
Gizbal-Baral Prize (10,000 francs) from the French Academy of Sciences (1936)
Henry de Jouvenel Prize for selfless scientific activity (10,000 francs) from the Ministry of National Education (France) (1938)
Jerome Ponti Prize from the French Academy of Sciences (1942)
Triossi Prize from the French Academy of Sciences (1946)
Commander of the Order of the Ministry of Education
Officer of the Legion of Honour
Officer of the National Order of Merit (France)
Medal of the Czechoslovak Society of Spectroscopy (1974)
Fellow of The Optical Society (1974)
Gold medal of the University of Paris (1987)
Doctor honoris causa of the University of Bucharest (1993)
Cauchois' name was given to a street of the new university area of Moulon in Gif-sur-Yvette and a street in Tomblaine (Meurthe-et-Moselle).
See also
Jean Perrin
Horia Hulubei
Sonia Cotelle
Christiane Bonnelle
Marie Curie
References
^ a b c d e f Bonnelle, Christiane (1 April 2001). "Yvette Cauchois". Physics Today. 54 (4): 88–89. Bibcode:2001PhT....54d..88B. doi:10.1063/1.1372125.
^ a b c d "Cauchois Yvette". Parcours des Sciences (in French). Retrieved 13 August 2016.
^ a b c d e f Apotheker, Jan; Simon Sarkadi, Livia (2011). European Women in Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH Verlag. ISBN 9783527329564.
^ a b c d e "Quelques portraits - Cauchois Yvette". ww2.ac-poitiers.fr (in French). Académie de Poitiers. Retrieved 13 August 2016.
^ a b Bonnelle, Christiane; Hamermesh, Bernard; Stahl, Frieda. "Cauchois, Yvette". cwp.library.ucla.edu. University of California, Los Angeles. Retrieved 13 August 2016.
^ Cauchols Y. and McTaggart K. (1949) 'Dosimétrie par absorption différentlelle des rayons X, à l'aide de spectromètres à cristaux courbés et de compteurs de Geiger', Extrait des Comptes rendus des séances de l'Academie des Sciences, séance du 21 mars 1949. C.R. 228:1003
^ Nina, Byers; Williams, Gary (2006). "Chapter 20: Yvette Cauchois (1908-1999)". Out of the shadows: contributions of twentieth-century women to physics (Reprinted ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521821971. Retrieved 13 August 2016.
^ Ionescu, Sînziana (27 July 2016). "Destinul fabulos al lui Yvette Cauchois, savanta franceză care a iubit doi fizicieni români, s-a botezat ortodox la 86 ani și a dorit să moară în România" . Adevărul (in Romanian). Retrieved 30 January 2024.
^ Bonnelle, Christiane (April 2001). "Obituary: Yvette Cauchois". Physics Today. 54 (4): 88–89. Bibcode:2001PhT....54d..88B. doi:10.1063/1.1372125.
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Norway
France
BnF data
Catalonia
Germany
United States
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CiNii
People
Trove
Other
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Solvay_conference_1951_g.jpg"},{"link_name":"Solvay Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solvay_Conference"},{"link_name":"[ivɛt koʃwa]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6d/Fr-Yvette_Cauchois.ogg/Fr-Yvette_Cauchois.ogg.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fr-Yvette_Cauchois.ogg"},{"link_name":"physicist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicist"},{"link_name":"X-ray spectroscopy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_spectroscopy"},{"link_name":"X-ray optics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_optics"},{"link_name":"synchrotron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchrotron"}],"text":"Solvay Conference on Physics in Brussels 1951; Cauchois is seated, third from left.Yvette Cauchois (French pronunciation: [ivɛt koʃwa] ⓘ; 19 December 1908 – 19 November 1999) was a French physicist known for her contributions to X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray optics, and for pioneering European synchrotron research.","title":"Yvette Cauchois"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sorbonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Paris"},{"link_name":"Laboratory of Physical Chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_National_Centre_for_Scientific_Research"},{"link_name":"doctorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctorate"},{"link_name":"high-resolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-resolution"},{"link_name":"X-ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bon-1"}],"text":"Cauchois attended school in Paris, and pursued undergraduate studies at the Sorbonne, who awarded her a degree in the physical sciences in July 1928. 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She was promoted to research associate in 1937, and in the same year participated in the launch of the Palais de la Découverte.[1][2]In January 1938 Cauchois was named head of the Physical Chemistry Laboratory in the Faculty of Sciences of the University of Paris.[2] When World War II broke out, Cauchois maintained continuity at the Laboratory, acting as Head of Studies when Jean Perrin had to flee to the United States.[3] In 1945, when the Liberation of France led to the dismissal of Louis Dunoyer de Segonzac, Cauchois was promoted to Professor at the Sorbonne. She became Chair of Chemical Physics in 1954, succeeding Edmond Bauer to take charge of the laboratory.With the number of researchers outgrowing the available space in the Laboratory, Cauchois founded the Centre de Chimie Physique at Orsay in 1960. She directed this organisation for ten years, whilst simultaneously continuing her work at the Sorbonne. She joined the University of Paris VI in 1971 following the division of the Sorbonne.[2][3]Cauchois chaired the French Society of Physical Chemistry from 1975–1978. She was only the second woman to do so, after Marie Curie. From 1978 until her retirement in 1983, Cauchois was Professor Emeritus at the University of Paris VI.[2] Cauchois was still conducting active laboratory research as late as 1992 (aged 83).[4] Over her lifetime she produced more than 200 publications, which continue to be cited today.[5]","title":"Academic career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"X-ray spectrometer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_spectroscopy"},{"link_name":"high resolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_resolution"},{"link_name":"Bragg reflection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bragg_reflection"},{"link_name":"multiplets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplet"},{"link_name":"gamma rays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_ray"},{"link_name":"radiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation"},{"link_name":"monochromators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monochromator"},{"link_name":"X-ray scattering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_scattering_techniques"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bon-1"},{"link_name":"soft X-ray distributions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_microscope"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Euro-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CWP-5"},{"link_name":"heavy elements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metals"},{"link_name":"actinides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinide"},{"link_name":"Horia Hulubei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horia_Hulubei"},{"link_name":"element 85","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astatine#History"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bon-1"},{"link_name":"McTaggart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Kenneth_McTaggart"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Sonia Cotelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonia_Cotelle"},{"link_name":"polonium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonium"},{"link_name":"neptunium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptunium"},{"link_name":"transuranic elements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transuranium_element"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OotS-7"},{"link_name":"astrophysics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophysics"},{"link_name":"solar X-ray spectrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_X-ray_astronomy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Euro-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AdP-4"}],"sub_title":"Research on X-rays and crystals","text":"In the early 1930s, Cauchois established the fundamental principles of a new X-ray spectrometer that was both easy to use and had a high resolution, satisfying the Bragg reflection condition. The new spectrometer was named after her, and from 1934 she used it to observe gas emissions and multiplets. The new technique was used around the world for the analysis of X-rays and gamma rays and prompted a wave of new scholarship in radiation studies. Cauchois pioneered developments in X-ray imaging and observed that X-ray radiation could be focused using curved crystal for use in monochromators and X-ray scattering.[1] Cauchois' work on soft X-ray distributions was the first step in determining the photo-absorption spectra. She used the radiation reflected from crystals to study the electronic structure of materials.[3][5]Cauchois systematically studied the X-ray spectra of heavy elements and actinides. In 1936, Cauchois and Horia Hulubei claimed to have discovered element 85 via X-ray analysis, conducting further research and publishing on follow-up studies in 1939.[1] With McTaggart in 1948 she determined the differential absorption of X-rays by Zirconium and Hafnium.[6] Cauchois, Sonia Cotelle, and Hulubei proved the presence of polonium and neptunium, and Cauchois later pioneered studies on the X-ray spectra of transuranic elements.[7]A fascination with astrophysics led Cauchois to study extraterrestrial X-ray radiation, especially the solar X-ray spectrum using missile experiments.[3] In 1970 she produced X-ray images of the Sun.[4]","title":"Academic career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Istituto Superiore di Sanità","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istituto_Superiore_di_Sanit%C3%A0"},{"link_name":"Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratori_Nazionali_di_Frascati"},{"link_name":"synchrotron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchrotron"},{"link_name":"radiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bon-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Euro-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AdP-4"},{"link_name":"LURE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SOLEIL"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AdP-4"}],"sub_title":"Synchrotron and solar research","text":"From 1962, Cauchois initiated a research programme in collaboration with the Istituto Superiore di Sanità at the Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati to explore the possibilities of synchrotron research. She was the first person in Europe to realise the potential of the radiation emitted by electrons rotating in the synchrotron as a source for understanding the properties of matter.[1][3][4] In the early 1970s, Cauchois carried out her experiments at LURE (Laboratoire pour l'utilisation des radiations électromagnétiques).[4]","title":"Academic career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"grand piano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_piano"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bon-1"},{"link_name":"Bârsana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A2rsana"},{"link_name":"Maramureș","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maramure%C8%99"},{"link_name":"Orthodox religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ionescu-8"},{"link_name":"bronchitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronchitis"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AdP-4"},{"link_name":"Bârsana Monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=B%C3%A2rsana_Monastery&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%83n%C4%83stirea_B%C3%A2rsana"},{"link_name":"bequeathed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bequest_and_devise"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-9"}],"text":"Cauchois was particularly interested in assisting young and underprivileged people. She also enjoyed poetry and music, and was a skilled grand piano player.[1]\nAfter meeting a priest from the monastery of Bârsana in Maramureș, Romania and discussing religious themes with him, Cauchois decided to be baptized in the Orthodox religion at age 86.[8] Cauchois contracted bronchitis on a trip to Romania, and died a few days after returning to Paris.[4] She was buried at Bârsana Monastery [ro], to whom she bequeathed her assets.[9]","title":"Personal life and death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Société chimique de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_chimique_de_France"},{"link_name":"Henri Becquerel Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Becquerel"},{"link_name":"French Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"francs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_franc"},{"link_name":"Henry de Jouvenel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_de_Jouvenel"},{"link_name":"Ministry of National Education (France)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Education_(France)"},{"link_name":"French Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"Legion of Honour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legion_of_Honour"},{"link_name":"National Order of Merit (France)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Order_of_Merit_(France)"},{"link_name":"The Optical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optica_(society)"},{"link_name":"University of Bucharest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Bucharest"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Euro-3"},{"link_name":"Gif-sur-Yvette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gif-sur-Yvette"},{"link_name":"Tomblaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomblaine"},{"link_name":"Meurthe-et-Moselle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meurthe-et-Moselle"}],"text":"Ancel Prize from the Société chimique de France (1933)\nHenri Becquerel Prize from the French Academy of Sciences (1935)\nGizbal-Baral Prize (10,000 francs) from the French Academy of Sciences (1936)\nHenry de Jouvenel Prize for selfless scientific activity (10,000 francs) from the Ministry of National Education (France) (1938)\nJerome Ponti Prize from the French Academy of Sciences (1942)\nTriossi Prize from the French Academy of Sciences (1946)\nCommander of the Order of the Ministry of Education\nOfficer of the Legion of Honour\nOfficer of the National Order of Merit (France)\nMedal of the Czechoslovak Society of Spectroscopy (1974)\nFellow of The Optical Society (1974)\nGold medal of the University of Paris (1987)\nDoctor honoris causa of the University of Bucharest (1993)[3]\nCauchois' name was given to a street of the new university area of Moulon in Gif-sur-Yvette and a street in Tomblaine (Meurthe-et-Moselle).","title":"Awards"}] | [{"image_text":"Solvay Conference on Physics in Brussels 1951; Cauchois is seated, third from left.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Solvay_conference_1951_g.jpg/220px-Solvay_conference_1951_g.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Jean Perrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Perrin"},{"title":"Horia Hulubei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horia_Hulubei"},{"title":"Sonia Cotelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonia_Cotelle"},{"title":"Christiane Bonnelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christiane_Bonnelle"},{"title":"Marie Curie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie"}] | [{"reference":"Bonnelle, Christiane (1 April 2001). \"Yvette Cauchois\". Physics Today. 54 (4): 88–89. Bibcode:2001PhT....54d..88B. doi:10.1063/1.1372125.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.1372125","url_text":"\"Yvette Cauchois\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics_Today","url_text":"Physics Today"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001PhT....54d..88B","url_text":"2001PhT....54d..88B"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.1372125","url_text":"10.1063/1.1372125"}]},{"reference":"\"Cauchois Yvette\". Parcours des Sciences (in French). Retrieved 13 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://parcoursdessciences.fr/ressources/des-savants-des-scientifiques/cauchois-yvette/","url_text":"\"Cauchois Yvette\""}]},{"reference":"Apotheker, Jan; Simon Sarkadi, Livia (2011). European Women in Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH Verlag. ISBN 9783527329564.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783527329564","url_text":"9783527329564"}]},{"reference":"\"Quelques portraits - Cauchois Yvette\". ww2.ac-poitiers.fr (in French). Académie de Poitiers. Retrieved 13 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://ww2.ac-poitiers.fr/sc_phys/spip.php?article42&debut_page=4","url_text":"\"Quelques portraits - Cauchois Yvette\""}]},{"reference":"Bonnelle, Christiane; Hamermesh, Bernard; Stahl, Frieda. \"Cauchois, Yvette\". cwp.library.ucla.edu. University of California, Los Angeles. Retrieved 13 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frieda_Stahl","url_text":"Stahl, Frieda"},{"url":"http://cwp.library.ucla.edu/Phase2/Cauchois,[email protected]","url_text":"\"Cauchois, Yvette\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles","url_text":"University of California, Los Angeles"}]},{"reference":"Nina, Byers; Williams, Gary (2006). \"Chapter 20: Yvette Cauchois (1908-1999)\". Out of the shadows: contributions of twentieth-century women to physics (Reprinted ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521821971. Retrieved 13 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CQeKFG01s-oC","url_text":"\"Chapter 20: Yvette Cauchois (1908-1999)\""},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/outofshadowscont0000unse","url_text":"Out of the shadows: contributions of twentieth-century women to physics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press","url_text":"Cambridge University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521821971","url_text":"9780521821971"}]},{"reference":"Ionescu, Sînziana (27 July 2016). \"Destinul fabulos al lui Yvette Cauchois, savanta franceză care a iubit doi fizicieni români, s-a botezat ortodox la 86 ani și a dorit să moară în România\" [The fabulous fate of Yvette Cauchois, the French scientist who loved two Romanian physicists, was baptized Orthodox at the age of 86 and wanted to die in Romania]. Adevărul (in Romanian). Retrieved 30 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://adevarul.ro/stiri-locale/constanta/destinul-fabulos-al-lui-yvette-cauchois-savanta-1725240.html","url_text":"\"Destinul fabulos al lui Yvette Cauchois, savanta franceză care a iubit doi fizicieni români, s-a botezat ortodox la 86 ani și a dorit să moară în România\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adev%C4%83rul","url_text":"Adevărul"}]},{"reference":"Bonnelle, Christiane (April 2001). \"Obituary: Yvette Cauchois\". Physics Today. 54 (4): 88–89. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humor_Me_(film) | Humor Me (film) | ["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Release","3.1 Critical reception","4 References","5 External links"] | 2017 American filmHumor MeTheatrical release posterDirected bySam HoffmanWritten bySam HoffmanProduced byJamie GordonSam HoffmanCourtney PottsStarringJemaine ClementElliott GouldIngrid MichaelsonAnnie PottsPriscilla LopezBebe NeuwirthMaria DizziaCinematographySeamus TierneyEdited byPaul FrankMusic byGabriel MannProductioncompaniesFugitive FilmsSpitting Cobra FilmsDistributed byShout! StudiosRelease dates
June 16, 2017 (2017-06-16) (Los Angeles Film Festival)
January 12, 2018 (2018-01-12) (United States)
Running time93 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBox office$40,099
Humor Me is a 2017 American comedy film written and directed by Sam Hoffman. The film stars Jemaine Clement, Elliott Gould, Ingrid Michaelson, Annie Potts, Priscilla Lopez, Bebe Neuwirth and Maria Dizzia. The film was released on January 12, 2018, by Shout! Studios.
Plot
Nate Kroll is a playwright who suddenly loses his job, wife Nirit and home. With no other options, he moves in with his eccentric father, Bob, who lives in a retired people's community.
After barely settling in, only 24 hours there, Nate's dad gets him a job at the home in the laundry. Soon after being hired to fold towels, his retired military boss Ellis fires him. Wandering through a community area, Nate comes across The Cranberry Bog Players, a small group of residents planning to put on The Mikado.
Bob's girlfriend Connie, sharing a spliff with Nate, explains she started using to combat the effects of chemo. She met Bob when he was doing his weekly volunteering at the cancer ward, probably a habit he picked up from when he was visiting his wife, who didn't survive breast cancer. She proposes Nate help direct the play.
At the preliminary meeting, four women are present, none too sold on, or interested in the chosen work. Dee is one of the residents, and her daughter Allison, lives there, out-of-place, like Nate. She is complimentary of his work, and invites him to dinner at her mom's. He finds out she's there after detoxing in rehab, she's a musician and is thinking of moving to Seattle, far from New Jersey, to teach music.
One of the ladies takes an interest in Nate, which he skillfully dodges, pointing out Ellis's interest. Leaving her place on a Vespa, Ellis takes chase on a golf cart. On the way, Nate picks up Allison and they give him the slip. He has managed to convince her to give Ellis a chance, which he is grateful for.
Time goes on, Nate starts going with his dad power-walking, he gives his latest manuscript to Allison to proof and the play rehearsals progress. He has nightly Skype calls with his son Gabe in France, and finally gets some dental work done.
The Cranberry Bog Players, upon finding a video of Nate's successful screenplay, have a viewing at Bob's. It is basically the story of his parents dealing with her cancer. Bob angrily shuts it off, shortly needing to be rushed to the hospital. While waiting for him to wake from an induced coma, Connie hands Nate the key to a storage locker full of his mom's things.
Seeing Nate that night at his dad's, Allison confronts him about quitting. Telling him the new screenplay is good, although unfinished. She accuses him of being the reason why it is incomplete.
At the hospital, Nate and Connie take turns telling jokes to Bob, and can see he's reacting to them. He slowly comes out of the coma. Returning to the home, Nate asks if he may come back, making adjustments. At the performance, we see that clever slapstick jokes with sexual innuendo have been added to the routine. The producer who pulled out of his last play praises the performance. And his soon-to-be-ex also has come, bringing Gabe. She's made money in France, says she'll get divorce paper written up with joint custody, and he introduces his son to Allison.
The close starts with a playbill of the opening of Nate's recently opened show. Then we see the home, first from Gabe finishing a piano lesson with Allison, then they walk by ladies in dress rehearsal for a new performance, Ellis is with his lady, and they go through the changing area to reach the pool. Bob, Nate and Gabe cannonball into the pool.
Cast
Jemaine Clement as Nate Kroll
Elliott Gould as Bob Kroll
Ingrid Michaelson as Allison
Annie Potts as Dee
Priscilla Lopez as Connie Andrews
Bebe Neuwirth as C.C. Rudin
Maria Dizzia as Nirit Gerb-Kroll
Joey Slotnick as Zimmerman
Willie C. Carpenter as Ellis
Le Clanché du Rand as Helen
Rosemary Prinz as Gert
Erich Bergen as Randy Kroll
Cade Lappin as Gabe Kroll
Ray Iannicelli as Marv
Mike Hodge as Alan
Malachy McCourt as David
Tibor Feldman as Ed
Bernie McInerney as Doctor
Release
The film premiered at the Los Angeles Film Festival on June 16, 2017. The film was released on January 12, 2018, by Shout! Studios.
Critical reception
On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 68% based on 19 reviews, and an average rating of 4.87/10. On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 53 out of 100, based on 9 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".
References
^ a b "'Humor Me' Review". Hollywood Reporter. 2017-06-20. Retrieved 2017-11-17.
^ a b "Humor Me (2018)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved May 11, 2018.
^ Hipes, Patrick (2017-06-16). " 'Humor Me' Clip: Old Jews Telling Jokes Now A Movie". Deadline. Retrieved 2017-11-17.
^ "Humor Me (2018)". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango Media. Retrieved May 12, 2020.
^ "Humor Me Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved February 6, 2018.
External links
Official website
Humor Me at IMDb | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"comedy film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_film"},{"link_name":"Sam Hoffman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Hoffman"},{"link_name":"Jemaine Clement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jemaine_Clement"},{"link_name":"Elliott Gould","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliott_Gould"},{"link_name":"Ingrid Michaelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingrid_Michaelson"},{"link_name":"Annie Potts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Potts"},{"link_name":"Priscilla Lopez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priscilla_Lopez"},{"link_name":"Bebe Neuwirth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bebe_Neuwirth"},{"link_name":"Maria Dizzia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Dizzia"},{"link_name":"Shout! Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shout!_Studios"}],"text":"Humor Me is a 2017 American comedy film written and directed by Sam Hoffman. The film stars Jemaine Clement, Elliott Gould, Ingrid Michaelson, Annie Potts, Priscilla Lopez, Bebe Neuwirth and Maria Dizzia. The film was released on January 12, 2018, by Shout! Studios.","title":"Humor Me (film)"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Nate Kroll is a playwright who suddenly loses his job, wife Nirit and home. With no other options, he moves in with his eccentric father, Bob, who lives in a retired people's community.After barely settling in, only 24 hours there, Nate's dad gets him a job at the home in the laundry. Soon after being hired to fold towels, his retired military boss Ellis fires him. Wandering through a community area, Nate comes across The Cranberry Bog Players, a small group of residents planning to put on The Mikado.Bob's girlfriend Connie, sharing a spliff with Nate, explains she started using to combat the effects of chemo. She met Bob when he was doing his weekly volunteering at the cancer ward, probably a habit he picked up from when he was visiting his wife, who didn't survive breast cancer. She proposes Nate help direct the play.At the preliminary meeting, four women are present, none too sold on, or interested in the chosen work. Dee is one of the residents, and her daughter Allison, lives there, out-of-place, like Nate. She is complimentary of his work, and invites him to dinner at her mom's. He finds out she's there after detoxing in rehab, she's a musician and is thinking of moving to Seattle, far from New Jersey, to teach music.One of the ladies takes an interest in Nate, which he skillfully dodges, pointing out Ellis's interest. Leaving her place on a Vespa, Ellis takes chase on a golf cart. On the way, Nate picks up Allison and they give him the slip. He has managed to convince her to give Ellis a chance, which he is grateful for.Time goes on, Nate starts going with his dad power-walking, he gives his latest manuscript to Allison to proof and the play rehearsals progress. He has nightly Skype calls with his son Gabe in France, and finally gets some dental work done.The Cranberry Bog Players, upon finding a video of Nate's successful screenplay, have a viewing at Bob's. It is basically the story of his parents dealing with her cancer. Bob angrily shuts it off, shortly needing to be rushed to the hospital. While waiting for him to wake from an induced coma, Connie hands Nate the key to a storage locker full of his mom's things.Seeing Nate that night at his dad's, Allison confronts him about quitting. Telling him the new screenplay is good, although unfinished. She accuses him of being the reason why it is incomplete.At the hospital, Nate and Connie take turns telling jokes to Bob, and can see he's reacting to them. He slowly comes out of the coma. Returning to the home, Nate asks if he may come back, making adjustments. At the performance, we see that clever slapstick jokes with sexual innuendo have been added to the routine. The producer who pulled out of his last play praises the performance. And his soon-to-be-ex also has come, bringing Gabe. She's made money in France, says she'll get divorce paper written up with joint custody, and he introduces his son to Allison.The close starts with a playbill of the opening of Nate's recently opened show. Then we see the home, first from Gabe finishing a piano lesson with Allison, then they walk by ladies in dress rehearsal for a new performance, Ellis is with his lady, and they go through the changing area to reach the pool. Bob, Nate and Gabe cannonball into the pool.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jemaine Clement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jemaine_Clement"},{"link_name":"Elliott Gould","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliott_Gould"},{"link_name":"Ingrid Michaelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingrid_Michaelson"},{"link_name":"Annie Potts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Potts"},{"link_name":"Priscilla Lopez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priscilla_Lopez"},{"link_name":"Bebe Neuwirth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bebe_Neuwirth"},{"link_name":"Maria Dizzia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Dizzia"},{"link_name":"Joey Slotnick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joey_Slotnick"},{"link_name":"Willie C. Carpenter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_C._Carpenter"},{"link_name":"Rosemary Prinz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosemary_Prinz"},{"link_name":"Erich Bergen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Bergen"},{"link_name":"Mike Hodge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Hodge"},{"link_name":"Malachy McCourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malachy_McCourt"},{"link_name":"Tibor Feldman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibor_Feldman"},{"link_name":"Bernie McInerney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_McInerney"}],"text":"Jemaine Clement as\tNate Kroll\nElliott Gould as Bob Kroll\nIngrid Michaelson as Allison\nAnnie Potts as Dee\nPriscilla Lopez as Connie Andrews\nBebe Neuwirth as C.C. Rudin\nMaria Dizzia as Nirit Gerb-Kroll\nJoey Slotnick as Zimmerman\nWillie C. Carpenter as Ellis\nLe Clanché du Rand as Helen\nRosemary Prinz as Gert\nErich Bergen as Randy Kroll\nCade Lappin as Gabe Kroll\nRay Iannicelli as Marv\nMike Hodge as Alan\nMalachy McCourt as David\nTibor Feldman as Ed\nBernie McInerney as Doctor","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Los Angeles Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hollywoodreporter1-1"},{"link_name":"Shout! Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shout!_Studios"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-boxofficemojo1-2"}],"text":"The film premiered at the Los Angeles Film Festival on June 16, 2017.[3][1] The film was released on January 12, 2018, by Shout! Studios.[2]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"review aggregator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Review_aggregator"},{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"average rating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weighted_arithmetic_mean"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Critical reception","text":"On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 68% based on 19 reviews, and an average rating of 4.87/10.[4] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 53 out of 100, based on 9 critics, indicating \"mixed or average reviews\".[5]","title":"Release"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"'Humor Me' Review\". Hollywood Reporter. 2017-06-20. Retrieved 2017-11-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/humor-me-review-1015040","url_text":"\"'Humor Me' Review\""}]},{"reference":"\"Humor Me (2018)\". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved May 11, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=main&id=humorme.htm","url_text":"\"Humor Me (2018)\""}]},{"reference":"Hipes, Patrick (2017-06-16). \"[WATCH] 'Humor Me' Clip: Old Jews Telling Jokes Now A Movie\". Deadline. Retrieved 2017-11-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2017/06/humor-me-movie-elliott-gould-jemaine-clement-old-jews-telling-jokes-clip-1202114876/","url_text":"\"[WATCH] 'Humor Me' Clip: Old Jews Telling Jokes Now A Movie\""}]},{"reference":"\"Humor Me (2018)\". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango Media. Retrieved May 12, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/humor_me/","url_text":"\"Humor Me (2018)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes","url_text":"Rotten Tomatoes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fandango_Media","url_text":"Fandango Media"}]},{"reference":"\"Humor Me Reviews\". Metacritic. Retrieved February 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/movie/humor-me","url_text":"\"Humor Me Reviews\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/humor-me-review-1015040","external_links_name":"\"'Humor Me' Review\""},{"Link":"https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=main&id=humorme.htm","external_links_name":"\"Humor Me (2018)\""},{"Link":"https://deadline.com/2017/06/humor-me-movie-elliott-gould-jemaine-clement-old-jews-telling-jokes-clip-1202114876/","external_links_name":"\"[WATCH] 'Humor Me' Clip: Old Jews Telling Jokes Now A Movie\""},{"Link":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/humor_me/","external_links_name":"\"Humor Me (2018)\""},{"Link":"https://www.metacritic.com/movie/humor-me","external_links_name":"\"Humor Me Reviews\""},{"Link":"http://www.humormemovie.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt5658242/","external_links_name":"Humor Me"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metteur_en_sc%C3%A8ne | Metteur en scène | ["1 References"] | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Metteur en scène" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Metteur en scène ("scene-setter") is a phrase that refers to the mise en scène of a particular film director. It suggests that the director has technical competence when it comes to film directing, but does not add personal style to the aesthetic of the film.
The term was coined by Cahiers du cinéma co-founder André Bazin, and the expanded meaning of the term was introduced by the French New Wave filmmaker and film critic François Truffaut in his 1954 essay "A Certain Tendency of the French Cinema", in which he contrasted the inferior products of the metteur en scène with the work of the great director or auteur. The term was adopted and given a new meaning by the American film critic Andrew Sarris's writings on 'the auteur theory' in the early 1960s, in which metteur en scène is the second of the three categories that define a director as an auteur. The term is meant to imply that an auteur's aesthetic style can be consistently detected in the scenography his or her films, and.
References
^ Corrigan and White (2009). The Film Experience.
This article related to film or motion picture terminology is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mise en scène","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mise_en_sc%C3%A8ne"},{"link_name":"film director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_director"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Cahiers du cinéma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cahiers_du_cin%C3%A9ma"},{"link_name":"André Bazin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Bazin"},{"link_name":"François Truffaut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Truffaut"},{"link_name":"auteur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auteur"},{"link_name":"Andrew Sarris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Sarris"},{"link_name":"'the auteur theory'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auteur"},{"link_name":"auteur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auteur"},{"link_name":"scenography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scenography"}],"text":"Metteur en scène (\"scene-setter\") is a phrase that refers to the mise en scène of a particular film director. It suggests that the director has technical competence when it comes to film directing, but does not add personal style to the aesthetic of the film.[1]The term was coined by Cahiers du cinéma co-founder André Bazin, and the expanded meaning of the term was introduced by the French New Wave filmmaker and film critic François Truffaut in his 1954 essay \"A Certain Tendency of the French Cinema\", in which he contrasted the inferior products of the metteur en scène with the work of the great director or auteur. The term was adopted and given a new meaning by the American film critic Andrew Sarris's writings on 'the auteur theory' in the early 1960s, in which metteur en scène is the second of the three categories that define a director as an auteur. The term is meant to imply that an auteur's aesthetic style can be consistently detected in the scenography his or her films, and.","title":"Metteur en scène"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Corrigan and White (2009). The Film Experience.","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Metteur+en+sc%C3%A8ne%22","external_links_name":"\"Metteur en scène\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Metteur+en+sc%C3%A8ne%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Metteur+en+sc%C3%A8ne%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Metteur+en+sc%C3%A8ne%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Metteur+en+sc%C3%A8ne%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Metteur+en+sc%C3%A8ne%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Metteur_en_sc%C3%A8ne&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arc_Productions | Jam Filled Entertainment | ["1 History","1.1 Jam Filled Toronto","2 Productions","2.1 Jam Filled Entertainment","2.2 Jam Filled Toronto","3 References","4 External links"] | Canadian animation studio
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This article may be confusing or unclear to readers. Please help clarify the article. There might be a discussion about this on the talk page. (November 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message)This article's lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. (July 2023)
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Jam Filled EntertainmentFormerlyJam Filled Toronto:Dan Krech Productions (1985–2000)DKP Effects (2000–2004)DKP Studios (2004–2006)Starz Animation (2006–2011)Arc Productions (2011–2016)Company typeSubsidiaryIndustryHarmonyCGI animationFounded2007; 17 years ago (2007)Headquarters65 Auriga Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, CanadaParentBoat Rocker MediaDivisionsJam Filled TorontoJam Filled HalifaxWebsitewww.jamfilled.com
Jam Filled Entertainment is a Canadian animation studio based in Ottawa, Ontario (with additional facilities in Toronto and Halifax), and a division of Boat Rocker Media. The company is best known for animating Thomas & Friends (starting with season 17) and Nicktoons (such as The Loud House and its spinoff The Casagrandes).
History
Jam Filled Entertainment was founded in Manotick in 2007 by Kyle MacDougall, Phil Lafrance, and Jamie Leclaire. In January 2011, Jam Filled moved to a new location in Ottawa. On August 3, 2016, Boat Rocker Media acquired Jam Filled Entertainment. On August 22, Jam Filled purchased the assets of Arc Productions, allowing them to expand into creating CGI animation in Toronto. Jam Filled opened a 10,000 square feet studio in Halifax, Nova Scotia in the fall of 2019 to work on more 2D animation projects.
Jam Filled Toronto
The Toronto branch of Jam Filled Entertainment was originally established as Dan Krech Productions on June 24, 1985, as one of the first visual effects companies in Toronto. In 1987, DKP became the first company in Canada to have an in-house digital suite. DKP had produced visual effects and animation for over 2,000 commercials and long-form projects by 2000, many of them for U.S. companies. DKP moved to a new facility on Queen Street East in March 2001. American telecommunications company IDT Corporation acquired DKP Effects on March 16, 2004, leading to the company being renamed DKP Studios.
On 26 May 2006, Liberty Media bought IDT Entertainment from IDT, including Anchor Bay Entertainment and Film Roman, and merged it with the Starz cable network to form Starz Media. Under its new management in 2007, the studio began a "Starz Shortz" program which has produced Bundle of Joy, Enter the Sandbox, Ormie and Lovebirds. In 2007, Starz Animation took over animating Shane Acker's feature 9 from Attitude Studio, Luxembourg. In 2010, the studio opened a major VFX wing to create all the effects for the new Starz Channel/Graham King Productions miniseries, Camelot, Alcon Entertainment's Dolphin Tale, and producer Avi Arad's family feature, Robosapien: Rebooted.
In April 2011, Liberty Starz sold Starz Animation to a Canadian consortium, and it was renamed Arc Productions. Under the new owner, the studio was planning to do more proprietary production.
On August 1, 2016, Arc Productions announced that they were closing down the studio because they were filing for bankruptcy and locked out over 500 employees after telling them there was a payroll glitch and no one had been paid. On August 10, 2016, following Arc's closure, Jam Filled Entertainment entered an agreement to acquire Arc Productions' assets in which they call "substantially all of the business". Jam Filled Entertainment also acquired 248 of Arc's former employees. Later on August 22, 2016, Arc Productions was reopened as Jam Filled Entertainment's Toronto facility.
In 2020, Jam Filled announced that they would no longer animate episodes of the original Thomas & Friends series after the 24th and final series, with Nelvana taking over for the 2D-animated reboot series, Thomas & Friends: All Engines Go.
Productions
Jam Filled Entertainment
Title
Year(s)
Notes
Client
Almost Naked Animals
2011–13
9 Story Entertainment
Crash Canyon
Breakthrough Entertainment
Camp Lakebottom
2013–14
Season 1
9 Story Entertainment
The Day My Butt Went Psycho!
2014–15
Season 1 Episode 20; Season 2
NelvanaStudio Moshi
Nickelodeon Animated Shorts Program
2013–18
"The Loud House", "Off the Shelf", "My Friend Pancake", "Robo Wonder Kid", and "Fur-Ever Family"
Nickelodeon Animation Studio
Numb Chucks
2014–16
9 Story Media Group
The Loud House
2016–present
Animation services
Nickelodeon Animation Studio
Thomas & Friends
2016–21
Series 20–24; continued from Arc Productions
HiT Entertainment
The Bagel and Becky Show
2016–17
Radical Sheep Productions
Rusty Rivets
2016–20
continued from Arc Productions
Spin Master Entertainment
WellieWishers
2017
Season 2
Mattel Creations
Thomas & Friends: Journey Beyond Sodor
Kody Kapow
Zodiak Kids
The Great Northern Candy Drop
Boat Rocker Media
Final Space
2018–21
Animation services; seasons 1–3
ShadowMachine
Pinky Malinky
2019
Nickelodeon Animation Studio
DC Super Hero Girls
2019–20
season 1 and shorts
Warner Bros. Animation
The Polos
2019
Boat Rocker Media
Bubble Guppies
2019–23
seasons 5–6
Nickelodeon Animation Studio
The Casagrandes
2019–22
Animation services
Kingdom Force
2019–20
Boat Rocker Media
Dino Ranch
2021–present
The Snow Ball
2021
short film
A Tale Dark & Grimm
Boat Rocker MediaNetflix Animation
Inside Job
2021–22
Animation services
Netflix Animation
Nickelodeon Intergalactic Shorts Program
2022
"Rock Paper Scissors"
Nickelodeon Animation Studio
Reindeer in Here
2022
CBS Eye Animation Productions
We Lost Our Human
2023
Netflix Animation
Rubble & Crew
2023–present
Spin Master Entertainment
Clone High
Animation services; season 2 and onwards
ShadowMachineMTV Entertainment Studios
Praise Petey
2023
Animation services
20th Television Animation
Vida the Vet
2024–present
Spin Master Entertainment
Exploding Kittens
2024
Animation services; post-production
Bandera EntertainmentChernin Entertainment
Jam Filled Toronto
Formerly known as Dan Krech Productions, DKP Effects, DKP Studios (IDT Entertainment), Starz Animation, and Arc Productions.
Dan Krech Productions
Eve of Destruction (1991) (post-production)
High Tide (1994) (title design & graphics)
Far from Home: The Adventures of Yellow Dog (1995) (special effects)
National Lampoon's Senior Trip (1995) (special effects)
Bogus (1996) (special effects)
The Siege (1998)
The Nuttiest Nutcracker (1999; with Columbia TriStar Home Video)
X-Men (2000)
CyberWorld (2000)
Joseph: King of Dreams (2000) (3D effects)
Picture Claire (2001) (main titles)
DKP Effects
Space Station 3D (2002)
The First $20 Million Is Always the Hardest (2002) (special effects)
3-2-1 Penguins! (2002; with Big Idea Productions)
Scourge of Worlds: A Dungeons & Dragons Adventure (2003) (special effects)
DKP Studios
Game Over (2004)
The Librarian: Quest for the Spear (2004)
Nerf N-Strike (2004; with Hasbro)
VeggieTales (2004–2005; with Big Idea Productions)
Shoebox Zoo (2004-2005; with Blueprint Entertainment, BBC Scotland, and Alberta Filmworks) (TV)
Surly Squirrel (2005) (short film)
The Happy Elf (2005)
Everyone's Hero (2006; with 20th Century Fox)
Starz Animation
Logo of Starz Animation
VeggieTales (2006–07; with Big Idea Productions)
The Reef (2006; with The Weinstein Company, WonderWorld Studios, and DigiArt Productions)
The Pirates Who Don't Do Anything: A VeggieTales Movie (2008; with Universal Pictures and Big Idea Productions)
Space Chimps (2008; with 20th Century Fox and Vanguard Animation)
Chop Socky Chooks (2008; with Aardman Animations and Decode Entertainment) (TV)
9 (2009; with Focus Features and Relativity Media)
Yes, Virginia (2009) (TV)
Gnomeo & Juliet (2011; with Touchstone Pictures and Rocket Pictures)
Camelot (2011) (visual effects)
The Simpsons ("Condiments" sequence) (2011)
Arc Productions
Logo of Arc Productions
Matt Hatter Chronicles (2011)
Hoodwinked Too! Hood vs. Evil (2011)
Dolphin Tale (2011)
Snack Attack (2012) (short film)
Barbie: Life in the Dreamhouse (2012–2015)
Halo 4: Forward Unto Dawn (2012) (visual effects)
Lego Marvel Super Heroes: Maximum Overload (2013)
Pixie Hollow Bake Off (2013)
Robosapien: Rebooted (2013)
Barbie & Her Sisters in A Pony Tale (2013)
Thomas & Friends: Series 17–20 (2013–2016, with HiT Entertainment)
Thomas & Friends: King of the Railway (2013, with HiT Entertainment)
Thomas & Friends: Tale of the Brave (2014, with HiT Entertainment)
Thomas & Friends: The Adventure Begins (2015, with HiT Entertainment)
Little Boy (2015; with Open Road Films and Metonia Films)
Lost in Oz (pilot; 2015)
Thomas & Friends: Sodor's Legend of the Lost Treasure (2015, with HiT Entertainment)
Barbie & Her Sisters in The Great Puppy Adventure (2015)
Lego Marvel Super Heroes: Avengers Reassembled (2015)
Before I Wake (2016) (special effects)
Ice Age: The Great Egg-Scapade (2016)
Thomas & Friends: The Great Race (2016, with HiT Entertainment)
Elena of Avalor (2016)
Barbie: Star Light Adventure (2016)
Trollhunters: Tales of Arcadia (2016)
Tarzan and Jane (2017)
References
^ "Boat Rocker Media Acquires Jam Filled Entertainment". Boat Rocker Media. August 3, 2016.
^ "JAM FILLED IS DROPPING ANCHOR IN HALIFAX!". Jam Filled Entertainment. September 23, 2019.
^ "DKP acquired by U.S. animator". Playback Magazine. 29 March 2004. Retrieved 27 August 2011.
^ "Liberty Media to acquire IDT Entertainment". IDT. May 16, 2006. Archived from the original on 23 July 2011. Retrieved August 27, 2011.
^ Lacey, Liam (March 24, 2011). "Animation company aims for 3D without nausea and headaches". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved August 27, 2011.
^ "New Starz studio busy on Burton's 9". Playback Magazine. Retrieved 2007-09-17.
^ Vlessing, Etan (April 13, 2011). "Starz Animation Studio Renamed Arc Productions". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved August 27, 2011.
^ DeMott, Rick (13 April 2011). "Starz Animation Toronto Rebrands as Arc Productions". Animation World Network. Retrieved 2 February 2022.
^ Arrant, Chris (13 April 2011). "Starz Animation Toronto rebrands as Arc Productions Animation & Visual Effects". Cartoon Brew. Retrieved 2 February 2022.
^ Vlessing, Etan (14 April 2011). "Starz Animation Toronto rebrands as Arc Productions". Kidscreen. Brunico Communications. Retrieved 2 February 2022.
^ Valiquette, Mike (August 1, 2016). "BREAKING NEWS: Arc Productions Files for Bankruptcy". Retrieved August 2, 2016.
^ "Jam Filled looks to acquire Arc Productions assets".
^ a b c d Wolfe, Jennifer (August 22, 2016). "Jam Filled Entertainment Acquires Arc Productions". Animation World Network. Retrieved September 11, 2016.
^ White, Peter (2021-12-09). "Annie Murphy, John Cho & Christine Baranski Star In Animated Series 'Praise Petey' From Anna Drezen For Freeform As Network Takes Another Crack At Genre". Deadline. Retrieved 2023-07-29.
^ Vlessing, Etan (June 6, 2011). "Arc To Animate 3D TV For Platinum and Endemol". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved January 20, 2013.
^ "Arc to Provide Visual Effects for 'Halo 4'". Animation World Network.
^ "Lego Marvel Super Heroes: Maximum Overload". IMDb.
^ a b Zahed, Ramin (February 6, 2012). "Arc is on Board HIT's 'Thomas & Friends'". Animation Magazine. Retrieved February 8, 2012.
^ "King of the Railway (Thomas and Friends)". Barnes & Noble. Retrieved December 16, 2012.
^ Strom, Marc (November 12, 2015). "TV ULTRON CRASHES THE PARTY IN FIRST 'LEGO MARVEL SUPER HEROES: AVENGERS REASSEMBLED!' CLIP". Marvel. Archived from the original on January 8, 2017. Retrieved January 7, 2017.
External links
vteAnimation industry in CanadaActivecompanies
9 Story Media Group
Portfolio Entertainment
10th Ave. Productions
a.k.a. Cartoon
Arcana Studio
Atomic Cartoons
Bardel Entertainment
Big Bad Boo
Breakthrough Entertainment
CCI Entertainment
CinéGroupe
Cinesite Animation
Clyde Henry Productions
Company 3 Animation
Copernicus Studios
Cuppa Coffee Studios
Fresh TV
Frima Studio
Global Mechanic
Guru Studio
Image Engine
Image Entertainment Corporation
Jam Filled Entertainment
L'Atelier Animation
Lionsgate Canada
Look Mom! Productions
Mercury Filmworks
National Film Board of Canada
Nelvana
Nitrogen Studios
PiP Animation Services
Pipeline Studios
Rodeo FX
Skycron
Slap Happy Cartoons
Smiley Guy Studios
Sony Pictures Imageworks
The Embassy Visual Effects
Tonic DNA
ToonBox Entertainment
Walt Disney Animation Studios Vancouver
WildBrain
House of Cool
WildBrain Studios Vancouver
Wow Unlimited Media
Mainframe Studios
Yowza! Animation
Defunctcompanies
Arc Productions
Atkinson Film-Arts
C.O.R.E.
Collideascope
Cookie Jar Group
DIC Entertainment
FatKat Animation
Funbag Animation Studios
Gordon Stanfield Animation
Krantz Films
Lacewood Productions
March Entertainment
Meteor Studios
MokkoStudio
Phoenix Animation Studios
Pixar Canada
Sardine Productions
Studio B Productions
Tooncan
Walt Disney Animation Canada
Related topics
Canadian comics
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National
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"animation studio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animation_studio"},{"link_name":"Ottawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"},{"link_name":"Boat Rocker Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boat_Rocker_Media"},{"link_name":"Thomas & Friends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_%26_Friends"},{"link_name":"Nicktoons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicktoons"},{"link_name":"The Loud House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Loud_House"},{"link_name":"The Casagrandes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Casagrandes"}],"text":"Jam Filled Entertainment is a Canadian animation studio based in Ottawa, Ontario (with additional facilities in Toronto and Halifax), and a division of Boat Rocker Media. The company is best known for animating Thomas & Friends (starting with season 17) and Nicktoons (such as The Loud House and its spinoff The Casagrandes).","title":"Jam Filled Entertainment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Manotick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manotick"},{"link_name":"Boat Rocker Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boat_Rocker_Media"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Halifax, Nova Scotia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halifax,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Jam Filled Entertainment was founded in Manotick in 2007 by Kyle MacDougall, Phil Lafrance, and Jamie Leclaire. In January 2011, Jam Filled moved to a new location in Ottawa. On August 3, 2016, Boat Rocker Media acquired Jam Filled Entertainment.[1] On August 22, Jam Filled purchased the assets of Arc Productions, allowing them to expand into creating CGI animation in Toronto. Jam Filled opened a 10,000 square feet studio in Halifax, Nova Scotia in the fall of 2019 to work on more 2D animation projects.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"telecommunications company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_company"},{"link_name":"IDT Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IDT_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Playback-3"},{"link_name":"Liberty Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_Media"},{"link_name":"IDT Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IDT_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Starz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starz"},{"link_name":"Starz Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starz_Media"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Starz Animation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starz_Animation"},{"link_name":"Shane Acker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shane_Acker"},{"link_name":"9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9_(2009_animated_film)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Camelot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camelot_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Dolphin Tale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolphin_Tale"},{"link_name":"Robosapien: Rebooted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robosapien:_Rebooted"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AWNJamAquiresArctime-13"},{"link_name":"Thomas & Friends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_%26_Friends"},{"link_name":"Nelvana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelvana"},{"link_name":"Thomas & Friends: All Engines Go","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_%26_Friends:_All_Engines_Go"}],"sub_title":"Jam Filled Toronto","text":"The Toronto branch of Jam Filled Entertainment was originally established as Dan Krech Productions on June 24, 1985, as one of the first visual effects companies in Toronto. In 1987, DKP became the first company in Canada to have an in-house digital suite. DKP had produced visual effects and animation for over 2,000 commercials and long-form projects by 2000, many of them for U.S. companies. DKP moved to a new facility on Queen Street East in March 2001. American telecommunications company IDT Corporation acquired DKP Effects on March 16, 2004,[3] leading to the company being renamed DKP Studios.On 26 May 2006, Liberty Media bought IDT Entertainment from IDT, including Anchor Bay Entertainment and Film Roman, and merged it with the Starz cable network to form Starz Media.[4] Under its new management in 2007, the studio began a \"Starz Shortz\" program which has produced Bundle of Joy, Enter the Sandbox, Ormie and Lovebirds.[5] In 2007, Starz Animation took over animating Shane Acker's feature 9 from Attitude Studio, Luxembourg.[6] In 2010, the studio opened a major VFX wing to create all the effects for the new Starz Channel/Graham King Productions miniseries, Camelot, Alcon Entertainment's Dolphin Tale, and producer Avi Arad's family feature, Robosapien: Rebooted.In April 2011, Liberty Starz sold Starz Animation to a Canadian consortium, and it was renamed Arc Productions. Under the new owner, the studio was planning to do more proprietary production.[7][8][9][10]On August 1, 2016, Arc Productions announced that they were closing down the studio because they were filing for bankruptcy and locked out over 500 employees after telling them there was a payroll glitch and no one had been paid.[11] On August 10, 2016, following Arc's closure, Jam Filled Entertainment entered an agreement to acquire Arc Productions' assets in which they call \"substantially all of the business\".[12] Jam Filled Entertainment also acquired 248 of Arc's former employees. Later on August 22, 2016, Arc Productions was reopened as Jam Filled Entertainment's Toronto facility.[13]In 2020, Jam Filled announced that they would no longer animate episodes of the original Thomas & Friends series after the 24th and final series, with Nelvana taking over for the 2D-animated reboot series, Thomas & Friends: All Engines Go.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Productions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Jam Filled Entertainment","title":"Productions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eve of Destruction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eve_of_Destruction_(film)"},{"link_name":"High Tide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Tide_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Far from Home: The Adventures of Yellow Dog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_from_Home:_The_Adventures_of_Yellow_Dog"},{"link_name":"National Lampoon's Senior Trip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Lampoon%27s_Senior_Trip"},{"link_name":"Bogus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogus_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Siege","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Siege"},{"link_name":"The Nuttiest Nutcracker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nuttiest_Nutcracker"},{"link_name":"Columbia TriStar Home Video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Pictures_Home_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"X-Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Men_(film)"},{"link_name":"CyberWorld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CyberWorld"},{"link_name":"Joseph: King of Dreams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph:_King_of_Dreams"},{"link_name":"Picture Claire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picture_Claire"},{"link_name":"Space Station 3D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Station_3D"},{"link_name":"The First $20 Million Is Always the Hardest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_First_$20_Million_Is_Always_the_Hardest"},{"link_name":"3-2-1 Penguins!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-2-1_Penguins!"},{"link_name":"Big Idea Productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Idea_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Scourge of Worlds: A Dungeons & Dragons Adventure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scourge_of_Worlds:_A_Dungeons_%26_Dragons_Adventure"},{"link_name":"Game Over","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Over_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Librarian: Quest for the Spear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Librarian:_Quest_for_the_Spear"},{"link_name":"Nerf N-Strike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerf"},{"link_name":"VeggieTales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VeggieTales"},{"link_name":"Shoebox Zoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoebox_Zoo"},{"link_name":"Surly Squirrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Lepeniotis"},{"link_name":"The Happy Elf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Happy_Elf"},{"link_name":"Everyone's Hero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everyone%27s_Hero"},{"link_name":"20th Century Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Century_Fox"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Starz_Animation_logo.jpg"},{"link_name":"VeggieTales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VeggieTales"},{"link_name":"The Reef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark_Bait_(2006_film)"},{"link_name":"The Weinstein Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Weinstein_Company"},{"link_name":"The Pirates Who Don't Do Anything: A VeggieTales Movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pirates_Who_Don%27t_Do_Anything:_A_VeggieTales_Movie"},{"link_name":"Universal Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Pictures"},{"link_name":"Space Chimps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Chimps"},{"link_name":"Vanguard Animation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanguard_Animation"},{"link_name":"Chop Socky Chooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chop_Socky_Chooks"},{"link_name":"Aardman Animations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aardman_Animations"},{"link_name":"Decode Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WildBrain_Studios#DHX_Media_Toronto"},{"link_name":"9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9_(2009_animated_film)"},{"link_name":"Focus Features","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focus_Features"},{"link_name":"Relativity Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativity_Media"},{"link_name":"Yes, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yes,_Virginia_(TV_program)"},{"link_name":"Gnomeo & Juliet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnomeo_%26_Juliet"},{"link_name":"Touchstone Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touchstone_Pictures"},{"link_name":"Rocket Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket_Pictures"},{"link_name":"Camelot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camelot_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Simpsons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Simpsons"},{"link_name":"Condiments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angry_Dad:_The_Movie"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arc_Productions_logo_2016.png"},{"link_name":"Matt Hatter Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Hatter_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Hoodwinked Too! Hood vs. Evil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoodwinked_Too!_Hood_vs._Evil"},{"link_name":"Dolphin Tale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolphin_Tale"},{"link_name":"Barbie: Life in the Dreamhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbie:_Life_in_the_Dreamhouse"},{"link_name":"Halo 4: Forward Unto Dawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halo_4:_Forward_Unto_Dawn"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-halo4-16"},{"link_name":"Lego Marvel Super Heroes: Maximum Overload","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lego_Marvel_Super_Heroes:_Maximum_Overload"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Pixie Hollow Bake Off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixie_Hollow_Bake_Off"},{"link_name":"Robosapien: Rebooted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robosapien:_Rebooted"},{"link_name":"Barbie & Her Sisters in A Pony Tale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbie_%26_Her_Sisters_in_A_Pony_Tale"},{"link_name":"Thomas & Friends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_%26_Friends"},{"link_name":"HiT Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HiT_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thomas-18"},{"link_name":"Thomas & Friends: King of the Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_%26_Friends:_King_of_the_Railway"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thomas-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Thomas & Friends: Tale of the Brave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_%26_Friends:_Tale_of_the_Brave"},{"link_name":"Thomas & Friends: The Adventure Begins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_%26_Friends:_The_Adventure_Begins"},{"link_name":"Little Boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Boy_(film)"},{"link_name":"Lost in Oz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_in_Oz_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Thomas & Friends: Sodor's Legend of the Lost Treasure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_%26_Friends:_Sodor%27s_Legend_of_the_Lost_Treasure"},{"link_name":"Barbie & Her Sisters in The Great Puppy Adventure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbie_%26_Her_Sisters_in_The_Great_Puppy_Adventure"},{"link_name":"Lego Marvel Super Heroes: Avengers Reassembled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lego_Marvel_Super_Heroes:_Avengers_Reassembled"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Before I Wake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Before_I_Wake_(2016_film)"},{"link_name":"Ice Age: The Great Egg-Scapade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_Age:_The_Great_Egg-Scapade"},{"link_name":"Thomas & Friends: The Great Race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_%26_Friends:_The_Great_Race"},{"link_name":"Elena of Avalor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elena_of_Avalor"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AWNJamAquiresArctime-13"},{"link_name":"Barbie: Star Light Adventure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbie:_Star_Light_Adventure"},{"link_name":"Trollhunters: Tales of Arcadia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trollhunters:_Tales_of_Arcadia"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AWNJamAquiresArctime-13"},{"link_name":"Tarzan and Jane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarzan_and_Jane_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AWNJamAquiresArctime-13"}],"sub_title":"Jam Filled Toronto","text":"Formerly known as Dan Krech Productions, DKP Effects, DKP Studios (IDT Entertainment), Starz Animation, and Arc Productions.Dan Krech ProductionsEve of Destruction (1991) (post-production)\nHigh Tide (1994) (title design & graphics)\nFar from Home: The Adventures of Yellow Dog (1995) (special effects)\nNational Lampoon's Senior Trip (1995) (special effects)\nBogus (1996) (special effects)\nThe Siege (1998)\nThe Nuttiest Nutcracker (1999; with Columbia TriStar Home Video)\nX-Men (2000)\nCyberWorld (2000)\nJoseph: King of Dreams (2000) (3D effects)\nPicture Claire (2001) (main titles)DKP EffectsSpace Station 3D (2002)\nThe First $20 Million Is Always the Hardest (2002) (special effects)\n3-2-1 Penguins! (2002; with Big Idea Productions)\nScourge of Worlds: A Dungeons & Dragons Adventure (2003) (special effects)DKP StudiosGame Over (2004)\nThe Librarian: Quest for the Spear (2004)\nNerf N-Strike (2004; with Hasbro)\nVeggieTales (2004–2005; with Big Idea Productions)\nShoebox Zoo (2004-2005; with Blueprint Entertainment, BBC Scotland, and Alberta Filmworks) (TV)\nSurly Squirrel (2005) (short film)\nThe Happy Elf (2005)\nEveryone's Hero (2006; with 20th Century Fox)Starz AnimationLogo of Starz AnimationVeggieTales (2006–07; with Big Idea Productions)\nThe Reef (2006; with The Weinstein Company, WonderWorld Studios, and DigiArt Productions)\nThe Pirates Who Don't Do Anything: A VeggieTales Movie (2008; with Universal Pictures and Big Idea Productions)\nSpace Chimps (2008; with 20th Century Fox and Vanguard Animation)\nChop Socky Chooks (2008; with Aardman Animations and Decode Entertainment) (TV)\n9 (2009; with Focus Features and Relativity Media)\nYes, Virginia (2009) (TV)\nGnomeo & Juliet (2011; with Touchstone Pictures and Rocket Pictures)\nCamelot (2011) (visual effects)\nThe Simpsons (\"Condiments\" sequence) (2011)Arc ProductionsLogo of Arc ProductionsMatt Hatter Chronicles (2011)[15]\nHoodwinked Too! Hood vs. Evil (2011)\nDolphin Tale (2011)\nSnack Attack (2012) (short film)\nBarbie: Life in the Dreamhouse (2012–2015)\nHalo 4: Forward Unto Dawn (2012) (visual effects)[16]\nLego Marvel Super Heroes: Maximum Overload (2013)[17]\nPixie Hollow Bake Off (2013)\nRobosapien: Rebooted (2013)\nBarbie & Her Sisters in A Pony Tale (2013)\nThomas & Friends: Series 17–20 (2013–2016, with HiT Entertainment)[18]\nThomas & Friends: King of the Railway (2013, with HiT Entertainment)[18][19]\nThomas & Friends: Tale of the Brave (2014, with HiT Entertainment)\nThomas & Friends: The Adventure Begins (2015, with HiT Entertainment)\nLittle Boy (2015; with Open Road Films and Metonia Films)\nLost in Oz (pilot; 2015)\nThomas & Friends: Sodor's Legend of the Lost Treasure (2015, with HiT Entertainment)\nBarbie & Her Sisters in The Great Puppy Adventure (2015)\nLego Marvel Super Heroes: Avengers Reassembled (2015)[20]\nBefore I Wake (2016) (special effects)\nIce Age: The Great Egg-Scapade (2016)\nThomas & Friends: The Great Race (2016, with HiT Entertainment)\nElena of Avalor (2016)[13]\nBarbie: Star Light Adventure (2016)\nTrollhunters: Tales of Arcadia (2016)[13]\nTarzan and Jane (2017)[13]","title":"Productions"}] | [{"image_text":"Logo of Starz Animation","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Starz_Animation_logo.jpg/220px-Starz_Animation_logo.jpg"},{"image_text":"Logo of Arc Productions","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Arc_Productions_logo_2016.png/220px-Arc_Productions_logo_2016.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Boat Rocker Media Acquires Jam Filled Entertainment\". Boat Rocker Media. August 3, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.boatrocker.com/boat-rocker-media-acquires-jam-filled-entertainment/","url_text":"\"Boat Rocker Media Acquires Jam Filled Entertainment\""}]},{"reference":"\"JAM FILLED IS DROPPING ANCHOR IN HALIFAX!\". Jam Filled Entertainment. September 23, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jamfilled.com/2019/09/23/jam-filled-is-moving-to-the-east-coast/","url_text":"\"JAM FILLED IS DROPPING ANCHOR IN HALIFAX!\""}]},{"reference":"\"DKP acquired by U.S. animator\". Playback Magazine. 29 March 2004. Retrieved 27 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://playbackonline.ca/2004/03/29/dkp-20040329/","url_text":"\"DKP acquired by U.S. animator\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playback_(magazine)","url_text":"Playback Magazine"}]},{"reference":"\"Liberty Media to acquire IDT Entertainment\". IDT. May 16, 2006. Archived from the original on 23 July 2011. Retrieved August 27, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110723122112/http://www.idt.net/about/press/story.aspx?id=15601","url_text":"\"Liberty Media to acquire IDT Entertainment\""},{"url":"http://www.idt.net/about/press/story.aspx?id=15601","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lacey, Liam (March 24, 2011). \"Animation company aims for 3D without nausea and headaches\". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved August 27, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/technology/tech-news/animation-company-aims-for-3d-without-nausea-and-headaches/article1956023/singlepage/#articlecontent","url_text":"\"Animation company aims for 3D without nausea and headaches\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Starz studio busy on Burton's 9\". Playback Magazine. Retrieved 2007-09-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.playbackonline.ca/articles/magazine/20070917/starz.html","url_text":"\"New Starz studio busy on Burton's 9\""}]},{"reference":"Vlessing, Etan (April 13, 2011). \"Starz Animation Studio Renamed Arc Productions\". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved August 27, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/starz-animation-studio-renamed-arc-177805","url_text":"\"Starz Animation Studio Renamed Arc Productions\""}]},{"reference":"DeMott, Rick (13 April 2011). \"Starz Animation Toronto Rebrands as Arc Productions\". Animation World Network. Retrieved 2 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.awn.com/news/starz-animation-toronto-rebrands-arc-productions","url_text":"\"Starz Animation Toronto Rebrands as Arc Productions\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animation_World_Network","url_text":"Animation World Network"}]},{"reference":"Arrant, Chris (13 April 2011). \"Starz Animation Toronto rebrands as Arc Productions Animation & Visual Effects\". Cartoon Brew. Retrieved 2 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cartoonbrew.com/biz/starz-animation-toronto-rebrands-as-arc-productions-animation-visual-effects-40566.html","url_text":"\"Starz Animation Toronto rebrands as Arc Productions Animation & Visual Effects\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartoon_Brew","url_text":"Cartoon Brew"}]},{"reference":"Vlessing, Etan (14 April 2011). \"Starz Animation Toronto rebrands as Arc Productions\". Kidscreen. Brunico Communications. Retrieved 2 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://kidscreen.com/2011/04/14/starz-animation-toronto-rebrands-as-arc-productions/","url_text":"\"Starz Animation Toronto rebrands as Arc Productions\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunico_Communications","url_text":"Brunico Communications"}]},{"reference":"Valiquette, Mike (August 1, 2016). \"BREAKING NEWS: Arc Productions Files for Bankruptcy\". Retrieved August 2, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.canadiananimationresources.ca/2016/08/breaking-news-arc-productions-files-for-bankruptcy/","url_text":"\"BREAKING NEWS: Arc Productions Files for Bankruptcy\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jam Filled looks to acquire Arc Productions assets\".","urls":[{"url":"http://kidscreen.com/2016/08/10/jam-filled-looks-to-acquire-arc-productions-assets/","url_text":"\"Jam Filled looks to acquire Arc Productions assets\""}]},{"reference":"Wolfe, Jennifer (August 22, 2016). \"Jam Filled Entertainment Acquires Arc Productions\". Animation World Network. Retrieved September 11, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.awn.com/news/jam-filled-entertainment-acquires-arc-productions","url_text":"\"Jam Filled Entertainment Acquires Arc Productions\""}]},{"reference":"White, Peter (2021-12-09). \"Annie Murphy, John Cho & Christine Baranski Star In Animated Series 'Praise Petey' From Anna Drezen For Freeform As Network Takes Another Crack At Genre\". Deadline. Retrieved 2023-07-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2021/12/annie-murphy-john-cho-christine-baranski-animated-series-praise-petey-anna-drezen-freeform-1234886722/","url_text":"\"Annie Murphy, John Cho & Christine Baranski Star In Animated Series 'Praise Petey' From Anna Drezen For Freeform As Network Takes Another Crack At Genre\""}]},{"reference":"Vlessing, Etan (June 6, 2011). \"Arc To Animate 3D TV For Platinum and Endemol\". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved January 20, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/arc-animate-3d-tv-platinum-195140","url_text":"\"Arc To Animate 3D TV For Platinum and Endemol\""}]},{"reference":"\"Arc to Provide Visual Effects for 'Halo 4'\". Animation World Network.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.awn.com/news/visual-effects/arc-provide-all-visual-effects-halo-4","url_text":"\"Arc to Provide Visual Effects for 'Halo 4'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lego Marvel Super Heroes: Maximum Overload\". IMDb.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3322904/","url_text":"\"Lego Marvel Super Heroes: Maximum Overload\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb","url_text":"IMDb"}]},{"reference":"Zahed, Ramin (February 6, 2012). \"Arc is on Board HIT's 'Thomas & Friends'\". Animation Magazine. Retrieved February 8, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.animationmagazine.net/tv/arc-is-on-board-hits-thomas-friends/","url_text":"\"Arc is on Board HIT's 'Thomas & Friends'\""}]},{"reference":"\"King of the Railway (Thomas and Friends)\". Barnes & Noble. Retrieved December 16, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/king-of-the-railway-rev-w-awdry/1113742629","url_text":"\"King of the Railway (Thomas and Friends)\""}]},{"reference":"Strom, Marc (November 12, 2015). \"TV ULTRON CRASHES THE PARTY IN FIRST 'LEGO MARVEL SUPER HEROES: AVENGERS REASSEMBLED!' CLIP\". Marvel. Archived from the original on January 8, 2017. Retrieved January 7, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170108095401/https://news.marvel.com/tv/25429/ultron_crashes_the_party_in_first_lego_marvel_super_heroes_avengers_reassembled_clip/","url_text":"\"TV ULTRON CRASHES THE PARTY IN FIRST 'LEGO MARVEL SUPER HEROES: AVENGERS REASSEMBLED!' 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Nevezhin | Vladimir Nevezhin | ["1 See also","2 Bibliography","3 References"] | Russian historian
Photo of Vladimir Nevezhin in 2019
Vladimir Nevezhin (Russian: Владимир Александрович Невежин) is a Russian historian (Doctor of History Sciences), is working as a professor in Moscow, chief scientific collaborator at the Institute of Russian History (of the Russian Academy of Science) and member of the editorial board of the journal Отечественная история (History of the Fatherland).
During the 1990s, he took part in the discussion and dispute over the pre-history of the Great Patriotic War. Nevezhin has analysed the content of Stalin's speeches, propagandistic directives in spring 1941 and notes of the contemporaries, drawing conclusions that the numerous documents unambiguously expressed the preparations of the country for an offensive in 1941.
See also
Soviet offensive plans controversy
Bibliography
Советская политика и культурные связи с Германией (1939-1941 гг.) (The Soviet Cultural Ties with Germany (from 1939 to 1941))
В.А.Невежин. Речь Сталина 5 мая 1941 года и апология наступательной войны (The Speech by Stalin on May 5, 1941 and the Apology of an Offensive War) published in Отечественная история, 1995, № 2, с. 54-69 online
В.А. Невежин Советская пропаганда и идеологическая подготовка к войне (вторая половина 30-х - начало 40-х гг.) М., 1999.
Невежин В.А. Синдром наступательной войны. Советская пропаганда в преддверии "священных боев" 1939-1941. М.: АИРО-ХХ, 1997. (Syndrom of Offensive War. Soviet Propaganda on the Threshold of “Holy Battles” 1939-1941)
Невежин В.А. Стратегические замыслы Сталина накануне 22 июня 1941 года (По итогам «незапланированной дискуссии» российских историков) in Отечественная история 1999: 5, С. 110
В.А.Невежин Стратегические замыслы Сталина накануне 22 июня 1941 года (По итогам "незапланированной дискуссии" российских историков) published in Отечественная история, 1999, № 5, с. 108-124. online
В. А. Невежин Застольные речи Сталина. Документы и материалы. Moscow: АИРО-XX; СПб.: Дмитрий Буланин, 2003 ISBN 5-88735-111-X
References
^ Nevezhin V.A. The Pact with Germany and the Idea of an "Offensive War (1939-1941)".- In: The Journal of Slavic Military Studies 8 (1995), H. 4, S. 809-843.
^ В. А. Невежин Стратегические замыслы Сталина накануне 22 июня 1941 года (По итогам "незапланированной дискуссии" российских историков) in collection Правда Виктора Суворова. Переписывая историю Второй Мировой c. 109-132 (The Truth of Viktor Suvorov. Re-writing the History of the Second World War) ISBN 5-87849-214-8
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_18_%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F_2019_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russians"},{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow"},{"link_name":"Russian Academy of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Science"},{"link_name":"Great Patriotic War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Patriotic_War"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Photo of Vladimir Nevezhin in 2019Vladimir Nevezhin (Russian: Владимир Александрович Невежин) is a Russian historian (Doctor of History Sciences), is working as a professor in Moscow, chief scientific collaborator at the Institute of Russian History (of the Russian Academy of Science) and member of the editorial board of the journal Отечественная история (History of the Fatherland).During the 1990s, he took part in the discussion and dispute over the pre-history of the Great Patriotic War. Nevezhin has analysed the content of Stalin's speeches, propagandistic directives in spring 1941 and notes of the contemporaries, drawing conclusions that the numerous documents unambiguously expressed the preparations of the country for an offensive in 1941.[1][2]","title":"Vladimir Nevezhin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Советская политика и культурные связи с Германией (1939-1941 гг.)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070926213526/http://www.auditorium.ru/books/4525/ch2.pdf"},{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//sscadm.nsu.ru/deps/hum/kirillov/ref-liter/nevezhin-95.html"},{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//sscadm.nsu.ru/deps/hum/kirillov/ref-liter/nevezhin-99.html"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"5-88735-111-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-88735-111-X"}],"text":"Советская политика и культурные связи с Германией (1939-1941 гг.) (The Soviet Cultural Ties with Germany (from 1939 to 1941))\nВ.А.Невежин. Речь Сталина 5 мая 1941 года и апология наступательной войны (The Speech by Stalin on May 5, 1941 and the Apology of an Offensive War) published in Отечественная история, 1995, № 2, с. 54-69 online\nВ.А. Невежин Советская пропаганда и идеологическая подготовка к войне (вторая половина 30-х - начало 40-х гг.) М., 1999.\nНевежин В.А. Синдром наступательной войны. Советская пропаганда в преддверии \"священных боев\" 1939-1941. М.: АИРО-ХХ, 1997. (Syndrom of Offensive War. Soviet Propaganda on the Threshold of “Holy Battles” 1939-1941)\nНевежин В.А. Стратегические замыслы Сталина накануне 22 июня 1941 года (По итогам «незапланированной дискуссии» российских историков) in Отечественная история 1999: 5, С. 110\nВ.А.Невежин Стратегические замыслы Сталина накануне 22 июня 1941 года (По итогам \"незапланированной дискуссии\" российских историков) published in Отечественная история, 1999, № 5, с. 108-124. online\nВ. А. Невежин Застольные речи Сталина. Документы и материалы. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darab | Darab | ["1 Demographics","1.1 Population","2 History","3 Climate","4 Agriculture","5 Higher education","6 In literature","7 Notes","8 References"] | Coordinates: 28°45′19″N 54°33′12″E / 28.75528°N 54.55333°E / 28.75528; 54.55333City in Fars province, Iran
For the administrative division of Fars province, see Darab County. For other places with the same name, see Darab.
City in Fars, IranDarab
Persian: دارابCityDarabCoordinates: 28°45′19″N 54°33′12″E / 28.75528°N 54.55333°E / 28.75528; 54.55333CountryIranProvinceFarsCountyDarabDistrictCentralPopulation (2016) • Total70,232Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST)
Darab (Persian: داراب) is a city in the Central District of Darab County, Fars province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district.
Demographics
Population
At the time of the 2006 National Census, the city's population was 54,513 in 13,279 households. The following census in 2011 counted 61,672 people in 16,930 households. The 2016 census measured the population of the city as 70,232 people in 21,308 households.
History
Darab is one of the oldest cities in Iran, and is mentioned in the Persian epic Shahname by Ferdowsi. Legend ascribes the foundation of the city to Darius I, hence its earlier name Daráb-gerd (Darius-town).
In the neighborhood there are various remains, including the Kalah i Daráb (citadel of Darius), which consists of a series of earthworks arranged in a circle around an isolated rock. Another monument in the vicinity is a giant bas-relief, carved on the vertical face of a rock, representing the victory of the Sasanian king Shapur I over the Roman emperor Valerian in 260 A.D.
According to Hamza al-Isfahani, the city was triangular in design, and the circular defensive wall, which has been uncovered, was built in the 8th century by a governor of Fars under Hajjaj ibn Yusuf. The circle is irregular, and about 1,900 m in diameter.
During most of the Middle Ages, the city remained the capital of a large district. The city's products included textiles, jasmine oil, various mineral salts, and mumiya, a mineral exudate.
Climate
Climate data for Darab
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
16.1(61.0)
19.1(66.4)
23.0(73.4)
28.8(83.8)
35.8(96.4)
40.2(104.4)
41.7(107.1)
40.7(105.3)
37.3(99.1)
31.9(89.4)
24.5(76.1)
19.0(66.2)
29.8(85.7)
Daily mean °C (°F)
9.9(49.8)
12.7(54.9)
16.0(60.8)
21.0(69.8)
27.1(80.8)
31.4(88.5)
34.0(93.2)
33.0(91.4)
28.6(83.5)
23.1(73.6)
16.4(61.5)
12.1(53.8)
22.1(71.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
3.9(39.0)
6.4(43.5)
9.0(48.2)
13.2(55.8)
18.4(65.1)
22.6(72.7)
26.3(79.3)
25.3(77.5)
19.9(67.8)
14.3(57.7)
8.3(46.9)
5.2(41.4)
14.4(57.9)
Average precipitation mm (inches)
75.0(2.95)
45.5(1.79)
52.6(2.07)
16.8(0.66)
0.4(0.02)
1.9(0.07)
2.2(0.09)
2.9(0.11)
0.4(0.02)
1.0(0.04)
6.4(0.25)
52.3(2.06)
257.4(10.13)
Average relative humidity (%)
61
56
51
39
25
21
24
25
27
30
42
54
38
Mean monthly sunshine hours
225.1
223.6
261.7
283.2
352.0
346.9
337.0
337.9
318.7
312.1
259.2
236.3
3,493.7
Source: Climate-Data.org
Agriculture
Major city products are wheat, citrus, cotton, maize and palm.{{cn|date=June 2024}
Higher education
The city has five universities: Islamic Azad University, Darab Branch; Payame Noor University, Darab center; agriculture and national resources school of Darab; Paramedical school of Darab; and a branch of the Technical and Vocational University.
In literature
In the notes to his long mystical poem The Kasidah (1880), Sir Richard Francis Burton describes his alter ego "Haji Abdu El-Yezdi" as being a native of Darab.
Iran portal
Notes
^ Also romanized as Dārāb, formerly Darábgerd or Darabkert (city of Darius)
References
^ OpenStreetMap contributors (16 September 2023). "Darab, Darab County" (Map). OpenStreetMap (in Persian). Retrieved 16 September 2023.
^ a b "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016)". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 07. Archived from the original (Excel) on 6 April 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
^ Darab can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3059243" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database".
^ Habibi, Hassan (21 June 1369). "Approval of the organization and chain of citizenship of the elements and units of the national divisions of Fars province, centered in Shiraz". Lamtakam (in Persian). Ministry of Interior, Council of Ministers. Archived from the original on 7 December 2023. Retrieved 7 December 2023.
^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 07. Archived from the original (Excel) on 20 September 2011. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011)". Syracuse University (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 07. Archived from the original (Excel) on 16 January 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
^ a b One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Daráb". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 826.
^ a b Huff, Dietrich. "DĀRĀB (2)". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Retrieved 8 July 2019.
^ "Climate: Darab". Retrieved 14 April 2020.
^ "Islamic Azad university of Darab". Retrieved 8 April 2020.
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Sarchehan County
Korehi
Sarvestan County
Sarvestan
Sepidan County
Ardakan
Hamashahr
Zarqan County
Lapui
Zarqan
Shiraz County
Shiraz
Darian
Zarrin Dasht County
Hajjiabad
Dowbaran
Shahr-e Pir
Khafr County
Bab Anar
Khavaran
Landmarks
Afif-Abad Garden
Amir's dam
Arg of Karim Khan
Barmdelak lagoon
Bishapur
Delgosha Garden
Eram Garden
Istakhr
Ghal'eh Dokhtar
Ka'ba-ye Zartosht
Kazerun fire temple
Lake Parishan
Naqsh-e Rajab
Naqsh-e Rustam
Palace of Ardashir
Sangtarashan cave
Pars Museum
Pasargadae
Persepolis
Qavam House
Qur'an Gate
Saadi's mausoleum
Sarvestan Sassanian palace
Shah Cheragh
Colossal Statue of Shapur I in Shapur cave
Tangeh Bolaghi
Tomb of Ali ibn Hamzah, Shiraz
Hāfezieh
Tomb of Seyed Alaeddin Husayn
Tounbbot
Vakil Bath
Vakil Bazaar
Vakil Mosque
Populated places
List of cities, towns and villages in Fars Province
vte Darab CountyCapital
Darab
DistrictsCentralCities
Darab
Jannat Shahr
Rural Districts and villagesBakhtajerd
Atabakhsh-e Ghani
Bakhtajerd
Barab
Borgan
Chahar Taq
Dehkestan
Eslamabad
Eslamabad-e Ghani
Hasanabad
Korsiyah
Shamsabad
Tizab
Tolombeh-ye Kushesh
Tolombeh-ye Mehdi Qoli Key Manesh
Balesh
Ab Javan
Chaman-e Morvarid
Gowzan
Hoseynabad
Nardeh Shahr
Qaleh-ye Juy
Sang-e Charak
Shahrak-e Fath ol Mobin
Shahrak-e Seyyed ol Shohada
Tang-e Katuiyeh
Yord-e Anjir
Yord-e Jamal
Fasarud
Beriskan
Bikheh Deraz
Chek-e Golabi
Dasht-e Pirgheyb
Ghiasi
Gowd Shaneh
Madevan
Mazraeh-ye Ali Reza Baharlu
Mazraeh-ye Gholam Hoseyn Khan Masumi
Mazraeh-ye Mohammad Masumi
Mazraeh-ye Mohammad Mazidi
Mazraeh-ye Vali Mohammad Qohrmani
Mazraeh-ye Yadollah Jafari
Mehrabad-e Mazidi
Saadatabad
Sakhteman-e Qanbari
Shahrak-e Fajr
Soltanabad
Tolombeh-ye Kamali
Hashivar
Ab Shib
Akbarabad-e Hashivar
Aliabad-e Puzeh Rowghan Cheraghi
Banuj
Biadeh
Dangan
Duban
Jamsi
Karimabad
Konar-e Hajji-ye Shekari
Marian
Mohammadabad
Pir-e Morad
Qaleh Now-e Hashivar
Shahnan
Shahrak-e Sarollah
Sheykhabad
Nasrovan
Bahadoran
Bizdan
Chah Bid
Daranganeh
Dashtollah
Dowlatabad
Feyzabad
Hasanabad
Hasanabad-e Padam
Hashivar Livestock Company
Herbedan
Jowzjan
Khoruslu
Nasrovan
Pasalari
Paskhan
Ab Qorqoru
Arab Chegini
Esmailabad
Hadiabad
Hasanabad
Hoseynabad
Javanan
Karimabad
Kuhjerd
Mansurabad
Mansuriyeh
Marbuyeh
Mehdiabad
Paskhan
Rashidabad
Shamsabad
Zeynabad
Qaleh Biyaban
Bon Dasht
Deh Dashti
Fathabad
Mohammadabad
Navaygan
Qaleh Biyaban
Seyl Band
Shahrak-e Ghadir Navaygan
Shahrak-e Shohada Ashayir
Tolombeh-ye Baqeri
Tolombeh-ye Masum Hoseyni
Qaryah ol Kheyr
Arab Abdi
Behruzabad-e Sofla
Deh Kheyr-e Pain
Eslamabad
Gaz Gavban
Kheyrabad
Kuh Sefid
Rambeh
Tolombeh-ye Hay Abguiyeh
Zeynabad-e Sangi
ForgCities
none
Rural Districts and villagesAbshur
Bon Kuyeh
Dasht Konar
Fadami
Mehrabad
Morz
Paberkeh
Qalatuyeh
Shahrak-e Bostan
Forg
Do Borji
Hojjatabad-e Kaseh Rud
Jafarabad
Malekabad
Mohammadabad
Nasirabad
Nosratabad
Qaleh Now
Sadeh
Shah Abu Zakaria
Shah Marz
Shahrak-e Malekabad
Shahrak-e Shahid Rajai
Tahuneh
RostaqCities
none
Rural Districts and villagesKuhestan
Ab Anjir
Ab Kabak
Bagh-e Molla
Bahadorabad
Baker
Bankuy-e Ashayir Dahaneh Qalehha
Bankuy-e Ashayir Kol Chah
Bonab
Boneh-ye Dari
Buzar
Chah Gani
Chah Kandar
Chah Kandeh
Chah Mish
Chah Muri
Chenar
Damkan
Daq Ahu
Dasht-e Soltanabad-e Chahar
Dasht-e Soltanabad-e Do
Dasht-e Soltanabad-e Seh
Dasht-e Soltanabad-e Yek
Deh-e Maleku
Dowdeman
Estakhr
Goli Kuh
Gur-e Khar
Hoseynabad
Hoseynabad-e Jadid
Jalalabad
Kahnehbid
Kheyrabad
Kohneh Sorkh
Mah Salari
Malekabad
Mansurabad
Marun
Mazraeh-ye Chah Dozdan
Murdestan
Nahr-e Hasan
Narkuh
Nasrabad
Pich Kuh
Qalat-e Godar Boneh
Qaleh Sang
Qaleh Sargodar
Sabzuiyeh
Sangar
Shahrak-e Bazargan
Shahrak-e Isar
Solbuyeh
Tall Bargah
Tavakkolabad
Tiab
Rostaq
Akbarabad
Badameh
Bi Kanda
Chah Mahi
Chahar Deh
Dasht-e Mil-e Olya
Dasht-e Mil-e Sofla
Do Shakh
Happan
Hemmat
Jafarabad
Kazemabad
Lay Zangan
Manuchehri
Marzu
Mazraeh-ye Abdol Hoseyn Qobadi
Mazraeh-ye Ahsham Molai
Mazraeh-ye Esmail Esmaili
Mazraeh-ye Gurki Malekzadeh
Mazraeh-ye Karmshah Karmi
Mazraeh-ye Mohammad Qobadi
Nezamabad
Rostaq
Sar Tang-e Bala
Shahabi
Shahrak-e Vali-ye Asr
Sherkat-e Shang Shakan-e Rostaq
Tall Soleymani
This Darab County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Darab County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darab_County"},{"link_name":"Darab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darab_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Central District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_District_(Darab_County)"},{"link_name":"Darab County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darab_County"},{"link_name":"Fars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fars_province"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fars_Province_Divisions-5"}],"text":"City in Fars province, IranFor the administrative division of Fars province, see Darab County. For other places with the same name, see Darab.City in Fars, IranDarab (Persian: داراب)[a] is a city in the Central District of Darab County, Fars province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district.[4]","title":"Darab"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2006_census-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2011_census-7"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2016_census-2"}],"sub_title":"Population","text":"At the time of the 2006 National Census, the city's population was 54,513 in 13,279 households.[5] The following census in 2011 counted 61,672 people in 16,930 households.[6] The 2016 census measured the population of the city as 70,232 people in 21,308 households.[2]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shahname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahname"},{"link_name":"Ferdowsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdowsi"},{"link_name":"Darius I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darius_I"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-8"},{"link_name":"earthworks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthworks_(archaeology)"},{"link_name":"bas-relief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relief#Bas-relief_or_low_relief"},{"link_name":"Sasanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasanian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Shapur I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shapur_I"},{"link_name":"Valerian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerian_(emperor)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-8"},{"link_name":"Hamza al-Isfahani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamza_al-Isfahani"},{"link_name":"Hajjaj ibn Yusuf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hajjaj_ibn_Yusuf"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Huff-darab2-9"},{"link_name":"mumiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shilajit"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Huff-darab2-9"}],"text":"Darab is one of the oldest cities in Iran, and is mentioned in the Persian epic Shahname by Ferdowsi. Legend ascribes the foundation of the city to Darius I, hence its earlier name Daráb-gerd (Darius-town).[7]In the neighborhood there are various remains, including the Kalah i Daráb (citadel of Darius), which consists of a series of earthworks arranged in a circle around an isolated rock. Another monument in the vicinity is a giant bas-relief, carved on the vertical face of a rock, representing the victory of the Sasanian king Shapur I over the Roman emperor Valerian in 260 A.D.[7]According to Hamza al-Isfahani, the city was triangular in design, and the circular defensive wall, which has been uncovered, was built in the 8th century by a governor of Fars under Hajjaj ibn Yusuf. The circle is irregular, and about 1,900 m in diameter.[8]During most of the Middle Ages, the city remained the capital of a large district. The city's products included textiles, jasmine oil, various mineral salts, and mumiya, a mineral exudate.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"relative humidity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_humidity"},{"link_name":"sunshine hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Climate data for Darab\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n16.1(61.0)\n\n19.1(66.4)\n\n23.0(73.4)\n\n28.8(83.8)\n\n35.8(96.4)\n\n40.2(104.4)\n\n41.7(107.1)\n\n40.7(105.3)\n\n37.3(99.1)\n\n31.9(89.4)\n\n24.5(76.1)\n\n19.0(66.2)\n\n29.8(85.7)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n9.9(49.8)\n\n12.7(54.9)\n\n16.0(60.8)\n\n21.0(69.8)\n\n27.1(80.8)\n\n31.4(88.5)\n\n34.0(93.2)\n\n33.0(91.4)\n\n28.6(83.5)\n\n23.1(73.6)\n\n16.4(61.5)\n\n12.1(53.8)\n\n22.1(71.8)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n3.9(39.0)\n\n6.4(43.5)\n\n9.0(48.2)\n\n13.2(55.8)\n\n18.4(65.1)\n\n22.6(72.7)\n\n26.3(79.3)\n\n25.3(77.5)\n\n19.9(67.8)\n\n14.3(57.7)\n\n8.3(46.9)\n\n5.2(41.4)\n\n14.4(57.9)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n75.0(2.95)\n\n45.5(1.79)\n\n52.6(2.07)\n\n16.8(0.66)\n\n0.4(0.02)\n\n1.9(0.07)\n\n2.2(0.09)\n\n2.9(0.11)\n\n0.4(0.02)\n\n1.0(0.04)\n\n6.4(0.25)\n\n52.3(2.06)\n\n257.4(10.13)\n\n\nAverage relative humidity (%)\n\n61\n\n56\n\n51\n\n39\n\n25\n\n21\n\n24\n\n25\n\n27\n\n30\n\n42\n\n54\n\n38\n\n\nMean monthly sunshine hours\n\n225.1\n\n223.6\n\n261.7\n\n283.2\n\n352.0\n\n346.9\n\n337.0\n\n337.9\n\n318.7\n\n312.1\n\n259.2\n\n236.3\n\n3,493.7\n\n\nSource: Climate-Data.org[9]","title":"Climate"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Major city products are wheat, citrus, cotton, maize and palm.{{cn|date=June 2024}","title":"Agriculture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Islamic Azad University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Azad_University"},{"link_name":"Payame Noor University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payame_Noor_University"},{"link_name":"Technical and Vocational University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_and_Vocational_University"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"The city has five universities: Islamic Azad University, Darab Branch; Payame Noor University, Darab center; agriculture and national resources school of Darab; Paramedical school of Darab; and a branch of the Technical and Vocational University.[10]","title":"Higher education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Kasidah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kasidah"},{"link_name":"Richard Francis Burton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Francis_Burton"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Iran portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Iran"}],"text":"In the notes to his long mystical poem The Kasidah (1880), Sir Richard Francis Burton describes his alter ego \"Haji Abdu El-Yezdi\" as being a native of Darab.[citation needed]Iran portal","title":"In literature"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanize"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Darius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darius_the_Great"}],"text":"^ Also romanized as Dārāb,[3] formerly Darábgerd or Darabkert (city of Darius)","title":"Notes"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"OpenStreetMap contributors (16 September 2023). \"Darab, Darab County\" (Map). OpenStreetMap (in Persian). Retrieved 16 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.openstreetmap.org/?mlat=28.755278&mlon=54.553333&zoom=14#map=14/28.7553/54.5533","url_text":"\"Darab, Darab County\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenStreetMap","url_text":"OpenStreetMap"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016)\". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 07. Archived from the original (Excel) on 6 April 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220406013432/https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_07.xlsx","url_text":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016)\""},{"url":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_07.xlsx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Habibi, Hassan (21 June 1369). \"Approval of the organization and chain of citizenship of the elements and units of the national divisions of Fars province, centered in Shiraz\". Lamtakam (in Persian). Ministry of Interior, Council of Ministers. Archived from the original on 7 December 2023. Retrieved 7 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231207211349/https://lamtakam.com/law/council_of_ministers/113032","url_text":"\"Approval of the organization and chain of citizenship of the elements and units of the national divisions of Fars province, centered in Shiraz\""},{"url":"https://lamtakam.com/law/council_of_ministers/113032","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 07. Archived from the original (Excel) on 20 September 2011. Retrieved 25 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920091830/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/07.xls","url_text":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"url":"http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/07.xls","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011)\". Syracuse University (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 07. Archived from the original (Excel) on 16 January 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230116202002/https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/Fars.xls","url_text":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011)\""},{"url":"https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/Fars.xls","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Daráb\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 826.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Dar%C3%A1b","url_text":"Daráb"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"Huff, Dietrich. \"DĀRĀB (2)\". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Retrieved 8 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/darab-2","url_text":"\"DĀRĀB (2)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Iranica","url_text":"Encyclopaedia Iranica"}]},{"reference":"\"Climate: Darab\". Retrieved 14 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.climate-data.org/asia/iran/fars/darab-2931/","url_text":"\"Climate: Darab\""}]},{"reference":"\"Islamic Azad university of Darab\". Retrieved 8 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://iaudarab.ac.ir/","url_text":"\"Islamic Azad university of Darab\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Darab¶ms=28_45_19_N_54_33_12_E_dim:3km_type:city(70232)_region:IR-07","external_links_name":"28°45′19″N 54°33′12″E / 28.75528°N 54.55333°E / 28.75528; 54.55333"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Darab¶ms=28_45_19_N_54_33_12_E_dim:3km_type:city(70232)_region:IR-07","external_links_name":"28°45′19″N 54°33′12″E / 28.75528°N 54.55333°E / 28.75528; 54.55333"},{"Link":"https://www.openstreetmap.org/?mlat=28.755278&mlon=54.553333&zoom=14#map=14/28.7553/54.5533","external_links_name":"\"Darab, Darab County\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220406013432/https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_07.xlsx","external_links_name":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016)\""},{"Link":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_07.xlsx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/","external_links_name":"this link"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231207211349/https://lamtakam.com/law/council_of_ministers/113032","external_links_name":"\"Approval of the organization and chain of citizenship of the elements and units of the national divisions of Fars province, centered in Shiraz\""},{"Link":"https://lamtakam.com/law/council_of_ministers/113032","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920091830/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/07.xls","external_links_name":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"Link":"http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/07.xls","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230116202002/https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/Fars.xls","external_links_name":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011)\""},{"Link":"https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/Fars.xls","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/darab-2","external_links_name":"\"DĀRĀB (2)\""},{"Link":"https://en.climate-data.org/asia/iran/fars/darab-2931/","external_links_name":"\"Climate: Darab\""},{"Link":"http://iaudarab.ac.ir/","external_links_name":"\"Islamic Azad university of Darab\""},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4011046-1","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/area/2abd4429-a792-4848-8fea-08b727c8e74f","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz area"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Darab&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dracovenator | Dracovenator | ["1 Discovery","2 Description","3 Classification","4 Paleoecology","5 References","6 External links"] | Extinct genus of dinosaur from the Jurassic of South Africa
DracovenatorTemporal range: Early Jurassic, 201–199 Ma
PreꞒ
Ꞓ
O
S
D
C
P
T
J
K
Pg
N
↓
Partial skull of Dracovenator regenti
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Clade:
Dinosauria
Clade:
Saurischia
Clade:
Theropoda
Clade:
Neotheropoda
Genus:
†DracovenatorYates, 2005
Species:
†D. regenti
Binomial name
†Dracovenator regentiYates, 2005
Dracovenator (/ˌdrækoʊvɛˈneɪtər/) is a genus of neotheropod dinosaur that lived approximately 201 to 199 million years ago during the early part of the Jurassic Period in what is now South Africa. Dracovenator was a medium-sized, moderately-built, ground-dwelling, bipedal carnivore, that could grow up to an estimated 5.5–6.5 metres (18–21 ft) in length and 250 kilograms (550 lb) in body mass. Its type specimen was based on only a partial skull that was recovered.
Discovery
Drawing of the known skull bones. Scale bar equals 10 cm.
The type material BP/1/5243 for Dracovenator was discovered at the "Upper Drumbo Farm" locality in the upper Elliot Formation which is part of the Stormberg Group in Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. It was collected by James Kitching and Regent "Lucas" Huma in sandstone that was deposited during the Hettangian stage of the Jurassic period, approximately 201 to 199 million years ago. The paratype material BP/1/5278 (originally assigned to Syntarsus rhodesiensis) was discovered in 1981, also at the Elliot Formation in pinkish-maroon silty mudstone that was deposited in Hettangian sediments. Both the holotype and paratype specimen were housed in the fossil collection of the Evolutionary Studies Institute, part of the School of Geosciences of the University of the Witwatersrand, in Johannesburg, South Africa. Unfortunately the cranial material house at the Evolutionary Studies Institute was lost and no new fossils of Dracovenator have currently been found.
The genus name is a contraction of the Latin words draco meaning "dragon", and venator meaning "hunter"; thus, "dragon hunter". "Draco" refers to its discovery in the foothills of Drakensberg, which is "Dragon’s Mountain" in the Dutch language. The specific name, regenti, was named in the honor of the late Regent ‘Lucas’ Huma, who was Professor Kitching’s field assistant. Dracovenator was described and named by Adam M. Yates in 2005 and the type species is Dracovenator regenti.
Description
Speculative size compared to a human
Dracovenator is estimated to have measured between 5.5 and 6.5 m (18 and 21 ft) in length and 250 kg (550 lb) in body mass. The holotype specimen, BP/1/5243, consists of both premaxillae, a fragment of the maxilla, two dentary fragments, a partial surangular bone, a partial angular bone, a partial prearticular bone, an articular bone, and several teeth. Dracovenator has a kink in its upper jaws, between the maxilla and the premaxilla. The back end of the lower jaw features an array of lumps and bumps, a condition seen in Dilophosaurus, but to a much smaller extent. Munyikwa and Raath (1999) reassigned paratype BP/1/5278, which was originally assigned to Syntarsus rhodesiensis, to Dracovenator, a juvenile specimen which consists of bones from the front of the skull, teeth, and jaw bones.
A diagnosis is a statement of the anatomical features of an organism (or group) that collectively distinguish it from all other organisms. Some, but not all, of the features in a diagnosis are also autapomorphies. An autapomorphy is a distinctive anatomical feature that is unique to a given organism. According to Yates (2005) Dracovenator can be distinguished based on the following characteristics: the presence of a large bilobed fossa surrounding a large lateral premaxillary foramen that is connected to the alveolar margin by a deep narrow channel; a deep, oblique notch on the lateral surface of the articular bone, separating the retroarticular process from the posterior margin of the glenoid, a particularly well-developed dorsal, tab-like processes on the articular bone-the first on the medial side, just posterior to the opening of the chorda tympanic foramen and the second on the lateral side on the anterolateral margin of the fossa for the m. depressor mandibulae.
Classification
Juvenile Dracovenator regenti snout on display at the Royal Ontario Museum
Yates (2005) assigned Dracovenator to the clade Neotheropoda. The first cladistic analysis found that this genus formed a clade with the basal theropods Dilophosaurus and Zupaysaurus. The skull of the type specimen, exhibits a mosaic of both ancestral and derived theropod characteristics. The following cladogram, based on the phylogenetic analysis conducted by Smith, Makovicky, Pol, Hammer, and Currie in 2007, outlines the relationships of Dracovenator and its close relatives:
Neotheropoda
Coelophysoidea
unnamed
Neoceratosauria
Tetanurae
Zupaysaurus
unnamed
Dilophosauridae
Sinosaurus (=Dilophosaurus sinensis)
unnamed
Dracovenator
unnamed
Dilophosaurus
Cryolophosaurus
Life reconstruction of Dracovenator regenti
Paleoecology
The Upper Elliot Formation is thought to have been an ancient floodplain. Fossils of the prosauropod dinosaur Massospondylus and Plateosaurus have been recovered from the Upper Elliot Formation, which boasts the world's most diverse fauna of early Jurassic ornithischian dinosaurs, including Abrictosaurus, Fabrosaurus, Heterodontosaurus, and Lesothosaurus, among others. The Forest Sandstone Formation was the paleoenvironment of protosuchid crocodiles, sphenodonts, the dinosaur Massospondylus and indeterminate remains of a prosauropod. Dracovenator is thought to have preyed on the prosauropod dinosaurs in its paleoenvironment.
References
^ a b Munyikwa and Raath, 1999. Further material of the ceratosaurian dinosaur Syntarsus from the Elliot Formation (Early Jurassic) of South Africa. Palaeontologia Africana. 35:55-59.
^ Smith, N.D., Makovicky, P.J., Pol, D., Hammer, W.R., and Currie, P.J. (2007). "The Dinosaurs of the Early Jurassic Hanson Formation of the Central Transantarctic Mountains: Phylogenetic Review and Synthesis". U.S. Geological Survey and The National Academies doi:10.3133/of2007-1047.srp003
^ Paul, G. S. (2016). The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs (2nd ed.). Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 79. ISBN 9780691167664.
^ a b A. M. Yates. 2005. A new theropod dinosaur from the Early Jurassic of South Africa and its implications for the early evolution of theropods. Palaeontologia Africana 41:105-122
^ Smith, N.D., Makovicky, P.J., Pol, D., Hammer, W.R., and Currie, P.J. (2007). "The dinosaurs of the Early Jurassic Hanson Formation of the Central Transantarctic Mountains: Phylogenetic review and synthesis." In Cooper, A.K. and Raymond, C.R. et al. (eds.), Antarctica: A Keystone in a Changing World––Online Proceedings of the 10th ISAES, USGS Open-File Report 2007-1047, Short Research Paper 003, 5 p.
External links
Dinosaur Mailing List announcing discovery (includes full abstract) Archived 2020-07-30 at the Wayback Machine
vteTheropoda
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Sauropsida
Clade: Avemetatarsalia
Clade: Dinosauria
Avemetatarsalia
see Avemetatarsalia
Theropoda
see below↓
TheropodaTheropoda
Chindesaurus?
Daemonosaurus?
Eodromaeus?
Erythrovenator
Guaibasaurus?
Nhandumirim?
Tawa?
Herrerasauria?
Neotheropoda
Dilophosaurus
Dolichosuchus?
Dracovenator
Gojirasaurus
Lepidus
Liliensternus
Lophostropheus
Notatesseraeraptor
Sarcosaurus
Shuangbaisaurus
Sinosaurus
Tachiraptor
Velocipes?
Zupaysaurus
Coelophysoidea
Dracoraptor?
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Podokesaurus
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Lucianovenator
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see below↓
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"Coelosaurus"
Dromiceiomimus
Gallimimus
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Qiupalong
Rativates
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Tototlmimus
Maniraptora
see Maniraptora
includes birds
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Category
Glossary
Taxon identifiersDracovenator
Wikidata: Q60778
Wikispecies: Dracovenator
GBIF: 4967121
IRMNG: 1472327
Open Tree of Life: 4144937
Paleobiology Database: 108768 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"/ˌdrækoʊvɛˈneɪtər/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"neotheropod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neotheropoda"},{"link_name":"dinosaur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinosaur"},{"link_name":"million years ago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Million_years_ago"},{"link_name":"Jurassic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurassic"},{"link_name":"Period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Period_(geology)"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"bipedal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipedal"},{"link_name":"carnivore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnivore"}],"text":"Dracovenator (/ˌdrækoʊvɛˈneɪtər/) is a genus of neotheropod dinosaur that lived approximately 201 to 199 million years ago during the early part of the Jurassic Period in what is now South Africa. Dracovenator was a medium-sized, moderately-built, ground-dwelling, bipedal carnivore, that could grow up to an estimated 5.5–6.5 metres (18–21 ft) in length and 250 kilograms (550 lb) in body mass. Its type specimen was based on only a partial skull that was recovered.","title":"Dracovenator"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dracovenator_fossils.png"},{"link_name":"Elliot Formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliot_Formation"},{"link_name":"Stormberg Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stormberg_Group"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Hettangian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hettangian"},{"link_name":"Jurassic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurassic"},{"link_name":"Elliot Formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliot_Formation"},{"link_name":"Hettangian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hettangian"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Munyikwa-1"},{"link_name":"Evolutionary Studies Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_Studies_Institute"},{"link_name":"University of the Witwatersrand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_the_Witwatersrand"},{"link_name":"Johannesburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg"},{"link_name":"Evolutionary Studies Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_Studies_Institute"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"Drakensberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drakensberg"},{"link_name":"specific name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_name_(zoology)"},{"link_name":"type species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_species"}],"text":"Drawing of the known skull bones. Scale bar equals 10 cm.The type material BP/1/5243 for Dracovenator was discovered at the \"Upper Drumbo Farm\" locality in the upper Elliot Formation which is part of the Stormberg Group in Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. It was collected by James Kitching and Regent \"Lucas\" Huma in sandstone that was deposited during the Hettangian stage of the Jurassic period, approximately 201 to 199 million years ago. The paratype material BP/1/5278 (originally assigned to Syntarsus rhodesiensis) was discovered in 1981, also at the Elliot Formation in pinkish-maroon silty mudstone that was deposited in Hettangian sediments.[1] Both the holotype and paratype specimen were housed in the fossil collection of the Evolutionary Studies Institute, part of the School of Geosciences of the University of the Witwatersrand, in Johannesburg, South Africa. Unfortunately the cranial material house at the Evolutionary Studies Institute was lost and no new fossils of Dracovenator have currently been found.[citation needed]The genus name is a contraction of the Latin words draco meaning \"dragon\", and venator meaning \"hunter\"; thus, \"dragon hunter\". \"Draco\" refers to its discovery in the foothills of Drakensberg, which is \"Dragon’s Mountain\" in the Dutch language. The specific name, regenti, was named in the honor of the late Regent ‘Lucas’ Huma, who was Professor Kitching’s field assistant. Dracovenator was described and named by Adam M. Yates in 2005 and the type species is Dracovenator regenti.","title":"Discovery"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dracovenator_scale.svg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smithetal-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"premaxillae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premaxilla"},{"link_name":"maxilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxilla"},{"link_name":"dentary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentary"},{"link_name":"surangular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surangular"},{"link_name":"angular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angular_bone"},{"link_name":"prearticular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandible"},{"link_name":"articular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Articular"},{"link_name":"maxilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxilla"},{"link_name":"premaxilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premaxilla"},{"link_name":"Dilophosaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilophosaurus"},{"link_name":"Syntarsus rhodesiensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megapnosaurus"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Munyikwa-1"},{"link_name":"fossa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossa_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"articular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Articular"},{"link_name":"glenoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenoid"},{"link_name":"articular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Articular"},{"link_name":"fossa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossa_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yates05-4"}],"text":"Speculative size compared to a humanDracovenator is estimated to have measured between 5.5 and 6.5 m (18 and 21 ft) in length and 250 kg (550 lb) in body mass.[2][3] The holotype specimen, BP/1/5243, consists of both premaxillae, a fragment of the maxilla, two dentary fragments, a partial surangular bone, a partial angular bone, a partial prearticular bone, an articular bone, and several teeth. Dracovenator has a kink in its upper jaws, between the maxilla and the premaxilla. The back end of the lower jaw features an array of lumps and bumps, a condition seen in Dilophosaurus, but to a much smaller extent. Munyikwa and Raath (1999) reassigned paratype BP/1/5278, which was originally assigned to Syntarsus rhodesiensis, to Dracovenator, a juvenile specimen which consists of bones from the front of the skull, teeth, and jaw bones.[1]A diagnosis is a statement of the anatomical features of an organism (or group) that collectively distinguish it from all other organisms. Some, but not all, of the features in a diagnosis are also autapomorphies. An autapomorphy is a distinctive anatomical feature that is unique to a given organism. According to Yates (2005) Dracovenator can be distinguished based on the following characteristics: the presence of a large bilobed fossa surrounding a large lateral premaxillary foramen that is connected to the alveolar margin by a deep narrow channel; a deep, oblique notch on the lateral surface of the articular bone, separating the retroarticular process from the posterior margin of the glenoid, a particularly well-developed dorsal, tab-like processes on the articular bone-the first on the medial side, just posterior to the opening of the chorda tympanic foramen and the second on the lateral side on the anterolateral margin of the fossa for the m. depressor mandibulae.[4]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dracovenator_snout.JPG"},{"link_name":"Royal Ontario Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Ontario_Museum"},{"link_name":"clade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clade"},{"link_name":"Neotheropoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neotheropoda"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yates05-4"},{"link_name":"cladistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladism"},{"link_name":"clade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clade"},{"link_name":"Dilophosaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilophosaurus"},{"link_name":"Zupaysaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zupaysaurus"},{"link_name":"cladogram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladogram"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Neotheropoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neotheropoda"},{"link_name":"Coelophysoidea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coelophysoidea"},{"link_name":"Neoceratosauria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoceratosauria"},{"link_name":"Tetanurae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetanurae"},{"link_name":"Zupaysaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zupaysaurus"},{"link_name":"Dilophosauridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilophosauridae"},{"link_name":"Sinosaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinosaurus"},{"link_name":"Dilophosaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilophosaurus"},{"link_name":"Cryolophosaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryolophosaurus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dracovenator_regenti.jpg"}],"text":"Juvenile Dracovenator regenti snout on display at the Royal Ontario MuseumYates (2005) assigned Dracovenator to the clade Neotheropoda.[4] The first cladistic analysis found that this genus formed a clade with the basal theropods Dilophosaurus and Zupaysaurus. The skull of the type specimen, exhibits a mosaic of both ancestral and derived theropod characteristics. The following cladogram, based on the phylogenetic analysis conducted by Smith, Makovicky, Pol, Hammer, and Currie in 2007, outlines the relationships of Dracovenator and its close relatives:[5]Neotheropoda\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCoelophysoidea\n\n\n\n\n\n\nunnamed\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNeoceratosauria\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTetanurae\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nZupaysaurus\n\n\n\n\n\n\nunnamed\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDilophosauridae\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSinosaurus (=Dilophosaurus sinensis)\n\n\n\n\n\n\nunnamed\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDracovenator\n\n\n\n\n\n\nunnamed\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDilophosaurus\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCryolophosaurusLife reconstruction of Dracovenator regenti","title":"Classification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Upper Elliot Formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Elliot_Formation"},{"link_name":"Massospondylus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massospondylus"},{"link_name":"Plateosaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plateosaurus"},{"link_name":"Upper Elliot Formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Elliot_Formation"},{"link_name":"Abrictosaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrictosaurus"},{"link_name":"Fabrosaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabrosaurus"},{"link_name":"Heterodontosaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterodontosaurus"},{"link_name":"Lesothosaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesothosaurus"},{"link_name":"Forest Sandstone Formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_Sandstone_Formation"},{"link_name":"prosauropod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosauropod"},{"link_name":"prosauropod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosauropod"},{"link_name":"paleoenvironment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_environment"}],"text":"The Upper Elliot Formation is thought to have been an ancient floodplain. Fossils of the prosauropod dinosaur Massospondylus and Plateosaurus have been recovered from the Upper Elliot Formation, which boasts the world's most diverse fauna of early Jurassic ornithischian dinosaurs, including Abrictosaurus, Fabrosaurus, Heterodontosaurus, and Lesothosaurus, among others. The Forest Sandstone Formation was the paleoenvironment of protosuchid crocodiles, sphenodonts, the dinosaur Massospondylus and indeterminate remains of a prosauropod. Dracovenator is thought to have preyed on the prosauropod dinosaurs in its paleoenvironment.","title":"Paleoecology"}] | [{"image_text":"Drawing of the known skull bones. Scale bar equals 10 cm.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Dracovenator_fossils.png/220px-Dracovenator_fossils.png"},{"image_text":"Speculative size compared to a human","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Dracovenator_scale.svg/220px-Dracovenator_scale.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Juvenile Dracovenator regenti snout on display at the Royal Ontario Museum","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Dracovenator_snout.JPG/220px-Dracovenator_snout.JPG"},{"image_text":"Life reconstruction of Dracovenator regenti","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Dracovenator_regenti.jpg/220px-Dracovenator_regenti.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Paul, G. S. (2016). The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs (2nd ed.). Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 79. ISBN 9780691167664.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691167664","url_text":"9780691167664"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1047/srp/srp003/of2007-1047srp003.pdf","external_links_name":"The Dinosaurs of the Early Jurassic Hanson Formation of the Central Transantarctic Mountains: Phylogenetic Review and Synthesis"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3133%2Fof2007-1047.srp003","external_links_name":"10.3133/of2007-1047.srp003"},{"Link":"http://dml.cmnh.org/2006Sep/msg00410.html","external_links_name":"Dinosaur Mailing List announcing discovery (includes full abstract)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200730042505/http://dml.cmnh.org/2006Sep/msg00410.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/4967121","external_links_name":"4967121"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1472327","external_links_name":"1472327"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=4144937","external_links_name":"4144937"},{"Link":"https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=108768","external_links_name":"108768"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eigenvector_centrality | Eigenvector centrality | ["1 Using the adjacency matrix to find eigenvector centrality","2 Normalized eigenvector centrality scoring","3 Applications","4 See also","5 References"] | Measure of the influence of a node in a network
In graph theory, eigenvector centrality (also called eigencentrality or prestige score) is a measure of the influence of a node in a connected network. Relative scores are assigned to all nodes in the network based on the concept that connections to high-scoring nodes contribute more to the score of the node in question than equal connections to low-scoring nodes. A high eigenvector score means that a node is connected to many nodes who themselves have high scores.
Google's PageRank and the Katz centrality are variants of the eigenvector centrality.
Using the adjacency matrix to find eigenvector centrality
For a given graph
G
:=
(
V
,
E
)
{\displaystyle G:=(V,E)}
with
|
V
|
{\displaystyle |V|}
vertices let
A
=
(
a
v
,
t
)
{\displaystyle A=(a_{v,t})}
be the adjacency matrix, i.e.
a
v
,
t
=
1
{\displaystyle a_{v,t}=1}
if vertex
v
{\displaystyle v}
is linked to vertex
t
{\displaystyle t}
, and
a
v
,
t
=
0
{\displaystyle a_{v,t}=0}
otherwise. The relative centrality score,
x
v
{\displaystyle x_{v}}
, of vertex
v
{\displaystyle v}
can be defined as:
x
v
=
1
λ
∑
t
∈
M
(
v
)
x
t
=
1
λ
∑
t
∈
V
a
v
,
t
x
t
{\displaystyle x_{v}={\frac {1}{\lambda }}\sum _{t\in M(v)}x_{t}={\frac {1}{\lambda }}\sum _{t\in V}a_{v,t}x_{t}}
where
M
(
v
)
{\displaystyle M(v)}
is the set of neighbors of
v
{\displaystyle v}
and
λ
{\displaystyle \lambda }
is a constant. With a small rearrangement this can be rewritten in vector notation as the eigenvector equation
A
x
=
λ
x
{\displaystyle \mathbf {Ax} =\lambda \mathbf {x} }
In general, there will be many different eigenvalues
λ
{\displaystyle \lambda }
for which a non-zero eigenvector solution exists. However, the connectedness assumption and the additional requirement that all the entries in the eigenvector be non-negative imply (by the Perron–Frobenius theorem) that only the greatest eigenvalue results in the desired centrality measure. The
v
th
{\displaystyle v^{\text{th}}}
component of the related eigenvector then gives the relative centrality score of the vertex
v
{\displaystyle v}
in the network. The eigenvector is only defined up to a common factor, so only the ratios of the centralities of the vertices are well defined. To define an absolute score, one must normalise the eigenvector e.g. such that the sum over all vertices is 1 or the total number of vertices n. Power iteration is one of many eigenvalue algorithms that may be used to find this dominant eigenvector. Furthermore, this can be generalized so that the entries in A can be real numbers representing connection strengths, as in a stochastic matrix.
Normalized eigenvector centrality scoring
Google's PageRank is based on the normalized eigenvector centrality, or normalized prestige, combined with a random jump assumption. The PageRank of a node
v
{\displaystyle v}
has recursive dependence on the PageRank of other nodes that point to it. The normalized adjacency matrix
N
{\displaystyle N}
is defined as:
N
(
u
,
v
)
=
{
1
od
(
u
)
,
if
(
u
,
v
)
∈
E
0
,
if
(
u
,
v
)
∉
E
{\displaystyle N(u,v)={\begin{cases}{1 \over \operatorname {od} (u)},&{\text{if }}(u,v)\in E\\0,&{\text{if }}(u,v)\not \in E\end{cases}}}
where
o
d
(
u
)
{\displaystyle od(u)}
is the out-degree of node
u
{\displaystyle u}
, or in vector form:
N
=
d
i
a
g
(
A
e
)
−
1
A
{\displaystyle \mathbf {N} =\mathbf {diag} (\mathbf {Ae} )^{-1}\mathbf {A} }
,
where
e
{\displaystyle \mathbf {e} }
is the vector of ones, and
d
i
a
g
(
x
)
{\displaystyle \mathbf {diag} (\mathbf {x} )}
is the diagonal matrix of vector
x
{\displaystyle \mathbf {x} }
.
N
{\displaystyle \mathbf {N} }
is a row-stochastic matrix.
The normalized eigenvector prestige score is defined as:
p
(
v
)
=
∑
u
N
T
(
v
,
u
)
⋅
p
(
u
)
,
{\displaystyle p(v)=\sum _{u}{N^{T}(v,u)\cdot p(u)},}
or in vector form,
p
=
N
T
p
.
{\displaystyle \mathbf {p} =\mathbf {N} ^{T}\mathbf {p} .}
Applications
Eigenvector centrality is a measure of the influence a node has on a network. If a node is pointed to by many nodes (which also have high eigenvector centrality) then that node will have high eigenvector centrality.
The earliest use of eigenvector centrality is by Edmund Landau in an 1895 paper on scoring chess tournaments.
More recently, researchers across many fields have analyzed applications, manifestations, and extensions of eigenvector centrality in a variety of domains:
Eigenvector centrality is the unique measure satisfying certain natural axioms for a ranking system.
In neuroscience, the eigenvector centrality of a neuron in a model neural network has been found to correlate with its relative firing rate.
Eigenvector centrality and related concepts have been used to model opinion influence in sociology and economics, as in the DeGroot learning model.
The definition of eigenvector centrality has been extended to multiplex and multilayer networks through the concept of versatility
In a study using data from the Philippines, researchers showed how political candidates' families had disproportionately high eigenvector centrality in local intermarriage networks.
Eigenvector centrality has been extensively applied to study economic outcomes, including cooperation in social networks. In economic public goods problems, a person's eigenvector centrality can be interpreted as how much that person's preferences influence an efficient social outcome.
See also
Centrality
References
^ a b Zaki, Mohammed J.; Meira, Wagner Jr. (2014). Data Mining and Analysis: Fundamental Concepts and Algorithms. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521766333.
^ M. E. J. Newman. "The mathematics of networks" (PDF). Retrieved 2006-11-09. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ Christian F. A. Negre, Uriel N. Morzan, Heidi P. Hendrickson, Rhitankar Pal, George P. Lisi, J. Patrick Loria, Ivan Rivalta, Junming Ho, Victor S. Batista. (2018). "Eigenvector centrality for characterization of protein allosteric pathways". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 115 (52): E12201–E12208. arXiv:1706.02327. Bibcode:2018PNAS..11512201N. doi:10.1073/pnas.1810452115. PMC 6310864. PMID 30530700.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ a b David Austin. "How Google Finds Your Needle in the Web's Haystack". AMS.
^ M. E. J. Newman. "The mathematics of networks" (PDF). Retrieved 2006-11-09. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ a b Fletcher, Jack McKay and Wennekers, Thomas (2017). "From Structure to Activity: Using Centrality Measures to Predict Neuronal Activity". International Journal of Neural Systems. 28 (2): 1750013. doi:10.1142/S0129065717500137. hdl:10026.1/9713. PMID 28076982.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Edmund Landau (1895). "Zur relativen Wertbemessung der Turnierresultate". Deutsches Wochenschach (11): 366–369. doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-4819-5_23.
^ Holme, Peter (15 April 2019). "Firsts in network science". Retrieved 17 April 2019.
^ Altman, Alon; Tennenholtz, Moshe (2005). "Ranking systems". Proceedings of the 6th ACM conference on Electronic commerce - EC '05. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press. pp. 1–8. doi:10.1145/1064009.1064010. ISBN 1-59593-049-3.
^ Palacios-Huerta, Ignacio; Volij, Oscar (2004). "The Measurement of Intellectual Influence" (PDF). Econometrica. 72 (3). The Econometric Society: 963–977. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0262.2004.00519.x. hdl:10419/80143. ISSN 0012-9682.
^ Solá, Luis; Romance, Miguel; Criado, Regino; Flores, Julio; García del Amo, Alejandro; Boccaletti, Stefano (2013). "Eigenvector centrality of nodes in multiplex networks". Chaos: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Nonlinear Science. 23 (3): 033131. arXiv:1305.7445. Bibcode:2013Chaos..23c3131S. doi:10.1063/1.4818544. ISSN 1054-1500. PMID 24089967. S2CID 14556381.
^ De Domenico, Manlio; Solè-Ribalta, ALbert; Omodei, Elisa; Gòmez, Sergio; Arenas, Alex (2015). "Ranking in interconnected multilayer networks reveals versatile nodes". Nature Communications. 6: 6868. arXiv:1305.7445. doi:10.1063/1.4818544. ISSN 2041-1723. PMID 25904405. S2CID 14556381.
^ Cruz, Cesi; Labonne, Julien; Querubin, Pablo (2017). "Politician Family Networks and Electoral Outcomes: Evidence from the Philippines". American Economic Review. 107 (10). University of Chicago Press: 3006–37. doi:10.1257/aer.20150343.
^ Jackson, Matthew O. (2010-11-01). Social and Economic Networks. Princeton University Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctvcm4gh1. ISBN 978-1-4008-3399-3. JSTOR j.ctvcm4gh1.
^ Elliott, Matthew; Golub, Benjamin (2019). "A Network Approach to Public Goods". Journal of Political Economy. 127 (2). University of Chicago Press: 730–776. doi:10.1086/701032. ISSN 0022-3808. S2CID 158834906. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"graph theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_theory"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"node","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Node_(networking)"},{"link_name":"network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Google","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google"},{"link_name":"PageRank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank"},{"link_name":"Katz centrality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katz_centrality"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ams-4"}],"text":"In graph theory, eigenvector centrality (also called eigencentrality or prestige score[1]) is a measure of the influence of a node in a connected network. Relative scores are assigned to all nodes in the network based on the concept that connections to high-scoring nodes contribute more to the score of the node in question than equal connections to low-scoring nodes. A high eigenvector score means that a node is connected to many nodes who themselves have high scores.[2][3]Google's PageRank and the Katz centrality are variants of the eigenvector centrality.[4]","title":"Eigenvector centrality"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"adjacency matrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjacency_matrix"},{"link_name":"eigenvector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eigenvector"},{"link_name":"eigenvalues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eigenvalue"},{"link_name":"Perron–Frobenius theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perron%E2%80%93Frobenius_theorem"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Power iteration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_iteration"},{"link_name":"eigenvalue algorithms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eigenvalue_algorithm"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ams-4"},{"link_name":"stochastic matrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stochastic_matrix"}],"text":"For a given graph \n \n \n \n G\n :=\n (\n V\n ,\n E\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G:=(V,E)}\n \n with \n \n \n \n \n |\n \n V\n \n |\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle |V|}\n \n vertices let \n \n \n \n A\n =\n (\n \n a\n \n v\n ,\n t\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A=(a_{v,t})}\n \n be the adjacency matrix, i.e. \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n v\n ,\n t\n \n \n =\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle a_{v,t}=1}\n \n if vertex \n \n \n \n v\n \n \n {\\displaystyle v}\n \n is linked to vertex \n \n \n \n t\n \n \n {\\displaystyle t}\n \n, and \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n v\n ,\n t\n \n \n =\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle a_{v,t}=0}\n \n otherwise. The relative centrality score, \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n v\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle x_{v}}\n \n, of vertex \n \n \n \n v\n \n \n {\\displaystyle v}\n \n can be defined as:x\n \n v\n \n \n =\n \n \n 1\n λ\n \n \n \n ∑\n \n t\n ∈\n M\n (\n v\n )\n \n \n \n x\n \n t\n \n \n =\n \n \n 1\n λ\n \n \n \n ∑\n \n t\n ∈\n V\n \n \n \n a\n \n v\n ,\n t\n \n \n \n x\n \n t\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle x_{v}={\\frac {1}{\\lambda }}\\sum _{t\\in M(v)}x_{t}={\\frac {1}{\\lambda }}\\sum _{t\\in V}a_{v,t}x_{t}}where \n \n \n \n M\n (\n v\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M(v)}\n \n is the set of neighbors of \n \n \n \n v\n \n \n {\\displaystyle v}\n \n and \n \n \n \n λ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\lambda }\n \n is a constant. With a small rearrangement this can be rewritten in vector notation as the eigenvector equationA\n x\n \n =\n λ\n \n x\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {Ax} =\\lambda \\mathbf {x} }In general, there will be many different eigenvalues \n \n \n \n λ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\lambda }\n \n for which a non-zero eigenvector solution exists. However, the connectedness assumption and the additional requirement that all the entries in the eigenvector be non-negative imply (by the Perron–Frobenius theorem) that only the greatest eigenvalue results in the desired centrality measure.[5] The \n \n \n \n \n v\n \n th\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle v^{\\text{th}}}\n \n component of the related eigenvector then gives the relative centrality score of the vertex \n \n \n \n v\n \n \n {\\displaystyle v}\n \n in the network. The eigenvector is only defined up to a common factor, so only the ratios of the centralities of the vertices are well defined. To define an absolute score, one must normalise the eigenvector e.g. such that the sum over all vertices is 1 or the total number of vertices n. Power iteration is one of many eigenvalue algorithms that may be used to find this dominant eigenvector.[4] Furthermore, this can be generalized so that the entries in A can be real numbers representing connection strengths, as in a stochastic matrix.","title":"Using the adjacency matrix to find eigenvector centrality"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Google","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google"},{"link_name":"PageRank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"Google's PageRank is based on the normalized eigenvector centrality, or normalized prestige, combined with a random jump assumption.[1] The PageRank of a node \n \n \n \n v\n \n \n {\\displaystyle v}\n \n has recursive dependence on the PageRank of other nodes that point to it. The normalized adjacency matrix \n \n \n \n N\n \n \n {\\displaystyle N}\n \n is defined as:N\n (\n u\n ,\n v\n )\n =\n \n \n {\n \n \n \n \n \n 1\n \n od\n \n (\n u\n )\n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n if \n \n (\n u\n ,\n v\n )\n ∈\n E\n \n \n \n \n 0\n ,\n \n \n \n if \n \n (\n u\n ,\n v\n )\n ∉\n E\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle N(u,v)={\\begin{cases}{1 \\over \\operatorname {od} (u)},&{\\text{if }}(u,v)\\in E\\\\0,&{\\text{if }}(u,v)\\not \\in E\\end{cases}}}o\n d\n (\n u\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle od(u)}out-degreeu\n \n \n {\\displaystyle u}N\n \n =\n \n d\n i\n a\n g\n \n (\n \n A\n e\n \n \n )\n \n −\n 1\n \n \n \n A\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {N} =\\mathbf {diag} (\\mathbf {Ae} )^{-1}\\mathbf {A} }\n \n,where \n \n \n \n \n e\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {e} }\n \n is the vector of ones, and \n \n \n \n \n d\n i\n a\n g\n \n (\n \n x\n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {diag} (\\mathbf {x} )}\n \n is the diagonal matrix of vector \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {x} }\n \n. \n \n \n \n \n N\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {N} }\n \n is a row-stochastic matrix.The normalized eigenvector prestige score is defined as:p\n (\n v\n )\n =\n \n ∑\n \n u\n \n \n \n \n N\n \n T\n \n \n (\n v\n ,\n u\n )\n ⋅\n p\n (\n u\n )\n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle p(v)=\\sum _{u}{N^{T}(v,u)\\cdot p(u)},}or in vector form,p\n \n =\n \n \n N\n \n \n T\n \n \n \n p\n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {p} =\\mathbf {N} ^{T}\\mathbf {p} .}","title":"Normalized eigenvector centrality scoring"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sta-6"},{"link_name":"Edmund Landau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Landau"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"axioms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axiom"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Altman_Tennenholtz_2005_p.-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Palacios-Huerta_Volij_2004_pp._963%E2%80%93977-10"},{"link_name":"neuroscience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroscience"},{"link_name":"neuron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuron"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sta-6"},{"link_name":"DeGroot learning model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeGroot_learning"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sol%C3%A1_Romance_Criado_Flores_2013_p=033131-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-De_Domenico_et_al_NatComms_2015-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"public goods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_good_(economics)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Elliott_Golub_2019_pp._730%E2%80%93776-15"}],"text":"Eigenvector centrality is a measure of the influence a node has on a network. If a node is pointed to by many nodes (which also have high eigenvector centrality) then that node will have high eigenvector centrality.[6]The earliest use of eigenvector centrality is by Edmund Landau in an 1895 paper on scoring chess tournaments.[7][8]More recently, researchers across many fields have analyzed applications, manifestations, and extensions of eigenvector centrality in a variety of domains:Eigenvector centrality is the unique measure satisfying certain natural axioms for a ranking system.[9][10]\nIn neuroscience, the eigenvector centrality of a neuron in a model neural network has been found to correlate with its relative firing rate.[6]\nEigenvector centrality and related concepts have been used to model opinion influence in sociology and economics, as in the DeGroot learning model.\nThe definition of eigenvector centrality has been extended to multiplex [11] and multilayer networks through the concept of versatility [12]\nIn a study using data from the Philippines, researchers showed how political candidates' families had disproportionately high eigenvector centrality in local intermarriage networks.[13]\nEigenvector centrality has been extensively applied to study economic outcomes, including cooperation in social networks.[14] In economic public goods problems, a person's eigenvector centrality can be interpreted as how much that person's preferences influence an efficient social outcome.[15]","title":"Applications"}] | [] | [{"title":"Centrality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrality"}] | [{"reference":"Zaki, Mohammed J.; Meira, Wagner Jr. (2014). Data Mining and Analysis: Fundamental Concepts and Algorithms. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521766333.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521766333","url_text":"9780521766333"}]},{"reference":"M. E. J. Newman. \"The mathematics of networks\" (PDF). Retrieved 2006-11-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://www-personal.umich.edu/~mejn/papers/palgrave.pdf","url_text":"\"The mathematics of networks\""}]},{"reference":"Christian F. A. Negre, Uriel N. Morzan, Heidi P. Hendrickson, Rhitankar Pal, George P. Lisi, J. Patrick Loria, Ivan Rivalta, Junming Ho, Victor S. Batista. (2018). \"Eigenvector centrality for characterization of protein allosteric pathways\". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 115 (52): E12201–E12208. arXiv:1706.02327. Bibcode:2018PNAS..11512201N. doi:10.1073/pnas.1810452115. PMC 6310864. PMID 30530700.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6310864","url_text":"\"Eigenvector centrality for characterization of protein allosteric pathways\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1706.02327","url_text":"1706.02327"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PNAS..11512201N","url_text":"2018PNAS..11512201N"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1810452115","url_text":"10.1073/pnas.1810452115"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6310864","url_text":"6310864"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30530700","url_text":"30530700"}]},{"reference":"David Austin. \"How Google Finds Your Needle in the Web's Haystack\". AMS.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ams.org/samplings/feature-column/fcarc-pagerank","url_text":"\"How Google Finds Your Needle in the Web's Haystack\""}]},{"reference":"M. E. J. Newman. \"The mathematics of networks\" (PDF). Retrieved 2006-11-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://www-personal.umich.edu/~mejn/papers/palgrave.pdf","url_text":"\"The mathematics of networks\""}]},{"reference":"Fletcher, Jack McKay and Wennekers, Thomas (2017). \"From Structure to Activity: Using Centrality Measures to Predict Neuronal Activity\". International Journal of Neural Systems. 28 (2): 1750013. doi:10.1142/S0129065717500137. hdl:10026.1/9713. PMID 28076982.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1142%2FS0129065717500137","url_text":"\"From Structure to Activity: Using Centrality Measures to Predict Neuronal Activity\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1142%2FS0129065717500137","url_text":"10.1142/S0129065717500137"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10026.1%2F9713","url_text":"10026.1/9713"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28076982","url_text":"28076982"}]},{"reference":"Edmund Landau (1895). \"Zur relativen Wertbemessung der Turnierresultate\". Deutsches Wochenschach (11): 366–369. doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-4819-5_23.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4615-4819-5_23","url_text":"10.1007/978-1-4615-4819-5_23"}]},{"reference":"Holme, Peter (15 April 2019). \"Firsts in network science\". Retrieved 17 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://petterhol.me/2019/04/15/firsts-in-network-science/","url_text":"\"Firsts in network science\""}]},{"reference":"Altman, Alon; Tennenholtz, Moshe (2005). \"Ranking systems\". Proceedings of the 6th ACM conference on Electronic commerce - EC '05. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press. pp. 1–8. doi:10.1145/1064009.1064010. ISBN 1-59593-049-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1145%2F1064009.1064010","url_text":"10.1145/1064009.1064010"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59593-049-3","url_text":"1-59593-049-3"}]},{"reference":"Palacios-Huerta, Ignacio; Volij, Oscar (2004). \"The Measurement of Intellectual Influence\" (PDF). Econometrica. 72 (3). The Econometric Society: 963–977. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0262.2004.00519.x. hdl:10419/80143. ISSN 0012-9682.","urls":[{"url":"http://volij.co.il/publications/papers/Rankings.pdf","url_text":"\"The Measurement of Intellectual Influence\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-0262.2004.00519.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1468-0262.2004.00519.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10419%2F80143","url_text":"10419/80143"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0012-9682","url_text":"0012-9682"}]},{"reference":"Solá, Luis; Romance, Miguel; Criado, Regino; Flores, Julio; García del Amo, Alejandro; Boccaletti, Stefano (2013). \"Eigenvector centrality of nodes in multiplex networks\". Chaos: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Nonlinear Science. 23 (3): 033131. arXiv:1305.7445. Bibcode:2013Chaos..23c3131S. doi:10.1063/1.4818544. ISSN 1054-1500. PMID 24089967. S2CID 14556381.","urls":[{"url":"http://oa.upm.es/31184/","url_text":"\"Eigenvector centrality of nodes in multiplex networks\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1305.7445","url_text":"1305.7445"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013Chaos..23c3131S","url_text":"2013Chaos..23c3131S"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.4818544","url_text":"10.1063/1.4818544"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1054-1500","url_text":"1054-1500"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24089967","url_text":"24089967"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14556381","url_text":"14556381"}]},{"reference":"De Domenico, Manlio; Solè-Ribalta, ALbert; Omodei, Elisa; Gòmez, Sergio; Arenas, Alex (2015). \"Ranking in interconnected multilayer networks reveals versatile nodes\". Nature Communications. 6: 6868. arXiv:1305.7445. doi:10.1063/1.4818544. ISSN 2041-1723. PMID 25904405. S2CID 14556381.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms7868","url_text":"\"Ranking in interconnected multilayer networks reveals versatile nodes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1305.7445","url_text":"1305.7445"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.4818544","url_text":"10.1063/1.4818544"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2041-1723","url_text":"2041-1723"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25904405","url_text":"25904405"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14556381","url_text":"14556381"}]},{"reference":"Cruz, Cesi; Labonne, Julien; Querubin, Pablo (2017). \"Politician Family Networks and Electoral Outcomes: Evidence from the Philippines\". American Economic Review. 107 (10). University of Chicago Press: 3006–37. doi:10.1257/aer.20150343.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1257%2Faer.20150343","url_text":"\"Politician Family Networks and Electoral Outcomes: Evidence from the Philippines\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1257%2Faer.20150343","url_text":"10.1257/aer.20150343"}]},{"reference":"Jackson, Matthew O. (2010-11-01). Social and Economic Networks. Princeton University Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctvcm4gh1. ISBN 978-1-4008-3399-3. JSTOR j.ctvcm4gh1.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvcm4gh1","url_text":"Social and Economic Networks"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvcm4gh1","url_text":"10.2307/j.ctvcm4gh1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-3399-3","url_text":"978-1-4008-3399-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvcm4gh1","url_text":"j.ctvcm4gh1"}]},{"reference":"Elliott, Matthew; Golub, Benjamin (2019). \"A Network Approach to Public Goods\". Journal of Political Economy. 127 (2). University of Chicago Press: 730–776. doi:10.1086/701032. ISSN 0022-3808. 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