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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Place_names_in_Palestine | Place names of Palestine | ["1 History","1.1 Preservation","2 Linguistic roots","2.1 Water sources","2.2 Features","2.3 Deities","2.4 Direct translations","2.5 Exceptions","3 Linguistic conversion","4 Identification methods","4.1 Conversations with fellahin","4.2 Archaeological findings","5 Evolution of names, a selection","5.1 Galilee","5.2 Judaean Mountains","5.3 Shephelah","5.4 Samarian Hills","5.5 Jordan Valley","5.6 Coastal plain","6 Use of place names as personal names","7 See also","8 References","9 Sources","10 Further reading"] | In 1639, Thomas Fuller's The Historie of the Holy Warre included "A table shewing the varietie of place names in Palestine", comparing the historical names of key Biblical locations.
Many place names in Palestine were Arabized forms of ancient Hebrew and Canaanite place-names used in biblical times or later Aramaic formations. Most of these names have been handed down for thousands of years though their meaning was understood by only a few. The cultural interchange fostered by the various successive empires to have ruled the region is apparent in its place names. Any particular place can be known by the different names used in the past, with each of these corresponding to a historical period. For example, the city of Beit Shean, today in Israel, was known during the Israelite period as Beth-shean, under Hellenistic rule and Roman rule as Scythopolis, and under Arab and Islamic rule as Beisan.
The importance of toponymy, or geographical naming, was first recognized by the Palestine Exploration Fund (PEF), a British organization who mounted geographical map-making expeditions in the region in the late 19th century. Shortly thereafter, the British Mandatory authorities set out to gather toponymic information from local fellahin, who had been proven to have preserved knowledge of the ancient place names which could help identify archaeological sites.
Since the establishment of the State of Israel, many place names have since been Hebraicized, and are referred to by their revived biblical names. In some cases, even sites with only Arabic names and no pre-existing ancient Hebrew names or associations have been given new Hebrew names. Place names in the region have been the subject of much scholarship and contention, particularly in the context of the Arab–Israeli conflict. Their significance lies in their potential to legitimize the historical claims asserted by the involved parties, all of whom claim priority in chronology, and who use archaeology, cartography, and place names as their proofs.
History
The local population of Palestine used Semitic languages, such as Hebrew, Jewish Palestinian Aramaic, Christian Palestinian Aramaic, Samaritan Aramaic and Arabic for thousands of years. Almost all place names in the region have Semitic roots, with only a few place names being of Latin origin, and hardly any of Greek or Turkish origins. The Semitic roots of the oldest names continued to be used by the local population, though during classical antiquity, many names underwent modifications due to the influence of local ruling elites well versed in Greek and Latin.
In his 4th-century work, the Onomasticon, Eusebius of Caesarea provides a listing of the place-names of Palestine with geographical and historical commentary, and his text was later translated into Latin and edited and corrected by Jerome.
Following the Arab conquest of the Levant, many of the pre-classical Semitic names were revived, though often the spelling and pronunciation differed. Of course, for places where the old name had been lost or for new settlements established during this period, new Arabic names were coined. Similar to this, two thousand years before, the non-Semitic-speaking Philistine inhabitants of the southern Levant in the Late Bronze Age kept the West-Semitic names of the Canaanite towns they had inherited.
According to Roy Marom and Ran Zadok, the general outlines of the Palestinian nomenclature of space were well developed, by the 16th century, "instead of being the more recent linguistic product of later centuries as previously thought." Palestinian place-names "traditionally regarded as the product of modern Palestinian rural society, reflect instead a long-lasting linguistic continuity of the country’s Arabic speaking village communities." A local study of place-names around Hamama has shown that Palestinian toponymy contained a limited stratum of pre-Ottoman place-names, to which residents added new toponyms, referring in cases to families living in or around the village.
European travelers composed travel accounts describing its topography and demography. However, even in last century of Ottoman imperial rule, there was still much confusion over the place names in Palestine. Existing Turkish transliterations of the Arabic and Arabicized names made identification and study into the etymology of the place names even more challenging.
Edward Robinson identified more than 100 biblical place names in Palestine, by pursuing his belief that linguistic analysis of the place names used by the Arab fellahin would reveal preserved traces of their ancient roots. The PEF's Names and Places in the Old and New Testaments and the Apocrypha, with their Modern Identifications (1895) lists more than 1,150 place names related to the Old Testament and 162 related to the New, most of which are located in Palestine. These surveys by Robinson the PEF, and other Western biblical geographers in late 19th and early 20th centuries, also eventually contributed to the shape of the borders delineated for the British Mandate in Palestine, as proposed by the League of Nations.
With the establishment of Israel, in parts of Palestine, many place names have since been Hebraized or are referred to by their revived Biblical names. In some cases, even sites with only Arabic names and no pre-existing ancient Hebrew names or associations have been given new Hebrew names.
Preservation
A systematic study of place-names showed very high levels of pre-modern name preservation rates along the Eastern Mediterranean highland chain, primarily of site names, and oronyms. The preservation of place names "with amazing consistency" is noted by Yohanan Aharoni in The Land of the Bible (1979). He attributes this continuity to the common Semitic background of Palestine's local inhabitants throughout the ages, and the fact that place names tended to reflect extant agricultural features at the site in question. According to Aharoni, 190 out of the 475 placenames in the southern Levant may be identified based on name preservation. Ahituv wrote that out of the 358 placenames referenced in the Book of Joshua, he was able to identify 149 (41%) of them using this method. On the same time, out of the 450 names mentioned, names from Second Temple, Mishnaic, and Talmudic sources, roughly 75% have been preserved.
According to Uzi Leibner, this preservation of names is "a function of continuity of settlement at the site itself, or at least in the immediate region", and most of the sites in question were inhabited during the Byzantine and Middle Islamic periods.
A study of place-name preservation between Jerusalem and Jaffa (1550-2000 CE), found that the lowest levels of preservation of recorded toponyms were in the lowlands (20–25%), while the highlands werecharacterized by much higher preservation rate of 40%–60%.
Linguistic roots
Water sources
Agricultural features are common to roots of place names in Palestine. For example, some place names incorporate the Semitic root for "spring" or "cistern", such as Beersheba or Bir as 'Saba, ("be'er" and "bir" meaning "well" in Hebrew and Arabic respectively) and En Gedi or 'Ayn Jeddi ("en" and "'ayn" meaning "spring" in Hebrew and Arabic respectively).
Features
Haim ben-david notes that the word "caphar" appears just once in the Hebrew Bible (for Cephar-ammoni) but much more frequently in later sources, which implies it is of Aramaic origin and was introduced to the area only during the Second Temple period.
Deities
Other place names preserve the names of Semitic gods and goddesses from ancient times. For example, the name of the goddess Anat survives in the name of the village of 'Anata, believed to be site of the ancient city of Anathoth. The name Beit Shemesh means ‘House Šamaš’, indicating that it was a site of worship of the Canaanite sun-deity Šapaš/Šamaš.
Direct translations
In some cases the original name was simply translated, such as the ancient city of Dan (Hebrew: דן, "judge") which turned into the Arabic Tell el-Qadi, "mound of the judge". However, the original name of the city was preserved in the nearby source of the Jordan river, which had the name "Dhan" (Arabic: ضان).
Other examples are the names of Capitolias, which was referred to in the 6th century Talmud in Aramaic as Bet Reisha, and was later translated to Arabic as Beit Ras, and the Ladder of Tyre, also known in Rabbinic literature as Lavanan or Lavlavan (from the Hebrew: לבן, "white"), was later translated into Arabic as Ras el-Bayda (White head), and into Latin by the Crusaders, as Album Promontorium.
Exceptions
Yehuda Elitzor observes that in the majority of cases, Arabic-speakers did not give new names to places where their original names were known and existing; an exception is the city of Hebron, for which its historic name was replaced by the Arabic name "Khalil al-Rahman"; he suggests that the new name was lifted from a tradition prevalent among the Jews of Hebron.
Linguistic conversion
The Hebrew letter Ḥet (ח) is correctly Ḥāʾ (ح) in Arabic, though frequently also Ḫāʾ(خ), and sometimes 'Ayn (ع) takes its place (as happened in Beth Horon > Beit 'Ur). Guerin noted that in his time, Beit Hanina was sometimes referred to as Bayt 'Anina.
Another similar case is the shift from 'Ayin (, Hebrew: ע, Arabic: ع) into Aleph (, Hebrew: א, Arabic: ا), even though both sounds exist in Arabic. For instance, the Biblical name Endor (עין דור, using ) was changed to Indur (إندور, using ). The Jews of Galilee (specifically in Haifa, Beth-shean and Tiv'on) were already "producing Ayins as Alephs," according to rabbinic literature, which already makes notice of this shift.
The Hebrew suffix t (ת) tends to drop from Hebrew to Arabic, as in Ḥammat > al-Ḥamme (for Hamma), ‛Aqrabat > ‛Aqraba (for Aqraba), and Nāṣrat > en-Nāṣre (for Nazareth).
Identification methods
Conversations with fellahin
The vast majority of place-name identifications are made upon their similarity to existing Palestinian Arabic place names, or else upon the assessment of other geographical information provided by the Biblical texts.
Many of the local names were learned by the explorers by asking the local fellahin.
Clermont-Ganneau noted that the fellahin women were more ancient in their habits, attire, and language and frequently had greater knowledge of names than the fellahin men, which occasionally prompted the men to respond violently.
Occasionally, the same geographic feature could go by several names among the locals. The valley next to Khirbet 'Adaseh, north of Jerusalem, was referred to as Wady ed-Dumm, "Valley of Blood" by the people of Beit Hanina (which some have claimed got its name from being the location of the battle of Adasa), and Wady 'Adaseh by the people of Bir Nabala.
Archaeological findings
James B. Pritchard wrote in 1959 that of the thousands of ancient places throughout Palestine known by name from the Hebrew Bible and historical sources, only four had then been identified based on inscriptions found during archaeological excavations at the respective locations: Gezer (boundary stones near Tell el-Jazari), Beit She'an (an Egyptian stela of Seti I found at Beisan), Lachish (the Lachish lettersfound at Tell ed-Duweir) and Gibeon (the Al Jib jar handles). Hershel Shanks wrote in 1983 that Gezer was the first of these, and that Tel Arad and Tel Hazor have also been identified in this manner. In 1996, the location of Ekron was supported with the discovery of the Ekron Royal Dedicatory Inscription.
Evolution of names, a selection
Galilee
Indur: Depopulated during the 1948 Arab–Israeli war, this village preserves the name of the ancient Canaanite city of Endor. Though the precise location of the ancient site remains a source of debate, the preferred candidate lies 1 kilometer northeast of Indur, a site known as Khirbet Safsafa.
Yodfat: A Jewish town in the Galilee destroyed in the First Jewish-Roman War, when it was known as Jotapata (Yodfat). Before the establishment of Israel, its site was known as Shifat, Kh.
Judaean Mountains
Battir: During the Bar Kokhba revolt, this site was known as Betar. Its Arabic name Battir is evidently related to the ancient name. The village was also identified by an ancient mound in the vicinity called Khirbet el-Yahud ("ruin of the Jews").
Beit Ur al-Fauqa (Arabic: بيت عور الفوقة, "Upper house of straw") and Beit Ur al-Tahta (Arabic: بيت عور التحتى, "Lower house of straw") preserve parts of the original Canaanite names for these sites: Bethoron Elyon ("Upper Bethoron"), and Bethoron Tahton ("Lower Bethoron"). Bethoron means the "House of Horon", named for the Egypto-Canaanite deity Horon mentioned in Ugaritic literature and other texts.
El-Azariyeh: The town of Bethany, so-called because of its most notable citizen, Lazarus.
Jib: Al-Jib preserves the name of its ancient predecessor, Gibeon.
Hebron: Hebron is known in Arabic as "al-Khalil", so-called after Abraham the Patriarch who was called the "friend" (Ar. "khalil") of God.
Lifta: Commonly identified as the biblical site of Nephtoah, mentioned in the Book of Joshua (15:9; 18:15).
Ramallah: Commonly identified as the biblical site of Mizpah in Benjamin.
Tuqu: The Arabicized form of the name Teqoa, mentioned several times in the Bible.
Shephelah
'Aīd el Mâ: Commonly identified as the biblical site of Adullam, mentioned in 1 Samuel 22:2.
Beit Guvrin: a modern kibbutz in the Lakhish region, which was built near the site of Bayt Jibrin, an Arab village depopulated during the 1948 Arab–Israeli war. This village was originally known by the Aramaic name Beth Gabra ("house of the strong men"). The Romans gave it the Greek name of Eleutheropolis ("city of the free") but it is nonetheless listed in the Tabula Peutingeriana of 393 AD as Beitogabri.". In the Talmud, its name is transcribed as Beit Gubrin (or Guvrin). The Crusaders referred to it as Bethgibelin or simply Gibelin. Its Arabic name Beit Jibrin ("house of the powerful") is derived from the original Aramaic name.
Beit Shemesh: Today a majority Haredi Jewish city, established near the ruins of an ancient city of the same name. Its name translates as "House Šamaš’", which indicates it was a site of worship of the Canaanite sun-deity Šapaš/Šamaš. The Israelites controlled the town for a while during the Iron Age, turning it into a Levitical city (Josh 21:16), but never changing its pagan name. Even though it was destroyed during the Assyrian/Babylonian conquest approx. 2500 years ago, the biblical name was preserved in the nearby spring, ˁēn šams, ‘Spring Šamaš’.
Dayr Aban: Literally, "Monastery of Aban," thought by historical geographers to be the biblical Abenezer, mentioned in 1 Samuel 4:1, and located 3 kilometers east of `Ain Shems (Beit Shemesh).
Yalo: Destroyed during the 1967 war, this village was originally known by the Canaanite name Aijalon. The Arabic name Yalu, by which it was known for centuries, is derived from the Canaanite original.
Samarian Hills
Jenin: Jenin is identified with the biblical towns of Ein Ganim and Beth-Haggan. In Hellenistic and Roman times, it was known as Ginat or Ginae. The Arabicized name Jenin derived from the original.
Nablus: Originally named Mabartha or Mamorpha, the town was renamed to Flavia Neapolis after 72 AD by the Romans who had destroyed the nearby ancient city of Shechem (which is located in the current city of Nablus); in 636 AD, it was conquered by the Arabs, who Arabicized its name to Nablus.
Seilun, Kh.: A Middle and Late Bronze Age Canaanite city and a central Israelite cultic site, recorded as Shiloh in the four books of the Bible (Joshua, Judges, 1 Samuel, and Psalms). The tell comprising the ruins of the ancient town is known is Modern Hebrew as Tel Shiloh.
Jordan Valley
Deir Hajla: The site of the ancient Beth-ḥagla mentioned in Joshua 15:6.
Jericho: Known among the local inhabitants as Ariha (Ar-riha, meaning "fragrance"), it is described in the 10th century Book of Josippon, as "Jericho: City of Fragrance" (ir hareah). It is thought that the current name is derived from the Canaanite name Yareah, meaning "moon".
Jebel Quruntul: Originally a Semitic name (possibly Dagon) preserved in the Hellenistic fortress name Dok, renamed Quarantana & related names in Latin to reflect the belief that St Helena had identified a cave there as the place Jesus fasted for 40 days, preserved as Arabic Quruntul and Hebrew Qarantal.
Coastal plain
Kafr 'Ana: The Arabicized form of the name Ono, a Canaanite town mentioned in 1 Chronicles 8:12.
Qal'at Ras el-'Ain: Literally, "the Castle of the Fountain-head," or what was formerly called Antipatris (a site near Rosh HaAyin), at the source of the Yarkon River, also known as Nahr Abū Fuṭrus (a corruption of Antipatris).
Qamun: A tell near Mount Carmel. Qamun's original name was the Israelite Yokneam, from which the Arabic Qamun (meaning "cumin") was derived. Before Israelite times the Canaanite city was probably called En-qn'mu' as it appears in Egyptian sources. The Romans called it Cammona and Cimona, while the Crusaders called it Caymont and also Cains Mon ("Cain's Mountain") reflecting a popular local tradition that Cain was slain nearby.
Tulkarm: Founded in the 3rd century AD as Berat Soreqa, its name in Aramaic was Tur Karma, meaning "mount of the vineyards". This name was then Arabicized to Tul Karem.
Yahudiya (known as Al-'Abbasiyya since 1932) means "the Jewish (city)" and is thought to be related to the biblical town of Yahud, mentioned in the Book of Joshua.
Yazur: Depopulated prior to the 1948 war, the village's name in the 8th and 7th centuries BC is recorded in Assyrian texts as Azuru.
Use of place names as personal names
Since the exodus of 1948, Arab Palestinians have begun a tradition of naming their daughters after destroyed Arab villages.
See also
Names of Jerusalem
Hebraization of Palestinian place names
List of modern names for biblical place names
Language shift
Timeline of the name Palestine
Glossary of Arabic toponyms
References
^ Conder, C. R. (1881). Palmer, E. H. (ed.). "Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists". Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund: iv–v. To determine the exact meaning of Arabic topographical names is by no means easy. Some are descriptive of physical features, but even these are often either obsolete or distorted words. Others are derived from long since forgotten incidents, or owners whose memory has passed away. Others again are survivals of older Nabathean, Hebrew, Canaanite, and other names, either quite meaningless in Arabic, or having an Arabic form in which the original sound is perhaps more or less preserved, but the sense entirely lost. Occasionally Hebrew, especially Biblical and Talmudic names, remain scarcely altered.
^ Rainey, 1978, p.230: “What surprised western scholars and explorers the most was the amazing degree to which biblical names were still preserved in the Arabic toponymy of Palestine”
^ Swedenburg, Ted (31 December 2014). Memories of Revolt: The 1936–1939 Rebellion and the Palestinian National Past. University of Arkansas Press. p. 49. ISBN 9781610752633. Archived from the original on 15 March 2023. Retrieved 6 February 2022. Robinson concluded that the surest way to identify biblical place names in Palestine was to read the Bible conjointly with existing Arab nomenclature, and during a three-month stay in Palestine during 1839 used this method to identify over a hundred biblical sites.
^ Rainey, 1978, p.231: “In the majority of cases, a Greek or Latin name assigned by Hellenistic or Roman authorities enjoyed an existence only in official and literary circles while the Semitic- speaking populace continued to use the Hebrew or Aramaic original. The latter comes back into public use with the Arab conquest. The Arabic names Ludd, Beisan, and Saffurieh, representing original Lod, Bet Se’an and Sippori, leave no hint concerning their imposing Greco-Roman names, viz., Diospolis, Scythopolis, and Diocaesarea, respectively”
^ Mila Neishtadt. 'The Lexical Substrate of Aramaic in Palestinian Arabic,' in Aaron Butts (ed.) Semitic Languages in Contact, BRILL 2015 pp.281-282:'As in other cases of language shift, the supplanting language (Arabic) was not left untouched by the supplanted language (Aramaic) and the existence of an Aramaic substrate in Syro-Palestinian colloquial Arabic has been widely accepted. The influence of the Aramaic substrate is especially evidence in many Palestinian place names, and in the vocabularies of traditional life and industrials: agriculture, flora, fauna, food, tools, utensils etc.'
^ a b c d e f Miller and Hayes, 1986, p. 29.
^ Benvenisti and Kaufman-Lacusta, 2000, p. 16.
^ a b Swedenburg, 2003, p. 50.
^ Kramer and Harman, 2008, pp. 1–2
^ a b Ellenblum, 2003, p. 256.
^ Richard, 2003, p. 442.
^ Shai, Itzhaq (2009) . "Understanding Philistine Migration: City Names and Their Implications". Bulletin of the American Society of Overseas Research. 354: 15–27. doi:10.1086/BASOR25609313. S2CID 163841157.
^ a b Marom, Roy (2023). "Early-Ottoman Palestinian Toponymy: A Linguistic Analysis of the (Micro-)Toponyms in Haseki Sultan's Endowment Deed (1552)". Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins. 139 (2).
^ "Arabic Toponymy around Ashkelon: The Village of Hamama as a Case Study". escholarship.org. Retrieved 2024-04-23.
^ a b Kramer and Harman, 2008, p. 128.
^ a b Swedenburg, 2003, p. 49.
^ Davis, 2004, p. 6.
^ Macalister, 1977, p. 79.
^ Zadok, Ran (1997). "A Preliminary Analysis of Ancient Survivals in Modern Palestinian Toponymy". Mediterranean Language Review. 9: 93–171. ISSN 0724-7567. JSTOR 10.13173/medilangrevi.9.1997.0093.
^ a b Cansdale, 1997, p. 111.
^ a b בן דוד, חיים (2001). דגני, אבי (ed.). השתמרות שמות יישובים קדומים ביהודה בהשוואה לגליל - היבטים גיאוגרפיים-היסטוריים (in Hebrew). Vol. 10. מכון המחקר, המכללה האקדמית יהודה ושומרון, אריאל. pp. 153–156. ISSN 0792-8416.
^ Leibner, 2009, pp. 395–396.
^ Rast, 1992, p. 25.
^ Hitti, 2002, p. 120.
^ a b Agmon, Noam (2022-08-31). "Tatami: the enigmatic toponym of Western Judah, and use of suffixes in dating toponyms". Palestine Exploration Quarterly. 155 (4): 289–315. doi:10.1080/00310328.2022.2109320. ISSN 0031-0328. S2CID 251996394.
^ Conder, C. R. (Claude Reignier); Palestine Exploration Fund; Kitchener, Horatio Herbert Kitchener; Palmer, Edward Henry (1881). The survey of Western Palestine : Arabic and English name lists collected during the survey. Robarts - University of Toronto. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund. pp. 5–7.
^ a b c d e אליצור, יהודה (1999). "ח'ליל אל-רחמן — חברון" . ישראל והמקרא: מחקרים גיאוגרפיים, היסטוריים והגותיים (in Hebrew) (2 ed.). רמת גן: הוצאת אוניברסיטת בר אילן. pp. 348–349. ISBN 965-226-228-5.
^ Burckhardt, John Lewis (1822). Travels in Syria and the Holy Land. J. Murray. ISBN 978-1-4142-8338-8. The source of the Jordan, or as it is here called, Dhan (ضان), is at an hour and a quarter N. E. from Banias.
^ Lenzen, C. J.; Knauf, E. A. (June 7, 1987). "Beit Ras/Capitolias. A preliminary evaluation of the archaeological and textual evidence". Syria. Archéologie, Art et histoire. 64 (1): 21–46. doi:10.3406/syria.1987.7002. Archived from the original on May 6, 2019. Retrieved June 7, 2023 – via www.persee.fr.
^ "The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites, CABANES ("Ildum") Castellón, Spain., CALLEVA ATREBATUM (Silchester) Hampshire, England., CAPITOLIAS (Beit Ras) Jordan". www.perseus.tufts.edu. Archived from the original on 2023-03-20. Retrieved 2023-06-07.
^ "Jewish Virtual Library: "Capitolias"". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2023-03-20.
^ Guérin, 1868, p. 394
^ Elitzur, Ancient Place Names, 339
^ a b Pritchard, James B. (2015). "Gibeon's History in the Light of Excavation". Congress Volume Oxford 1959. Vetus Testamentum, Supplements. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-27530-0. ... identification of Gibeon with el-Jib has been made certain... The unusual circumstance of finding the ancient name of a city in the debris of occupation has occurred in only three other excavations in Palestine. An Egyptian stela of Seti I which was found at Beisan contains the name of Beth-shan; 3) the name Lachish appears in the text of one of the sixth-century letters found at Tell ed-Duweir; 4) and boundary stones found on the outskirts of Tell el-Jazari are inscribed with the name Gezer. 5) All other identifications of ancient sites are based either upon the assumption that the ancient name has preserved itself in the modern Arabic place name or upon geographic references in biblical or other ancient texts which are supported by the evidence of occupation during the periods to which the texts allude.
^ Clermont-Ganneau, 1896, Vol. 2, p. 472-473
^ Masterman, E. W. G. (1913-07-01). "Tell El-Fūl and Khurbet 'Adāseh". Palestine Exploration Quarterly. 45 (3): 132–137. doi:10.1179/peq.1913.45.3.132. ISSN 0031-0328.
^ Shanks, Hershel. “The Sad Case of Tell Gezer.” Biblical Archaeology Review, Jul/Aug 1983, 30-35, 38-42: "Gezer also has special significance in the history of archaeology. Gezer was the first Biblical city to be identified by an inscription found at the site. Even today only a handful of sites — Beth Shean, Arad, Hazor — have been so identified. In 1873, the great French scholar Clermont-Ganneau found a boundary inscription dating from the Herodian period which reads in Hebrew script, “boundary of Gezer.”"
^ Negev and Gibson, 2005, p. 166.
^ Freedman et al., 2006, p. 406.
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^ John Gray (January 1949), "The Canaanite God Horon", Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 8 (1): 27–34, doi:10.1086/370902, JSTOR 542437, S2CID 162067028
^ "Ramallah | Palestine, Map, History, & Population | Britannica". www.britannica.com. 2023-11-08. Retrieved 2023-11-09.
^ Sharon, 1997, p. 109.
^ Robinson and Smith, 1856, p. 67.
^ Macalister 1911, p. 263.
^ Richard, 1921, p. 140.
^ Khalidi, 1992, p. 209–210.
^ Elitzur, Y., (2013). ‘Toponyms: In the Land of Israel’, in G. Khan (ed.) Encyclopedia of Hebrew Language and Linguistics, Vol. 3, Leiden: Brill 779–88. doi:10.1163/2212-4241_ehll_EHLL_COM_00000258
^ Isserlin, B. S. J., (1957). ‘Israelite and Pre-Israelite Place-Names in Palestine: A Historical and Geographical Sketch’, PEQ, 89, 133–44. doi:10.1179/peq.1957.89.2.133
^ Rainey, A. F., (1978). ‘The Toponymics of Eretz-Israel’, BASOR, 231, 1–17. doi:10.2307/1356743
^ Robinson and Smith, 1860, p. 253–254.
^ Tzori, Nehemia (1972-07-01). "New Light on En-Gannim". Palestine Exploration Quarterly. 104 (2): 134–138. doi:10.1179/peq.1972.104.2.134. ISSN 0031-0328.
^ Safrai, Zeev (2018). Seeking out the Land: Land of Israel traditions in ancient Jewish, Christian and Samaritan literature (200 BCE-400 CE). Leiden. ISBN 978-90-04-33482-3. OCLC 1022977764.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Josephus Flavius. "Jewish War, Book 3, Chapter 3:4-5". Fordham.edu. Archived from the original on 2012-10-05. Retrieved 2012-12-31 – via Ancient History Sourcebook: Josephus (37 – after 93 CE): Galilee, Samaria, and Judea in the First Century AD. Now as to the country of Samaria, it lies between Judea and Galilee; it begins at a village that is in the great plain called Ginea, and ends at the Acrabbene toparchy, and is entirely of the same nature with Judea
^ Aharoni, Y. (1979). The Land of the Bible: A Historical Geography (2 ed.). Philadelphia: Westminster Press. p. 432. ISBN 0664242669. OCLC 6250553. (original Hebrew edition: 'Land of Israel in Biblical Times - Historical Geography', Bialik Institute, Jerusalem (1962))
^ Avi-Yonah, M. (1976). Gazetteer of Roman Palestine, Qedem - Monographs of the Institute of Archaeology . Vol. 2. Jerusalem: Hebrew University of Jerusalem. p. 39. Archived from the original on 2023-01-10. Retrieved 2019-05-12.
^ Tsafrir, Y.; Leah Di Segni; Judith Green (1994). (TIR): Tabula Imperii Romani. Iudaea, Palestina: Eretz Israel in the Hellenistic, Roman and Byzantine Periods; Maps and Gazetteer. Jerusalem: Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities. p. 79. ISBN 965-208-107-8.
^ Chapmann III, R.L.; Taylor, J.E., eds. (2003). Palestine in the Fourth Century A.D.: The Onomasticon by Eusebius of Caesarea. Translated by G.S.P. Freeman-Grenville. Jerusalem: Carta. p. 135. ISBN 965-220-500-1. OCLC 937002750., s.v. Halon Atad
^ Milgrom, 1995, p. 127.
^ Bromiley, 1995, p. 1136.
^ Maspero et al., 1900, p. 288.
^ Sylomovics, 1998, p. 202.
Sources
Macalister, R.A. Stewart (1911), "Eleutheropolis" , in Chisholm, Hugh (ed.), Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 9 (11th ed.), Cambridge University Press, p. 263
Further reading
Benvenisti, Meron; Kaufman-Lacusta, Maxine (2000), Sacred Landscape: The Buried History of the Holy Land Since 1948, University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-21154-4
Bromiley, Geoffrey W. (1995), The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: E-J, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, ISBN 978-0-8028-3782-0
Cansdale, Lena (1997), Qumran and the Essenes: A Re-evaluation of the Evidence, Mohr Siebeck, ISBN 978-3-16-146719-6
Cheyne, Thomas Kelly; Black, John Sutherland (1902), Encyclopædia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political and Religious History, the Archæology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible, Macmillan Company
Davis, Thomas W. (2004), Shifting Sands: The Rise and Fall of Biblical Archaeology, Oxford University Press US, ISBN 978-0-19-516710-8
Ellenblum, Ronnie (2003), Frankish Rural Settlement in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-52187-1
Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C.; Beck, Astrid B. (2000), Eerdmans dictionary of the Bible (Illustrated ed.), Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, ISBN 978-0-8028-2400-4
Hitti, Philip Khûri (2002), History of Syria: Including Lebanon and Palestine, Gorgias Press LLC, ISBN 978-1-931956-60-4
Flavius, Josephus (1981), The Jewish War, Penguin Books, ISBN 0-14-044420-3
Glass, Joseph B. (2002), From New Zion to Old Zion: American Jewish Immigration and Settlement in Palestine, 1917-1939, Wayne State University Press, ISBN 978-0-8143-2842-2
Khalidi, Walid (1992), All That Remains, Washington D.C.: Institute for Palestine Studies, ISBN 0-88728-224-5
Krämer, Gudrun; Harman, Graham (2008), A History of Palestine: From the Ottoman Conquest to the Founding of the State of Israel, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0-691-11897-0
Leibner, Uzi (2009), Settlement and History in Hellenistic, Roman, and Byzantine Galilee: An Archaeological Survey of the Eastern Galilee (illustrated ed.), Mohr Siebeck, ISBN 9783161498718
Macalister, R.A. Stewart (1977), A Century of Excavation in Palestine, Ayer Publishing, ISBN 978-0-405-10265-3
Maspero, Gaston; Sayce, Archibald Henry; McClure, M. L. (1900), Passing of the Empires 850 BC to 330 BC: 850 B.C. to 330 B.C, Kessinger Publishing, ISBN 978-0-7661-7935-6
Milgrom, Jacob; Wright, David Pearson; Freedman, David Noel; Hurvitz, Avi (1995), Pomegranates and Golden Bells: Studies in Biblical, Jewish, and Near Eastern Ritual, Law, and Literature in Honor of Jacob Milgrom, Eisenbrauns, ISBN 978-0-931464-87-4
Miller, James Maxwell; Hayes, John Haralson (1986), History of Ancient Israel and Judah, Westminster John Knox Press
Negev, Avraham; Gibson, Shimon (2005), Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land (Illustrated, revised ed.), Continuum International Publishing Group, ISBN 978-0-8264-8571-7
Rast, Walter E. (1992), Through the Ages in Palestinian Archaeology: An Introductory Handbook, Continuum International Publishing Group, ISBN 978-1-56338-055-6
Richard, Suzanne (2003), Near Eastern Archaeology: A Reader, EISENBRAUNS, ISBN 978-1-57506-083-5
Richard, Jean (2001) , The Crusaders c1071-c1291, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-62566-1
Robinson, Edward; Smith, Eli (1860), Biblical Researches in Palestine and Adjacent Regions: A Journal of Travel in the Year 1838, Crocker and Brewster
Sharon, Moshe (1997), Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum Palaestinae, ISBN 90-04-11083-6
Slyomovics, Susan (1998), The Object of Memory: Arab and Jew Narrate the Palestinian Village, University of Pennsylvania Press, ISBN 978-0-8122-1525-0
Swedenburg, Ted (2003), Memories of Revolt: The 1936-1939 Rebellion and the Palestinian National Past, University of Arkansas Press, ISBN 978-1-55728-763-2 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabicized"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"Canaanite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaanite_languages"},{"link_name":"biblical times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah"},{"link_name":"Aramaic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aramaic"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miller29-6"},{"link_name":"Beit Shean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beit_She%27an"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Israelite period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelite_period"},{"link_name":"Hellenistic rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_(region)#Hellenistic_rule_(333_BCE)"},{"link_name":"Roman rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decapolis"},{"link_name":"Arab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_(region)#Arab_Caliphate_rule_(638%E2%80%931099_CE)"},{"link_name":"Islamic rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_(region)#Mamluk_rule_(1270%E2%80%931516_CE)"},{"link_name":"toponymy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponymy"},{"link_name":"Palestine Exploration Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_Exploration_Fund"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"British Mandatory authorities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine"},{"link_name":"fellahin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellah"},{"link_name":"archaeological sites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeological_site"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Benvenistip16-7"},{"link_name":"establishment of the State of Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel%27s_Declaration_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"Hebraicized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebraization_of_Palestinian_place_names"},{"link_name":"biblical names","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_names"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miller29-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Swedenburgp50-8"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miller29-6"},{"link_name":"Arab–Israeli conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict"},{"link_name":"archaeology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeology"},{"link_name":"cartography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartography"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kramerp1-9"}],"text":"Many place names in Palestine were Arabized forms of ancient Hebrew and Canaanite place-names used in biblical times or later Aramaic formations.[1][2][3][4][5] Most of these names have been handed down for thousands of years though their meaning was understood by only a few. The cultural interchange fostered by the various successive empires to have ruled the region is apparent in its place names. Any particular place can be known by the different names used in the past, with each of these corresponding to a historical period.[6] For example, the city of Beit Shean, today in Israel, was known during the Israelite period as Beth-shean, under Hellenistic rule and Roman rule as Scythopolis, and under Arab and Islamic rule as Beisan.The importance of toponymy, or geographical naming, was first recognized by the Palestine Exploration Fund (PEF), a British organization who mounted geographical map-making expeditions in the region in the late 19th century. Shortly thereafter, the British Mandatory authorities set out to gather toponymic information from local fellahin, who had been proven to have preserved knowledge of the ancient place names which could help identify archaeological sites.[7]Since the establishment of the State of Israel, many place names have since been Hebraicized, and are referred to by their revived biblical names.[6] In some cases, even sites with only Arabic names and no pre-existing ancient Hebrew names or associations have been given new Hebrew names.[8][6] Place names in the region have been the subject of much scholarship and contention, particularly in the context of the Arab–Israeli conflict. Their significance lies in their potential to legitimize the historical claims asserted by the involved parties, all of whom claim priority in chronology, and who use archaeology, cartography, and place names as their proofs.[9]","title":"Place names of Palestine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Semitic languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semitic_languages"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"Jewish Palestinian Aramaic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Palestinian_Aramaic"},{"link_name":"Christian Palestinian Aramaic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Palestinian_Aramaic"},{"link_name":"Samaritan Aramaic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samaritan_Aramaic_language"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ellenblum256-10"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_language"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ellenblum256-10"},{"link_name":"classical antiquity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_antiquity"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miller29-6"},{"link_name":"Onomasticon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onomasticon_(Eusebius)"},{"link_name":"Eusebius of Caesarea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eusebius_of_Caesarea"},{"link_name":"Jerome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Richardp442-11"},{"link_name":"Arab conquest of the Levant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miller29-6"},{"link_name":"Philistine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philistines"},{"link_name":"Late Bronze Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age_collapse"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Roy Marom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Marom"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-13"},{"link_name":"Hamama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamama"},{"link_name":"stratum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratum_(linguistics)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"topography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topography"},{"link_name":"demography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demography"},{"link_name":"Ottoman imperial rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_empire"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kramerp128-15"},{"link_name":"Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_language"},{"link_name":"etymology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etymology"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kramerp128-15"},{"link_name":"Edward Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Robinson_(scholar)"},{"link_name":"Arab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab"},{"link_name":"fellahin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellahin"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Swedenburgp49-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Davisp6-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Macalisterp79-18"},{"link_name":"Western","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_world"},{"link_name":"British Mandate in Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandate_for_Palestine"},{"link_name":"League of Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Nations"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Swedenburgp49-16"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Hebraized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Hebraize"},{"link_name":"Biblical names","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_names"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miller29-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Swedenburgp50-8"}],"text":"The local population of Palestine used Semitic languages, such as Hebrew, Jewish Palestinian Aramaic, Christian Palestinian Aramaic, Samaritan Aramaic and Arabic for thousands of years.[10] Almost all place names in the region have Semitic roots, with only a few place names being of Latin origin, and hardly any of Greek or Turkish origins.[10] The Semitic roots of the oldest names continued to be used by the local population, though during classical antiquity, many names underwent modifications due to the influence of local ruling elites well versed in Greek and Latin.[6]In his 4th-century work, the Onomasticon, Eusebius of Caesarea provides a listing of the place-names of Palestine with geographical and historical commentary, and his text was later translated into Latin and edited and corrected by Jerome.[11]Following the Arab conquest of the Levant, many of the pre-classical Semitic names were revived, though often the spelling and pronunciation differed. Of course, for places where the old name had been lost or for new settlements established during this period, new Arabic names were coined.[6] Similar to this, two thousand years before, the non-Semitic-speaking Philistine inhabitants of the southern Levant in the Late Bronze Age kept the West-Semitic names of the Canaanite towns they had inherited.[12]According to Roy Marom and Ran Zadok, the general outlines of the Palestinian nomenclature of space were well developed, by the 16th century, \"instead of being the more recent linguistic product of later centuries as previously thought.\" Palestinian place-names \"traditionally regarded as the product of modern Palestinian rural society, reflect instead a long-lasting linguistic continuity of the country’s Arabic speaking village communities.\"[13] A local study of place-names around Hamama has shown that Palestinian toponymy contained a limited stratum of pre-Ottoman place-names, to which residents added new toponyms, referring in cases to families living in or around the village.[14]European travelers composed travel accounts describing its topography and demography. However, even in last century of Ottoman imperial rule, there was still much confusion over the place names in Palestine.[15] Existing Turkish transliterations of the Arabic and Arabicized names made identification and study into the etymology of the place names even more challenging.[15]Edward Robinson identified more than 100 biblical place names in Palestine, by pursuing his belief that linguistic analysis of the place names used by the Arab fellahin would reveal preserved traces of their ancient roots.[16][17] The PEF's Names and Places in the Old and New Testaments and the Apocrypha, with their Modern Identifications (1895) lists more than 1,150 place names related to the Old Testament and 162 related to the New, most of which are located in Palestine.[18] These surveys by Robinson the PEF, and other Western biblical geographers in late 19th and early 20th centuries, also eventually contributed to the shape of the borders delineated for the British Mandate in Palestine, as proposed by the League of Nations.[16]With the establishment of Israel, in parts of Palestine, many place names have since been Hebraized or are referred to by their revived Biblical names.[6] In some cases, even sites with only Arabic names and no pre-existing ancient Hebrew names or associations have been given new Hebrew names.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"oronyms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oronym_(toponomastics)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Yohanan Aharoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yohanan_Aharoni"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cansdale111-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cansdale111-20"},{"link_name":"Second Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Temple_period"},{"link_name":"Mishnaic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mishnah"},{"link_name":"Talmudic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talmud"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-21"},{"link_name":"Byzantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Leibnerp395-22"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Jaffa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaffa"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-13"}],"sub_title":"Preservation","text":"A systematic study of place-names showed very high levels of pre-modern name preservation rates along the Eastern Mediterranean highland chain, primarily of site names, and oronyms.[19] The preservation of place names \"with amazing consistency\" is noted by Yohanan Aharoni in The Land of the Bible (1979).[20] He attributes this continuity to the common Semitic background of Palestine's local inhabitants throughout the ages, and the fact that place names tended to reflect extant agricultural features at the site in question.[20] According to Aharoni, 190 out of the 475 placenames in the southern Levant may be identified based on name preservation. Ahituv wrote that out of the 358 placenames referenced in the Book of Joshua, he was able to identify 149 (41%) of them using this method. On the same time, out of the 450 names mentioned, names from Second Temple, Mishnaic, and Talmudic sources, roughly 75% have been preserved.[21]According to Uzi Leibner, this preservation of names is \"a function of continuity of settlement at the site itself, or at least in the immediate region\", and most of the sites in question were inhabited during the Byzantine and Middle Islamic[clarification needed] periods.[22]A study of place-name preservation between Jerusalem and Jaffa (1550-2000 CE), found that the lowest levels of preservation of recorded toponyms were in the lowlands (20–25%), while the highlands werecharacterized by much higher preservation rate of 40%–60%.[13]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Linguistic roots"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Beersheba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beersheba"},{"link_name":"En Gedi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/En_Gedi"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rastp25-23"}],"sub_title":"Water sources","text":"Agricultural features are common to roots of place names in Palestine. For example, some place names incorporate the Semitic root for \"spring\" or \"cistern\", such as Beersheba or Bir as 'Saba, (\"be'er\" and \"bir\" meaning \"well\" in Hebrew and Arabic respectively) and En Gedi or 'Ayn Jeddi (\"en\" and \"'ayn\" meaning \"spring\" in Hebrew and Arabic respectively).[23]","title":"Linguistic roots"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Second Temple period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Temple_period"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-21"}],"sub_title":"Features","text":"Haim ben-david notes that the word \"caphar\" appears just once in the Hebrew Bible (for Cephar-ammoni) but much more frequently in later sources, which implies it is of Aramaic origin and was introduced to the area only during the Second Temple period.[21]","title":"Linguistic roots"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anat"},{"link_name":"'Anata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Anata"},{"link_name":"Anathoth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anathoth"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hittip120-24"},{"link_name":"Beit Shemesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beit_Shemesh"},{"link_name":"sun-deity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_deity"},{"link_name":"Šamaš","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ama%C5%A1"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-25"}],"sub_title":"Deities","text":"Other place names preserve the names of Semitic gods and goddesses from ancient times. For example, the name of the goddess Anat survives in the name of the village of 'Anata, believed to be site of the ancient city of Anathoth.[24] The name Beit Shemesh means ‘House [of] Šamaš’, indicating that it was a site of worship of the Canaanite sun-deity Šapaš/Šamaš.[25]","title":"Linguistic roots"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_(ancient_city)"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-27"},{"link_name":"Jordan river","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_river"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burckhardt-28"},{"link_name":"Capitolias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitolias"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lenzen-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Princeton-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JVL-31"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-27"},{"link_name":"Ladder of Tyre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladder_of_Tyre"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-27"}],"sub_title":"Direct translations","text":"In some cases the original name was simply translated, such as the ancient city of Dan (Hebrew: דן, \"judge\") which turned into the Arabic Tell el-Qadi, \"mound of the judge\".[26][27] However, the original name of the city was preserved in the nearby source of the Jordan river, which had the name \"Dhan\" (Arabic: ضان).[28]Other examples are the names of Capitolias, which was referred to in the 6th century Talmud in Aramaic as Bet Reisha, and was later translated to Arabic as Beit Ras,[29][30][31][27] and the Ladder of Tyre, also known in Rabbinic literature as Lavanan or Lavlavan (from the Hebrew: לבן, \"white\"), was later translated into Arabic as Ras el-Bayda (White head), and into Latin by the Crusaders, as Album Promontorium.[27]","title":"Linguistic roots"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hebron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebron"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-27"}],"sub_title":"Exceptions","text":"Yehuda Elitzor observes that in the majority of cases, Arabic-speakers did not give new names to places where their original names were known and existing; an exception is the city of Hebron, for which its historic name was replaced by the Arabic name \"Khalil al-Rahman\"; he suggests that the new name was lifted from a tradition prevalent among the Jews of Hebron.[27]","title":"Linguistic roots"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ח","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heth"},{"link_name":"Ḥāʾ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heth#Arabic_%E1%B8%A5%C4%81%CA%BE"},{"link_name":"Ḫāʾ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B8%AA%C4%81%CA%BE"},{"link_name":"'Ayn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayin#Arabic_%CA%BFAyn"},{"link_name":"Beth Horon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethoron"},{"link_name":"Beit 'Ur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beit_Ur_al-Fauqa"},{"link_name":"Beit Hanina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beit_Hanina"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guerin394-32"},{"link_name":"Ayin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayin"},{"link_name":"Aleph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleph"},{"link_name":"Endor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endor_(village)"},{"link_name":"Indur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indur"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-27"},{"link_name":"ת","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EF%AC%A8"},{"link_name":"Hamma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hama"},{"link_name":"Aqraba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqraba,_Nablus"},{"link_name":"Nazareth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazareth"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"text":"The Hebrew letter Ḥet (ח) is correctly Ḥāʾ (ح) in Arabic, though frequently also Ḫāʾ(خ), and sometimes 'Ayn (ع) takes its place (as happened in Beth Horon > Beit 'Ur). Guerin noted that in his time, Beit Hanina was sometimes referred to as Bayt 'Anina.[32]Another similar case is the shift from 'Ayin ([ʕ], Hebrew: ע, Arabic: ع) into Aleph ([ʔ], Hebrew: א, Arabic: ا), even though both sounds exist in Arabic. For instance, the Biblical name Endor (עין דור, using [ʕ]) was changed to Indur (إندور, using [ʔ]). The Jews of Galilee (specifically in Haifa, Beth-shean and Tiv'on) were already \"producing Ayins as Alephs,\" according to rabbinic literature, which already makes notice of this shift.[27]The Hebrew suffix t (ת) tends to drop from Hebrew to Arabic, as in Ḥammat > al-Ḥamme (for Hamma), ‛Aqrabat > ‛Aqraba (for Aqraba), and Nāṣrat > en-Nāṣre (for Nazareth).[33]","title":"Linguistic conversion"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Identification methods"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pritchard-34"},{"link_name":"fellahin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellah"},{"link_name":"Clermont-Ganneau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Simon_Clermont-Ganneau"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Beit Hanina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beit_Hanina"},{"link_name":"battle of Adasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Adasa"},{"link_name":"Bir Nabala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bir_Nabala"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"sub_title":"Conversations with fellahin","text":"The vast majority of place-name identifications are made upon their similarity to existing Palestinian Arabic place names, or else upon the assessment of other geographical information provided by the Biblical texts.[34]Many of the local names were learned by the explorers by asking the local fellahin.Clermont-Ganneau noted that the fellahin women were more ancient in their habits, attire, and language and frequently had greater knowledge of names than the fellahin men, which occasionally prompted the men to respond violently.[35]Occasionally, the same geographic feature could go by several names among the locals. The valley next to Khirbet 'Adaseh, north of Jerusalem, was referred to as Wady ed-Dumm, \"Valley of Blood\" by the people of Beit Hanina (which some have claimed got its name from being the location of the battle of Adasa), and Wady 'Adaseh by the people of Bir Nabala.[36]","title":"Identification methods"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James B. Pritchard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_B._Pritchard"},{"link_name":"Hebrew Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_Bible"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pritchard-34"},{"link_name":"Gezer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gezer"},{"link_name":"Beit She'an","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beit_She%27an"},{"link_name":"Seti I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seti_I"},{"link_name":"Beisan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beisan"},{"link_name":"Lachish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lachish"},{"link_name":"Lachish lettersfound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lachish_letters"},{"link_name":"Gibeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibeon_(ancient_city)"},{"link_name":"Al Jib jar handles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jib_jar_handles"},{"link_name":"Hershel Shanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hershel_Shanks"},{"link_name":"Tel Arad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Arad"},{"link_name":"Tel Hazor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Hazor"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Ekron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekron"},{"link_name":"Ekron Royal Dedicatory Inscription","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekron_Royal_Dedicatory_Inscription"}],"sub_title":"Archaeological findings","text":"James B. Pritchard wrote in 1959 that of the thousands of ancient places throughout Palestine known by name from the Hebrew Bible and historical sources, only four had then been identified based on inscriptions found during archaeological excavations at the respective locations:[34] Gezer (boundary stones near Tell el-Jazari), Beit She'an (an Egyptian stela of Seti I found at Beisan), Lachish (the Lachish lettersfound at Tell ed-Duweir) and Gibeon (the Al Jib jar handles). Hershel Shanks wrote in 1983 that Gezer was the first of these, and that Tel Arad and Tel Hazor have also been identified in this manner.[37] In 1996, the location of Ekron was supported with the discovery of the Ekron Royal Dedicatory Inscription.","title":"Identification methods"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Evolution of names, a selection"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indur"},{"link_name":"1948 Arab–Israeli war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_war"},{"link_name":"Endor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endor_(village)"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Negevp166-38"},{"link_name":"Khirbet Safsafa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khirbet_Safsafa"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Freedmanp406-39"},{"link_name":"Yodfat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yodfat"},{"link_name":"First Jewish-Roman War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Jewish-Roman_War"}],"sub_title":"Galilee","text":"Indur: Depopulated during the 1948 Arab–Israeli war, this village preserves the name of the ancient Canaanite city of Endor.[38] Though the precise location of the ancient site remains a source of debate, the preferred candidate lies 1 kilometer northeast of Indur, a site known as Khirbet Safsafa.[39]\nYodfat: A Jewish town in the Galilee destroyed in the First Jewish-Roman War, when it was known as Jotapata (Yodfat). Before the establishment of Israel, its site was known as Shifat, Kh.","title":"Evolution of names, a selection"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Battir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battir"},{"link_name":"Bar Kokhba revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt"},{"link_name":"Betar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betar_(fortress)"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Glassp279-40"},{"link_name":"Beit Ur al-Fauqa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beit_Ur_al-Fauqa"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Beit Ur al-Tahta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beit_Ur_al-Tahta"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Egypto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Canaanite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaanite_religion"},{"link_name":"deity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deity"},{"link_name":"Ugaritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugarit"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bethoron-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Albright-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gray-43"},{"link_name":"El-Azariyeh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El-Azariyeh"},{"link_name":"Bethany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethany"},{"link_name":"Lazarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazarus_of_Bethany"},{"link_name":"Jib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jib"},{"link_name":"Gibeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibeon_(ancient_city)"},{"link_name":"Hebron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebron"},{"link_name":"Abraham the Patriarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham"},{"link_name":"Lifta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifta"},{"link_name":"Book of Joshua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Joshua"},{"link_name":"Ramallah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramallah"},{"link_name":"Mizpah in Benjamin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mizpah_in_Benjamin"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Tuqu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teqoa"}],"sub_title":"Judaean Mountains","text":"Battir: During the Bar Kokhba revolt, this site was known as Betar.[40] Its Arabic name Battir is evidently related to the ancient name. The village was also identified by an ancient mound in the vicinity called Khirbet el-Yahud (\"ruin of the Jews\").\nBeit Ur al-Fauqa (Arabic: بيت عور الفوقة, \"Upper house of straw\") and Beit Ur al-Tahta (Arabic: بيت عور التحتى, \"Lower house of straw\") preserve parts of the original Canaanite names for these sites: Bethoron Elyon (\"Upper Bethoron\"), and Bethoron Tahton (\"Lower Bethoron\"). Bethoron means the \"House of Horon\", named for the Egypto-Canaanite deity Horon mentioned in Ugaritic literature and other texts.[41][42][43]\nEl-Azariyeh: The town of Bethany, so-called because of its most notable citizen, Lazarus.\nJib: Al-Jib preserves the name of its ancient predecessor, Gibeon.\nHebron: Hebron is known in Arabic as \"al-Khalil\", so-called after Abraham the Patriarch who was called the \"friend\" (Ar. \"khalil\") of God.\nLifta: Commonly identified as the biblical site of Nephtoah, mentioned in the Book of Joshua (15:9; 18:15).\nRamallah: Commonly identified as the biblical site of Mizpah in Benjamin.[44]\nTuqu: The Arabicized form of the name Teqoa, mentioned several times in the Bible.","title":"Evolution of names, a selection"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"'Aīd el Mâ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adullam"},{"link_name":"Beit Guvrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beit_Guvrin,_Israel"},{"link_name":"kibbutz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kibbutz"},{"link_name":"Lakhish region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakhish_region"},{"link_name":"Bayt Jibrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayt_Jibrin"},{"link_name":"1948 Arab–Israeli war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_war"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sharon-45"},{"link_name":"Eleutheropolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayt_Jibrin"},{"link_name":"Tabula Peutingeriana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabula_Peutingeriana"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Robinsonp67-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacalister1911263-47"},{"link_name":"Talmud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talmud"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Richard-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Beit Shemesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beit_Shemesh"},{"link_name":"Haredi Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haredi_Judaism"},{"link_name":"ruins of an ancient city of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Beit_Shemesh"},{"link_name":"Canaanite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaanite_religion"},{"link_name":"sun-deity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_deity"},{"link_name":"Šamaš","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ama%C5%A1"},{"link_name":"Levitical city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levitical_city"},{"link_name":"Assyrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sennacherib%27s_campaign_in_the_Levant"},{"link_name":"Babylonian conquest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judah%27s_revolts_against_Babylon"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-25"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Dayr Aban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayr_Aban"},{"link_name":"Yalo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yalo"},{"link_name":"1967 war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six-Day_War"},{"link_name":"Aijalon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aijalon"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Robinsonp253-53"}],"sub_title":"Shephelah","text":"'Aīd el Mâ: Commonly identified as the biblical site of Adullam, mentioned in 1 Samuel 22:2.\nBeit Guvrin: a modern kibbutz in the Lakhish region, which was built near the site of Bayt Jibrin, an Arab village depopulated during the 1948 Arab–Israeli war. This village was originally known by the Aramaic name Beth Gabra (\"house of the strong men\").[45] The Romans gave it the Greek name of Eleutheropolis (\"city of the free\") but it is nonetheless listed in the Tabula Peutingeriana of 393 AD as Beitogabri.\".[46][47] In the Talmud, its name is transcribed as Beit Gubrin (or Guvrin). The Crusaders referred to it as Bethgibelin or simply Gibelin.[48] Its Arabic name Beit Jibrin (\"house of the powerful\") is derived from the original Aramaic name.[49]\nBeit Shemesh: Today a majority Haredi Jewish city, established near the ruins of an ancient city of the same name. Its name translates as \"House [of] Šamaš’\", which indicates it was a site of worship of the Canaanite sun-deity Šapaš/Šamaš. The Israelites controlled the town for a while during the Iron Age, turning it into a Levitical city (Josh 21:16), but never changing its pagan name. Even though it was destroyed during the Assyrian/Babylonian conquest approx. 2500 years ago, the biblical name was preserved in the nearby spring, ˁēn šams, ‘Spring [of] Šamaš’.[25][50][51][52]\nDayr Aban: Literally, \"Monastery of Aban,\" thought by historical geographers to be the biblical Abenezer, mentioned in 1 Samuel 4:1, and located 3 kilometers east of `Ain Shems (Beit Shemesh).\nYalo: Destroyed during the 1967 war, this village was originally known by the Canaanite name Aijalon. The Arabic name Yalu, by which it was known for centuries, is derived from the Canaanite original.[53]","title":"Evolution of names, a selection"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jenin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenin"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-War-56"},{"link_name":"Nablus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nablus"},{"link_name":"Shechem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shechem"},{"link_name":"Seilun, Kh.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiloh_(biblical_city)"},{"link_name":"tell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tell_(archaeology)"},{"link_name":"Modern Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Hebrew"}],"sub_title":"Samarian Hills","text":"Jenin: Jenin is identified with the biblical towns of Ein Ganim and Beth-Haggan.[54] In Hellenistic and Roman times, it was known as Ginat or Ginae.[55][56] The Arabicized name Jenin derived from the original.\nNablus: Originally named Mabartha or Mamorpha, the town was renamed to Flavia Neapolis after 72 AD by the Romans who had destroyed the nearby ancient city of Shechem (which is located in the current city of Nablus); in 636 AD, it was conquered by the Arabs, who Arabicized its name to Nablus.\nSeilun, Kh.: A Middle and Late Bronze Age Canaanite city and a central Israelite cultic site, recorded as Shiloh in the four books of the Bible (Joshua, Judges, 1 Samuel, and Psalms). The tell comprising the ruins of the ancient town is known is Modern Hebrew as Tel Shiloh.","title":"Evolution of names, a selection"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Deir Hajla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deir_Hajla"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Jericho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jericho"},{"link_name":"Josippon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josippon"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Milgromp127-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bromileyp1136-62"},{"link_name":"Jebel Quruntul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jebel_Quruntul"},{"link_name":"St Helena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena,_mother_of_Constantine_I"}],"sub_title":"Jordan Valley","text":"Deir Hajla: The site of the ancient Beth-ḥagla mentioned in Joshua 15:6.[57][58][59][60]\nJericho: Known among the local inhabitants as Ariha (Ar-riha, meaning \"fragrance\"), it is described in the 10th century Book of Josippon, as \"Jericho: City of Fragrance\" (ir hareah).[61] It is thought that the current name is derived from the Canaanite name Yareah, meaning \"moon\".[62]\nJebel Quruntul: Originally a Semitic name (possibly Dagon) preserved in the Hellenistic fortress name Dok, renamed Quarantana & related names in Latin to reflect the belief that St Helena had identified a cave there as the place Jesus fasted for 40 days, preserved as Arabic Quruntul and Hebrew Qarantal.","title":"Evolution of names, a selection"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kafr 'Ana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafr_%27Ana"},{"link_name":"Qal'at Ras el-'Ain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipatris"},{"link_name":"Rosh HaAyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosh_HaAyin"},{"link_name":"Yarkon River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarkon_River"},{"link_name":"Qamun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Yokneam"},{"link_name":"tell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tell_(archaeology)"},{"link_name":"Mount Carmel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Carmel"},{"link_name":"Cain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cain"},{"link_name":"Tulkarm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulkarm"},{"link_name":"Yahudiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahudiya"},{"link_name":"Al-'Abbasiyya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-%27Abbasiyya"},{"link_name":"Book of Joshua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Joshua"},{"link_name":"Yazur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazur"},{"link_name":"Assyrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_empire"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Masperop288-63"}],"sub_title":"Coastal plain","text":"Kafr 'Ana: The Arabicized form of the name Ono, a Canaanite town mentioned in 1 Chronicles 8:12.\nQal'at Ras el-'Ain: Literally, \"the Castle of the Fountain-head,\" or what was formerly called Antipatris (a site near Rosh HaAyin), at the source of the Yarkon River, also known as Nahr Abū Fuṭrus (a corruption of Antipatris).\nQamun: A tell near Mount Carmel. Qamun's original name was the Israelite Yokneam, from which the Arabic Qamun (meaning \"cumin\") was derived. Before Israelite times the Canaanite city was probably called En-qn'mu' as it appears in Egyptian sources. The Romans called it Cammona and Cimona, while the Crusaders called it Caymont and also Cains Mon (\"Cain's Mountain\") reflecting a popular local tradition that Cain was slain nearby.\nTulkarm: Founded in the 3rd century AD as Berat Soreqa, its name in Aramaic was Tur Karma, meaning \"mount of the vineyards\". This name was then Arabicized to Tul Karem.\nYahudiya (known as Al-'Abbasiyya since 1932) means \"the Jewish (city)\" and is thought to be related to the biblical town of Yahud, mentioned in the Book of Joshua.\nYazur: Depopulated prior to the 1948 war, the village's name in the 8th and 7th centuries BC is recorded in Assyrian texts as Azuru.[63]","title":"Evolution of names, a selection"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"exodus of 1948","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Palestinian_exodus"},{"link_name":"Arab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab"},{"link_name":"Palestinians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_people"},{"link_name":"destroyed Arab villages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_depopulated_during_the_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sylomovicsp202-64"}],"text":"Since the exodus of 1948, Arab Palestinians have begun a tradition of naming their daughters after destroyed Arab villages.[64]","title":"Use of place names as personal names"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Macalister, R.A. Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Alexander_Stewart_Macalister"},{"link_name":"\"Eleutheropolis\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Eleutheropolis"},{"link_name":"Chisholm, Hugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm"},{"link_name":"Encyclopædia Britannica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition"}],"text":"Macalister, R.A. Stewart (1911), \"Eleutheropolis\" , in Chisholm, Hugh (ed.), Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 9 (11th ed.), Cambridge University Press, p. 263","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Benvenisti, Meron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meron_Benvenisti"},{"link_name":"Sacred Landscape: The Buried History of the Holy Land Since 1948","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/sacredlandscapeb00benvrich"},{"link_name":"University of California Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-520-21154-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-21154-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8028-3782-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3782-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-16-146719-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-16-146719-6"},{"link_name":"Cheyne, Thomas Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Kelly_Cheyne"},{"link_name":"Macmillan Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers"},{"link_name":"Oxford University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-516710-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-516710-8"},{"link_name":"Ellenblum, Ronnie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronnie_Ellenblum"},{"link_name":"Cambridge University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-521-52187-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52187-1"},{"link_name":"Freedman, David Noel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Noel_Freedman"},{"link_name":"Eerdmans dictionary of the Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/eerdmansdictiona0000unse"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8028-2400-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2400-4"},{"link_name":"Hitti, Philip Khûri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Khuri_Hitti"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-931956-60-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-931956-60-4"},{"link_name":"Flavius, Josephus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-14-044420-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-044420-3"},{"link_name":"Wayne State University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_State_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8143-2842-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8143-2842-2"},{"link_name":"Khalidi, Walid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walid_Khalidi"},{"link_name":"Washington D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_D.C."},{"link_name":"Institute for Palestine Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Palestine_Studies"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-88728-224-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88728-224-5"},{"link_name":"A History of Palestine: From the Ottoman Conquest to the Founding of the State of Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/historyofpalesti00krea"},{"link_name":"Princeton University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-691-11897-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-11897-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9783161498718","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783161498718"},{"link_name":"Macalister, R.A. Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._A._Stewart_Macalister"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-405-10265-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-405-10265-3"},{"link_name":"Maspero, Gaston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_Maspero"},{"link_name":"Sayce, Archibald Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archibald_Sayce"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7661-7935-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7661-7935-6"},{"link_name":"Milgrom, Jacob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Milgrom"},{"link_name":"Freedman, David Noel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Noel_Freedman"},{"link_name":"Eisenbrauns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisenbrauns"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-931464-87-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-931464-87-4"},{"link_name":"Negev, Avraham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avraham_Negev"},{"link_name":"Gibson, Shimon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimon_Gibson"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8264-8571-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-8571-7"},{"link_name":"Continuum International Publishing Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuum_International_Publishing_Group"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-56338-055-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56338-055-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-57506-083-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-083-5"},{"link_name":"Richard, Jean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Richard_(historian)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-521-62566-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-62566-1"},{"link_name":"Robinson, Edward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Robinson_(scholar)"},{"link_name":"Smith, Eli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eli_Smith"},{"link_name":"Sharon, Moshe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moshe_Sharon"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"90-04-11083-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-11083-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8122-1525-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-1525-0"},{"link_name":"University of Arkansas Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Arkansas_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-55728-763-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55728-763-2"}],"text":"Benvenisti, Meron; Kaufman-Lacusta, Maxine (2000), Sacred Landscape: The Buried History of the Holy Land Since 1948, University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-21154-4\nBromiley, Geoffrey W. (1995), The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: E-J, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, ISBN 978-0-8028-3782-0\nCansdale, Lena (1997), Qumran and the Essenes: A Re-evaluation of the Evidence, Mohr Siebeck, ISBN 978-3-16-146719-6\nCheyne, Thomas Kelly; Black, John Sutherland (1902), Encyclopædia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political and Religious History, the Archæology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible, Macmillan Company\nDavis, Thomas W. (2004), Shifting Sands: The Rise and Fall of Biblical Archaeology, Oxford University Press US, ISBN 978-0-19-516710-8\nEllenblum, Ronnie (2003), Frankish Rural Settlement in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-52187-1\nFreedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C.; Beck, Astrid B. (2000), Eerdmans dictionary of the Bible (Illustrated ed.), Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, ISBN 978-0-8028-2400-4\nHitti, Philip Khûri (2002), History of Syria: Including Lebanon and Palestine, Gorgias Press LLC, ISBN 978-1-931956-60-4\nFlavius, Josephus (1981), The Jewish War, Penguin Books, ISBN 0-14-044420-3\nGlass, Joseph B. (2002), From New Zion to Old Zion: American Jewish Immigration and Settlement in Palestine, 1917-1939, Wayne State University Press, ISBN 978-0-8143-2842-2\nKhalidi, Walid (1992), All That Remains, Washington D.C.: Institute for Palestine Studies, ISBN 0-88728-224-5\nKrämer, Gudrun; Harman, Graham (2008), A History of Palestine: From the Ottoman Conquest to the Founding of the State of Israel, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0-691-11897-0\nLeibner, Uzi (2009), Settlement and History in Hellenistic, Roman, and Byzantine Galilee: An Archaeological Survey of the Eastern Galilee (illustrated ed.), Mohr Siebeck, ISBN 9783161498718\nMacalister, R.A. Stewart (1977), A Century of Excavation in Palestine, Ayer Publishing, ISBN 978-0-405-10265-3\nMaspero, Gaston; Sayce, Archibald Henry; McClure, M. L. (1900), Passing of the Empires 850 BC to 330 BC: 850 B.C. to 330 B.C, Kessinger Publishing, ISBN 978-0-7661-7935-6\nMilgrom, Jacob; Wright, David Pearson; Freedman, David Noel; Hurvitz, Avi (1995), Pomegranates and Golden Bells: Studies in Biblical, Jewish, and Near Eastern Ritual, Law, and Literature in Honor of Jacob Milgrom, Eisenbrauns, ISBN 978-0-931464-87-4\nMiller, James Maxwell; Hayes, John Haralson (1986), History of Ancient Israel and Judah, Westminster John Knox Press\nNegev, Avraham; Gibson, Shimon (2005), Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land (Illustrated, revised ed.), Continuum International Publishing Group, ISBN 978-0-8264-8571-7\nRast, Walter E. (1992), Through the Ages in Palestinian Archaeology: An Introductory Handbook, Continuum International Publishing Group, ISBN 978-1-56338-055-6\nRichard, Suzanne (2003), Near Eastern Archaeology: A Reader, EISENBRAUNS, ISBN 978-1-57506-083-5\nRichard, Jean (2001) [1921], The Crusaders c1071-c1291, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-62566-1\nRobinson, Edward; Smith, Eli (1860), Biblical Researches in Palestine and Adjacent Regions: A Journal of Travel in the Year 1838, Crocker and Brewster\nSharon, Moshe (1997), Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum Palaestinae, ISBN 90-04-11083-6\nSlyomovics, Susan (1998), The Object of Memory: Arab and Jew Narrate the Palestinian Village, University of Pennsylvania Press, ISBN 978-0-8122-1525-0\nSwedenburg, Ted (2003), Memories of Revolt: The 1936-1939 Rebellion and the Palestinian National Past, University of Arkansas Press, ISBN 978-1-55728-763-2","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"In 1639, Thomas Fuller's The Historie of the Holy Warre included \"A table shewing the varietie of place names in Palestine\", comparing the historical names of key Biblical locations.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Thomas_Fuller%2C_1639%2C_The_Historie_of_the_Holy_Warre%2C_Chapter_I_page_38%2C_%22A_table_shewing_the_varietie_of_place_names_in_Palestine%22.jpg/220px-Thomas_Fuller%2C_1639%2C_The_Historie_of_the_Holy_Warre%2C_Chapter_I_page_38%2C_%22A_table_shewing_the_varietie_of_place_names_in_Palestine%22.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Names of Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Names_of_Jerusalem"},{"title":"Hebraization of Palestinian place names","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebraization_of_Palestinian_place_names"},{"title":"List of modern names for biblical place names","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_modern_names_for_biblical_place_names"},{"title":"Language shift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_shift"},{"title":"Timeline of the name Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_name_Palestine"},{"title":"Glossary of Arabic toponyms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_Arabic_toponyms"}] | [{"reference":"Conder, C. R. (1881). Palmer, E. H. (ed.). \"Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists\". Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund: iv–v. To determine the exact meaning of Arabic topographical names is by no means easy. Some are descriptive of physical features, but even these are often either obsolete or distorted words. Others are derived from long since forgotten incidents, or owners whose memory has passed away. Others again are survivals of older Nabathean, Hebrew, Canaanite, and other names, either quite meaningless in Arabic, or having an Arabic form in which the original sound is perhaps more or less preserved, but the sense entirely lost. Occasionally Hebrew, especially Biblical and Talmudic names, remain scarcely altered.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp00conduoft/page/128/mode/1up?view=theater","url_text":"\"Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists\""}]},{"reference":"Swedenburg, Ted (31 December 2014). Memories of Revolt: The 1936–1939 Rebellion and the Palestinian National Past. University of Arkansas Press. p. 49. ISBN 9781610752633. Archived from the original on 15 March 2023. Retrieved 6 February 2022. Robinson concluded that the surest way to identify biblical place names in Palestine was to read the Bible conjointly with existing Arab nomenclature, and during a three-month stay in Palestine during 1839 used this method to identify over a hundred biblical sites.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=q7RTdcvtO2sC&pg=PA81","url_text":"Memories of Revolt: The 1936–1939 Rebellion and the Palestinian National Past"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781610752633","url_text":"9781610752633"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230315021653/https://books.google.com/books?id=q7RTdcvtO2sC&pg=PA81","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Shai, Itzhaq (2009) [04-2009]. \"Understanding Philistine Migration: City Names and Their Implications\". Bulletin of the American Society of Overseas Research. 354: 15–27. doi:10.1086/BASOR25609313. S2CID 163841157.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086/BASOR25609313","url_text":"\"Understanding Philistine Migration: City Names and Their Implications\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2FBASOR25609313","url_text":"10.1086/BASOR25609313"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163841157","url_text":"163841157"}]},{"reference":"Marom, Roy (2023). \"Early-Ottoman Palestinian Toponymy: A Linguistic Analysis of the (Micro-)Toponyms in Haseki Sultan's Endowment Deed (1552)\". Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins. 139 (2).","urls":[{"url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0cs6f5k5","url_text":"\"Early-Ottoman Palestinian Toponymy: A Linguistic Analysis of the (Micro-)Toponyms in Haseki Sultan's Endowment Deed (1552)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Arabic Toponymy around Ashkelon: The Village of Hamama as a Case Study\". escholarship.org. Retrieved 2024-04-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0h50791z","url_text":"\"Arabic Toponymy around Ashkelon: The Village of Hamama as a Case Study\""}]},{"reference":"Zadok, Ran (1997). \"A Preliminary Analysis of Ancient Survivals in Modern Palestinian Toponymy\". Mediterranean Language Review. 9: 93–171. ISSN 0724-7567. JSTOR 10.13173/medilangrevi.9.1997.0093.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.13173/medilangrevi.9.1997.0093","url_text":"\"A Preliminary Analysis of Ancient Survivals in Modern Palestinian Toponymy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0724-7567","url_text":"0724-7567"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.13173/medilangrevi.9.1997.0093","url_text":"10.13173/medilangrevi.9.1997.0093"}]},{"reference":"בן דוד, חיים (2001). דגני, אבי (ed.). השתמרות שמות יישובים קדומים ביהודה בהשוואה לגליל - היבטים גיאוגרפיים-היסטוריים (in Hebrew). Vol. 10. מכון המחקר, המכללה האקדמית יהודה ושומרון, אריאל. pp. 153–156. ISSN 0792-8416.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0792-8416","url_text":"0792-8416"}]},{"reference":"Agmon, Noam (2022-08-31). \"Tatami: the enigmatic toponym of Western Judah, and use of suffixes in dating toponyms\". Palestine Exploration Quarterly. 155 (4): 289–315. doi:10.1080/00310328.2022.2109320. ISSN 0031-0328. S2CID 251996394.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00310328.2022.2109320","url_text":"\"Tatami: the enigmatic toponym of Western Judah, and use of suffixes in dating toponyms\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00310328.2022.2109320","url_text":"10.1080/00310328.2022.2109320"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0031-0328","url_text":"0031-0328"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:251996394","url_text":"251996394"}]},{"reference":"Conder, C. R. (Claude Reignier); Palestine Exploration Fund; Kitchener, Horatio Herbert Kitchener; Palmer, Edward Henry (1881). The survey of Western Palestine : Arabic and English name lists collected during the survey. Robarts - University of Toronto. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund. pp. 5–7.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp00conduoft/page/n7/mode/1up?view=theater","url_text":"The survey of Western Palestine : Arabic and English name lists collected during the survey"}]},{"reference":"אליצור, יהודה (1999). \"ח'ליל אל-רחמן — חברון\" [Khalil al-Rahman — Hebron]. ישראל והמקרא: מחקרים גיאוגרפיים, היסטוריים והגותיים [Israel and the Bible: Studies in Geography, History and Biblical Thought] (in Hebrew) (2 ed.). רמת גן: הוצאת אוניברסיטת בר אילן. pp. 348–349. ISBN 965-226-228-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/965-226-228-5","url_text":"965-226-228-5"}]},{"reference":"Burckhardt, John Lewis (1822). Travels in Syria and the Holy Land. J. Murray. ISBN 978-1-4142-8338-8. The source of the Jordan, or as it is here called, Dhan (ضان), is at an hour and a quarter N. E. from Banias.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=R9N70FsNRNYC","url_text":"Travels in Syria and the Holy Land"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4142-8338-8","url_text":"978-1-4142-8338-8"}]},{"reference":"Lenzen, C. J.; Knauf, E. A. (June 7, 1987). \"Beit Ras/Capitolias. A preliminary evaluation of the archaeological and textual evidence\". Syria. Archéologie, Art et histoire. 64 (1): 21–46. doi:10.3406/syria.1987.7002. Archived from the original on May 6, 2019. Retrieved June 7, 2023 – via www.persee.fr.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.persee.fr/doc/syria_0039-7946_1987_num_64_1_7002","url_text":"\"Beit Ras/Capitolias. A preliminary evaluation of the archaeological and textual evidence\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fsyria.1987.7002","url_text":"10.3406/syria.1987.7002"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190506190659/https://www.persee.fr/doc/syria_0039-7946_1987_num_64_1_7002","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites, CABANES (\"Ildum\") Castellón, Spain., CALLEVA ATREBATUM (Silchester) Hampshire, England., CAPITOLIAS (Beit Ras) Jordan\". www.perseus.tufts.edu. Archived from the original on 2023-03-20. Retrieved 2023-06-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0006:alphabetic+letter=C:entry+group=2:entry=capitolias","url_text":"\"The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites, CABANES (\"Ildum\") Castellón, Spain., CALLEVA ATREBATUM (Silchester) Hampshire, England., CAPITOLIAS (Beit Ras) Jordan\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230320092723/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0006:alphabetic+letter%3DC:entry+group%3D2:entry%3Dcapitolias","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Jewish Virtual Library: \"Capitolias\"\". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2023-03-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0004_0_03932.html","url_text":"\"Jewish Virtual Library: \"Capitolias\"\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000756/https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0004_0_03932.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Pritchard, James B. (2015). \"Gibeon's History in the Light of Excavation\". Congress Volume Oxford 1959. Vetus Testamentum, Supplements. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-27530-0. ... identification of Gibeon with el-Jib has been made certain... The unusual circumstance of finding the ancient name of a city in the debris of occupation has occurred in only three other excavations in Palestine. An Egyptian stela of Seti I which was found at Beisan contains the name of Beth-shan; 3) the name Lachish appears in the text of one of the sixth-century letters found at Tell ed-Duweir; 4) and boundary stones found on the outskirts of Tell el-Jazari are inscribed with the name Gezer. 5) All other identifications of ancient sites are based either upon the assumption that the ancient name has preserved itself in the modern Arabic place name or upon geographic references in biblical or other ancient texts which are supported by the evidence of occupation during the periods to which the texts allude.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_B._Pritchard","url_text":"Pritchard, James B."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Ged5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA2","url_text":"\"Gibeon's History in the Light of Excavation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-27530-0","url_text":"978-90-04-27530-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seti_I","url_text":"Seti I"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beisan","url_text":"Beisan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lachish","url_text":"Lachish"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gezer","url_text":"Gezer"}]},{"reference":"Masterman, E. W. G. (1913-07-01). \"Tell El-Fūl and Khurbet 'Adāseh\". Palestine Exploration Quarterly. 45 (3): 132–137. doi:10.1179/peq.1913.45.3.132. ISSN 0031-0328.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1179/peq.1913.45.3.132","url_text":"\"Tell El-Fūl and Khurbet 'Adāseh\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1179%2Fpeq.1913.45.3.132","url_text":"10.1179/peq.1913.45.3.132"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0031-0328","url_text":"0031-0328"}]},{"reference":"Eugenio Alliata (2000-12-19), Bethoron (Bayt Ur), Studium Biblicum Franciscanum, archived from the original on 2008-08-29, retrieved 2007-09-12","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080829185744/http://www.christusrex.org/www1/ofm/mad/discussion/062discuss.html","url_text":"Bethoron (Bayt Ur)"},{"url":"http://www.christusrex.org/www1/ofm/mad/discussion/062discuss.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"William Albright (December 1941), \"The Egypt-Canaanite God Haurôn\", Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, No. 84 (84): 7–12, JSTOR 1355138","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_F._Albright","url_text":"William Albright"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1355138","url_text":"1355138"}]},{"reference":"John Gray (January 1949), \"The Canaanite God Horon\", Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 8 (1): 27–34, doi:10.1086/370902, JSTOR 542437, S2CID 162067028","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F370902","url_text":"10.1086/370902"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/542437","url_text":"542437"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162067028","url_text":"162067028"}]},{"reference":"\"Ramallah | Palestine, Map, History, & Population | Britannica\". www.britannica.com. 2023-11-08. Retrieved 2023-11-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/place/Ramallah","url_text":"\"Ramallah | Palestine, Map, History, & Population | Britannica\""}]},{"reference":"Tzori, Nehemia (1972-07-01). \"New Light on En-Gannim\". Palestine Exploration Quarterly. 104 (2): 134–138. doi:10.1179/peq.1972.104.2.134. ISSN 0031-0328.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1179/peq.1972.104.2.134","url_text":"\"New Light on En-Gannim\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1179%2Fpeq.1972.104.2.134","url_text":"10.1179/peq.1972.104.2.134"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0031-0328","url_text":"0031-0328"}]},{"reference":"Safrai, Zeev (2018). Seeking out the Land: Land of Israel traditions in ancient Jewish, Christian and Samaritan literature (200 BCE-400 CE). Leiden. ISBN 978-90-04-33482-3. OCLC 1022977764.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1022977764","url_text":"Seeking out the Land: Land of Israel traditions in ancient Jewish, Christian and Samaritan literature (200 BCE-400 CE)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-33482-3","url_text":"978-90-04-33482-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1022977764","url_text":"1022977764"}]},{"reference":"Josephus Flavius. \"Jewish War, Book 3, Chapter 3:4-5\". Fordham.edu. Archived from the original on 2012-10-05. Retrieved 2012-12-31 – via Ancient History Sourcebook: Josephus (37 – after 93 CE): Galilee, Samaria, and Judea in the First Century AD. Now as to the country of Samaria, it lies between Judea and Galilee; it begins at a village that is in the great plain called Ginea, and ends at the Acrabbene toparchy, and is entirely of the same nature with Judea","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/josephus-wara.html","url_text":"\"Jewish War, Book 3, Chapter 3:4-5\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121005142158/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/josephus-wara.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Aharoni, Y. (1979). The Land of the Bible: A Historical Geography (2 ed.). Philadelphia: Westminster Press. p. 432. ISBN 0664242669. OCLC 6250553.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yohanan_Aharoni","url_text":"Aharoni, Y."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0664242669","url_text":"0664242669"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/6250553","url_text":"6250553"}]},{"reference":"Avi-Yonah, M. (1976). Gazetteer of Roman Palestine, Qedem - Monographs of the Institute of Archaeology [5]. Vol. 2. Jerusalem: Hebrew University of Jerusalem. p. 39. Archived from the original on 2023-01-10. Retrieved 2019-05-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Avi-Yonah","url_text":"Avi-Yonah, M."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kp8LAAAAIAAJ","url_text":"Gazetteer of Roman Palestine, Qedem - Monographs of the Institute of Archaeology [5]"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_University_of_Jerusalem","url_text":"Hebrew University of Jerusalem"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230110111135/https://books.google.com/books?id=kp8LAAAAIAAJ","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Tsafrir, Y.; Leah Di Segni; Judith Green (1994). (TIR): Tabula Imperii Romani. Iudaea, Palestina: Eretz Israel in the Hellenistic, Roman and Byzantine Periods; Maps and Gazetteer. Jerusalem: Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities. p. 79. ISBN 965-208-107-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoram_Tsafrir","url_text":"Tsafrir, Y."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8XJtAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"(TIR): Tabula Imperii Romani. Iudaea, Palestina: Eretz Israel in the Hellenistic, Roman and Byzantine Periods; Maps and Gazetteer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Humanities","url_text":"Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/965-208-107-8","url_text":"965-208-107-8"}]},{"reference":"Chapmann III, R.L.; Taylor, J.E., eds. (2003). Palestine in the Fourth Century A.D.: The Onomasticon by Eusebius of Caesarea. Translated by G.S.P. Freeman-Grenville. Jerusalem: Carta. p. 135. ISBN 965-220-500-1. OCLC 937002750.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_E._Taylor","url_text":"Taylor, J.E."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/965-220-500-1","url_text":"965-220-500-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/937002750","url_text":"937002750"}]},{"reference":"Macalister, R.A. Stewart (1911), \"Eleutheropolis\" , in Chisholm, Hugh (ed.), Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 9 (11th ed.), Cambridge University Press, p. 263","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Alexander_Stewart_Macalister","url_text":"Macalister, R.A. Stewart"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Eleutheropolis","url_text":"\"Eleutheropolis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"Benvenisti, Meron; Kaufman-Lacusta, Maxine (2000), Sacred Landscape: The Buried History of the Holy Land Since 1948, University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-21154-4","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meron_Benvenisti","url_text":"Benvenisti, Meron"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sacredlandscapeb00benvrich","url_text":"Sacred Landscape: The Buried History of the Holy Land Since 1948"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California_Press","url_text":"University of California Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-21154-4","url_text":"978-0-520-21154-4"}]},{"reference":"Bromiley, Geoffrey W. (1995), The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: E-J, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, ISBN 978-0-8028-3782-0","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3782-0","url_text":"978-0-8028-3782-0"}]},{"reference":"Cansdale, Lena (1997), Qumran and the Essenes: A Re-evaluation of the Evidence, Mohr Siebeck, ISBN 978-3-16-146719-6","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-16-146719-6","url_text":"978-3-16-146719-6"}]},{"reference":"Cheyne, Thomas Kelly; Black, John Sutherland (1902), Encyclopædia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political and Religious History, the Archæology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible, Macmillan Company","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Kelly_Cheyne","url_text":"Cheyne, Thomas Kelly"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers","url_text":"Macmillan Company"}]},{"reference":"Davis, Thomas W. (2004), Shifting Sands: The Rise and Fall of Biblical Archaeology, Oxford University Press US, ISBN 978-0-19-516710-8","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-516710-8","url_text":"978-0-19-516710-8"}]},{"reference":"Ellenblum, Ronnie (2003), Frankish Rural Settlement in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-52187-1","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronnie_Ellenblum","url_text":"Ellenblum, Ronnie"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press","url_text":"Cambridge University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52187-1","url_text":"978-0-521-52187-1"}]},{"reference":"Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C.; Beck, Astrid B. (2000), Eerdmans dictionary of the Bible (Illustrated ed.), Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, ISBN 978-0-8028-2400-4","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Noel_Freedman","url_text":"Freedman, David Noel"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/eerdmansdictiona0000unse","url_text":"Eerdmans dictionary of the Bible"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2400-4","url_text":"978-0-8028-2400-4"}]},{"reference":"Hitti, Philip Khûri (2002), History of Syria: Including Lebanon and Palestine, Gorgias Press LLC, ISBN 978-1-931956-60-4","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Khuri_Hitti","url_text":"Hitti, Philip Khûri"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-931956-60-4","url_text":"978-1-931956-60-4"}]},{"reference":"Flavius, Josephus (1981), The Jewish War, Penguin Books, ISBN 0-14-044420-3","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus","url_text":"Flavius, Josephus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-044420-3","url_text":"0-14-044420-3"}]},{"reference":"Glass, Joseph B. (2002), From New Zion to Old Zion: American Jewish Immigration and Settlement in Palestine, 1917-1939, Wayne State University Press, ISBN 978-0-8143-2842-2","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_State_University_Press","url_text":"Wayne State University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8143-2842-2","url_text":"978-0-8143-2842-2"}]},{"reference":"Khalidi, Walid (1992), All That Remains, Washington D.C.: Institute for Palestine Studies, ISBN 0-88728-224-5","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walid_Khalidi","url_text":"Khalidi, Walid"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_D.C.","url_text":"Washington D.C."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Palestine_Studies","url_text":"Institute for Palestine Studies"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88728-224-5","url_text":"0-88728-224-5"}]},{"reference":"Krämer, Gudrun; Harman, Graham (2008), A History of Palestine: From the Ottoman Conquest to the Founding of the State of Israel, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0-691-11897-0","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historyofpalesti00krea","url_text":"A History of Palestine: From the Ottoman Conquest to the Founding of the State of Israel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University_Press","url_text":"Princeton University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-11897-0","url_text":"978-0-691-11897-0"}]},{"reference":"Leibner, Uzi (2009), Settlement and History in Hellenistic, Roman, and Byzantine Galilee: An Archaeological Survey of the Eastern Galilee (illustrated ed.), Mohr Siebeck, ISBN 9783161498718","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783161498718","url_text":"9783161498718"}]},{"reference":"Macalister, R.A. Stewart (1977), A Century of Excavation in Palestine, Ayer Publishing, ISBN 978-0-405-10265-3","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._A._Stewart_Macalister","url_text":"Macalister, R.A. Stewart"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-405-10265-3","url_text":"978-0-405-10265-3"}]},{"reference":"Maspero, Gaston; Sayce, Archibald Henry; McClure, M. L. (1900), Passing of the Empires 850 BC to 330 BC: 850 B.C. to 330 B.C, Kessinger Publishing, ISBN 978-0-7661-7935-6","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_Maspero","url_text":"Maspero, Gaston"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archibald_Sayce","url_text":"Sayce, Archibald Henry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7661-7935-6","url_text":"978-0-7661-7935-6"}]},{"reference":"Milgrom, Jacob; Wright, David Pearson; Freedman, David Noel; Hurvitz, Avi (1995), Pomegranates and Golden Bells: Studies in Biblical, Jewish, and Near Eastern Ritual, Law, and Literature in Honor of Jacob Milgrom, Eisenbrauns, ISBN 978-0-931464-87-4","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Milgrom","url_text":"Milgrom, Jacob"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Noel_Freedman","url_text":"Freedman, David Noel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisenbrauns","url_text":"Eisenbrauns"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-931464-87-4","url_text":"978-0-931464-87-4"}]},{"reference":"Miller, James Maxwell; Hayes, John Haralson (1986), History of Ancient Israel and Judah, Westminster John Knox Press","urls":[]},{"reference":"Negev, Avraham; Gibson, Shimon (2005), Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land (Illustrated, revised ed.), Continuum International Publishing Group, ISBN 978-0-8264-8571-7","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avraham_Negev","url_text":"Negev, Avraham"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimon_Gibson","url_text":"Gibson, Shimon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-8571-7","url_text":"978-0-8264-8571-7"}]},{"reference":"Rast, Walter E. (1992), Through the Ages in Palestinian Archaeology: An Introductory Handbook, Continuum International Publishing Group, ISBN 978-1-56338-055-6","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuum_International_Publishing_Group","url_text":"Continuum International Publishing Group"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56338-055-6","url_text":"978-1-56338-055-6"}]},{"reference":"Richard, Suzanne (2003), Near Eastern Archaeology: A Reader, EISENBRAUNS, ISBN 978-1-57506-083-5","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-083-5","url_text":"978-1-57506-083-5"}]},{"reference":"Richard, Jean (2001) [1921], The Crusaders c1071-c1291, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-62566-1","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Richard_(historian)","url_text":"Richard, Jean"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-62566-1","url_text":"0-521-62566-1"}]},{"reference":"Robinson, Edward; 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_Europe_Observatory | Corporate Europe Observatory | ["1 Areas of work","2 Working in coalitions","3 References","4 External links"] | This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
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Corporate Europe ObservatoryAbbreviationCEOFormation1997TypeFoundationBudget (2019) 806.686 €Staff 13Websitewww.corporateeurope.org
The Corporate Europe Observatory (CEO) is a non-profit research and campaign group whose declared aim is to "expose any effects of corporate lobbying on EU policy making". It is based in Brussels.
The team (2021) consists of 13 staff members.
Areas of work
EU decisions and policies often mirror the interests of big business, as a result of the corporate capture of EU decision-making processes. This has consequences in terms of social and economic injustice and inequality, climate change and environmental destruction. Thus, CEO has developed a particular expertise in the following EU policy areas: agriculture, food safety, energy, climate change, EU lobbying regulation, trade, investment, economy, and finance.
Corporate Europe Observatory's reports often attract the attention of media from all over the world. Recently, it gained international attention by announcing (in a joint publication with Global Witness and Corporate Accountability) that at COP26 the fossil fuel industry had the largest delegation at the summit.
With French NGO Observatoire des multinationales, CEO issued a report on Emmanuel Macron's French Presidency of the EU Council which shows how the French EU Presidency had been prepared closely with the industry, raising several democratic concerns.
CEO's work as a lobby watchdog of big pharma and big tech, has also issued significant reports, which were published in The New York Times, and Reuters.
Working in coalitions
Corporate Europe Observatory carries out research and publishes reports on corporate lobbying activities at the EU level.
CEO is one of the founders of the Alliance for Lobbying Transparency and Ethics Regulation (ALTER-EU). This coalition of over 160 civil society groups, trade unions, academics and public affairs firms monitors the influence of lobbyists on the political agenda in Europe.
In 2010 ALTER-EU published "Bursting the Brussels Bubble". This collection of articles provides an insight into decision-making in the European Union and explores some lobbying techniques.
CEO jointly organises the Worst EU Lobbying Awards, which are given to the lobby group, which uses "the most deceptive, misleading or otherwise problematic lobbying tactics in their attempts to influence EU decision-making" in a given year.
References
^ a b "About CEO | Corporate Europe Observatory". Retrieved 2021-03-10.
^ "Multinationals Observatory - Investigative Media and Corporate Watchdog". multinationales.org. Retrieved January 31, 2024.
^ "Bursting the Brussels Bubble". 27 April 2010. Retrieved 2010-06-30.
^ "About the Awards | Worst EU Lobbying Awards". Archived from the original on 2015-03-21. Retrieved 2014-02-02.
External links
Official website
Alliance for Lobbying Transparency and Ethics Regulation (ALTER-EU)
Worst EU Lobbying Awards
Le Monde: "Un rapport met en garde contre une présidence française de l’Union européenne « sous l’influence » des lobbies"
The New York Times: "Big Tech Turns Its Lobbyists Loose on Europe, Alarming Regulators"
Euractiv: "NGOs concerned about role of big business in preparations of French EU presidency"
Jacobin: "Big Pharma’s EU Lobbying Could Spell Disaster for Global South Vaccine Waivers"
Reuters: "EU Commission investigated over secrecy of COVID-19 contracts"
EU Observer: "EU's 'secret' vaccine negotiators: Who's dealing with Big Pharma?"
Politico: "EU border agency Frontex met with scores of unregistered lobbyists: report"
The New York Times: "Facebook Hearing Strengthens Calls for Regulation in Europe"
BBC: "COP26: Fossil fuel industry has largest delegation at climate summit"
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
Germany
Other
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"non-profit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-profit"},{"link_name":"corporate lobbying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobbying#European_Union"},{"link_name":"EU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"policy making","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_policy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CEO-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CEO-1"}],"text":"The Corporate Europe Observatory (CEO) is a non-profit research and campaign group whose declared aim is to \"expose any effects of corporate lobbying on EU policy making\". 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This has consequences in terms of social and economic injustice and inequality, climate change and environmental destruction. Thus, CEO has developed a particular expertise in the following EU policy areas: agriculture, food safety, energy, climate change, EU lobbying regulation, trade, investment, economy, and finance.Corporate Europe Observatory's reports often attract the attention of media from all over the world. Recently[when?], it gained international attention by announcing (in a joint publication with Global Witness and Corporate Accountability) that at COP26 the fossil fuel industry had the largest delegation at the summit.With French NGO Observatoire des multinationales,[2] CEO issued a report on Emmanuel Macron's French Presidency of the EU Council which shows how the French EU Presidency had been prepared closely with the industry, raising several democratic concerns.CEO's work as a lobby watchdog of big pharma and big tech, has also issued significant reports, which were published in The New York Times, and Reuters.","title":"Areas of work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alliance for Lobbying Transparency and Ethics Regulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alliance_for_Lobbying_Transparency_and_Ethics_Regulation&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BrusselsBubblePage-3"},{"link_name":"Worst EU Lobbying Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Worst_EU_Lobbying_Awards&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WEULA-4"}],"text":"Corporate Europe Observatory carries out research and publishes reports on corporate lobbying activities at the EU level.CEO is one of the founders of the Alliance for Lobbying Transparency and Ethics Regulation (ALTER-EU). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnita | Agnita | ["1 Demographics","2 History","3 Administration and local politics","3.1 Town council","4 Attractions","5 Gallery","6 Natives","7 References","8 External links"] | Coordinates: 45°58′23″N 24°37′2″E / 45.97306°N 24.61722°E / 45.97306; 24.61722Town in Sibiu, RomaniaAgnita
AgnethelnOngenîtlenTownTransylvanian Saxon Fortified Church in Agnita
Coat of armsLocation in Sibiu CountyAgnitaLocation in RomaniaCoordinates: 45°58′23″N 24°37′2″E / 45.97306°N 24.61722°E / 45.97306; 24.61722CountryRomaniaCountySibiuGovernment • Mayor (2020–2024) Alin-Ciprian Schiau-Gull (PNL)Area96.2 km2 (37.1 sq mi)Population (2021-12-01)7,564 • Density79/km2 (200/sq mi)Time zoneEET/EEST (UTC+2/+3)Vehicle reg.SBWebsitewww.primaria-agnita.ro
Agnita (Romanian pronunciation: ⓘ; German: Agnetheln; Transylvanian Saxon: Ongenîtlen; Hungarian: Szentágota) is a town on the Hârtibaciu river in Sibiu County, Transylvania, central Romania. It is considered the locality in the center of the country. The town administers two villages, namely Coveș (German: Käbisch; Hungarian: Ágotakövesd) and Ruja (German: Roseln; Hungarian: Rozsonda).
Demographics
Historical populationYearPop.±%1956 9,108— 1966 10,865+19.3%1977 12,853+18.3%1992 12,325−4.1%2002 12,115−1.7%2011 8,300−31.5%2021 7,564−8.9%Source: Census data
The population was 8,300 at the 2011 census, of which 94.2% were Romanians, 2.9% Hungarians, 1.5% Roma, and 1% Germans (more specifically Transylvanian Saxons).
History
The first document mentioning it is a land sale contract signed in 1280 by one Henric from Sancta Agatha. In 1376, Louis I of Hungary granted to the village the right to hold a market. In 1466, Matthias Corvinus granted to the village the right to carry trials (jus gladi) and built a fortress to defend the Kingdom of Hungary from the Ottoman Empire.
Agnita, mentioned for the first time in a document from 1280, is a town with traditional crafts, famous for the old guilds of tanners, shoemakers, tailors, coopers and potters, with semi-rural economy.
Here is one of the oldest peasant fortification in Transylvania. Initiated in the thirteenth century, it was amplified successively came to be in the seventeenth century, three fortified enclosure with towers. The city center is a church-hall with three ships (naves with stands) and turn west (XV around the year 1409). In turn strengthened the church has undergone many transformations. The four towers of the fortified church - the shoemakers, tailors, blacksmiths and coopers - demonstrates the economic strength of these guilds, and were assigned to the defense that those portions of the wall in case of armed conflict. City Museum has a substantial collection of medieval art (Gothic chests, architecture, sculpture, ceramics, etc.).
King of Hungary, Louis of Anjou, conferred Agnita (or villa Zenthagata) since 1376, the right to hold an annual fair on 24 June (day of St. John). Subsequently, this right was extended to two other fairs. In 1466, a Hungarian king granted the town Agnita right "ius Gladiator", i.e., the right to decide and execute the death sentence. In the same year, the village was allowed to keep half of the contingent settlement of royal troops to defend their own city to the church from falling into foreign hands, since it was near the frontier into Wallachia. Until 1950, when the city was declared, there was a common Agnita fair (Marktgemeinde).
The railway was built in 1898 from Sighișoara to the terminus at Agnita railway station and further extended to Sibiu in 1910 with a station at Coveș. However, by 1965 the route was curtailed at Agnita with the closure of the line north including the section through the town. As a result, a new station was built in the west; however, in 2001 this too was closed. The line is a historic monument and there is an active movement to restore the entire line.
Administration and local politics
Town council
The town's current local council has the following political composition, according to the results of the 2020 Romanian local elections:
Party
Seats
Current Council
National Liberal Party (PNL)
9
Save Romania Union (USR)
4
Social Democratic Party (PSD)
2
PRO Romania (PRO)
2
Greater Romania Party (PRM)
1
Attractions
The Transylvanian Saxon Fortified Church
The fortified church of Agnita, built in the 13th century, features a blend of Romanesque and Gothic architectural elements. It has undergone significant renovations over the centuries, including the addition of defensive structures. The church is notable for its baroque altar from 1650 and an organ constructed by Karl Schneider.
Museum of History - Valea Hârtibaciului
The Museum of History in Agnita, located at 1 Decembrie Street, showcases the ethnographic heritage of the Hârtibaciului Valley. The museum highlights the daily lives of Romanians, Saxons, and Hungarians in the area. Its diverse collection includes over 5000 items, covering ethnography, archaeology, history, and decorative arts, with a unique exhibit dedicated to the traditional event, Fuga Lolelor.
Gallery
The Transylvanian Saxon fortified church of Agnita
The Transylvanian Saxon fortified church of Agnita
Historical centre of Agnita
Historical centre of Agnita
Natives
Ioan Gyuri Pascu, intellectual, teacher, radio presenter, comedian, actor, musician multi-instrumentalist, and producer
Bernd Fabritius, politician
References
^ "Results of the 2020 local elections". Central Electoral Bureau. Retrieved 14 June 2021.
^ "Populaţia rezidentă după grupa de vârstă, pe județe și municipii, orașe, comune, la 1 decembrie 2021" (XLS). National Institute of Statistics.
^ "Sibiu Agnita Railway Group". Retrieved 2 December 2015.
^ "Rezultatele finale ale alegerilor locale din 2020" (Json) (in Romanian). Autoritatea Electorală Permanentă. Retrieved 2020-11-02.
^ Fortified Church Agnita
^ Muzeul de istorie-Valea Hârtibaciului
External links
Media related to Agnita at Wikimedia Commons
The fortified church of Agnita, Fortified Churches Foundation
agnetheln.ro
primaria-agnita.ro
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Geographic
MusicBrainz area | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[aɡˈnita]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Romanian"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fc/Ro-Agnita.ogg/Ro-Agnita.ogg.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ro-Agnita.ogg"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Transylvanian Saxon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transylvanian_Saxon_dialect"},{"link_name":"Hungarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_language"},{"link_name":"Hârtibaciu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A2rtibaciu"},{"link_name":"Sibiu County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibiu_County"},{"link_name":"Transylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transylvania"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Hungarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_language"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Hungarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_language"}],"text":"Town in Sibiu, RomaniaAgnita (Romanian pronunciation: [aɡˈnita] ⓘ; German: Agnetheln; Transylvanian Saxon: Ongenîtlen; Hungarian: Szentágota) is a town on the Hârtibaciu river in Sibiu County, Transylvania, central Romania. It is considered the locality in the center of the country. The town administers two villages, namely Coveș (German: Käbisch; Hungarian: Ágotakövesd) and Ruja (German: Roseln; Hungarian: Rozsonda).","title":"Agnita"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Romanian_census"},{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"Romanians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanians"},{"link_name":"Hungarians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarians_in_Romania"},{"link_name":"Roma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma_in_Romania"},{"link_name":"Germans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germans_of_Romania"},{"link_name":"Transylvanian Saxons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transylvanian_Saxons"}],"text":"The population was 8,300 at the 2011 census, of which 94.2% were Romanians, 2.9% Hungarians, 1.5% Roma, and 1% Germans (more specifically Transylvanian Saxons).","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Louis I of Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_I_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Matthias Corvinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthias_Corvinus"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Sighișoara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sighi%C8%99oara"},{"link_name":"Agnita railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnita_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Sibiu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibiu"},{"link_name":"Coveș","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cove%C8%99_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The first document mentioning it is a land sale contract signed in 1280 by one Henric from Sancta Agatha. 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The four towers of the fortified church - the shoemakers, tailors, blacksmiths and coopers - demonstrates the economic strength of these guilds, and were assigned to the defense that those portions of the wall in case of armed conflict. City Museum has a substantial collection of medieval art (Gothic chests, architecture, sculpture, ceramics, etc.).King of Hungary, Louis of Anjou, conferred Agnita (or villa Zenthagata) since 1376, the right to hold an annual fair on 24 June (day of St. John). Subsequently, this right was extended to two other fairs. In 1466, a Hungarian king granted the town Agnita right \"ius Gladiator\", i.e., the right to decide and execute the death sentence. In the same year, the village was allowed to keep half of the contingent settlement of royal troops to defend their own city to the church from falling into foreign hands, since it was near the frontier into Wallachia. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_Army | Church Army | ["1 History","2 Principles and practices","3 Church Army International","4 Training","5 Leadership","6 Notable people","7 References","7.1 Citations","7.2 Sources","8 External links"] | Church ArmyThe Church Army works on the margins of societyFounded1882FounderWilson CarlileTypeNon-profit, ChristianLocationInternationalFieldsEvangelism, outreach, social action, poverty reliefChief executivePeter RouchWebsitechurcharmy.org
The Church Army is an evangelistic organisation and mission community founded in 1882 in association with the Church of England and now operating internationally in many parts of the Anglican Communion.
History
The Church Army Camp Hall in Rouen, 1917
The Church Army was founded in England in 1882 by the Revd. Wilson Carlile (afterwards prebendary of St Paul's Cathedral), who brought together soldiers, officers and a few working men and women whom he and others trained to act as Church of England evangelists among the poor and outcasts of the Westminster slums. As a curate in the parish of St Mary Abbots, Kensington, Carlile had experimented with unorthodox forms of Christian meetings and witness, going to where coachmen, valets and others would take their evening stroll and holding open air services, persuading onlookers to say the Scripture readings, and training working people to preach. Carlile wanted to share the Gospel with people who would not dream of setting foot inside a church and training people of the same class—ordinary lay people—as evangelists.
At the same time, similar groups were appearing; the Revd. Evan Hopkins was organising a "Church Gospel Army" and other clergy had established a "Church Salvation Army" at Oxford and a "Church Mission Army" at Bristol. Carlile suggested a combined "Church Army".
As the work grew, a training institution for evangelists was started in Oxford with F. S. Webster as principal, but soon moved (1886) to London, where, in Bryanston Street near Marble Arch, the headquarters of the army was established. Working men were trained as evangelists, and working women as mission sisters, and were supplied to the clergy. The male evangelists had to pass an examination by the Archdeacon of Middlesex, and were then (from 1896) admitted by the bishop of London as "lay evangelists in the Church". The mission sisters likewise passed an examination by the diocesan inspector of schools. Church Army workers were entirely under the control of the incumbent of the parish to which they were sent, and were paid a small sum for their services either by the vicar or by voluntary local contributions. Church Army vehicles circulated throughout the country parishes, if desired, with itinerant evangelists, who held simple missions, without charge, and distributed literature.
Marie Louise Carlile (1861-1951), Wilson Carlile's sister, was a frail woman who left a life of elegance for the tough and austere life of training women in 1888, followed by the first "Rescue Shelter" for women in 1891. She continued in the mission for fifty years as leader of the Church Army Sisters.
William Booth had already seen the extreme poverty and need for unorthodox evangelism work, and since 1865 had been developing a similar mission (in 1878 given the name "The Salvation Army"), using similar "Christian soldier" metaphors, also in London slums. Church of England bishops approached Booth about the time Church Army was founded to join in their work in the slums, but he declined. Both the Church Army and the Salvation Army continued to work in the slums; both had some difficulty with their parent churches (Church of England and Methodist) being able to cope with those coming out of the slums as a result of the mission work, and realised the need for alcohol-free refuges.
In 1888, the Church Army established labour homes in London and elsewhere, with the object of giving a "fresh start in life" to the outcast and destitute. The inmates earned their board and lodging by piece work, for which they were paid at the current trade rates, and were encouraged to seek other positions for themselves. The Church Army had lodging homes, employment bureaus, cheap food depots, old clothes department, a dispensary and a number of other social works. There was also an extensive emigration system, under which many hundreds (3,000 in 1906) of men and families were placed in permanent employment in Canada through the agency of the local clergy.
During the First World War, Church Army was very active among the troops in France, and ran around 2000 social clubs across France.
In 1965, a new chapel, the Church Army Chapel, Blackheath and college designed by E. T. Spashett in Vanbrugh Park, Blackheath, London SE3 was opened by Princess Alexandra and consecrated by Michael Ramsey. The Headquarters were in Marylebone Road, London NW. In 1978, Church Army purchased Winchester House, a former missionary school (see Eltham College) in Blackheath, south-east London, to be refurbished as its new headquarters. It was officially opened by the Queen Mother on 12 June 1980. In 1992, the Church Army vacated the Vanbrugh Park college buildings and the college was relocated to Sheffield; the buildings were taken over by Blackheath High School.
In 2010, the national office of Church Army relocated from Sidcup in London to the Wilson Carlile Centre in Sheffield (formerly the training college), bringing together the national staff with the training and research staff. Training became non-residential and the building was converted to provide national offices and modern conferencing facilities together with en-suite accommodation.
Principles and practices
The Church Army has over 300 commissioned evangelists who have been commissioned and admitted in the Church of England after 2–4 years of training. Church Army Evangelists will not necessarily work directly for the Church Army but may instead work in Anglican churches, projects and teams in the United Kingdom and Ireland. There are similarities to the Salvation Army, and the two sometimes work together (such as in the Fresh expressions initiative), but the Church Army is not a separate church denomination.
The Church Army's funded work focuses on centres of mission and key projects and tend to operate in areas of deprivation.
The first centre of mission was established in 2008 and many more have been launched across the UK and Ireland since. A centre of mission is formed in partnership with a Church of England diocese in order to support the Christian outreach in an area. A centre of mission's purpose is to support and connect with communities, normally with high levels of poverty, outside of the church. This work does not operate from a physical building but sees partnerships with local initiatives and organisations and setting up new groups and activities for a community. The work is contextual and varied depending on the needs of an area. Some examples of the work that centres of mission do includes setting up youth groups, running foodbanks and food provision services, launching fresh expressions of Church to help people engage with God outside of a traditional church service setting, and supporting the homeless, lonely, those struggling with poverty, sex workers, and other isolated or marginalised groups.
Church Army key projects include:
Cardiff Residential Services (supporting homeless young people in Cardiff through accommodation at Ty Bronna and wider support)
The Amber Project (supporting young people in Cardiff and surrounding areas who have experience of self-harm, through counselling, workshops, theatre groups, and informal support)
Marylebone Project (working with homeless women in London as one of the largest women's only hostels in the UK and Ireland, wrap-around support, and rough sleeper drop in)
Made in Marylebone (a social enterprise for homeless women in London, providing training and work experience in catering and business)
The current president of the Church Army is Rowan Williams, previous Archbishop of Canterbury and before him Desmond Tutu, emeritus Archbishop of Cape Town and Nobel Peace Prize laureate was the president.
Every September, the Church Army celebrates Church Army Sunday; this is the Sunday nearest 26 September (the anniversary of Carlile's death in 1942), the day on which Carlile and the Church Army are celebrated in the revised Anglican Lectionary.
Des Scott was appointed interim CEO in June 2019 after Mark Russell's resignation, and was the Church Army's CEO, leading the organisation in the United Kingdom and Ireland. Scott has been part of the Church Army for over 30 years in various roles including as a London youth worker, overseeing the Church Army's operational team, and held the post of deputy CEO from 2012 until being appointed as interim CEO.
Church Army International
Church Army International, established in 2006, is an association of eight independent Church Army societies around the world (Africa, Australia, Barbados, Canada, Jamaica, New Zealand, United Kingdom and Ireland, and the United States) working in over 15 countries. The purpose is to facilitate communication, co-operation, fellowship and shared vision between Church Army societies and to promote the growth of the Church Army's ministry worldwide.
The leader of each society is a member of the Church Army International Leaders' Forum chaired by the international secretary. The forum has four telephone conferences each year and the leaders together with those responsible for training and board representatives meet together for a residential conference approximately every three years.
In 2009 the Church Army in Canada was renamed Threshold Ministries.
Training
The Church Army trains individuals in evangelism vocation. A selection process by the Church Army ascertains whether a vocation in evangelism is suited to an individual before beginning a 2-4 year training course. Church Army training aims to develop understanding of pioneering evangelism. All training is part-time alongside other work or personal commitments to allow learning to be practiced in context. Training includes opportunities for practical mission, weekend training residentials with interactive teaching sessions, and sessions with a Reflector with whom to discuss growth and personal development.
In the past, the Church Army training was full-time residential. Between 1965 and 1991 the Wilson Carlile Training College was at 27 Vanburgh Park, Blackheath, where the premises included the Church Army Chapel. The last training college was at the Wilson Carlile Centre in Sheffield. The buildings previously used for residential evangelists is now a conferencing centre and accommodation.
Each additional Church Army Society internationally is responsible for the training of its evangelists. In some situations, students are paired with evangelists currently serving in the field; others attend residential schooling.
Leadership
General secretary
1942–1949: The Revd. Hubert H. Treacher
1949–1951: The Revd. Edward Wilson Carlile; grandson of Wilson Carlile
Chief secretary
1951–1960: The Revd. Edward Wilson Carlile; title changed from General Secretary to Chief Secretary
1960–1976: The Revd. Donald Lynch
1976–1984: The Revd. Michael Turnbull; later Bishop of Durham
1984–1990: The Revd. Michael Rees
1990–2006: Philip Johanson; first lay person appointed leader of Church Army
Chief executive
2006–2019: Mark Russell; title changed from Chief Secretary to Chief Executive
2019–2021: Des Scott
2021–present: Peter Rouch
Notable people
Main category: Church Army people
References
Citations
^ "Be Inspired: The Vision". Archived from the original on 21 October 2020. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
^ Chisholm 1911, p. 329.
^ "Our History". Archived from the original on 21 October 2020. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
^ Rowan 1905.
^ Chisholm 1911, pp. 329–330.
^ Murdoch 1996, p. 111.
^ Chisholm 1911, p. 330.
^ "Church Army & the Forces". Archived from the original on 23 October 2020. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
^ Wilkinson 1996, p. 154.
^ "Court Circular; "Thatched House Lodge, Richmond Park, May 6"". The Times. 7 May 1965. p. 16.
^ Rhind 1993, p. 119.
^ a b "Dare to Step Out?". Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
^ "Building Communities Since 1882". Archived from the original on 22 October 2020. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
^ "Centres of Mission Q & A". Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
^ "Centres of Mission". Archived from the original on 22 October 2020. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
^ "Key Projects". Archived from the original on 20 October 2020. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
^ "Our President". Archived from the original on 24 October 2020. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
^ "The Lessons Appointed for Use on the Feast of Wilson Carlile". Retrieved 21 October 2020.
^ a b "Our CEO". Church Army. Archived from the original on 20 October 2020. Retrieved 19 October 2020.
^ "Brief history". Threshold Ministries. Archived from the original on 19 June 2016. Retrieved 9 June 2016.
^ "Wilson Carlile Centre: conferencing & accommodation in the heart of Sheffield". Retrieved 21 October 2020.
^ "Treacher, Rev. Preb. Hubert Haroldunlocked". Who Was Who. Oxford University Press. 1 December 2007. doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U54364. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
^ a b Frank Leslie Cross; Elizabeth A. Livingstone, eds. (2005). The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. Oxford University Press. p. 290. ISBN 978-0-19-280290-3.
^ "Prebendary Donald Lynch". The Daily Telegraph. 7 December 2000. Retrieved 27 January 2018.
^ "Rees, Rev. Canon (Richard) Michael". Who's Who 2018. Oxford University Press. 1 December 2017. doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.32163. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
^ "Church Army Appoints First International Secretary". Christian Today. 20 March 2006. Retrieved 27 January 2018.
^ "Johanson, Capt. Philip". Who's Who 2018. 1 December 2017. doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.22068. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
^ "Peter Rouch - Chief Executive". Church Army. Archived from the original on 21 May 2021. Retrieved 21 May 2021.
Sources
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Church Army". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 329–330.
Murdoch, Norman H. (1996). Origins of the Salvation Army. Univ. of Tennessee Press. ISBN 978-0-87049-955-5.
Rowan, Edgar (1905). Wilson Carlile and the Church Army. Hodder and Stoughton.
Wilkinson, Alan (1996). The Church of England and the First World War. SCM Press. ISBN 978-0-334-02669-3.
Rhind, Neil (1993). Blackheath Village and Environs: The village and Blackheath Vale. 2nd ed. rev. and updated. 1993. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Bookshop Blackheath Limited. ISBN 978-0-9505136-5-2.
External links
Official website
Church Army evangelist on a London Estate (video at Premier.tv) Archived 28 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine
National Council for Voluntary Youth Services
Portal: Christianity | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Church of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_England"},{"link_name":"Anglican Communion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican_Communion"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The Church Army is an evangelistic organisation and mission community founded in 1882 in association with the Church of England and now operating internationally in many parts of the Anglican Communion.[1]","title":"Church Army"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Religious_Services_in_the_British_Army_on_the_Western_Front,_1914-1918_Q6373.jpg"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Wilson Carlile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilson_Carlile"},{"link_name":"prebendary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prebendary"},{"link_name":"St Paul's Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Church of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_England"},{"link_name":"evangelists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelism"},{"link_name":"Westminster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Westminster"},{"link_name":"slums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slum"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911329-2"},{"link_name":"St Mary Abbots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mary_Abbots"},{"link_name":"unorthodox forms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresh_expression"},{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"Scripture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scripture"},{"link_name":"lay people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laity"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowan1905-4"},{"link_name":"Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford"},{"link_name":"Bryanston Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bryanston_Street&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Marble Arch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marble_Arch"},{"link_name":"clergy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clergy"},{"link_name":"Archdeacon of Middlesex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archdeacon_of_Middlesex"},{"link_name":"vicar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicar_(Anglicanism)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911329%E2%80%93330-5"},{"link_name":"William Booth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Booth"},{"link_name":"The Salvation Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Salvation_Army"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurdoch1996111-6"},{"link_name":"Methodist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodist"},{"link_name":"piece work","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piece_work"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911330-7"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson1996154-9"},{"link_name":"Church Army Chapel, Blackheath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_Army_Chapel,_Blackheath"},{"link_name":"E. T. Spashett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=E._T._Spashett&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Princess Alexandra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Alexandra,_The_Honourable_Lady_Ogilvy"},{"link_name":"Michael Ramsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Ramsey"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times1965-10"},{"link_name":"Eltham College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eltham_College"},{"link_name":"Blackheath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackheath,_London"},{"link_name":"Queen Mother","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Bowes-Lyon"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhind1993119-11"},{"link_name":"Sheffield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield"},{"link_name":"Blackheath High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackheath_High_School"}],"text":"The Church Army Camp Hall in Rouen, 1917The Church Army was founded in England in 1882 by the Revd. Wilson Carlile (afterwards prebendary of St Paul's Cathedral), who brought together soldiers, officers and a few working men and women whom he and others trained to act as Church of England evangelists among the poor and outcasts of the Westminster slums.[2] As a curate in the parish of St Mary Abbots, Kensington, Carlile had experimented with unorthodox forms of Christian meetings and witness, going to where coachmen, valets and others would take their evening stroll and holding open air services, persuading onlookers to say the Scripture readings, and training working people to preach. Carlile wanted to share the Gospel with people who would not dream of setting foot inside a church and training people of the same class—ordinary lay people—as evangelists.[3]At the same time, similar groups were appearing; the Revd. Evan Hopkins was organising a \"Church Gospel Army\" and other clergy had established a \"Church Salvation Army\" at Oxford and a \"Church Mission Army\" at Bristol.[4] Carlile suggested a combined \"Church Army\".As the work grew, a training institution for evangelists was started in Oxford with F. S. Webster as principal, but soon moved (1886) to London, where, in Bryanston Street near Marble Arch, the headquarters of the army was established. Working men were trained as evangelists, and working women as mission sisters, and were supplied to the clergy. The male evangelists had to pass an examination by the Archdeacon of Middlesex, and were then (from 1896) admitted by the bishop of London as \"lay evangelists in the Church\". The mission sisters likewise passed an examination by the diocesan inspector of schools. Church Army workers were entirely under the control of the incumbent of the parish to which they were sent, and were paid a small sum for their services either by the vicar or by voluntary local contributions. Church Army vehicles circulated throughout the country parishes, if desired, with itinerant evangelists, who held simple missions, without charge, and distributed literature.[5]Marie Louise Carlile (1861-1951), Wilson Carlile's sister, was a frail woman who left a life of elegance for the tough and austere life of training women in 1888, followed by the first \"Rescue Shelter\" for women in 1891. She continued in the mission for fifty years as leader of the Church Army Sisters.William Booth had already seen the extreme poverty and need for unorthodox evangelism work, and since 1865 had been developing a similar mission (in 1878 given the name \"The Salvation Army\"), using similar \"Christian soldier\" metaphors, also in London slums. Church of England bishops approached Booth about the time Church Army was founded to join in their work in the slums, but he declined.[6] Both the Church Army and the Salvation Army continued to work in the slums; both had some difficulty with their parent churches (Church of England and Methodist) being able to cope with those coming out of the slums as a result of the mission work, and realised the need for alcohol-free refuges.In 1888, the Church Army established labour homes in London and elsewhere, with the object of giving a \"fresh start in life\" to the outcast and destitute. The inmates earned their board and lodging by piece work, for which they were paid at the current trade rates, and were encouraged to seek other positions for themselves. The Church Army had lodging homes, employment bureaus, cheap food depots, old clothes department, a dispensary and a number of other social works. There was also an extensive emigration system, under which many hundreds (3,000 in 1906) of men and families were placed in permanent employment in Canada through the agency of the local clergy.[7]During the First World War, Church Army was very active among the troops in France,[8] and ran around 2000 social clubs across France.[9]In 1965, a new chapel, the Church Army Chapel, Blackheath and college designed by E. T. Spashett in Vanbrugh Park, Blackheath, London SE3 was opened by Princess Alexandra and consecrated by Michael Ramsey.[10] The Headquarters were in Marylebone Road, London NW. In 1978, Church Army purchased Winchester House, a former missionary school (see Eltham College) in Blackheath, south-east London, to be refurbished as its new headquarters. It was officially opened by the Queen Mother on 12 June 1980.[11] In 1992, the Church Army vacated the Vanbrugh Park college buildings and the college was relocated to Sheffield; the buildings were taken over by Blackheath High School.In 2010, the national office of Church Army relocated from Sidcup in London to the Wilson Carlile Centre in Sheffield (formerly the training college), bringing together the national staff with the training and research staff. Training became non-residential and the building was converted to provide national offices and modern conferencing facilities together with en-suite accommodation.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"commissioned evangelists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelist_(Anglican_Church)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dare_to_Step_Out-12"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"Fresh expressions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresh_expression"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Rowan Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowan_Williams"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Canterbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury"},{"link_name":"Desmond Tutu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond_Tutu"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Cape Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican_Archbishop_of_Cape_Town"},{"link_name":"Nobel Peace Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Lectionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lectionary"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Our_CEO-19"}],"text":"The Church Army has over 300 commissioned evangelists who have been commissioned and admitted in the Church of England after 2–4 years of training.[12] Church Army Evangelists will not necessarily work directly for the Church Army but may instead work in Anglican churches, projects and teams in the United Kingdom and Ireland. There are similarities to the Salvation Army, and the two sometimes work together (such as in the Fresh expressions initiative), but the Church Army is not a separate church denomination.The Church Army's funded work focuses on centres of mission and key projects and tend to operate in areas of deprivation.[13]The first centre of mission was established in 2008 and many more have been launched across the UK and Ireland since. A centre of mission is formed in partnership with a Church of England diocese in order to support the Christian outreach in an area. A centre of mission's purpose is to support and connect with communities, normally with high levels of poverty, outside of the church. This work does not operate from a physical building but sees partnerships with local initiatives and organisations and setting up new groups and activities for a community.[14] The work is contextual and varied depending on the needs of an area. Some examples of the work that centres of mission do includes setting up youth groups, running foodbanks and food provision services, launching fresh expressions of Church to help people engage with God outside of a traditional church service setting, and supporting the homeless, lonely, those struggling with poverty, sex workers, and other isolated or marginalised groups.[15]Church Army key projects include:[16]Cardiff Residential Services (supporting homeless young people in Cardiff through accommodation at Ty Bronna and wider support)\nThe Amber Project (supporting young people in Cardiff and surrounding areas who have experience of self-harm, through counselling, workshops, theatre groups, and informal support)\nMarylebone Project (working with homeless women in London as one of the largest women's only hostels in the UK and Ireland, wrap-around support, and rough sleeper drop in)\nMade in Marylebone (a social enterprise for homeless women in London, providing training and work experience in catering and business)The current president of the Church Army is Rowan Williams, previous Archbishop of Canterbury and before him Desmond Tutu, emeritus Archbishop of Cape Town and Nobel Peace Prize laureate was the president.[17]Every September, the Church Army celebrates Church Army Sunday; this is the Sunday nearest 26 September (the anniversary of Carlile's death in 1942), the day on which Carlile and the Church Army are celebrated in the revised Anglican Lectionary.[18]Des Scott was appointed interim CEO in June 2019 after Mark Russell's resignation, and was the Church Army's CEO, leading the organisation in the United Kingdom and Ireland. Scott has been part of the Church Army for over 30 years in various roles including as a London youth worker, overseeing the Church Army's operational team, and held the post of deputy CEO from 2012 until being appointed as interim CEO.[19]","title":"Principles and practices"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Barbados","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Jamaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_Army_USA"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"Church Army International, established in 2006, is an association of eight independent Church Army societies around the world (Africa, Australia, Barbados, Canada, Jamaica, New Zealand, United Kingdom and Ireland, and the United States) working in over 15 countries. The purpose is to facilitate communication, co-operation, fellowship and shared vision between Church Army societies and to promote the growth of the Church Army's ministry worldwide.The leader of each society is a member of the Church Army International Leaders' Forum chaired by the international secretary. The forum has four telephone conferences each year[citation needed] and the leaders together with those responsible for training and board representatives meet together for a residential conference approximately every three years.[citation needed]In 2009 the Church Army in Canada was renamed Threshold Ministries.[20]","title":"Church Army International"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dare_to_Step_Out-12"},{"link_name":"Blackheath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackheath,_London"},{"link_name":"Church Army Chapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_Army_Chapel,_Blackheath"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"The Church Army trains individuals in evangelism vocation. A selection process by the Church Army ascertains whether a vocation in evangelism is suited to an individual before beginning a 2-4 year training course. Church Army training aims to develop understanding of pioneering evangelism. All training is part-time alongside other work or personal commitments to allow learning to be practiced in context. Training includes opportunities for practical mission, weekend training residentials with interactive teaching sessions, and sessions with a Reflector with whom to discuss growth and personal development.[12]In the past, the Church Army training was full-time residential. Between 1965 and 1991 the Wilson Carlile Training College was at 27 Vanburgh Park, Blackheath, where the premises included the Church Army Chapel. The last training college was at the Wilson Carlile Centre in Sheffield. The buildings previously used for residential evangelists is now a conferencing centre and accommodation.[21]Each additional Church Army Society internationally is responsible for the training of its evangelists. In some situations, students are paired with evangelists currently serving in the field; others attend residential schooling.","title":"Training"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carlile-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carlile-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Michael Turnbull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Turnbull_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Mark Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Russell_(evangelist)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Our_CEO-19"},{"link_name":"Peter Rouch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Rouch"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"General secretary1942–1949: The Revd. Hubert H. Treacher[22]\n1949–1951: The Revd. Edward Wilson Carlile; grandson of Wilson Carlile[23]Chief secretary1951–1960: The Revd. Edward Wilson Carlile; title changed from General Secretary to Chief Secretary[23]\n1960–1976: The Revd. Donald Lynch[24]\n1976–1984: The Revd. Michael Turnbull; later Bishop of Durham\n1984–1990: The Revd. Michael Rees[25]\n1990–2006: Philip Johanson; first lay person appointed leader of Church Army[26][27]Chief executive2006–2019: Mark Russell; title changed from Chief Secretary to Chief Executive\n2019–2021: Des Scott[19]\n2021–present: Peter Rouch[28]","title":"Leadership"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Church Army people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Church_Army_people"}],"text":"Main category: Church Army people","title":"Notable people"}] | [{"image_text":"The Church Army Camp Hall in Rouen, 1917","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/The_Religious_Services_in_the_British_Army_on_the_Western_Front%2C_1914-1918_Q6373.jpg/220px-The_Religious_Services_in_the_British_Army_on_the_Western_Front%2C_1914-1918_Q6373.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Be Inspired: The Vision\". Archived from the original on 21 October 2020. Retrieved 21 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201021075551/https://churcharmy.org/Groups/290554/Church_Army/web/Who_we_are/Our_History/Our_History.aspx","url_text":"\"Be Inspired: The Vision\""},{"url":"https://churcharmy.org/Groups/290554/Church_Army/web/Who_we_are/Our_History/Our_History.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Our History\". Archived from the original on 21 October 2020. Retrieved 21 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201021075551/https://churcharmy.org/Groups/290554/Church_Army/web/Who_we_are/Our_History/Our_History.aspx","url_text":"\"Our History\""},{"url":"https://churcharmy.org/Groups/290554/Church_Army/web/Who_we_are/Our_History/Our_History.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Church Army & the Forces\". Archived from the original on 23 October 2020. Retrieved 21 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201023071207/https://churcharmy.org/Groups/276555/Church_Army/web/Who_we_are/Our_History/Legacy/Church_Army_and.aspx","url_text":"\"Church Army & the Forces\""},{"url":"https://churcharmy.org/Groups/276555/Church_Army/web/Who_we_are/Our_History/Legacy/Church_Army_and.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Court Circular; \"Thatched House Lodge, Richmond Park, May 6\"\". The Times. 7 May 1965. p. 16.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Dare to Step Out?\". Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 21 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026061555/https://churcharmy.org/Groups/294457/Church_Army/web/What_we_do/Vocations/Vocations_booklet/Vocations_booklet.aspx","url_text":"\"Dare to Step Out?\""},{"url":"https://churcharmy.org/Groups/294457/Church_Army/web/What_we_do/Vocations/Vocations_booklet/Vocations_booklet.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Building Communities Since 1882\". Archived from the original on 22 October 2020. Retrieved 21 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201022071051/https://churcharmy.org/Groups/289758/Church_Army/web/What_we_do/What_we_do.aspx","url_text":"\"Building Communities Since 1882\""},{"url":"https://churcharmy.org/Groups/289758/Church_Army/web/What_we_do/What_we_do.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Centres of Mission Q & A\". Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 21 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026060044/https://www.churcharmy.org/Articles/530356/What_we_do/Centres_of_Mission/Centres_of_Mission.aspx","url_text":"\"Centres of Mission Q & A\""},{"url":"https://www.churcharmy.org/Articles/530356/What_we_do/Centres_of_Mission/Centres_of_Mission.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Centres of Mission\". Archived from the original on 22 October 2020. Retrieved 21 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201022203647/https://churcharmy.org/Groups/290811/Church_Army/web/What_we_do/Centres_of_Mission/Centres_of_Mission.aspx","url_text":"\"Centres of Mission\""},{"url":"https://www.churcharmy.org/Groups/290811/Church_Army/web/What_we_do/Centres_of_Mission/Centres_of_Mission.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Key Projects\". Archived from the original on 20 October 2020. Retrieved 21 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201020224057/https://churcharmy.org/Groups/290810/Church_Army/web/What_we_do/Key_Projects/Key_Projects.aspx","url_text":"\"Key Projects\""},{"url":"https://www.churcharmy.org/Groups/290810/Church_Army/web/What_we_do/Key_Projects/Key_Projects.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Our President\". Archived from the original on 24 October 2020. Retrieved 21 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201024123534/https://www.churcharmy.org/Articles/497954/Who_we_are/Whos_who/Our_president.aspx","url_text":"\"Our President\""},{"url":"https://www.churcharmy.org/Articles/497954/Who_we_are/Whos_who/Our_president.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Lessons Appointed for Use on the Feast of Wilson Carlile\". Retrieved 21 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lectionarypage.net/LesserFF/Sep/Carlile.html","url_text":"\"The Lessons Appointed for Use on the Feast of Wilson Carlile\""}]},{"reference":"\"Our CEO\". Church Army. Archived from the original on 20 October 2020. Retrieved 19 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201020043415/https://churcharmy.org/Articles/551719/Who_we_are/Whos_who/Our_CEO.aspx","url_text":"\"Our CEO\""},{"url":"https://churcharmy.org/Articles/551719/Who_we_are/Whos_who/Our_CEO.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Brief history\". Threshold Ministries. Archived from the original on 19 June 2016. Retrieved 9 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160619042226/http://thresholdministries.ca/about-us/history/","url_text":"\"Brief history\""},{"url":"http://thresholdministries.ca/about-us/history/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Wilson Carlile Centre: conferencing & accommodation in the heart of Sheffield\". Retrieved 21 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://wilsoncarlilecentre.org.uk/Groups/244152/Church_Army/ms/Wilson_Carlile_Centre/Wilson_Carlile_Centre.aspx","url_text":"\"Wilson Carlile Centre: conferencing & accommodation in the heart of Sheffield\""}]},{"reference":"\"Treacher, Rev. Preb. Hubert Haroldunlocked\". Who Was Who. Oxford University Press. 1 December 2007. doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U54364.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Was_Who","url_text":"Who Was Who"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fww%2F9780199540884.013.U54364","url_text":"10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U54364"}]},{"reference":"Frank Leslie Cross; Elizabeth A. Livingstone, eds. (2005). The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. Oxford University Press. p. 290. ISBN 978-0-19-280290-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fUqcAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA290","url_text":"The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280290-3","url_text":"978-0-19-280290-3"}]},{"reference":"\"Prebendary Donald Lynch\". The Daily Telegraph. 7 December 2000. Retrieved 27 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1377257/Prebendary-Donald-Lynch.html","url_text":"\"Prebendary Donald Lynch\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph","url_text":"The Daily Telegraph"}]},{"reference":"\"Rees, Rev. Canon (Richard) Michael\". Who's Who 2018. Oxford University Press. 1 December 2017. doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.32163.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who%27s_Who_2018","url_text":"Who's Who 2018"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fww%2F9780199540884.013.32163","url_text":"10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.32163"}]},{"reference":"\"Church Army Appoints First International Secretary\". Christian Today. 20 March 2006. Retrieved 27 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.christiantoday.com/article/church.army.appoints.first.international.secretary/5728.htm","url_text":"\"Church Army Appoints First International Secretary\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Today","url_text":"Christian Today"}]},{"reference":"\"Johanson, Capt. Philip\". Who's Who 2018. 1 December 2017. doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.22068.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who%27s_Who_2018","url_text":"Who's Who 2018"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fww%2F9780199540884.013.22068","url_text":"10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.22068"}]},{"reference":"\"Peter Rouch - Chief Executive\". Church Army. Archived from the original on 21 May 2021. Retrieved 21 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210521013511/https://www.churcharmy.org/Articles/551719/Who_we_are/Whos_who/Our_CEO.aspx","url_text":"\"Peter Rouch - Chief Executive\""},{"url":"https://www.churcharmy.org/Articles/551719/Who_we_are/Whos_who/Our_CEO.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Church Army\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 329–330.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Church_Army","url_text":"Church Army"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"Murdoch, Norman H. (1996). Origins of the Salvation Army. Univ. of Tennessee Press. 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ISBN 978-0-334-02669-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ipdFAAAACAAJ","url_text":"The Church of England and the First World War"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-334-02669-3","url_text":"978-0-334-02669-3"}]},{"reference":"Rhind, Neil (1993). Blackheath Village and Environs: The village and Blackheath Vale. 2nd ed. rev. and updated. 1993. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Bookshop Blackheath Limited. ISBN 978-0-9505136-5-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Rhind","url_text":"Rhind, Neil"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VXaNAQAACAAJ","url_text":"Blackheath Village and Environs: The village and Blackheath Vale. 2nd ed. rev. and updated. 1993"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9505136-5-2","url_text":"978-0-9505136-5-2"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://churcharmy.org/","external_links_name":"churcharmy.org"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201021075551/https://churcharmy.org/Groups/290554/Church_Army/web/Who_we_are/Our_History/Our_History.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Be Inspired: The Vision\""},{"Link":"https://churcharmy.org/Groups/290554/Church_Army/web/Who_we_are/Our_History/Our_History.aspx","external_links_name":"the 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stenaster | Stenaster | ["1 Sources","2 External links"] | Extinct genus of brittle stars
StenasterTemporal range: Ordovician-Silurian
Stenaster salteri
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Echinodermata
Class:
Ophiuroidea
Family:
Stenasteridae
Genus:
StenasterBillings, 1857
Stenaster is an extinct genus of brittle stars that lived from the Ordovician to the Silurian.
Sources
Fossils (Smithsonian Handbooks) by David Ward (Page 187)
(º¿º)
External links
tijera chaaann
Taxon identifiersStenaster
Wikidata: Q4403103
Paleobiology Database: 31521
This prehistoric Ophiuroidea-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article related to an Ordovician animal is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article related to a Silurian animal is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"extinct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinct"},{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"brittle stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittle_star"},{"link_name":"Ordovician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordovician"},{"link_name":"Silurian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silurian"}],"text":"Stenaster is an extinct genus of brittle stars that lived from the Ordovician to the Silurian.","title":"Stenaster"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Fossils (Smithsonian Handbooks) by David Ward (Page 187)\n(º¿º)","title":"Sources"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"http://paleodb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?action=checkTaxonInfo&taxon_no=24547","external_links_name":"tijera chaaann"},{"Link":"https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=31521","external_links_name":"31521"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stenaster&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stenaster&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stenaster&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_LeBlanc | Ray LeBlanc | ["1 Biography","2 International play","3 Career statistics","3.1 Regular season and playoffs","3.2 International","4 Awards","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"] | American ice hockey player
Not to be confused with Raymond Leblanc, the publisher of The Adventures of Tintin.
Ice hockey player
Ray LeBlanc
Born
(1964-10-24) October 24, 1964 (age 59)Fitchburg, Massachusetts, U.S.Height
5 ft 10 in (178 cm)Weight
170 lb (77 kg; 12 st 2 lb)Position
GoaltenderCaught
RightPlayed for
Chicago BlackhawksNational team
United StatesNHL draft
UndraftedPlaying career
1986–2000
Raymond Jude LeBlanc (born October 24, 1964) is an American former professional ice hockey goaltender. He played one game in the National Hockey League, with the Chicago Blackhawks during the 1991–92 season. The rest of his career, which lasted from 1984 to 2000, was spent in the minor leagues. Internationally LeBlanc played for the American national team at the 1992 Winter Olympics, and at the 1992 World Championships.
Biography
LeBlanc was born in Fitchburg, Massachusetts. After playing two seasons of junior hockey in Ontario, LeBlanc turned professional and joined the Pineridge Bucks of the Atlantic Coast Hockey League for the 1984–85 season. He then played one season for the ACHL's Carolina Thunderbirds before moving on to the International Hockey League, where he would spend the majority of his career. In his rookie season in 1986–87 with the Flint Spirits, LeBlanc appeared in 63 games and was awarded the Ken McKenzie Trophy as the top American-born rookie in the league.
LeBlanc played for the IHL's Flint Spirits, Saginaw Hawks, Indianapolis Ice, Fort Wayne Komets, Cincinnati Cyclones and Chicago Wolves during his career. LeBlanc spent the final two seasons of his career with the Jacksonville Lizard Kings of the ECHL and retired after the 1999–2000 season.
LeBlanc appeared in one National Hockey League game in his career, playing for the Chicago Blackhawks during the 1991–92 season. His appearance came to allow the Blackhawks to exploit a loophole in the NHL's rules for the 1992 NHL Expansion Draft, where each team had to expose a goaltender who had appeared in at least one game during 1991–92. LeBlanc was activated and placed into his only game on March 10, 1992, therefore meaning the Blackhawks would not have to expose any of their top three goaltenders: Ed Belfour, Dominik Hašek and Jimmy Waite. LeBlanc allowed only one goal, earning the victory as the Blackhawks defeated the San Jose Sharks, 5–1.
International play
At the 1992 Winter Olympics, LeBlanc appeared in all eight games for the United States, compiling a record of 5–2–1 with two shutouts. The Americans finished out of the medals, however, as they lost 6–1 to Czechoslovakia in the bronze medal game. He also played at the 1992 World Championships.
Career statistics
Regular season and playoffs
Regular season
Playoffs
Season
Team
League
GP
W
L
T
MIN
GA
SO
GAA
SV%
GP
W
L
MIN
GA
SO
GAA
SV%
1981–82
Markham Waxers
OJHL
39
17
16
5
2236
188
0
4.99
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
1982–83
Markham Waxers
OJHL
6
2
2
1
305
28
0
5.55
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
1982–83
Dixie Beehives
OJHL
29
16
8
3
1722
111
0
3.90
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
1983–84
Kitchener Rangers
OHL
54
39
7
1
2965
185
1
3.74
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
1983–84
Kitchener Rangers
M-Cup
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
4
3
1
240
18
0
4.50
—
1984–85
Pinebridge Bucks
ACHL
40
—
—
—
2178
150
0
4.13
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
1985–86
Carolina Thunderbirds
ACHL
42
—
—
—
2505
133
3
3.19
—
11
8
3
669
42
0
3.77
—
1986–87
Flint Spirits
IHL
64
33
23
1
3417
222
0
3.90
—
4
1
3
233
17
0
4.38
—
1987–88
Flint Spirits
IHL
62
27
19
8
3269
239
1
4.39
—
16
10
6
925
55
1
3.57
—
1988–89
Flint Spirits
IHL
15
5
9
0
852
67
0
4.72
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
1988–89
New Haven Nighthawks
AHL
1
0
0
0
20
3
0
9.00
.769
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
1988–89
Saginaw Hawks
IHL
29
19
7
2
1655
99
0
3.59
—
1
0
1
59
3
0
3.05
—
1989–90
Indianapolis Ice
IHL
23
15
6
2
1334
71
2
3.19
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
1989–90
Fort Wayne Komets
IHL
15
3
3
3
680
44
0
3.88
—
3
0
2
139
11
0
4.75
—
1990–91
Fort Wayne Komets
IHL
21
10
8
0
1072
69
0
3.86
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
1990–91
Indianapolis Ice
IHL
3
2
0
0
145
7
0
2.90
—
1
0
0
19
1
0
3.20
—
1991–92
Chicago Blackhawks
NHL
1
1
0
0
60
1
0
1.00
.955
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
1991–92
American National Team
Intl
17
5
10
1
891
54
0
3.63
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
1991–92
Indianapolis Ice
IHL
25
14
9
2
1468
84
2
3.43
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
1992–93
Indianapolis Ice
IHL
56
23
22
7
3201
206
0
3.86
—
5
1
4
276
23
0
5.00
—
1993–94
Indianapolis Ice
IHL
2
0
1
0
112
8
0
4.25
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
1993–94
Cincinnati Cyclones
IHL
34
17
9
3
1779
104
1
3.51
—
5
0
3
159
9
0
3.39
—
1994–95
Chicago Wolves
IHL
44
19
14
6
2375
129
1
3.26
.909
3
0
3
177
14
0
4.73
—
1995–96
Chicago Wolves
IHL
31
10
14
2
1614
97
0
3.61
.900
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
1996–97
Chicago Wolves
IHL
38
15
14
2
1911
103
2
3.23
.893
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
1997–98
Chicago Wolves
IHL
14
9
3
0
728
34
0
2.80
.900
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
1997–98
Flint Generals
UHL
29
12
4
5
1303
79
2
3.64
.885
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
1998–99
Jacksonville Lizard Kings
ECHL
53
29
19
1
2982
163
1
3.28
.900
2
0
2
118
8
0
4.07
.867
1999–00
Jacksonville Lizard Kings
ECHL
56
22
25
8
3030
183
0
3.62
.908
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
IHL totals
476
221
361
38
25,609
1586
9
3.72
—
38
12
22
1987
133
1
4.01
—
NHL totals
2
1
0
0
70
5
0
4.35
.815
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
International
Year
Team
Event
GP
W
L
T
MIN
GA
SO
GAA
SV%
1992
United States
OLY
8
5
2
1
463
17
2
2.20
.943
1992 World Championships|1992
United States
WC
5
—
—
—
—
—
—
3.79
.877
Senior totals
13
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Awards
Ken McKenzie Trophy (best American-born rookie in the IHL): 1986–87 season
See also
List of players who played only one game in the NHL
References
^ "SALUTE TO WOMEN: Erika Lawler Olympic hockey player reached goal with silver medal". SENTINEL & ENTERPRISES. 31 July 2013. Retrieved December 10, 2013.
^ Matt Gagne (July 9, 2012). "Where Are They Now". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved December 10, 2013.
External links
Biographical information and career statistics from NHL.com, or Eliteprospects.com, or Hockey-Reference.com, or The Internet Hockey Database
Ray LeBlanc @ hockeygoaltenders.org | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Raymond Leblanc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Leblanc"},{"link_name":"ice hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"goaltender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goaltender"},{"link_name":"National Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"Chicago Blackhawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Blackhawks"},{"link_name":"1991–92 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991%E2%80%9392_NHL_season"},{"link_name":"American national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team"},{"link_name":"1992 Winter Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1992 World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Men%27s_Ice_Hockey_World_Championships"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Raymond Leblanc, the publisher of The Adventures of Tintin.Ice hockey playerRaymond Jude LeBlanc (born October 24, 1964) is an American former professional ice hockey goaltender. He played one game in the National Hockey League, with the Chicago Blackhawks during the 1991–92 season. The rest of his career, which lasted from 1984 to 2000, was spent in the minor leagues. Internationally LeBlanc played for the American national team at the 1992 Winter Olympics, and at the 1992 World Championships.","title":"Ray LeBlanc"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fitchburg, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitchburg,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"junior hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junior_hockey"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"},{"link_name":"Pineridge Bucks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pineridge_Bucks"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Coast Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Coast_Hockey_League_(1981%E2%80%9387)"},{"link_name":"Carolina Thunderbirds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolina_Thunderbirds"},{"link_name":"International Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Hockey_League_(1945%E2%80%932001)"},{"link_name":"Flint Spirits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flint_Spirits"},{"link_name":"Ken McKenzie Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_McKenzie_Trophy"},{"link_name":"Flint Spirits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flint_Spirits"},{"link_name":"Saginaw Hawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saginaw_Hawks"},{"link_name":"Indianapolis Ice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis_Ice"},{"link_name":"Fort Wayne Komets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Wayne_Komets"},{"link_name":"Cincinnati Cyclones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati_Cyclones"},{"link_name":"Chicago Wolves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Wolves"},{"link_name":"Jacksonville Lizard Kings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacksonville_Lizard_Kings"},{"link_name":"ECHL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECHL"},{"link_name":"National Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"Chicago Blackhawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Blackhawks"},{"link_name":"1991–92 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991%E2%80%9392_NHL_season"},{"link_name":"1992 NHL Expansion Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_NHL_Expansion_Draft"},{"link_name":"Ed Belfour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Belfour"},{"link_name":"Dominik Hašek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominik_Ha%C5%A1ek"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Waite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Waite"},{"link_name":"San Jose Sharks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jose_Sharks"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"LeBlanc was born in Fitchburg, Massachusetts.[1] After playing two seasons of junior hockey in Ontario, LeBlanc turned professional and joined the Pineridge Bucks of the Atlantic Coast Hockey League for the 1984–85 season. He then played one season for the ACHL's Carolina Thunderbirds before moving on to the International Hockey League, where he would spend the majority of his career. In his rookie season in 1986–87 with the Flint Spirits, LeBlanc appeared in 63 games and was awarded the Ken McKenzie Trophy as the top American-born rookie in the league.LeBlanc played for the IHL's Flint Spirits, Saginaw Hawks, Indianapolis Ice, Fort Wayne Komets, Cincinnati Cyclones and Chicago Wolves during his career. LeBlanc spent the final two seasons of his career with the Jacksonville Lizard Kings of the ECHL and retired after the 1999–2000 season.LeBlanc appeared in one National Hockey League game in his career, playing for the Chicago Blackhawks during the 1991–92 season. His appearance came to allow the Blackhawks to exploit a loophole in the NHL's rules for the 1992 NHL Expansion Draft, where each team had to expose a goaltender who had appeared in at least one game during 1991–92. LeBlanc was activated and placed into his only game on March 10, 1992, therefore meaning the Blackhawks would not have to expose any of their top three goaltenders: Ed Belfour, Dominik Hašek and Jimmy Waite. LeBlanc allowed only one goal, earning the victory as the Blackhawks defeated the San Jose Sharks, 5–1.[2]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1992 Winter Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Czechoslovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovak_national_ice_hockey_team"},{"link_name":"1992 World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Men%27s_Ice_Hockey_World_Championships"}],"text":"At the 1992 Winter Olympics, LeBlanc appeared in all eight games for the United States, compiling a record of 5–2–1 with two shutouts. The Americans finished out of the medals, however, as they lost 6–1 to Czechoslovakia in the bronze medal game. He also played at the 1992 World Championships.","title":"International play"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Regular season and playoffs","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"International","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ken McKenzie Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_McKenzie_Trophy"},{"link_name":"IHL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Hockey_League_(1945%E2%80%932001)"}],"text":"Ken McKenzie Trophy (best American-born rookie in the IHL): 1986–87 season","title":"Awards"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of players who played only one game in the NHL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_players_who_played_only_one_game_in_the_NHL"}] | [{"reference":"\"SALUTE TO WOMEN: Erika Lawler Olympic hockey player reached goal with silver medal\". SENTINEL & ENTERPRISES. 31 July 2013. Retrieved December 10, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sentinelandenterprise.com/salutetowomen/ci_23765923/salute-women-erika-lawler","url_text":"\"SALUTE TO WOMEN: Erika Lawler Olympic hockey player reached goal with silver medal\""}]},{"reference":"Matt Gagne (July 9, 2012). \"Where Are They Now\". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved December 10, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.si.com/vault/2012/07/09/106211235/ray-leblanc","url_text":"\"Where Are They Now\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.sentinelandenterprise.com/salutetowomen/ci_23765923/salute-women-erika-lawler","external_links_name":"\"SALUTE TO WOMEN: Erika Lawler Olympic hockey player reached goal with silver medal\""},{"Link":"https://www.si.com/vault/2012/07/09/106211235/ray-leblanc","external_links_name":"\"Where Are They Now\""},{"Link":"https://www.nhl.com/player/8457025","external_links_name":"NHL.com"},{"Link":"http://www.eliteprospects.com/player.php?player=12490&lang=en","external_links_name":"Eliteprospects.com"},{"Link":"https://www.hockey-reference.com/players/l/leblara01.html","external_links_name":"Hockey-Reference.com"},{"Link":"http://www.hockeydb.com/ihdb/stats/pdisplay.php?pid=3033","external_links_name":"The Internet Hockey Database"},{"Link":"http://www.hockeygoaltenders.org/bio/leblanc.html","external_links_name":"Ray LeBlanc @ hockeygoaltenders.org"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayrack | Hayrack | ["1 Distribution","2 Names and typology","3 Open-air museum","4 Gallery","5 References","6 Further reading","7 External links"] | Structure with roof for drying hay and other crops
This article is about a drying rack. For the animal feeding device, see Hay rack. For a hayrack ride, usually called a hayride, see Hayride.
The Simončič Hayrack: a roofed double hayrack in Bistrica
A hayrack (Slovene: kozolec) is a freestanding vertical drying rack found chiefly in Slovenia. Hayracks are permanent structures, primarily made of wood, upon which fodder for animals is dried, although their use is not limited to drying hay. Other foodstuffs such as field maize are dried on them as well. Although it is a practical structure, a hayrack is often artistically designed and handcrafted and is regarded by Slovenes as a distinctive form of vernacular architecture that marks Slovene identity.
Distribution
The hayrack can be found throughout Slovenia except in the Prekmurje region, eastern Styria, and the Slovenian Littoral. Similar structures can also be found in Friuli in Italy and in the East Tyrol region of Austria. In German, it is called Harpfe or Köse.
Names and typology
Slovenian names for the hayrack include kozolec and kazuc (colloquial, usually referring to a single straight-line hayrack), stog (commonly found in Upper Carniola and especially in the area around Studor in the Bohinj region), and toplar. Both kozolec and kozuc are probably diminutive forms of kozel (meaning "goat"), referring to a branching structure used for holding and drying hay or grain (cf. the similarly motivated German Sägebock and U.S. English sawbuck). The word stog also refers to a haystack and is derived from Common Slavic stogъ, meaning "stack" or "heap". The word toplar (or doplar) is borrowed from Austrian German Doppler, referring to a double structure in general.
Specific varieties of hayrack include:
Single straight-line hayrack (enojni stegnjeni kozolec)
Single straight-line hayrack with catslide roof (stegnjeni kozolec s plaščem)
Double straight-line hayrack (dvojni stegnjeni kozolec)
Roofed double hayrack (dvojni vezani kozolec)
Roofed double hayrack with one strut (dvojni vezani kozolec v eno drevo)
Roofed double hayrack with two struts (dvojni vezani kozolec v dve drevesi, toplar)
Roofed double hayrack with extension (toplar z repom)
Roofed double hayrack with shed (kozolec s hišo)
Split-level double hayrack (kozolec na kozla, kozolec na psa)
Single straight-line hayrack
Single straight-line hayrack with catslide roof
Double straight-line hayrack
Roofed double hayracks
Roofed double hayrack with two struts
Roofed double hayrack with extension
Roofed double hayrack with shed
Split-level double hayrack
Open-air museum
From 2010 until 2013, the Municipality of Šentrupert in southeastern Slovenia built the first ever open-air museum "Land of Hayracks" (slovene: Dežela kozolcev) in the southern part of Šentrupert, its administrative center. The collection includes 19 hay drying devices, which includes 17 hayracks, with the oldest from 1795, and presents all types of hayracks. The museum also serves as a venue for events. The main organizer of the project was Rupert Gole, the mayor of Šentrupert. Over 650 hayracks have been counted in the Mirna Valley, where the settlement lies. The largest of them and in the entire country is the Simončič Hayrack.
Gallery
A Valvasor copperplate engraving depicts filling a hayrack with hay
An abandoned single straight-line hayrack just outside Olševek in winter
Double hayrack in Motnik, Tuhinj Valley
References
^ a b c Applegate, Toby Martin (2008). "he Kozolec: Material Culture, Identity, and Social Practice in Slovenia". Master's Thesis, University of Tennessee. Trace.tennessee.edu.
^ Renzo Rucli, KOZOLEC monumento dell'architettura rurale. Cooperativa Lipa editrice, 1998
^ Neusser-Hromatka, Maria. "Colourful Austria." Innsbruck: Pinguin-Verlag, 1977.
^ a b c Snoj, Marko. 2003. Slovenski etimološki slovar. Ljubljana: Modrijan.
^ a b c d e f g Oblak, Matija (2009). "Kozolec. Ljubljana: Fakulteta za gradbeništvo in geodezijo" (PDF) (in Slovenian).
^ a b "Kozolec | Slovenski etnografski muzej" (in Slovenian). Etno-muzej.si. Archived from the original on 2014-03-12. Retrieved 2014-03-12.
^ "Na Dolenjskem raste prvi muzej kozolcev na svetu" . MMC RTV Slovenija (in Slovenian). RTV Slovenija. 2 July 2012.
^ Rajšek, Bojan (24 June 2012). "Kozolci ne bodo več propadali" . Delo.si (in Slovenian).
Further reading
Čop, Jaka; Cevc, Tone: Slovenski kozolec = Slovene Hay-rack, Žirovnica 1993, Agens COBISS 35981824 (Slovene, English)
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to hayrack.
kozolec.si - Various types of hayracks. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hay rack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hay_rack"},{"link_name":"Hayride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayride"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Simon%C4%8Di%C4%8Dev_kozolec,_Bistrica_(2007).jpg"},{"link_name":"Bistrica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bistrica,_%C5%A0entrupert"},{"link_name":"Slovene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovene_language"},{"link_name":"Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia"},{"link_name":"fodder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fodder"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Applegate-1"},{"link_name":"Slovenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovene_people"},{"link_name":"vernacular architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernacular_architecture"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Applegate-1"}],"text":"This article is about a drying rack. For the animal feeding device, see Hay rack. For a hayrack ride, usually called a hayride, see Hayride.The Simončič Hayrack: a roofed double hayrack in BistricaA hayrack (Slovene: kozolec) is a freestanding vertical drying rack found chiefly in Slovenia. Hayracks are permanent structures, primarily made of wood, upon which fodder for animals is dried, although their use is not limited to drying hay.[1] Other foodstuffs such as field maize are dried on them as well. Although it is a practical structure, a hayrack is often artistically designed and handcrafted and is regarded by Slovenes as a distinctive form of vernacular architecture that marks Slovene identity.[1]","title":"Hayrack"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Prekmurje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prekmurje"},{"link_name":"Styria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Styria"},{"link_name":"Slovenian Littoral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenian_Littoral"},{"link_name":"Friuli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friuli"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"East Tyrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lienz_(district)"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The hayrack can be found throughout Slovenia except in the Prekmurje region, eastern Styria, and the Slovenian Littoral. Similar structures can also be found in Friuli in Italy[2] and in the East Tyrol region of Austria. In German, it is called Harpfe or Köse.[3]","title":"Distribution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Upper Carniola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Carniola"},{"link_name":"Studor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studor_v_Bohinju"},{"link_name":"Bohinj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohinj"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Applegate-1"},{"link_name":"sawbuck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawbuck"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Snoj-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Snoj-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Snoj-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oblak-5"},{"link_name":"catslide roof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catslide_roof"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oblak-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oblak-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oblak-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oblak-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oblak-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SEM-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SEM-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oblak-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hayrack_full.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Catslide_hayrack_-_Sentjost.JPG"},{"link_name":"catslide roof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catslide_roof"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Praprece_Slovenia_-_hayrack.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KozolciStudor1.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kozolec-BrdoPriKranju.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%C5%A0entrupert_kozolci_(17).JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kozolec_s_hi%C5%A1o,_Spodnja_%C5%A0tajerska.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rapljevo_hayrack.JPG"}],"text":"Slovenian names for the hayrack include kozolec and kazuc (colloquial, usually referring to a single straight-line hayrack), stog (commonly found in Upper Carniola and especially in the area around Studor in the Bohinj region), and toplar.[1] Both kozolec and kozuc are probably diminutive forms of kozel (meaning \"goat\"), referring to a branching structure used for holding and drying hay or grain (cf. the similarly motivated German Sägebock and U.S. English sawbuck).[4] The word stog also refers to a haystack and is derived from Common Slavic stogъ, meaning \"stack\" or \"heap\".[4] The word toplar (or doplar) is borrowed from Austrian German Doppler, referring to a double structure in general.[4]Specific varieties of hayrack include:Single straight-line hayrack (enojni stegnjeni kozolec)[5]\nSingle straight-line hayrack with catslide roof (stegnjeni kozolec s plaščem)[5]\nDouble straight-line hayrack (dvojni stegnjeni kozolec)[5]\nRoofed double hayrack (dvojni vezani kozolec)[5]\nRoofed double hayrack with one strut (dvojni vezani kozolec v eno drevo)[5]\nRoofed double hayrack with two struts (dvojni vezani kozolec v dve drevesi, toplar)[5]\nRoofed double hayrack with extension (toplar z repom)[6]\nRoofed double hayrack with shed (kozolec s hišo)[6]\nSplit-level double hayrack (kozolec na kozla, kozolec na psa)[5]Single straight-line hayrack\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSingle straight-line hayrack with catslide roof\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDouble straight-line hayrack\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRoofed double hayracks\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRoofed double hayrack with two struts\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRoofed double hayrack with extension\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRoofed double hayrack with shed\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSplit-level double hayrack","title":"Names and typology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Šentrupert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0entrupert"},{"link_name":"open-air museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-air_museum"},{"link_name":"Land of Hayracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_of_Hayracks"},{"link_name":"Šentrupert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0entrupert"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Mirna Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mirna_Valley&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Simončič Hayrack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon%C4%8Di%C4%8D_Hayrack"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"From 2010 until 2013, the Municipality of Šentrupert in southeastern Slovenia built the first ever open-air museum \"Land of Hayracks\" (slovene: Dežela kozolcev) in the southern part of Šentrupert, its administrative center. The collection includes 19 hay drying devices, which includes 17 hayracks, with the oldest from 1795, and presents all types of hayracks. The museum also serves as a venue for events.[7] The main organizer of the project was Rupert Gole, the mayor of Šentrupert. Over 650 hayracks have been counted in the Mirna Valley, where the settlement lies. The largest of them and in the entire country is the Simončič Hayrack.[8]","title":"Open-air museum"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kozolec-Valvasor.jpg"},{"link_name":"Valvasor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Weikhard_von_Valvasor"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kozuc.jpg"},{"link_name":"Olševek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ol%C5%A1evek"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Toplar_Motnik.jpg"}],"text":"A Valvasor copperplate engraving depicts filling a hayrack with hay\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAn abandoned single straight-line hayrack just outside Olševek in winter\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDouble hayrack in Motnik, Tuhinj Valley","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"COBISS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COBISS_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"35981824","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//plus.cobiss.net/cobiss/si/en/bib/35981824"}],"text":"Čop, Jaka; Cevc, Tone: Slovenski kozolec = Slovene Hay-rack, Žirovnica 1993, Agens COBISS 35981824 (Slovene, English)","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"The Simončič Hayrack: a roofed double hayrack in Bistrica","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/Simon%C4%8Di%C4%8Dev_kozolec%2C_Bistrica_%282007%29.jpg/220px-Simon%C4%8Di%C4%8Dev_kozolec%2C_Bistrica_%282007%29.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Applegate, Toby Martin (2008). \"he Kozolec: Material Culture, Identity, and Social Practice in Slovenia\". Master's Thesis, University of Tennessee. Trace.tennessee.edu.","urls":[{"url":"http://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/345","url_text":"\"he Kozolec: Material Culture, Identity, and Social Practice in Slovenia\""}]},{"reference":"Oblak, Matija (2009). \"Kozolec. Ljubljana: Fakulteta za gradbeništvo in geodezijo\" (PDF) (in Slovenian).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.student-info.net/sis-mapa/skupina_doc/fgghidrotehnika/knjiznica_datoteke/1257801750_0_kozolec.pdf","url_text":"\"Kozolec. Ljubljana: Fakulteta za gradbeništvo in geodezijo\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kozolec | Slovenski etnografski muzej\" (in Slovenian). Etno-muzej.si. Archived from the original on 2014-03-12. Retrieved 2014-03-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140312230153/http://www.etno-muzej.si/sl/spletne-zbirke/klasifikacije/kozolec","url_text":"\"Kozolec | Slovenski etnografski muzej\""},{"url":"http://www.etno-muzej.si/sl/spletne-zbirke/klasifikacije/kozolec","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Na Dolenjskem raste prvi muzej kozolcev na svetu\" [In the Lower Carniola Grows The First Ever Museum of Hayracks]. MMC RTV Slovenija (in Slovenian). RTV Slovenija. 2 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rtvslo.si/tureavanture/podobe-slovenije/na-dolenjskem-raste-prvi-muzej-kozolcev-na-svetu/286520","url_text":"\"Na Dolenjskem raste prvi muzej kozolcev na svetu\""}]},{"reference":"Rajšek, Bojan (24 June 2012). \"Kozolci ne bodo več propadali\" [Kozolci Will Not Decay Anymore]. Delo.si (in Slovenian).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.delo.si/druzba/panorama/kozolci-ne-bodo-vec-propadali.html","url_text":"\"Kozolci ne bodo več propadali\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/345","external_links_name":"\"he Kozolec: Material Culture, Identity, and Social Practice in Slovenia\""},{"Link":"http://www.student-info.net/sis-mapa/skupina_doc/fgghidrotehnika/knjiznica_datoteke/1257801750_0_kozolec.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Kozolec. Ljubljana: Fakulteta za gradbeništvo in geodezijo\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140312230153/http://www.etno-muzej.si/sl/spletne-zbirke/klasifikacije/kozolec","external_links_name":"\"Kozolec | Slovenski etnografski muzej\""},{"Link":"http://www.etno-muzej.si/sl/spletne-zbirke/klasifikacije/kozolec","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.rtvslo.si/tureavanture/podobe-slovenije/na-dolenjskem-raste-prvi-muzej-kozolcev-na-svetu/286520","external_links_name":"\"Na Dolenjskem raste prvi muzej kozolcev na svetu\""},{"Link":"http://www.delo.si/druzba/panorama/kozolci-ne-bodo-vec-propadali.html","external_links_name":"\"Kozolci ne bodo več propadali\""},{"Link":"https://plus.cobiss.net/cobiss/si/en/bib/35981824","external_links_name":"35981824"},{"Link":"http://www.kozolec.si/zgodovina/","external_links_name":"kozolec.si"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Porcius_Cato_(son_of_Cato_the_Younger) | Marcus Porcius Cato (son of Cato the Younger) | ["1 Biography","2 Family","3 References"] | This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (September 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Marcus Porcius Cato (c. 73-42 BC), son of Cato the Younger by his first marriage to Atilia, was a Roman soldier and in his earlier years spent some time in politics with his father. Although he never achieved greatness, he was admired by close friends and relatives, and also served his father most loyally and shared his ideals. Marcus was renowned for being a man of gallantry and warm temperament.
Biography
He was the brother of Porcia Catonis, who was first married to Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus (co-consul with Caesar in 59 BC); she later married their half-cousin (on the maternal side) Marcus Junius Brutus. Marcus fought in the Battle of Thapsus, and after being defeated by Caesar's forces his father Cato committed suicide in 46 BC. Julius Caesar pardoned young Cato and allowed him to keep his father's property.
In spite of being pardoned by Caesar and allowed to return home, Marcus joined his brother-in-law Brutus and his ally Gaius Cassius Longinus, who both assassinated Julius Caesar on March 15, 44 BC. Afterwards they fled Rome headed for Greece, where Marcus Cato fought in both of the battles of Philippi. He was killed in the second battle of Philippi in 42 BC (at the age of 31). According to Plutarch, as the army of the Liberators routed, Marcus refused to retreat and instead charged into the enemy ranks, allegedly without helmet or armor, to meet his death.
Family
vteBrutus family tree
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Salonia (2)Cato the ElderLicinia (1)
Marcus Porcius Cato SalonianusMarcus Porcius Cato LicinianusMarcus Livius Drusus
Marcus Porcius Cato (2)LiviaQuintus Servilius Caepio (1)Marcus Livius Drusus
Atilia (1)Cato the YoungerMarcus Livius Drusus Claudianus,adopted son
Marcus Junius Brutus (1)ServiliaDecimus Junius Silanus (2)ServiliaGnaeus Servilius Caepio
Marcus Porcius CatoPorciaMarcus Junius Brutus†Junia PrimaJunia TertiaGaius Cassius Longinus x
Junia SecundaMarcus Aemilius Lepidus (triumvir)
Descendant ofPompey and Sullason
Manius Aemilius LepidusAemilia Lepida II
(1): 1st spouse
(2): 2nd spouse
†: assassin of Caesar
Notes:
References
^ Sancho, Miguel (2019-05-14). Human Development IV. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 978-1-5275-3464-3.
^ Emberger, Peter (2008). "Divided Nation – Children during the Civil War between Caesar and the Pompeian Party (49–44 BC)". Childhood in the Past. 1 (1): 49–61. doi:10.1179/cip.2009.1.1.49. S2CID 152883922.
^ Barca, Natale (2023-06-01). Before Augustus: The Collapse of the Roman Republic. Casemate. ISBN 978-1-63624-233-0.
^ Marshall, Bruce (2012). "Marriage alliances and politics in the last decades of the late Roman Republic". Ancient History. 39 (1): 104–126. ProQuest 1115594123.
This ancient Roman biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cato the Younger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cato_the_Younger"},{"link_name":"Atilia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atilia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Marcus Porcius Cato (c. 73-42 BC), son of Cato the Younger by his first marriage to Atilia, was a Roman soldier and in his earlier years spent some time in politics with his father.[1][2] Although he never achieved greatness, he was admired by close friends and relatives, and also served his father most loyally and shared his ideals. Marcus was renowned for being a man of gallantry and warm temperament.","title":"Marcus Porcius Cato (son of Cato the Younger)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Porcia Catonis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porcia_(wife_of_Brutus)"},{"link_name":"Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Calpurnius_Bibulus"},{"link_name":"Marcus Junius Brutus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Junius_Brutus"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Battle of Thapsus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Thapsus"},{"link_name":"Julius Caesar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Caesar"},{"link_name":"Gaius Cassius Longinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Cassius_Longinus"},{"link_name":"assassinated Julius Caesar on March 15, 44 BC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Julius_Caesar"},{"link_name":"battles of Philippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Philippi"},{"link_name":"Plutarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutarch"}],"text":"He was the brother of Porcia Catonis, who was first married to Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus (co-consul with Caesar in 59 BC); she later married their half-cousin (on the maternal side) Marcus Junius Brutus.[3][4] Marcus fought in the Battle of Thapsus, and after being defeated by Caesar's forces his father Cato committed suicide in 46 BC. Julius Caesar pardoned young Cato and allowed him to keep his father's property.In spite of being pardoned by Caesar and allowed to return home, Marcus joined his brother-in-law Brutus and his ally Gaius Cassius Longinus, who both assassinated Julius Caesar on March 15, 44 BC. Afterwards they fled Rome headed for Greece, where Marcus Cato fought in both of the battles of Philippi. He was killed in the second battle of Philippi in 42 BC (at the age of 31). According to Plutarch, as the army of the Liberators routed, Marcus refused to retreat and instead charged into the enemy ranks, allegedly without helmet or armor, to meet his death.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Family"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Sancho, Miguel (2019-05-14). Human Development IV. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 978-1-5275-3464-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=i9WZDwAAQBAJ&dq=Marcus+Porcius+Cato+atilia&pg=PA1","url_text":"Human Development IV"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5275-3464-3","url_text":"978-1-5275-3464-3"}]},{"reference":"Emberger, Peter (2008). \"Divided Nation – Children during the Civil War between Caesar and the Pompeian Party (49–44 BC)\". Childhood in the Past. 1 (1): 49–61. doi:10.1179/cip.2009.1.1.49. S2CID 152883922.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1179%2Fcip.2009.1.1.49","url_text":"10.1179/cip.2009.1.1.49"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:152883922","url_text":"152883922"}]},{"reference":"Barca, Natale (2023-06-01). Before Augustus: The Collapse of the Roman Republic. Casemate. ISBN 978-1-63624-233-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4EK8EAAAQBAJ&dq=Marcus+Porcius+Cato+atilia&pg=PP1","url_text":"Before Augustus: The Collapse of the Roman Republic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-63624-233-0","url_text":"978-1-63624-233-0"}]},{"reference":"Marshall, Bruce (2012). \"Marriage alliances and politics in the last decades of the late Roman Republic\". Ancient History. 39 (1): 104–126. ProQuest 1115594123.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/1115594123","url_text":"1115594123"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=i9WZDwAAQBAJ&dq=Marcus+Porcius+Cato+atilia&pg=PA1","external_links_name":"Human Development IV"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1179%2Fcip.2009.1.1.49","external_links_name":"10.1179/cip.2009.1.1.49"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:152883922","external_links_name":"152883922"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4EK8EAAAQBAJ&dq=Marcus+Porcius+Cato+atilia&pg=PP1","external_links_name":"Before Augustus: The Collapse of the Roman Republic"},{"Link":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/1115594123","external_links_name":"1115594123"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marcus_Porcius_Cato_(son_of_Cato_the_Younger)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrette_seed | Abelmoschus moschatus | ["1 Characteristics","2 Uses of the plant","2.1 Culinary uses","2.2 Medicinal uses","2.3 Other uses","3 References","4 External links"] | Species of plant
Abelmoschus moschatus
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
Clade:
Tracheophytes
Clade:
Angiosperms
Clade:
Eudicots
Clade:
Rosids
Order:
Malvales
Family:
Malvaceae
Genus:
Abelmoschus
Species:
A. moschatus
Binomial name
Abelmoschus moschatusMedik.
Synonyms
List
Abelmoschus abelmoschus (L.) H.Karst. nom. inval.
Abelmoschus betulifolia Wall.
Abelmoschus chinensis Wall.
Abelmoschus ciliaris Walp.
Abelmoschus cryptocarpus Walp.
Abelmoschus cubensis Walp.
Abelmoschus cucurbitaceus Walp.
Abelmoschus haenkeanus C.Presl
Abelmoschus marianus C.Presl
Abelmoschus palustris Walp.
Abelmoschus pseudoabelmoschus (Blume) Walp.
Abelmoschus roseus Walp.
Abelmoschus sublobatus C.Presl
Hibiscus abelmoschus L.
Hibiscus collinsianus Nutt. ex Torr. & A. Gray
Hibiscus moschatus (Medik.) Salisb.
Abelmoschus moschatus (Abelmosk, ambrette, annual hibiscus, Bamia Moschata, Galu Gasturi, muskdana, musk mallow, musk okra, ornamental okra, rose mallow, tropical jewel hibiscus, Yorka okra) is an aromatic and medicinal plant in the family Malvaceae native to Asia and Australia.
Characteristics
The seeds have a sweet, flowery, heavy fragrance similar to that of musk (hence its specific epithet moschātus, scientific Latin for ‘musk’).
Despite its tropical origin, the plant is frost-hardy.
Uses of the plant
Musk mallow seed oil was once frequently used as a substitute in perfumes for animal musk; however, this use is now mostly replaced by various synthetic musks due to its high cost.
In her 1705 book the Metamorphosis Insectorum Surinamensium, Maria Sibylla Merian described how the young indigenous women would string the seeds on threads and wear the seeds as decoration on their arms. She also indicated that the Indigenous people used the seeds to fatten up their chickens.
Culinary uses
It has many culinary uses. The seeds are added to coffee; unripe pods ("musk okra"), leaves and new shoots are eaten as vegetables.
Medicinal uses
Different parts of the plant have uses in Ayurveda herbal medicine, including as an antispasmodic and to treat gonorrhea. However, use may result in phytophotodermatitis and it has not been proven safe for use during pregnancy and lactation.
Other uses
In industry the root mucilage provides sizing for paper; tobacco is sometimes flavoured with the flowers.
References
^ "The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species". Retrieved June 14, 2014.
^ a b c d "Abelmoschus moschatus". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved December 21, 2017.
^ Merian, Maria Sibylla (1705). Metamorphosis Insectorum Surinamensium. Amsterdam. pp. Plate 42.
^ L. D. Kapoor (2000). Handbook of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants: Herbal Reference Library. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9780849329296.
^ "Wellness Library:Ambrette (Abelmoschus moschatus)". Archived from the original on 2018-06-12. Retrieved 2018-06-10.
Brown, Deni (1995). The Royal Horticultural Society encyclopedia of herbs & their uses. London: Dorling Kindersley. ISBN 0-7513-0203-1.
External links
Abelmoschus moschatus
Abelmoschus moschatus
Abelmoschus moschatus Medicinal Plant Images Database (School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University) (in Chinese) (in English)
Celtnet Spice Guide entry for Musk Mallow seeds, including recipes
Taxon identifiersAbelmoschus moschatus
Wikidata: Q2086536
Wikispecies: Abelmoschus moschatus
APDB: 175699
APNI: 55953
BioLib: 194580
BOLD: 292281
CoL: 8K24
Ecocrop: 291
EoL: 584456
EPPO: ABMMO
FloraBase: 4885
FNA: 200013669
FoC: 200013669
GBIF: 3152709
GISD: 15
GRIN: 623
iNaturalist: 157767
IPNI: 558023-1
IRMNG: 11413786
ITIS: 21772
IUCN: 123707530
MoBotPF: 282613
NatureServe: 2.159524
NCBI: 1170222
NSWFlora: Abelmoschus~moschatus
NTFlora: 3159
NZOR: 791b61ef-62dc-4266-a3b4-6add5fdfb0b2
Open Tree of Life: 1030301
PfaF: Abelmoschus moschatus
Plant List: kew-2609599
PLANTS: ABMO
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:558023-1
Tropicos: 19601210
WFO: wfo-0000510888 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GRIN-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GRIN-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GRIN-2"},{"link_name":"medicinal plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicinal_plant"},{"link_name":"Malvaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malvaceae"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GRIN-2"}],"text":"Abelmoschus moschatus (Abelmosk, ambrette, annual hibiscus, Bamia Moschata, Galu Gasturi, muskdana, musk mallow,[2] musk okra,[2] ornamental okra, rose mallow, tropical jewel hibiscus,[2] Yorka okra) is an aromatic and medicinal plant in the family Malvaceae native to Asia and Australia.[2]","title":"Abelmoschus moschatus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"musk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musk"},{"link_name":"specific epithet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_name"},{"link_name":"moschātus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/moschatus"},{"link_name":"hardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardiness_(plants)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The seeds have a sweet, flowery, heavy fragrance similar to that of musk (hence its specific epithet moschātus, scientific Latin for ‘musk’).Despite its tropical origin, the plant is frost-hardy.[citation needed]","title":"Characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abelmoschi1.JPG"},{"link_name":"musk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musk"},{"link_name":"synthetic musks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_musk"},{"link_name":"Maria Sibylla Merian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Sibylla_Merian"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Musk mallow seed oil was once frequently used as a substitute in perfumes for animal musk; however, this use is now mostly replaced by various synthetic musks due to its high cost.In her 1705 book the Metamorphosis Insectorum Surinamensium, Maria Sibylla Merian described how the young indigenous women would string the seeds on threads and wear the seeds as decoration on their arms. She also indicated that the Indigenous people used the seeds to fatten up their chickens.[3]","title":"Uses of the plant"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Culinary uses","text":"It has many culinary uses. The seeds are added to coffee; unripe pods (\"musk okra\"), leaves and new shoots are eaten as vegetables.","title":"Uses of the plant"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ayurveda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurveda"},{"link_name":"gonorrhea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonorrhea"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"phytophotodermatitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytophotodermatitis"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Medicinal uses","text":"Different parts of the plant have uses in Ayurveda herbal medicine, including as an antispasmodic and to treat gonorrhea.[4] However, use may result in phytophotodermatitis[citation needed] and it has not been proven safe for use during pregnancy and lactation.[5]","title":"Uses of the plant"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mucilage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucilage"},{"link_name":"sizing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sizing"},{"link_name":"tobacco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco"},{"link_name":"flavoured","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavoring"}],"sub_title":"Other uses","text":"In industry the root mucilage provides sizing for paper; tobacco is sometimes flavoured with the flowers.","title":"Uses of the plant"}] | [{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Abelmoschi1.JPG/250px-Abelmoschi1.JPG"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species\". 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Kapoor (2000). Handbook of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants: Herbal Reference Library. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9780849329296.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-q45EZEfz0sC&q=%22Abelmoschus+moschatus%22+ayurveda&pg=PA204","url_text":"Handbook of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants: Herbal Reference Library"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780849329296","url_text":"9780849329296"}]},{"reference":"\"Wellness Library:Ambrette (Abelmoschus moschatus)\". Archived from the original on 2018-06-12. Retrieved 2018-06-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142042/http://www.livingnaturally.com/ns/DisplayMonograph.asp?StoreID=3D9D155236034A5897378F7C5A033221&DocID=bottomline-ambrette","url_text":"\"Wellness Library:Ambrette (Abelmoschus moschatus)\""},{"url":"http://www.livingnaturally.com/ns/DisplayMonograph.asp?StoreID=3D9D155236034A5897378F7C5A033221&DocID=bottomline-ambrette","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Brown, Deni (1995). The Royal Horticultural Society encyclopedia of herbs & their uses. London: Dorling Kindersley. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebecca_Lush | Rebecca Lush | ["1 Biography","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"] | British environmental activist
Rebecca LushNationalityBritishEducationUniversity of BristolOccupationEnvironmental activistOrganizationTransport Action Network
Rebecca Lush is a British environmental activist who helped organise a number of major anti-road initiatives, including the support organisation ‘Road Block’. She joined Transport 2000 (now Campaign for Better Transport) as Roads and Climate Campaigner, exposing cost overruns, and now works for Transport Action Network in a similar role.
Biography
Lush became an active environmentalist while studying politics at Bristol University and joined the 'Dongas' protest camp at Twyford Down against the construction of one of the road schemes, a new section of the M3 motorway being built close to where she grew up in 1992. This was one of many schemes outlined in the Roads for Prosperity white paper which Margaret Thatcher described as 'the largest road building programme since the Romans'. Lush successfully challenged the UK Government's Breach of the Peace legislation at the European Court of Human Rights in 1998.
In July 1993 Lush and five others (including Emma Must who later went on to win the Goldman Environmental Prize) were imprisoned for a month for breaking a High Court injunction banning them from Twyford Down. While in Holloway Prison she was visited by the then European commissioner for the environment, Carlo Ripa de Meana who was concerned about the situation.
Lush was arrested also in 1993 and ordered to agree to be bound over for twelve months, to keep the peace and pay the sum of £100. She refused and was sent to prison for seven days. She and others subsequently successfully challenged the UK Government's Breach of the Peace legislation at the European Court of Human Rights in 1998.
Lush was one of the founders of Road Alert!, a national networking service for UK road protests which supported many of the mass demonstrations of the period including the M11 link road protest and the Newbury bypass which contributed to the end of the then government's ambitious road building programme.
In 1996 the Road Alert! offices were moved to Newbury where construction of the Newbury bypass was starting. There were major protests with excess of 1,000 arrests and a policing bill of £26 million.
Between 1994 and 1997 the majority of the remaining road schemes were cancelled after which many campaigners, including Lush, stopped protesting.
In 2002 the government proposed a new major road building programme and expansion of aviation. Lush and a number of other road protest veterans visited the Department for Transport to warn of renewed direct action and delivered a D Lock as a symbol of the earlier protests. Lush founded Road Block to support a growing number of protests around the country soon afterwards.
In September 2005 Lush 'pied' motoring journalist Jeremy Clarkson after he collected an honorary degree in Engineering from Oxford Brookes University in protest at his comments on the effects of climate change. She also 'pied' the Transport Secretary, Alistair Darling when he appeared at the launch of the pro-aviation UK lobbying group, Future Heathrow, explaining "I was absolutely appalled. Why have a campaign group when you have already got the minister on your side?".
During 2006 she advised cosmetics company Lush Cosmetics (no relation) on how to support activists and the company later introduced the 'Charity Pot', a product where 100% of the purchase price (excluding VAT) goes to fund activist groups. Mark Constantine, CEO of Lush explained, "I hate cars, I really hate them, but I'd been giving up the ghost, until Rebecca came along and we started all this up".
In December 2006 Lush highlighted four priority protests; the Mottram to Tintwistle Bypass (in the Peak District National Park), plans to widen the M1 motorway and the M6 motorway and to build a new road from Heysham to M6.
In January 2007 Road Block became a project within Transport 2000 (now Campaign for Better Transport) and Lush was appointed Roads and Climate Campaigner.
While at CBT Lush researched the cost and climate change impacts of various proposed road schemes. She discovered that the estimated costs of seven major schemes had risen by £1.15 billion in a single year, increases which were criticised by the National Audit Office. Then, while researching the DfT's road scheme appraisal process she revealed that their assessment process disadvantaged schemes that reduced car use because they reduced fuel consumption and hence revenue to The Treasury. This led to direct meetings with Ruth Kelly, the Secretary of State for Transport.
Lush has written a number of articles for The Guardian.
Lush left CBT for a period of time on maternity leave to be replaced by Richard George, co-founder of Plane Stupid, before returning in 2011.
In 2020, Lush "returned to her original passion, supporting local communities campaigning on transport issues" when she joined Transport Action Network (TAN) as its Local Campaigns Support Officer. She is currently the organization's roads and climate campaigner, working on issues such as the climate impacts of road schemes and the safety of smart motorways.
See also
Road protest (UK)
Environmental direct action in the United Kingdom
References
^ a b c "Good lives – Rebecca Lush". The Guardian. London. 6 May 2006. Retrieved 22 January 2008.
^ Andrew Rowell (1996). Green Backlash: Global Subversion of the Environmental Movement. Routledge. p. 334. ISBN 978-0-415-12827-8. Retrieved 22 January 2008.
^ "Emma Must, England, Land Preservation". Goldman Prize. 1995. Archived from the original on 5 February 2008. Retrieved 22 January 2008.
^ Williams, Rhys (27 July 1993). "Protester jailed for defying Twyford Down ban is freed: Activist agrees to abide by injunction to stay away from M3 site at centre of environmental battle". The Independent. Retrieved 26 March 2014. ONE of the seven protesters jailed last Friday for defying a High Court injunction was freed ... The other six protesters – Jason Torrance, Philip Pritchard, Simon Fairlie, Robert Bear, Rebecca Lush and Emma Must – are expected to serve out their term. ... Rebecca Lush, 21, is a local environmental campaigner from Winchester. She has been active at Twyford since last October.
^ "CASE OF STEEL AND OTHERS v. THE UNITED KINGDOM". Netherlands Institute of Human Rights. 23 September 1998. Retrieved 21 January 2008.
^ James Connelly, Graham Smith (2003). Politics and the Environment: From Theory to Practice. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-25146-4. Retrieved 22 January 2008.
^ a b c Paul Kingsnorth (30 June 2003). "Do we have to set England alight again?". New Statesman. Retrieved 16 January 2008.
^ Bibi van der Zee and John Vidal (11 January 2006). "No holds barred". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 22 January 2008.
^ "Environmental protest groups". The Making for the Modern World. Retrieved 16 January 2008.
^ "Direct action road protest veterans delegation to Dept for Transport". indymedia. Retrieved 13 January 2008.
^ "Road Block – About". Road Block. Archived from the original on 3 May 2008. Retrieved 16 January 2008.
^ Curtis, Polly (12 September 2005). "Clarkson hit by pie at degree ceremony". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 10 April 2010.
^ "Road Rage". The Ecologist. 1 March 2007. Archived from the original on 26 December 2007. Retrieved 22 January 2008.
^ Brian Wheeler (22 June 2005). "Direct action and democracy". BBC News. Retrieved 22 January 2008.
^ Bibi van der Zee (18 April 2007). "Guerrilla giveaway". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 22 January 2008.
^ Rebecca Lush (2006). "The rise and rise of the movement against road building". Peace News. Archived from the original on 3 December 2008. Retrieved 23 January 2008.
^ "Rebecca Lush Blum – Roads Campaigner". Campaign for Better Transport. Archived from the original on 11 January 2008. Retrieved 22 January 2008.
^ a b c "Road to confrontation". Planning Resource. 4 April 2010. Retrieved 13 October 2010. After eight months of badgering by Lush Blum, the DfT was forced to reveal that it had approved cost increases to seven road schemes totalling £1.15 billion in just one year. This is despite criticisms from the National Audit Office and the Nichols report condemning excessive expenditure on roads.
^ "The road fix". The New Statesman. 9 August 2007. Retrieved 13 October 2010. "The upshot of all these assessment systems is that, however bad a road might look to the people living near its route, and however damaging it is likely to be to the environment, the economic 'benefits' will, on paper, always look much greater," Under Nata, road builders such as the Highways Agency and local authorities must submit detailed assessments of proposed transport projects to the government. These are meant to be balance sheets showing the costs, benefits and environmental impacts... This awards extra points to schemes that generate more traffic because more cars and lorries on the road mean more fuel sales – and hence more tax revenue for the government. By contrast, public transport schemes, which take motor vehicles off the road and so reduce fuel sales and tax revenue, have points deducted.
^ "Rebecca Lush Blum". The Guardian. London. 26 March 2008. Retrieved 22 January 2008.
^ "Richard George". Campaign for Better Transport (UK). Archived from the original on 11 September 2009. Retrieved 30 April 2009.
^ "About Transport Action Network". Transport Action Network. Retrieved 2 July 2021.
^ Reid, Carlton (21 April 2020). "Legal Bid Launched To Stop U.K. Government's £29 Billion Road Building Plans". Forbes. Retrieved 18 June 2022.
^ Ames, Chris (8 March 2022). "Lower Thames Crossing facing carbon questions". Highways. Retrieved 18 June 2022.
^ Kennedy, Catherine. "11 smart motorway schemes put on ice by DfT". New Civil Engineer. Retrieved 18 June 2022.
External links
Rebecca Lush on X
Rebecca Lush articles at The Guardian
Good lives: Rebecca Lush | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"environmental activist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmentalist"},{"link_name":"Transport 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_2000_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Campaign for Better Transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaign_for_Better_Transport_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Transport Action Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transport_Action_Network&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Rebecca Lush is a British environmental activist who helped organise a number of major anti-road initiatives, including the support organisation ‘Road Block’. 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bypass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newbury_bypass"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NS1-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NS1-7"},{"link_name":"Department for Transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_for_Transport"},{"link_name":"D Lock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicycle_lock"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"pied","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieing"},{"link_name":"Jeremy Clarkson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Clarkson"},{"link_name":"Oxford Brookes University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Brookes_University"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Alistair Darling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alistair_Darling"},{"link_name":"UK lobbying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobbying_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Lush Cosmetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lush_(company)"},{"link_name":"Mark Constantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Constantine"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Mottram to Tintwistle Bypass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longdendale_Bypass"},{"link_name":"Peak District National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peak_District_National_Park"},{"link_name":"M1 motorway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1_motorway"},{"link_name":"M6 motorway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M6_motorway"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Transport 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_2000_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Campaign for Better Transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaign_for_Better_Transport_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-node62-17"},{"link_name":"climate change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change"},{"link_name":"National Audit Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Audit_Office_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Planning-18"},{"link_name":"road scheme appraisal process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Approach_to_Appraisal"},{"link_name":"The Treasury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HM_Treasury"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Ruth Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Kelly"},{"link_name":"Secretary of State for Transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Transport"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Planning-18"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"maternity leave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternity_leave"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Planning-18"},{"link_name":"Plane Stupid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plane_Stupid"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"Lush became an active environmentalist while studying politics at Bristol University and joined the 'Dongas' protest camp at Twyford Down against the construction of one of the road schemes, a new section of the M3 motorway being built close to where she grew up in 1992.[1][2] This was one of many schemes outlined in the Roads for Prosperity white paper which Margaret Thatcher described as 'the largest road building programme since the Romans'. Lush successfully challenged the UK Government's Breach of the Peace legislation at the European Court of Human Rights in 1998.In July 1993 Lush and five others (including Emma Must who later went on to win the Goldman Environmental Prize)[3] were imprisoned for a month for breaking a High Court injunction banning them from Twyford Down.[4][1] While in Holloway Prison she was visited by the then European commissioner for the environment, Carlo Ripa de Meana who was concerned about the situation.[1]Lush was arrested also in 1993 and ordered to agree to be bound over for twelve months, to keep the peace and pay the sum of £100. She refused and was sent to prison for seven days. She and others subsequently successfully challenged the UK Government's Breach of the Peace legislation at the European Court of Human Rights in 1998.[5]Lush was one of the founders of Road Alert!, a national networking service for UK road protests which supported many of the mass demonstrations of the period[6] including the M11 link road protest and the Newbury bypass which contributed to the end of the then government's ambitious road building programme.[7]In 1996 the Road Alert! offices were moved to Newbury where construction of the Newbury bypass was starting.[8] There were major protests with excess of 1,000 arrests and a policing bill of £26 million.[9]Between 1994 and 1997 the majority of the remaining road schemes were cancelled after which many campaigners, including Lush, stopped protesting.[7]In 2002 the government proposed a new major road building programme and expansion of aviation.[7] Lush and a number of other road protest veterans visited the Department for Transport to warn of renewed direct action and delivered a D Lock as a symbol of the earlier protests.[10] Lush founded Road Block to support a growing number of protests around the country soon afterwards.[11]In September 2005 Lush 'pied' motoring journalist Jeremy Clarkson after he collected an honorary degree in Engineering from Oxford Brookes University in protest at his comments on the effects of climate change.[12][13] She also 'pied' the Transport Secretary, Alistair Darling when he appeared at the launch of the pro-aviation UK lobbying group, Future Heathrow, explaining \"I was absolutely appalled. Why have a campaign group when you have already got the minister on your side?\".[14]During 2006 she advised cosmetics company Lush Cosmetics (no relation) on how to support activists and the company later introduced the 'Charity Pot', a product where 100% of the purchase price (excluding VAT) goes to fund activist groups. Mark Constantine, CEO of Lush explained, \"I hate cars, I really hate them, but I'd been giving up the ghost, until Rebecca came along and we started all this up\".[15]In December 2006 Lush highlighted four priority protests; the Mottram to Tintwistle Bypass (in the Peak District National Park), plans to widen the M1 motorway and the M6 motorway and to build a new road from Heysham to M6.[16]In January 2007 Road Block became a project within Transport 2000 (now Campaign for Better Transport) and Lush was appointed Roads and Climate Campaigner.[17]While at CBT Lush researched the cost and climate change impacts of various proposed road schemes. She discovered that the estimated costs of seven major schemes had risen by £1.15 billion in a single year, increases which were criticised by the National Audit Office.[18] Then, while researching the DfT's road scheme appraisal process she revealed that their assessment process disadvantaged schemes that reduced car use because they reduced fuel consumption and hence revenue to The Treasury.[19] This led to direct meetings with Ruth Kelly, the Secretary of State for Transport.[18]Lush has written a number of articles for The Guardian.[20]Lush left CBT for a period of time on maternity leave[18] to be replaced by Richard George, co-founder of Plane Stupid,[21] before returning in 2011.In 2020, Lush \"returned to her original passion, supporting local communities campaigning on transport issues\" when she joined Transport Action Network (TAN) as its Local Campaigns Support Officer.[22] She is currently the organization's roads and climate campaigner, working on issues such as the climate impacts of road schemes[23][24] and the safety of smart motorways.[25]","title":"Biography"}] | [] | [{"title":"Road protest (UK)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_protest_(UK)"},{"title":"Environmental direct action in the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_direct_action_in_the_United_Kingdom"}] | [{"reference":"\"Good lives – Rebecca Lush\". The Guardian. London. 6 May 2006. Retrieved 22 January 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/g2/story/0,,1775735,00.html","url_text":"\"Good lives – Rebecca Lush\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"Andrew Rowell (1996). Green Backlash: Global Subversion of the Environmental Movement. Routledge. p. 334. ISBN 978-0-415-12827-8. Retrieved 22 January 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/greenbacklashglo0000rowe","url_text":"Green Backlash: Global Subversion of the Environmental Movement"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge","url_text":"Routledge"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/greenbacklashglo0000rowe/page/334","url_text":"334"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-12827-8","url_text":"978-0-415-12827-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Emma Must, England, Land Preservation\". Goldman Prize. 1995. Archived from the original on 5 February 2008. Retrieved 22 January 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080205004230/http://www.goldmanprize.org/node/136","url_text":"\"Emma Must, England, Land Preservation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldman_Environmental_Prize","url_text":"Goldman Prize"},{"url":"http://www.goldmanprize.org/node/136","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Williams, Rhys (27 July 1993). \"Protester jailed for defying Twyford Down ban is freed: Activist agrees to abide by injunction to stay away from M3 site at centre of environmental battle\". The Independent. Retrieved 26 March 2014. ONE of the seven protesters jailed last Friday for defying a High Court injunction was freed ... The other six protesters – Jason Torrance, Philip Pritchard, Simon Fairlie, Robert Bear, Rebecca Lush and Emma Must – are expected to serve out their term. ... Rebecca Lush, 21, is a local environmental campaigner from Winchester. She has been active at Twyford since last October.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/protester-jailed-for-defying-twyford-down-ban-is-freed-activist-agrees-to-abide-by-injunction-to-stay-away-from-m3-site-at-centre-of-environmental-battle-1487377.html","url_text":"\"Protester jailed for defying Twyford Down ban is freed: Activist agrees to abide by injunction to stay away from M3 site at centre of environmental battle\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent","url_text":"The Independent"}]},{"reference":"\"CASE OF STEEL AND OTHERS v. THE UNITED KINGDOM\". Netherlands Institute of Human Rights. 23 September 1998. Retrieved 21 January 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://sim.law.uu.nl/SIM/CaseLaw/Hof.nsf/1d4d0dd240bfee7ec12568490035df05/e03584e34fdd8dddc12566900031be54?OpenDocument","url_text":"\"CASE OF STEEL AND OTHERS v. THE UNITED KINGDOM\""}]},{"reference":"James Connelly, Graham Smith (2003). Politics and the Environment: From Theory to Practice. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-25146-4. Retrieved 22 January 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ihURFIFCpr0C&q=found+road+alert+%22rebecca+lush%22+alarm&pg=RA1-PA9-IA8","url_text":"Politics and the Environment: From Theory to Practice"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge","url_text":"Routledge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25146-4","url_text":"978-0-415-25146-4"}]},{"reference":"Paul Kingsnorth (30 June 2003). \"Do we have to set England alight again?\". New Statesman. Retrieved 16 January 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newstatesman.com/200306300008","url_text":"\"Do we have to set England alight again?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Statesman","url_text":"New Statesman"}]},{"reference":"Bibi van der Zee and John Vidal (11 January 2006). \"No holds barred\". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 22 January 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/society/2006/jan/11/guardiansocietysupplement5","url_text":"\"No holds barred\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"\"Environmental protest groups\". The Making for the Modern World. Retrieved 16 January 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.makingthemodernworld.org.uk/stories/the_age_of_ambivalence/02.ST.06/?scene=4&tv=true","url_text":"\"Environmental protest groups\""}]},{"reference":"\"Direct action road protest veterans delegation to Dept for Transport\". indymedia. Retrieved 13 January 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/regions/westcountry/2004/07/295124.html","url_text":"\"Direct action road protest veterans delegation to Dept for Transport\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indymedia","url_text":"indymedia"}]},{"reference":"\"Road Block – About\". Road Block. Archived from the original on 3 May 2008. Retrieved 16 January 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080503025902/http://www.roadblock.org.uk/about_us.htm","url_text":"\"Road Block – About\""},{"url":"http://www.roadblock.org.uk/about_us.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Curtis, Polly (12 September 2005). \"Clarkson hit by pie at degree ceremony\". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 10 April 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://education.guardian.co.uk/higher/news/story/0,9830,1568215,00.html","url_text":"\"Clarkson hit by pie at degree ceremony\""}]},{"reference":"\"Road Rage\". The Ecologist. 1 March 2007. Archived from the original on 26 December 2007. Retrieved 22 January 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071226192107/http://www.theecologist.org/archive_detail.asp?content_id=852","url_text":"\"Road Rage\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ecologist","url_text":"The Ecologist"},{"url":"http://www.theecologist.org/archive_detail.asp?content_id=852","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Brian Wheeler (22 June 2005). \"Direct action and democracy\". BBC News. Retrieved 22 January 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/4115132.stm","url_text":"\"Direct action and democracy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]},{"reference":"Bibi van der Zee (18 April 2007). \"Guerrilla giveaway\". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 22 January 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2007/apr/18/activists.guardiansocietysupplement?gusrc=rss&feed=global","url_text":"\"Guerrilla giveaway\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"Rebecca Lush (2006). \"The rise and rise of the movement against road building\". Peace News. Archived from the original on 3 December 2008. Retrieved 23 January 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081203184007/http://www.peacenews.info/issues/2480-81/2480082.html","url_text":"\"The rise and rise of the movement against road building\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_News","url_text":"Peace News"},{"url":"http://www.peacenews.info/issues/2480-81/2480082.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Rebecca Lush Blum – Roads Campaigner\". Campaign for Better Transport. Archived from the original on 11 January 2008. Retrieved 22 January 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080111204540/http://www.bettertransport.org.uk/node/62","url_text":"\"Rebecca Lush Blum – Roads Campaigner\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaign_for_Better_Transport_(UK)","url_text":"Campaign for Better Transport"},{"url":"http://www.bettertransport.org.uk/node/62","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Road to confrontation\". Planning Resource. 4 April 2010. Retrieved 13 October 2010. After eight months of badgering by Lush Blum, the DfT was forced to reveal that it had approved cost increases to seven road schemes totalling £1.15 billion in just one year. This is despite criticisms from the National Audit Office and the Nichols report condemning excessive expenditure on roads.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.planningresource.co.uk/inDepth/ByLocation/England/799727/Road-confrontation/","url_text":"\"Road to confrontation\""}]},{"reference":"\"The road fix\". The New Statesman. 9 August 2007. Retrieved 13 October 2010. \"The upshot of all these assessment systems is that, however bad a road might look to the people living near its route, and however damaging it is likely to be to the environment, the economic 'benefits' will, on paper, always look much greater,\" Under Nata, road builders such as the Highways Agency and local authorities must submit detailed assessments of proposed transport projects to the government. These are meant to be balance sheets showing the costs, benefits and environmental impacts... This awards extra points to schemes that generate more traffic because more cars and lorries on the road mean more fuel sales – and hence more tax revenue for the government. By contrast, public transport schemes, which take motor vehicles off the road and so reduce fuel sales and tax revenue, have points deducted.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newstatesman.com/politics/2007/08/road-nata-cost-transport","url_text":"\"The road fix\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rebecca Lush Blum\". The Guardian. London. 26 March 2008. Retrieved 22 January 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://commentisfree.guardian.co.uk/rebecca_lush_blum/index.html","url_text":"\"Rebecca Lush Blum\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"\"Richard George\". Campaign for Better Transport (UK). Archived from the original on 11 September 2009. Retrieved 30 April 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090911180941/http://www.bettertransport.org.uk/about_us/our_team/richard_george","url_text":"\"Richard George\""},{"url":"http://www.bettertransport.org.uk/about_us/our_team/richard_george","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"About Transport Action Network\". Transport Action Network. Retrieved 2 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://transportactionnetwork.org.uk/about-us/","url_text":"\"About Transport Action Network\""}]},{"reference":"Reid, Carlton (21 April 2020). \"Legal Bid Launched To Stop U.K. Government's £29 Billion Road Building Plans\". Forbes. Retrieved 18 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/carltonreid/2020/04/21/legal-bid-launched-to-stop-uk-governments-27-billion-road-building-plans/","url_text":"\"Legal Bid Launched To Stop U.K. Government's £29 Billion Road Building Plans\""}]},{"reference":"Ames, Chris (8 March 2022). \"Lower Thames Crossing facing carbon questions\". Highways. Retrieved 18 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.highwaysmagazine.co.uk/Lower-Thames-Crossing-facing-carbon-questions/9590","url_text":"\"Lower Thames Crossing facing carbon questions\""}]},{"reference":"Kennedy, Catherine. \"11 smart motorway schemes put on ice by DfT\". New Civil Engineer. Retrieved 18 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newcivilengineer.com/latest/11-smart-motorway-schemes-put-on-ice-by-dft-13-01-2022/","url_text":"\"11 smart motorway schemes put on ice by DfT\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/g2/story/0,,1775735,00.html","external_links_name":"\"Good lives – Rebecca Lush\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/greenbacklashglo0000rowe","external_links_name":"Green Backlash: Global Subversion of the Environmental Movement"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/greenbacklashglo0000rowe/page/334","external_links_name":"334"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080205004230/http://www.goldmanprize.org/node/136","external_links_name":"\"Emma Must, England, Land Preservation\""},{"Link":"http://www.goldmanprize.org/node/136","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/protester-jailed-for-defying-twyford-down-ban-is-freed-activist-agrees-to-abide-by-injunction-to-stay-away-from-m3-site-at-centre-of-environmental-battle-1487377.html","external_links_name":"\"Protester jailed for defying Twyford Down ban is freed: Activist agrees to abide by injunction to stay away from M3 site at centre of environmental battle\""},{"Link":"http://sim.law.uu.nl/SIM/CaseLaw/Hof.nsf/1d4d0dd240bfee7ec12568490035df05/e03584e34fdd8dddc12566900031be54?OpenDocument","external_links_name":"\"CASE OF STEEL AND OTHERS v. THE UNITED KINGDOM\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ihURFIFCpr0C&q=found+road+alert+%22rebecca+lush%22+alarm&pg=RA1-PA9-IA8","external_links_name":"Politics and the Environment: From Theory to Practice"},{"Link":"http://www.newstatesman.com/200306300008","external_links_name":"\"Do we have to set England alight again?\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/society/2006/jan/11/guardiansocietysupplement5","external_links_name":"\"No holds barred\""},{"Link":"http://www.makingthemodernworld.org.uk/stories/the_age_of_ambivalence/02.ST.06/?scene=4&tv=true","external_links_name":"\"Environmental protest groups\""},{"Link":"http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/regions/westcountry/2004/07/295124.html","external_links_name":"\"Direct action road protest veterans delegation to Dept for Transport\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080503025902/http://www.roadblock.org.uk/about_us.htm","external_links_name":"\"Road Block – About\""},{"Link":"http://www.roadblock.org.uk/about_us.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://education.guardian.co.uk/higher/news/story/0,9830,1568215,00.html","external_links_name":"\"Clarkson hit by pie at degree ceremony\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071226192107/http://www.theecologist.org/archive_detail.asp?content_id=852","external_links_name":"\"Road Rage\""},{"Link":"http://www.theecologist.org/archive_detail.asp?content_id=852","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/4115132.stm","external_links_name":"\"Direct action and democracy\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2007/apr/18/activists.guardiansocietysupplement?gusrc=rss&feed=global","external_links_name":"\"Guerrilla giveaway\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081203184007/http://www.peacenews.info/issues/2480-81/2480082.html","external_links_name":"\"The rise and rise of the movement against road building\""},{"Link":"http://www.peacenews.info/issues/2480-81/2480082.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080111204540/http://www.bettertransport.org.uk/node/62","external_links_name":"\"Rebecca Lush Blum – Roads Campaigner\""},{"Link":"http://www.bettertransport.org.uk/node/62","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.planningresource.co.uk/inDepth/ByLocation/England/799727/Road-confrontation/","external_links_name":"\"Road to confrontation\""},{"Link":"http://www.newstatesman.com/politics/2007/08/road-nata-cost-transport","external_links_name":"\"The road fix\""},{"Link":"http://commentisfree.guardian.co.uk/rebecca_lush_blum/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Rebecca Lush Blum\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090911180941/http://www.bettertransport.org.uk/about_us/our_team/richard_george","external_links_name":"\"Richard George\""},{"Link":"http://www.bettertransport.org.uk/about_us/our_team/richard_george","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://transportactionnetwork.org.uk/about-us/","external_links_name":"\"About Transport Action Network\""},{"Link":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/carltonreid/2020/04/21/legal-bid-launched-to-stop-uk-governments-27-billion-road-building-plans/","external_links_name":"\"Legal Bid Launched To Stop U.K. Government's £29 Billion Road Building Plans\""},{"Link":"https://www.highwaysmagazine.co.uk/Lower-Thames-Crossing-facing-carbon-questions/9590","external_links_name":"\"Lower Thames Crossing facing carbon questions\""},{"Link":"https://www.newcivilengineer.com/latest/11-smart-motorway-schemes-put-on-ice-by-dft-13-01-2022/","external_links_name":"\"11 smart motorway schemes put on ice by DfT\""},{"Link":"https://x.com/lushbecca","external_links_name":"Rebecca Lush"},{"Link":"http://commentisfree.guardian.co.uk/rebecca_lush_blum","external_links_name":"Rebecca Lush articles at The Guardian"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2006/may/16/ethicalliving.lifeandhealth2","external_links_name":"Good lives: Rebecca Lush"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangan_Hill_National_Park | Bangan Hill National Park | ["1 References","2 See also"] | Coordinates: 16°25′N 121°19′E / 16.417°N 121.317°E / 16.417; 121.317
Bangan Hill National ParkIUCN category II (national park)LocationNueva Vizcaya, PhilippinesNearest citySantiago City, PhilippinesCoordinates16°25′N 121°19′E / 16.417°N 121.317°E / 16.417; 121.317Area13.90 hectares (34.3 acres)EstablishedMarch 29, 1995Governing bodyDepartment of Environment and Natural Resources
Bangan Hill National Park is a protected area of the Philippines located in the municipality of Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya in Cagayan Valley. The park covers an area of 13.90 hectares. It was declared a national park in 1995 by virtue of Republic Act No. 7954.
The park is a historic and cultural landmark of Nueva Vizcaya, being the site of the first mass in the province in 1739 officiated by Father Pedro Freire. The event also marked the founding of the municipality of Bayombong. The park is also the site of the annual "Stations of the Cross" staged by the Diocese of Bayombong during the Lenten season using live actors depicting the last moments leading to Jesus Christ's crucifixion. It is also an ideal year-round destination for hiking enthusiasts with the observation deck commanding a great view of the expanse of the surrounding valley formed by the Caraballo and Cordillera Central mountains.
References
^ "Region 2 – Protected Areas". Department of Environment of Natural Resources Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau. Retrieved June 14, 2012.
^ "Republic Act No. 7954". Chan Robles. Retrieved June 14, 2012.
See also
List of national parks of the Philippines
vteNational parks of the PhilippinesLuzon
Aurora Memorial
Balbalasang-Balbalan
Bangan Hill
Bataan
Biak-na-Bato
Caramoan
Cassamata Hill
Fuyot Springs
Hundred Islands
Libmanan Caves
Luneta (Rizal)
Minalungao
Mount Arayat
Mount Data
Mount Pulag
Mounts Iglit–Baco
Naujan Lake
Northern Luzon Heroes Hill
Olongapo Naval Base Perimeter
Pagsanjan Gorge
Paoay Lake
Puerto Princesa Subterranean River
Quezon Memorial
Visayas
Bulabog Putian
Guadalupe Mabugnao Mainit Hot Spring
Kuapnit Balinsasayao
MacArthur Landing Memorial
Mindanao
Lake Butig
Lake Dapao
Mado Hot Spring
Mount Dajo
Pantuwaraya Lake
Rungkunan
Sacred Mountain
Salikata
vteProtected areas in Cagayan ValleyNational parks
Bangan Hill
Fuyot Springs
Natural parks
Northern Sierra Madre
Natural monuments
Salinas
Protected landscapes
Casecnan
Magapit
Quirino
Protected landscapes and seascapes
Batanes
Peñablanca
Resource reserves
Upper Agno River Basin
Marine reserves
Palaui Island
Watershed forest reserves
Bawa
Dupax
Pantabangan–Carranglan Watershed
Talavera
Tumauini
Wangag
Wilderness areas
Isabela
Protected areas of the Philippines
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lajja_(2001_film) | Lajja (film) | ["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Music","4 Awards and nominations","5 Reviews","6 Box office","7 References","8 External links"] | 2001 film by Rajkumar Santoshi
LajjaFilm posterDirected byRajkumar SantoshiWritten byRanjit KapoorRajkumar Santoshi (Dialogues)Screenplay byAshok RawatRajkumar SantoshiStory byRajkumar SantoshiRam (uncredited)Produced byRajkumar SantoshiStarringManisha KoiralaRekhaMadhuri DixitMahima ChaudhryAnil KapoorAjay DevgnJackie ShroffNarrated byBharat ShahCinematographyMadhu AmbatEdited byV. N. MayekarMusic bySongs:Anu MalikIlaiyaraajaBackground Score:IlaiyaraajaProductioncompanySantoshi ProductionsDistributed byEros International (Worldwide)Release date
31 August 2001 (2001-08-31)
Running time202 minutesCountryIndiaLanguageHindiBudget₹22 croreBox office₹34.29 crore
Lajja (transl. Shame) is a 2001 Indian Hindi-language crime drama film produced and directed by Rajkumar Santoshi. Based on the plight of women and feminism in India, the film satirizes the honor with which women are placed in society and the restrictions imposed on them. The fact that the names of four women (Maithili, Janki, Ramdulaari, and Vaidehi) are all versions of Sita, the ideal Hindu woman's name, is a message in itself. It features Manisha Koirala in the lead role as Vaidehi, the mistreated woman, while an ensemble cast of Rekha, Anil Kapoor, Madhuri Dixit, Ajay Devgn, Jackie Shroff, Mahima Chaudhry, Johnny Lever, Suresh Oberoi, Sharman Joshi, Danny Dengzongpa, Razak Khan, Gulshan Grover and Aarti Chhabria appear in supporting roles.
Lajja failed commercially in India but was a major commercial success in the overseas. It received mixed reviews with criticism for story and screenplay, but the performances from the lead actors were highly praised.
At the 47th Filmfare Awards, Lajja was nominated for 3 awards – Best Supporting Actor (Devgn) and Best Supporting Actress (for both Rekha and Dixit). At the 2002 Zee Cine Awards, it won Best Supporting Actress (Dixit).
Plot
Vaidehi (Manisha Koirala) is married to the rich Raghu (Jackie Shroff). Outside, she has a sophisticated life but inside, Raghu is abusive and has extramarital affairs. Later, she is banished from the household. She returns to her parents' house, but they reject her as her running away from Raghu taints their family's reputation. She soon finds out she is pregnant.
Raghu gets into a car accident and is left impotent. Upon knowing Vaidehi's pregnancy, he calls her, faking remorse, and asks her to return. She agrees, thinking Raghu has mended his ways. In reality, he and his father plot for the baby to become their heir and if Vaidehi intervenes, she will be killed. A friend informs Vaidehi of Raghu's true intentions and she escapes from his henchmen.
Raju (Anil Kapoor), a petty but kind-hearted thief helps Vaidehi, hears her story and gives her money so that she can go to Haripur. They gatecrash a wedding, Vaidehi meets the bride Maithili (Mahima Chaudhary), a middle-class girl marrying a rich groom. The two see the groom's father Mr. Hazarilal harassing Maithili's father Nekchand with demands for an opulent wedding which is unaffordable and forcing him to pay dowry, with his reputation in society being ruined if he fails. Vaidehi tries to convince Raju to give Maithili's father his money from the heist. He refuses and is soon forced to escape as somebody has recognized him as a gatecrasher. Changing his mind, he returns to give his heist money to Vaidehi.
The groom's friend Gulshan attempts to rape Maithili but is stopped by Raju. One of the guests Gulabchand recognizes the heist money which Raju had stolen from him before gatecrashing the wedding. Moreover, Gulshan tells the groom's family that he spotted Raju in Maithili's room. She is accused of sexual relations with him in return for money, which leads Raju to publicly acknowledge his theft. Maithili insults the groom's family, and they flee from the wedding. Raghu finds and forces Vaidehi into returning home. On the way, they encounter a protest mob. Raghu gets out to investigate thus giving Vaidehi a chance to escape.
Vaidehi arrives in a small town, Haripur and meets Janki, a theatre actress in love with her colleague, Manish. She is pregnant but not married, and doesn't care for society's norms. The older theatre director Purushottam took in Janki when she was young and lusts after her while keeping his younger wife, Lata, confined to their house. He badmouths Janki to Manish, creating a rift. Manish asks her to abort the child as he suspects it isn't his, indirectly accusing Janki of sexual relations with Purushottam. Outraged, Janki intentionally botches a scene during a performance of the Ramayan. The angered audience assaults her, causing her to miscarry. Vaidehi confronts Purshottam, who threatens to call Raghu. However, Lata intervenes and puts her on a train at the railway station.
Vaidehi's train is robbed by bandits but Bhulwa, a kind-hearted local dacoit saves the passengers. Vaidehi faints at the sight of blood. Bhulwa takes her to the local midwife Ramdulari who bravely opposes the village leaders Virendra and Gajendra as they exploit innocent women, young and old. Tensions escalate when Ramdulari's educated son Prakash, who tries to educate the villagers about what Virendra and Gajendra are doing, falls in love with Gajendra's daughter Sushma. Gajendra locks Ramdulaari in her house and sets out to find Prakash. He also locks away Vaidehi in his home to be rewarded by Raghu by returning her to him. Prakash elopes with Sushma; whilst Virendra and Gajendra rape and burn Ramdulari alive.
In a fit of rage, Bhulwa and his army kill Virendra and his goons, though being severely injured. Vaidehi escapes with Sushma and Prakash. Gajendra attempts to enter politics, so when he is applauded by the local authorities, Vaidehi intervenes and exposes him as a rapist and a murderer. She delivers a heart-wrenching speech about how women in India are only treated as burdens to be married off by their families or tools to get dowry and male heirs by their in-laws. This drives all the women in the audience to assault Gajendra, whom Bhulwa kills later (off-screen). The speech changes Raghu's attitude and he reforms, reconciling with Vaidehi. They return to New York City as a proper married couple.
Vaidehi gives birth to a daughter and named her Ramdulari. She reunites with Raju, who is now a taxi driver married to Maithili. Vaidehi invites him to a charity dance show with Janki in the main role, wherein all the money from her shows goes to fund women's organizations in India.
Cast
Manisha Koirala as Vaidehi
Madhuri Dixit as Janki
Mahima Chaudhary as Maithili
Rekha as Ramdulari
Anil Kapoor as Raju, a petty thief
Ajay Devgan as Bhulwa, the dacoit
Jackie Shroff as Raghu
Danny Denzongpa as Gajendra Singh Thakur
Gulshan Grover as Virendra Singh Thakur
Nasirr Khan as Gulshan alias Gullu
Aarti Chhabria as Sushma Thakur, Gajendra's daughter.
Sharman Joshi as Prakash, Ramdulaari's son.
Beena Banerjee as Vaidehi's mother
Suresh Oberoi as Raghu's father
Johnny Lever as Fakhruddin (Raghu's henchman).
Razak Khan as Francis (Raghu's henchman).
Anjan Srivastav as Nekchand, Maithili's father.
Farida Jalal as Saroj, Maithili's mother.
Tinnu Anand as Purshottam
Jaya Bhattacharya as Lata
Asrani as Gulab Chand
Dina Pathak as Maithili's paternal aunt.
Govind Namdeo as Mr. Hazarilal
Jagdeep as Bansidhar Chakkiwala (cameo)
Ritu Shivpuri as Anita
Rohini Hattangadi as Mrs. Hazarilal
Viju Khote as Damodar, Brother-in-law of Hazarilal.
Ghanashyam Nayak as Tiku, Prompter at Purshottam Drama Company.
Suhas Bhalekar as a member of Purshottam Drama Company.
Samir Soni as Manish
Anupam Shyam as Pimp of Prostitute girls.
Subrat Dutta
Sonali Bendre as herself in song "Saajan Ke Ghar Jaana Hai" (special appearance)
Urmila Matondkar as herself in song "Aaye Aajaye" (special appearance)
Gopi Bhalla
Music
LajjaSoundtrack album by Anu MalikIlaiyaraajaReleased2001GenreFeature film soundtrackLabelUniversal Music India
The songs were mainly composed by Anu Malik. A. R. Rahman was initially signed in as the composer; but then he opted out; after he got extremely busy with his international assignment, Bombay Dreams. Then, the background score for the movie was done by Ilaiyaraaja. Lyrics of all songs were also written by Sameer, except those of "Kaun Dagar Kaun Shehar", which were written by Prasoon Joshi. This song was also composed by Ilaiyaraaja and was sung by Lata Mangeshkar. According to the Indian trade website Box Office India, with around 13,00,000 units sold, this film's soundtrack album was the year's fifteenth highest-selling.
SongsNo.TitleLyricsMusicSingerLength1."Aaye Aajaye Aa Hi Jaiye"SameerAnu MalikAnuradha Sriram 2."Badi Mushkil"SameerAnu MalikAlka Yagnik 3."Jiyo Jiyo"SameerAnu MalikK.K. 4."Kaliyug Ki Sita"SameerAnu MalikAnuradha Paudwal 5."Kaliyug Ki Sita" (II)SameerAnu MalikShubha Mudgal 6."Kaun Dagar Kaun Shehar"Prasoon JoshiIlaiyaraajaLata Mangeshkar 7."Saajan Ke Ghar Jana Hai"SameerAnu MalikAlka Yagnik, Sonu Nigam, Richa Sharma 8."Saajan Ke Ghar Jana Hai (Solo Version)"SameerAnu MalikAlka Yagnik
Awards and nominations
Year
Award
Nominee(s)
Category
Result
2002
47th Filmfare Awards
Ajay Devgn
Best Supporting Actor
Nominated
Rekha
Best Supporting Actress
Nominated
Madhuri Dixit
Nominated
Zee Cine Awards
Best Supporting Actress
Won
Reviews
The film received mixed reviews, however the performances from the lead actors were highly praised.
Bollywood Hungama gave a rating of two and half out of five stars and said "On the whole, Lajja is a purposeful film within commercial parameters and the best part is that the Indian masses will be able to identify with the goings-on. An enviable star cast, a talented director and an excellent second half are amongst its strong points." The Hindu stated "Unfortunately, this colourful film is a black-and-white disappointment, particularly in the second half when Santoshi loses track of his story and in a blatant bid to get the tax-free certificate brings in bits about computer education, female literacy and infanticide.". The BBC gave a positive review saying "The film is well directed, excellent songs, although they should have had more realistic fights."
Box office
Lajja failed commercially at the box office in India due to high budget and distribution price. However it tasted success overseas. It ranked 14th on the British box-office chart, according to the Internet Movie Database.
References
^ a b "Lajja – Movie". Box Office India.
^ Lajja (2001) - IMDb, retrieved 5 August 2021
^ "Box Office 2001". Boxofficeindia.com. Archived from the original on 23 October 2013. Retrieved 1 July 2011.
^ a b Arthur J Pais (8 September 2001). "Lajja's a hit overseas". Rediff. Retrieved 1 July 2011.
^ "The Complete Biography of A.R.Rahman - the A.R.Rahman Page".
^ "Music Hits 2000–2009 (Figures in Units)". Box Office India. Archived from the original on 15 February 2008.
^ "Film Review – Lajja". Planet Bollywood. Archived from the original on 16 June 2011. Retrieved 1 July 2011.
^ Bariana, Sanjeev Singh (2 September 2001). "Rekha, Madhuri, Manisha all the way". The Tribune. Retrieved 12 December 2011.
^ Adarsh, Taran (29 August 2001). "Lajja: Movie Review". Bollywood Hungama. Archived from the original on 5 October 2008. Retrieved 1 July 2011.
^ "Film Review: Lajja". The Hindu. 7 September 2001. Archived from the original on 28 November 2001. Retrieved 1 July 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^ Virdee, Jay (30 August 2001). "Lajja reviewed". BBC. Retrieved 1 July 2011.
^ "rediff.com, Movies: The Lajja review". www.rediff.com.
External links
Lajja at IMDb
Lajja at Bollywood Hungama
vteFilms of Rajkumar Santoshi
Ghayal (1990)
Damini (1993)
Andaz Apna Apna (1994)
Barsaat (1995)
Ghatak: Lethal (1996)
China Gate (1998)
Pukar (2000)
Lajja (2001)
The Legend of Bhagat Singh (2002)
Khakee (2004)
Family - Ties of Blood (2006)
Halla Bol (2008)
Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani (2009)
Phata Poster Nikhla Hero (2013)
Bad Boy (2023) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi"},{"link_name":"crime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_film"},{"link_name":"drama film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama_film"},{"link_name":"Rajkumar Santoshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajkumar_Santoshi"},{"link_name":"Sita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sita"},{"link_name":"Manisha Koirala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manisha_Koirala"},{"link_name":"Rekha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rekha"},{"link_name":"Anil Kapoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anil_Kapoor"},{"link_name":"Madhuri Dixit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhuri_Dixit"},{"link_name":"Ajay Devgn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajay_Devgn"},{"link_name":"Jackie Shroff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie_Shroff"},{"link_name":"Mahima Chaudhry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahima_Chaudhry"},{"link_name":"Johnny Lever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Lever"},{"link_name":"Suresh Oberoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suresh_Oberoi"},{"link_name":"Sharman Joshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharman_Joshi"},{"link_name":"Danny Dengzongpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Dengzongpa"},{"link_name":"Razak Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razak_Khan"},{"link_name":"Gulshan Grover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulshan_Grover"},{"link_name":"Aarti Chhabria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aarti_Chhabria"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rediff1-4"},{"link_name":"47th Filmfare Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/47th_Filmfare_Awards"},{"link_name":"Best Supporting Actor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmfare_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actor"},{"link_name":"Best Supporting Actress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmfare_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actress"},{"link_name":"Zee Cine Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zee_Cine_Awards"},{"link_name":"Best Supporting Actress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zee_Cine_Award_for_Best_Actor_in_a_Supporting_Role_%E2%80%93_Female"}],"text":"Lajja (transl. Shame) is a 2001 Indian Hindi-language crime drama film produced and directed by Rajkumar Santoshi. Based on the plight of women and feminism in India, the film satirizes the honor with which women are placed in society and the restrictions imposed on them. The fact that the names of four women (Maithili, Janki, Ramdulaari, and Vaidehi) are all versions of Sita, the ideal Hindu woman's name, is a message in itself. It features Manisha Koirala in the lead role as Vaidehi, the mistreated woman, while an ensemble cast of Rekha, Anil Kapoor, Madhuri Dixit, Ajay Devgn, Jackie Shroff, Mahima Chaudhry, Johnny Lever, Suresh Oberoi, Sharman Joshi, Danny Dengzongpa, Razak Khan, Gulshan Grover and Aarti Chhabria appear in supporting roles.[2]Lajja failed commercially in India[3] but was a major commercial success in the overseas.[4] It received mixed reviews with criticism for story and screenplay, but the performances from the lead actors were highly praised.At the 47th Filmfare Awards, Lajja was nominated for 3 awards – Best Supporting Actor (Devgn) and Best Supporting Actress (for both Rekha and Dixit). At the 2002 Zee Cine Awards, it won Best Supporting Actress (Dixit).","title":"Lajja (film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Manisha Koirala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manisha_Koirala"},{"link_name":"Jackie Shroff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie_Shroff"},{"link_name":"abusive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_violence"},{"link_name":"extramarital affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infidelity"},{"link_name":"Anil Kapoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anil_Kapoor"},{"link_name":"Mahima Chaudhary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahima_Chaudhary"},{"link_name":"dowry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dowry"},{"link_name":"Ramayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramayan"},{"link_name":"dacoit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacoit"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"}],"text":"Vaidehi (Manisha Koirala) is married to the rich Raghu (Jackie Shroff). Outside, she has a sophisticated life but inside, Raghu is abusive and has extramarital affairs. Later, she is banished from the household. She returns to her parents' house, but they reject her as her running away from Raghu taints their family's reputation. She soon finds out she is pregnant.Raghu gets into a car accident and is left impotent. Upon knowing Vaidehi's pregnancy, he calls her, faking remorse, and asks her to return. She agrees, thinking Raghu has mended his ways. In reality, he and his father plot for the baby to become their heir and if Vaidehi intervenes, she will be killed. A friend informs Vaidehi of Raghu's true intentions and she escapes from his henchmen.Raju (Anil Kapoor), a petty but kind-hearted thief helps Vaidehi, hears her story and gives her money so that she can go to Haripur. They gatecrash a wedding, Vaidehi meets the bride Maithili (Mahima Chaudhary), a middle-class girl marrying a rich groom. The two see the groom's father Mr. Hazarilal harassing Maithili's father Nekchand with demands for an opulent wedding which is unaffordable and forcing him to pay dowry, with his reputation in society being ruined if he fails. Vaidehi tries to convince Raju to give Maithili's father his money from the heist. He refuses and is soon forced to escape as somebody has recognized him as a gatecrasher. Changing his mind, he returns to give his heist money to Vaidehi.The groom's friend Gulshan attempts to rape Maithili but is stopped by Raju. One of the guests Gulabchand recognizes the heist money which Raju had stolen from him before gatecrashing the wedding. Moreover, Gulshan tells the groom's family that he spotted Raju in Maithili's room. She is accused of sexual relations with him in return for money, which leads Raju to publicly acknowledge his theft. Maithili insults the groom's family, and they flee from the wedding. Raghu finds and forces Vaidehi into returning home. On the way, they encounter a protest mob. Raghu gets out to investigate thus giving Vaidehi a chance to escape.Vaidehi arrives in a small town, Haripur and meets Janki, a theatre actress in love with her colleague, Manish. She is pregnant but not married, and doesn't care for society's norms. The older theatre director Purushottam took in Janki when she was young and lusts after her while keeping his younger wife, Lata, confined to their house. He badmouths Janki to Manish, creating a rift. Manish asks her to abort the child as he suspects it isn't his, indirectly accusing Janki of sexual relations with Purushottam. Outraged, Janki intentionally botches a scene during a performance of the Ramayan. The angered audience assaults her, causing her to miscarry. Vaidehi confronts Purshottam, who threatens to call Raghu. However, Lata intervenes and puts her on a train at the railway station.Vaidehi's train is robbed by bandits but Bhulwa, a kind-hearted local dacoit saves the passengers. Vaidehi faints at the sight of blood. Bhulwa takes her to the local midwife Ramdulari who bravely opposes the village leaders Virendra and Gajendra as they exploit innocent women, young and old. Tensions escalate when Ramdulari's educated son Prakash, who tries to educate the villagers about what Virendra and Gajendra are doing, falls in love with Gajendra's daughter Sushma. Gajendra locks Ramdulaari in her house and sets out to find Prakash. He also locks away Vaidehi in his home to be rewarded by Raghu by returning her to him. Prakash elopes with Sushma; whilst Virendra and Gajendra rape and burn Ramdulari alive.In a fit of rage, Bhulwa and his army kill Virendra and his goons, though being severely injured. Vaidehi escapes with Sushma and Prakash. Gajendra attempts to enter politics, so when he is applauded by the local authorities, Vaidehi intervenes and exposes him as a rapist and a murderer. She delivers a heart-wrenching speech about how women in India are only treated as burdens to be married off by their families or tools to get dowry and male heirs by their in-laws. This drives all the women in the audience to assault Gajendra, whom Bhulwa kills later (off-screen). The speech changes Raghu's attitude and he reforms, reconciling with Vaidehi. They return to New York City as a proper married couple.Vaidehi gives birth to a daughter and named her Ramdulari. She reunites with Raju, who is now a taxi driver married to Maithili. Vaidehi invites him to a charity dance show with Janki in the main role, wherein all the money from her shows goes to fund women's organizations in India.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Manisha Koirala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manisha_Koirala"},{"link_name":"Madhuri Dixit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhuri_Dixit"},{"link_name":"Mahima Chaudhary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahima_Chaudhary"},{"link_name":"Rekha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rekha"},{"link_name":"Anil Kapoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anil_Kapoor"},{"link_name":"Ajay Devgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajay_Devgan"},{"link_name":"Jackie Shroff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie_Shroff"},{"link_name":"Danny Denzongpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Denzongpa"},{"link_name":"Gulshan Grover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulshan_Grover"},{"link_name":"Aarti Chhabria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aarti_Chhabria"},{"link_name":"Sharman Joshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharman_Joshi"},{"link_name":"Beena Banerjee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beena_Banerjee"},{"link_name":"Suresh Oberoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suresh_Oberoi"},{"link_name":"Johnny Lever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Lever"},{"link_name":"Razak Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razak_Khan"},{"link_name":"Anjan Srivastav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anjan_Srivastav"},{"link_name":"Farida Jalal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farida_Jalal"},{"link_name":"Tinnu Anand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinnu_Anand"},{"link_name":"Jaya Bhattacharya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaya_Bhattacharya"},{"link_name":"Asrani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asrani"},{"link_name":"Dina Pathak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dina_Pathak"},{"link_name":"Govind Namdeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Govind_Namdeo"},{"link_name":"Jagdeep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagdeep"},{"link_name":"Ritu Shivpuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritu_Shivpuri"},{"link_name":"Rohini Hattangadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohini_Hattangadi"},{"link_name":"Viju Khote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viju_Khote"},{"link_name":"Ghanashyam Nayak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghanashyam_Nayak"},{"link_name":"Samir Soni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samir_Soni"},{"link_name":"Anupam Shyam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anupam_Shyam"},{"link_name":"Subrat Dutta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subrat_Dutta"},{"link_name":"Sonali Bendre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonali_Bendre"},{"link_name":"Urmila Matondkar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urmila_Matondkar"},{"link_name":"Gopi Bhalla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gopi_Bhalla"}],"text":"Manisha Koirala as Vaidehi\nMadhuri Dixit as Janki\nMahima Chaudhary as Maithili\nRekha as Ramdulari\nAnil Kapoor as Raju, a petty thief\nAjay Devgan as Bhulwa, the dacoit\nJackie Shroff as Raghu\nDanny Denzongpa as Gajendra Singh Thakur\nGulshan Grover as Virendra Singh Thakur\nNasirr Khan as Gulshan alias Gullu\nAarti Chhabria as Sushma Thakur, Gajendra's daughter.\nSharman Joshi as Prakash, Ramdulaari's son.\nBeena Banerjee as Vaidehi's mother\nSuresh Oberoi as Raghu's father\nJohnny Lever as Fakhruddin (Raghu's henchman).\nRazak Khan as Francis (Raghu's henchman).\nAnjan Srivastav as Nekchand, Maithili's father.\nFarida Jalal as Saroj, Maithili's mother.\nTinnu Anand as Purshottam\nJaya Bhattacharya as Lata\nAsrani as Gulab Chand\nDina Pathak as Maithili's paternal aunt.\nGovind Namdeo as Mr. Hazarilal\nJagdeep as Bansidhar Chakkiwala (cameo)\nRitu Shivpuri as Anita\nRohini Hattangadi as Mrs. Hazarilal\nViju Khote as Damodar, Brother-in-law of Hazarilal.\nGhanashyam Nayak as Tiku, Prompter at Purshottam Drama Company.\nSuhas Bhalekar as a member of Purshottam Drama Company.\nSamir Soni as Manish\nAnupam Shyam as Pimp of Prostitute girls.\nSubrat Dutta\nSonali Bendre as herself in song \"Saajan Ke Ghar Jaana Hai\" (special appearance)\nUrmila Matondkar as herself in song \"Aaye Aajaye\" (special appearance)\nGopi Bhalla","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anu Malik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anu_Malik"},{"link_name":"A. R. Rahman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._R._Rahman"},{"link_name":"Bombay Dreams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombay_Dreams"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Ilaiyaraaja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilaiyaraaja"},{"link_name":"Sameer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sameer_(lyricist)"},{"link_name":"Prasoon Joshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prasoon_Joshi"},{"link_name":"Lata Mangeshkar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lata_Mangeshkar"},{"link_name":"Box Office India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_Office_India"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Sameer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sameer_(lyricist)"},{"link_name":"Anu Malik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anu_Malik"},{"link_name":"Anuradha Sriram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anuradha_Sriram"},{"link_name":"Sameer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sameer_(lyricist)"},{"link_name":"Anu Malik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anu_Malik"},{"link_name":"Alka Yagnik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alka_Yagnik"},{"link_name":"Sameer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sameer_(lyricist)"},{"link_name":"Anu Malik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anu_Malik"},{"link_name":"K.K.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KK_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Sameer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sameer_(lyricist)"},{"link_name":"Anu Malik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anu_Malik"},{"link_name":"Anuradha Paudwal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anuradha_Paudwal"},{"link_name":"Sameer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sameer_(lyricist)"},{"link_name":"Anu Malik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anu_Malik"},{"link_name":"Shubha Mudgal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shubha_Mudgal"},{"link_name":"Prasoon Joshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prasoon_Joshi"},{"link_name":"Ilaiyaraaja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilaiyaraaja"},{"link_name":"Lata Mangeshkar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lata_Mangeshkar"},{"link_name":"Sameer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sameer_(lyricist)"},{"link_name":"Anu Malik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anu_Malik"},{"link_name":"Alka Yagnik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alka_Yagnik"},{"link_name":"Sonu Nigam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonu_Nigam"},{"link_name":"Richa Sharma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richa_Sharma_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Sameer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sameer_(lyricist)"},{"link_name":"Anu Malik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anu_Malik"},{"link_name":"Alka Yagnik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alka_Yagnik"}],"text":"The songs were mainly composed by Anu Malik. A. R. Rahman was initially signed in as the composer; but then he opted out; after he got extremely busy with his international assignment, Bombay Dreams.[5] Then, the background score for the movie was done by Ilaiyaraaja. Lyrics of all songs were also written by Sameer, except those of \"Kaun Dagar Kaun Shehar\", which were written by Prasoon Joshi. This song was also composed by Ilaiyaraaja and was sung by Lata Mangeshkar. According to the Indian trade website Box Office India, with around 13,00,000 units sold, this film's soundtrack album was the year's fifteenth highest-selling.[6]SongsNo.TitleLyricsMusicSingerLength1.\"Aaye Aajaye Aa Hi Jaiye\"SameerAnu MalikAnuradha Sriram 2.\"Badi Mushkil\"SameerAnu MalikAlka Yagnik 3.\"Jiyo Jiyo\"SameerAnu MalikK.K. 4.\"Kaliyug Ki Sita\"SameerAnu MalikAnuradha Paudwal 5.\"Kaliyug Ki Sita\" (II)SameerAnu MalikShubha Mudgal 6.\"Kaun Dagar Kaun Shehar\"Prasoon JoshiIlaiyaraajaLata Mangeshkar 7.\"Saajan Ke Ghar Jana Hai\"SameerAnu MalikAlka Yagnik, Sonu Nigam, Richa Sharma 8.\"Saajan Ke Ghar Jana Hai (Solo Version)\"SameerAnu MalikAlka Yagnik","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and nominations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Bollywood Hungama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood_Hungama"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"The Hindu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hindu"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"The film received mixed reviews, however the performances from the lead actors were highly praised.[7][8]Bollywood Hungama gave a rating of two and half out of five stars and said \"On the whole, Lajja is a purposeful film within commercial parameters and the best part is that the Indian masses will be able to identify with the goings-on. An enviable star cast, a talented director and an excellent second half are amongst its strong points.\"[9] The Hindu stated \"Unfortunately, this colourful film is a black-and-white disappointment, particularly in the second half when Santoshi loses track of his story and in a blatant bid to get the tax-free certificate brings in bits about computer education, female literacy and infanticide.\".[10] The BBC gave a positive review saying \"The film is well directed, excellent songs, although they should have had more realistic fights.\"[11][12]","title":"Reviews"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rediff1-4"}],"text":"Lajja failed commercially at the box office in India due to high budget and distribution price. However it tasted success overseas. It ranked 14th on the British box-office chart, according to the Internet Movie Database.[4]","title":"Box office"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Lajja – Movie\". Box Office India.","urls":[{"url":"https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=667","url_text":"\"Lajja – Movie\""}]},{"reference":"Lajja (2001) - IMDb, retrieved 5 August 2021","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0293342/","url_text":"Lajja (2001) - IMDb"}]},{"reference":"\"Box Office 2001\". Boxofficeindia.com. Archived from the original on 23 October 2013. Retrieved 1 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131023171325/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=207&catName=MjAwMQ%3D%3D","url_text":"\"Box Office 2001\""},{"url":"http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=207&catName=MjAwMQ==","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Arthur J Pais (8 September 2001). \"Lajja's a hit overseas\". Rediff. Retrieved 1 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/sep/08raj.htm","url_text":"\"Lajja's a hit overseas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rediff","url_text":"Rediff"}]},{"reference":"\"The Complete Biography of A.R.Rahman - the A.R.Rahman Page\".","urls":[{"url":"http://gopalhome.tripod.com/arrbio.html","url_text":"\"The Complete Biography of A.R.Rahman - the A.R.Rahman Page\""}]},{"reference":"\"Music Hits 2000–2009 (Figures in Units)\". Box Office India. Archived from the original on 15 February 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080215081557/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=286&catName=MjAwMC0yMDA5&PHPSESSID=108b9056cd4ca14236f9c6119d34dcce","url_text":"\"Music Hits 2000–2009 (Figures in Units)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_Office_India","url_text":"Box Office India"},{"url":"http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=286&catName=MjAwMC0yMDA5","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Film Review – Lajja\". Planet Bollywood. Archived from the original on 16 June 2011. Retrieved 1 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110616182128/http://www.planetbollywood.com/Film/Lajja/","url_text":"\"Film Review – Lajja\""},{"url":"http://www.planetbollywood.com/Film/Lajja/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bariana, Sanjeev Singh (2 September 2001). \"Rekha, Madhuri, Manisha all the way\". The Tribune. Retrieved 12 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010902/cth2.htm#5","url_text":"\"Rekha, Madhuri, Manisha all the way\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tribune_(Chandigarh)","url_text":"The Tribune"}]},{"reference":"Adarsh, Taran (29 August 2001). \"Lajja: Movie Review\". Bollywood Hungama. Archived from the original on 5 October 2008. Retrieved 1 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081005112602/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/review/6794/index.html","url_text":"\"Lajja: Movie Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood_Hungama","url_text":"Bollywood Hungama"},{"url":"http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/review/6794/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Film Review: Lajja\". The Hindu. 7 September 2001. Archived from the original on 28 November 2001. Retrieved 1 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20011128200658/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2001/09/07/stories/09070223.htm","url_text":"\"Film Review: Lajja\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hindu","url_text":"The Hindu"}]},{"reference":"Virdee, Jay (30 August 2001). \"Lajja reviewed\". BBC. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grevillea_rosmarinifolia | Grevillea rosmarinifolia | ["1 Description","2 Taxonomy","3 Distribution and habitat","4 Use in horticulture","5 References"] | Species of shrub in the family Proteaceae endemic to New South Wales and Victoria, Australia
Grevillea rosmarinifolia
Subspecies rosmarinifolia
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
Clade:
Tracheophytes
Clade:
Angiosperms
Clade:
Eudicots
Order:
Proteales
Family:
Proteaceae
Genus:
Grevillea
Species:
G. rosmarinifolia
Binomial name
Grevillea rosmarinifoliaA.Cunn.
Subspecies glabella
Grevillea rosmarinifolia, commonly known as rosemary grevillea, is a species of flowering plant in the family Proteaceae and is endemic to south-eastern continental Australia and naturalised in other parts of the country. It is usually an erect, compact to open shrub with linear, narrowly elliptic or narrowly oblong leaves with the edges rolled under, and loose clusters of pink to red flowers.
Description
Grevillea rosmarinifolia is usually an erect, compact to open, sometimes low shrub that typically grows to a height of 0.3–2 m (1 ft 0 in – 6 ft 7 in). Its leaves are linear to narrowly elliptic or narrowly oblong, 8–38 mm (0.31–1.50 in) long and 0.7–3 mm (0.028–0.118 in) wide with the edges rolled under, usually concealing the lower surface. The flowers are arranged on the ends of the branches, usually in groups of 4 to 12 on a glabrous rachis 2–8 mm (0.079–0.315 in) long. The flowers are pink to red, the pistil 15–22.5 mm (0.59–0.89 in) long. Flowering occurs from August to December, and the fruit is a hairy, oblong follicle 8–11 mm (0.31–0.43 in) long.
Taxonomy
Grevillea rosmarinifolia was first formally described in 1825 by Allan Cunningham, in Barron Field's book, Geographical Memoirs on New South Wales, from specimens collected on the banks of the Coxs River. The specific epithet (rosmarinifolia) means "rosemary-leaved".
In 2000, Robert Owen Makinson described two subspecies of G. rosmarinifolia, and the names are accepted by the Australian Plant Census:
Grevillea rosmarinifolia subsp. glabella (R.Br.) Makinson is a much-branched, rounded shrub typically 0.8–2 m (2 ft 7 in – 6 ft 7 in) high with linear to more or less cylindrical, crowded leaves 8–15 mm (0.31–0.59 in) long and 0.7–0.8 mm (0.028–0.031 in) wide, the lower surface fully concealed.
Grevillea rosmarinifolia subsp. rosmarinifolia (A.Cunn.) is a compact to open shrub typically 0.3–2 m (1 ft 0 in – 6 ft 7 in) high with usually well-spaced, linear to narrowly elliptic to narrowly oblong leaves 0.8–3.8 mm (0.031–0.150 in) long and 0.7–3 mm (0.028–0.118 in) wide, the lower surface sometimes partly exposed.
Distribution and habitat
Rosemary grevillea is native to New South Wales and Victoria, but is naturalised in South Australia and the Australian Capital Territory. Subspecies glabella grows in mallee or shrubland in sandy soils in the Rankins Springs to Griffith area of southern New South Wales and in the Little Desert area of western Victoria. Subspecies rosmarinifolia grows in open forest or woodland in montane areas of south-eastern New South Wales and in isolated areas of inland Victoria, between Gippsland, Melbourne, Skipton and the Brisbane Ranges.
Use in horticulture
This grevillea is common in cultivation and all forms are readily grown from cuttings. The type form from the Coxs River is thought to be extinct in the field, but was rediscovered by Donald McGillivray growing outside the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh in 1969.
Grevillea rosmarinifolia prefers full sun. It is drought tolerant and hardy down to −10 °C (14 °F). In the UK it has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.
References
^ a b "Grevillea rosmarinifolia". Australian Plant Census. Retrieved 1 January 2023.
^ Makinson, Robert O. "Grevillea rosmarinifolia". Royal Botanic Garden Sydney. Retrieved 1 January 2023.
^ "Grevillea rosmarinifolia". Australian Biological Resources Study, Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment: Canberra. Retrieved 1 January 2023.
^ Wrigley, John W.; Fagg, Murray A. (1991). Banksias, waratahs & grevilleas : and all other plants in the Australian Proteaceae family. North Ryde, NSW, Australia: Angus & Robertson. pp. 322–323. ISBN 0207172773.
^ "Grevillea rosmarinifolia". Australian Native Plants Society (Australia). Retrieved 1 January 2023.
^ Makinson, Robert O.; Stajsic, Val. "Grevillea rosmarinifolia". Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria. Retrieved 2 January 2023.
^ "Grevillea rosmarinifolia". APNI. Retrieved 1 January 2023.
^ Cunningham, Allan (1825). Field, Barron (ed.). Geographical Memoirs on New South Wales. London: John Murray. p. 350. Retrieved 1 January 2023 – via Project Gutenberg Australia.
^ Sharr, Francis Aubi; George, Alex (2019). Western Australian Plant Names and Their Meanings (3rd ed.). Kardinya, WA: Four Gables Press. p. 297. ISBN 9780958034180.
^ "Grevillea rosmarinifolia subsp. glabella". Australian Plant Census. Retrieved 1 January 2023.
^ a b Makinson, Robert O. "Grevillea rosmarinifolia subsp. glabella". Royal Botanic Garden Sydney. Retrieved 1 January 2023.
^ a b "Grevillea rosmarinifolia subsp. glabella". Australian Biological Resources Study, Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment: Canberra. Retrieved 1 January 2023.
^ a b Makinson, Robert O.; Stajsic, Val. "Grevillea rosmarinifolia subsp. glabella". Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria. Retrieved 2 January 2023.
^ "Grevillea rosmarinifolia subsp. rosmarinifolia". Australian Plant Census. Retrieved 1 January 2023.
^ a b Makinson, Robert O. "Grevillea rosmarinifolia subsp. rosmarinifolia". Royal Botanic Garden Sydney. Retrieved 1 January 2023.
^ a b "Grevillea rosmarinifolia subsp. rosmarinifolia". Australian Biological Resources Study, Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment: Canberra. Retrieved 1 January 2023.
^ a b Makinson, Robert O.; Stajsic, Val. "Grevillea rosmarinifolia subsp. rosmarinifolia". Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria. Retrieved 2 January 2023.
^ "RHS Plantfinder - Grevillea rosmarinifolia". Retrieved 16 February 2018.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Grevillea rosmarinifolia.
Taxon identifiersGrevillea rosmarinifolia
Wikidata: Q2583123
Wikispecies: Grevillea rosmarinifolia
APNI: 55242
BOLD: 482268
Calflora: 13361
CoL: 3HCXY
eFloraSA: Grevillea_rosmarinifolia
EoL: 5509600
EPPO: GRERS
FoAO2: Grevillea rosmarinifolia
GBIF: 7287628
GRIN: 18007
iNaturalist: 547335
IPNI: 704027-1
IUCN: 113080265
NCBI: 1034068
NSWFlora: Grevillea~rosmarinifolia
NZOR: 140e51b3-0ce6-4490-993a-57672b8bff9e
Open Tree of Life: 938977
Plant List: kew-2832707
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:704027-1
RHS: 8115
Tropicos: 50183546
uBio: 1845623
VicFlora: 4936d954-8945-41d9-8e59-315bd11a9fe5
WFO: wfo-0000709551
Grevillea rosmarinifolia subsp. rosmarinifolia
Wikidata: Q100453249
APNI: 165279
CoL: 5HJS8
FoAO2: Grevillea rosmarinifolia subsp. rosmarinifolia
GBIF: 7287629
NCBI: 1707925
Open Tree of Life: 5922875
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77230846-1
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Flowering occurs from August to December, and the fruit is a hairy, oblong follicle 8–11 mm (0.31–0.43 in) long.[3][4][5][6]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Allan Cunningham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Cunningham_(botanist)"},{"link_name":"Barron Field's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barron_Field_(author)"},{"link_name":"Coxs River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coxs_River"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-APNI-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Field-8"},{"link_name":"specific epithet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature"},{"link_name":"rosemary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosemary"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sharr-9"},{"link_name":"Robert Owen Makinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Owen_Makinson"},{"link_name":"Australian Plant Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Plant_Census"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-APC1-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RBGS1-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-foa1-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RBGV1-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-APC2-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RBGS2-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-foa2-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RBGV2-17"}],"text":"Grevillea rosmarinifolia was first formally described in 1825 by Allan Cunningham, in Barron Field's book, Geographical Memoirs on New South Wales, from specimens collected on the banks of the Coxs River.[7][8] The specific epithet (rosmarinifolia) means \"rosemary-leaved\".[9]In 2000, Robert Owen Makinson described two subspecies of G. rosmarinifolia, and the names are accepted by the Australian Plant Census:Grevillea rosmarinifolia subsp. glabella (R.Br.) 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakata_Gion_Yamakasa | Hakata Gion Yamakasa | ["1 Floats","2 Hakata districts","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | Annual festival in Hakata, Fukuoka, Japan
Not to be confused with Yakshagana.
Hakata Gion YamakasaObserved byHakata, FukuokaTypeReligiousBegins1 JulyEnds15 JulyDateMonth of JulyRelated toFukagawa Matsuri, Sannō Matsuri
Hakata Gion Yamakasa (博多祇園山笠) is a Japanese festival celebrated from the 1st until the 15th of July in Hakata, Fukuoka. The festivities are centered on the Kushida Jinja. The festival is famous for the Kakiyama, that weigh around one ton and are carried around the city as an act of float-racing. The festival is believed to be over 770 years old and attracts up to a million spectators each year. It was designated an Important Intangible Folk Cultural Property of Japan in 1979.
The origin of the festival is believed to date back to 1241, when the founder of Joten-ji temple, monk Enni had people carry him around the town on a float, while praying in order to get rid of the plague which is considered to have been successful. The sound of the Yamakasa has also been selected by the Ministry of the Environment as one of the 100 Soundscapes of Japan.
Floats
Main article: Matsuri Float
The floats, called Yamakasa, are divided into two groups. The Kakiyama are the smaller, carryable floats, that are raced through the town, while the Kazariyama are stationary floats, that are built up to 13 metres high and often depict historic or mythical events of Japanese culture.
Originally the Kakiyama and Kazariyama were one and the same, with the large floats being carried through the city. However the Yamakasa were split up in 1898 when the electrical power lines in Hakata became too common for large Yamakasa to be carried through the streets.
Hakata districts
Hakata, once its own city, merged with Fukuoka in 1876. The festivities are mostly based in Hakata.
Hakata was divided into seven districts by Toyotomi Hideyoshi in 1586/1587. Some of these districts have changed names and exact boundaries multiple times; they still see themselves as the original seven districts. Soon after the division, carrying the Yamakasa through one's own district became a competition for speed. Today, the main event, the Oiyama, is a race between the districts.
The districts are Higashi-nagare, Nakasu-nagare, Nishi-nagare, Chiyo-nagare, Ebisu-nagare, Doi-nagare and Daikoku-nagare.
See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hakata Gion Yamakasa.
Matsuri
Gion Matsuri
List of Important Intangible Folk Cultural Properties
Important Intangible Cultural Properties of Japan
100 Soundscapes of Japan
References
^ "Hakata Gion Yamakasa Festival". Japan National Tourism Organization. Archived from the original on 18 February 2011. Retrieved 20 March 2011.
^ "Hakata Gion Yamakasa". Fukuoka City. Retrieved 20 March 2011.
^ "Database of Registered National Cultural Properties". Agency for Cultural Affairs. Archived from the original on 23 December 2019. Retrieved 20 March 2011.
^ "Spots/Hakata Area/ History and Culture/Jotenji temple". Fukuoka Official Tourist Guide. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
^ "100 Soundscapes of Japan". Ministry of the Environment. Archived from the original on 8 June 2012. Retrieved 18 April 2011.
^ "6G - Conservation of Good Sound Environment". Ministry of the Environment. Archived from the original on 29 July 2012. Retrieved 21 April 2011.
External links
(in Japanese) Hakata Gion Yamakasa homepage
(in English) Hakata-Gion-Yamakasa Portal Site: Yamakasa-Navi
Hakata Gion Yamakasa NHK
This article related to a Japanese festival or holiday is a stub. 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It was designated an Important Intangible Folk Cultural Property of Japan in 1979.[1][2][3] \nThe origin of the festival is believed to date back to 1241, when the founder of Joten-ji temple, monk Enni had people carry him around the town on a float, while praying in order to get rid of the plague which is considered to have been successful.[4] The sound of the Yamakasa has also been selected by the Ministry of the Environment as one of the 100 Soundscapes of Japan.[5][6]","title":"Hakata Gion Yamakasa"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"floats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matsuri_Float"},{"link_name":"floats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matsuri_Float"},{"link_name":"floats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matsuri_Float"}],"text":"The floats, called Yamakasa, are divided into two groups. The Kakiyama are the smaller, carryable floats, that are raced through the town, while the Kazariyama are stationary floats, that are built up to 13 metres high and often depict historic or mythical events of Japanese culture.\nOriginally the Kakiyama and Kazariyama were one and the same, with the large floats being carried through the city. However the Yamakasa were split up in 1898 when the electrical power lines in Hakata became too common for large Yamakasa to be carried through the streets.","title":"Floats"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Toyotomi Hideyoshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyotomi_Hideyoshi"}],"text":"Hakata, once its own city, merged with Fukuoka in 1876. The festivities are mostly based in Hakata.Hakata was divided into seven districts by Toyotomi Hideyoshi in 1586/1587. Some of these districts have changed names and exact boundaries multiple times; they still see themselves as the original seven districts. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Defense_of_the_Constitution | Polish–Russian War of 1792 | ["1 Background","1.1 Decline of the Commonwealth","1.2 Attempts at reform","2 Opposing forces","3 War","3.1 Southern theater","3.2 Northern theater","3.3 War ends","4 Aftermath","5 See also","6 Notes","7 References","8 Further reading"] | War between the Commonwealth of Poland and the Russian Empire
For other Polish–Russian conflicts, see Polish–Russian Wars.
This article may require copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling. You can assist by editing it. (September 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Polish–Russian War of 1792Part of the Polish–Russian WarsPolish–Russian War of 1792Date18 May – 27 July 1792(2 months and 9 days)LocationCentral and eastern parts of the Polish–Lithuanian CommonwealthResult
Russian victoryTerritorialchanges
Second Partition of PolandBelligerents
Russian Empire • Targowica Confederates
Poland–LithuaniaCommanders and leaders
Mikhail Krechetnikov Mikhail Kakhovsky Wilhelm Derfelden Ivan Fersen Mikhail Kutuzov Boris Mellin Irakly Morkov
King Stanisław August Poniatowski Prince Józef Poniatowski Tadeusz Kościuszko Michał Wielhorski Józef Judycki Stanisław MokronowskiStrength
98,000 men
70,000 menCasualties and losses
Around 2,000 according to Russian sources
Above 7,000 according to Polish sources
Around 3,000
vtePolish–Russian Wars
Kievan Rus'
981
1022
1018
1030-1031
1069-1071
1092
1121-1124
1135
1136
1139-1142
1180
Halych–Volhynia
1182-1183
1205
1280
1340-1392
Tsardom of Russia
Muscovite/Lithuanian
1487-1494
1508
1512-1522
1558-1583
1605–1618
1632-1634
1654–1667
Russian Empire
1733-1735
1768-1772
1792
1794
1806-1807
1812
1830-1831
1863-1864
Soviet Union
1914-1918
1918-1919
1919-1921
1939
vtePolish–Russian War of 1792
Opsa
Stołpce
Mir
Boruszkowce
Zelwa
Zieleńce
Wojszki
Dubienka
Krzemień
Brześć
Markuszów
The Polish–Russian War of 1792 (also, War of the Second Partition, and in Polish sources, War in Defence of the Constitution) was fought between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth on one side, and the Targowica Confederation (conservative nobility of the Commonwealth opposed to the new Constitution of 3 May 1791) and the Russian Empire under Catherine the Great on the other.
The war took place in two theaters: a northern in Lithuania and a southern in what is now Ukraine. In both, the Polish forces retreated before the numerically superior Russian forces, though they offered significantly more resistance in the south, thanks to the effective leadership of Polish commanders Prince Józef Poniatowski and Tadeusz Kościuszko. During the three-month-long struggle several battles were fought, but no side scored a decisive victory. The largest success of the Polish forces was the defeat of one of the Russian formations at the Battle of Zieleńce on 18 June; in the aftermath of the battle the Polish highest military award, Virtuti Militari, was established. The Russians' greatest success in this war was the Battle of Mir on 11 June (O.S. 31 May). The war ended when the Polish King Stanisław August Poniatowski decided to seek a diplomatic solution, asked for a ceasefire with the Russians and joined the Targowica Confederation, as demanded by the Russian Empire.
Background
Decline of the Commonwealth
By the early 18th century, the magnates of Poland and Lithuania controlled the state – or rather, they managed to ensure that no reforms would be carried out that might weaken their privileged status (the "Golden Freedoms"). Through the abuse of the liberum veto rule which enabled any deputy to paralyze the Sejm (Commonwealth's parliament) proceedings, deputies bribed by magnates or foreign powers or those simply content to believe they were living in an unprecedented "Golden Age", paralysed the Commonwealth's government for over a century.
The idea of reforming the Commonwealth gained traction from the mid-17th century; it was however viewed with suspicion not only by its magnates but also by neighboring countries, which had been content with the deterioration of the Commonwealth and abhorred the thought of a resurgent and democratic power on their borders. With the Commonwealth Army reduced to around 16,000, it was easy for its neighbors to intervene directly (The Imperial Russian Army numbered 300,000 troops overall; The Prussian Army and Imperial Army of the Holy Roman Empire, 200,000 each).
Attempts at reform
A major opportunity for reform presented itself during the "Great Sejm" of 1788–92. Poland's neighbors were preoccupied with wars and unable to intervene forcibly in Polish affairs. The Russian Empire and Archduchy of Austria were engaged in hostilities with the Ottoman Empire (the Russo-Turkish War, 1787–1792 and the Austro-Turkish War, 1787–1791); the Russians also found themselves simultaneously fighting in the Russo-Swedish War, 1788–1790. A new alliance between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and Prussia seeming to provide security against Russian intervention, and on 3 May 1791 the new constitution was read and adopted to overwhelming popular support.
With the wars between Turkey and Russia and Sweden and Russia having ended, Tsarina Catherine was furious over the adoption of the document, which she believed threatened Russian influence in Poland. Russia had viewed Poland as a de facto protectorate. "The worst possible news have arrived from Warsaw: the Polish king has become almost sovereign" was the reaction of one of Russia's chief foreign policy authors, Alexander Bezborodko, when he learned of the new constitution. The Kingdom of Prussia was also strongly opposed to the new Polish constitution, and Polish diplomats received a note that the new constitution changed the Polish state so much that Prussia did not consider its obligations binding. Just like Russia, Prussia was concerned that the newly strengthened Polish state could become a threat and the Prussian Foreign Minister, Friedrich Wilhelm von Schulenburg-Kehnert, clearly and with rare candor told Poles that Prussia did not support the constitution and refused to help the Commonwealth in any form, even as a mediator, as it was not in Prussia's interest to see the Commonwealth strengthened so that it could threaten Prussia in some future. The Prussian statesman Ewald Friedrich von Hertzberg expressed the fears of European conservatives: "The Poles have given the coup de grâce to the Prussian monarchy by voting a constitution", elaborating that a strong Commonwealth would likely demand the return of the lands Prussia acquired in the First Partition.
The Constitution was not adopted without dissent in the Commonwealth itself, either. Magnates who had opposed the constitution draft from the start, namely Franciszek Ksawery Branicki, Stanisław Szczęsny Potocki, Seweryn Rzewuski, and Szymon and Józef Kossakowski, asked Tsarina Catherine to intervene and restore their privileges such as the Russian-guaranteed Cardinal Laws abolished under the new statute. To that end these magnates formed the Targowica Confederation. The Confederation's proclamation, prepared in Saint Petersburg in January 1792, criticized the constitution for contributing to, in their own words, "contagion of democratic ideas" following "the fatal examples set in Paris". It asserted that "The parliament ... has broken all fundamental laws, swept away all liberties of the gentry and on the third of May 1791 turned into a revolution and a conspiracy." The Confederates declared an intention to overcome this revolution. We "can do nothing but turn trustingly to Tsarina Catherine, a distinguished and fair empress, our neighboring friend and ally", who "respects the nation's need for well-being and always offers it a helping hand", they wrote. The Confederates aligned with Tsarina Catherine and asked her for military intervention. On 18 May 1792, the Russian ambassador to Poland, Yakov Bulgakov, delivered a declaration of war to the Polish Foreign Minister Joachim Chreptowicz. Russian armies entered Poland and Lithuania on the same day, starting the war.
Opposing forces
Soldiers of the 3rd Lithuanian Infantry Regiment in 1792
The Russian army numbered nearly 98,000. It was commanded by generals-in-chief Mikhail Krechetnikov and Mikhail Kakhovsky. The Russians also had an advantage in combat experience. The Russian plan called for Kakhovsky to advance through Ukraine, taking Kamieniec Podolski, Chełm and Lublin, and approach Polish capital of Warsaw from the south. Krechetnikov was to advance through Minsk, Wilno, Brześć Litewski and Białystok, and approach Warsaw from the north, where he was to link with Kakhovsky. Whereas the Russians had good intelligence network in Poland, and were mostly aware of Polish army distribution and strength; the Poles had much less intelligence, receiving contradictory and often erroneous reports, and unsure whether the war would even start up to the point the Russian troops crossed the border.
Stanisław August Poniatowski, King of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, was the commander-in-chief of the Polish forces, but in practice he delegated this position to his nephew, Prince Józef Poniatowski. Poniatowski had in theory at his disposal a 48,000 strong Crown army and the Lithuanian army more than half that size to confront them. In practice, Polish forces, still forming following the reforms of the Constitution of 3 May (which specified an army size of 100,000) numbered only 37,000. The army was reorganizing, with key documents on unit numbers and composition passed as recently as in April; it was also short on equipment and experienced personnel.
In the southeast corner of the country – the Ukrainian lands – the Polish forces were initially concentrated separately in three regions of the expected front, under Tadeusz Kościuszko, Michał Wielhorski and Prince Poniatowski herself. The Polish Crown army in Ukraine, led by Prince Poniatowski, and supported by Kościuszko, was about 17,000, 21,000 or 24,000 strong (Derdej distinguishes between the primary force of 17,000 and Prince Michał Lubomirski's reserve division, of 4,500). In the southeastern war theater, they faced a nearly four times larger enemy army under General Mikhail Kakhovsky, who had about 64,000 men under his command. Kakhovsky's forces were divided into four corps: 1st, 18,000 strong, under the command of General Mikhail Golenishchev-Kutuzov, 2nd, under General Ivan Dunin, 3rd, under General Wilhelm Derfelden, and 4th, under General Andrei Levanidov. The Targowica Confederates did not represent any real strength; and their attempts to gather popular support in Poland upon crossing borders failed miserably, with only few dozens joining at first; later the number would grow but not significantly, and even the Russians saw them as not having any military value, keeping them from the frontlines.
In Lithuania, the Commonwealth Lithuanian Army numbered about 15,000, with an additional Crown detachment of about 3,000. They were commanded by Duke Louis of Württemberg. Württemberg made no plans for the war, and the troops were not readied for action by the time the war started. The Russian army in that theatre under General Mikhail Krechetnikov was 33,700 strong or 38,000 strong. The Russian army was also divided into four corps: 1st under one of Targowica Confederate leaders, Szymon Kossakowski 7,300 strong, 2nd under General Boris Mellin, 7,000 strong, 3rd under General Yuri Dolgorukov, 15,400 strong, and 4th under General Ivan Fersen, 8,300 strong.
Additional Polish forces, about 8,000 strong, were to concentrate in Warsaw under the command of King Poniatowski as a reserve.
Tadeusz Kościuszko proposed a plan where the entire Polish army would be concentrated and would engage one of the Russian armies, to assure numerical parity and to boost the morale of mostly inexperienced Polish forces with a quick victory; this plan was however rejected by Prince Poniatowski. (Only a few months before, however, both commanders had the opposite idea – Poniatowski wanted the troops concentrated, and Kościuszko, dispersed). Poniatowski also planned to avoid serious engagements in the first phase of the war, hoping to receive the expected Prussian reinforcements of 30,000 which would bring parity to the two sides.
War
Southern theater
The first Russian forces crossed the border in Ukraine on the night of 18/19 May 1792. The Russians in that theater would encounter significantly more resistance than they expected, as Commonwealth's top commanders, Prince Poniatowski and Kościuszko were stationed there. Kościuszko joined Prince Poniatowski near Janów on 29 May. The Crown Army was judged too weak to oppose the four columns of enemy armies advancing into West Ukraine and began a fighting withdrawal to the western side of the Southern Bug River, towards Lubar and Połonne, with Kośiuszko commanding the rear guard. Poniatowski, in the face of significant numerical inferiority of his forces, and promised reinforcements by King Poniatowski, decided to abandon Ukraine and move to Volhynia, where Połonne was to be fortified as a major defensive point, and where Lubomirski was tasked with gathering supplies.
After the Battle of Zieleńce, by Wojciech Kossak
On 14 June Wielhorski's unit was defeated at the Battle of Boruszkowce. On 17 June Poniatowski finally received awaited reinforcements, about 2,000 troops led by Michał Lubomirski. Next day the Poles, led by Prince Poniatowski, defeated one of the Russian formations of general Irakly Morkov at the Battle of Zieleńce on 18 June. The victory was celebrated by King Poniatowski, who sent the new Virtuti Militari medals for the campaign leaders and soldiers, as "the first since John III Sobieski".
The Russian forces, however, kept advancing. Under the command of Józef Poniatowski, the Polish army retreated in good order, yielding to the more powerful enemy as necessary to avoid annihilation. In early July, near Dubno, Prince Poniatowski and Kościuszko were betrayed by Michał Lubomirski, who was tasked with King Poniatowski with resupplying the troops; instead Lubomirski joined the Russian side and either hid the supplies for the Polish army, or outright passed them to the Russians. Lubomirski, however, was a powerful magnate, and it took until late May for the King officially to relieve him of his command. Within about a month of the Russian invasion, the Poles had mostly retreated from Ukraine. On 7 July Kościuszko's forces fought a delaying battle with the Russians at Volodymyr-Volynskyi (Battle of Włodzimierz). Meanwhile, Poniatowski's army retreated to the Bug River, where Kościuszko's units on 18 July fought the Battle of Dubienka, which was a draw. With about 5,300 troops Kościuszko defeated the attack of 25,000 Russians under General Mikhail Kakhovsky. Kośicuszko then had to retreat from Dubienka, as the Russians begun flanking his positions crossing the nearby Austrian border. Although the Poles had to retreat from the Bug River line, they were not defeated so far, and a decisive battle or battles at more favorable locations closer to Warsaw were expected.
Northern theater
In the Grand Duchy of Lithuania the Russians crossed the Commonwealth border four days later than in the south, on 22 May. Poland's ally, the Kingdom of Prussia, broke its alliance with Poland and the Prussian commander of the Lithuanian army, Duke Württemberg, betrayed the Polish-Lithuanian cause by refusing to fight the Russians. He never reached the frontlines, feigned illness in Wołczyn, and issued contradictory orders to his troops.
Thus the Army of Lithuania did little to oppose the advancing Russians, and kept withdrawing before their advance. Minsk was abandoned, after some skirmishes, on 31 May. Only after a change of commander on 4 June, did the Army, now under General Józef Judycki, try to stand and fight the Russians. The Russians however defeated Judycki at the Battle of Mir on 11 June and kept advancing through the Grand Duchy. The Commonwealth army retreated towards Grodno. On 14 June the Russians took Wilno, after only a small skirmish with local garrison; on 19 June, incompetently defended Nieśwież; and on 20 June, Kaunas, this time without any opposition. Judycki, disgraced, was replaced by Michał Zabiełło on 23 June. Nonetheless, since Mir, no decisive engagements occurred in the northern theater, as Polish army withdrew in relative order towards Warsaw, after minor defeat at Zelva, eventually taking defensive positions along the Bug river near Brest. Russians took Grodno on 5 July and Białystok on 17 July. On 23 July the Russians took Brest, defeating the local garrison, but on 24 they were defeated near Krzemień-Wieś; this last battle was the first significant Commonwealth victory on the northern front.
War ends
While Prince Poniatowski and Kościuszko considered the outcome of the war still open and were planning to use the combined Polish-Lithuanian forces to defeat the still separate Russian forces, King Poniatowski, with the consent of the Guardians of the Laws (cabinet of ministers) decided to ask for a ceasefire. Tsarina Catherine demanded that King Poniatowski join the pro-Russian aristocratic faction, the Targowica Confederation; with his cabinet split, he gave in to her demand around 22–23 July, which effectively forced Prince Poniatowski to terminate military resistance. The last military confrontation of the war was fought on 26 July at Markuszów in Lublin province, where an enemy attack was repelled by Polish cavalry led by Poniatowski.
At the time King Poniatowski decided to sue for peace, the Polish army was still in a good fighting condition not having suffered from any major defeat nor lack of supplies. King Poniatowski thought that due to Russian numerical superiority defeat was nonetheless imminent, and more could be gained through negotiations with the Russians, with whom he hoped a new alliance could be formed. Although subsequent events would prove him wrong, the question of whether this could have been foreseen, and prevented through continued military resistance, has been subject to much debate among historians.
The Polish military was widely dissatisfied with the ceasefire; Kościuszko, Prince Poniatowski and many others would criticize the King's decision and many, including Kościuszko, would resign their commission in the coming weeks. Prince Poniatowski even considered rebelling against his uncle's orders, and even issued orders to bring the King to the army's camp by force if necessary, as was postulated by the more radical faction. Ultimately he decided not to continue fighting against his uncle's will, and the order was rescinded at the last moment before the departure of the group charged with capturing the King.
Aftermath
Most Polish historians agree that the Polish capitulation was a mistake both from the military perspective, and the political one. In the realm of military, the Poles had reasonable chances to defend the Vistula river line, and exhaust the Russian invading forces. From the political one, showing a willingness to fight could have persuaded the partitioning powers that their plan was too costly.
King Poniatowski's hopes that the capitulation would allow an acceptable diplomatic solution to be worked out were soon dashed. With new deputies bribed or intimidated by the Russian troops, a new session of parliament, known as the Grodno Sejm, took place in fall 1793. On 23 November 1793, it concluded its deliberations under duress, annulling the constitution and acceding to the Second Partition. Russia took 250,000 square kilometres (97,000 sq mi) of the Commonwealth's territory, while Prussia took 58,000 square kilometres (22,000 sq mi). This event reduced Poland's population to a third of what it was before the First Partition. The rump state was garrisoned by Russian troops and its independence was strongly curtailed.
This outcome came as a surprise to most of the Targowica Confederates, who had wished only to restore the status quo ante bellum (Commonwealth magnate-favoring Golden Freedoms) and had expected that the overthrow of the 3 May Constitution would achieve that end, and nothing more. The last bid to restore the reformed Commonwealth came with the Kościuszko Uprising in 1794. The uprising failed and resulted in the Third Partition in 1795, in which the country lost all its remaining territories and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth ceased to exist.
See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Polish-Russian war 1792.
Partitions of Poland
Notes
^ Polish: Wojna w obronie Konstytucji 3 maja
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^ a b Piotr Derdej (2008). Zieleńce – Mir – Dubienka 1792 (in Polish). Bellona. p. 160. ISBN 978-83-11-11039-7. Retrieved 1 July 2013.
^ a b c d Jacek Jędruch (1998). Constitutions, elections, and legislatures of Poland, 1493–1977: a guide to their history. EJJ Books. pp. 186–187. ISBN 978-0-7818-0637-4. Retrieved 13 August 2011.
^ Norman Davies (30 March 2005). God's Playground: The origins to 1795. Columbia University Press. p. 254. ISBN 978-0-231-12817-9. Retrieved 13 August 2011.
^ David Pickus (2001). Dying With an Enlightening Fall: Poland in the Eyes of German Intellectuals, 1764–1800. Lexington Books. p. 118. ISBN 978-0-7391-0153-7. Retrieved 18 June 2012.
^ Daniel Stone (2001). The Polish-Lithuanian State: 1386–1795. University of Washington Press. pp. 282–285. ISBN 978-0-295-98093-5. Retrieved 8 January 2013.
^ Jacek Jędruch (1998). Constitutions, elections, and legislatures of Poland, 1493–1977: a guide to their history. EJJ Books. pp. 188–189. ISBN 978-0-7818-0637-4. Retrieved 13 August 2011.
Further reading
Adam Wolański, Wojna polsko-rosyjska 1792 r, Wydawnictwo Volumen, Warszawa 1996, ISBN 83-85218-48-3
Andrzej Grabski et al., Zarys dziejów wojskowości polskiej do roku 1864. Wydawnictwo Ministerstwa Obrony Narodowej. Warszawa 1966.
Antoni Juszczyński, Marian Krwawicz, Wypisy źródłowe do historii polskiej sztuki wojennej. Polska sztuka wojenna w latach 1764–1793. Zeszyt dziewiąty. Wydawnictwo Ministerstwa Obrony Narodowej. Warszawa 1957.
vteLithuanian wars and conflictsGrand Duchy of Lithuania (to 1795)13th century
Mongol invasions of Lithuania
Lithuanian Crusade (1283–1422)
14th century
Galicia–Volhynia Wars (1340–1392)
Lithuanian–Muscovite War (1368–1372)
Lithuanian Civil War (1381–1384)
Battle of the Vikhra River
Lithuanian Civil War (1389–1392)
15th century
Samogitian uprisings (1401–1409)
Lithuanian Crusade
Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War (1409–1411)
Battle of Grunwald
Hunger War (1414)
Gollub War (1422)
Lithuanian Civil War (1432–1438)
Battle of Ašmena
Battle of Pabaiskas
Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War (1431–1435)
Crusade of Varna (1443–1444)
Battle of Varna
Thirteen Years' War (1454–1466)
1st Muscovite–Lithuanian War (1492–1494)
16th century
2nd Muscovite–Lithuanian War (1500–1503)
3rd Muscovite–Lithuanian War (1507–1508)
Glinski rebellion (1508)
4th Muscovite–Lithuanian War (1512–1522)
5th Muscovite–Lithuanian War (1534–1537)
Livonian War (1558–1583)
Livonian campaign of Stephen Báthory (1577–1582)
Northern Seven Years' War (1563–1570)
War of the Polish–Lithuanian Succession (1587–1588)
Kosiński uprising (1591–1593)
Nalyvaiko Uprising (1594–1596)
17th century
Moldavian Magnate Wars
Polish–Lithuanian–Swedish wars
War against Sigismund
Battle of Stångebro
Polish–Lithuanian–Swedish War (1600–1629)
Polish-Lithuanian–Swedish War (1600–1611)
Battle of Kircholm (1605)
Polish–Lithuanian–Swedish War (1617–1618)
Polish–Lithuanian–Swedish War (1621–1625)
Polish–Lithuanian–Swedish War (1626–1629)
Polish–Lithuanian–Muscovite War (1605–1618)
Battle of Klushino (1610)
Zebrzydowski rebellion (1606)
Thirty Years' War (1618–1648)
Battle of Humenné (1619)
Polish–Lithuanian–Ottoman War (1620–1621)
Battle of Khotyn (1621)
1624 Tatar Invasion
Zhmaylo uprising (1625)
Fedorovych uprising (1630)
Smolensk War (1632–1634)
Siege of Smolensk (1632–1633)
Polish–Lithuanian–Ottoman War (1633–1634)
Pavlyuk uprising (1637)
Ostryanyn uprising (1638)
1644 Tatar Invasion
Khmelnytsky Uprising (1648–1657)
Battle of Berestechko (1651)
Russo-Polish–Lithuanian War (1654–1667)
Second Northern War
The Deluge
Polish–Lithuanian–Cossack–Tatar War(1666–1671)
Polish–Lithuanian–Ottoman War (1672–1676)
Battle of Khotyn (1673)
Polish–Lithuanian–Ottoman War (1683–1699)
Lithuanian Civil War (1697–1702)
18th century
Great Northern War (1700–1721)
War of the Polish–Lithuanian Succession (1733–1735)
War of the Bar Confederation (1768–1774)
War of 1792
Kościuszko Uprising (1794)
Lithuania partitioned (1795–1918)
Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815)
French invasion of Russia (1812)
November Uprising (1830–1831)
January Uprising (1863–1864)
Revolution of 1905
World War I (1914–1918)
Interwar Lithuania (1918–1940)
Lithuanian Wars of Independence
Lithuanian–Soviet War (1918–1919)
Polish–Lithuanian War (1919–1920)
Klaipėda Revolt (1923)
World War II
June Uprising in Lithuania (1941)
Soviet occupation (1944–1990)
Lithuanian partisans
Restored Lithuania (since 1990)
Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts
War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)
Iraq War (2003–2011)
vtePolish wars and conflictsGeneral and related
Early modern warfare
History of the Polish Army
History of Polish intelligence services
List of wars involving Poland
Military of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
Polish Armed Forces
Warfare in Medieval Poland
Piast Poland
Polish–Veletian War
Battle of Cedynia
German–Polish War (1003–1018)
Bolesław I's intervention in the Kievan succession crisis
German–Polish War (1028–1031)
Miecław's Rebellion
1072 war against Bohemia
Siege of Głogów
1146 war against Germany
1156 war against Germany
Galicia–Volhynia Wars
Mongol invasions
First Mongol invasion of Poland (1240/41)
Second Mongol invasion of Poland (1259/60)
Third Mongol invasion of Poland (1287/88)
Battle of Legnica
Jagiellon PolandPolish–Teutonic wars
Teutonic takeover of Danzig (Gdańsk)
Polish–Teutonic War (1326–1332)
Battle of Płowce
Great War
Battle of Grunwald
Hunger War (1414)
Gollub War (1422)
Polish–Teutonic War (1431–1435)
Thirteen Years' War
War of the Priests
Polish–Teutonic War (1519–1521)
Władysław the White's rebellion
Lithuanian Civil War (1432–1438)
Battle of Grotniki
1444 war against the Ottomans
Battle of Varna
Moldavian campaign (1497–1499)
Polish–Lithuanian–Muscovite War (1512–1522)
Battle of Orsha
Polish–Lithuanian–Muscovite War (1534–1537)
Ottoman–Tatar Invasion of Lithuania and Poland
CommonwealthPolish–Swedish wars
Livonian War
campaign of Stephen Báthory
Northern Seven Years' War (1563–1570)
War against Sigismund
Battle of Stångebro
Polish–Swedish War of 1600–1629
Polish–Swedish War of 1600–1611
Battle of Kircholm
Polish–Swedish War of 1617–1618
Polish–Swedish War of 1621–1625
Polish–Swedish War of 1626–1629
Second Northern War
The Deluge
Great Northern War
Danzig rebellion
Battle of Lubieszów
Siege of Danzig (1577)
War of the Polish Succession (1587–1588)
Battle of Byczyna
1589 Tatar Invasion
Kosiński uprising
1593 Tatar Invasion
Nalyvaiko Uprising
Moldavian Magnate Wars
Polish–Muscovite War of 1605–1618
Battle of Kłuszyn
Zebrzydowski rebellion
Thirty Years' War
Battle of Humenné
Polish–Ottoman wars
Moldavian campaign (1497–1499)
Polish–Ottoman War of 1620–1621
Battle of Chocim (1621)
Polish–Ottoman War of 1633–1634
Polish–Cossack–Tatar War (1666–1671)
Polish–Ottoman War of 1672–1676
Battle of Chocim (1673)
Great Turkish War
War of the Holy League 1683–1699
Battle of Vienna
1624 Tatar Invasion
Zhmaylo uprising
Fedorovych uprising
Smolensk War
Siege of Smolensk (1632–1633)
Pavlyuk uprising
Ostryanyn uprising
1644 Tatar Invasion
Khmelnytsky Uprising
Battle of Berestechko
Russo–Polish War of 1654–1667
War of the Polish Succession
War of the Bar Confederation
Polish–Russian War of 1792
Kościuszko Uprising
Poland partitioned
Denisko uprising
Napoleonic Wars
Peninsular War
War of the Fourth Coalition
Prussian campaign
War of the Fifth Coalition
Austro-Polish War
War of the Sixth Coalition
French invasion of Russia
Greater Poland uprising (1848)
November Uprising
January Uprising
World War I
fighting in Poland on the Eastern Front
Second Republic
Polish–Ukrainian War
Greater Poland uprising (1918–1919)
Polish–Czechoslovak War
First Silesian Uprising
Polish–Soviet War
Battle of Warsaw
Kiev offensive
Second Silesian Uprising
Polish–Lithuanian War
Third Silesian Uprising
World War II in Poland
World War II
Eastern Front
Invasion of Poland
Polish history, resistance, and contributions during World War II
Ghetto uprisings
Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
Białystok Ghetto uprising
Częstochowa Ghetto uprising
Italian Campaign
Operation Tempest
Operation Ostra Brama
Lwów uprising
Warsaw Uprising
People's Republic
Racibórz Conflict
Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
Third Republic
War in Afghanistan
Operation Uphold Democracy
Iraq War
2003 invasion of Iraq
Occupation of Iraq
Russian invasion of Ukraine
Military aid to Ukraine
vteArmed conflicts involving Russia (including Tsarist, Imperial and Soviet times)Related
Early modern warfare
Military history of Russia
Military history of the Russian Empire
Military history of the Soviet Union
Military history of the Russian Federation
Post-Soviet conflicts
Russian Armed Forces
Lists by opponent
Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars
Russo-Crimean Wars
Soviet-Finnish wars
Russo-Kazan Wars
Russo-Persian Wars
Russo-Polish Wars
Russo-Swedish wars
Russo-Turkish wars
Russo-Ukrainian Wars
Sino-Russian border conflicts
List of wars involving Russia
List of wars involving the Soviet Union
List of battles involving the Russian Federation
Internal
Uprising of Bolotnikov
Razin's Rebellion
Bulavin Rebellion
Pugachev's Rebellion
Decembrist revolt
Russian Civil War
August Uprising
Coup attempt (1991)
1993 Russian constitutional crisis
First Chechen War
War of Dagestan
Second Chechen War
Insurgency in the North Caucasus
Wagner Group rebellion
Tsardom ofRussia
Russo-Crimean Wars
Russo-Kazan Wars
Russo-Swedish War (1554–1557)
Livonian War
Russian Conquest of Siberia (1580–1747)
Russo-Turkish War (1568–1570)
Russo-Swedish War (1590–1595)
Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618) and the Time of Troubles
Ingrian War
Smolensk War
Russo-Persian War (1651–1653)
Sino-Russian border conflicts (1652–1689)
Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)
Deluge
Second Northern War
Russo-Turkish War (1676–1681)
Russo-Turkish War (1686–1700)
18th–19thcentury
Great Northern War
Russo-Turkish War (1710–1711)
Russo-Persian War (1722–1723)
War of the Polish Succession (1733–1738)
Austro-Russian–Turkish War (1735–1739)
War of the Austrian Succession (1740–1748)
Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743)
Seven Years' War
Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)
Bar Confederation
Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)
Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790)
Russo-Polish War (1792)
Russian colonization of North America
Kościuszko Uprising
Russo-Persian War (1796)
War of the Second Coalition
War of the Third Coalition
Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)
War of the Fourth Coalition
Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)
Anglo-Russian War
Finnish War
War of the Fifth Coalition
French invasion of Russia
War of the Sixth Coalition
War of the Seventh Coalition
Russian conquest of the Caucasus
Caucasian War
Russo-Circassian War
Murid War
Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)
Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829)
November Uprising
Hungarian Revolution of 1848
Crimean War
Åland War
Amur Annexation
January Uprising
Russian conquest of Central Asia
Russian conquest of Bukhara
Khivan campaign of 1873
Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
Boxer Rebellion
Russian invasion of Manchuria
20thcentury
Russo-Japanese War
Russian occupation of Tabriz
World War I
Battle of Robat Karim
Russian Civil War
Ukrainian–Soviet War
1919 Soviet invasion of Ukraine
Kazakhstan Campaign
Finnish Civil War
Sochi conflict
Heimosodat
Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919
Estonian War of Independence
Latvian War of Independence
Lithuanian–Soviet War
Georgian–Ossetian conflict (1918–1920)
Polish–Soviet War
Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan
Red Army invasion of Armenia
Red Army invasion of Georgia
Red Army intervention in Mongolia
East Karelian uprising
Central Asian Revolt
August Uprising
Urtatagai conflict (1925–1926)
Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)
Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1929)
Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1930)
Chechen uprising of 1932
Soviet–Japanese border conflicts
Soviet invasion of Xinjiang
Xinjiang War (1937)
World War II
Soviet invasion of Poland
Winter War
Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)
Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940
Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
Continuation War
Eastern Front (World War II)
Soviet re-occupation of the Baltic states (1944)
Soviet re-occupation of Latvia in 1944
Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
Soviet–Japanese War
Guerrilla war in the Baltic states
Guerilla war in Ukraine
Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953)
Ili Rebellion
First Indochina War
Korean War
East German uprising of 1953
Hungarian Revolution of 1956
Vietnam War
Vlora incident
Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
Sino-Soviet border conflict
War of Attrition
Eritrean War of Independence
Angolan Civil War
Ogaden War
South African Border War
Soviet–Afghan War
Gulf War
Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts
First Nagorno-Karabakh War
War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)
South Ossetia war (1991–1992)
Transnistria War
Georgian Civil War
Tajikistani Civil War
First Chechen War
War of Dagestan
Second Chechen War
21stcentury
Russo-Georgian War
Russo-Ukrainian War
Outline
Annexation of Crimea
War in Donbas
2022 invasion
Intervention in Syria
Western Libya campaign
Deployment in Nagorno-Karabakh (2020)
Deployment in Kazakhstan (2022)
Russian Winter
Russian Revolution
Cold War
Sphere of influence
Authority control databases: National
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Commonwealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth"},{"link_name":"Targowica Confederation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Targowica_Confederation"},{"link_name":"Constitution of 3 May 1791","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_3_May_1791"},{"link_name":"Russian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Catherine the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_the_Great"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-davies-3"},{"link_name":"Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Józef Poniatowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Poniatowski"},{"link_name":"Tadeusz Kościuszko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadeusz_Ko%C5%9Bciuszko"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%C5%81ojek1986-304-306-6"},{"link_name":"Battle of Zieleńce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ziele%C5%84ce"},{"link_name":"Virtuti Militari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtuti_Militari"},{"link_name":"Battle of Mir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mir_(1792)"},{"link_name":"O.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates"},{"link_name":"Stanisław August Poniatowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_August_Poniatowski"},{"link_name":"ceasefire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceasefire"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Skowronek_58,_60-7"}],"text":"War between the Commonwealth of Poland and the Russian EmpireFor other Polish–Russian conflicts, see Polish–Russian Wars.vtePolish–Russian Wars\nKievan Rus'\n981\n1022\n1018\n1030-1031\n1069-1071\n1092\n1121-1124\n1135\n1136\n1139-1142\n1180\n\nHalych–Volhynia\n1182-1183\n1205\n1280\n1340-1392\n\nTsardom of Russia\nMuscovite/Lithuanian\n1487-1494\n1508\n1512-1522\n1558-1583\n1605–1618\n1632-1634\n1654–1667\n\nRussian Empire\n1733-1735\n1768-1772\n1792\n1794\n1806-1807\n1812\n1830-1831\n1863-1864\n\nSoviet Union\n1914-1918\n1918-1919\n1919-1921\n1939vtePolish–Russian War of 1792\nOpsa\nStołpce\nMir\nBoruszkowce\nZelwa\nZieleńce\nWojszki\nDubienka\nKrzemień\nBrześć\nMarkuszówThe Polish–Russian War of 1792 (also, War of the Second Partition,[3] and in Polish sources, War in Defence of the Constitution[a][4]) was fought between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth on one side, and the Targowica Confederation (conservative nobility of the Commonwealth opposed to the new Constitution of 3 May 1791) and the Russian Empire under Catherine the Great on the other.[3]The war took place in two theaters: a northern in Lithuania and a southern in what is now Ukraine. In both, the Polish forces retreated before the numerically superior Russian forces, though they offered significantly more resistance in the south, thanks to the effective leadership of Polish commanders Prince Józef Poniatowski and Tadeusz Kościuszko. During the three-month-long struggle several battles were fought, but no side scored a decisive victory.[5] The largest success of the Polish forces was the defeat of one of the Russian formations at the Battle of Zieleńce on 18 June; in the aftermath of the battle the Polish highest military award, Virtuti Militari, was established. The Russians' greatest success in this war was the Battle of Mir on 11 June (O.S. 31 May). The war ended when the Polish King Stanisław August Poniatowski decided to seek a diplomatic solution, asked for a ceasefire with the Russians and joined the Targowica Confederation, as demanded by the Russian Empire.[6]","title":"Polish–Russian War of 1792"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"magnates of Poland and Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnates_of_Poland_and_Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Golden Freedoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Freedoms"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Davies2005-274-8"},{"link_name":"liberum veto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberum_veto"},{"link_name":"Sejm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejm"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carsten1961-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-J%C4%99druch1982-156-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gierowski_60-63-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JPL-12"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_the_Polish-Lithuanian_Commonwealth"},{"link_name":"Imperial Russian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Army"},{"link_name":"Prussian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussian_Army"},{"link_name":"Imperial Army of the Holy Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bauer1991-13"}],"sub_title":"Decline of the Commonwealth","text":"By the early 18th century, the magnates of Poland and Lithuania controlled the state – or rather, they managed to ensure that no reforms would be carried out that might weaken their privileged status (the \"Golden Freedoms\").[7] Through the abuse of the liberum veto rule which enabled any deputy to paralyze the Sejm (Commonwealth's parliament) proceedings, deputies bribed by magnates or foreign powers or those simply content to believe they were living in an unprecedented \"Golden Age\", paralysed the Commonwealth's government for over a century.[8][9]The idea of reforming the Commonwealth gained traction from the mid-17th century;[10] it was however viewed with suspicion not only by its magnates but also by neighboring countries, which had been content with the deterioration of the Commonwealth and abhorred the thought of a resurgent and democratic power on their borders.[11] With the Commonwealth Army reduced to around 16,000, it was easy for its neighbors to intervene directly (The Imperial Russian Army numbered 300,000 troops overall; The Prussian Army and Imperial Army of the Holy Roman Empire, 200,000 each).[12]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Great Sejm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Sejm"},{"link_name":"Russian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Archduchy of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archduchy_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Russo-Turkish War, 1787–1792","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1787%E2%80%931792)"},{"link_name":"Austro-Turkish War, 1787–1791","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austro-Turkish_War_(1788%E2%80%931791)"},{"link_name":"Russo-Swedish War, 1788–1790","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1788%E2%80%931790)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sanford-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-J%C4%99druch1982-176-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BideleuxJeffries1998-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lukowski2010-226-17"},{"link_name":"A new alliance between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Prussian_alliance"},{"link_name":"new constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_3_May_1791"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sanford-14"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wandycz-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-J%C4%99druch1982-172-173-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-J%C4%99druch1982-184-185-20"},{"link_name":"Turkey and Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War,_1787-1792"},{"link_name":"Sweden and Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_III%27s_Russian_War"},{"link_name":"Tsarina Catherine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_II_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BideleuxJeffries1998-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lukowski2010-226-17"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schroeder-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-luza84-22"},{"link_name":"Alexander Bezborodko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Bezborodko"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bauer167-23"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%C5%81ojek1986-325-326-24"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%C5%81ojek1986-325-326-24"},{"link_name":"Ewald Friedrich von Hertzberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewald_Friedrich_von_Hertzberg"},{"link_name":"First Partition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Partition_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bauer167-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-buffaloquote-25"},{"link_name":"Franciszek Ksawery Branicki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciszek_Ksawery_Branicki"},{"link_name":"Stanisław Szczęsny Potocki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Szcz%C4%99sny_Potocki"},{"link_name":"Seweryn Rzewuski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seweryn_Rzewuski"},{"link_name":"Szymon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szymon_Marcin_Kossakowski"},{"link_name":"Józef Kossakowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Kossakowski_(colonel)"},{"link_name":"Cardinal Laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_Laws"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-J%C4%99druch1982-184-185-20"},{"link_name":"Targowica Confederation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Targowica_Confederation"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-J%C4%99druch1982-184-185-20"},{"link_name":"Saint Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lord1915-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kope%C4%8Dek2006-282-284-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kope%C4%8Dek2006-284-285-28"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kope%C4%8Dek2006-284-285-28"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-J%C4%99druch1982-184-185-20"},{"link_name":"Yakov Bulgakov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakov_Bulgakov"},{"link_name":"Joachim Chreptowicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_Chreptowicz"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nadzieja38-39-29"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Storozynski2011-223-1"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-J%C4%99druch1982-184-185-20"}],"sub_title":"Attempts at reform","text":"A major opportunity for reform presented itself during the \"Great Sejm\" of 1788–92. Poland's neighbors were preoccupied with wars and unable to intervene forcibly in Polish affairs. The Russian Empire and Archduchy of Austria were engaged in hostilities with the Ottoman Empire (the Russo-Turkish War, 1787–1792 and the Austro-Turkish War, 1787–1791); the Russians also found themselves simultaneously fighting in the Russo-Swedish War, 1788–1790.[13][14][15][16] A new alliance between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and Prussia seeming to provide security against Russian intervention, and on 3 May 1791 the new constitution was read and adopted to overwhelming popular support.[13][17][18][19]With the wars between Turkey and Russia and Sweden and Russia having ended, Tsarina Catherine was furious over the adoption of the document, which she believed threatened Russian influence in Poland.[15][16][20] Russia had viewed Poland as a de facto protectorate.[21] \"The worst possible news have arrived from Warsaw: the Polish king has become almost sovereign\" was the reaction of one of Russia's chief foreign policy authors, Alexander Bezborodko, when he learned of the new constitution.[22] The Kingdom of Prussia was also strongly opposed to the new Polish constitution, and Polish diplomats received a note that the new constitution changed the Polish state so much that Prussia did not consider its obligations binding.[23] Just like Russia, Prussia was concerned that the newly strengthened Polish state could become a threat and the Prussian Foreign Minister, Friedrich Wilhelm von Schulenburg-Kehnert, clearly and with rare candor told Poles that Prussia did not support the constitution and refused to help the Commonwealth in any form, even as a mediator, as it was not in Prussia's interest to see the Commonwealth strengthened so that it could threaten Prussia in some future.[23] The Prussian statesman Ewald Friedrich von Hertzberg expressed the fears of European conservatives: \"The Poles have given the coup de grâce to the Prussian monarchy by voting a constitution\", elaborating that a strong Commonwealth would likely demand the return of the lands Prussia acquired in the First Partition.[22][24]The Constitution was not adopted without dissent in the Commonwealth itself, either. Magnates who had opposed the constitution draft from the start, namely Franciszek Ksawery Branicki, Stanisław Szczęsny Potocki, Seweryn Rzewuski, and Szymon and Józef Kossakowski, asked Tsarina Catherine to intervene and restore their privileges such as the Russian-guaranteed Cardinal Laws abolished under the new statute.[19] To that end these magnates formed the Targowica Confederation.[19] The Confederation's proclamation, prepared in Saint Petersburg in January 1792, criticized the constitution for contributing to, in their own words, \"contagion of democratic ideas\" following \"the fatal examples set in Paris\".[25][26] It asserted that \"The parliament ... has broken all fundamental laws, swept away all liberties of the gentry and on the third of May 1791 turned into a revolution and a conspiracy.\"[27] The Confederates declared an intention to overcome this revolution. We \"can do nothing but turn trustingly to Tsarina Catherine, a distinguished and fair empress, our neighboring friend and ally\", who \"respects the nation's need for well-being and always offers it a helping hand\", they wrote.[27] The Confederates aligned with Tsarina Catherine and asked her for military intervention.[19] On 18 May 1792, the Russian ambassador to Poland, Yakov Bulgakov, delivered a declaration of war to the Polish Foreign Minister Joachim Chreptowicz.[28] Russian armies entered Poland and Lithuania on the same day, starting the war.[1][19]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Polish_soldiers_of_3rd_Lithuanian_Infantry_Regiment_in_1792.PNG"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Storozynski2011-223-1"},{"link_name":"generals-in-chief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General-in-chief"},{"link_name":"Mikhail Krechetnikov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Krechetnikov"},{"link_name":"Mikhail Kakhovsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Kakhovsky"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nadzieja38-39-29"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Storozynski2011-223-1"},{"link_name":"Kamieniec Podolski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamieniec_Podolski"},{"link_name":"Chełm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Che%C5%82m"},{"link_name":"Lublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lublin"},{"link_name":"Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Derdej2008-35-36-30"},{"link_name":"Minsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk"},{"link_name":"Wilno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilno"},{"link_name":"Brześć Litewski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brze%C5%9B%C4%87_Litewski"},{"link_name":"Białystok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Derdej2008-35-36-30"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Derdej2008-35-36-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Derdej2008-52-31"},{"link_name":"Stanisław August Poniatowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_August_Poniatowski"},{"link_name":"commander-in-chief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander-in-chief"},{"link_name":"Józef Poniatowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Poniatowski"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nadzieja38-39-29"},{"link_name":"Crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Lithuanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Skowronek_50-51-32"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bardach317-2"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nadzieja38-39-29"},{"link_name":"Tadeusz Kościuszko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadeusz_Ko%C5%9Bciuszko"},{"link_name":"Michał Wielhorski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Wielhorski_(younger)"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Skowronek_50-51-32"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Storozynski2011-223-1"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%C5%81ojek1986-298-33"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Skowronek_50-51-32"},{"link_name":"Michał Lubomirski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Lubomirski"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Derdej2008-51-34"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Storozynski2011-223-1"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Skowronek_50-51-32"},{"link_name":"Mikhail Golenishchev-Kutuzov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Golenishchev-Kutuzov"},{"link_name":"Ivan Dunin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Dunin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Wilhelm Derfelden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Derfelden"},{"link_name":"Andrei Levanidov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrei_Levanidov"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Derdej2008-51-34"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Derdej2008-55-57,_82-35"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Derdej2008-97-36"},{"link_name":"Duke Louis of Württemberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_Louis_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nadzieja38-39-29"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nadzieja38-39-29"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%C5%81ojek1986-299-37"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Derdej2008-97-36"},{"link_name":"Szymon Kossakowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szymon_Kossakowski"},{"link_name":"Boris Mellin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boris_Mellin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Yuri Dolgorukov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yuri_Dolgorukov_(author)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ivan Fersen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Fersen"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Derdej2008-97-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%C5%81ojek1986-302-38"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Storozynski2011-223-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Storozynski2011-223-1"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Storozynski2011-222-39"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%C5%81ojek1986-302-38"}],"text":"Soldiers of the 3rd Lithuanian Infantry Regiment in 1792The Russian army numbered nearly 98,000.[1] It was commanded by generals-in-chief Mikhail Krechetnikov and Mikhail Kakhovsky.[28] The Russians also had an advantage in combat experience.[1] The Russian plan called for Kakhovsky to advance through Ukraine, taking Kamieniec Podolski, Chełm and Lublin, and approach Polish capital of Warsaw from the south.[29] Krechetnikov was to advance through Minsk, Wilno, Brześć Litewski and Białystok, and approach Warsaw from the north, where he was to link with Kakhovsky.[29] Whereas the Russians had good intelligence network in Poland, and were mostly aware of Polish army distribution and strength; the Poles had much less intelligence, receiving contradictory and often erroneous reports, and unsure whether the war would even start up to the point the Russian troops crossed the border.[29][30]Stanisław August Poniatowski, King of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, was the commander-in-chief of the Polish forces, but in practice he delegated this position to his nephew, Prince Józef Poniatowski.[28] Poniatowski had in theory at his disposal a 48,000 strong Crown army and the Lithuanian army more than half that size to confront them.[31] In practice, Polish forces, still forming following the reforms of the Constitution of 3 May (which specified an army size of 100,000) numbered only 37,000.[2] The army was reorganizing, with key documents on unit numbers and composition passed as recently as in April; it was also short on equipment and experienced personnel.[28]In the southeast corner of the country – the Ukrainian lands – the Polish forces were initially concentrated separately in three regions of the expected front, under Tadeusz Kościuszko, Michał Wielhorski and Prince Poniatowski herself.[31] The Polish Crown army in Ukraine, led by Prince Poniatowski, and supported by Kościuszko, was about 17,000,[1] 21,000[32] or 24,000[31] strong (Derdej distinguishes between the primary force of 17,000 and Prince Michał Lubomirski's reserve division, of 4,500[33]). In the southeastern war theater, they faced a nearly four times larger enemy army under General Mikhail Kakhovsky, who had about 64,000 men under his command.[1][31] Kakhovsky's forces were divided into four corps: 1st, 18,000 strong, under the command of General Mikhail Golenishchev-Kutuzov, 2nd, under General Ivan Dunin, 3rd, under General Wilhelm Derfelden, and 4th, under General Andrei Levanidov.[33] The Targowica Confederates did not represent any real strength; and their attempts to gather popular support in Poland upon crossing borders failed miserably, with only few dozens joining at first; later the number would grow but not significantly, and even the Russians saw them as not having any military value, keeping them from the frontlines.[34]In Lithuania, the Commonwealth Lithuanian Army numbered about 15,000, with an additional Crown detachment of about 3,000.[35] They were commanded by Duke Louis of Württemberg.[28] Württemberg made no plans for the war, and the troops were not readied for action by the time the war started.[28] The Russian army in that theatre under General Mikhail Krechetnikov was 33,700 strong[36] or 38,000 strong.[35] The Russian army was also divided into four corps: 1st under one of Targowica Confederate leaders, Szymon Kossakowski 7,300 strong, 2nd under General Boris Mellin, 7,000 strong, 3rd under General Yuri Dolgorukov, 15,400 strong, and 4th under General Ivan Fersen, 8,300 strong.[35]Additional Polish forces, about 8,000 strong, were to concentrate in Warsaw under the command of King Poniatowski as a reserve.[37]Tadeusz Kościuszko proposed a plan where the entire Polish army would be concentrated and would engage one of the Russian armies, to assure numerical parity and to boost the morale of mostly inexperienced Polish forces with a quick victory; this plan was however rejected by Prince Poniatowski.[1] (Only a few months before, however, both commanders had the opposite idea – Poniatowski wanted the troops concentrated, and Kościuszko, dispersed).[1][38] Poniatowski also planned to avoid serious engagements in the first phase of the war, hoping to receive the expected Prussian reinforcements of 30,000 which would bring parity to the two sides.[37]","title":"Opposing forces"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Storozynski2011-223-1"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Derdej2008-50-40"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Storozynski2011-223-1"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psb433-41"},{"link_name":"Southern Bug River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Bug"},{"link_name":"Lubar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubar"},{"link_name":"Połonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C5%82onne"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psb433-41"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Storozynski2011-224-42"},{"link_name":"Volhynia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volhynia"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Derdej2008-58-43"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wojciech_Kossak_po_bitwie_pod_Ziele%C5%84cami.jpg"},{"link_name":"Battle of Zieleńce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ziele%C5%84ce"},{"link_name":"Wojciech Kossak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wojciech_Kossak"},{"link_name":"Battle of Boruszkowce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Boruszkowce"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Derdej2008-63-65-44"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Derdej2008-67-45"},{"link_name":"Irakly Morkov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Irakly_Morkov&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Battle of Zieleńce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ziele%C5%84ce"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Storozynski2011-224-42"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Storozynski2011-225-46"},{"link_name":"Virtuti Militari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtuti_Militari"},{"link_name":"John III Sobieski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_III_Sobieski"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Skowronek_56-57-47"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Skowronek_60-48"},{"link_name":"Dubno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubno"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Derdej2008-58-43"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Storozynski2011-226-227-49"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Derdej2008-79-83-50"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Storozynski2011-224-42"},{"link_name":"Volodymyr-Volynskyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volodymyr-Volynskyi"},{"link_name":"Battle of Włodzimierz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_W%C5%82odzimierz&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psb433-41"},{"link_name":"Bug River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bug_River"},{"link_name":"Battle of Dubienka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dubienka"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Skowronek_60-48"},{"link_name":"Mikhail Kakhovsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Kakhovsky"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Storozynski2011-228-229-51"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Storozynski2011-228-229-51"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Skowronek_60-48"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Derdej2008-95-52"}],"sub_title":"Southern theater","text":"The first Russian forces crossed the border in Ukraine on the night of 18/19 May 1792.[1][39] The Russians in that theater would encounter significantly more resistance than they expected, as Commonwealth's top commanders, Prince Poniatowski and Kościuszko were stationed there.[1] Kościuszko joined Prince Poniatowski near Janów on 29 May.[40] The Crown Army was judged too weak to oppose the four columns of enemy armies advancing into West Ukraine and began a fighting withdrawal to the western side of the Southern Bug River, towards Lubar and Połonne, with Kośiuszko commanding the rear guard.[40][41] Poniatowski, in the face of significant numerical inferiority of his forces, and promised reinforcements by King Poniatowski, decided to abandon Ukraine and move to Volhynia, where Połonne was to be fortified as a major defensive point, and where Lubomirski was tasked with gathering supplies.[42]After the Battle of Zieleńce, by Wojciech KossakOn 14 June Wielhorski's unit was defeated at the Battle of Boruszkowce.[43] On 17 June Poniatowski finally received awaited reinforcements, about 2,000 troops led by Michał Lubomirski.[44] Next day the Poles, led by Prince Poniatowski, defeated one of the Russian formations of general Irakly Morkov at the Battle of Zieleńce on 18 June.[41][45] The victory was celebrated by King Poniatowski, who sent the new Virtuti Militari medals for the campaign leaders and soldiers, as \"the first since John III Sobieski\".[46]The Russian forces, however, kept advancing. Under the command of Józef Poniatowski, the Polish army retreated in good order, yielding to the more powerful enemy as necessary to avoid annihilation.[47] In early July, near Dubno, Prince Poniatowski and Kościuszko were betrayed by Michał Lubomirski, who was tasked with King Poniatowski with resupplying the troops; instead Lubomirski joined the Russian side and either hid the supplies for the Polish army, or outright passed them to the Russians.[42][48] Lubomirski, however, was a powerful magnate, and it took until late May for the King officially to relieve him of his command.[49] Within about a month of the Russian invasion, the Poles had mostly retreated from Ukraine.[41] On 7 July Kościuszko's forces fought a delaying battle with the Russians at Volodymyr-Volynskyi (Battle of Włodzimierz).[40] Meanwhile, Poniatowski's army retreated to the Bug River, where Kościuszko's units on 18 July fought the Battle of Dubienka, which was a draw.[47] With about 5,300 troops Kościuszko defeated the attack of 25,000 Russians under General Mikhail Kakhovsky.[50] Kośicuszko then had to retreat from Dubienka, as the Russians begun flanking his positions crossing the nearby Austrian border.[50] Although the Poles had to retreat from the Bug River line, they were not defeated so far, and a decisive battle or battles at more favorable locations closer to Warsaw were expected.[47][51]","title":"War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grand Duchy of Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Derdej2008-98-53"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%C5%81ojek1986-304-306-6"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Derdej2008-98-103-54"},{"link_name":"Wołczyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vowchyn"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Derdej2008-98-103-54"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%C5%81ojek1986-304-306-6"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Derdej2008-98-103-54"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Derdej2008-98-103-54"},{"link_name":"Józef Judycki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Judycki"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%C5%81ojek1986-304-306-6"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Derdej2008-98-103-54"},{"link_name":"Battle of Mir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mir_(1792)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%C5%81ojek1986-304-306-6"},{"link_name":"Grodno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grodno"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Derdej2008-108-55"},{"link_name":"Nieśwież","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nie%C5%9Bwie%C5%BC"},{"link_name":"Kaunas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaunas"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Derdej2008-108-110-56"},{"link_name":"Michał Zabiełło","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Micha%C5%82_Zabie%C5%82%C5%82o&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%C5%81ojek1986-304-306-6"},{"link_name":"Zelva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zelva"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Derdej2008-115-116-57"},{"link_name":"Bug river","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bug_river"},{"link_name":"Brest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brest,_Belarus"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%C5%81ojek1986-304-306-6"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Derdej2008-117-58"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Derdej2008-115-116-57"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Derdej2008-117-58"},{"link_name":"Krzemień-Wieś","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krzemie%C5%84-Wie%C5%9B"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Derdej2008-118-119-59"}],"sub_title":"Northern theater","text":"In the Grand Duchy of Lithuania the Russians crossed the Commonwealth border four days later than in the south, on 22 May.[52] Poland's ally, the Kingdom of Prussia, broke its alliance with Poland and the Prussian commander of the Lithuanian army, Duke Württemberg, betrayed the Polish-Lithuanian cause by refusing to fight the Russians.[5][53] He never reached the frontlines, feigned illness in Wołczyn, and issued contradictory orders to his troops.[53]Thus the Army of Lithuania did little to oppose the advancing Russians, and kept withdrawing before their advance.[5][53] Minsk was abandoned, after some skirmishes, on 31 May.[53] Only after a change of commander on 4 June, did the Army, now under General Józef Judycki, try to stand and fight the Russians.[5][53] The Russians however defeated Judycki at the Battle of Mir on 11 June and kept advancing through the Grand Duchy.[5] The Commonwealth army retreated towards Grodno.[54] On 14 June the Russians took Wilno, after only a small skirmish with local garrison; on 19 June, incompetently defended Nieśwież; and on 20 June, Kaunas, this time without any opposition.[55] Judycki, disgraced, was replaced by Michał Zabiełło on 23 June.[5] Nonetheless, since Mir, no decisive engagements occurred in the northern theater, as Polish army withdrew in relative order towards Warsaw, after minor defeat at Zelva,[56] eventually taking defensive positions along the Bug river near Brest.[5][57] Russians took Grodno on 5 July[56] and Białystok on 17 July.[57] On 23 July the Russians took Brest, defeating the local garrison, but on 24 they were defeated near Krzemień-Wieś; this last battle was the first significant Commonwealth victory on the northern front.[58]","title":"War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Derdej2008-130-60"},{"link_name":"Guardians of the Laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardians_of_the_Laws"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Storozynski2011-231-61"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psb628-62"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psb628-62"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Skowronek_60-62-63"},{"link_name":"Markuszów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markusz%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Skowronek_60-62-63"},{"link_name":"subject to much debate among historians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_August_Poniatowski#Conflicting_assessments"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-J%C4%99druch1982-184-185-20"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psb628-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%C5%81ojek1986-306318-64"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Derdej2008-Pon-65"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Storozynski2011-232-233-66"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Skowronek_60-62-63"}],"sub_title":"War ends","text":"While Prince Poniatowski and Kościuszko considered the outcome of the war still open and were planning to use the combined Polish-Lithuanian forces to defeat the still separate Russian forces,[59] King Poniatowski, with the consent of the Guardians of the Laws (cabinet of ministers) decided to ask for a ceasefire.[60][61] Tsarina Catherine demanded that King Poniatowski join the pro-Russian aristocratic faction, the Targowica Confederation; with his cabinet split, he gave in to her demand around 22–23 July, which effectively forced Prince Poniatowski to terminate military resistance.[61][62] The last military confrontation of the war was fought on 26 July at Markuszów in Lublin province, where an enemy attack was repelled by Polish cavalry led by Poniatowski.[62]At the time King Poniatowski decided to sue for peace, the Polish army was still in a good fighting condition not having suffered from any major defeat nor lack of supplies. King Poniatowski thought that due to Russian numerical superiority defeat was nonetheless imminent, and more could be gained through negotiations with the Russians, with whom he hoped a new alliance could be formed. Although subsequent events would prove him wrong, the question of whether this could have been foreseen, and prevented through continued military resistance, has been subject to much debate among historians.[19][61][63][64]The Polish military was widely dissatisfied with the ceasefire; Kościuszko, Prince Poniatowski and many others would criticize the King's decision and many, including Kościuszko, would resign their commission in the coming weeks.[65] Prince Poniatowski even considered rebelling against his uncle's orders, and even issued orders to bring the King to the army's camp by force if necessary, as was postulated by the more radical faction. Ultimately he decided not to continue fighting against his uncle's will, and the order was rescinded at the last moment before the departure of the group charged with capturing the King.[62]","title":"War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%C5%81ojek1986-402-67"},{"link_name":"Vistula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vistula"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%C5%81ojek1986-402-67"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Derdej2008-160-68"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%C5%81ojek1986-402-67"},{"link_name":"Grodno Sejm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grodno_Sejm"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-J%C4%99druch1982-184-185-20"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-J%C4%99druch1982-186-187-69"},{"link_name":"Second Partition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Partition_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Davies2005-254-70"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pickus2001-71"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-J%C4%99druch1982-186-187-69"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-J%C4%99druch1982-184-185-20"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kope%C4%8Dek2006-282-284-27"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-J%C4%99druch1982-186-187-69"},{"link_name":"status quo ante bellum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Status_quo_ante_bellum"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth magnate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnates_of_the_Polish-Lithuanian_Commonwealth"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stone-72"},{"link_name":"Kościuszko Uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C5%9Bciuszko_Uprising"},{"link_name":"Third Partition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Partition_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Derdej2008-160-68"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-J%C4%99druch1982-186-187-69"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-J%C4%99druch1982-188-189-73"}],"text":"Most Polish historians agree that the Polish capitulation was a mistake both from the military perspective, and the political one.[66] In the realm of military, the Poles had reasonable chances to defend the Vistula river line, and exhaust the Russian invading forces.[66][67] From the political one, showing a willingness to fight could have persuaded the partitioning powers that their plan was too costly.[66]King Poniatowski's hopes that the capitulation would allow an acceptable diplomatic solution to be worked out were soon dashed. With new deputies bribed or intimidated by the Russian troops, a new session of parliament, known as the Grodno Sejm, took place in fall 1793.[19][68] On 23 November 1793, it concluded its deliberations under duress, annulling the constitution and acceding to the Second Partition.[69][70] Russia took 250,000 square kilometres (97,000 sq mi) of the Commonwealth's territory, while Prussia took 58,000 square kilometres (22,000 sq mi).[68] This event reduced Poland's population to a third of what it was before the First Partition. The rump state was garrisoned by Russian troops and its independence was strongly curtailed.[19][26][68]This outcome came as a surprise to most of the Targowica Confederates, who had wished only to restore the status quo ante bellum (Commonwealth magnate-favoring Golden Freedoms) and had expected that the overthrow of the 3 May Constitution would achieve that end, and nothing more.[71] The last bid to restore the reformed Commonwealth came with the Kościuszko Uprising in 1794. The uprising failed and resulted in the Third Partition in 1795, in which the country lost all its remaining territories and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth ceased to exist.[67][68][72]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_language"}],"text":"^ Polish: Wojna w obronie Konstytucji 3 maja","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"83-85218-48-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-85218-48-3"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Lithuanian_wars_and_conflicts"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Lithuanian_wars_and_conflicts"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lithuanian_wars_and_conflicts"},{"link_name":"Lithuanian wars and conflicts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Grand Duchy of Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania"},{"link_name":"13th century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Lithuania_(1219%E2%80%9395)"},{"link_name":"Mongol invasions of Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Lithuanian Crusade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_Crusade"},{"link_name":"Galicia–Volhynia Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galicia%E2%80%93Volhynia_Wars"},{"link_name":"Lithuanian–Muscovite War (1368–1372)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian%E2%80%93Muscovite_War_(1368%E2%80%931372)"},{"link_name":"Lithuanian Civil War (1381–1384)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_Civil_War_(1381%E2%80%931384)"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Vikhra River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Vikhra_River"},{"link_name":"Lithuanian Civil War (1389–1392)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_Civil_War_(1389%E2%80%931392)"},{"link_name":"Samogitian uprisings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samogitian_uprisings"},{"link_name":"Lithuanian Crusade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_Crusade"},{"link_name":"Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian%E2%80%93Teutonic_War"},{"link_name":"Battle of Grunwald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Grunwald"},{"link_name":"Hunger War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunger_War"},{"link_name":"Gollub War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gollub_War"},{"link_name":"Lithuanian Civil War (1432–1438)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_Civil_War_(1432%E2%80%931438)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Ašmena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ashmyany"},{"link_name":"Battle of Pabaiskas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wi%C5%82komierz"},{"link_name":"Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Teutonic_War_(1431%E2%80%931435)"},{"link_name":"Crusade of Varna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusade_of_Varna"},{"link_name":"Battle of Varna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Varna"},{"link_name":"Thirteen Years' War (1454–1466)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirteen_Years%27_War_(1454%E2%80%931466)"},{"link_name":"1st Muscovite–Lithuanian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscovite%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Wars#First_border_war_(1492%E2%80%931494)"},{"link_name":"2nd Muscovite–Lithuanian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscovite%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Wars#Second_war_(1500%E2%80%931503)"},{"link_name":"3rd Muscovite–Lithuanian 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(World War II)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)"},{"link_name":"Soviet re-occupation of the Baltic states (1944)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_re-occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_(1944)"},{"link_name":"Soviet re-occupation of Latvia in 1944","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_re-occupation_of_Latvia_in_1944"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran"},{"link_name":"Soviet–Japanese War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_War"},{"link_name":"Guerrilla war in the Baltic states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states"},{"link_name":"Guerilla war in Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army#Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-communist_resistance_in_Poland_(1944%E2%80%931953)"},{"link_name":"Ili Rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ili_Rebellion"},{"link_name":"First Indochina War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Indochina_War"},{"link_name":"Korean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War"},{"link_name":"East German uprising of 1953","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_German_uprising_of_1953"},{"link_name":"Hungarian Revolution of 1956","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"Vlora incident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlora_incident"},{"link_name":"Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia"},{"link_name":"Sino-Soviet border conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Soviet_border_conflict"},{"link_name":"War of Attrition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_Attrition"},{"link_name":"Eritrean War of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"Angolan Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Ogaden War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogaden_War"},{"link_name":"South African Border War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Border_War"},{"link_name":"Soviet–Afghan War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War"},{"link_name":"Gulf War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_War"},{"link_name":"Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_OMON_assaults_on_Lithuanian_border_posts"},{"link_name":"First Nagorno-Karabakh War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War"},{"link_name":"War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Abkhazia_(1992%E2%80%931993)"},{"link_name":"South Ossetia war (1991–1992)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Ossetia_war_(1991%E2%80%931992)"},{"link_name":"Transnistria War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transnistria_War"},{"link_name":"Georgian Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Tajikistani Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistani_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"First Chechen War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Chechen_War"},{"link_name":"War of Dagestan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_Dagestan"},{"link_name":"Second Chechen War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Chechen_War"},{"link_name":"Russo-Georgian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Georgian_War"},{"link_name":"Russo-Ukrainian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War"},{"link_name":"Outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War"},{"link_name":"Annexation of Crimea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation"},{"link_name":"War in Donbas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Donbas"},{"link_name":"2022 invasion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Intervention in Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_military_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war"},{"link_name":"Western Libya campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Libya_campaign"},{"link_name":"Deployment in Nagorno-Karabakh (2020)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Nagorno-Karabakh_War"},{"link_name":"Deployment in Kazakhstan (2022)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Kazakh_unrest"},{"link_name":"Russian Winter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Winter"},{"link_name":"Russian Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Cold War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War"},{"link_name":"Sphere of influence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphere_of_influence"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1352215#identifiers"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007548645605171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85116053"}],"text":"Adam Wolański, Wojna polsko-rosyjska 1792 r, Wydawnictwo Volumen, Warszawa 1996, ISBN 83-85218-48-3\nAndrzej Grabski et al., Zarys dziejów wojskowości polskiej do roku 1864. Wydawnictwo Ministerstwa Obrony Narodowej. Warszawa 1966.\nAntoni Juszczyński, Marian Krwawicz, Wypisy źródłowe do historii polskiej sztuki wojennej. Polska sztuka wojenna w latach 1764–1793. Zeszyt dziewiąty. Wydawnictwo Ministerstwa Obrony Narodowej. Warszawa 1957.vteLithuanian wars and conflictsGrand Duchy of Lithuania (to 1795)13th century\nMongol invasions of Lithuania\nLithuanian Crusade (1283–1422)\n14th century\nGalicia–Volhynia Wars (1340–1392)\nLithuanian–Muscovite War (1368–1372)\nLithuanian Civil War (1381–1384)\nBattle of the Vikhra River\nLithuanian Civil War (1389–1392)\n15th century\nSamogitian uprisings (1401–1409)\nLithuanian Crusade\nPolish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War (1409–1411)\nBattle of Grunwald\nHunger War (1414)\nGollub War (1422)\nLithuanian Civil War (1432–1438)\nBattle of Ašmena\nBattle of Pabaiskas\nPolish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War (1431–1435)\nCrusade of Varna (1443–1444)\nBattle of Varna\nThirteen Years' War (1454–1466)\n1st Muscovite–Lithuanian War (1492–1494)\n16th century\n2nd Muscovite–Lithuanian War (1500–1503)\n3rd Muscovite–Lithuanian War (1507–1508)\nGlinski rebellion (1508)\n4th Muscovite–Lithuanian War (1512–1522)\n5th Muscovite–Lithuanian War (1534–1537)\nLivonian War (1558–1583)\nLivonian campaign of Stephen Báthory (1577–1582)\nNorthern Seven Years' War (1563–1570)\nWar of the Polish–Lithuanian Succession (1587–1588)\nKosiński uprising (1591–1593)\nNalyvaiko Uprising (1594–1596)\n17th century\nMoldavian Magnate Wars\nPolish–Lithuanian–Swedish wars\nWar against Sigismund\nBattle of Stångebro\nPolish–Lithuanian–Swedish War (1600–1629)\nPolish-Lithuanian–Swedish War (1600–1611)\nBattle of Kircholm (1605)\nPolish–Lithuanian–Swedish War (1617–1618)\nPolish–Lithuanian–Swedish War (1621–1625)\nPolish–Lithuanian–Swedish War (1626–1629)\nPolish–Lithuanian–Muscovite War (1605–1618)\nBattle of Klushino (1610)\nZebrzydowski rebellion (1606)\nThirty Years' War (1618–1648)\nBattle of Humenné (1619)\nPolish–Lithuanian–Ottoman War (1620–1621)\nBattle of Khotyn (1621)\n1624 Tatar Invasion\nZhmaylo uprising (1625)\nFedorovych uprising (1630)\nSmolensk War (1632–1634)\nSiege of Smolensk (1632–1633)\nPolish–Lithuanian–Ottoman War (1633–1634)\nPavlyuk uprising (1637)\nOstryanyn uprising (1638)\n1644 Tatar Invasion\nKhmelnytsky Uprising (1648–1657)\nBattle of Berestechko (1651)\nRusso-Polish–Lithuanian War (1654–1667)\nSecond Northern War\nThe Deluge\nPolish–Lithuanian–Cossack–Tatar War(1666–1671)\nPolish–Lithuanian–Ottoman War (1672–1676)\nBattle of Khotyn (1673)\nPolish–Lithuanian–Ottoman War (1683–1699)\nLithuanian Civil War (1697–1702)\n18th century\nGreat Northern War (1700–1721)\nWar of the Polish–Lithuanian Succession (1733–1735)\nWar of the Bar Confederation (1768–1774)\nWar of 1792\nKościuszko Uprising (1794)\n\n\nLithuania partitioned (1795–1918)\nNapoleonic Wars (1803–1815)\nFrench invasion of Russia (1812)\nNovember Uprising (1830–1831)\nJanuary Uprising (1863–1864)\nRevolution of 1905\nWorld War I (1914–1918)\nInterwar Lithuania (1918–1940)\nLithuanian Wars of Independence\nLithuanian–Soviet War (1918–1919)\nPolish–Lithuanian War (1919–1920)\nKlaipėda Revolt (1923)\nWorld War II\nJune Uprising in Lithuania (1941)\nSoviet occupation (1944–1990)\nLithuanian partisans\nRestored Lithuania (since 1990)\nSoviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts\nWar in Afghanistan (2001–2021)\nIraq War (2003–2011)vtePolish wars and conflictsGeneral and related\nEarly modern warfare\nHistory of the Polish Army\nHistory of Polish intelligence services\nList of wars involving Poland\nMilitary of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth\nPolish Armed Forces\nWarfare in Medieval Poland\n\n\n\n\n\n\nPiast Poland\nPolish–Veletian War\nBattle of Cedynia\nGerman–Polish War (1003–1018)\nBolesław I's intervention in the Kievan succession crisis\nGerman–Polish War (1028–1031)\nMiecław's Rebellion\n1072 war against Bohemia\nSiege of Głogów\n1146 war against Germany\n1156 war against Germany\nGalicia–Volhynia Wars\nMongol invasions\nFirst Mongol invasion of Poland (1240/41)\nSecond Mongol invasion of Poland (1259/60)\nThird Mongol invasion of Poland (1287/88)\nBattle of Legnica\nJagiellon PolandPolish–Teutonic wars\nTeutonic takeover of Danzig (Gdańsk)\nPolish–Teutonic War (1326–1332)\nBattle of Płowce\nGreat War\nBattle of Grunwald\nHunger War (1414)\nGollub War (1422)\nPolish–Teutonic War (1431–1435)\nThirteen Years' War\nWar of the Priests\nPolish–Teutonic War (1519–1521)\n\nWładysław the White's rebellion\nLithuanian Civil War (1432–1438)\nBattle of Grotniki\n1444 war against the Ottomans\nBattle of Varna\nMoldavian campaign (1497–1499)\nPolish–Lithuanian–Muscovite War (1512–1522)\nBattle of Orsha\nPolish–Lithuanian–Muscovite War (1534–1537)\nOttoman–Tatar Invasion of Lithuania and Poland\nCommonwealthPolish–Swedish wars\nLivonian War\ncampaign of Stephen Báthory\nNorthern Seven Years' War (1563–1570)\nWar against Sigismund\nBattle of Stångebro\nPolish–Swedish War of 1600–1629\nPolish–Swedish War of 1600–1611\nBattle of Kircholm\nPolish–Swedish War of 1617–1618\nPolish–Swedish War of 1621–1625\nPolish–Swedish War of 1626–1629\nSecond Northern War\nThe Deluge\nGreat Northern War\n\nDanzig rebellion\nBattle of Lubieszów\nSiege of Danzig (1577)\nWar of the Polish Succession (1587–1588)\nBattle of Byczyna\n1589 Tatar Invasion\nKosiński uprising\n1593 Tatar Invasion\nNalyvaiko Uprising\nMoldavian Magnate Wars\nPolish–Muscovite War of 1605–1618\nBattle of Kłuszyn\nZebrzydowski rebellion\nThirty Years' War\nBattle of Humenné\nPolish–Ottoman wars\nMoldavian campaign (1497–1499)\nPolish–Ottoman War of 1620–1621\nBattle of Chocim (1621)\nPolish–Ottoman War of 1633–1634\nPolish–Cossack–Tatar War (1666–1671)\nPolish–Ottoman War of 1672–1676\nBattle of Chocim (1673)\nGreat Turkish War\nWar of the Holy League 1683–1699\nBattle of Vienna\n\n1624 Tatar Invasion\nZhmaylo uprising\nFedorovych uprising\nSmolensk War\nSiege of Smolensk (1632–1633)\nPavlyuk uprising\nOstryanyn uprising\n1644 Tatar Invasion\nKhmelnytsky Uprising\nBattle of Berestechko\nRusso–Polish War of 1654–1667\nWar of the Polish Succession\nWar of the Bar Confederation\nPolish–Russian War of 1792\nKościuszko Uprising\nPoland partitioned\nDenisko uprising\nNapoleonic Wars\nPeninsular War\nWar of the Fourth Coalition\nPrussian campaign\nWar of the Fifth Coalition\nAustro-Polish War\nWar of the Sixth Coalition\nFrench invasion of Russia\nGreater Poland uprising (1848)\nNovember Uprising\nJanuary Uprising\nWorld War I\nfighting in Poland on the Eastern Front\nSecond Republic\nPolish–Ukrainian War\nGreater Poland uprising (1918–1919)\nPolish–Czechoslovak War\nFirst Silesian Uprising\nPolish–Soviet War\nBattle of Warsaw\nKiev offensive\nSecond Silesian Uprising\nPolish–Lithuanian War\nThird Silesian Uprising\nWorld War II in Poland\nWorld War II\nEastern Front\nInvasion of Poland\nPolish history, resistance, and contributions during World War II\nGhetto uprisings\nWarsaw Ghetto Uprising\nBiałystok Ghetto uprising\nCzęstochowa Ghetto uprising\n\nItalian Campaign\nOperation Tempest\nOperation Ostra Brama\nLwów uprising\nWarsaw Uprising\nPeople's Republic\nRacibórz Conflict\nWarsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia\nThird Republic\nWar in Afghanistan\nOperation Uphold Democracy\nIraq War\n2003 invasion of Iraq\nOccupation of Iraq\nRussian invasion of Ukraine\nMilitary aid to UkrainevteArmed conflicts involving Russia (including Tsarist, Imperial and Soviet times)Related\nEarly modern warfare\nMilitary history of Russia\nMilitary history of the Russian Empire\nMilitary history of the Soviet Union\nMilitary history of the Russian Federation\nPost-Soviet conflicts\nRussian Armed Forces\nLists by opponent\nMuscovite–Lithuanian Wars\nRusso-Crimean Wars\nSoviet-Finnish wars\nRusso-Kazan Wars\nRusso-Persian Wars\nRusso-Polish Wars\nRusso-Swedish wars\nRusso-Turkish wars\nRusso-Ukrainian Wars\nSino-Russian border conflicts\nList of wars involving Russia\nList of wars involving the Soviet Union\nList of battles involving the Russian Federation\nInternal\nUprising of Bolotnikov\nRazin's Rebellion\nBulavin Rebellion\nPugachev's Rebellion\nDecembrist revolt\nRussian Civil War\nAugust Uprising\nCoup attempt (1991)\n1993 Russian constitutional crisis\nFirst Chechen War\nWar of Dagestan\nSecond Chechen War\nInsurgency in the North Caucasus\nWagner Group rebellion\nTsardom ofRussia\nRusso-Crimean Wars\nRusso-Kazan Wars\nRusso-Swedish War (1554–1557)\nLivonian War\nRussian Conquest of Siberia (1580–1747)\nRusso-Turkish War (1568–1570)\nRusso-Swedish War (1590–1595)\nPolish–Muscovite War (1605–1618) and the Time of Troubles\nIngrian War\nSmolensk War\nRusso-Persian War (1651–1653)\nSino-Russian border conflicts (1652–1689)\nRusso-Polish War (1654–1667)\nDeluge\nSecond Northern War\nRusso-Turkish War (1676–1681)\nRusso-Turkish War (1686–1700)\n18th–19thcentury\nGreat Northern War\nRusso-Turkish War (1710–1711)\nRusso-Persian War (1722–1723)\nWar of the Polish Succession (1733–1738)\nAustro-Russian–Turkish War (1735–1739)\nWar of the Austrian Succession (1740–1748)\nRusso-Swedish War (1741–1743)\nSeven Years' War\nRusso-Turkish War (1768–1774)\nBar Confederation\nRusso-Turkish War (1787–1792)\nRusso-Swedish War (1788–1790)\nRusso-Polish War (1792)\nRussian colonization of North America\nKościuszko Uprising\nRusso-Persian War (1796)\nWar of the Second Coalition\nWar of the Third Coalition\nRusso-Persian War (1804–1813)\nWar of the Fourth Coalition\nRusso-Turkish War (1806–1812)\nAnglo-Russian War\nFinnish War\nWar of the Fifth Coalition\nFrench invasion of Russia\nWar of the Sixth Coalition\nWar of the Seventh Coalition\nRussian conquest of the Caucasus\nCaucasian War\nRusso-Circassian War\nMurid War\nRusso-Persian War (1826–1828)\nRusso-Turkish War (1828–1829)\nNovember Uprising\nHungarian Revolution of 1848\nCrimean War\nÅland War\nAmur Annexation\nJanuary Uprising\nRussian conquest of Central Asia\nRussian conquest of Bukhara\nKhivan campaign of 1873\nRusso-Turkish War (1877–1878)\nBoxer Rebellion\nRussian invasion of Manchuria\n20thcentury\nRusso-Japanese War\nRussian occupation of Tabriz\nWorld War I\nBattle of Robat Karim\nRussian Civil War\nUkrainian–Soviet War\n1919 Soviet invasion of Ukraine\nKazakhstan Campaign\nFinnish Civil War\nSochi conflict\nHeimosodat\nSoviet westward offensive of 1918–1919\nEstonian War of Independence\nLatvian War of Independence\nLithuanian–Soviet War\nGeorgian–Ossetian conflict (1918–1920)\nPolish–Soviet War\nRed Army invasion of Azerbaijan\nRed Army invasion of Armenia\nRed Army invasion of Georgia\nRed Army intervention in Mongolia\nEast Karelian uprising\nCentral Asian Revolt\nAugust Uprising\nUrtatagai conflict (1925–1926)\nSino-Soviet conflict (1929)\nRed Army intervention in Afghanistan (1929)\nRed Army intervention in Afghanistan (1930)\nChechen uprising of 1932 [ru]\nSoviet–Japanese border conflicts\nSoviet invasion of Xinjiang\nXinjiang War (1937)\nWorld War II\nSoviet invasion of Poland\nWinter War\nSoviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)\nSoviet occupation of Latvia in 1940\nSoviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina\nContinuation War\nEastern Front (World War II)\nSoviet re-occupation of the Baltic states (1944)\nSoviet re-occupation of Latvia in 1944\nAnglo-Soviet invasion of Iran\nSoviet–Japanese War\nGuerrilla war in the Baltic states\nGuerilla war in Ukraine\nAnti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953)\nIli Rebellion\nFirst Indochina War\nKorean War\nEast German uprising of 1953\nHungarian Revolution of 1956\nVietnam War\nVlora incident\nWarsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia\nSino-Soviet border conflict\nWar of Attrition\nEritrean War of Independence\nAngolan Civil War\nOgaden War\nSouth African Border War\nSoviet–Afghan War\nGulf War\nSoviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts\nFirst Nagorno-Karabakh War\nWar in Abkhazia (1992–1993)\nSouth Ossetia war (1991–1992)\nTransnistria War\nGeorgian Civil War\nTajikistani Civil War\nFirst Chechen War\nWar of Dagestan\nSecond Chechen War\n21stcentury\nRusso-Georgian War\nRusso-Ukrainian War\nOutline\nAnnexation of Crimea\nWar in Donbas\n2022 invasion\nIntervention in Syria\nWestern Libya campaign\nDeployment in Nagorno-Karabakh (2020)\nDeployment in Kazakhstan (2022)\n\nRussian Winter\nRussian Revolution\nCold War\nSphere of influenceAuthority control databases: National \nIsrael\nUnited States","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Soldiers of the 3rd Lithuanian Infantry Regiment in 1792","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Polish_soldiers_of_3rd_Lithuanian_Infantry_Regiment_in_1792.PNG/220px-Polish_soldiers_of_3rd_Lithuanian_Infantry_Regiment_in_1792.PNG"},{"image_text":"After the Battle of Zieleńce, by Wojciech Kossak","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Wojciech_Kossak_po_bitwie_pod_Ziele%C5%84cami.jpg/400px-Wojciech_Kossak_po_bitwie_pod_Ziele%C5%84cami.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Polish-Russian war 1792","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Polish-Russian_war_1792"},{"title":"Partitions of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland"}] | [{"reference":"Alex Storozynski (January 2011). Kościuszko Książe chłopów [Kosciuszko Prince of Peasants] (in Polish). W.A.B. p. 223. ISBN 978-83-7414-930-3. Retrieved 2 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yvanuAAACAAJ","url_text":"Kościuszko Książe chłopów"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-7414-930-3","url_text":"978-83-7414-930-3"}]},{"reference":"Juliusz Bardach; Boguslaw Lesnodorski; Michal Pietrzak (1987). Historia panstwa i prawa polskiego [History of Polish State and Law] (in Polish). Warsaw: Panstwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe. p. 317. OCLC 654549824.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/654549824","url_text":"654549824"}]},{"reference":"Norman Davies (1982). God's Playground, a History of Poland: The origins to 1795. Columbia University Press. p. 535. ISBN 978-0-231-05351-8. Retrieved 26 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FVulayG4I9QC&pg=PA535","url_text":"God's Playground, a History of Poland: The origins to 1795"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-05351-8","url_text":"978-0-231-05351-8"}]},{"reference":"Wojciech Mikuła (1995). Zieleńce Dubienka: z dziejów wojny w obronie Konstytucji 3 maja [Zieleńce Dubienka: From the History of the War in Defense of the 3 May Constitution] (in Polish). Ajaks. ISBN 978-83-85621-02-7. Retrieved 25 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WG2YAAAACAAJ","url_text":"Zieleńce Dubienka: z dziejów wojny w obronie Konstytucji 3 maja"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-85621-02-7","url_text":"978-83-85621-02-7"}]},{"reference":"Jerzy Łojek (1986). Geneza i obalenie Konstytucji 3 maja [Genesis and Fall of the 3 May Constitution] (in Polish). Wydawn. Lubelskie. pp. 304–306. ISBN 978-83-222-0313-2. Retrieved 17 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kbpFAAAAIAAJ","url_text":"Geneza i obalenie Konstytucji 3 maja"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-222-0313-2","url_text":"978-83-222-0313-2"}]},{"reference":"Jerzy Skowronek (1986). Książę Józef Poniatowski [Prince Józef Poniatowski] (in Polish). Wrocław: Ossolineum. pp. 58, 60. ISBN 83-04-02321-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ossolineum","url_text":"Ossolineum"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-04-02321-0","url_text":"83-04-02321-0"}]},{"reference":"Norman Davies (30 March 2005). God's Playground: The origins to 1795. Columbia University Press. p. 274. ISBN 978-0-231-12817-9. Retrieved 13 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/godsplaygroundhi00norm_0","url_text":"God's Playground: The origins to 1795"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/godsplaygroundhi00norm_0/page/274","url_text":"274"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-12817-9","url_text":"978-0-231-12817-9"}]},{"reference":"Francis Ludwig Carsten (1 January 1961). The new Cambridge modern history: The ascendancy of France, 1648–88. Cambridge University Press. pp. 561–562. ISBN 978-0-521-04544-5. Retrieved 11 June 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FzQ9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA562","url_text":"The new Cambridge modern history: The ascendancy of France, 1648–88"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-04544-5","url_text":"978-0-521-04544-5"}]},{"reference":"Jacek Jędruch (1998). Constitutions, elections, and legislatures of Poland, 1493–1977: a guide to their history. EJJ Books. p. 156. ISBN 978-0-7818-0637-4. Retrieved 13 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacek_J%C4%99druch","url_text":"Jacek Jędruch"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Rmx8QgAACAAJ","url_text":"Constitutions, elections, and legislatures of Poland, 1493–1977: a guide to their history"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7818-0637-4","url_text":"978-0-7818-0637-4"}]},{"reference":"Józef Andrzej Gierowski (1986). Historia Polski, 1764–1864 [History of Poland, 1764–1864] (in Polish). Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe. pp. 60–63. ISBN 978-83-01-03732-1. Retrieved 18 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Andrzej_Gierowski","url_text":"Józef Andrzej Gierowski"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7UK1AAAAIAAJ","url_text":"Historia Polski, 1764–1864"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-01-03732-1","url_text":"978-83-01-03732-1"}]},{"reference":"John P. LeDonne (1997). The Russian empire and the world, 1700–1917: the geopolitics of expansion and containment. Oxford University Press. pp. 41–42. ISBN 978-0-19-510927-6. Retrieved 5 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=P6ks6FSAMacC&pg=PA41","url_text":"The Russian empire and the world, 1700–1917: the geopolitics of expansion and containment"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-510927-6","url_text":"978-0-19-510927-6"}]},{"reference":"Krzysztof Bauer (1991). Uchwalenie i obrona Konstytucji 3 Maja [Passing and defense of the Constitution of 3 May] (in Polish). Wydawnictwa Szkolne i Pedagogiczne. p. 9. ISBN 978-83-02-04615-5. Retrieved 2 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WLNGAAAAIAAJ","url_text":"Uchwalenie i obrona Konstytucji 3 Maja"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-02-04615-5","url_text":"978-83-02-04615-5"}]},{"reference":"George Sanford (2002). Democratic government in Poland: constitutional politics since 1989. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 11–12. ISBN 978-0-333-77475-5. Retrieved 5 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Sanford_(political_scientist)","url_text":"George Sanford"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tOaXi0hX1RAC&pg=PA11","url_text":"Democratic government in Poland: constitutional politics since 1989"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-77475-5","url_text":"978-0-333-77475-5"}]},{"reference":"Jacek Jędruch (1998). Constitutions, elections, and legislatures of Poland, 1493–1977: a guide to their history. EJJ Books. p. 176. ISBN 978-0-7818-0637-4. Retrieved 13 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacek_J%C4%99druch","url_text":"Jacek Jędruch"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Rmx8QgAACAAJ","url_text":"Constitutions, elections, and legislatures of Poland, 1493–1977: a guide to their history"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7818-0637-4","url_text":"978-0-7818-0637-4"}]},{"reference":"Robert Bideleux; Ian Jeffries (28 January 1998). A history of eastern Europe: crisis and change. Psychology Press. p. 160. ISBN 978-0-415-16111-4. Retrieved 11 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6Eh9KQTrOckC&pg=PA160","url_text":"A history of eastern Europe: crisis and change"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-16111-4","url_text":"978-0-415-16111-4"}]},{"reference":"Jerzy Lukowski (3 August 2010). Disorderly liberty: the political culture of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the eighteenth century. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 226. ISBN 978-1-4411-4812-4. Retrieved 23 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kAgRHvulnnUC&pg=PA226","url_text":"Disorderly liberty: the political culture of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the eighteenth century"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-4812-4","url_text":"978-1-4411-4812-4"}]},{"reference":"Piotr Stefan Wandycz (2001). The price of freedom: a history of East Central Europe from the Middle Ages to the present. Psychology Press. p. 128. ISBN 978-0-415-25491-5. Retrieved 5 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piotr_Stefan_Wandycz","url_text":"Piotr Stefan Wandycz"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=m5plR3x6jLAC&pg=PA128","url_text":"The price of freedom: a history of East Central Europe from the Middle Ages to the present"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25491-5","url_text":"978-0-415-25491-5"}]},{"reference":"Jacek Jędruch (1998). Constitutions, elections, and legislatures of Poland, 1493–1977: a guide to their history. EJJ Books. pp. 172–173. ISBN 978-0-7818-0637-4. Retrieved 13 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacek_J%C4%99druch","url_text":"Jacek Jędruch"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Rmx8QgAACAAJ","url_text":"Constitutions, elections, and legislatures of Poland, 1493–1977: a guide to their history"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7818-0637-4","url_text":"978-0-7818-0637-4"}]},{"reference":"Jacek Jędruch (1998). Constitutions, elections, and legislatures of Poland, 1493–1977: a guide to their history. EJJ Books. pp. 184–185. ISBN 978-0-7818-0637-4. Retrieved 13 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacek_J%C4%99druch","url_text":"Jacek Jędruch"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Rmx8QgAACAAJ","url_text":"Constitutions, elections, and legislatures of Poland, 1493–1977: a guide to their history"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7818-0637-4","url_text":"978-0-7818-0637-4"}]},{"reference":"Paul W. Schroeder (1996). The transformation of European politics, 1763–1848. Oxford University Press. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-19-820654-5. Retrieved 5 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_W._Schroeder","url_text":"Paul W. Schroeder"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=BS2z3iGPCigC&pg=PA84","url_text":"The transformation of European politics, 1763–1848"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820654-5","url_text":"978-0-19-820654-5"}]},{"reference":"Jerzy Lukowski; Hubert Zawadzki (2001). A concise history of Poland. Cambridge University Press. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-521-55917-1. Retrieved 5 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NpMxTvBuWHYC&pg=PA84","url_text":"A concise history of Poland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-55917-1","url_text":"978-0-521-55917-1"}]},{"reference":"Krzysztof Bauer (1991). Uchwalenie i obrona Konstytucji 3 Maja [Passing and Fall of the 3 May Constitution] (in Polish). Wydawnictwa Szkolne i Pedagogiczne. p. 16. ISBN 978-83-02-04615-5. Retrieved 2 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WLNGAAAAIAAJ","url_text":"Uchwalenie i obrona Konstytucji 3 Maja"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-02-04615-5","url_text":"978-83-02-04615-5"}]},{"reference":"Jerzy Łojek (1986). Geneza i obalenie Konstytucji 3 maja [Genesis and Fall of the 3 May Constitution] (in Polish). Wydawn. Lubelskie. pp. 325–326. ISBN 978-83-222-0313-2. Retrieved 17 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kbpFAAAAIAAJ","url_text":"Geneza i obalenie Konstytucji 3 maja"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-222-0313-2","url_text":"978-83-222-0313-2"}]},{"reference":"Hon. Carl L. Bucki (3 May 1996). \"Constitution Day: May 3, 1791\". Polish Academic Information Center. Archived from the original on 5 December 2008. Retrieved 21 September 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081205130036/http://info-poland.buffalo.edu/classroom/constitution.html","url_text":"\"Constitution Day: May 3, 1791\""},{"url":"http://info-poland.buffalo.edu/classroom/constitution.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Robert Howard Lord (1915). The second partition of Poland: a study in diplomatic history. Harvard University Press. p. 275. OCLC 579571081. Retrieved 22 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_zp5pAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"The second partition of Poland: a study in diplomatic history"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_zp5pAAAAMAAJ/page/n308","url_text":"275"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/579571081","url_text":"579571081"}]},{"reference":"Michal Kopeček (2006). Discourses of collective identity in Central and Southeast Europe (1770–1945): texts and commentaries. Central European University Press. pp. 282–284. ISBN 978-963-7326-52-3. Retrieved 22 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=k5Vsjg508EYC&pg=PA282","url_text":"Discourses of collective identity in Central and Southeast Europe (1770–1945): texts and commentaries"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-7326-52-3","url_text":"978-963-7326-52-3"}]},{"reference":"Michal Kopeček (2006). Discourses of collective identity in Central and Southeast Europe (1770–1945): texts and commentaries. Central European University Press. pp. 284–285. ISBN 978-963-7326-52-3. Retrieved 22 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=k5Vsjg508EYC&pg=PA284","url_text":"Discourses of collective identity in Central and Southeast Europe (1770–1945): texts and commentaries"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-7326-52-3","url_text":"978-963-7326-52-3"}]},{"reference":"Jadwiga Nadzieja (1988). Od Jakobina do księcia namiestnika [From Jacobin to Prince Namestnik] (in Polish). Wydawnictwo \"Śląsk\". pp. 38–39. ISBN 978-83-216-0682-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-216-0682-8","url_text":"978-83-216-0682-8"}]},{"reference":"Piotr Derdej (2008). Zieleńce – Mir – Dubienka 1792 (in Polish). Bellona. pp. 35–36. ISBN 978-83-11-11039-7. Retrieved 1 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9jwP2M5wuVIC&pg=PA55","url_text":"Zieleńce – Mir – Dubienka 1792"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-11-11039-7","url_text":"978-83-11-11039-7"}]},{"reference":"Piotr Derdej (2008). Zieleńce – Mir – Dubienka 1792 (in Polish). Bellona. p. 52. ISBN 978-83-11-11039-7. Retrieved 1 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9jwP2M5wuVIC&pg=PA52","url_text":"Zieleńce – Mir – Dubienka 1792"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-11-11039-7","url_text":"978-83-11-11039-7"}]},{"reference":"Jerzy Skowronek (1986). Książę Józef Poniatowski [Prince Józef Poniatowski] (in Polish). Wrocław: Ossolineum. pp. 50–51. ISBN 83-04-02321-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ossolineum","url_text":"Ossolineum"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-04-02321-0","url_text":"83-04-02321-0"}]},{"reference":"Jerzy Łojek (1986). Geneza i obalenie Konstytucji 3 maja [Genesis and Fall of the 3 May Constitution] (in Polish). Wydawn. Lubelskie. p. 298. ISBN 978-83-222-0313-2. Retrieved 17 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kbpFAAAAIAAJ","url_text":"Geneza i obalenie Konstytucji 3 maja"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-222-0313-2","url_text":"978-83-222-0313-2"}]},{"reference":"Piotr Derdej (2008). Zieleńce – Mir – Dubienka 1792 (in Polish). Bellona. p. 51. ISBN 978-83-11-11039-7. Retrieved 1 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9jwP2M5wuVIC&pg=PA51","url_text":"Zieleńce – Mir – Dubienka 1792"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-11-11039-7","url_text":"978-83-11-11039-7"}]},{"reference":"Piotr Derdej (2008). Zieleńce – Mir – Dubienka 1792 (in Polish). Bellona. pp. 55–57, 62. ISBN 978-83-11-11039-7. Retrieved 1 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9jwP2M5wuVIC&pg=PA55","url_text":"Zieleńce – Mir – Dubienka 1792"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-11-11039-7","url_text":"978-83-11-11039-7"}]},{"reference":"Piotr Derdej (2008). Zieleńce – Mir – Dubienka 1792 (in Polish). Bellona. p. 97. ISBN 978-83-11-11039-7. Retrieved 1 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9jwP2M5wuVIC&pg=PA97","url_text":"Zieleńce – Mir – Dubienka 1792"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-11-11039-7","url_text":"978-83-11-11039-7"}]},{"reference":"Jerzy Łojek (1986). Geneza i obalenie Konstytucji 3 maja [Genesis and Fall of the 3 May Constitution] (in Polish). Wydawn. Lubelskie. p. 299. ISBN 978-83-222-0313-2. Retrieved 17 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kbpFAAAAIAAJ","url_text":"Geneza i obalenie Konstytucji 3 maja"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-222-0313-2","url_text":"978-83-222-0313-2"}]},{"reference":"Jerzy Łojek (1986). Geneza i obalenie Konstytucji 3 maja [Genesis and Fall of the 3 May Constitution] (in Polish). Wydawn. Lubelskie. p. 302. ISBN 978-83-222-0313-2. Retrieved 17 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kbpFAAAAIAAJ","url_text":"Geneza i obalenie Konstytucji 3 maja"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-222-0313-2","url_text":"978-83-222-0313-2"}]},{"reference":"Alex Storozynski (January 2011). Kościuszko Książe chłopów [Kosciuszko Prince of Peasants] (in Polish). W.A.B. p. 222. ISBN 978-83-7414-930-3. Retrieved 2 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yvanuAAACAAJ","url_text":"Kościuszko Książe chłopów"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-7414-930-3","url_text":"978-83-7414-930-3"}]},{"reference":"Piotr Derdej (2008). Zieleńce – Mir – Dubienka 1792 (in Polish). Bellona. p. 50. ISBN 978-83-11-11039-7. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Deutschland | Rolls-Royce Deutschland | ["1 History","2 References","3 External links"] | "BMW Rolls-Royce" redirects here. For the BMW subsidiary making cars, see Rolls-Royce Motor Cars.
Rolls-Royce DeutschlandCompany typeSubsidiaryIndustryAeronauticsFounded1990; 34 years ago (1990)HeadquartersDahlewitz, GermanyProductsAircraft enginesParentRolls-Royce HoldingsWebsiterolls-royce.com/deutschland
Rolls-Royce Deutschland is a subsidiary of British aircraft engine maker Rolls-Royce plc. Its primarily facilities are located at Dahlewitz outside Berlin and Motorenfabrik Oberursel at Oberursel near Frankfurt am Main.
The company was formerly known as BMW Rolls-Royce (BRR), being initially operated as a joint venture company between the German car manufacturer BMW and Rolls-Royce. Early work involved the development and production of the BR700 family of jet engines, launched in 1992. During 1999, it was announced that BMW was to discontinue direct involvement in the venture, leading to Rolls-Royce assuming full control in the following year and to the business being renamed Rolls-Royce Deutschland. It has since become the hub for Rolls-Royce Group's two-shaft engines, including the Tay, Spey and IAE V2500, along with the Dart turboprop engine.
History
The company was established during 1990 as a joint venture, originally known as BMW Rolls-Royce, between the German car manufacturer BMW and British aircraft engine maker Rolls-Royce plc. The establishment of this venture marked the return of BMW to aero engine manufacturing after the firm had suspended its activities in the sector in the immediate aftermath of the Second World War.
The initial purpose of the venture was to develop and manufacture the BR700 family of jet engines. During 1992, development of this powerplant following a sizable order for 200 engines was secured from its launch customer, Gulfstream Aerospace. It was subsequently adopted on multiple aircraft, such as the Boeing 717 airliner, as well as the Bombardier Global Express and the Gulfstream G550 business jets.
In 1999, it was announced that BMW was seeking to reduce its direct involvement in BMW Rolls-Royce. During the following year, Rolls-Royce took full control of the joint venture, leading to it being renamed Rolls-Royce Deutschland. BMW maintained a significant stake in parent company Rolls-Royce Plc, being the single largest shareholder in the firm for a number of years. However, BMW opted to sell its remaining shares during 2006, the move representing the company's formal exit for the aero engine sector after roughly 90 years of involvement.
Shortly after its rebranding as Rolls-Royce Deutschland, the company was assigned all responsibility for several of Rolls-Royce's two-shaft turbofan engines, including the Tay, Spey and IAE V2500, along with the Dart turboprop engine, from the parent company. This redistribution of the work was part of a long-term strategy, allowing the company's main facility at Derby to concentrate on the production and development of its three shaft turbofan powerplants, while Rolls-Royce Deutschland's Dahlewitz facility is developed into a “centre of excellence” for all two-shaft engines within the group.
Around the time of the take-over, the Rolls-Royce Group was reportedly studying development of a new two-shaft family of engines, ranging from the 7,000 lb-thrust (31 kN) class up to 22,000 lb thrust, to eventually replacement its BR700, Tay and smaller AE 3700 turbofan product lines. This was intended to compete for the next generation of corporate aircraft, regional jets, and small airliners. By 2008, Rolls-Royce was yet to initiate a specific programme; instead, it was reportedly conducting market research via consultations with airlines on their requirements for a future prospective powerplant.
During the 2000s, the subsidiary became involved in the production of the Europrop TP400, the largest turboprop engine developed in Europe, to power the Airbus A400M Atlas, a military transport plane.
By 2005, the larger BR715 model of the BR700 family was being phased out as the only aircraft to have been powered by it, the Boeing 717, was being discontinued due to poor sales. However, the smaller BR710 continues to be produced for the Bombardier Global Express and Gulfstream G550 business jets. Furthermore, other operators were interested in adopting the BR710; China Aviation Industry Corporation I and Rolls-Royce Deutschland were at one point studying its potential use to power China's upcoming regional jet, the Comac ARJ21. Development of the improved BR725, which had been selected to power the Gulfstream G650 business jet, was undertaken during the later half of the decade.
References
^ a b c d Wastnage, Justin (5 July 2005). "Rolls-Royce moves V2500 work to Germany". Flight International.
^ a b c d e "BMW's exit from Rolls-Royce marks end of 90-year aero engine history". Flight International.
^ a b Doyle, Alan (22 December 1999). "Rolls-Royce plans expanded role for German powerplant subsidiary". Flight International.
^ "BMW R-R renamed". Flight International. 15 December 1999.
^ "First German Tays arrive". Flight International. 23 March 2004.
^ Norris, Guy (5 October 2004). "Power shift". Flight International.
^ Lewis, Paul (3 October 2000). "Rolls-Royce to study a new family of two-shaft engines". Flight International.
^ Doyle, Andrew (11 July 2006). "Rolls-Royce mulls three-shaft narrowbody engine, in belief that high fuel prices favour more complex architecture". Flight International.
^ a b Doyle, Andrew (19 May 2008). "Twin dilemmas". Flight International.
^ "Engine manufacturers agree joint A400M powerplant bid". Flight International. 5 September 2000.
^ "Rolls-Royce signs Chinese development deal". Flight International. 6 November 2001.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rolls-Royce Deutschland.
Official website
vteRolls-Royce HoldingsSubsidiaries:
RR Controls & Data Services (UK)
RR Deutschland (Germany)
RR Submarines (UK)
RR North America (US)
RR Power Systems (Germany)
RR Turbomeca (UK-Fra)
Predecessor
Rolls-Royce Ltd.
Annual Group Revenue
£15.45 billion (2019)
Employees
50,000 (2020)
Stock Symbol
LSE: RR.
Website
rolls-royce.com
vteRolls-Royce Holdings aero engines and aircraftTurbofans
Advance 2
Advance 3
AE 3007†
BR700‡
EJ200‡
F136‡
RB183
RB282
RB401
RJ500‡
Spey Junior
Tay
Trent series (Trent 500
Trent 700
Trent 800
Trent 900
Trent 1000
Trent XWB
Trent 7000)
V2500‡
Turboprops/Turboshafts
501 (variants)†
AE 2100†
M250†
MTR390‡
RR300
RR500
T56†
T406†
T800‡
TP400‡
Other fan-type engines
RB529
RB2011
RB3011
LiftSystem
Aero-derivative industrial and marine gas turbines
MT30
MT7
WR-21‡
Aircraft
ACCEL
Symbol † indicates Allison engines
Symbol ‡ indicates Joint development aero engines
See also Rolls-Royce Limited aero engines and Rolls-Royce Heritage Trust
Authority control databases
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This was intended to compete for the next generation of corporate aircraft, regional jets, and small airliners.[7][8] By 2008, Rolls-Royce was yet to initiate a specific programme; instead, it was reportedly conducting market research via consultations with airlines on their requirements for a future prospective powerplant.[9]During the 2000s, the subsidiary became involved in the production of the Europrop TP400, the largest turboprop engine developed in Europe, to power the Airbus A400M Atlas, a military transport plane.[10]By 2005, the larger BR715 model of the BR700 family was being phased out as the only aircraft to have been powered by it, the Boeing 717, was being discontinued due to poor sales. However, the smaller BR710 continues to be produced for the Bombardier Global Express and Gulfstream G550 business jets.[1] Furthermore, other operators were interested in adopting the BR710; China Aviation Industry Corporation I and Rolls-Royce Deutschland were at one point studying its potential use to power China's upcoming regional jet, the Comac ARJ21.[11] Development of the improved BR725, which had been selected to power the Gulfstream G650 business jet, was undertaken during the later half of the decade.[9]","title":"History"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Wastnage, Justin (5 July 2005). \"Rolls-Royce moves V2500 work to Germany\". Flight International.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.flightglobal.com/rolls-royce-moves-v2500-work-to-germany/61595.article","url_text":"\"Rolls-Royce moves V2500 work to Germany\""}]},{"reference":"\"BMW's exit from Rolls-Royce marks end of 90-year aero engine history\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evarts_Worcester_Farr | Evarts Worcester Farr | ["1 Early life","2 American Civil War service","3 Postwar career","4 Congressional service","5 Death and burial","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"] | American politician (1840-1880)
Evarts Worcester FarrMember of the U.S. House of Representativesfrom New Hampshire's 3rd districtIn officeMarch 4, 1879 – November 30, 1880Preceded byHenry W. BlairSucceeded byOssian RayMember of theExecutive Council of New HampshireIn office1876–1876
Personal detailsBornOctober 10, 1840Littleton, New HampshireDiedNovember 30, 1880 (aged 40)Littleton, New HampshireResting placeGlenwood CemeteryPolitical partyRepublicanMilitary serviceAllegiance United StatesBranch/service Union ArmyRank MajorCommands Company G, 2nd New Hampshire Volunteer Regiment 11th Regiment, New Hampshire Volunteer Infantry.Battles/warsCivil War
Evarts Worcester Farr (October 10, 1840 – November 30, 1880) was a U.S. Representative from New Hampshire.
Early life
Born in Littleton, New Hampshire, Farr attended the common schools and Dartmouth College.
On May 19, 1861, he married Ellen Frances Burpee Farr with whom he had three children.
American Civil War service
During the Civil War, he entered the Union Army as First Lieutenant of Company G, 2nd New Hampshire Volunteer Regiment, and served as Major in the Eleventh Regiment, New Hampshire Volunteer Infantry. Farr unfortunately lost his right arm in the Battle of Williamsburg, but returned to service two months later.
Postwar career
Following the war, he studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1867 and commenced practice in Littleton, New Hampshire. He served as assistant assessor of internal revenue, 1865–1869, and as assessor of internal revenue 1869–1873. He was solicitor for Grafton County, 1873–1879, and was a member of the Executive Council of New Hampshire in 1876.
Congressional service
Farr was elected as a Republican to the Forty-sixth and Forty-seventh Congresses. Farr served from March 4, 1879, until his death. Farr did not serve in the Forty-seventh Congress because he died before it convened.
Death and burial
Farr died in Littleton, New Hampshire on November 30, 1880. He was interred in Glenwood Cemetery.
See also
List of United States Congress members who died in office (1790–1899)
References
^ "Ellen Frances (Burpee) Farr". Family Findings. 1 November 2008. Retrieved 28 January 2019.
United States Congress. "Evarts Worcester Farr (id: F000028)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
External links
Works by or about Evarts Worcester Farr at Internet Archive
This article incorporates public domain material from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
U.S. House of Representatives
Preceded byHenry W. Blair
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from New Hampshire's 3rd congressional district March 4, 1879 – November 30, 1880
Succeeded byOssian Ray
Authority control databases International
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SNAC | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Representative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire"}],"text":"Evarts Worcester Farr (October 10, 1840 – November 30, 1880) was a U.S. Representative from New Hampshire.","title":"Evarts Worcester Farr"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Littleton, New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littleton,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Dartmouth College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmouth_College"},{"link_name":"Ellen Frances Burpee Farr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_Frances_Burpee_Farr"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Family_Findings-1"}],"text":"Born in Littleton, New Hampshire, Farr attended the common schools and Dartmouth College.On May 19, 1861, he married Ellen Frances Burpee Farr with whom he had three children.[1]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Union Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Army"},{"link_name":"First Lieutenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Lieutenant"},{"link_name":"2nd New Hampshire Volunteer Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_New_Hampshire_Volunteer_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_(rank)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Williamsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Williamsburg"}],"text":"During the Civil War, he entered the Union Army as First Lieutenant of Company G, 2nd New Hampshire Volunteer Regiment, and served as Major in the Eleventh Regiment, New Hampshire Volunteer Infantry. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fu_Hsing_Kang_College | Fu Hsing Kang College | ["1 History","1.1 Foreign students","2 Departments","2.1 Undergraduate","2.2 Graduate school","3 Notable alumni","4 See also","5 References"] | Military academy in Beitou District, Taipei, Taiwan
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Fu Hsing Kang College,National Defense University國防大學政治作戰學院TypeMilitary academyEstablished1951LocationBeitou District, Taipei, TaiwanWebsiteOfficial website (in English)
The Political Warfare College (Chinese: 政治作戰學校), also known as Fu Hsing Kang College (復興崗, "Renaissance Hill"), is a military academy in Beitou District, Taipei, Taiwan. During the Japanese occupation period, this location was the racetrack of Beitou; after Chiang Ching-kuo's inspection, on July 15, 1951, it became the campus of the formerly known "Political Worker Cadres School".
The College was modelled after the pre-war Moscow Sun Yat-sen University; it was intended to provide the Republic of China Armed Forces with political commissars loyal to the Kuomintang regime. On 1 September 2006 the College became part of the National Defense University, thereby ceasing to be a stand-alone institution.
After graduating from the college and their commissioning as second lieutenants or ensigns, they serve as platoon leader, counselor, political affairs officer, and psychology officer in the Republic of China Armed Forces. As political warfare officers, they are partly responsible for implementation of state political agenda on national defense matters and thus serve to provide moral, political, and cultural support. There are two graduates who have been promoted to generals. They are Yang Tingyun (Army) in the 1st year graduate and Chen Guoxiang (Marine Corps) in the 19th year graduate.
History
After losing the Chinese Civil War in 1949 President Chiang Kai-shek retreated to Taiwan, and put forward the argument of "three points military, seven points politics". Chiang Ching-kuo was appointed to establish the school.
1950 Political Cadre Training Course started
July 15, 1951 Political Worker Cadres School established
October 31, 1970 Changed name to Political Warfare Cadres Academy
July 2006 Stopped Junior College, September 1 Changed name to Political Warfare College under National Defense University
Foreign students
During the cold war the tuition of Nicaraguan military personnel at the college was subsidized by the World Anti-Communist League, right wing regimes across Latin America sent personnel to the college to learn "counterrevolutionary techniques." According to Le Monde diplomatique the College was "highly reputed for its training in anti-communist warfare."
South Korea sent military personnel for political warfare training at Fu Hsing Kang College.
Departments
Undergraduate
Department of Political Science (Public Administration Group, International Relations Group)
Psychological and social work (Psychology Group, Social Work Group)
Department of Journalism
Department of Applied Arts (Theater Group, Music Group, Art Group)
Graduate school
Political Science (Master, Doctor)
Psychology (Master)
Social Work (Master)
Journalism (Master)
Notable alumni
Henry Liu – Taiwanese writer and journalist
Jin Chao-chun – Taiwanese actor
Muammar Gaddafi – Libyan leader
Roberto D'Aubuisson – founder of the Nationalist Republican Alliance in El Salvador. Notorious war criminal known as “Blow Torch Bob”
See also
World Anti-Communist League
Political warfare
Ray S. Cline
References
^ Baron, James. "The Cold War History Behind Nicaragua's Break With Taiwan". thediplomat.com. The Diplomat. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
^ a b Beaulande, Guillaume (June 2016). "New left regimes ally with China". Le Monde diplomatique. Retrieved June 5, 2016.
^ "PChome 個人新聞台".
^ "單位簡介 - 遠朋班". ndc.ndu.edu.tw. Archived from the original on 28 August 2016. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
^ Qaddafi Proposes United Africa Federation, UDN.
^ Barron, James (23 January 2022). "A league with a dark past". www.taipeitimes.com/. Taipei Times. Retrieved 23 January 2022.
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This article about a university, college or other higher education institution in Taiwan is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"military academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_academy"},{"link_name":"Beitou District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beitou_District"},{"link_name":"Taipei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipei"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"Chiang Ching-kuo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Ching-kuo"},{"link_name":"Moscow Sun Yat-sen University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Sun_Yat-sen_University"},{"link_name":"Republic of China Armed Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"political commissars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_commissar#Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"Kuomintang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuomintang"},{"link_name":"National Defense University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Defense_University_(Republic_of_China)"}],"text":"The Political Warfare College (Chinese: 政治作戰學校), also known as Fu Hsing Kang College (復興崗, \"Renaissance Hill\"), is a military academy in Beitou District, Taipei, Taiwan. During the Japanese occupation period, this location was the racetrack of Beitou; after Chiang Ching-kuo's inspection, on July 15, 1951, it became the campus of the formerly known \"Political Worker Cadres School\".The College was modelled after the pre-war Moscow Sun Yat-sen University; it was intended to provide the Republic of China Armed Forces with political commissars loyal to the Kuomintang regime. On 1 September 2006 the College became part of the National Defense University, thereby ceasing to be a stand-alone institution.After graduating from the college and their commissioning as second lieutenants or ensigns, they serve as platoon leader, counselor, political affairs officer, and psychology officer in the Republic of China Armed Forces. As political warfare officers, they are partly responsible for implementation of state political agenda on national defense matters and thus serve to provide moral, political, and cultural support. There are two graduates who have been promoted to generals. They are Yang Tingyun (Army) in the 1st year graduate and Chen Guoxiang (Marine Corps) in the 19th year graduate.","title":"Fu Hsing Kang College"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Chiang Kai-shek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek"}],"text":"After losing the Chinese Civil War in 1949 President Chiang Kai-shek retreated to Taiwan, and put forward the argument of \"three points military, seven points politics\". Chiang Ching-kuo was appointed to establish the school.1950 Political Cadre Training Course started\nJuly 15, 1951 Political Worker Cadres School established\nOctober 31, 1970 Changed name to Political Warfare Cadres Academy\nJuly 2006 Stopped Junior College, September 1 Changed name to Political Warfare College under National Defense University","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World Anti-Communist League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Anti-Communist_League"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Le Monde diplomatique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Monde_diplomatique"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Le_Monde_diplomatique_2016-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Foreign students","text":"During the cold war the tuition of Nicaraguan military personnel at the college was subsidized by the World Anti-Communist League, right wing regimes across Latin America sent personnel to the college to learn \"counterrevolutionary techniques.\"[1] According to Le Monde diplomatique the College was \"highly reputed for its training in anti-communist warfare.\"[2]South Korea sent military personnel for political warfare training at Fu Hsing Kang College.[3][4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Departments"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Undergraduate","text":"Department of Political Science (Public Administration Group, International Relations Group)\nPsychological and social work (Psychology Group, Social Work Group)\nDepartment of Journalism\nDepartment of Applied Arts (Theater Group, Music Group, Art Group)","title":"Departments"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Graduate school","text":"Political Science (Master, Doctor)\nPsychology (Master)\nSocial Work (Master)\nJournalism (Master)","title":"Departments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henry Liu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Liu"},{"link_name":"Jin Chao-chun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin_Chao-chun"},{"link_name":"Muammar Gaddafi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Roberto D'Aubuisson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_D%27Aubuisson"},{"link_name":"Nationalist Republican Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalist_Republican_Alliance"},{"link_name":"El Salvador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Salvador"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Le_Monde_diplomatique_2016-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Henry Liu – Taiwanese writer and journalist\nJin Chao-chun – Taiwanese actor\nMuammar Gaddafi – Libyan leader[5]\nRoberto D'Aubuisson – founder of the Nationalist Republican Alliance in El Salvador.[2] Notorious war criminal known as “Blow Torch Bob”[6]","title":"Notable alumni"}] | [] | [{"title":"World Anti-Communist League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_League_for_Freedom_and_Democracy"},{"title":"Political warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_warfare"},{"title":"Ray S. Cline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_S._Cline"}] | [{"reference":"Baron, James. \"The Cold War History Behind Nicaragua's Break With Taiwan\". thediplomat.com. The Diplomat. Retrieved 24 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://magazine.thediplomat.com/#/issues/-Mxj3YLobyh0s-8ttFLw/read","url_text":"\"The Cold War History Behind Nicaragua's Break With Taiwan\""}]},{"reference":"Beaulande, Guillaume (June 2016). \"New left regimes ally with China\". Le Monde diplomatique. Retrieved June 5, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://mondediplo.com/2016/06/10taiwan","url_text":"\"New left regimes ally with China\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Monde_diplomatique","url_text":"Le Monde diplomatique"}]},{"reference":"\"PChome 個人新聞台\".","urls":[{"url":"http://mypaper.m.pchome.com.tw/windsontw/post/1247353877","url_text":"\"PChome 個人新聞台\""}]},{"reference":"\"單位簡介 - 遠朋班\". ndc.ndu.edu.tw. Archived from the original on 28 August 2016. Retrieved 17 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160828041439/http://ndc.ndu.edu.tw/files/11-1017-83.php?Lang=zh-tw","url_text":"\"單位簡介 - 遠朋班\""},{"url":"http://ndc.ndu.edu.tw/files/11-1017-83.php?Lang=zh-tw","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Qaddafi Proposes United Africa Federation, UDN","urls":[{"url":"http://udn.com/NEWS/WORLD/WOR3/4722957.shtml","url_text":"Qaddafi Proposes United Africa Federation"}]},{"reference":"Barron, James (23 January 2022). \"A league with a dark past\". www.taipeitimes.com/. Taipei Times. Retrieved 23 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2022/01/23/2003771895","url_text":"\"A league with a dark past\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://deepl.com/","external_links_name":"DeepL"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google Translate"},{"Link":"https://www.fhk.ndu.edu.tw/nss/s/en/p/index","external_links_name":"Official website (in English)"},{"Link":"https://magazine.thediplomat.com/#/issues/-Mxj3YLobyh0s-8ttFLw/read","external_links_name":"\"The Cold War History Behind Nicaragua's Break With Taiwan\""},{"Link":"https://mondediplo.com/2016/06/10taiwan","external_links_name":"\"New left regimes ally with China\""},{"Link":"http://mypaper.m.pchome.com.tw/windsontw/post/1247353877","external_links_name":"\"PChome 個人新聞台\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160828041439/http://ndc.ndu.edu.tw/files/11-1017-83.php?Lang=zh-tw","external_links_name":"\"單位簡介 - 遠朋班\""},{"Link":"http://ndc.ndu.edu.tw/files/11-1017-83.php?Lang=zh-tw","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://udn.com/NEWS/WORLD/WOR3/4722957.shtml","external_links_name":"Qaddafi Proposes United Africa Federation"},{"Link":"https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2022/01/23/2003771895","external_links_name":"\"A league with a dark past\""},{"Link":"http://aleweb.ncl.edu.tw/F/?func=accref&acc_sequence=002752562&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Taiwan"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fu_Hsing_Kang_College&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glory_Defined_(song) | Glory Defined (song) | ["1 Tracklisting","2 Charts","3 References"] | 2004 single by Building 429"Glory Defined"Single by Building 429from the album Space in Between Us Released2004GenreChristian rockLength3:23LabelWord RecordsSongwriter(s)Building 429
Glory Defined is a song written and recorded by Christian rock band Building 429 It was released as a single by from their 2004 album Space in Between Us and included on WOW Hits 2005.
Tracklisting
No.TitleWriter(s)Length1."Glory Defined"Jim Cooper, Kenny Lamb, Jason Roy3:232."No One Else Knows (Demo)"Jason Roy4:40
Charts
Weekly
Chart (2003)
Peak Position
U.S. Billboard Christian Songs
1
Decade-end
Chart (2000s)
Position
Billboard Hot Christian Songs
23
References
^ "Christian Songs (May 8, 2004)". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved June 1, 2012.
^ "Hot Christian AC Decade-end (2000s)". Billboard.biz. Billboard. 2009. Retrieved 19 November 2011.
vteBuilding 429Studio albums
Space in Between Us
Rise
Iris to Iris
Building 429 (2008)
Listen to the Sound
We Won't Be Shaken
Unashamed
EPs
Glory Defined
Compilation albums
Glory Defined: The Best of Building 429
Singles
"Glory Defined"
"Where I Belong"
Related articles
Discography | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Christian rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_rock"},{"link_name":"Building 429","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_429"},{"link_name":"Space in Between Us","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_in_Between_Us"},{"link_name":"WOW Hits 2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WOW_Hits_2005"}],"text":"Glory Defined is a song written and recorded by Christian rock band Building 429 It was released as a single by from their 2004 album Space in Between Us and included on WOW Hits 2005.","title":"Glory Defined (song)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jim Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Cooper_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Jason Roy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Roy_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Jason Roy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Roy_(musician)"}],"text":"No.TitleWriter(s)Length1.\"Glory Defined\"Jim Cooper, Kenny Lamb, Jason Roy3:232.\"No One Else Knows (Demo)\"Jason Roy4:40","title":"Tracklisting"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"WeeklyDecade-end","title":"Charts"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Christian Songs (May 8, 2004)\". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved June 1, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/charts/2004-05-08/christian-songs","url_text":"\"Christian Songs (May 8, 2004)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometheus_Global_Media","url_text":"Prometheus Global Media"}]},{"reference":"\"Hot Christian AC Decade-end (2000s)\". Billboard.biz. Billboard. 2009. Retrieved 19 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/decadeendcharts/2009/christian-songs","url_text":"\"Hot Christian AC Decade-end (2000s)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard.biz","url_text":"Billboard.biz"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.billboard.com/charts/2004-05-08/christian-songs","external_links_name":"\"Christian Songs (May 8, 2004)\""},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/decadeendcharts/2009/christian-songs","external_links_name":"\"Hot Christian AC Decade-end (2000s)\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tusayan_Ruins | Tusayan Ruins | ["1 See also","2 Notes","3 Further reading"] | Coordinates: 36°0′49″N 111°51′56″W / 36.01361°N 111.86556°W / 36.01361; -111.86556Archaeological site in Arizona, United States
For the town, see Tusayan, Arizona.
United States historic placeTusayan RuinsU.S. National Register of Historic Places
A kivaShow map of ArizonaShow map of the United StatesNearest cityGrand Canyon National Park, Arizona, United StatesCoordinates36°0′49″N 111°51′56″W / 36.01361°N 111.86556°W / 36.01361; -111.86556Built1200Architectural stylePuebloNRHP reference No.74000285Added to NRHPJuly 10, 1974
The Tusayan Ruins (aka Tusayan Pueblo) is an 800-year-old Pueblo Indian site located within Grand Canyon National Park, and is considered by the National Park Service (NPS) to be one of the major archeological sites in Arizona.
The site consists of a small, u-shaped pueblo featuring a living area, storage rooms, and a kiva. Tree ring studies indicate that the site was occupied for about twenty years, beginning around 1185. It is found on the Desert View Drive portion of Arizona State Route 64, 3 miles west of the Desert View Watchtower. The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.
The site was excavated in 1930 by members of the Gila Pueblo of Globe, Arizona. Preservation work took place in 1948 and 1965. The site represents the survival of an isolated Pueblo II culture into the Pueblo III era.
The Tusayan Ruin and Museum is a NPS interpreted location, which includes a trail from the museum thru part of the ruin. Tours may be ranger lead or self-guided. The Tusayan Museum was built in 1928 to a design by National Park Service architect Herbert Maier and sponsored by Laura Spelman Rockefeller as a trailside museum. It was expanded in 1934, and represents an interpretation of a Hopi structure.
See also
Tusayan National Forest
Notes
^ a b "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009.
^ a b c Tusayan Ruin visitor brochure, National Park Service
^ Archeological Sites in Arizona, National Park Service
^ Holland, F. Ross (August 31, 1972). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory – Nomination Form: Tusayan Ruins". National Park Service. Retrieved December 5, 2011.
^ A visit to Tusayan Ruin and Museum (multimedia), National Park Service
^ Kaiser, Harvey H. (1997). Landmarks in the Landscape: Historic Architecture in the National Parks of the West. Chronicle Books. pp. 226–227. ISBN 0-8118-1854-3.
Further reading
Whitehurst, Patrick (2010). Grand Canyon's Tusayan Village. Charleston, SC: Arcadia (Images of America). ISBN 978-0738578903. OCLC 639158799.
A food storage building
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tusayan Ruins.
vteNational Register of Historic Places in Grand Canyon National ParkNational Historic Landmarks
1956 Grand Canyon TWA – United Airlines Aviation Accident Site
El Tovar Hotel
Grand Canyon Park Operations Building
Grand Canyon Power House
Grand Canyon Railroad Station
National Historic Landmark District
Grand Canyon Lodge
Grand Canyon Village Historic District
Mary Jane Colter Buildings
Other NRHP districts
Desert View Watchtower Historic District
Grand Canyon Inn and Campground
Grand Canyon Railway
Grandview Mine
Water Reclamation Plant
Other NRHP properties
El Tovar Stables
Grand Canyon North Rim Headquarters
Navajo Steel Arch Highway Bridge
Buckey O'Neill Cabin
Ranger's Dormitory
Superintendent's Residence
Trans-Canyon Telephone Line, Grand Canyon National Park
Tusayan Ruins
Individual Mary Jane Colter NHL properties
Hermit's Rest
Desert View Watchtower
Hopi House
Lookout Studio
See also: National Register of Historic Places listings in Grand Canyon National Park
vteU.S. National Register of Historic PlacesTopics
Architectural style categories
Contributing property
Historic district
History of the National Register of Historic Places
Keeper of the Register
National Park Service
Property types
Lists by state
List of U.S. National Historic Landmarks by state:
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Lists by insular areas
American Samoa
Guam
Minor Outlying Islands
Northern Mariana Islands
Puerto Rico
Virgin Islands
Lists by associated state
Federated States of Micronesia
Marshall Islands
Palau
Other areas
District of Columbia
American Legation, Morocco
Related
National Historic Preservation Act
Historic Preservation Fund
List of jails and prisons on the National Register of Historic Places
University and college buildings listed on the National Register of Historic Places
National Register of Historic Places portal
Category
Authority control databases: National
Israel
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tusayan, Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tusayan,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Pueblo Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puebloan_peoples"},{"link_name":"Grand Canyon National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Canyon_National_Park"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tusayan_Ruin_visitor_brochure-2"},{"link_name":"National Park Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"kiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiva"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tusayan_Ruin_visitor_brochure-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tusayan_Ruin_visitor_brochure-2"},{"link_name":"Arizona State Route 64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_State_Route_64"},{"link_name":"Desert View Watchtower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert_View_Watchtower"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-1"},{"link_name":"Globe, Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globe,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nrhpinv1-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Herbert Maier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Maier"},{"link_name":"Laura Spelman Rockefeller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Spelman_Rockefeller"},{"link_name":"Hopi structure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopi_people"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kaiser1-6"}],"text":"Archaeological site in Arizona, United StatesFor the town, see Tusayan, Arizona.United States historic placeThe Tusayan Ruins (aka Tusayan Pueblo) is an 800-year-old Pueblo Indian site located within Grand Canyon National Park,[2] and is considered by the National Park Service (NPS) to be one of the major archeological sites in Arizona.[3]\nThe site consists of a small, u-shaped pueblo featuring a living area, storage rooms, and a kiva.[2] Tree ring studies indicate that the site was occupied for about twenty years, beginning around 1185.[2] It is found on the Desert View Drive portion of Arizona State Route 64, 3 miles west of the Desert View Watchtower. The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.[1]The site was excavated in 1930 by members of the Gila Pueblo of Globe, Arizona. Preservation work took place in 1948 and 1965. The site represents the survival of an isolated Pueblo II culture into the Pueblo III era.[4]The Tusayan Ruin and Museum is a NPS interpreted location, which includes a trail from the museum thru part of the ruin. Tours may be ranger lead or self-guided.[5] The Tusayan Museum was built in 1928 to a design by National Park Service architect Herbert Maier and sponsored by Laura Spelman Rockefeller as a trailside museum. It was expanded in 1934, and represents an interpretation of a Hopi structure.[6]","title":"Tusayan Ruins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-nris_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-nris_1-1"},{"link_name":"\"National Register Information System\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"National Park Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Tusayan_Ruin_visitor_brochure_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Tusayan_Ruin_visitor_brochure_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Tusayan_Ruin_visitor_brochure_2-2"},{"link_name":"Tusayan Ruin visitor brochure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.nps.gov/grca/planyourvisit/upload/Tusayan.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Archeological Sites in Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.nps.gov/cagr/planyourvisit/upload/Arizona-Archeological-Sites.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-nrhpinv1_4-0"},{"link_name":"\"National Register of Historic Places Inventory – Nomination Form: Tusayan Ruins\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/74000285_text"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"A visit to Tusayan Ruin and Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.nps.gov/grca/photosmultimedia/200703_gatlin_rm_tusayan-wmv.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-kaiser1_6-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8118-1854-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8118-1854-3"}],"text":"^ a b \"National Register Information System\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009.\n\n^ a b c Tusayan Ruin visitor brochure, National Park Service\n\n^ Archeological Sites in Arizona, National Park Service\n\n^ Holland, F. Ross (August 31, 1972). \"National Register of Historic Places Inventory – Nomination Form: Tusayan Ruins\". National Park Service. Retrieved December 5, 2011.\n\n^ A visit to Tusayan Ruin and Museum (multimedia), National Park Service\n\n^ Kaiser, Harvey H. (1997). Landmarks in the Landscape: Historic Architecture in the National Parks of the West. Chronicle Books. pp. 226–227. ISBN 0-8118-1854-3.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0738578903","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0738578903"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"639158799","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/639158799"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tusayan_at_the_Grand_Canyon-storage_areas.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Tusayan Ruins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tusayan_Ruins"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:NRHP_in_Grand_Canyon_NP"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:NRHP_in_Grand_Canyon_NP"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:NRHP_in_Grand_Canyon_NP"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"Grand Canyon National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Canyon_National_Park"},{"link_name":"National Historic Landmarks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark"},{"link_name":"1956 Grand Canyon TWA – United Airlines Aviation Accident Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956_Grand_Canyon_mid-air_collision"},{"link_name":"El Tovar Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Tovar_Hotel"},{"link_name":"Grand Canyon Park Operations Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Canyon_Park_Operations_Building"},{"link_name":"Grand Canyon Power House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Canyon_Power_House"},{"link_name":"Grand Canyon Railroad Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Canyon_Depot"},{"link_name":"National Historic Landmark 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Grand Canyon's Tusayan Village. Charleston, SC: Arcadia (Images of America). ISBN 978-0738578903. OCLC 639158799.A food storage buildingWikimedia Commons has media related to Tusayan Ruins.vteNational Register of Historic Places in Grand Canyon National ParkNational Historic Landmarks\n1956 Grand Canyon TWA – United Airlines Aviation Accident Site\nEl Tovar Hotel\nGrand Canyon Park Operations Building\nGrand Canyon Power House\nGrand Canyon Railroad Station\nNational Historic Landmark District\nGrand Canyon Lodge\nGrand Canyon Village Historic District\nMary Jane Colter Buildings\nOther NRHP districts\nDesert View Watchtower Historic District\nGrand Canyon Inn and Campground\nGrand Canyon Railway\nGrandview Mine\nWater Reclamation Plant\nOther NRHP properties\nEl Tovar Stables\nGrand Canyon North Rim Headquarters\nNavajo Steel Arch Highway Bridge\nBuckey O'Neill Cabin\nRanger's Dormitory\nSuperintendent's Residence\nTrans-Canyon Telephone Line, Grand Canyon National Park\nTusayan Ruins\nIndividual Mary Jane Colter NHL properties\nHermit's Rest\nDesert View Watchtower\nHopi House\nLookout Studio\nSee also: National Register of Historic Places listings in Grand Canyon National ParkvteU.S. National Register of Historic PlacesTopics\nArchitectural style categories\nContributing property\nHistoric district\nHistory of the National Register of Historic Places\nKeeper of the Register\nNational Park Service\nProperty types\nLists by state\nList of U.S. National Historic Landmarks by state:\nAlabama\nAlaska\nArizona\nArkansas\nCalifornia\nColorado\nConnecticut\nDelaware\nFlorida\nGeorgia\nHawaii\nIdaho\nIllinois\nIndiana\nIowa\nKansas\nKentucky\nLouisiana\nMaine\nMaryland\nMassachusetts\nMichigan\nMinnesota\nMississippi\nMissouri\nMontana\nNebraska\nNevada\nNew Hampshire\nNew Jersey\nNew Mexico\nNew York\nNorth Carolina\nNorth Dakota\nOhio\nOklahoma\nOregon\nPennsylvania\nRhode Island\nSouth Carolina\nSouth Dakota\nTennessee\nTexas\nUtah\nVermont\nVirginia\nWashington\nWest Virginia\nWisconsin\nWyoming\nLists by insular areas\nAmerican Samoa\nGuam\nMinor Outlying Islands\nNorthern Mariana Islands\nPuerto Rico\nVirgin Islands\nLists by associated state\nFederated States of Micronesia\nMarshall Islands\nPalau\nOther areas\nDistrict of Columbia\nAmerican Legation, Morocco\nRelated\nNational Historic Preservation Act\nHistoric Preservation Fund\nList of jails and prisons on the National Register of Historic Places\nUniversity and college buildings listed on the National Register of Historic Places\n\n National Register of Historic Places portal\n CategoryAuthority control databases: National \nIsrael\nUnited States","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"A food storage building","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Tusayan_at_the_Grand_Canyon-storage_areas.jpeg/220px-Tusayan_at_the_Grand_Canyon-storage_areas.jpeg"}] | [{"title":"Tusayan National Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tusayan_National_Forest"}] | [{"reference":"\"National Register Information System\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colt_Knost | Colt Knost | ["1 Amateur career","2 Professional career","3 On-course reporting","4 Amateur wins","5 Professional wins (2)","5.1 Nationwide Tour wins (2)","6 Results in major championships","7 Results in The Players Championship","8 U.S. national team appearances","9 See also","10 References","11 External links"] | American professional golfer
Colt KnostPersonal informationBorn (1985-06-26) June 26, 1985 (age 38)Garrettsville, OhioHeight5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)Weight215 lb (98 kg; 15.4 st)Sporting nationality United StatesResidenceDallas, TexasCareerCollegeSouthern Methodist UniversityTurned professional2007Former tour(s)Web.com TourPGA TourProfessional wins2Highest ranking92 (July 3, 2016)Number of wins by tourKorn Ferry Tour2Best results in major championshipsMasters TournamentDNPPGA ChampionshipT70: 2016U.S. OpenCUT: 2012The Open ChampionshipCUT: 2016Achievements and awardsMark H. McCormack Medal2007
Colt Knost (born June 26, 1985) is a retired American professional golfer who played on the PGA Tour. Beginning in January 2022, he became a regular analyst and on-course commentator for PGA Tour events televised by CBS Sports.
Amateur career
Knost was born in Garrettsville, Ohio and grew up in Pilot Point, Texas. He was the Class 3A State Champion his senior year of 2003. He graduated from Southern Methodist University in 2007. While at SMU, he earned all-conference and all-region honors. He was also named the 2004 Western Athletic Conference Freshman of the Year. Knost won three United States Golf Association events in 2007, joining Bobby Jones (1930) and Jay Sigel (1983) as the only players to do so. In July he won the U.S. Amateur Public Links over Cody Paladino, 6 & 4. In August he won the U.S. Amateur, 2 & 1 over Michael Thompson. In September he represented the United States at the 2007 Walker Cup. The United States won 12½ to 11½ and Knost posted a record of 2-0-2 (W-L-H). He was the number one ranked golfer in the World Amateur Golf Ranking for five weeks in 2007 before turning professional. Knost was awarded the inaugural Mark H. McCormack Medal by The Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews in 2007.
Professional career
Shortly after winning the 2007 U.S. Amateur, he turned professional, forfeiting his invitations to The Masters, the U.S. Open, and the Open Championship. Knost played in three events on the PGA Tour as a professional in 2007, making two of three cuts with his best finish coming at the Frys.com Open, where he finished T-38. Knost went to qualifying school to try to earn his PGA Tour card for 2008 but his finish of T-85 was not good enough to earn him his card.
Knost played on the Nationwide Tour in 2008 and won the Fort Smith Classic and the Price Cutter Charity Championship. He finished 6th on the money list with $329,509 and earned his 2009 PGA Tour card. On the PGA Tour, Knost made only 11 of 24 cuts, with his best finish coming at the Bob Hope Classic where he finished T-25. He finished 193rd on the money list and returned to the Nationwide Tour in 2010.
By finishing 2010 at 15th on the Nationwide Tour money list, he earned his PGA Tour card again for 2011.
He finished only 156th in the Fedex Cup list for 2011, but was successful at the 2011 qualifying school (by the narrowest margin of one stroke). In 2012 he finished 120th to retain his PGA Tour card, but in 2013 he finished 184th and dropped back to the Web.com Tour.
In the 2014 Web.com Tour Finals he finished second (excluding the regular-season Top 25) and returned to the PGA Tour for 2015. He finished that season 91st on the FedEx Cup rankings to retain his Tour card.
After missing the cut in the 2020 Waste Management Phoenix Open, Knost announced his retirement from professional golf.
Knost now hosts a podcast with Golf.com called "GOLFs Subpar" along with former professional golfer Drew Stoltz.
On-course reporting
In January 2022, CBS Sports announced that Knost would be a regular on-course commentator for PGA Tour events. During the 2022 Masters Tournament, Knost was an analyst and commentator covering featured groups on the CBS Sports television broadcast.
Amateur wins
2005 Dixie Amateur
2007 U.S. Amateur Public Links, U.S. Amateur
2008 Georgia Cup
Professional wins (2)
Nationwide Tour wins (2)
No.
Date
Tournament
Winning score
Margin ofvictory
Runner-up
1
May 11, 2008
Fort Smith Classic
−12 (68-65-70-65=268)
1 stroke
Darron Stiles
2
Jul 20, 2008
Price Cutter Charity Championship
−26 (64-67-69-62=262)
4 strokes
Webb Simpson
Nationwide Tour playoff record (0–1)
No.
Year
Tournament
Opponent
Result
1
2010
Nationwide Tour Championship
Brendan Steele
Lost to birdie on fourth extra hole
Results in major championships
Tournament
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
U.S. Open
CUT
The Open Championship
CUT
PGA Championship
T70
Note: Knost never played in the Masters Tournament.
Did not play
CUT = missed the half-way cut
"T" = tied
Results in The Players Championship
Tournament
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
The Players Championship
CUT
WD
T3
Top 10
Did not play
CUT = missed the halfway cut
WD = withdrew
"T" indicates a tie for a place
U.S. national team appearances
Walker Cup: 2007 (winners)
See also
2008 Nationwide Tour graduates
2010 Nationwide Tour graduates
2011 PGA Tour Qualifying School graduates
2014 Web.com Tour Finals graduates
References
^ "Week 27 2016 Ending 3 Jul 2016" (pdf). OWGR. Retrieved October 29, 2019.
^ Myers, Alex (January 31, 2020). "Colt Knost announces his retirement after missing the cut at Waste Management Phoenix Open". Golf Digest.
^ "Colt Knost – PGA Tour Career Summary". PGA Tour. Retrieved March 7, 2016. 2015 – Events Played: 29, Made Cut: 17, Cut: 11, Withdrew: 1, Money: $1,066,553, FedExCup Points: 714 FedExCup Standing: 91
^ Myers, Alex (January 31, 2020). "Colt Knost announces his retirement after missing the cut at Waste Management Phoenix Open". Golf Digest.
^ James Colgan (January 20, 2022). "7 noticeable changes coming to CBS golf broadcasts in 2022". Golf. Retrieved April 10, 2022.
^ "Colt Knost Q&A on his growing TV role: 'I honestly feel like this is what I was meant to do'". Golfweek. December 14, 2021. Retrieved April 10, 2022. I'm so comfortable doing it, honestly, I just feel like that's where I'm supposed to be.
^ Kyle Boone (April 10, 2022). "2022 Masters TV schedule, coverage, live stream, channel, how to watch online, streaming, golf tee times". CBS Sports. Retrieved April 10, 2022.
External links
Colt Knost at the PGA Tour official site
Colt Knost at the Official World Golf Ranking official site
Colt Knost wins 2007 U.S. Amateur
vteU.S. Amateur champions
1895 Charles B. Macdonald
1896 H. J. Whigham
1897 H. J. Whigham
1898 Findlay S. Douglas
1899 Herbert M. Harriman
1900 Walter Travis
1901 Walter Travis
1902 Louis N. James
1903 Walter Travis
1904 Chandler Egan
1905 Chandler Egan
1906 Eben Byers
1907 Jerome Travers
1908 Jerome Travers
1909 Robert Gardner
1910 William C. Fownes Jr.
1911 Harold Hilton†
1912 Jerome Travers
1913 Jerome Travers
1914 Francis Ouimet
1915 Robert Gardner
1916 Chick Evans
1917–18 Cancelled due to World War I
1919 Davidson Herron
1920 Chick Evans
1921 Jesse Guilford
1922 Jess Sweetser
1923 Max Marston†
1924 Bobby Jones
1925 Bobby Jones
1926 George Von Elm
1927 Bobby Jones
1928 Bobby Jones
1929 Jimmy Johnston
1930 Bobby Jones
1931 Francis Ouimet
1932 Ross Somerville
1933 George Dunlap
1934 Lawson Little
1935 Lawson Little
1936 Johnny Fischer†
1937 Johnny Goodman
1938 Willie Turnesa
1939 Bud Ward
1940 Dick Chapman
1941 Bud Ward
1942–1945 Cancelled due to World War II
1946 Ted Bishop†
1947 Skee Riegel
1948 Willie Turnesa
1949 Charles Coe
1950 Sam Urzetta†
1951 Billy Maxwell
1952 Jack Westland
1953 Gene Littler
1954 Arnold Palmer
1955 Harvie Ward
1956 Harvie Ward
1957 Hillman Robbins
1958 Charles Coe
1959 Jack Nicklaus
1960 Deane Beman
1961 Jack Nicklaus
1962 Labron Harris Jr.
1963 Deane Beman
1964 William C. Campbell
1965 Bob Murphy
1966 Gary Cowan†
1967 Bob Dickson
1968 Bruce Fleisher
1969 Steve Melnyk
1970 Lanny Wadkins
1971 Gary Cowan
1972 Vinny Giles
1973 Craig Stadler
1974 Jerry Pate
1975 Fred Ridley
1976 Bill Sander
1977 John Fought
1978 John Cook
1979 Mark O'Meara
1980 Hal Sutton
1981 Nathaniel Crosby
1982 Jay Sigel
1983 Jay Sigel
1984 Scott Verplank
1985 Sam Randolph
1986 Buddy Alexander
1987 Billy Mayfair
1988 Eric Meeks
1989 Chris Patton
1990 Phil Mickelson
1991 Mitch Voges
1992 Justin Leonard
1993 John Harris
1994 Tiger Woods
1995 Tiger Woods
1996 Tiger Woods†
1997 Matt Kuchar
1998 Hank Kuehne
1999 David Gossett
2000 Jeff Quinney†
2001 Bubba Dickerson
2002 Ricky Barnes
2003 Nick Flanagan†
2004 Ryan Moore
2005 Edoardo Molinari
2006 Richie Ramsay
2007 Colt Knost
2008 Danny Lee
2009 An Byeong-hun
2010 Peter Uihlein
2011 Kelly Kraft
2012 Steven Fox†
2013 Matt Fitzpatrick
2014 Gunn Yang
2015 Bryson DeChambeau
2016 Curtis Luck
2017 Doc Redman
2018 Viktor Hovland
2019 Andy Ogletree
2020 Tyler Strafaci
2021 James Piot
2022 Sam Bennett
2023 Nick Dunlap
† indicates the event was won in extra holes. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"professional golfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_golfer"},{"link_name":"PGA Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PGA_Tour"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"PGA Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PGA_Tour"},{"link_name":"CBS Sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Sports"}],"text":"Colt Knost (born June 26, 1985) is a retired American professional golfer who played on the PGA Tour.[2] Beginning in January 2022, he became a regular analyst and on-course commentator for PGA Tour events televised by CBS Sports.","title":"Colt Knost"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Garrettsville, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garrettsville,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Pilot Point, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot_Point,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Southern Methodist University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Methodist_University"},{"link_name":"Western Athletic Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Athletic_Conference"},{"link_name":"United States Golf Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Golf_Association"},{"link_name":"Bobby Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Jones_(golfer)"},{"link_name":"Jay Sigel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Sigel"},{"link_name":"U.S. Amateur Public Links","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Amateur_Public_Links"},{"link_name":"U.S. Amateur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Amateur"},{"link_name":"Michael Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(golfer)"},{"link_name":"2007 Walker Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Walker_Cup"},{"link_name":"World Amateur Golf Ranking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Amateur_Golf_Ranking"},{"link_name":"Mark H. McCormack Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_H._McCormack_Medal"},{"link_name":"The Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Royal_and_Ancient_Golf_Club_of_St_Andrews"}],"text":"Knost was born in Garrettsville, Ohio and grew up in Pilot Point, Texas. He was the Class 3A State Champion his senior year of 2003. He graduated from Southern Methodist University in 2007. While at SMU, he earned all-conference and all-region honors. He was also named the 2004 Western Athletic Conference Freshman of the Year. Knost won three United States Golf Association events in 2007, joining Bobby Jones (1930) and Jay Sigel (1983) as the only players to do so. In July he won the U.S. Amateur Public Links over Cody Paladino, 6 & 4. In August he won the U.S. Amateur, 2 & 1 over Michael Thompson. In September he represented the United States at the 2007 Walker Cup. The United States won 12½ to 11½ and Knost posted a record of 2-0-2 (W-L-H). He was the number one ranked golfer in the World Amateur Golf Ranking for five weeks in 2007 before turning professional. Knost was awarded the inaugural Mark H. McCormack Medal by The Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews in 2007.","title":"Amateur career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Masters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Masters_Tournament"},{"link_name":"U.S. Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_U.S._Open_Golf_Championship"},{"link_name":"Open Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Open_Championship"},{"link_name":"Frys.com Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frys.com_Open_(Nevada)"},{"link_name":"qualifying school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualifying_school"},{"link_name":"Nationwide Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationwide_Tour"},{"link_name":"Fort Smith Classic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Smith_Classic"},{"link_name":"Price Cutter Charity Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Price_Cutter_Charity_Championship"},{"link_name":"Bob Hope Classic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Hope_Classic"},{"link_name":"Web.com Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web.com_Tour"},{"link_name":"season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_PGA_Tour"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Waste Management Phoenix Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_Management_Phoenix_Open"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Shortly after winning the 2007 U.S. Amateur, he turned professional, forfeiting his invitations to The Masters, the U.S. Open, and the Open Championship. Knost played in three events on the PGA Tour as a professional in 2007, making two of three cuts with his best finish coming at the Frys.com Open, where he finished T-38. Knost went to qualifying school to try to earn his PGA Tour card for 2008 but his finish of T-85 was not good enough to earn him his card.Knost played on the Nationwide Tour in 2008 and won the Fort Smith Classic and the Price Cutter Charity Championship. He finished 6th on the money list with $329,509 and earned his 2009 PGA Tour card. On the PGA Tour, Knost made only 11 of 24 cuts, with his best finish coming at the Bob Hope Classic where he finished T-25. He finished 193rd on the money list and returned to the Nationwide Tour in 2010.By finishing 2010 at 15th on the Nationwide Tour money list, he earned his PGA Tour card again for 2011.He finished only 156th in the Fedex Cup list for 2011, but was successful at the 2011 qualifying school (by the narrowest margin of one stroke). In 2012 he finished 120th to retain his PGA Tour card, but in 2013 he finished 184th and dropped back to the Web.com Tour.In the 2014 Web.com Tour Finals he finished second (excluding the regular-season Top 25) and returned to the PGA Tour for 2015. He finished that season 91st on the FedEx Cup rankings to retain his Tour card.[3]After missing the cut in the 2020 Waste Management Phoenix Open, Knost announced his retirement from professional golf.[4]Knost now hosts a podcast with Golf.com called \"GOLFs Subpar\" along with former professional golfer Drew Stoltz.","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CBS Sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Sports"},{"link_name":"PGA Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PGA_Tour"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-colgan-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"2022 Masters Tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Masters_Tournament"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"In January 2022, CBS Sports announced that Knost would be a regular on-course commentator for PGA Tour events.[5][6] During the 2022 Masters Tournament, Knost was an analyst and commentator covering featured groups on the CBS Sports television broadcast.[7]","title":"On-course reporting"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Amateur Public Links","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Amateur_Public_Links"},{"link_name":"U.S. Amateur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Amateur"}],"text":"2005 Dixie Amateur\n2007 U.S. Amateur Public Links, U.S. Amateur\n2008 Georgia Cup","title":"Amateur wins"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Professional wins (2)"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Nationwide Tour wins (2)","text":"Nationwide Tour playoff record (0–1)","title":"Professional wins (2)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Masters Tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masters_Tournament"}],"text":"Note: Knost never played in the Masters Tournament.Did not playCUT = missed the half-way cut\n\"T\" = tied","title":"Results in major championships"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Top 10Did not playCUT = missed the halfway cut\nWD = withdrew\n\"T\" indicates a tie for a place","title":"Results in The Players Championship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Walker Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walker_Cup"},{"link_name":"2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Walker_Cup"}],"text":"Walker Cup: 2007 (winners)","title":"U.S. national team appearances"}] | [] | [{"title":"2008 Nationwide Tour graduates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Nationwide_Tour_graduates"},{"title":"2010 Nationwide Tour graduates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Nationwide_Tour_graduates"},{"title":"2011 PGA Tour Qualifying School graduates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_PGA_Tour_Qualifying_School_graduates"},{"title":"2014 Web.com Tour Finals graduates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Web.com_Tour_Finals_graduates"}] | [{"reference":"\"Week 27 2016 Ending 3 Jul 2016\" (pdf). OWGR. Retrieved October 29, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.owgr.com/archive/PastRankings/2016/owgr27f2016.pdf","url_text":"\"Week 27 2016 Ending 3 Jul 2016\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OWGR","url_text":"OWGR"}]},{"reference":"Myers, Alex (January 31, 2020). \"Colt Knost announces his retirement after missing the cut at Waste Management Phoenix Open\". Golf Digest.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.golfdigest.com/story/colt-knost-announces-his-retirement-after-missing-the-cut-at-waste-management-phoenix-open","url_text":"\"Colt Knost announces his retirement after missing the cut at Waste Management Phoenix Open\""}]},{"reference":"\"Colt Knost – PGA Tour Career Summary\". PGA Tour. Retrieved March 7, 2016. 2015 – Events Played: 29, Made Cut: 17, Cut: 11, Withdrew: 1, Money: $1,066,553, FedExCup Points: 714 FedExCup Standing: 91","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pgatour.com/players/player.30711.colt-knost.html/career","url_text":"\"Colt Knost – PGA Tour Career Summary\""}]},{"reference":"Myers, Alex (January 31, 2020). \"Colt Knost announces his retirement after missing the cut at Waste Management Phoenix Open\". Golf Digest.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.golfdigest.com/story/colt-knost-announces-his-retirement-after-missing-the-cut-at-waste-management-phoenix-open","url_text":"\"Colt Knost announces his retirement after missing the cut at Waste Management Phoenix Open\""}]},{"reference":"James Colgan (January 20, 2022). \"7 noticeable changes coming to CBS golf broadcasts in 2022\". Golf. Retrieved April 10, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://golf.com/news/7-changes-cbs-golf-broadcasts/","url_text":"\"7 noticeable changes coming to CBS golf broadcasts in 2022\""}]},{"reference":"\"Colt Knost Q&A on his growing TV role: 'I honestly feel like this is what I was meant to do'\". Golfweek. December 14, 2021. Retrieved April 10, 2022. I'm so comfortable doing it, honestly, I just feel like that's where I'm supposed to be.","urls":[{"url":"https://golfweek.usatoday.com/lists/colt-knost-cbs-sports-pga-tour/","url_text":"\"Colt Knost Q&A on his growing TV role: 'I honestly feel like this is what I was meant to do'\""}]},{"reference":"Kyle Boone (April 10, 2022). \"2022 Masters TV schedule, coverage, live stream, channel, how to watch online, streaming, golf tee times\". CBS Sports. Retrieved April 10, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbssports.com/golf/news/2022-masters-tv-schedule-coverage-live-stream-channel-how-to-watch-online-streaming-golf-tee-times/","url_text":"\"2022 Masters TV schedule, coverage, live stream, channel, how to watch online, streaming, golf tee times\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.owgr.com/archive/PastRankings/2016/owgr27f2016.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Week 27 2016 Ending 3 Jul 2016\""},{"Link":"https://www.golfdigest.com/story/colt-knost-announces-his-retirement-after-missing-the-cut-at-waste-management-phoenix-open","external_links_name":"\"Colt Knost announces his retirement after missing the cut at Waste Management Phoenix Open\""},{"Link":"http://www.pgatour.com/players/player.30711.colt-knost.html/career","external_links_name":"\"Colt Knost – PGA Tour Career Summary\""},{"Link":"https://www.golfdigest.com/story/colt-knost-announces-his-retirement-after-missing-the-cut-at-waste-management-phoenix-open","external_links_name":"\"Colt Knost announces his retirement after missing the cut at Waste Management Phoenix Open\""},{"Link":"https://golf.com/news/7-changes-cbs-golf-broadcasts/","external_links_name":"\"7 noticeable changes coming to CBS golf broadcasts in 2022\""},{"Link":"https://golfweek.usatoday.com/lists/colt-knost-cbs-sports-pga-tour/","external_links_name":"\"Colt Knost Q&A on his growing TV role: 'I honestly feel like this is what I was meant to do'\""},{"Link":"https://www.cbssports.com/golf/news/2022-masters-tv-schedule-coverage-live-stream-channel-how-to-watch-online-streaming-golf-tee-times/","external_links_name":"\"2022 Masters TV schedule, coverage, live stream, channel, how to watch online, streaming, golf tee times\""},{"Link":"https://www.pgatour.com/player/30711","external_links_name":"Colt Knost"},{"Link":"https://www.owgr.com/playerprofile/12149","external_links_name":"Colt Knost"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120208163041/http://www.usamateur.org/2007/news/sun_final_late.html","external_links_name":"Colt Knost wins 2007 U.S. Amateur"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ten_Tigers_from_Kwangtung | Ten Tigers from Kwangtung | ["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 External links"] | 1980 Hong Kong filmTen Tigers from KwangtungFilm posterDirected byChang ChehWritten byChang ChehNi KuangProduced byMona FongStarringTi LungFu ShengPhilip KwokCinematographyCho Wai KeiEdited byChiang Hsing LungLee Yim HoiMusic byEddie H. WangDistributed byShaw Brothers StudioRelease date
December 1980 (1980-12)
Running time91 minCountryHong KongLanguageCantonese
Ten Tigers from Kwangtung (Chinese: 廣東十虎與後五虎; pinyin: Guǎngdōng Shí Hǔ yǔ hòu Wǔ Hǔ) is a 1980 Hong Kong martial arts film directed by Chang Cheh and produced by Mona Fong. It is one of Chang Cheh's tales of Shaolin's historic rivalries with the Qing dynasty and the Canton Tigers. Along with the Brave Archer series, Ten Tigers had an all-star cast of Shaw martial artists.
Plot
The movie involves two stories concerning the original Ten Tigers and their future disciples. The film opens with Tung Chi (Wang Li) and his nephew, Liang Seo Hu, pursuing the disciples to take revenge for General Liang, who was the father of Liang Seo Hu, and who was also Tung Chi's martial arts brother. After killing one of the disciples, Wang Chow Ming (Lung Tung Sheng) and Lin Fu Sheng (Chin Siu-Ho) tells the story of the original Ten Tigers.
Anti-Ch'ing revolutionary leader Chai Min Yu (Ku Feng) is being hunted down by Manchu General Liang (Wang Lung Wei). He is almost caught when a masked man rescues him from death and escapes with him. The masked man is Li Jen Chiao (Ti Lung) a loyal ex-Shaolin man and the owner of a pawn shop in town. Li Jen Chiao hides Chai Min Yu in the back of his pawn shop, and sends his younger brother Tan Ming (Fu Sheng) to seek the help of two other ex-Shaolin men who reside in the town, Wan Yi Ling (Sun Chien) and Su He Hu (Lu Feng). Tan Ming is temperamental and is always getting into fights, and he starts fighting with Wan Yi Ling and Su He Hu before he explains the reason for his visit. Luckily, Li Jen Chiao is able to explain the situation in time, and the two man gladly swear their allegiance. They are also joined by loyal Shaolin brothers Wong Yin Lin (Wei Pai) and Wong Kei Ying. Beggar Su Chan (Kuo Chui), Iron-finger Chung (Lo Mang), Chu Yu Sheng (Chiang Sheng), Tieh Chow Tsan also join in the fray to assist the revolutionary in escaping and killing General Liang
In the present, an older Su Chan and Su He Hu plan a counterattack to kill Tung Chi, his brother Tung Pa, and their nephew before they can kill the remaining Ten Tigers.
Cast
Ti Lung – Li Jen Chiao
Fu Sheng – Tang Ming
Wei Pai - Wang Chi Ying
Dick Wei - Wang Cheng Ke
Sun Chien - Wan Yi Ling
Lu Feng – Su He Hu
Philip Kwok – Beggar Su
Yeung Hung - Tieh Chow San
Chiang Sheng - Tzou Yu Sheng
Lo Mang – Iron finger Chung
Ku Feng – Chai Min Yu
Chin Siu-ho - Lin Fu Sheng
Lung Tung Sheng – Wang Chow Ming
Wang Lung-wei – General Liang
Wang Li – Tung Chi
External links
Ten Tigers from Kwangtung at IMDb
Ten Tigers from Kwangtung at AllMovie
Ten Tigers from Kwangtung at LoveHKfilm.com
HK cinemagic entry
vteFilms directed by Chang Cheh
One-Armed Swordsman (1967)
Golden Swallow (1968)
Return of the One-Armed Swordsman (1969)
Dead End (1969)
Have Sword, Will Travel (1969)
The Wandering Swordsman (1970)
Vengeance (1970)
The Heroic Ones (1970)
King Eagle (1971)
The New One-Armed Swordsman (1971)
The Duel (1971)
The Anonymous Heroes (1971)
Duel of Fists (1971)
The Deadly Duo (1971)
Boxer from Shantung (1972)
Angry Guest (1972)
The Water Margin (1972)
Young People (1972)
Delightful Forest (1972)
Man of Iron (1972)
Four Riders (1972)
The Blood Brothers (1973)
The Pirate (1973)
Heroes Two (1974)
The Savage Five (1974)
The Legend of the 7 Golden Vampires (1974)
Five Shaolin Masters (1974)
All Men Are Brothers (1975)
The Fantastic Magic Baby (1975)
7-Man Army (1976)
Shaolin Temple (1976)
The Naval Commandos (1977)
The Brave Archer (1977)
Chinatown Kid (1977)
The Brave Archer 2 (1978)
Five Deadly Venoms (1978)
Invincible Shaolin (1978)
Crippled Avengers (1978)
Shaolin Rescuers (1979)
Shaolin Daredevils (1979)
Kid with the Golden Arm (1979)
Ten Tigers from Kwangtung (1979)
2 Champions of Shaolin (1980)
Flag of Iron (1980)
The Rebel Intruders (1980)
Legend of the Fox (1980)
Sword Stained With Royal Blood (1981)
Masked Avengers (1981)
The Brave Archer 3 (1981)
House of Traps (1982)
The Brave Archer and His Mate (1982)
Five Elements Ninjas (1982)
Ode to Gallantry (1982)
Shanghai 13 (1984) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"martial arts film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial_arts_film"},{"link_name":"Chang Cheh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang_Cheh"},{"link_name":"Mona Fong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mona_Fong"},{"link_name":"Qing dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Brave Archer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Brave_Archer"},{"link_name":"all-star cast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensemble_cast"}],"text":"1980 Hong Kong filmTen Tigers from Kwangtung (Chinese: 廣東十虎與後五虎; pinyin: Guǎngdōng Shí Hǔ yǔ hòu Wǔ Hǔ) is a 1980 Hong Kong martial arts film directed by Chang Cheh and produced by Mona Fong. It is one of Chang Cheh's tales of Shaolin's historic rivalries with the Qing dynasty and the Canton Tigers. Along with the Brave Archer series, Ten Tigers had an all-star cast of Shaw martial artists.","title":"Ten Tigers from Kwangtung"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"original Ten Tigers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ten_Tigers_of_Canton"}],"text":"The movie involves two stories concerning the original Ten Tigers and their future disciples. The film opens with Tung Chi (Wang Li) and his nephew, Liang Seo Hu, pursuing the disciples to take revenge for General Liang, who was the father of Liang Seo Hu, and who was also Tung Chi's martial arts brother. After killing one of the disciples, Wang Chow Ming (Lung Tung Sheng) and Lin Fu Sheng (Chin Siu-Ho) tells the story of the original Ten Tigers.Anti-Ch'ing revolutionary leader Chai Min Yu (Ku Feng) is being hunted down by Manchu General Liang (Wang Lung Wei). He is almost caught when a masked man rescues him from death and escapes with him. The masked man is Li Jen Chiao (Ti Lung) a loyal ex-Shaolin man and the owner of a pawn shop in town. Li Jen Chiao hides Chai Min Yu in the back of his pawn shop, and sends his younger brother Tan Ming (Fu Sheng) to seek the help of two other ex-Shaolin men who reside in the town, Wan Yi Ling (Sun Chien) and Su He Hu (Lu Feng). Tan Ming is temperamental and is always getting into fights, and he starts fighting with Wan Yi Ling and Su He Hu before he explains the reason for his visit. Luckily, Li Jen Chiao is able to explain the situation in time, and the two man gladly swear their allegiance. They are also joined by loyal Shaolin brothers Wong Yin Lin (Wei Pai) and Wong Kei Ying. Beggar Su Chan (Kuo Chui), Iron-finger Chung (Lo Mang), Chu Yu Sheng (Chiang Sheng), Tieh Chow Tsan also join in the fray to assist the revolutionary in escaping and killing General LiangIn the present, an older Su Chan and Su He Hu plan a counterattack to kill Tung Chi, his brother Tung Pa, and their nephew before they can kill the remaining Ten Tigers.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ti Lung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti_Lung"},{"link_name":"Fu Sheng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fu_Sheng"},{"link_name":"Wang Chi Ying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wong_Kei-ying"},{"link_name":"Dick Wei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Wei"},{"link_name":"Sun Chien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sun_Chien_(actor)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lu Feng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_Feng_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Philip Kwok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Kwok"},{"link_name":"Beggar Su","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beggar_So"},{"link_name":"Tieh Chow San","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leung_Kwan"},{"link_name":"Chiang Sheng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Sheng"},{"link_name":"Lo Mang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo_Mang"},{"link_name":"Ku Feng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku_Feng"},{"link_name":"Chin Siu-ho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chin_Siu-ho"},{"link_name":"Wang Lung-wei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Lung-wei"}],"text":"Ti Lung – Li Jen Chiao\nFu Sheng – Tang Ming\nWei Pai - Wang Chi Ying\nDick Wei - Wang Cheng Ke\nSun Chien - Wan Yi Ling\nLu Feng – Su He Hu\nPhilip Kwok – Beggar Su\nYeung Hung - Tieh Chow San\nChiang Sheng - Tzou Yu Sheng\nLo Mang – Iron finger Chung\nKu Feng – Chai Min Yu\nChin Siu-ho - Lin Fu Sheng\nLung Tung Sheng – Wang Chow Ming\nWang Lung-wei – General Liang\nWang Li – Tung Chi","title":"Cast"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0080002/","external_links_name":"Ten Tigers from Kwangtung"},{"Link":"https://www.allmovie.com/movie/v254861","external_links_name":"Ten Tigers from Kwangtung"},{"Link":"http://www.lovehkfilm.com/reviews/ten_tigers_from_kwantung.htm","external_links_name":"Ten Tigers from Kwangtung"},{"Link":"http://www.hkcinemagic.com/en/movie.asp?id=1080","external_links_name":"HK cinemagic entry"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Kilgariff | Bernie Kilgariff | ["1 Early life","2 Political career","3 Personal life and family","4 Honours","5 References","6 Further reading"] | Australian politician
Bernie KilgariffAMSenator for the Northern TerritoryIn office13 December 1975 – 10 July 1987Succeeded byGrant Tambling
Personal detailsBorn(1923-09-30)30 September 1923Adelaide, South AustraliaDied13 April 2010(2010-04-13) (aged 86)Alice Springs, Northern TerritoryPolitical partyCountry Liberal PartyNational Country Party (federal, before 1979)Liberal Party (federal, since 1979)SpouseAileen KilgariffOccupationFarmerMilitary serviceAllegianceAustraliaBranch/serviceAustralian ArmyYears of service1943–1946RankSergeantUnit2/5th Australian Infantry Battalion
Bernard Francis Kilgariff AM (30 September 1923 – 13 April 2010) was an Australian politician. He was one of the founders of the Country Liberal Party and served as a member of the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly which included a stint as Deputy Majority Leader. He was elected to the Australian Senate in 1975, and initially sat with the National Country Party until 1979, before sitting with the Liberal Party for the rest of his federal political career.
Early life
Kilgariff was born in Adelaide, South Australia, and in 1929 arrived in Alice Springs (then called Stuart) with his family on one of the first Ghan trains from Adelaide. Kilgariff's father and uncles built and ran the Barrow Creek and Tennant Creek Hotels in the early 1930s.
He attended the Hartley Street School, and in 1938, the local Catholic school. His first job was building runways for the fledgling Connellan Airways. On 17 June 1943, Kilgariff enlisted in the Australian Army and served overseas. At the time of his discharge on 11 September 1946, he was a Sergeant in the 2/5th Australian Infantry Battalion.
Political career
After the Second World War, Kilgariff became involved in community service, and was a member of the Northern Territory Housing Commission for thirteen years. In 1960, he was approached by the Administrator of the Northern Territory with regard to joining the Northern Territory Legislative Council. Kilgariff agreed and was elected, beginning a long political career. He supported the North Australia Party (NAP) at the 1965 Legislative Council elections.
Northern Territory Legislative Assembly
Years
Term
Electoral division
Party
1974–1975
1st
Alice Springs
Country Liberal
Kilgariff was one of the founders of the Country Liberal Party, an independent political party consisting of Country Party and Liberal Party members, to field candidates at the 1974 Legislative Council elections.
In 1974, the Legislative Council became the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly. Kilgariff was elected to the Assembly for Alice Springs, and was named the first Speaker of the Assembly. He resigned on 16 July 1975 to become Deputy Majority Leader (equivalent to a deputy premier in the states). Shortly after that, in November 1975, he resigned as Deputy Majority Leader and from the Assembly in order to run for one of two newly created seats in the Australian Senate for the Northern Territory in the 1975 federal election. Kilgariff, along with Ted Robertson (ALP) were elected as the Northern Territory's first Senators. Kilgariff sat with the parliamentary National Country Party room, due to the affiliation between the CLP and the National Country Party.
In 1979, after CLP also became affiliated with the Liberal Party and permitted its federal parliamentarians to sit in the "Party Rooms of their choice in Canberra", Kilgariff chose to sit with the parliamentary Liberal Party from 8 March 1979. This was so that the CLP have representation in both the Liberal Party and the National Country Party, with the only other CLP federal member Sam Calder continuing to sit with the National Country Party.
Personal life and family
His daughter Fran is a former mayor of Alice Springs, who also ran as a Labor Party candidate in the 2005 Northern Territory general election. Bernie Kilgariff died on 13 April 2010, after suffering an ongoing illness. He was given a state funeral on 22 April.
Honours
Kilgariff was awarded the Order of Australia Medal (OAM) in the 1989 Queen's Birthday Honours for continued service to the Northern Territory through the Northern Territory Landcare Council, the Anti-Rabbit Research Foundation, the Cattleman's Association, the Australia Day Council and St John Ambulance.
In the 1996 Queen's Birthday Honours, he was made a Member of the Order of Australia (AM).
In 2001, he was awarded the Centenary Medal for service to Australian society through parliament.
References
^ a b c d e Jamieson, Ian; Bannister, Brooke (14 April 2010). "Northern Territory icon and founder of the CLP Bernie Kilgariff passes away". ABC Alice Springs. ABC Online. Retrieved 14 April 2010.
^ KILGARIFF, BERNARD FRANCIS, WW2 Nominal Roll, Department of Veterans Affairs.
^ Heatley, Alistair J. (1998). The Territory Party: The Northern Territory Country Liberal Party 1974-1998. NTU Press. p. 3. ISBN 9781876248208.
^ a b c Adlam, Nigel (14 April 2010). "Territory pioneer dies". Northern Territory News. Archived from the original on 19 March 2012. Retrieved 14 April 2010.
^ a b Davey, Paul (2017). "Kilgariff, Bernard Francis (1923–2010)". The Biographical Dictionary of the Australian Senate. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
^ Adlam, Nigel (15 April 2010). "Family, friends mourn loss of NT icon Bernie". Northern Territory News. Retrieved 15 April 2010.
^ Kissel, Anthea: CLP founder farewelled at state funeral, ABC Local Radio, 22 April 2010.
^ KILGARIFF, Bernard Francis OAM, It's an Honour, 1989.
^ KILGARIFF, Bernard Francis AM, It's an Honour, 1996.
^ KILGARIFF, Bernard Francis, It's an Honour, 2001.
Further reading
Forrest, Peter; Sheila Forrest (2005). They started something : a biography of Bern and Aileen Kilgariff. Darwin: P. and S. Forrest. ISBN 0-646-45450-1.
Northern Territory Legislative Assembly
New seat
Member for Alice Springs 1974–1976
Succeeded byEric Manuell
Parliament of Australia
New seat
Senator for the Northern Territory 1975–1987 Served alongside: Ted Robertson
Succeeded byGrant Tambling | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"Country Liberal Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_Liberal_Party"},{"link_name":"Northern Territory Legislative Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Territory_Legislative_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Australian Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Senate"},{"link_name":"National Country Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Party_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"Liberal Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Australia"}],"text":"Bernard Francis Kilgariff AM (30 September 1923 – 13 April 2010) was an Australian politician. He was one of the founders of the Country Liberal Party and served as a member of the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly which included a stint as Deputy Majority Leader. He was elected to the Australian Senate in 1975, and initially sat with the National Country Party until 1979, before sitting with the Liberal Party for the rest of his federal political career.","title":"Bernie Kilgariff"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Adelaide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide"},{"link_name":"South Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Alice Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Springs,_Northern_Territory"},{"link_name":"Ghan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ghan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-abc-1"},{"link_name":"runways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runway"},{"link_name":"Connellan Airways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connellan_Airways"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-abc-1"},{"link_name":"Australian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Army"},{"link_name":"Sergeant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergeant"},{"link_name":"2/5th Australian Infantry Battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2/5th_Battalion_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Kilgariff was born in Adelaide, South Australia, and in 1929 arrived in Alice Springs (then called Stuart) with his family on one of the first Ghan trains from Adelaide. 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They started something : a biography of Bern and Aileen Kilgariff. Darwin: P. and S. Forrest. ISBN 0-646-45450-1.","title":"Further reading"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Jamieson, Ian; Bannister, Brooke (14 April 2010). \"Northern Territory icon and founder of the CLP Bernie Kilgariff passes away\". ABC Alice Springs. ABC Online. Retrieved 14 April 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abc.net.au/local/stories/2010/04/14/2872401.htm?site=alicesprings","url_text":"\"Northern Territory icon and founder of the CLP Bernie Kilgariff passes away\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/783_ABC_Alice_Springs","url_text":"ABC Alice Springs"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Online","url_text":"ABC Online"}]},{"reference":"Heatley, Alistair J. (1998). The Territory Party: The Northern Territory Country Liberal Party 1974-1998. NTU Press. p. 3. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elitserien_(baseball) | Elitserien (baseball) | ["1 Current teams","2 Past Swedish champions","3 See also","4 External links"] | ElitserienSportBaseballFounded1963First season1963CommissionerJan Mikael JohnsonNo. of teams7CountrySwedenHeadquartersStockholm, SwedenMost titlesLeksand Lumberjacks (23)Relegation toRegionserienOfficial websitehttps://www.baseboll-softboll.se
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Elitserien is the highest level of professional baseball in Sweden and is operated by the Swedish Baseball and Softball Federation. The number of teams in Elitserien has varied through the years. The Swedish baseball championship was inaugurated in 1963. Teams compete in the regular season for a chance to make the playoffs and battle for the Elitserien Cup Championship. Teams also play many exhibition games and events within Sweden, and throughout Northern Europe, in an attempt to help the sport gain popularity. Each organization has an Elitserien team, as well as minor league and youth league teams.
Each year, the lowest placing team plays a relegation game against the top team in the Regional Series.
Current teams
Leksand Lumberjacks
Rättvik Butchers
Stockholm Monarchs
Karlskoga Bats
Sundbyberg Heat
Past Swedish champions
Year
Champions
1963
Solna
1964
Leksand
1965
Wasa
1966
Wasa
1967
Leksand
1968
Leksand
1969
Leksand
1970
Leksand
1971
Leksand
1972
Leksand
1973
Bagarmossen
1974
Bagarmossen
1975
Leksand
1976
Bagarmossen
1977
Bagarmossen
1978
Leksand
1979
Leksand
1980
Bagarmossen
1981
Leksand
1982
Leksand
1983
Leksand
1984
Sundbyberg
Year
Champions
1985
Sundbyberg
1986
Sundbyberg
1987
Leksand
1988
Leksand
1989
Skellefteå
1990
Skellefteå
1991
Skellefteå
1992
Skellefteå
1993
Skellefteå
1994
Skellefteå
1995
Skellefteå
1996
Leksand
1997
Leksand
1998
Leksand
1999
Skellefteå
2000
Alby
2001
Rättvik
2002
Rättvik
2003
Sundbyberg
2004
Leksand
2005
Leksand
2006
Sundbyberg
Year
Champions
2007
Karlskoga
2008
Stockholm
2009
Stockholm
2010
Stockholm
2011
Stockholm
2012
Karlskoga
2013
Stockholm
2014
Stockholm
2015
Stockholm
2016
Leksand
2017
Sölvesborg
2018
Leksand
2019
Sölvesborg
2020
Sölvesborg
2021
Leksand
2022
Rättvik
See also
List of sporting events in Sweden
Baseball awards § Sweden
Baseball awards § Europe
External links
Eliserien at Swedish Baseball and Softball Federation's site
vteTop-level baseball leagues
World Baseball Softball Confederation (WBSC)
Caribbean Series
European Cup
World Series
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NL
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Cuba
Curaçao
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Mexico
Nicaragua
Panama
Puerto Rico
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Asia
China
Iran
Japan
Central
Pacific
Malaysia
Philippines
South Korea
Taiwan
Europe
Austria
Croatia
Czechia
Estonia & Lithuania
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Ireland
Italy & San Marino
Latvia
Lithuania
Netherlands
Poland
Portugal
Spain
Sweden
Turkey
United Kingdom
Oceania
Australia & New Zealand
Palau
vteProfessional baseball leaguesAmericasMajor
Major League Baseball
American League
National League
MinorTriple-A
International League
Pacific Coast League
Double-A
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Carolina League
Florida State League
Rookie
Arizona Complex League
Dominican Summer League
Florida Complex League
IndependentMLB Partner Leagues
American Association
Atlantic League
Frontier League
Pioneer League
MLB Draft League
Non-partnered leagues
Cuban National Series
Curaçao AA League
Empire League
Mexican League
Liga Norte de México
Pecos League
United Shore League
Venezuelan Major League
Off-seasonMLB-affiliated
Arizona Fall League
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Mexican Pacific League
Puerto Rico Baseball League
Venezuelan Professional Baseball League
Liga Paralela
Independent
Argentine Baseball League
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DefunctMLB-recognized
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Other major
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Minor
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Israel Baseball League
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Minor
Eastern League
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Off-season
Miyazaki Phoenix League
Independent
Baseball Challenge League
Shikoku Island League Plus
Women's
Japan Women's Baseball League
South KoreaMajor
KBO League
Minor
KBO Futures League
TaiwanMajor
Chinese Professional Baseball League
Minor
Chinese Professional Baseball League
Defunct major
Taiwan Major League
EuropeItaly and San Marino
Italian Baseball League
NetherlandsMajor
Honkbal Hoofdklasse
Minor
Honkbal Overgangsklasse
Rookie
Honkbal Rookie League
OceaniaAustraliaMLB-affiliated:Australian Baseball LeagueInter-league
Asia Professional Baseball Championship
Asia Winter Baseball League
Caribbean Series
Latin American Series
Triple-A National Championship Game | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"professional baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_baseball"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Swedish Baseball and Softball Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swedish_Baseball_and_Softball_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"teams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_team"},{"link_name":"baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball"},{"link_name":"playoffs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playoffs"}],"text":"Elitserien is the highest level of professional baseball in Sweden and is operated by the Swedish Baseball and Softball Federation. The number of teams in Elitserien has varied through the years. The Swedish baseball championship was inaugurated in 1963. Teams compete in the regular season for a chance to make the playoffs and battle for the Elitserien Cup Championship. Teams also play many exhibition games and events within Sweden, and throughout Northern Europe, in an attempt to help the sport gain popularity. Each organization has an Elitserien team, as well as minor league and youth league teams.Each year, the lowest placing team plays a relegation game against the top team in the Regional Series.","title":"Elitserien (baseball)"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Leksand Lumberjacks\nRättvik Butchers\nStockholm Monarchs\nKarlskoga Bats\nSundbyberg Heat","title":"Current teams"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Past Swedish champions"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of sporting events in Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sporting_events_in_Sweden"},{"title":"Baseball awards § Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_awards#Sweden"},{"title":"Baseball awards § Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_awards#Europe"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.baseboll-softboll.se/","external_links_name":"https://www.baseboll-softboll.se"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Elitserien%22+baseball","external_links_name":"\"Elitserien\" baseball"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Elitserien%22+baseball+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Elitserien%22+baseball&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Elitserien%22+baseball+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Elitserien%22+baseball","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Elitserien%22+baseball&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://iof1.idrottonline.se/SvenskaBasebollochSoftbollForbundet/","external_links_name":"Eliserien at Swedish Baseball and Softball Federation's site"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not_out | Not out | ["1 Occurrence","2 Notation","3 Effect on batting averages","4 References"] | In cricket, a batter who is not dismissed
The scoreboard at Lord's during the Test match between England and New Zealand in 2013, showing Trent Boult as the Not Out batsman at the end of New Zealand's second innings.
In cricket, a batsman is not out if they come out to bat in an innings and have not been dismissed by the end of an innings. The batsman is also not out while their innings is still in progress.
Occurrence
At least one batter is not out at the end of every innings, because once ten batters are out, the eleventh has no partner to bat on with so the innings ends. Usually two batters finish not out if the batting side declares in first-class cricket, and often at the end of the scheduled number of overs in limited overs cricket.
Batters further down the batting order than the not out batters do not come out to the crease at all and are noted as did not bat rather than not out; by contrast, a batter who comes to the crease but faces no balls is not out. A batter who retires hurt is considered not out; an uninjured batter who retires (rare) is considered retired out.
Notation
In standard notation a batter's score is appended with an asterisk to show the not out final status; for example, 10* means '10 not out'.
Effect on batting averages
Batting averages are personal and are calculated as runs divided by dismissals, so a player who often ends the innings not out may get an inflated batting average, on the face of it. Examples of this include MS Dhoni (84 not outs in ODIs), Michael Bevan (67 not outs in ODIs), James Anderson (101 not outs in 237 Test innings), and Bill Johnston topping the batting averages on the 1953 Australian tour of England.
Using the formula of runs divided by innings understates performance for the following reasons:
If not outs were counted as dismissals a usually high-scoring batter could bat briefly. They may regularly make a low score, not out, facing a low number of balls from a bowler and thus be penalized for factors out of their control.
A batter will tend to be at their most vulnerable early in the innings before they have "got their eye in"; as a result, it may be a greater achievement to achieve two scores of 20 not out (i.e. averaging 40) than to make one score of 40, since in the latter instance the batter will only have had to deal with one set of variables (see ceteris paribus, all things remaining approximately equal).
These counterbalancing elements have been at the heart of the rationale of keeping the existing formula (runs divided by dismissals) in the 21st century among cricket statisticians, who have used this method of collecting batting averages since the 18th century, after some intervening controversy.
References
^ "The Complete Guide To Understanding Cricket". Deadspin. 2 November 2016. Retrieved 2020-09-10.
^ "Full Scorecard of England vs Australia 3rd T20I 2020 - Score Report | ESPNcricinfo.com". www.espncricinfo.com. Retrieved 2020-09-10.
^ a b Frindall, Bill (13 April 2006). "Stump the Bearded Wonder No 120". BBC Online. Retrieved 8 July 2010.
vteCricket statisticsBatting
Innings
Run
Batting average
Century
Nervous nineties
Strike rate
Not out
Four and Six
Net run rate
Required run rate
Runs Per Wicket Ratio
Hit wicket
Bowling
Overs
Wicket
No-ball
Wide
Leg bye
Bye
Five-wicket haul
Ten-wicket haul
Bowling average
Economy rate
Hat-trick
Over rate
Super Over
Fielding
Catch
Run out
Wicket-keeper
Stumping | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lords_Test_Match,_England_v_NZ_Score_Board.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lords_Test_Match,_England_v_NZ_Score_Board.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lord's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord%27s"},{"link_name":"Trent Boult","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trent_Boult"},{"link_name":"cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket"},{"link_name":"innings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innings"},{"link_name":"dismissed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dismissal_(cricket)"},{"link_name":"end of an innings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End_of_an_innings"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The scoreboard at Lord's during the Test match between England and New Zealand in 2013, showing Trent Boult as the Not Out batsman at the end of New Zealand's second innings.In cricket, a batsman is not out if they come out to bat in an innings and have not been dismissed by the end of an innings.[1] The batsman is also not out while their innings is still in progress.","title":"Not out"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"declares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_(cricket)"},{"link_name":"first-class cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-class_cricket"},{"link_name":"limited overs cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited_overs_cricket"},{"link_name":"batting order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batting_order_(cricket)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"retired out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retired_out"}],"text":"At least one batter is not out at the end of every innings, because once ten batters are out, the eleventh has no partner to bat on with so the innings ends. Usually two batters finish not out if the batting side declares in first-class cricket, and often at the end of the scheduled number of overs in limited overs cricket.Batters further down the batting order than the not out batters do not come out to the crease at all and are noted as did not bat rather than not out;[2] by contrast, a batter who comes to the crease but faces no balls is not out. A batter who retires hurt is considered not out; an uninjured batter who retires (rare) is considered retired out.","title":"Occurrence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"asterisk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asterisk"}],"text":"In standard notation a batter's score is appended with an asterisk to show the not out final status; for example, 10* means '10 not out'.","title":"Notation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Batting averages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batting_average_(cricket)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc4906060-3"},{"link_name":"MS Dhoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS_Dhoni"},{"link_name":"ODIs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Day_International"},{"link_name":"Michael Bevan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Bevan"},{"link_name":"ODIs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Day_International"},{"link_name":"James Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Anderson_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_cricket"},{"link_name":"Bill Johnston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Johnston_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"1953 Australian tour of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_cricket_team_in_England_in_1953"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc4906060-3"},{"link_name":"bowler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowler_(cricket)"},{"link_name":"ceteris paribus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceteris_paribus"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Batting averages are personal and are calculated as runs divided by dismissals, so a player who often ends the innings not out may get an inflated batting average, on the face of it.[3] Examples of this include MS Dhoni (84 not outs in ODIs), Michael Bevan (67 not outs in ODIs), James Anderson (101 not outs in 237 Test innings), and Bill Johnston topping the batting averages on the 1953 Australian tour of England.[3]Using the formula of runs divided by innings understates performance for the following reasons:If not outs were counted as dismissals a usually high-scoring batter could bat briefly. They may regularly make a low score, not out, facing a low number of balls from a bowler and thus be penalized for factors out of their control.\nA batter will tend to be at their most vulnerable early in the innings before they have \"got their eye in\"; as a result, it may be a greater achievement to achieve two scores of 20 not out (i.e. averaging 40) than to make one score of 40, since in the latter instance the batter will only have had to deal with one set of variables (see ceteris paribus, all things remaining approximately equal).These counterbalancing elements have been at the heart of the rationale of keeping the existing formula (runs divided by dismissals) in the 21st century among cricket statisticians, who have used this method of collecting batting averages since the 18th century, after some intervening controversy.[citation needed]","title":"Effect on batting averages"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"The Complete Guide To Understanding Cricket\". Deadspin. 2 November 2016. Retrieved 2020-09-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadspin.com/the-complete-guide-to-understanding-cricket-1788456326","url_text":"\"The Complete Guide To Understanding Cricket\""}]},{"reference":"\"Full Scorecard of England vs Australia 3rd T20I 2020 - Score Report | ESPNcricinfo.com\". www.espncricinfo.com. Retrieved 2020-09-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/19496/scorecard/1198237/england-vs-australia-3rd-t20i-england-v-australia-2020","url_text":"\"Full Scorecard of England vs Australia 3rd T20I 2020 - Score Report | ESPNcricinfo.com\""}]},{"reference":"Frindall, Bill (13 April 2006). \"Stump the Bearded Wonder No 120\". BBC Online. Retrieved 8 July 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/sports_talk/stump_bearders/4906060.stm","url_text":"\"Stump the Bearded Wonder No 120\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Online","url_text":"BBC Online"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://deadspin.com/the-complete-guide-to-understanding-cricket-1788456326","external_links_name":"\"The Complete Guide To Understanding Cricket\""},{"Link":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/19496/scorecard/1198237/england-vs-australia-3rd-t20i-england-v-australia-2020","external_links_name":"\"Full Scorecard of England vs Australia 3rd T20I 2020 - Score Report | ESPNcricinfo.com\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/sports_talk/stump_bearders/4906060.stm","external_links_name":"\"Stump the Bearded Wonder No 120\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hull_Street_Station | Hull Street Station | ["1 Richmond Railroad Museum","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"] | Coordinates: 37°31′35″N 77°26′13″W / 37.52639°N 77.43694°W / 37.52639; -77.43694Railroad station in Richmond, Virginia, US
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Hull Street Station" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Richmond Railroad MuseumGeneral informationLocation102 Hull Street, Richmond, Virginia, United StatesOther informationWebsitehttp://www.odcnrhs.org/
Preceding station
Southern Railway
Following station
Granitetoward Danville
Danville – Richmond
Terminus
Richmond–Main StreetUntil 1920sTerminus
Terminus
Richmond – West Point1920s–1940s
Richmond–14th Streettoward West Point
Hull Street StationU.S. Historic districtContributing property
Coordinates37°31′35″N 77°26′13″W / 37.52639°N 77.43694°W / 37.52639; -77.43694Built1901Part ofManchester Industrial Historic District (ID00000886)Designated CPAugust 2, 2000
Hull Street Station was a railroad station in the city of Richmond, Virginia. It was built by the Southern Railway to replace Mill Street Station across the river in Richmond. The station, which had been closed, was damaged in several floods of the James River before Richmond's flood wall was completed in 1995. Since 2011, it has been the site of the Richmond Railroad Museum.
Richmond Railroad Museum
The station is owned by the Old Dominion Chapter of the National Railway Historical Society (NRHS) which operates the Richmond Railroad Museum at the site.
See also
Broad Street Station (Richmond)
Main Street Station (Richmond)
Transportation in Richmond, Virginia
References
^ "Manchester Industrial Historic District Nomination Form". Virginia Department of Historic Resources. Retrieved March 11, 2011.
External links
Richmond Railroad Museum
Old Dominion Chapter of the National Railway Historical Society
This Virginia train station-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This Virginia museum–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about a property in Richmond, Virginia on the National Register of Historic Places is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Richmond, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Southern Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Railway_(US)"},{"link_name":"James River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_River_(Virginia)"},{"link_name":"flood wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood_wall"}],"text":"Railroad station in Richmond, Virginia, USHull Street Station was a railroad station in the city of Richmond, Virginia. It was built by the Southern Railway to replace Mill Street Station across the river in Richmond. The station, which had been closed, was damaged in several floods of the James River before Richmond's flood wall was completed in 1995. Since 2011, it has been the site of the Richmond Railroad Museum.","title":"Hull Street Station"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Railway Historical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Railway_Historical_Society"}],"text":"The station is owned by the Old Dominion Chapter of the National Railway Historical Society (NRHS) which operates the Richmond Railroad Museum at the site.","title":"Richmond Railroad Museum"}] | [] | [{"title":"Broad Street Station (Richmond)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broad_Street_Station_(Richmond)"},{"title":"Main Street Station (Richmond)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Street_Station_(Richmond)"},{"title":"Transportation in Richmond, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_in_Richmond,_Virginia"}] | [{"reference":"\"Manchester Industrial Historic District Nomination Form\". Virginia Department of Historic Resources. Retrieved March 11, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dhr.virginia.gov/registers/Cities/Richmond/Manchester_Industrial_HD_textlist.htm","url_text":"\"Manchester Industrial Historic District Nomination Form\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hull_Street_Station¶ms=37_31_35_N_77_26_13_W_type:landmark_region:US","external_links_name":"37°31′35″N 77°26′13″W / 37.52639°N 77.43694°W / 37.52639; -77.43694"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Hull+Street+Station%22","external_links_name":"\"Hull Street Station\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Hull+Street+Station%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Hull+Street+Station%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Hull+Street+Station%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Hull+Street+Station%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Hull+Street+Station%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.odcnrhs.org/","external_links_name":"http://www.odcnrhs.org/"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hull_Street_Station¶ms=37_31_35_N_77_26_13_W_type:landmark_region:US","external_links_name":"37°31′35″N 77°26′13″W / 37.52639°N 77.43694°W / 37.52639; -77.43694"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/00000886","external_links_name":"ID00000886"},{"Link":"http://www.dhr.virginia.gov/registers/Cities/Richmond/Manchester_Industrial_HD_textlist.htm","external_links_name":"\"Manchester Industrial Historic District Nomination Form\""},{"Link":"http://www.richmondrailroadmuseum.org/","external_links_name":"Richmond Railroad Museum"},{"Link":"http://www.odcnrhs.org/","external_links_name":"Old Dominion Chapter of the National Railway Historical Society"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hull_Street_Station&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hull_Street_Station&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hull_Street_Station&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_88_(west) | Interstate 88 (Illinois) | ["1 Route description","1.1 East Moline to Rock Falls","1.2 Rock Falls to Aurora","1.3 Aurora to Hillside","2 History","2.1 Ronald Reagan Memorial Tollway","3 Exit list","4 References","5 External links"] | Route map: Tolled Interstate in Illinois
This article is about the Interstate Highway in Illinois. For the Interstate Highway in New York, see Interstate 88 (New York).
Interstate 88Ronald Reagan Memorial TollwayI-88 highlighted in redRoute informationMaintained by IDOT and ISTHALength140.60 mi (226.27 km)ExistedJuly 1987–presentNHSEntire routeMajor junctionsWest end I-80 / IL 5 / IL 92 / IL 110 (CKC) near East MolineMajor intersections
US 30 in Rock Falls
I-39 / US 51 in Rochelle
I-355 Toll in Downers Grove
I-294 Toll in Hillside
East end I-290 / IL 110 (CKC) in Hillside
LocationCountryUnited StatesStateIllinoisCountiesRock Island, Whiteside, Lee, Ogle, DeKalb, Kane, DuPage, Cook
Highway system
Interstate Highway System
Main
Auxiliary
Suffixed
Business
Future
Illinois State Highway System
Interstate
US
State
Tollways
Scenic
← IL 84→ IL 89
Interstate 88 (I-88) is an Interstate Highway in the US state of Illinois that runs from an interchange with I-80 near Silvis and Moline to an interchange with I-290 and I-294 in Hillside, near Chicago. I-88 is 140.60 miles (226.27 km) long. This route is not contiguous with I-88 in New York. Since 2010, most of I-88 has been part of the Chicago–Kansas City Expressway. The highway also runs through the cities of Aurora, Naperville, DeKalb, and Dixon. East of Rock Falls, the route is a part of the Illinois Tollway system.
Route description
I-88 runs concurrently with Illinois Route 110 (IL 110) and its speed limit is 70 mph (110 km/h) west of IL 47. East of this point, the speed limit is 65 mph (105 km/h) to the Aurora toll plaza, and 60 mph (97 km/h) for the rest of its route.
East Moline to Rock Falls
Starting at I-80 at a cloverleaf interchange, IL 5 ends there while IL 92 continues eastward. I-88 begins at that interchange and then traverses eastward. Immediately east of the cloverleaf, I-88, IL 92, and IL 110 meet a road at a diamond interchange. This road used to be part of IL 2 and IL 92. They then traverse eastward until IL 92 branches off east near Joslin. The freeway then meets the next two local roads, each having a diamond interchange. One of the interchanges serves Hillsdale while the other one serves Erie. The two routes then meet IL 78 near Lyndon. Near Como, they then meet US 30 at a trumpet interchange. South of Rock Falls, they then meet IL 40 at a diamond interchange. East of Yeoward Addition, they again meet U.S. Route 30 (US 30) at a diamond interchange.
Rock Falls to Aurora
After US 30, I-88/IL 110 becomes an ISTHA-maintained tollway. However, at the IL 26 interchange, there are no tolls present on each ramp. Beyond that, the tollway crosses under US 52 without direct access. Then, the tollway crosses through its first mainline toll plaza. Further east, they meet IL 251 (at a diamond interchange) and I-39/US 51 (at a cloverleaf interchange) at Rochelle. From then on, they meet another mainline toll plaza. In DeKalb, they meet Annie Glidden Road at a trumpet interchange, then cross over IL 23 without direct access, serve DeKalb Oasis, and meet Peace Road at a four-ramp parclo. South of Nottingham Woods, they meet IL 47 at a five-ramp parclo with two ramps. Further east, IL 56 enters eastward on the tollway. They then meet Orchard Road at a four-ramp parclo. Then, IL 56 leaves the freeway at the IL 31 interchange.
Aurora to Hillside
Across the Fox River, I-88/IL 110 meet another toll plaza. Then, the tollway meets Farnsworth Avenue at a six-ramp parclo near the Chicago Premium Outlets, Eola Road, IL 59 at a diverging diamond interchange, Winfield Road at a diamond interchange, Naperville Road at a mix of partial interchanges, and IL 53 at an incomplete parclo. Beyond that, they meet I-355 at a mix of interchanges. At Highland Avenue interchange, all but the westbound onramp are present. The other one enters I-88 westbound from Downers Drive. After that, the eastbound tollway meets another mainline toll plaza. After that, I-88 and IL 110 then meet Midwest Road at a two-ramp incomplete parclo (no westbound on/offramp), then IL 83 at a three-ramp incomplete parclo, 22nd Street at a right-in/right-out (no eastbound on/offramp), another mainline toll plaza for westbound traffic, and I-294/IL 38. Beyond I-294/IL 38, the tollway briefly becomes a free road before I-88 ends at I-290. At that point, IL 110 continues east via I-290 all the way toward the Jane Byrne Interchange.
History
Western terminus of I-88 at the interchange with I-80 in East Moline
Prior to its designation as an Interstate Highway, the route was known as IL 5 and, before that, IL 190.
In 1975, IL 5 was extended westward to Rock Falls. Back then, only a small portion south of Rock Falls was free. At that point, there were two proposed freeways connecting each individual cities, FAP 402 (a proposed freeway to Clinton, Iowa) and FAP 403 (another proposed freeway to East Moline). However, only FAP 403 was being built. By 1979, IL 5 finished completing the FAP 403 freeway.
The reason for I-88's original designation and continued existence as an Interstate has to do with a technicality in the old National Maximum Speed Law (NMSL). Originally passed in 1973, the NMSL was amended in 1987 to permit 65-mile-per-hour (105 km/h) speed limits on rural stretches of Interstate Highways only. Even though IL 5 was fully up to Interstate Highway standards, it still had to carry a 55-mile-per-hour (89 km/h) limit because of this wording in NMSL. The Illinois Department of Transportation (IDOT) and Illinois State Toll Highway Authority (ISTHA) petitioned the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) to redesignate IL 5 as an Interstate, and, in 1987, AASHTO approved the request and assigned the I-88 numbering to the highway. The NMSL would be completely repealed only eight years later in 1995, but the I-88 shields remain to this day, even though Chicago–Kansas City Expressway (IL 110) markers are being posted throughout the entire length of I-88, since it is now part of the Chicago to Kansas City Expressway project, bannered with special "CKC" logos.
Ronald Reagan Memorial Tollway
Ronald Reagan Memorial Tollway in Naperville, heading east
The Ronald Reagan Memorial Tollway, originally known as the East-West Tollway, is a toll road in northern Illinois.
Opened November 21, 1958, it was initially designated as US Route 30 Toll (US 30 Toll), and later IL 190. The original routing extended from the I-294 interchange near Hillside to IL 47 near Sugar Grove. IL 56 was overlapped on the East-West Tollway between North Aurora and Sugar Grove in 1965.
Map of the Ronald Reagan Memorial Tollway, the tolled portion of I-88
When the East-West Tollway was extended to Dixon in the 1970s, the IL 190 numbering was removed from the stretch between Aurora and Sugar Grove, making that section strictly IL 56. Once complete, the new routing of the combined tollway and freeway between I-80 near the Quad Cities and I-294 became designated as IL 5. In the late 1980s, it was renumbered I-88.
Officially, the tollway portion begins in Rock Falls, starting at the intersection with US 30 at milemarker 44, although the first toll plaza does not appear until after the IL 26 interchange in Dixon, making the section between US 30 and IL 26 technically a freeway. It continues as a tollway until its terminus in Hillside, although there is a free section between exit 76 (IL 251) and exit 78 (I-39). West of US 30 to I-80, I-88 is a freeway. The tollway portion is 96 miles (154 km) long.
After the death of Illinois native and former President Ronald Reagan in 2004, ISTHA voted to rename the toll roadway "Ronald Reagan Memorial Tollway" in his memory, as it passes near his birthplace of Tampico and grazes the south outskirts of his boyhood hometown of Dixon. The tollway portion of I-88 was previously known as the "East–West Tollway" and is still displayed as such on some signs near Chicago.
There is no direct off-ramp access to US 52, IL 23, IL 25, and IL 83 (northbound). In addition, I-88 merges with IL 56 for a short distance.
Although a federal law, 23 U.S.C. § 111, prohibits the operation of commercial rest areas constructed after January 1, 1960, on Interstate Highways, the DeKalb oasis was constructed at milepost 93 in 1975, prior to the route's designation as I-88, and remains in operation.
From 2005 lasting through 2012, ISTHA reconstructed and widened much of the original portion of I-88, between York Road and IL 56. Approximately $991.6 million (equivalent to $1.3 billion in 2023) was budgeted for I-88 over that period. Between 2005 and 2009, I-88 was reconstructed and widened to four lanes in each direction between IL 59 and York Road, with work progressing gradually from west to east. The project included a reconstruction and reconfiguration of the Naperville Road interchange. Between IL 56 and the Aurora Toll Plaza, I-88 was reconstructed and widened to three lanes in each direction, including the reconstruction of the IL 31 interchange and new bridges over the Fox River.
Exit list
CountyLocationmikmExitDestinationsNotes
Rock IslandHampton Township0.000.00 IL 5 west / IL 92 west – Moline, Rock IslandContinuation beyond western terminus; western end of IL 92 concurrency
East Moline1A-B I-80 / IL 110 (CKC) west to I-74 – Des Moines, PeoriaSigned as exits 1A (east) and 1B (west); western end of IL 110 concurrency; I-80 exit 4B
0.751.212Old IL 2
Joslin5.699.166 IL 92 east (38th Avenue North) – JoslinEastern end of IL 92 concurrency
Hillsdale10.2616.5110Hillsdale, Port Byron
WhitesideErie18.4429.6818Erie, AlbanyTo IL 84
Lyndon25.7041.3626 IL 78 (Crosby Road) – Morrison, ProphetstownFormer IL 2
Rock Falls36.1658.1936 To US 30 – Clinton, Rock Falls, Sterling
41.1166.1641 IL 40 (Hoover Road) – Rock Falls, Sterling
43.9870.7844 US 30 – Joliet, Rock FallsEastern end of Ronald Reagan Memorial Highway; western end of Ronald Reagan Memorial Tollway
LeeDixon54.1287.1054 IL 26 (Galena Avenue) – Dixon
56.1590.36Dixon Toll Plaza 69
OgleRochelle75.87122.1076 IL 251 – Rochelle, Mendota
78.33126.0678 I-39 / US 51 – Bloomington, Normal, RockfordSigned as exits 78A (south) and 78B (north); I-39 exit 97
DeKalbDeKalb86.25138.81DeKalb Toll Plaza 66
91.12146.6491 Annie Glidden Road to IL 38 / IL 23 – DeKalbToll on westbound exit and eastbound entrance ramps
93.25150.07DeKalb Oasis
93.73150.8494 Peace Road to IL 38Toll on westbound exit and eastbound entrance ramps
KaneSugar Grove108.97175.37109 IL 47Toll on westbound exit and eastbound entrance ramps
Aurora113.00181.86113 IL 56 west to US 30 – Sugar GroveWestern end of IL 56 concurrency; westbound exit and eastbound entrance
114.06183.56114 CR 83 (Orchard Road)Was exit 115; toll on eastbound exit and westbound entrance ramps
North Aurora116.52187.52117 IL 31 (Lincolnway Street) / IL 56 eastEastern end of IL 56 concurrency; toll on eastbound exit and westbound entrance ramps
Aurora117.48189.07Aurora Toll Plaza 61
118.88191.32119Farnsworth AvenueSigned as exits 119A (south) and 119B (north) westbound; toll on westbound exit and eastbound entrance ramps
DuPage120.67–120.86194.20–194.51121 To CR 14 (Eola Road)Toll on westbound exit and eastbound entrance ramps
Naperville122.93197.84123 IL 59Diverging diamond interchange as of October 2015
Warrenville124.81200.86125 CR 13 (Winfield Road)Toll on eastbound exit and westbound entrance ramps
Naperville127.01–127.30204.40–204.87127 To CR 23 (Naperville Road)Toll on eastbound exit and westbound entrance ramps
Lisle129.63208.62130 IL 53 (Lincoln Avenue)Westbound exit and eastbound entrance
Downers Grove130.94–132.82210.73–213.75131 I-355 Toll (Veterans Memorial Tollway) to US 34 (Ogden Avenue) – Joliet, Northwest SuburbsSigned as exits 131A (south) and 131B (north) westbound; signed as exits 131 (south) and 132 (north) eastbound; I-355 exit 20
133.88215.46134 CR 9 (Highland Avenue)Toll on eastbound exit and westbound entrance ramps; westbound entrance via Downers Drive
Oak Brook134.62216.65Meyers Road Toll Plaza 52 (eastbound)
136.02218.90136 CR 15 (Midwest Road)Toll on eastbound exit and entrance; toll on entrance ramp
136.77220.11137 IL 83 south (Kingery Highway)Westbound exit and eastbound entrance; toll on eastbound entrance ramp
137.29220.95138 22nd Street (Cermak Road) to IL 83 north (Kingery Highway)Westbound entrance and exit; toll on entrance ramp
137.73221.65York Road Toll Plaza 53 (westbound)
138.27222.52138 I-294 Toll south (Tri-State Tollway) to York Road – IndianaEastbound exit and westbound entrance; exit includes direct exit ramp onto York Road; York Road exit signed as exit 138 eastbound; I-294 exit 29
CookHillside139.64224.73139 I-294 Toll north (Tri-State Tollway) – Milwaukee, O'Hare I-290 west (Eisenhower Expressway) – RockfordEastbound exit and westbound entrance; I-294 exit 31A
— I-294 Toll south (Tri-State Tollway) – Indiana IL 38 west (Roosevelt Road)Westbound exit and eastbound entrance
140.15–140.38225.55–225.92— I-290 east (Eisenhower Expressway) to US 12 / US 20 / US 45 (Mannheim Road) – ChicagoEastbound exit only; all trucks must exit onto a local lane
I-290 east / IL 110 (CKC) east (Eisenhower Expressway) – ChicagoEastern terminus; eastern end of Ronald Reagan Memorial Tollway; eastern end of IL 110 concurrency; I-290 exit 15A
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Concurrency terminus Electronic toll collection Incomplete access Route transition
References
^ a b Mehler, Neil H. (July 6, 1987). "Road with Many Names Gets a New One". Chicago Tribune (National ed.). p. C3. Retrieved February 16, 2008.
^ Starks, Edward (January 27, 2022). "Table 1: Main Routes of the Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways". FHWA Route Log and Finder List. Federal Highway Administration. Retrieved September 5, 2022.
^ Illinois Technology Transfer Center (2006). "T2 GIS Data". Illinois Department of Transportation. Retrieved November 8, 2007.
^ a b c d Google (November 18, 2020). "Overview map of I-88" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved November 18, 2020.
^ Illinois Department of Transportation (1975). Illinois Highway Map (Map). . Springfield: Illinois Department of Transportation. Retrieved November 22, 2020 – via Illinois Digital Archives.
^ "Illinois Supplemental Freeway System" (PDF). Retrieved November 22, 2020.
^ Illinois Department of Transportation (1977). Illinois Highway Map (Map). . Springfield: Illinois Department of Transportation. Retrieved November 22, 2020 – via Illinois Digital Archives.
^ Illinois Department of Transportation (1979). Illinois Highway Map (Map). . Springfield: Illinois Department of Transportation. Retrieved November 22, 2020 – via Illinois Digital Archives.
^ Johnston, Louis; Williamson, Samuel H. (2023). "What Was the U.S. GDP Then?". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved November 30, 2023. United States Gross Domestic Product deflator figures follow the MeasuringWorth series.
^ Staff (September 2007). "Executive Summary" (PDF). Congestion-Relief Program Summary (Report). Illinois State Toll Highway Authority. pp. 3–6. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 27, 2011. Retrieved February 28, 2011.
^ Staff (May 5, 2009). "Washington Street to Finley Road Rebuild & Widen Project & Naperville Road Interchange" (PDF). Reagan Memorial Tollway. Illinois State Toll Highway Authority. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
^ Staff (December 2, 2009). "Aurora Toll Plaza to Orchard Road Rebuild & Widen Project" (PDF). Reagan Memorial Tollway. Illinois State Toll Highway Authority. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
^ "I-88 Rebuild and Widen Project" (PDF). Reagan Memorial Tollway. Illinois State Toll Highway Authority. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Interstate 88 (Illinois).
KML file (edit • help)
Template:Attached KML/Interstate 88 (Illinois)KML is from Wikidata
Illinois Highway Ends: Interstate 88
Historic, Current & Average Travel Times For The Ronald Reagan Tollway
Illinois Tollway website
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Tolled
Routes in italics are no longer a part of the system. Major Interstates are highlighted. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Interstate 88 (New York)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_88_(New_York)"},{"link_name":"Interstate Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_Highway"},{"link_name":"Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois"},{"link_name":"I-80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_80_in_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Silvis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvis,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Moline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moline,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"I-290","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_290_(Illinois)"},{"link_name":"I-294","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_294"},{"link_name":"Hillside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillside,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"I-88","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_88_(New_York)"},{"link_name":"Chicago–Kansas City Expressway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago%E2%80%93Kansas_City_Expressway"},{"link_name":"Aurora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Naperville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naperville,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"DeKalb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeKalb,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Dixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixon,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Rock Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Falls,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Illinois Tollway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_State_Toll_Highway_Authority"}],"text":"Tolled Interstate in IllinoisThis article is about the Interstate Highway in Illinois. For the Interstate Highway in New York, see Interstate 88 (New York).Interstate 88 (I-88) is an Interstate Highway in the US state of Illinois that runs from an interchange with I-80 near Silvis and Moline to an interchange with I-290 and I-294 in Hillside, near Chicago. I-88 is 140.60 miles (226.27 km) long. This route is not contiguous with I-88 in New York. Since 2010, most of I-88 has been part of the Chicago–Kansas City Expressway. The highway also runs through the cities of Aurora, Naperville, DeKalb, and Dixon. East of Rock Falls, the route is a part of the Illinois Tollway system.","title":"Interstate 88 (Illinois)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Illinois Route 110","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Route_110"},{"link_name":"IL 47","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Route_47"},{"link_name":"Aurora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Google_Maps-4"}],"text":"I-88 runs concurrently with Illinois Route 110 (IL 110) and its speed limit is 70 mph (110 km/h) west of IL 47. East of this point, the speed limit is 65 mph (105 km/h) to the Aurora toll plaza, and 60 mph (97 km/h) for the rest of its route.[4]","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cloverleaf interchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloverleaf_interchange"},{"link_name":"IL 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Route_5"},{"link_name":"IL 92","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Route_92"},{"link_name":"diamond interchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_interchange"},{"link_name":"IL 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Route_2"},{"link_name":"Erie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erie,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"IL 78","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Route_78"},{"link_name":"Lyndon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Como","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Como,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"IL 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Route_40"},{"link_name":"Yeoward Addition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeoward_Addition,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_30_in_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Google_Maps-4"}],"sub_title":"East Moline to Rock Falls","text":"Starting at I-80 at a cloverleaf interchange, IL 5 ends there while IL 92 continues eastward. I-88 begins at that interchange and then traverses eastward. Immediately east of the cloverleaf, I-88, IL 92, and IL 110 meet a road at a diamond interchange. This road used to be part of IL 2 and IL 92. They then traverse eastward until IL 92 branches off east near Joslin. The freeway then meets the next two local roads, each having a diamond interchange. One of the interchanges serves Hillsdale while the other one serves Erie. The two routes then meet IL 78 near Lyndon. Near Como, they then meet US 30 at a trumpet interchange. South of Rock Falls, they then meet IL 40 at a diamond interchange. East of Yeoward Addition, they again meet U.S. Route 30 (US 30) at a diamond interchange.[4]","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tollway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tollway"},{"link_name":"IL 26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Route_26"},{"link_name":"US 52","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_52_in_Illinois"},{"link_name":"IL 251","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Route_251"},{"link_name":"I-39","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_39_in_Illinois"},{"link_name":"US 51","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_51_in_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Rochelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochelle,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"DeKalb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeKalb,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"DeKalb Oasis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Tollway_oasis"},{"link_name":"parclo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parclo"},{"link_name":"Nottingham Woods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham_Woods,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"IL 47","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Route_47"},{"link_name":"IL 56","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Route_56"},{"link_name":"Orchard Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchard_Road_(Illinois)"},{"link_name":"IL 31","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Route_31"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Google_Maps-4"}],"sub_title":"Rock Falls to Aurora","text":"After US 30, I-88/IL 110 becomes an ISTHA-maintained tollway. However, at the IL 26 interchange, there are no tolls present on each ramp. Beyond that, the tollway crosses under US 52 without direct access. Then, the tollway crosses through its first mainline toll plaza. Further east, they meet IL 251 (at a diamond interchange) and I-39/US 51 (at a cloverleaf interchange) at Rochelle. From then on, they meet another mainline toll plaza. In DeKalb, they meet Annie Glidden Road at a trumpet interchange, then cross over IL 23 without direct access, serve DeKalb Oasis, and meet Peace Road at a four-ramp parclo. South of Nottingham Woods, they meet IL 47 at a five-ramp parclo with two ramps. Further east, IL 56 enters eastward on the tollway. They then meet Orchard Road at a four-ramp parclo. Then, IL 56 leaves the freeway at the IL 31 interchange.[4]","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fox River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_River_(Illinois_River_tributary)"},{"link_name":"Chicago Premium Outlets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Premium_Outlets"},{"link_name":"IL 59","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Route_59"},{"link_name":"diverging diamond interchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diverging_diamond_interchange"},{"link_name":"IL 53","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Route_53"},{"link_name":"IL 83","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Route_83"},{"link_name":"right-in/right-out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-in/right-out"},{"link_name":"IL 38","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Route_38"},{"link_name":"Jane Byrne Interchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Byrne_Interchange"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Google_Maps-4"}],"sub_title":"Aurora to Hillside","text":"Across the Fox River, I-88/IL 110 meet another toll plaza. Then, the tollway meets Farnsworth Avenue at a six-ramp parclo near the Chicago Premium Outlets, Eola Road, IL 59 at a diverging diamond interchange, Winfield Road at a diamond interchange, Naperville Road at a mix of partial interchanges, and IL 53 at an incomplete parclo. Beyond that, they meet I-355 at a mix of interchanges. At Highland Avenue interchange, all but the westbound onramp are present. The other one enters I-88 westbound from Downers Drive. After that, the eastbound tollway meets another mainline toll plaza. After that, I-88 and IL 110 then meet Midwest Road at a two-ramp incomplete parclo (no westbound on/offramp), then IL 83 at a three-ramp incomplete parclo, 22nd Street at a right-in/right-out (no eastbound on/offramp), another mainline toll plaza for westbound traffic, and I-294/IL 38. Beyond I-294/IL 38, the tollway briefly becomes a free road before I-88 ends at I-290. At that point, IL 110 continues east via I-290 all the way toward the Jane Byrne Interchange.[4]","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:I-80_and_I-88_Cloverleaf_-_Facing_Southeast_(44320588551).jpg"},{"link_name":"IL 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Route_5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Clinton, Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinton,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"East Moline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Moline,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"National Maximum Speed Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Maximum_Speed_Law"},{"link_name":"Interstate Highway standards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_Highway_standards"},{"link_name":"Illinois Department of Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Department_of_Transportation"},{"link_name":"Illinois State Toll Highway Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_State_Toll_Highway_Authority"},{"link_name":"American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_of_State_Highway_and_Transportation_Officials"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mehler_1987-1"},{"link_name":"Chicago–Kansas City Expressway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago%E2%80%93Kansas_City_Expressway"}],"text":"Western terminus of I-88 at the interchange with I-80 in East MolinePrior to its designation as an Interstate Highway, the route was known as IL 5 and, before that, IL 190.In 1975, IL 5 was extended westward to Rock Falls. Back then, only a small portion south of Rock Falls was free.[5] At that point, there were two proposed freeways connecting each individual cities, FAP 402 (a proposed freeway to Clinton, Iowa) and FAP 403 (another proposed freeway to East Moline). However, only FAP 403 was being built.[6][7] By 1979, IL 5 finished completing the FAP 403 freeway.[8]The reason for I-88's original designation and continued existence as an Interstate has to do with a technicality in the old National Maximum Speed Law (NMSL). Originally passed in 1973, the NMSL was amended in 1987 to permit 65-mile-per-hour (105 km/h) speed limits on rural stretches of Interstate Highways only. Even though IL 5 was fully up to Interstate Highway standards, it still had to carry a 55-mile-per-hour (89 km/h) limit because of this wording in NMSL. The Illinois Department of Transportation (IDOT) and Illinois State Toll Highway Authority (ISTHA) petitioned the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) to redesignate IL 5 as an Interstate, and, in 1987, AASHTO approved the request and assigned the I-88 numbering to the highway.[1] The NMSL would be completely repealed only eight years later in 1995, but the I-88 shields remain to this day, even though Chicago–Kansas City Expressway (IL 110) markers are being posted throughout the entire length of I-88, since it is now part of the Chicago to Kansas City Expressway project, bannered with special \"CKC\" logos.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ronald_Reagan_Tollway_(Illinois).jpg"},{"link_name":"toll road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toll_road"},{"link_name":"Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois"},{"link_name":"IL 190","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Route_190"},{"link_name":"I-294","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_294"},{"link_name":"Hillside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillside,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"IL 47","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Route_47"},{"link_name":"Sugar Grove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_Grove,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"IL 56","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Route_56"},{"link_name":"North Aurora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Aurora,_Illinois"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ronald-Reagan-Toll-(IL)-map.png"},{"link_name":"Dixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixon,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Aurora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Quad Cities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quad_Cities"},{"link_name":"IL 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Route_5"},{"link_name":"Rock Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Falls,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"IL 26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Route_26"},{"link_name":"IL 251","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Route_251"},{"link_name":"I-39","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_39"},{"link_name":"Ronald Reagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan"},{"link_name":"ISTHA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_State_Toll_Highway_Authority"},{"link_name":"Tampico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampico,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Dixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixon,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"US 52","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_52_in_Illinois"},{"link_name":"IL 23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Route_23"},{"link_name":"IL 25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Route_25"},{"link_name":"IL 83","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Route_83"},{"link_name":"DeKalb oasis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Tollway_oasis"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inflation-USGDP-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"IL 31","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Route_31"},{"link_name":"Fox River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_River_(Illinois_River_tributary)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Ronald Reagan Memorial Tollway","text":"Ronald Reagan Memorial Tollway in Naperville, heading eastThe Ronald Reagan Memorial Tollway, originally known as the East-West Tollway, is a toll road in northern Illinois.Opened November 21, 1958, it was initially designated as US Route 30 Toll (US 30 Toll), and later IL 190. The original routing extended from the I-294 interchange near Hillside to IL 47 near Sugar Grove. IL 56 was overlapped on the East-West Tollway between North Aurora and Sugar Grove in 1965.Map of the Ronald Reagan Memorial Tollway, the tolled portion of I-88When the East-West Tollway was extended to Dixon in the 1970s, the IL 190 numbering was removed from the stretch between Aurora and Sugar Grove, making that section strictly IL 56. Once complete, the new routing of the combined tollway and freeway between I-80 near the Quad Cities and I-294 became designated as IL 5. In the late 1980s, it was renumbered I-88.Officially, the tollway portion begins in Rock Falls, starting at the intersection with US 30 at milemarker 44, although the first toll plaza does not appear until after the IL 26 interchange in Dixon, making the section between US 30 and IL 26 technically a freeway. It continues as a tollway until its terminus in Hillside, although there is a free section between exit 76 (IL 251) and exit 78 (I-39). West of US 30 to I-80, I-88 is a freeway. The tollway portion is 96 miles (154 km) long.After the death of Illinois native and former President Ronald Reagan in 2004, ISTHA voted to rename the toll roadway \"Ronald Reagan Memorial Tollway\" in his memory, as it passes near his birthplace of Tampico and grazes the south outskirts of his boyhood hometown of Dixon. The tollway portion of I-88 was previously known as the \"East–West Tollway\" and is still displayed as such on some signs near Chicago.There is no direct off-ramp access to US 52, IL 23, IL 25, and IL 83 (northbound). In addition, I-88 merges with IL 56 for a short distance.Although a federal law, 23 U.S.C. § 111, prohibits the operation of commercial rest areas constructed after January 1, 1960, on Interstate Highways, the DeKalb oasis was constructed at milepost 93 in 1975, prior to the route's designation as I-88, and remains in operation.From 2005 lasting through 2012, ISTHA reconstructed and widened much of the original portion of I-88, between York Road and IL 56. Approximately $991.6 million (equivalent to $1.3 billion in 2023[9]) was budgeted for I-88 over that period.[10] Between 2005 and 2009, I-88 was reconstructed and widened to four lanes in each direction between IL 59 and York Road, with work progressing gradually from west to east. The project included a reconstruction and reconfiguration of the Naperville Road interchange.[11] Between IL 56 and the Aurora Toll Plaza, I-88 was reconstructed and widened to three lanes in each direction, including the reconstruction of the IL 31 interchange and new bridges over the Fox River.[12][13]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Exit list"}] | [{"image_text":"Western terminus of I-88 at the interchange with I-80 in East Moline","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/I-80_and_I-88_Cloverleaf_-_Facing_Southeast_%2844320588551%29.jpg/220px-I-80_and_I-88_Cloverleaf_-_Facing_Southeast_%2844320588551%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ronald Reagan Memorial Tollway in Naperville, heading east","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Ronald_Reagan_Tollway_%28Illinois%29.jpg/220px-Ronald_Reagan_Tollway_%28Illinois%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map of the Ronald Reagan Memorial Tollway, the tolled portion of I-88","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Ronald-Reagan-Toll-%28IL%29-map.png/220px-Ronald-Reagan-Toll-%28IL%29-map.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"Mehler, Neil H. (July 6, 1987). \"Road with Many Names Gets a New One\". Chicago Tribune (National ed.). p. C3. Retrieved February 16, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1987-07-06/news/8702190229_1_speed-limits-tollway-spokesman-interstate-highway","url_text":"\"Road with Many Names Gets a New One\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune","url_text":"Chicago Tribune"}]},{"reference":"Starks, Edward (January 27, 2022). \"Table 1: Main Routes of the Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways\". FHWA Route Log and Finder List. Federal Highway Administration. Retrieved September 5, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/planning/national_highway_system/interstate_highway_system/routefinder/table01.cfm","url_text":"\"Table 1: Main Routes of the Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Highway_Administration","url_text":"Federal Highway Administration"}]},{"reference":"Illinois Technology Transfer Center (2006). \"T2 GIS Data\". Illinois Department of Transportation. Retrieved November 8, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.il.us/gist2/select.html","url_text":"\"T2 GIS Data\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Illinois Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Google (November 18, 2020). \"Overview map of I-88\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved November 18, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/41.5358283,-90.3422081/41.8737583,-87.9031857/@41.9983217,-90.2505663,298235m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m9!4m8!1m5!3m4!1m2!1d-88.665618!2d41.9008508!3s0x880ed7cdea0138d9:0xc6a53ca51eeaba7!1m0!3e0","url_text":"\"Overview map of I-88\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"Illinois Department of Transportation (1975). Illinois Highway Map (Map). [1:772,500]. Springfield: Illinois Department of Transportation. Retrieved November 22, 2020 – via Illinois Digital Archives.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.idaillinois.org/cdm/ref/collection/isl9/id/153","url_text":"Illinois Highway Map"}]},{"reference":"\"Illinois Supplemental Freeway System\" (PDF). Retrieved November 22, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.midwestroads.com/illinois/il%20supp%20fwy.pdf","url_text":"\"Illinois Supplemental Freeway System\""}]},{"reference":"Illinois Department of Transportation (1977). Illinois Highway Map (Map). [1:772,500]. Springfield: Illinois Department of Transportation. Retrieved November 22, 2020 – via Illinois Digital Archives.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.idaillinois.org/cdm/ref/collection/isl9/id/156","url_text":"Illinois Highway Map"}]},{"reference":"Illinois Department of Transportation (1979). Illinois Highway Map (Map). [1:772,500]. Springfield: Illinois Department of Transportation. Retrieved November 22, 2020 – via Illinois Digital Archives.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.idaillinois.org/cdm/ref/collection/isl9/id/159","url_text":"Illinois Highway Map"}]},{"reference":"Johnston, Louis; Williamson, Samuel H. (2023). \"What Was the U.S. GDP Then?\". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved November 30, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.measuringworth.com/datasets/usgdp/","url_text":"\"What Was the U.S. GDP Then?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MeasuringWorth","url_text":"MeasuringWorth"}]},{"reference":"Staff (September 2007). \"Executive Summary\" (PDF). Congestion-Relief Program Summary (Report). Illinois State Toll Highway Authority. pp. 3–6. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 27, 2011. Retrieved February 28, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110927131946/http://www.illinoistollway.com/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/TW_CONTENT_REPOSITORY/TW_CR_TRAFFIC_CONST/2007_CRP_COMPLETE_BOOK_09.04.07_FINAL.PDF","url_text":"\"Executive Summary\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_State_Toll_Highway_Authority","url_text":"Illinois State Toll Highway Authority"},{"url":"http://www.illinoistollway.com/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/TW_CONTENT_REPOSITORY/TW_CR_TRAFFIC_CONST/2007_CRP_COMPLETE_BOOK_09.04.07_FINAL.PDF","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Staff (May 5, 2009). \"Washington Street to Finley Road Rebuild & Widen Project & Naperville Road Interchange\" (PDF). Reagan Memorial Tollway. Illinois State Toll Highway Authority. Retrieved September 20, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.illinoistollway.com/documents/10157/42374/Washington+Street+to+Finley+Road+Rebuild+%26%20Widen+Project","url_text":"\"Washington Street to Finley Road Rebuild & Widen Project & Naperville Road Interchange\""}]},{"reference":"Staff (December 2, 2009). \"Aurora Toll Plaza to Orchard Road Rebuild & Widen Project\" (PDF). Reagan Memorial Tollway. Illinois State Toll Highway Authority. Retrieved September 20, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.illinoistollway.com/documents/10157/42374/Rebuild+%26%20Widen+Aurora+Toll+Plaza+to+Orchard+Road","url_text":"\"Aurora Toll Plaza to Orchard Road Rebuild & Widen Project\""}]},{"reference":"\"I-88 Rebuild and Widen Project\" (PDF). Reagan Memorial Tollway. Illinois State Toll Highway Authority. Retrieved September 20, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.illinoistollway.com/documents/10157/523371/2012+88+Rebuild+and+Widen+FactSheet_3-15-12.pdf","url_text":"\"I-88 Rebuild and Widen Project\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1987-07-06/news/8702190229_1_speed-limits-tollway-spokesman-interstate-highway","external_links_name":"\"Road with Many Names Gets a New One\""},{"Link":"https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/planning/national_highway_system/interstate_highway_system/routefinder/table01.cfm","external_links_name":"\"Table 1: Main Routes of the Dwight D. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidia_Ruslanova | Lidia Ruslanova | ["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Discography","4 References"] | Lidia Andreyevna RuslanovaЛидия Андреевна РуслановаBackground informationBirth namePraskovya Andrianovna Leykina-GorsheninaRussian: Прасковья Андриановна Ле́йкина-ГоршенинаBorn(1900-10-27)27 October 1900Chernavka, Serdobsky Uyezd, Saratov Governorate, Russian EmpireDied21 September 1973(1973-09-21) (aged 72)Moscow, USSRGenresrussian folk musicInstrument(s)singingMusical artist
Lidia Andreyevna Ruslanova (sometimes spelt Lidiya or Lydia, Russian: Лидия Андреевна Русланова; 27 October 1900 in Saratov Governorate – 21 September 1973 in Moscow) was a performer of Russian folk songs.
Early life
She was born in the village of Chernavka near Saratov, into a peasant family, and was baptized as Praskovya Andrianovna Leykina-Gorshenina (Russian: Прасковья Андриановна Ле́йкина-Горшенина). Her mother was an Erzya by ethnicity. By the time she was five, both her parents had died; her father in the Russo-Japanese War and her mother soon after. As a result, she spent most of her childhood in an orphanage. She began singing when she joined the local parish children's choir and soon became a soloist.
Her uncle invited her to work in a furniture factory. One of the factory's owners heard her singing as she worked and recommended that she go to study at the Saratov Conservatory. However, she did not enjoy academic study. During the First World War, she worked on a hospital train and met Vitalii Stepanov during this period, with whom she had a child, born in May 1917. He left her after a year, due to her erratic lifestyle. According to a Saratov source, she married a different man who later died in the Russian Civil War, whom she took her surname from.
Career
Ruslanova gave her first concert at the age of 16, to a military audience, where she sang everything she knew. She first started singing for Russian soldiers during the Russian Civil War, and debuted as a professional singer in Rostov-on-Don in 1923. She was noted for her peculiar singing voice and timbre, which was a revival of old traditions in which female soloists would perform on festive occasions. Until 1929, she lived with a Cheka official, then she married again, this time to Vladimir Kryukov.
During the 1930s, Ruslanova became extremely popular. She became an artist of the state association of musical, variety and circus enterprises in 1933, and performed all over Russia throughout the rest of the decade. When World War II broke out, she ceaselessly toured from one front to another, helping to boost the soldiers' courage with her patriotic songs. Her signature songs were Valenki and Katyusha, written specially for her. During the Battle of Berlin, she performed on the doorsteps of the smouldering Reichstag.
Ruslanova became one of the richest women in Soviet Russia and even financed the construction of two Katyusha batteries, which she presented to the Red Army in 1942. That same year, she was made an Artist of Honour of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. Her rough manners and racy language appealed to the soldiers to the point that she was regarded as a potential threat to the Soviet authorities. In 1948, due to association with Marshal Georgy Zhukov (who led the Red Army to the defeat of Nazi-Germany during World War II, and who became a strong political opponent of Joseph Stalin in the post-war years) Ruslanova's husband, Hero of the Soviet Union, Lieutenant-General Vladimir Kryukov was arrested and Ruslanova followed two years later. Ruslanova was forced to sign a declaration that her husband was guilty of treason, but refused, so she was sentenced to 10 years of camp labour.
In the gulag she was dispatched to, Ruslanova became a star lionized by inmates and administration alike. Therefore, she was moved to a prison cell in the Vladimirsky Tsentral. Following Stalin's death, she was released on 4 August 1953; she was thin, gray, and had difficulty walking. However, she returned to singing almost immediately. Her time in prison was unmentioned in the press until decades after. Although awards and titles bypassed her, Ruslanova presided over the first All-Soviet Festival of Soviet Songs, together with Leonid Utyosov, Mark Bernes, and Klavdiya Shulzhenko. She went on singing right up until her death in 1973, at the age of 72.
Ruslanova crater on Venus is named after her.
Discography
Stamp of Russia devoted to Lidiya Ruslanova, 1999, 2 rub. (Michel 759, Scott 6545)
1996: Поёт Лидия Русланова (Lydia Ruslanova sings)
2000: Царица Русской песни (Queen of the Russian Song)
2001: Великие исполнители России XX века (Great performers of Russia of the XX century)
2002: Русские народные песни (Russian folk songs)
2007: Имена на все времена (Names for all time)
References
^ a b c d e "Ruslanova Lidia singer :: people :: Russia-InfoCentre". Russia-InfoCentre. Retrieved 2008-10-16.
^ MacFadyen, David (2002). Songs for Fat People. McGill-Queen's Press. p. 201. ISBN 0-7735-2441-X.
^ a b Юрий Белов. "Девушка пела в церковном хоре" (in Russian). Молва. Archived from the original on 2009-03-18. Retrieved 2009-02-23.
^ MacFadyen, pp.201-202
^ a b c d e Ferrero, Ángel. "Katiusha is 70 years old". Cubanow.net. Retrieved 2008-10-16.
^ a b c MacFadyen, p.202
^ MacFadyen, pp.202–3
^ a b MacFadyen, p.203
^ MacFadyen, p.204
^ Виолетта Баша. "Она пела на ступенях Рейхстага". Retrieved 2009-02-23.
^ MacFadyen, p.208
^ "альбом "Поёт Лидия Русланова"". Archived from the original on 2009-03-18. Retrieved 2009-02-25.
^ "альбом «Царица русской песни". Retrieved 2009-02-25.
^ "Поёт Лидия Русланова. Русские народные песни. Записи 1930-40-х годов". Retrieved 2009-02-25.
^ "Имена на все времена. Лидия Русланова (mp3)".
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Saratov Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saratov_Governorate"},{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"folk songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_song"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-russiaic-1"}],"text":"Musical artistLidia Andreyevna Ruslanova (sometimes spelt Lidiya or Lydia, Russian: Лидия Андреевна Русланова; 27 October 1900 in Saratov Governorate – 21 September 1973 in Moscow) was a performer of Russian folk songs.[1]","title":"Lidia Ruslanova"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saratov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saratov"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Erzya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erzya_people"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chorus-3"},{"link_name":"Russo-Japanese War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cuba-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chorus-3"},{"link_name":"Saratov Conservatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saratov_Conservatory"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-macfayden202-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-russiaic-1"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-macfayden202-6"},{"link_name":"Russian Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"She was born in the village of Chernavka near Saratov, into a peasant family, and was baptized as Praskovya Andrianovna Leykina-Gorshenina (Russian: Прасковья Андриановна Ле́йкина-Горшенина).[2] Her mother was an Erzya by ethnicity.[3] By the time she was five, both her parents had died; her father in the Russo-Japanese War and her mother soon after. As a result, she spent most of her childhood in an orphanage.[4] She began singing when she joined the local parish children's choir and soon became a soloist.[5][3]Her uncle invited her to work in a furniture factory. One of the factory's owners heard her singing as she worked and recommended that she go to study at the Saratov Conservatory.[6] However, she did not enjoy academic study.[1] During the First World War, she worked on a hospital train and met Vitalii Stepanov during this period, with whom she had a child, born in May 1917. He left her after a year, due to her erratic lifestyle.[6] According to a Saratov source, she married a different man who later died in the Russian Civil War, whom she took her surname from.[7]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-macfayden202-6"},{"link_name":"Russian Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Rostov-on-Don","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostov-on-Don"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cuba-5"},{"link_name":"timbre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbre"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-russiaic-1"},{"link_name":"Cheka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheka"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-macfadyen203-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-macfadyen203-8"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-russiaic-1"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Valenki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valenki"},{"link_name":"Katyusha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katyusha_(song)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin"},{"link_name":"Reichstag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichstag_(building)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0-10"},{"link_name":"Katyusha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katyusha_rocket_launcher"},{"link_name":"Red Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cuba-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-russiaic-1"},{"link_name":"Georgy Zhukov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgy_Zhukov"},{"link_name":"Red Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army"},{"link_name":"Nazi-Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi-Germany"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Joseph Stalin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stalin"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Kryukov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Kryukov_(general)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cuba-5"},{"link_name":"gulag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulag"},{"link_name":"Vladimirsky Tsentral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vladimirsky_Tsentral&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Leonid Utyosov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Utyosov"},{"link_name":"Mark Bernes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Bernes"},{"link_name":"Klavdiya Shulzhenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klavdiya_Shulzhenko"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cuba-5"},{"link_name":"Ruslanova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruslanova_(crater)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"crater on Venus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_craters_on_Venus"}],"text":"Ruslanova gave her first concert at the age of 16, to a military audience, where she sang everything she knew.[6] She first started singing for Russian soldiers during the Russian Civil War, and debuted as a professional singer in Rostov-on-Don in 1923.[5] She was noted for her peculiar singing voice and timbre, which was a revival of old traditions in which female soloists would perform on festive occasions.[1] Until 1929, she lived with a Cheka official, then she married again, this time to Vladimir Kryukov.[8]During the 1930s, Ruslanova became extremely popular.[8] She became an artist of the state association of musical, variety and circus enterprises in 1933, and performed all over Russia throughout the rest of the decade.[1] When World War II broke out, she ceaselessly toured from one front to another, helping to boost the soldiers' courage with her patriotic songs.[9] Her signature songs were Valenki and Katyusha, written specially for her. During the Battle of Berlin, she performed on the doorsteps of the smouldering Reichstag.[10]Ruslanova became one of the richest women in Soviet Russia and even financed the construction of two Katyusha batteries, which she presented to the Red Army in 1942.[5] That same year, she was made an Artist of Honour of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.[1] Her rough manners and racy language appealed to the soldiers to the point that she was regarded as a potential threat to the Soviet authorities. In 1948, due to association with Marshal Georgy Zhukov (who led the Red Army to the defeat of Nazi-Germany during World War II, and who became a strong political opponent of Joseph Stalin in the post-war years) Ruslanova's husband, Hero of the Soviet Union, Lieutenant-General Vladimir Kryukov was arrested and Ruslanova followed two years later. Ruslanova was forced to sign a declaration that her husband was guilty of treason, but refused, so she was sentenced to 10 years of camp labour.[5]In the gulag she was dispatched to, Ruslanova became a star lionized by inmates and administration alike. Therefore, she was moved to a prison cell in the Vladimirsky Tsentral. Following Stalin's death, she was released on 4 August 1953; she was thin, gray, and had difficulty walking. However, she returned to singing almost immediately. Her time in prison was unmentioned in the press until decades after.[11] Although awards and titles bypassed her, Ruslanova presided over the first All-Soviet Festival of Soviet Songs, together with Leonid Utyosov, Mark Bernes, and Klavdiya Shulzhenko. She went on singing right up until her death in 1973, at the age of 72.[5]Ruslanova crater on Venus is named after her.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Russia_stamp_L.Ruslanova_1999_2r.jpg"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Stamp of Russia devoted to Lidiya Ruslanova, 1999, 2 rub. (Michel 759, Scott 6545)1996: Поёт Лидия Русланова (Lydia Ruslanova sings)[12]\n2000: Царица Русской песни (Queen of the Russian Song)[13]\n2001: Великие исполнители России XX века (Great performers of Russia of the XX century)\n2002: Русские народные песни (Russian folk songs)[14]\n2007: Имена на все времена (Names for all time)[15]","title":"Discography"}] | [{"image_text":"Stamp of Russia devoted to Lidiya Ruslanova, 1999, 2 rub. (Michel 759, Scott 6545)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Russia_stamp_L.Ruslanova_1999_2r.jpg/180px-Russia_stamp_L.Ruslanova_1999_2r.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Ruslanova Lidia singer :: people :: Russia-InfoCentre\". Russia-InfoCentre. Retrieved 2008-10-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.russia-ic.com/people/general/r/235/","url_text":"\"Ruslanova Lidia singer :: people :: Russia-InfoCentre\""}]},{"reference":"MacFadyen, David (2002). Songs for Fat People. McGill-Queen's Press. p. 201. 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Retrieved 2009-02-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://world.lib.ru/b/basha_w_w/ruslanova.shtml","url_text":"\"Она пела на ступенях Рейхстага\""}]},{"reference":"\"альбом \"Поёт Лидия Русланова\"\". Archived from the original on 2009-03-18. Retrieved 2009-02-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090318055641/http://www.bgshop.ru/description.aspx?product_no=8812118","url_text":"\"альбом \"Поёт Лидия Русланова\"\""},{"url":"http://www.bgshop.ru/description.aspx?product_no=8812118","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"альбом «Царица русской песни\". Retrieved 2009-02-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rstfond.ru/index.php?productID=121","url_text":"\"альбом «Царица русской песни\""}]},{"reference":"\"Поёт Лидия Русланова. Русские народные песни. Записи 1930-40-х годов\". Retrieved 2009-02-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://blagoslovenie.su/izdat/disk/disk_ruslanova/ru/index.php?img=1","url_text":"\"Поёт Лидия Русланова. Русские народные песни. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Sj%C3%B6strand | Arnold Sjöstrand | ["1 Selected filmography","2 References","3 External links"] | Swedish actor
Arnold SjöstrandBornNils Arnold Sjöstrand(1903-06-30)30 June 1903Sundbyberg, SwedenDied1 February 1955(1955-02-01) (aged 51)Malmö, SwedenOccupation(s)ActorFilm directorYears active1923-1952
Arnold Sjöstrand (30 June 1903 – 1 February 1955) was a Swedish actor and film director. He appeared in more than 30 films between 1931 and 1952.
Selected filmography
The Girl from Värmland (1931)
It Pays to Advertise (1936)
The People of Bergslagen (1937)
Blossom Time (1940)
Home from Babylon (1941)
The Talk of the Town (1941)
Only a Woman (1941)
If I Could Marry the Minister (1941)
The Heavenly Play (1942)
The Yellow Clinic (1942)
I Killed (1943)
The Sin of Anna Lans (1943)
The Brothers' Woman (1943)
Count Only the Happy Moments (1944)
The Rose of Tistelön (1945)
Incorrigible (1946)
Two Women (1947)
No Way Back (1947)
Sin (1948)
Sunshine (1948)
A Swedish Tiger (1948)
Stronger Than the Law (1951)
Encounter with Life (1952)
References
^ "Arnold Sjöstrand". svenskfilmdatabas. Retrieved 18 June 2022.
External links
Arnold Sjöstrand at IMDb
Arnold Sjöstrand at the Swedish Film Database
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
France
BnF data
This article about a Swedish actor is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Arnold Sjöstrand (30 June 1903 – 1 February 1955) was a Swedish actor and film director. He appeared in more than 30 films between 1931 and 1952.[1]","title":"Arnold Sjöstrand"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Girl from Värmland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Girl_from_V%C3%A4rmland"},{"link_name":"It Pays to Advertise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It_Pays_to_Advertise_(1936_film)"},{"link_name":"The People of Bergslagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_People_of_Bergslagen"},{"link_name":"Blossom Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blossom_Time_(1940_film)"},{"link_name":"Home from Babylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_from_Babylon"},{"link_name":"The Talk of the Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Talk_of_the_Town_(1941_film)"},{"link_name":"Only a Woman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Only_a_Woman_(1941_film)"},{"link_name":"If I Could Marry the Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If_I_Could_Marry_the_Minister"},{"link_name":"The Heavenly Play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Heavenly_Play"},{"link_name":"The Yellow Clinic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Yellow_Clinic"},{"link_name":"I Killed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Killed"},{"link_name":"The Sin of Anna Lans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sin_of_Anna_Lans"},{"link_name":"The Brothers' Woman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Brothers%27_Woman"},{"link_name":"Count Only the Happy Moments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_Only_the_Happy_Moments"},{"link_name":"The Rose of Tistelön","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rose_of_Tistel%C3%B6n"},{"link_name":"Incorrigible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incorrigible_(1946_film)"},{"link_name":"Two Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Women_(1947_film)"},{"link_name":"No Way Back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Way_Back_(1947_film)"},{"link_name":"Sin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sin_(1948_film)"},{"link_name":"Sunshine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_(1948_film)"},{"link_name":"A Swedish Tiger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Swedish_Tiger_(film)"},{"link_name":"Stronger Than the Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stronger_Than_the_Law"},{"link_name":"Encounter with Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encounter_with_Life"}],"text":"The Girl from Värmland (1931)\nIt Pays to Advertise (1936)\nThe People of Bergslagen (1937)\nBlossom Time (1940)\nHome from Babylon (1941)\nThe Talk of the Town (1941)\nOnly a Woman (1941)\nIf I Could Marry the Minister (1941)\nThe Heavenly Play (1942)\nThe Yellow Clinic (1942)\nI Killed (1943)\nThe Sin of Anna Lans (1943)\nThe Brothers' Woman (1943)\nCount Only the Happy Moments (1944)\nThe Rose of Tistelön (1945)\nIncorrigible (1946)\nTwo Women (1947)\nNo Way Back (1947)\nSin (1948)\nSunshine (1948)\nA Swedish Tiger (1948)\nStronger Than the Law (1951)\nEncounter with Life (1952)","title":"Selected filmography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Arnold Sjöstrand\". svenskfilmdatabas. Retrieved 18 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.svenskfilmdatabas.se/sv/item/?type=PERSON&itemid=59401","url_text":"\"Arnold Sjöstrand\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.svenskfilmdatabas.se/sv/item/?type=PERSON&itemid=59401","external_links_name":"\"Arnold Sjöstrand\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0803686/","external_links_name":"Arnold Sjöstrand"},{"Link":"https://www.svenskfilmdatabas.se/en/Swedish-film-database/Item/?type=PERSON&itemid=59401","external_links_name":"Arnold Sjöstrand"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000463583899","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/5831151051997233530002","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb17159650q","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb17159650q","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arnold_Sj%C3%B6strand&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_To_Heart_episodes | List of To Heart episodes | ["1 To Heart","1.1 Bonus shorts","2 To Heart: Remember My Memories","3 To Heart 2 (anime television series)","4 To Heart 2 (OVA)","5 To Heart 2 ad","6 To Heart 2 adplus","7 To Heart 2 adnext","8 To Heart 2: Dungeon Travelers","9 References","10 External links"] | To Heart anime series DVD volume 1
To Heart is a 1999 Japanese anime television series based on the visual novel To Heart by the Japanese software company Leaf. The episodes, produced by the animation studio Oriental Light and Magic, are directed by Naohito Takahashi and aired in Japan between April 1 and June 24, 1999 compiling thirteen episodes. Six short bonus broadcasts were produced and aired after selected episodes. They lasted around five minutes and followed the general style of the main anime, although the characters are drawn super deformed. The overall story centers on Akari Kamigishi's blossoming relationship with the protagonist Hiroyuki. Three pieces of theme music were used for the episode; one opening theme and two ending themes. The opening theme is "Feeling Heart" by Masami Nakatsukasa; the first ending theme is "Yell" by Ayako Kawasumi, and the second ending theme is "Access" by Spy. Different ending themes were used depending on the location of the broadcast. The DVD and VHS releases used "Yell" as the ending theme. A set of six DVDs, videotapes and laserdiscs were sold in Japan for the To Heart anime.
To Heart was licensed for North American release by The Right Stuf International at Anime Expo 2004 on July 3, 2004 at their panel. Volume one was scheduled for late 2005, but the master copies Right Stuf received from Japan were in bad shape, delaying the release. Because To Heart was animated in the process of cel animation, it was captured onto film prior to conversion to video, and the video master showed dirt, glue marks, and other artifacts as a result of the process. Normally the original film would be restored to create a new master, but in this case the original film had been destroyed. As a result, the only choice was to digitally restore and remaster the video. All thirteen episodes and the six bonus extra was released on four DVD volumes between March 27 and August 28, 2007.
A sequel anime series entitled To Heart: Remember My Memories is set a year after the conclusion of the first anime and completes the anime's storyline (deviating from the visual novel). The future of Akari, Hiroyuki, and Multi are also shown. The Himeyuri twins from To Heart 2 make their debut appearances in To Heart: Remember My Memories as speaking cameos. The anime, which was produced by AIC and Oriental Light and Magic, and directed by Keitaro Motonaga, aired in Japan between October 2 and December 25, 2004 compiling thirteen episodes. The episodes were released on seven DVD compilation volumes in Japan. Seven short omake episodes titled Heart Fighters were released with the consumer DVD versions of To Heart: Remember My Memories; they are not available on rental DVDs. Unlike the bonus shorts of the first season, the characters are not drawn super deformed and there is an overall arching mini-story. The humor comes from its parodies of popular Japanese culture.
An anime television series for To Heart 2 was produced by Oriental Light and Magic and directed by Norihiko Sudō. Conisch and Kei Haneoka provided the soundtrack for the series. The episodes aired between October 3, 2005 and January 2, 2006 consisting of thirteen episodes. A three-episode original video animation series was produced by Aquaplus and Chaos Project with a new, original story. It was released on three DVDs between February 28 and September 28, 2007. A second OVA series titled To Heart 2: Another Days, was released on two DVDs, each containing an episode, between March 26 and August 8, 2008.
To Heart
#
Title
Original air date
01"A Brand New Morning"Transliteration: "Atarashii Asa" (Japanese: 新しい朝)April 1, 1999 (1999-04-01)
The anime opens with a scene from Akari's childhood - she has dropped all her books as it rains. While the other kids just walk past her, Hiroyuki helps her pick up her books. Many years have passed, and they're both second year high school students. It is the first day of school after summer holidays, and Akari wakes up Hiroyuki who is still asleep as usual. In their first homeroom, the teacher asks the class representative, Tomoko Hoshina, to assign new seats. Despite being harassed by a group of students, she continues to calmly make slips for a random draw. Hiroyuki decides to help Tomoko make the slips so he can go home earlier. The slips are made and draws conducted. Akari is lucky enough to draw the seat right next to Hiroyuki.
02"After School Incident"Transliteration: "Hōkago no Dekigoto" (Japanese: 放課後の出来事)April 8, 1999 (1999-04-08)
A popular band called "Childish an Hour" is due to perform at a sold out concert that week. Masashi tells Hiroyuki in private that he has only two tickets to Childish an Hour so Hiroyuki offers to talk to Akari and Shiho to see what can be done. In another scene, Shiho tells Akari she has two tickets to the concert. Hiroyuki searches the school for Shiho and when he finally does, they can't bring themselves to talk about the fact they both only have two tickets. In the end, they are unable to bring up the topic. Masashi and Hiroyuki, and Akari and Shiho both head to the concert not knowing they have enough tickets for all four of them. The four meet before the concert and figure out that there are actually four tickets and they all enjoy the concert without feeling guilty.
03"In a Sunny Spot"Transliteration: "Hidamari no Naka" (Japanese: 陽だまりの中)April 15, 1999 (1999-04-15)
Whilst sweeping up outside, Hiroyuki bumps into third year Serika Kurusugawa, the sole member of the school’s Occult Research Society. Serika gets Hiroyuki to help her gather ingredients for a magic potion, and subsequently lends him a book on black magic and invites him to participate in one of her ceremonies. However, Hiroyuki forgets and goes to a games arcade with Shiho, leaving Serika waiting alone after school until Akari notices her and goes to find Hiroyuki.
04"Shining Moment"Transliteration: "Kagayaki no Shunkan" (Japanese: 輝きの瞬間)April 22, 1999 (1999-04-22)
Switching from an older girl to a younger one, Hiroyuki is now the senpai who lets himself be entangled by the aspirations of a younger girl, the feisty first year Aoi who is trying to set up an Extreme Rules martial arts club. However the head of the karate club comes to make trouble, and egged on by an outsider (who turns out to be Serika's younger sister) challenges Aoi to a fight. The episode culminates in a contest between the two girls which serves to attract new members to Aoi's fledgling club.
05"Beneath the Blue Sky"Transliteration: "Aoi Sora no Shita de" (Japanese: 青い空の下で)April 29, 1999 (1999-04-29)
At the school sports day, Shiho says that the good for nothing Hiroyuki has lost his team spirit; Akari feels he's still reliable. Hiroyuki slowly realizes everyone he knows has great expectations of him despite his lackadaisical demeanor, and he comes under pressure to join the relay team in addition to the race he has already agreed to run.
06"Admiration"Transliteration: "Akogare" (Japanese: 憧れ)May 6, 1999 (1999-05-06)
Rio is a plain jane who yearns for the manga fantasy world of dashing heroes and whirlwind romances. When a series of coincidences allow her to get to know her hero Hiroyuki, she thinks her luck is in, at least for an hour or two as they go shopping together for a birthday present for her brother. Meanwhile, Akari learns from Shiho that Hiroyuki is on a date with a dowdy girl, and wonders what is going on.
07"Wavering Gaze"Transliteration: "Yureru Manazashi" (Japanese: 揺れるまなざし)May 13, 1999 (1999-05-13)
Akari meets a withdrawn and apparently psychic girl Kotone, who is shunned by her classmates as jinxed. Akari politely ignores Kotone's warnings to keep away from her and manages to entice her to join her at a school soccer match.
08"A Tranquil Time"Transliteration: "Odayaka na Jikoku" (Japanese: おだやかな時刻)May 20, 1999 (1999-05-20)
Confined to bed with a cold, Shiho freaks out when she realizes that her absence means Hiroyuki and Akari are studying alone together in Akari's bedroom. During a short break, Hiroyuki looks at old pictures of Akari and himself. He realizes that he forgot most of the stuff that happened between them.
09"Where The Heart Is"Transliteration: "Kokoro no Arika" (Japanese: 心の在り処)May 27, 1999 (1999-05-27)
Culture festival is nearing and it's up to the girls of the class to decorate the class. Okada and her gang decide to change plans at the last moment and when things don't go as planned, they place the blame on Tomoko. Although everyone has gone home, Hiroyuki and Akari help Tomoko who stayed behind to finish the preparations.
10"Dreaming Smile"Transliteration: "Yumemiru Egao" (Japanese: 夢見る笑顔)June 3, 1999 (1999-06-03)
An eager-to-please but clueless prototype maid robot, the cute green-haired Multi, is sent to the school for trials.
11"A Warm Gaze"Transliteration: "Nukumori no Hitomi" (Japanese: ぬくもりの瞳)June 10, 1999 (1999-06-10)
Hiroyuki and Akari are dismayed to learn that if Multi fails her trials, her memory will be wiped and have a new software installed. But what should constitute success: a highly skilled robot, or one people can relate to as a companion?
12"The Season of Emotions"Transliteration: "Omoi no Kisetsu" (Japanese: 想いの季節)June 17, 1999 (1999-06-17)
When Hiroyuki shows some kindness towards her, Shiho finds herself in a confusion of emotions, and realizes she's in love with him.
13"On a Day of Snow"Transliteration: "Yuki no Furu Hi" (Japanese: 雪の降る日)June 24, 1999 (1999-06-24)
Ever since episode eight, Akari has been increasingly concerned that all her special shared moments with Hiroyuki seem to mean nothing to him. Does he even remember the incident by the stone steps? And now Shiho seems to be making a play for him! With the worst possible timing, Akari gets confined to bed with a cold. When Shiho comes to visit, Akari puts her on the spot by asking if she's in love with Hiroyuki. Caught off-guard, Shiho is in a quandary and realizes she must choose between Akari's feelings and her own.
Bonus shorts
#
Title
Original air date
1"Usual Morning"Transliteration: "Itsumo no Asa" (Japanese: いつもの朝)TBA
Hiroyuki is awaken by Shiho, Serika and her butler is sweeping the school yard, Lemmy is spouting unlucky predictions, Multi is conducting black magic, Kotone is a member of the kyūdō club, Tomoko knocks Hiroyuki down with a well placed kick, Aoi is the respectable class president, and Akari is dispensing gossip and saying that she knows everything about Hiroyuki. When he goes to ask her what is going on, he finds himself in bed again: this time with Akari by his bedside trying to wake him up.
2"Private Room"TBA
It is a snowy night, and Kotone is at home studying. While writing, her mechanical pencil lead suddenly breaks. Kotone tries to push some more out, but even though she has plenty of lead in the pencil, it refuses to come out. She solves the problem by pushing lead through the front instead. Kotone sneezes, and uses a tissue. Instead of throwing it away directly, she tries to use her psychic abilities to slowly carry the tissue into the bin. She misses twice, but makes it on the third try, before being called down for dinner.
3"Hanging Out"Transliteration: "Toki ni wa Issho ni" (Japanese: 時には一緒に)TBA
Ayaka Kurusagawa, Serio, and Hiroyuki go fishing. While Ayaka and Serio have some good bites, Hiroyuki hasn't caught any fish. Ayaka cheerfully speculates that it's because he isn't having fun as she continues to reel them in. After a while, no more fish are caught - but then suddenly Hiroyuki gets a bite and catches the largest fish of the day. He says that he has tartar sauce left over from lunch and that they should eat it now. Serio offers to help, and uses her laser eyes to grill the fish.
4"Monster Shock"TBA
Everyone finds out that their lunch has been stolen. Suddenly, from the classroom closet, a round yellow monster with many eyes and wings pops out. Everyone chases it to the roof, where it lies heaving and tired. None of them is willing to approach the monster. Serika informs everyone that the monster is a newborn baby. Its mother appears from the sky, and the baby monster returns to its mother. The mother thanks everyone for caring for my child and in appreciation, rains diamonds all over the school.
5"Good Story"Transliteration: "Chotto... Ii Hanashi" (Japanese: ちょっと...イイ話)TBA
Multi and Serio are working part-time at a book store. When a child asks for an old picture book that is out of print, Multi goes out to look for a copy at used book stores and antique shops. She later meets up with Hoshina, who takes her to a flea market and finds the book. Unfortunately, the book costs 2,000 yen, but Hoshina bargains the price down to 500 yen. Multi returns to the book store with the book and shows Serio what she learned: a very Kansai-esque style of bargaining.
6"Class has one hundred percent attendance today"Transliteration: "Kyō wa Bokura no Kurasu wa Zen'in Shusseki da" (Japanese: 今日は僕らのクラスは全員出席だ)June 24, 1999 (1999-06-24)
The class puts on a self-referential play in which they play themselves having homeroom and discussing what production they are going to perform for the culture festival. The performance segues into a reprise of the homeroom plot of the first episode, bringing the story full circle.
To Heart: Remember My Memories
#
Title
Original air date
01"A New Premonition"Transliteration: "Atarashii Yokan" (Japanese: 新しい予感)October 2, 2004 (2004-10-02)
02"Past and Present"Transliteration: "Mukashi to, Ima to" (Japanese: 昔と, 今と)October 9, 2004 (2004-10-09)
This episode is about a flashback where Hiroyuki first meets Multi. Viewers later learn that Multi has lost her memory and that her mind is rejecting her memory from back then, so Hiroyuki tries really hard, but failed, but made a little progress.
03"And Then, You..."Transliteration: "Soshite, Kimi wa" (Japanese: そして, 君は)October 16, 2004 (2004-10-16)
04"Strength and Kindness"Transliteration: "Tsuyosa to, Yasashisa" (Japanese: 強さと, 優しさ)October 23, 2004 (2004-10-23)
Aoi is training for the upcoming extreme tournament with Hiroyuki as her training partner and Kotone acting as her manager. Akai and Multi stop by and help to clean the shrine when Ayaka who was out for a run as part of her training invites Aoi to join her and be her sparring partner at her mansion for a special training camp to prepare for the tournament. While at the mansion Multi and Seiro are sent to pick strawberries. While there the head gardener comes down with heat exhaustion at which time a helpless Multi can only comfort the old man while her sister robot contact an ambulance by her link to a satellite installed in her head. This makes Multi wonder whether she is really any use as a robot.
05"The Wall That Must Be Scaled"Transliteration: "Koeru Beki Kabe" (Japanese: 越えるべき壁)October 30, 2004 (2004-10-30)
06"The City of Memories, the People in Memory"Transliteration: "Omoide no Machi, Omoide no Hito" (Japanese: 思い出の街, 思い出の人)November 6, 2004 (2004-11-06)
07"One Person's Wish, Two People's Dream"Transliteration: "Hitori no Negai, Futari no Yume" (Japanese: 一人の願い, 二人の夢)November 13, 2004 (2004-11-13)
08"A Robot's Dream"Transliteration: "Robotto no Yume" (Japanese: ロボットの夢)November 20, 2004 (2004-11-20)
09"Misunderstanding"Transliteration: "Surechigau Kokoro" (Japanese: すれ違う心)November 27, 2004 (2004-11-27)
10"A Long Night"Transliteration: "Nagai Yoru" (Japanese: 長い夜)December 4, 2004 (2004-12-04)
11"To Understand One Another"Transliteration: "Wakariau Tame ni" (Japanese: 理解りあうために)December 11, 2004 (2004-12-11)
12"My Whereabouts"Transliteration: "Watashi no, Ibasho" (Japanese: わたしの, 居場所)December 18, 2004 (2004-12-18)
13"To Their Respective Futures"Transliteration: "Sorezore no Mirai e" (Japanese: それぞれの未来へ)December 25, 2004 (2004-12-25)
To Heart 2 (anime television series)
#
Title
Original air date
01"New Uniform"Transliteration: "Atarashii Seifuku" (Japanese: 新しい制服)October 3, 2005 (2005-10-03)
Takaaki picks up Konomi from her graduation ceremony from middle school and stays for dinner. He is asked to watch over Konomi by her mother when she goes out of town. Together, they spend the whole day having fun and end the day with Konomi showing off her new school uniform.
02"Childhood Friend"Transliteration: "Osananajimi" (Japanese: おさななじみ)October 10, 2005 (2005-10-10)
Tamaki Kōsaka returns home from an all-girls boarding school. Takaaki does not recognize her at first, but their reunion is filled with events that are identical to what happened in their past.
03"The Small Tea Party"Transliteration: "Chiisana Ochakai" (Japanese: 小さなお茶会)October 17, 2005 (2005-10-17)
Takaaki helps Manaka Komaki with volunteer work that she does to help the library club in an old teachers staff room. The next day, the library club leader tells her that her help won't be necessary because it's a job for the library club. She is unhappy to lose the job because the place where she calls her special spot is in the old room. Taking Takaaki advice to enjoy life more, she volunteers to take the job again despite the club leader's disapproval.
04"Bicycle"Transliteration: "Jitensha" (Japanese: 自転車)October 24, 2005 (2005-10-24)
Yuma Tonami is having a bad day because of Takaaki. She suspects that he's challenging her and challenges him to duels. Eventually, they become acquainted. As Yuma starts to show signs that something is troubling her, Manaka asks Takaaki to cheer her up.
05"Invitation"Transliteration: "Kan'yū" (Japanese: 勧誘)October 31, 2005 (2005-10-31)
Karin Sasamori is recruiting members for her mystery club. She tricks Takaaki into joining and blackmails him to keep him coming. At their first outdoor activity, they go to the mountains to search for UFOs and UMAs. The two become lost when they head off in the direction where Karin's UFO detector is picking up a signal, but they find their way back when the detector picks up another signal.
06"A Charcoal Brazier and a Girl"Transliteration: "Shichirin to Shōjo" (Japanese: 七輪と少女)November 7, 2005 (2005-11-07)
Rūko Kireinasora transfer into Takaaki's class. She claims to be an alien who crashed while exploring the earth. Karin orders Takaaki to spy on Rūko and then to tie a UFO detector collar on the cat that Rūko gives food to. While Takaaki is tying the collar on, the cat struggles and jumps into a stream. Not knowing what to do, Rūko strikes down a tree with lighting so Takaaki can save the cat.
07"UFO"November 14, 2005 (2005-11-14)
Takaaki invites everyone to a star-gazing event the mystery club is holding. At the event, it is revealed that the event is really a UFO calling party with Rūko as a special guest. No aliens come, but the crowd is entertained by a meteor shower.
08"Mismatched Feelings"Transliteration: "Surechigau Omoi" (Japanese: すれちがう想い)November 21, 2005 (2005-11-21)
Takaaki saves Sango Himeyuri and she confesses to him. Her sister, Ruri, does not approve and spreads rumors that Takaaki is a pervert. Even though Takaaki is nice to Ruri, she continues to try to get Takaaki to promise her that he will stay away from Sango.
09"Together"Transliteration: "Futari" (Japanese: ふたり)November 28, 2005 (2005-11-28)
Takaaki and Yūji invites Sango and Ruri to an amusement park. At the end of the day Sango wants a penguin stuffed animal but the only place where you can get it is from a crane machine. Ruri and Takaaki spend all their money, but they finally get one so Ruri can give it to Sango as a present.
10"Promise"Transliteration: "Yakusoku" (Japanese: 約束)December 5, 2005 (2005-12-05)
Sango helps develop the next generation maid android named Ilfa. The developers allow Ilfa to stay and serve at the Himeyuri residents, but Ruri feels left out when Ilfa makes them dinner. The next day, Ilfa asks Takaaki for advice on how to be Ruri's friend.
11"Fully Bloomed Double Cherry Blossoms"Transliteration: "Mankai no Yaezakura" (Japanese: 満開の八重桜)December 12, 2005 (2005-12-12)
Tamaki invites all of Takaaki's friends to her house for a tea ceremony. There, she thanks them for taking care of her Takaaki.
11.5"Special Compilation"Transliteration: "Tokubetsuhen" (Japanese: 特別編)December 24, 2005 (2005-12-24)
A summary of all the characters that encountered with Takaaki.
12"Spring Breeze"Transliteration: "Harukaze" (Japanese: 春風)December 19, 2005 (2005-12-19)
Konomi hangs out with friends that she never seen since she graduated from middle school. Her friends asks her if she found someone she likes and she starts to get confused with her feelings when she sees Takaaki with Sango and Ruri. On their way to school, Konomi's friends confront Takaaki to ask him about his relationship with Konami, but when Takaaki tells them that he sees her as a little sister, Konomi runs away.
13"Start in the Morning"Transliteration: "Hajimari no Asa" (Japanese: はじまりの朝)December 26, 2005 (2005-12-26)
The second year's overnight trip is coming soon and Takaaki has still yet to confront Konomi and apologize. Takaaki searches for her all over the school but it looks like she's avoiding him. With encouragement from Tamaki, Takaaki continues his search until he finds her walking her dog. Finally able to talk, they sort out the misunderstanding.
To Heart 2 (OVA)
#
Title
Original air date
1"The Beginnings of Maid Robot"Transliteration: "Meido Robo Hajimemashita" (Japanese: メイドロボはじめました)February 28, 2007 (2007-02-28)
Starts out with Yuji really excited about something. We learn that Ilfa was going to serve Kosaka household. Yuji attempts to get indecent footages of Ilfa using a wide variety of video cameras, starting from new and expensive ones but gradually using older and cheaper ones as Tamaki smashes them every time she caught him at it. In the end, Ilfa learned many things from Tamaki, including being "open" and her infamous "Forehead Squeeze" which she tried out on Yuji at the end of her stay at the Kousaka household.
Special"Short Story"Transliteration: "Shōto Sutōrī" (Japanese: ショートストーリー)February 28, 2007 (2007-02-28)
2"Summer of the Liveliest Sea"Transliteration: "Ano Natsu, Ichiban Sawagashii Umi" (Japanese: あの夏, 一番騒がしい海)June 27, 2007 (2007-06-27)
Takaaki, Yuusuke and all the girls make a visit to the beach, and Takaaki invites class-rep Manaka's sickly younger sister Ikuno to tag along. As Ikuno suspects Takaaki to be Manaka's boyfriend she hesitatingly accepts, intending to act as guardian for her precious sister. But learning more about those weird characters she soon changes her attitude.
3"Everyone's School Festival, A Modest Wish"Transliteration: "Minna no Gakuensai, Sasayaka na Negai" (Japanese: みんなの学園祭, ささやかな願い)September 28, 2007 (2007-09-28)
Takaaki and shy student council member Kusugawa Sasara have worked out plans for the school festival but school president Marianne, Kusugawa's only friend, rewrites these plans at the festival's eve, adding many weird "libido" elements, thus turning the whole school into a chaotic zone.
To Heart 2 ad
#
Title
Original air date
1"The Nail Mark of Memories"Transliteration: "Omoide no Tsumeato" (Japanese: 思い出の爪痕)March 26, 2008 (2008-03-26)
Takaaki has recently lost his memory, and the girls do everything possible to help fill in the gaps with pleasant memories while keeping him from remembering what happened. Within this, Tamaki seems to have a specific memory that she holds dear involving a particular letter.
2"Happy New Year"August 8, 2008 (2008-08-08)
Takaaki and his "harem" make a New Year visit at the shrine nearby and spent the first night of the year outside to watch the sunrise. Most of them get "bad luck" for their fortune cookie though, with Yuma being the only exception. Yuma's cookie tells her she will fall in love with someone close to her whom she never expected to - but this can't possibly be her arch-rival Takaaki, right?
To Heart 2 adplus
#
Title
Original air date
1"The First Errand"Transliteration: "Hajimete no Otsukai" (Japanese: はじめてのおつかい)April 24, 2009 (2009-04-24)
It starts off with Takaaki sleeping when a new character, HMX-17c Silfa, wakes him up by stepping on his face. At breakfast, Takaaki realize that they have run out of some things, so he told Silfa to shop and said he would come with her after school, but Yuji scares her off. So Takaaki went by himself to shop when we meet Harumi, who is in love with him.
2"Summer Mood"Transliteration: "Samā Mūdo" (Japanese: サマームード)October 7, 2009 (2009-10-07)
Maryaan organizes a swimsuit presentation competition with all of Takaaki's female friends participating.
To Heart 2 adnext
#
Title
Original air date
1"First Name"Transliteration: "Fāsuto Neimu" (Japanese: ファーストネイム)September 23, 2010 (2010-09-23)
Class rep Manaka frequently daydreams about her classmate Takaaki but at the same time is too shy to talk to boys in general. As Takaaki-kun helps her out in the school library they resolve to have training sessions there, calling each other by their first name when no one else can hear them. But when Manaka one day addresses Takaaki-kun outside the library and his buddy Yuji (who overheard their conversation) tells everyone in their class how awfully close these two have become, this has a surprising effect on all the other girls around Takaaki.
2"Trash Basket Memory"December 22, 2010 (2010-12-22)
Takashiro Yuuki was a childhood friend of Takaaki. But when her parents divorced she had to move and lost not only her friends but even her last name. Learning about this, Takaaki offered her she can have his name, and be Kouno Yuuki. Years later, this girl returns to her hometown, now named Kusakabe Yuuki. Takaaki now has his personal maid robot Harumi-chan who declared the boy her "darling" and tells everybody she will marry him. When Harumi learns about this childhood episode she considers Yuuki her rival and starts a series of competitions with her, for what else can "you can have my name" mean other than Takaaki having proposed to Yuuki back then?
To Heart 2: Dungeon Travelers
#
Title
Original air date
1"Total Disaster"Transliteration: "Saiaku no Saiyaku" (Japanese: サイアクのサイヤク)February 22, 2012 (2012-02-22)
Due to Maryan's science experiment, the characters have been thrown into an RPG world, and must defeat the final boss to return to their normal lives...if they feel like it.
2"Treasure"Transliteration: "Taisetsu na Mono" (Japanese: たいせつなもの)July 25, 2012 (2012-07-25)
The final boss is defeated, but the characters still haven't been freed from the game. According to Ilfa's advice, to leave the game, they need to find something black and shiny.
References
^ "TRSI announces two acquisitions". Anime News Network. Retrieved 2007-12-07.
^ "New Right Stuf Acquisitions". Anime News Network. Retrieved 2007-12-07.
^ "To Heart Update". Anime News Network. Retrieved 2007-12-07.
^ "To Heart". The Right Stuf International. Archived from the original on 2007-11-03. Retrieved 2007-12-07.
^ "To Heart Vol. 1: New Feelings" (PDF). The Right Stuf International. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-12-07. Retrieved 2007-12-07.
^ "To Heart Vol. 4: Love and Truth". The Right Stuf International. Archived from the original on 2008-11-16. Retrieved 2007-12-07.
^ アニメ情報 (in Japanese). Aquaplus. Retrieved July 21, 2013.
^ ストーリー (in Japanese). Imagica. Archived from the original on May 18, 2013. Retrieved May 18, 2013.
External links
To Heart: Remember My Memories official website (in Japanese)
To Heart at The Right Stuf International
To Heart 2 TV anime official website (in Japanese)
To Heart 2 OVA website (in Japanese)
To Heart (anime) at Anime News Network's encyclopedia | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ToHeartDVD1.jpg"},{"link_name":"To Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/To_Heart#Anime"},{"link_name":"anime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime"},{"link_name":"visual novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_novel"},{"link_name":"To Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/To_Heart"},{"link_name":"Leaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf_(company)"},{"link_name":"Oriental Light and Magic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OLM,_Inc."},{"link_name":"bonus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omake"},{"link_name":"super deformed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_deformed"},{"link_name":"Akari Kamigishi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akari_Kamigishi"},{"link_name":"Ayako Kawasumi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayako_Kawasumi"},{"link_name":"The Right Stuf International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Right_Stuf_International"},{"link_name":"Anime Expo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_Expo"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-toheartlicense-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-toheartfor2005-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-toheartdelay-3"},{"link_name":"cel animation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cel_animation"},{"link_name":"remaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remaster"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-toheartrestore-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-toheartrel1-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-toheartrel4-6"},{"link_name":"sequel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequel"},{"link_name":"To Heart 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/To_Heart_2"},{"link_name":"AIC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_International_Company"},{"link_name":"Conisch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conisch"},{"link_name":"original video animation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Original_video_animation"},{"link_name":"Aquaplus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaplus"}],"text":"To Heart anime series DVD volume 1To Heart is a 1999 Japanese anime television series based on the visual novel To Heart by the Japanese software company Leaf. The episodes, produced by the animation studio Oriental Light and Magic, are directed by Naohito Takahashi and aired in Japan between April 1 and June 24, 1999 compiling thirteen episodes. Six short bonus broadcasts were produced and aired after selected episodes. They lasted around five minutes and followed the general style of the main anime, although the characters are drawn super deformed. The overall story centers on Akari Kamigishi's blossoming relationship with the protagonist Hiroyuki. Three pieces of theme music were used for the episode; one opening theme and two ending themes. The opening theme is \"Feeling Heart\" by Masami Nakatsukasa; the first ending theme is \"Yell\" by Ayako Kawasumi, and the second ending theme is \"Access\" by Spy. Different ending themes were used depending on the location of the broadcast. The DVD and VHS releases used \"Yell\" as the ending theme. A set of six DVDs, videotapes and laserdiscs were sold in Japan for the To Heart anime.To Heart was licensed for North American release by The Right Stuf International at Anime Expo 2004 on July 3, 2004 at their panel.[1] Volume one was scheduled for late 2005, but the master copies Right Stuf received from Japan were in bad shape, delaying the release.[2][3] Because To Heart was animated in the process of cel animation, it was captured onto film prior to conversion to video, and the video master showed dirt, glue marks, and other artifacts as a result of the process. Normally the original film would be restored to create a new master, but in this case the original film had been destroyed. As a result, the only choice was to digitally restore and remaster the video.[4] All thirteen episodes and the six bonus extra was released on four DVD volumes between March 27 and August 28, 2007.[5][6]A sequel anime series entitled To Heart: Remember My Memories is set a year after the conclusion of the first anime and completes the anime's storyline (deviating from the visual novel). The future of Akari, Hiroyuki, and Multi are also shown. The Himeyuri twins from To Heart 2 make their debut appearances in To Heart: Remember My Memories as speaking cameos. The anime, which was produced by AIC and Oriental Light and Magic, and directed by Keitaro Motonaga, aired in Japan between October 2 and December 25, 2004 compiling thirteen episodes. The episodes were released on seven DVD compilation volumes in Japan. Seven short omake episodes titled Heart Fighters were released with the consumer DVD versions of To Heart: Remember My Memories; they are not available on rental DVDs. Unlike the bonus shorts of the first season, the characters are not drawn super deformed and there is an overall arching mini-story. The humor comes from its parodies of popular Japanese culture.An anime television series for To Heart 2 was produced by Oriental Light and Magic and directed by Norihiko Sudō. Conisch and Kei Haneoka provided the soundtrack for the series. The episodes aired between October 3, 2005 and January 2, 2006 consisting of thirteen episodes. A three-episode original video animation series was produced by Aquaplus and Chaos Project with a new, original story. It was released on three DVDs between February 28 and September 28, 2007. A second OVA series titled To Heart 2: Another Days, was released on two DVDs, each containing an episode, between March 26 and August 8, 2008.","title":"List of To Heart episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"To Heart"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Bonus shorts","title":"To Heart"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"To Heart: Remember My Memories"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"To Heart 2 (anime television series)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"To Heart 2 (OVA)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"To Heart 2 ad"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"To Heart 2 adplus"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"To Heart 2 adnext"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"To Heart 2: Dungeon Travelers"}] | [{"image_text":"To Heart anime series DVD volume 1","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ad/ToHeartDVD1.jpg/220px-ToHeartDVD1.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"TRSI announces two acquisitions\". Anime News Network. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray_card | Gray card | ["1 Application","1.1 Photography","2 Limitations","3 References"] | Reflectance reference used in photography
18% gray card (Note: For a precise rendering on a sRGB monitor, see the table in the entry for middle gray.)
Image before (left) and after (right) adjustment with gray card (middle)
Gray card from 100 to 0 in 30 steps.
A gray card is a middle gray reference, typically used together with a reflective light meter, as a way to produce consistent image exposure and/or color in video production, film, and photography.
A gray card is a flat object of a neutral-gray color that derives from a flat reflectance spectrum. A typical example is the Kodak R-27 set, which contains one 8 in × 10 in (20 cm × 25 cm) card and one 4 in × 5 in (10 cm × 13 cm) card, each with an 18% reflectance across the visible spectrum, and a white reverse side with a 90% reflectance. Note that flat spectral reflectance is a stronger condition than simply appearing neutral; this flatness ensures that the card always has the same color as its illuminant (see metamerism).
Application
Gray cards are used in a variety of ways by photographers, cinematographers, video engineers and video camera operators.
Photography
A primary use of gray cards is to provide a standard reference object for exposure determination in photography. A gray card is an (approximate) realization of a Lambertian scatterer; its apparent brightness (and exposure determination) therefore depends only on its orientation relative to the light source.
To establish the exposure for a photograph Kodak recommends placing the gray card as close to the subject as possible and "aiming the surface of the gray card toward a point one third of the compound angle between the camera and the main light. For example, if the main light is located 30 degrees to the side and 45 degrees up from the camera-to subject axis, aim the card 10 degrees to the side and 15 degrees up." The card should be metered from approximately six inches away.
Once a meter reading has been obtained, Kodak further recommends adjusting the exposure parameters using these criteria:
For subjects of normal reflectance, increase the indicated exposure by one half stop.
For light subjects, use the indicated exposure; for very light subjects, decrease exposure by one half stop.
If the subject is dark to very dark, increase the indicated exposure by one- to one-and-one-half stops.
This technique is similar to using an incident meter, as it depends on the illuminance but not the reflectivity of the subject. (Of course taking photographs with side lighting or back lighting implies that the gray card should be oriented toward the camera instead.)
In addition to providing a means for measuring exposure, a gray card provides a convenient reference for white balance, or color balance, allowing the camera to compensate for the illuminant color in a scene.
Gray cards can be used for in-camera white balance or post-processing white balance. Many digital cameras have a custom white balance feature. A photo of the gray card is taken and used to set white balance for a sequence of photos. For post-processing white balance, a photo of the gray card in the scene is taken, and the image processing software uses the data from the pixels in the gray card area of the photo to set the white balance point for the whole image.
Gray cards are made of a variety of materials including fabric, plastic, paper, and foam.
Limitations
A gray card is useful for setting or correcting the balance of neutral colors, as well as for exposure. Other charts, such as various color charts, provide standard reference patterns with calibrated reflectance spectrum and color coordinates, for use in adjusting color rendering in a larger range of situations.
References
^ Eastman Kodak Company. "Kodak Neutral Test Card Publication R-27" (PDF). www.zonephoto.it. Eastman Kodak Company.
^ Freeman, Michael (2005). The Digital SLR Handbook. Ilex. p. 69. ISBN 1-904705-36-7. Archived from the original on 2007-10-26. Retrieved 2007-05-09. | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Graukarte.svg"},{"link_name":"middle gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_gray"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Manweissabgleich.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gr%C3%A5kil_-_100-0_i_30_steg_-_2021.jpg"},{"link_name":"middle gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_gray"},{"link_name":"light meter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_meter"},{"link_name":"exposure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposure_(photography)"},{"link_name":"color","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color"},{"link_name":"video production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_production"},{"link_name":"film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film"},{"link_name":"photography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography"},{"link_name":"reflectance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflectance"},{"link_name":"visible spectrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visible_spectrum"},{"link_name":"reverse side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obverse_and_reverse"},{"link_name":"metamerism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamerism_(color)"}],"text":"18% gray card (Note: For a precise rendering on a sRGB monitor, see the table in the entry for middle gray.)Image before (left) and after (right) adjustment with gray card (middle)Gray card from 100 to 0 in 30 steps.A gray card is a middle gray reference, typically used together with a reflective light meter, as a way to produce consistent image exposure and/or color in video production, film, and photography.A gray card is a flat object of a neutral-gray color that derives from a flat reflectance spectrum. A typical example is the Kodak R-27 set, which contains one 8 in × 10 in (20 cm × 25 cm) card and one 4 in × 5 in (10 cm × 13 cm) card, each with an 18% reflectance across the visible spectrum, and a white reverse side with a 90% reflectance. Note that flat spectral reflectance is a stronger condition than simply appearing neutral; this flatness ensures that the card always has the same color as its illuminant (see metamerism).","title":"Gray card"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Gray cards are used in a variety of ways by photographers, cinematographers, video engineers and video camera operators.","title":"Application"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lambertian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambertian_reflectance"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"color balance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_balance"},{"link_name":"digital cameras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_camera"}],"sub_title":"Photography","text":"A primary use of gray cards is to provide a standard reference object for exposure determination in photography. A gray card is an (approximate) realization of a Lambertian scatterer; its apparent brightness (and exposure determination) therefore depends only on its orientation relative to the light source. \nTo establish the exposure for a photograph Kodak recommends placing the gray card as close to the subject as possible and \"aiming the surface of the gray card toward a point one third of the compound angle between the camera and the main light. For example, if the main light is located 30 degrees to the side and 45 degrees up from the camera-to subject axis, aim the card 10 degrees to the side and 15 degrees up.\" The card should be metered from approximately six inches away.\nOnce a meter reading has been obtained, Kodak further recommends adjusting the exposure parameters using these criteria:For subjects of normal reflectance, increase the indicated exposure by one half stop.\nFor light subjects, use the indicated exposure; for very light subjects, decrease exposure by one half stop.\nIf the subject is dark to very dark, increase the indicated exposure by one- to one-and-one-half stops.[1]This technique is similar to using an incident meter, as it depends on the illuminance but not the reflectivity of the subject. (Of course taking photographs with side lighting or back lighting implies that the gray card should be oriented toward the camera instead.)In addition to providing a means for measuring exposure, a gray card provides a convenient reference for white balance, or color balance, allowing the camera to compensate for the illuminant color in a scene.Gray cards can be used for in-camera white balance or post-processing white balance. Many digital cameras have a custom white balance feature. A photo of the gray card is taken and used to set white balance for a sequence of photos. For post-processing white balance, a photo of the gray card in the scene is taken, and the image processing software uses the data from the pixels in the gray card area of the photo to set the white balance point for the whole image.Gray cards are made of a variety of materials including fabric, plastic, paper, and foam.","title":"Application"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"color charts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_chart"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"A gray card is useful for setting or correcting the balance of neutral colors, as well as for exposure. Other charts, such as various color charts, provide standard reference patterns with calibrated reflectance spectrum and color coordinates, for use in adjusting color rendering in a larger range of situations.[2]","title":"Limitations"}] | [{"image_text":"18% gray card (Note: For a precise rendering on a sRGB monitor, see the table in the entry for middle gray.)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Graukarte.svg/220px-Graukarte.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Image before (left) and after (right) adjustment with gray card (middle)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Manweissabgleich.jpg/220px-Manweissabgleich.jpg"},{"image_text":"Gray card from 100 to 0 in 30 steps.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Gr%C3%A5kil_-_100-0_i_30_steg_-_2021.jpg/220px-Gr%C3%A5kil_-_100-0_i_30_steg_-_2021.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Eastman Kodak Company. \"Kodak Neutral Test Card Publication R-27\" (PDF). www.zonephoto.it. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KK_Gostivar | KK Gostivar | ["1 History","2 Honours","3 Players","3.1 Current roster","3.2 Depth chart","4 Former players","5 European competitions","6 References","7 External links"] | Basketball team in Gostivar, North MacedoniaKK GOSTIVARLeaguesMacedonian First LeagueFounded1954; 70 years ago (1954)History
List
1996–2004 Nikol Fert 2004–2008 Mavrovo 2009–2011 Gostivar 2009 2015–present Gostivar 2015
Arena``Mladost``GostivarLocationGostivar, North MacedoniaTeam colorsWhite and blue PresidentStojmir DejanoskiHead coachLjupco MalinkovChampionships1 Championships of Macedonia 2 Macedonian Cup 2 Macedonian Super Cup
Home
Away
BC Gostivar (Macedonian: КК Гостивар) is a basketball club based in Gostivar, North Macedonia. In the past it was known as Nikol Fert for sponsorship reasons.
History
The team was established in 1954 under name KK Mavrovo. It changed its name numerous times over the year. KK Goteks, KK Vardar-Komerc, KK Gostivar and KK Nikol-Fert Gostivar. KK Gostivar is three times republic league champion of Macedonia. In the golden age of its existence it won three title in: 1965, 1967 and 1968. They waited for a long time for their fourth title but after 32 years they won their 4th title in 2000. Next year in the season 2000-01 they won their first Macedonian Basketball Cup by beating KK Rabotnički in the final 72–65. Next season they once again defeated Rabotnički 88–82 to claim back to back Cup titles.
Honours
Macedonian First League
Winner (4): 1964–65, 1966–67, 1967–68, 1999–2000
Macedonian Cup
Winner (2): 2001, 2002
Macedonian Super Cup
Winner (2): 2000, 2002
Players
Current roster
KK Gostivar roster
Players
Coaches
Pos.
No.
Nat.
Name
Ht.
Age
F
6
Stojanoski, Toma
1.98 m (6 ft 6 in)
20 – (2004-06-14)14 June 2004
PG
7
Taneski, Mladen
1.80 m (5 ft 11 in)
22 – (2002-04-20)20 April 2002
G/F
10
Dimitrievski, Robert
1.96 m (6 ft 5 in)
32 – (1991-10-17)17 October 1991
F/C
11
Korsantia, Giorgi
2.07 m (6 ft 9 in)
26 – (1998-01-11)11 January 1998
SG
12
Dimitrievski, Renato (C)
1.96 m (6 ft 5 in)
32 – (1991-10-17)17 October 1991
SG
23
Levkoski, Vojce
1.93 m (6 ft 4 in)
33 – (1991-03-08)8 March 1991
SG
24
Mitevski, Maksim
1.93 m (6 ft 4 in)
24 – (2000-02-18)18 February 2000
F
33
Vuckovic, Arsenije
2.06 m (6 ft 9 in)
25 – (1998-08-16)16 August 1998
Head coach
Ljupčo Malinkov
Assistant coach(es)
Nikola Dimitrievski
Petar Angelov
Legend
(C) Team captain Injured
Roster Updated: 2023-01-02
Depth chart
Pos.
Starting 5
Bench 1
Bench 2
C
Giorgi Korsantia
PF
Arsenije Vuckovic
Toma Stojanoski
SF
Viktor Efremovski
Robert Dimitrievski
SG
Maksim Mitevski
Renato Dimitrievski
Vojce Levkovski
PG
Deonte Burton
Luwane Pipkins
Mladen Taneski
Former players
Radislav Jovanoski
Milan Sotirovski
Todor Gečevski
Jordančo Davitkov
Dejan Dimov
Marjan Janevski
Slobodan Petrovski
Vlatko Vladičevski
Vojislav Zivčević
Pero Blazevski
Gjorgji Knjazev
Budimir Jolović
Bojan Trajkovski
Josip Sičić
Dušan Sučević
Dejan Jeftić
Michail Misunov
Artan Kuqo
European competitions
They played 4 times in European competition. In the season 1996/97, 1999/00 and 2000/01 they played in FKC/FIBA Korac Cup. In the 2002/03 season they played in FRC/FIBA-Europe Regional Challenge.
Scores of KK Nikolfert Gostivar in Europe:
1996 Radivoj Korać Cup
Round
Team
Home
Away
Qualif.Round
Debreceni
74–43
70–56
Group stage
Pepinster
90–83
80–65
Telecomp Vinkovci
83–75
66–48
Saski Baskonia
72–74
118–73
1999 Radivoj Korać Cup
Round
Team
Home
Away
Qualif.Round
Zagorje
82–87
80–97
Group stage
Maccabi Haifa
86–92
72–45
Pallacanestro Reggiana
75–71
96–71
Beopetrol
Quit
Quit
1999 Radivoj Korać Cup
Round
Team
Home
Away
Qualif.Round
Sloboda Tuzla
66–61
81–60
2002 Europe Champions Cup
Round
Team
Home
Away
Qualif.Round
HKK Brotnjo
64–78
59–76
Group stage
Zrinjevac
87–79
89–92
AEL Limassol
67–87
75–84
References
^ "Gostivar 2009 basketball, News, Roster, Rumors, Stats, Awards, Transactions, Details-eurobasket".
External links
Eurobasket.com KK Gostivar Page
vteMacedonian First LeagueSeasons
2013–14
2014–15
2015–16
2016–17
2017–18
2018–19
2019–20
2020–21
Clubs2020–21
Akademija FMP
Crn Drim
EuroNickel 2005
FMP
Gostivar
Kožuv
Kumanovo 2009
MZT Skopje
MZT Skopje UNI Banka
Pelister
Rabotnički
Vardar
Former
AMAK SP
AV Ohrid
Balkan Steel
Best
Blokotehna
Centar
Goce Delčev
Karpoš Sokoli
Kočani Delikates
Lirija
Nemetali Ogražden
Ovče Pole
Playmaker Cubus
Pop Sport
Shkupi
Strumica
Strumica 2005
Torus
Ultimate Basket
Vardar Osiguruvanje
Veles 2000
Vodnjanski Lisici
Žito Vardar
Favoriti
Associated competitions
Macedonian Cup
This article about a basketball team from North Macedonia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Macedonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_language"},{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"Gostivar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gostivar"},{"link_name":"North Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"}],"text":"BC Gostivar (Macedonian: КК Гостивар) is a basketball club based in Gostivar, North Macedonia. In the past it was known as Nikol Fert for sponsorship reasons.","title":"KK Gostivar"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Macedonian Basketball Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_Basketball_Cup"},{"link_name":"KK Rabotnički","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KK_Rabotni%C4%8Dki"}],"text":"The team was established in 1954 under name KK Mavrovo. It changed its name numerous times over the year. KK Goteks, KK Vardar-Komerc, KK Gostivar and KK Nikol-Fert Gostivar. KK Gostivar [1] is three times republic league champion of Macedonia. In the golden age of its existence it won three title in: 1965, 1967 and 1968. They waited for a long time for their fourth title but after 32 years they won their 4th title in 2000. Next year in the season 2000-01 they won their first Macedonian Basketball Cup by beating KK Rabotnički in the final 72–65. Next season they once again defeated Rabotnički 88–82 to claim back to back Cup titles.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Macedonian First League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_First_League_(basketball)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gold_medal_with_cup.svg"},{"link_name":"Macedonian Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_Basketball_Cup"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gold_medal_with_cup.svg"},{"link_name":"Macedonian Super Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_Basketball_Super_Cup"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gold_medal_with_cup.svg"}],"text":"Macedonian First LeagueWinner (4): 1964–65, 1966–67, 1967–68, 1999–2000Macedonian CupWinner (2): 2001, 2002Macedonian Super CupWinner (2): 2000, 2002","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Current roster","title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Depth chart","title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Radislav Jovanoski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radislav_Jovanoski&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Milan Sotirovski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Milan_Sotirovski&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Todor Gečevski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todor_Ge%C4%8Devski"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Jordančo Davitkov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan%C4%8Do_Davitkov"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Dejan Dimov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dejan_Dimov"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Marjan Janevski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marjan_Janevski"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Slobodan Petrovski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slobodan_Petrovski"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Vlatko Vladičevski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlatko_Vladi%C4%8Devski"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Vojislav Zivčević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vojislav_Ziv%C4%8Devi%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Pero Blazevski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pero_Blazevski"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Gjorgji Knjazev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjorgji_Knjazev"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Budimir Jolović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budimir_Jolovi%C4%87"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Bojan Trajkovski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bojan_Trajkovski"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"Josip Sičić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josip_Si%C4%8Di%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Dušan Sučević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Du%C5%A1an_Su%C4%8Devi%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Dejan Jeftić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dejan_Jefti%C4%87_(basketball,_born_1975)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Michail Misunov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michail_Misunov"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"},{"link_name":"Artan Kuqo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Artan_Kuqo&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Radislav Jovanoski\n Milan Sotirovski\n Todor Gečevski\n Jordančo Davitkov\n Dejan Dimov\n Marjan Janevski\n Slobodan Petrovski\n Vlatko Vladičevski\n Vojislav Zivčević\n Pero Blazevski\n Gjorgji Knjazev\n Budimir Jolović\n Bojan Trajkovski\n Josip Sičić\n Dušan Sučević\n Dejan Jeftić\n Michail Misunov\n Artan Kuqo","title":"Former players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Radivoj Korać Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996%E2%80%9397_FIBA_Kora%C4%87_Cup"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Debreceni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debreceni_Vadkakasok"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Pepinster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R.B.C._Verviers-Pepinster"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"Telecomp Vinkovci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KK_Vinkovci"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Saski Baskonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saski_Baskonia"},{"link_name":"Radivoj Korać Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999%E2%80%932000_FIBA_Kora%C4%87_Cup"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia"},{"link_name":"Zagorje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=KK_Zagorje&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Maccabi Haifa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maccabi_Haifa_B.C."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Pallacanestro Reggiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallacanestro_Reggiana"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Beopetrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KK_Atlas"},{"link_name":"Radivoj Korać Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000%E2%80%9301_FIBA_Kora%C4%87_Cup"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"Sloboda Tuzla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KK_Sloboda_Tuzla"},{"link_name":"Europe Champions Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002%E2%80%9303_FIBA_Europe_Champions_Cup"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"HKK Brotnjo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HKK_Brotnjo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"Zrinjevac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KK_Zrinjevac"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus"},{"link_name":"AEL Limassol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AEL_Limassol_(basketball)"}],"text":"They played 4 times in European competition. In the season 1996/97, 1999/00 and 2000/01 they played in FKC/FIBA Korac Cup. In the 2002/03 season they played in FRC/FIBA-Europe Regional Challenge.Scores of KK Nikolfert Gostivar in Europe:1996 Radivoj Korać Cup\n\n\n\n\nRound\n\nTeam\n\nHome\n\n Away \n\n\nQualif.Round\n\n Debreceni\n\n74–43\n\n70–56\n\n\nGroup stage\n\n Pepinster\n\n90–83\n\n80–65\n\n\n Telecomp Vinkovci\n\n83–75\n\n66–48\n\n\n Saski Baskonia\n\n72–74\n\n118–73\n\n\n\n1999 Radivoj Korać Cup\n\n\n\n\nRound\n\nTeam\n\nHome\n\n Away \n\n\nQualif.Round\n\n Zagorje\n\n82–87\n\n80–97\n\n\nGroup stage\n\n Maccabi Haifa\n\n86–92\n\n72–45\n\n\n Pallacanestro Reggiana\n\n75–71\n\n96–71\n\n\n Beopetrol\n\nQuit\n\nQuit\n\n\n\n\n\n1999 Radivoj Korać Cup\n\n\n\n\nRound\n\nTeam\n\nHome\n\n Away \n\n\nQualif.Round\n\n Sloboda Tuzla\n\n66–61\n\n81–602002 Europe Champions Cup\n\n\n\n\nRound\n\nTeam\n\nHome\n\n Away \n\n\nQualif.Round\n\n HKK Brotnjo\n\n64–78\n\n59–76\n\n\nGroup stage\n\n Zrinjevac\n\n87–79\n\n89–92\n\n\n AEL Limassol\n\n67–87\n\n75–84","title":"European competitions"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Gostivar 2009 basketball, News, Roster, Rumors, Stats, Awards, Transactions, Details-eurobasket\".","urls":[{"url":"http://basketball.eurobasket.com/team/FYR-Macedonia/Gostivar_2009/1666","url_text":"\"Gostivar 2009 basketball, News, Roster, Rumors, Stats, Awards, Transactions, Details-eurobasket\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.eurobasket.com/boxScores/North%20Macedonia/2022/1008_21009_1676.asp","external_links_name":"Roster"},{"Link":"http://basketball.eurobasket.com/team/FYR-Macedonia/Gostivar_2009/1666","external_links_name":"\"Gostivar 2009 basketball, News, Roster, Rumors, Stats, Awards, Transactions, Details-eurobasket\""},{"Link":"http://basketball.eurobasket.com/team/FYR-Macedonia/Gostivar_2009/1666","external_links_name":"Eurobasket.com KK Gostivar Page"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084108/http://star.vest.com.mk/default.asp?id=26446&idg=2&idb=546&rubrika=Sport","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=KK_Gostivar&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rana_Raslan | Rana Raslan | ["1 Early and personal life","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"] | Arab-Israeli model
Rana RaslanRaslan after being crowned national beauty queen in Tel Aviv, 9 March 1999Born (1977-03-17) 17 March 1977 (age 47)Wadi Nisnas, Haifa, IsraelOccupationModel (formerly)Spouse
Unknown (m. 2003)Beauty pageant titleholderHair colourBlackEye colourBrownMajorcompetition(s)Miss Israel 1999 (Winner)Miss Universe 1999 (Unplaced)
Rana Raslan (Arabic: رنا رسلان; Hebrew: רנא רסלאן; born (1977-03-17)17 March 1977) is an Israeli former model who won Miss Israel in 1999. With the cancellation of the pageant in 2022, she remains the only Arab and Muslim to have won the title. Following her crowning as national beauty queen, Raslan represented Israel at Miss Universe that same year.
Concurrent Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu hailed Raslan's first-place nomination as a "clear manifestation of equality and cooperation between Jews and Arabs in Israel" and criticized the assertion that Arabs are treated as second-class citizens under Israeli law.
Early and personal life
Raslan was born on 17 March 1977 in Wadi Nisnas, a neighbourhood in the city of Haifa; her father is an Arab Muslim and her mother is an Arab Christian who converted to Islam.
She has described herself as a "secular Muslim" in response to accusations of immorality by Muslim fundamentalists—specifically in reference to the beauty pageants' usage of swimsuits.
In 2003, Raslan relocated to Dubai after her marriage to an Emirati businessman.
See also
Israel portalBiography portalFashion portal
Lucy Aharish, Arab-Israeli journalist and actress
Huda Naccache, Arab-Israeli model
Lucy Ayoub, Arab-Israeli journalist
Mira Awad, Arab-Israeli musical artist
References
^ "Rana: No chance for Arab in Israeli world of modeling". Bladi.info (in French). Retrieved 23 February 2021.
^ Staff (10 March 1999). "FOR FIRST TIME, ARAB REIGNS AS MISS ISRAEL". Buffalo News. Retrieved 14 December 2022.
^ "In the eye of the beholder" Archived 2007-03-02 at the Wayback Machine Al-Ahram #421, March 1999
^ "BBC News | Middle East | Arab crowned Miss Israel". news.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 14 December 2022.
^ "Rana Raslan - Miss Universe competition". Flickr. 3 May 2006.
^ "In a first, Arab wins Miss Israel pageant". Tampa Bay Times. Retrieved 14 December 2022.
^ "Back-slapping all round as Arab is crowned Miss Israel". the Guardian. 11 March 1999. Retrieved 14 December 2022.
^ "Israel's beauty queen is Arab; Contest: The Jewish state's first Muslim Miss Israel carries a lot more than a crown on her head". Baltimore Sun. 11 March 1999. Retrieved 14 December 2022.
^ "Arab beauty rides Miss Israel title through thorny issues", Jewish Telegraphic Agency, November 5, 1999
^ "חיים אתגר על המפגש עם השייח' אליו נישאה רנא רסלאן | חשיפה". 5 August 2021.
^ "Rana: No chance for Arab in Israeli world of modeling". Bladi.info (in French). Retrieved 23 February 2021.
External links
Israel beauty queens since 1950
vteMiss Universe 1999 national titleholders
BOT: Mpule Kwelagobe
DOM: Luz García
EGY: Angie Abdalla
FRA: Mareva Galanter
HKG: Anne Heung
IND: Gul Panag
ISR: Rana Raslan
MEX: Silvia Salgado
PAN: Yamani Saied
PHL: Miriam Quiambao
PRT: Marisa Ferreira
RUS: Alexandra Petrova
ZAF: Sonia Raciti
SWE: Emma-Helena Nilsson
THA: Apisamai Srirangsan
USA: Kimberly Pressler
VEN: Carolina Indriago
Authority control databases International
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
Israel
This Israeli biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This biography article about an Asian contestant in a beauty pageant is a stub. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DLGAP1 | DLGAP1 | ["1 Function","2 Interactions","3 References","4 Further reading"] | Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
DLGAP1IdentifiersAliasesDLGAP1, DAP-1, DAP-1-ALPHA, DAP-1-BETA, DAP1, DLGAP1A, DLGAP1B, GKAP, SAPAP1, hGKAP, discs large homolog associated protein 1, DLG associated protein 1External IDsOMIM: 605445; MGI: 1346065; HomoloGene: 31258; GeneCards: DLGAP1; OMA:DLGAP1 - orthologsGene location (Human)Chr.Chromosome 18 (human)Band18p11.31Start3,496,032 bpEnd4,455,307 bpGene location (Mouse)Chr.Chromosome 17 (mouse)Band17 E1.3|17 40.85 cMStart70,276,068 bpEnd71,128,408 bpRNA expression patternBgeeHumanMouse (ortholog)Top expressed inBrodmann area 23endothelial cellprimary visual cortexprefrontal cortexponsdorsolateral prefrontal cortexBrodmann area 9parietal lobesuperior frontal gyrusright frontal lobeTop expressed inpiriform cortexsubiculumprimary motor cortexcingulate gyrussubdivision of hippocampusRegion I of hippocampus properlateral septal nucleuscerebellar vermislobe of cerebellumanterior amygdaloid areaMore reference expression dataBioGPSMore reference expression dataGene ontologyMolecular function
protein binding
protein domain specific binding
protein-containing complex binding
Cellular component
cell junction
postsynaptic membrane
postsynaptic density
membrane
plasma membrane
synapse
cellular component
Biological process
signaling
chemical synaptic transmission
Sources:Amigo / QuickGOOrthologsSpeciesHumanMouseEntrez9229224997EnsemblENSG00000170579ENSMUSG00000003279UniProtO14490Q9D415RefSeq (mRNA)NM_001003809NM_001242761NM_001242762NM_001242763NM_001242764NM_001242765NM_001242766NM_001308390NM_004746NM_001128180NM_001128181NM_027712NM_177639NM_001347411NM_001347412NM_001347413NM_001347414NM_001360665RefSeq (protein)NP_001003809NP_001229690NP_001229691NP_001229692NP_001229693NP_001229694NP_001229695NP_001295319NP_004737NP_001121652NP_001121653NP_001334340NP_001334341NP_001334342NP_001334343NP_081988NP_808307NP_001347594Location (UCSC)Chr 18: 3.5 – 4.46 MbChr 17: 70.28 – 71.13 MbPubMed searchWikidataView/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse
Disks large-associated protein 1 (DAP-1), also known as guanylate kinase-associated protein (GKAP), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DLGAP1 gene. DAP-1 is known to be highly enriched in synaptosomal preparations of the brain, and present in the post-synaptic density.
Function
This gene encodes the protein called guanylate kinase-associated protein (GKAP). GKAP binds to the SHANK2 and PSD-95 proteins, facilitating the assembly of the post-synaptic density of neurons. Dlgap1 has five 14-amino-acid repeats and three Pro-rich portions.
Interactions
DLGAP1 has been shown to interact with:
DLG1
DLG4
DYNLL1
DYNLL2
SHANK2
The interaction with PSD95 and S-SCAM is mediated by the GUK domain and it has been hypothesized that this might mean it can also interact with other GUK containing proteins.
References
^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000170579 – Ensembl, May 2017
^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000003279 – Ensembl, May 2017
^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ "Entrez Gene: DLGAP1 discs, large (Drosophila) homolog-associated protein 1".
^ Hines RM, El-Husseini A (2006). "Mechanisms that regulate neuronal protein clustering at the synapse". In El-Husseini A, Dityatev A (eds.). Molecular mechanisms of synaptogenesis. Berlin: Springer. pp. 72–75. ISBN 978-0-387-32560-6.
^ a b Takeuchi M, Hata Y, Hirao K, Toyoda A, Irie M, Takai Y (May 1997). "SAPAPs. A family of PSD-95/SAP90-associated proteins localized at postsynaptic density". J. Biol. Chem. 272 (18): 11943–51. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.18.11943. PMID 9115257.
^ a b Satoh K, Yanai H, Senda T, Kohu K, Nakamura T, Okumura N, Matsumine A, Kobayashi S, Toyoshima K, Akiyama T (June 1997). "DAP-1, a novel protein that interacts with the guanylate kinase-like domains of hDLG and PSD-95". Genes Cells. 2 (6): 415–24. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2443.1997.1310329.x. PMID 9286858.
^ a b Wu H, Reissner C, Kuhlendahl S, Coblentz B, Reuver S, Kindler S, Gundelfinger ED, Garner CC (November 2000). "Intramolecular interactions regulate SAP97 binding to GKAP". EMBO J. 19 (21): 5740–51. doi:10.1093/emboj/19.21.5740. PMC 305801. PMID 11060025.
^ a b Kim E, Naisbitt S, Hsueh YP, Rao A, Rothschild A, Craig AM, Sheng M (February 1997). "GKAP, a novel synaptic protein that interacts with the guanylate kinase-like domain of the PSD-95/SAP90 family of channel clustering molecules". J. Cell Biol. 136 (3): 669–78. doi:10.1083/jcb.136.3.669. PMC 2134290. PMID 9024696.
^ a b c d Naisbitt S, Valtschanoff J, Allison DW, Sala C, Kim E, Craig AM, Weinberg RJ, Sheng M (June 2000). "Interaction of the postsynaptic density-95/guanylate kinase domain-associated protein complex with a light chain of myosin-V and dynein". J. Neurosci. 20 (12): 4524–34. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.20-12-04524.2000. PMC 6772433. PMID 10844022.
^ a b Boeckers TM, Winter C, Smalla KH, Kreutz MR, Bockmann J, Seidenbecher C, Garner CC, Gundelfinger ED (October 1999). "Proline-rich synapse-associated proteins ProSAP1 and ProSAP2 interact with synaptic proteins of the SAPAP/GKAP family". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 264 (1): 247–52. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1999.1489. PMID 10527873.
^ Hirao K, Hata Y, Ide N, Takeuchi M, Irie M, Yao I, et al. (1998). "A novel multiple PDZ domain-containing molecule interacting with N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors and neuronal cell adhesion proteins". J Biol Chem. 273 (33): 21105–10. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.33.21105. PMID 9694864.
Further reading
Kim E, Naisbitt S, Hsueh YP, et al. (1997). "GKAP, a novel synaptic protein that interacts with the guanylate kinase-like domain of the PSD-95/SAP90 family of channel clustering molecules". J. Cell Biol. 136 (3): 669–78. doi:10.1083/jcb.136.3.669. PMC 2134290. PMID 9024696.
Takeuchi M, Hata Y, Hirao K, et al. (1997). "SAPAPs. A family of PSD-95/SAP90-associated proteins localized at postsynaptic density". J. Biol. Chem. 272 (18): 11943–51. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.18.11943. PMID 9115257.
Naisbitt S, Kim E, Weinberg RJ, et al. (1997). "Characterization of guanylate kinase-associated protein, a postsynaptic density protein at excitatory synapses that interacts directly with postsynaptic density-95/synapse-associated protein 90". J. Neurosci. 17 (15): 5687–96. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.17-15-05687.1997. PMC 6573205. PMID 9221768.
Satoh K, Yanai H, Senda T, et al. (1997). "DAP-1, a novel protein that interacts with the guanylate kinase-like domains of hDLG and PSD-95". Genes Cells. 2 (6): 415–24. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2443.1997.1310329.x. PMID 9286858.
Hirao K, Hata Y, Ide N, et al. (1998). "A novel multiple PDZ domain-containing molecule interacting with N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors and neuronal cell adhesion proteins". J. Biol. Chem. 273 (33): 21105–10. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.33.21105. PMID 9694864.
Deguchi M, Hata Y, Takeuchi M, et al. (1998). "BEGAIN (brain-enriched guanylate kinase-associated protein), a novel neuronal PSD-95/SAP90-binding protein". J. Biol. Chem. 273 (41): 26269–72. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.41.26269. PMID 9756850.
Kawabe H, Hata Y, Takeuchi M, et al. (1999). "nArgBP2, a novel neural member of ponsin/ArgBP2/vinexin family that interacts with synapse-associated protein 90/postsynaptic density-95-associated protein (SAPAP)". J. Biol. Chem. 274 (43): 30914–8. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.43.30914. PMID 10521485.
Boeckers TM, Winter C, Smalla KH, et al. (1999). "Proline-rich synapse-associated proteins ProSAP1 and ProSAP2 interact with synaptic proteins of the SAPAP/GKAP family". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 264 (1): 247–52. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1999.1489. PMID 10527873.
Naisbitt S, Valtschanoff J, Allison DW, et al. (2000). "Interaction of the postsynaptic density-95/guanylate kinase domain-associated protein complex with a light chain of myosin-V and dynein". J. Neurosci. 20 (12): 4524–34. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.20-12-04524.2000. PMC 6772433. PMID 10844022.
Wu H, Reissner C, Kuhlendahl S, et al. (2000). "Intramolecular interactions regulate SAP97 binding to GKAP". EMBO J. 19 (21): 5740–51. doi:10.1093/emboj/19.21.5740. PMC 305801. PMID 11060025.
Haraguchi K, Satoh K, Yanai H, et al. (2001). "The hDLG-associated protein DAP interacts with dynein light chain and neuronal nitric oxide synthase". Genes Cells. 5 (11): 905–911. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2443.2000.00374.x. PMID 11122378.
Lo KW, Naisbitt S, Fan JS, et al. (2001). "The 8-kDa dynein light chain binds to its targets via a conserved (K/R)XTQT motif". J. Biol. Chem. 276 (17): 14059–66. doi:10.1074/jbc.M010320200. PMID 11148209.
Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. (2003). "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9916899M. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMC 139241. PMID 12477932.
Im YJ, Lee JH, Park SH, et al. (2004). "Crystal structure of the Shank PDZ-ligand complex reveals a class I PDZ interaction and a novel PDZ-PDZ dimerization". J. Biol. Chem. 278 (48): 48099–104. doi:10.1074/jbc.M306919200. PMID 12954649.
Ballif BA, Villén J, Beausoleil SA, et al. (2005). "Phosphoproteomic analysis of the developing mouse brain". Mol. Cell. Proteomics. 3 (11): 1093–101. doi:10.1074/mcp.M400085-MCP200. PMID 15345747.
Suzuki T, Li W, Zhang JP, et al. (2005). "A novel scaffold protein, TANC, possibly a rat homolog of Drosophila rolling pebbles (rols), forms a multiprotein complex with various postsynaptic density proteins". Eur. J. Neurosci. 21 (2): 339–50. doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.03856.x. PMID 15673434. S2CID 28773407.
Sabio G; Arthur JS; Kuma Y; et al. (2005). "p38gamma regulates the localisation of SAP97 in the cytoskeleton by modulating its interaction with GKAP". EMBO J. 24 (6): 1134–45. doi:10.1038/sj.emboj.7600578. PMC 556394. PMID 15729360.
This article on a gene on human chromosome 18 is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein"},{"link_name":"gene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene"},{"link_name":"post-synaptic density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-synaptic_density"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-entrez-5"}],"text":"Disks large-associated protein 1 (DAP-1), also known as guanylate kinase-associated protein (GKAP), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DLGAP1 gene. DAP-1 is known to be highly enriched in synaptosomal preparations of the brain, and present in the post-synaptic density.[5]","title":"DLGAP1"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SHANK2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHANK2"},{"link_name":"PSD-95","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSD-95"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-isbn0-387-32560-3-6"}],"text":"This gene encodes the protein called guanylate kinase-associated protein (GKAP). GKAP binds to the SHANK2 and PSD-95 proteins, facilitating the assembly of the post-synaptic density of neurons.[6] Dlgap1 has five 14-amino-acid repeats and three Pro-rich portions.","title":"Function"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"interact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein-protein_interaction"},{"link_name":"DLG1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DLG1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid9115257-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid9286858-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid11060025-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid9024696-10"},{"link_name":"DLG4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DLG4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid9115257-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid9286858-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid11060025-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid9024696-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid10844022-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid10527873-12"},{"link_name":"DYNLL1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DYNLL1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid10844022-11"},{"link_name":"DYNLL2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DYNLL2"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid10844022-11"},{"link_name":"SHANK2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHANK2"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid10844022-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid10527873-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid9694864-13"}],"text":"DLGAP1 has been shown to interact with:DLG1[7][8][9][10]\nDLG4[7][8][9][10][11][12]\nDYNLL1[11]\nDYNLL2[11]\nSHANK2[11][12]The interaction with PSD95 and S-SCAM is mediated by the GUK domain[13] and it has been hypothesized that this might mean it can also interact with other GUK containing proteins.","title":"Interactions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"GKAP, a novel synaptic protein that interacts with the guanylate kinase-like domain of the PSD-95/SAP90 family of channel clustering molecules\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2134290"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1083/jcb.136.3.669","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1083%2Fjcb.136.3.669"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2134290","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2134290"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9024696","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9024696"},{"link_name":"\"SAPAPs. A family of PSD-95/SAP90-associated proteins localized at postsynaptic density\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.272.18.11943"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1074/jbc.272.18.11943","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.272.18.11943"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9115257","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9115257"},{"link_name":"\"Characterization of guanylate kinase-associated protein, a postsynaptic density protein at excitatory synapses that interacts directly with postsynaptic density-95/synapse-associated protein 90\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6573205"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1523/JNEUROSCI.17-15-05687.1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1523%2FJNEUROSCI.17-15-05687.1997"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"6573205","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6573205"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9221768","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9221768"},{"link_name":"\"DAP-1, a novel protein that interacts with the guanylate kinase-like domains of hDLG and PSD-95\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-2443.1997.1310329.x"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1046/j.1365-2443.1997.1310329.x","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-2443.1997.1310329.x"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9286858","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9286858"},{"link_name":"\"A novel multiple PDZ domain-containing molecule interacting with N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors and neuronal cell adhesion proteins\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.273.33.21105"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1074/jbc.273.33.21105","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.273.33.21105"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9694864","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9694864"},{"link_name":"\"BEGAIN (brain-enriched guanylate kinase-associated protein), a novel neuronal PSD-95/SAP90-binding protein\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.273.41.26269"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1074/jbc.273.41.26269","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.273.41.26269"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9756850","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9756850"},{"link_name":"\"nArgBP2, a novel neural member of ponsin/ArgBP2/vinexin family that interacts with synapse-associated protein 90/postsynaptic density-95-associated protein (SAPAP)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.274.43.30914"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1074/jbc.274.43.30914","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.274.43.30914"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10521485","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10521485"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1006/bbrc.1999.1489","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1006%2Fbbrc.1999.1489"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10527873","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10527873"},{"link_name":"\"Interaction of the postsynaptic density-95/guanylate kinase domain-associated protein complex with a light chain of myosin-V and dynein\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6772433"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1523/JNEUROSCI.20-12-04524.2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1523%2FJNEUROSCI.20-12-04524.2000"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"6772433","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6772433"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10844022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10844022"},{"link_name":"\"Intramolecular interactions regulate SAP97 binding to GKAP\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC305801"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/emboj/19.21.5740","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Femboj%2F19.21.5740"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"305801","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC305801"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"11060025","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11060025"},{"link_name":"\"The hDLG-associated protein DAP interacts with dynein light chain and neuronal nitric oxide synthase\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-2443.2000.00374.x"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1046/j.1365-2443.2000.00374.x","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-2443.2000.00374.x"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"11122378","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11122378"},{"link_name":"\"The 8-kDa dynein light chain binds to its targets via a conserved (K/R)XTQT 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sequences\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC139241"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2002PNAS...9916899M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002PNAS...9916899M"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1073/pnas.242603899","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.242603899"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"139241","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC139241"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"12477932","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12477932"},{"link_name":"\"Crystal structure of the Shank PDZ-ligand complex reveals a class I PDZ interaction and a novel PDZ-PDZ dimerization\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M306919200"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1074/jbc.M306919200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M306919200"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"12954649","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12954649"},{"link_name":"\"Phosphoproteomic analysis of the developing mouse brain\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1074%2Fmcp.M400085-MCP200"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1074/mcp.M400085-MCP200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1074%2Fmcp.M400085-MCP200"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"15345747","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15345747"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.03856.x","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1460-9568.2005.03856.x"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"15673434","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15673434"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"28773407","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:28773407"},{"link_name":"Sabio G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalupe_Sabio"},{"link_name":"\"p38gamma regulates the localisation of SAP97 in the cytoskeleton by modulating its interaction with GKAP\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC556394"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1038/sj.emboj.7600578","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.emboj.7600578"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"556394","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC556394"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"15729360","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15729360"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DNA_stub.png"},{"link_name":"gene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene"},{"link_name":"chromosome 18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_18"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DLGAP1&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Gene-18-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Gene-18-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gene-18-stub"}],"text":"Kim E, Naisbitt S, Hsueh YP, et al. (1997). \"GKAP, a novel synaptic protein that interacts with the guanylate kinase-like domain of the PSD-95/SAP90 family of channel clustering molecules\". J. Cell Biol. 136 (3): 669–78. doi:10.1083/jcb.136.3.669. PMC 2134290. PMID 9024696.\nTakeuchi M, Hata Y, Hirao K, et al. (1997). \"SAPAPs. A family of PSD-95/SAP90-associated proteins localized at postsynaptic density\". J. Biol. Chem. 272 (18): 11943–51. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.18.11943. PMID 9115257.\nNaisbitt S, Kim E, Weinberg RJ, et al. (1997). \"Characterization of guanylate kinase-associated protein, a postsynaptic density protein at excitatory synapses that interacts directly with postsynaptic density-95/synapse-associated protein 90\". J. Neurosci. 17 (15): 5687–96. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.17-15-05687.1997. PMC 6573205. PMID 9221768.\nSatoh K, Yanai H, Senda T, et al. (1997). \"DAP-1, a novel protein that interacts with the guanylate kinase-like domains of hDLG and PSD-95\". Genes Cells. 2 (6): 415–24. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2443.1997.1310329.x. PMID 9286858.\nHirao K, Hata Y, Ide N, et al. (1998). \"A novel multiple PDZ domain-containing molecule interacting with N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors and neuronal cell adhesion proteins\". J. Biol. Chem. 273 (33): 21105–10. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.33.21105. PMID 9694864.\nDeguchi M, Hata Y, Takeuchi M, et al. (1998). \"BEGAIN (brain-enriched guanylate kinase-associated protein), a novel neuronal PSD-95/SAP90-binding protein\". J. Biol. Chem. 273 (41): 26269–72. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.41.26269. PMID 9756850.\nKawabe H, Hata Y, Takeuchi M, et al. (1999). \"nArgBP2, a novel neural member of ponsin/ArgBP2/vinexin family that interacts with synapse-associated protein 90/postsynaptic density-95-associated protein (SAPAP)\". J. Biol. Chem. 274 (43): 30914–8. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.43.30914. PMID 10521485.\nBoeckers TM, Winter C, Smalla KH, et al. (1999). \"Proline-rich synapse-associated proteins ProSAP1 and ProSAP2 interact with synaptic proteins of the SAPAP/GKAP family\". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 264 (1): 247–52. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1999.1489. PMID 10527873.\nNaisbitt S, Valtschanoff J, Allison DW, et al. (2000). \"Interaction of the postsynaptic density-95/guanylate kinase domain-associated protein complex with a light chain of myosin-V and dynein\". J. Neurosci. 20 (12): 4524–34. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.20-12-04524.2000. PMC 6772433. PMID 10844022.\nWu H, Reissner C, Kuhlendahl S, et al. (2000). \"Intramolecular interactions regulate SAP97 binding to GKAP\". EMBO J. 19 (21): 5740–51. doi:10.1093/emboj/19.21.5740. PMC 305801. PMID 11060025.\nHaraguchi K, Satoh K, Yanai H, et al. (2001). \"The hDLG-associated protein DAP interacts with dynein light chain and neuronal nitric oxide synthase\". Genes Cells. 5 (11): 905–911. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2443.2000.00374.x. PMID 11122378.\nLo KW, Naisbitt S, Fan JS, et al. (2001). \"The 8-kDa dynein light chain binds to its targets via a conserved (K/R)XTQT motif\". J. Biol. Chem. 276 (17): 14059–66. doi:10.1074/jbc.M010320200. PMID 11148209.\nStrausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. (2003). \"Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences\". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9916899M. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMC 139241. PMID 12477932.\nIm YJ, Lee JH, Park SH, et al. (2004). \"Crystal structure of the Shank PDZ-ligand complex reveals a class I PDZ interaction and a novel PDZ-PDZ dimerization\". J. Biol. Chem. 278 (48): 48099–104. doi:10.1074/jbc.M306919200. PMID 12954649.\nBallif BA, Villén J, Beausoleil SA, et al. (2005). \"Phosphoproteomic analysis of the developing mouse brain\". Mol. Cell. Proteomics. 3 (11): 1093–101. doi:10.1074/mcp.M400085-MCP200. PMID 15345747.\nSuzuki T, Li W, Zhang JP, et al. (2005). \"A novel scaffold protein, TANC, possibly a rat homolog of Drosophila rolling pebbles (rols), forms a multiprotein complex with various postsynaptic density proteins\". Eur. J. Neurosci. 21 (2): 339–50. doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.03856.x. PMID 15673434. S2CID 28773407.\nSabio G; Arthur JS; Kuma Y; et al. (2005). \"p38gamma regulates the localisation of SAP97 in the cytoskeleton by modulating its interaction with GKAP\". EMBO J. 24 (6): 1134–45. doi:10.1038/sj.emboj.7600578. PMC 556394. PMID 15729360.This article on a gene on human chromosome 18 is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Further reading"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Human PubMed Reference:\". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=9229","url_text":"\"Human PubMed Reference:\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mouse PubMed Reference:\". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=224997","url_text":"\"Mouse PubMed Reference:\""}]},{"reference":"\"Entrez Gene: DLGAP1 discs, large (Drosophila) homolog-associated protein 1\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=9229","url_text":"\"Entrez Gene: DLGAP1 discs, large (Drosophila) homolog-associated protein 1\""}]},{"reference":"Hines RM, El-Husseini A (2006). \"Mechanisms that regulate neuronal protein clustering at the synapse\". In El-Husseini A, Dityatev A (eds.). Molecular mechanisms of synaptogenesis. Berlin: Springer. pp. 72–75. ISBN 978-0-387-32560-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-32560-6","url_text":"978-0-387-32560-6"}]},{"reference":"Takeuchi M, Hata Y, Hirao K, Toyoda A, Irie M, Takai Y (May 1997). \"SAPAPs. A family of PSD-95/SAP90-associated proteins localized at postsynaptic density\". J. Biol. Chem. 272 (18): 11943–51. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.18.11943. PMID 9115257.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.272.18.11943","url_text":"\"SAPAPs. A family of PSD-95/SAP90-associated proteins localized at postsynaptic density\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.272.18.11943","url_text":"10.1074/jbc.272.18.11943"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9115257","url_text":"9115257"}]},{"reference":"Satoh K, Yanai H, Senda T, Kohu K, Nakamura T, Okumura N, Matsumine A, Kobayashi S, Toyoshima K, Akiyama T (June 1997). \"DAP-1, a novel protein that interacts with the guanylate kinase-like domains of hDLG and PSD-95\". Genes Cells. 2 (6): 415–24. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2443.1997.1310329.x. PMID 9286858.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-2443.1997.1310329.x","url_text":"\"DAP-1, a novel protein that interacts with the guanylate kinase-like domains of hDLG and PSD-95\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-2443.1997.1310329.x","url_text":"10.1046/j.1365-2443.1997.1310329.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9286858","url_text":"9286858"}]},{"reference":"Wu H, Reissner C, Kuhlendahl S, Coblentz B, Reuver S, Kindler S, Gundelfinger ED, Garner CC (November 2000). \"Intramolecular interactions regulate SAP97 binding to GKAP\". EMBO J. 19 (21): 5740–51. doi:10.1093/emboj/19.21.5740. PMC 305801. PMID 11060025.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC305801","url_text":"\"Intramolecular interactions regulate SAP97 binding to GKAP\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Femboj%2F19.21.5740","url_text":"10.1093/emboj/19.21.5740"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC305801","url_text":"305801"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11060025","url_text":"11060025"}]},{"reference":"Kim E, Naisbitt S, Hsueh YP, Rao A, Rothschild A, Craig AM, Sheng M (February 1997). \"GKAP, a novel synaptic protein that interacts with the guanylate kinase-like domain of the PSD-95/SAP90 family of channel clustering molecules\". J. Cell Biol. 136 (3): 669–78. doi:10.1083/jcb.136.3.669. PMC 2134290. PMID 9024696.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2134290","url_text":"\"GKAP, a novel synaptic protein that interacts with the guanylate kinase-like domain of the PSD-95/SAP90 family of channel clustering molecules\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1083%2Fjcb.136.3.669","url_text":"10.1083/jcb.136.3.669"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2134290","url_text":"2134290"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9024696","url_text":"9024696"}]},{"reference":"Naisbitt S, Valtschanoff J, Allison DW, Sala C, Kim E, Craig AM, Weinberg RJ, Sheng M (June 2000). \"Interaction of the postsynaptic density-95/guanylate kinase domain-associated protein complex with a light chain of myosin-V and dynein\". J. Neurosci. 20 (12): 4524–34. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.20-12-04524.2000. PMC 6772433. PMID 10844022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6772433","url_text":"\"Interaction of the postsynaptic density-95/guanylate kinase domain-associated protein complex with a light chain of myosin-V and dynein\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1523%2FJNEUROSCI.20-12-04524.2000","url_text":"10.1523/JNEUROSCI.20-12-04524.2000"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6772433","url_text":"6772433"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10844022","url_text":"10844022"}]},{"reference":"Boeckers TM, Winter C, Smalla KH, Kreutz MR, Bockmann J, Seidenbecher C, Garner CC, Gundelfinger ED (October 1999). \"Proline-rich synapse-associated proteins ProSAP1 and ProSAP2 interact with synaptic proteins of the SAPAP/GKAP family\". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 264 (1): 247–52. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1999.1489. PMID 10527873.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fbbrc.1999.1489","url_text":"10.1006/bbrc.1999.1489"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10527873","url_text":"10527873"}]},{"reference":"Hirao K, Hata Y, Ide N, Takeuchi M, Irie M, Yao I, et al. (1998). \"A novel multiple PDZ domain-containing molecule interacting with N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors and neuronal cell adhesion proteins\". J Biol Chem. 273 (33): 21105–10. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.33.21105. PMID 9694864.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.273.33.21105","url_text":"\"A novel multiple PDZ domain-containing molecule interacting with N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors and neuronal cell adhesion proteins\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.273.33.21105","url_text":"10.1074/jbc.273.33.21105"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9694864","url_text":"9694864"}]},{"reference":"Kim E, Naisbitt S, Hsueh YP, et al. (1997). \"GKAP, a novel synaptic protein that interacts with the guanylate kinase-like domain of the PSD-95/SAP90 family of channel clustering molecules\". J. Cell Biol. 136 (3): 669–78. doi:10.1083/jcb.136.3.669. PMC 2134290. 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PMID 9221768.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6573205","url_text":"\"Characterization of guanylate kinase-associated protein, a postsynaptic density protein at excitatory synapses that interacts directly with postsynaptic density-95/synapse-associated protein 90\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1523%2FJNEUROSCI.17-15-05687.1997","url_text":"10.1523/JNEUROSCI.17-15-05687.1997"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6573205","url_text":"6573205"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9221768","url_text":"9221768"}]},{"reference":"Satoh K, Yanai H, Senda T, et al. (1997). \"DAP-1, a novel protein that interacts with the guanylate kinase-like domains of hDLG and PSD-95\". Genes Cells. 2 (6): 415–24. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2443.1997.1310329.x. PMID 9286858.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-2443.1997.1310329.x","url_text":"\"DAP-1, a novel protein that interacts with the guanylate kinase-like domains of hDLG and PSD-95\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-2443.1997.1310329.x","url_text":"10.1046/j.1365-2443.1997.1310329.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9286858","url_text":"9286858"}]},{"reference":"Hirao K, Hata Y, Ide N, et al. (1998). \"A novel multiple PDZ domain-containing molecule interacting with N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors and neuronal cell adhesion proteins\". J. Biol. Chem. 273 (33): 21105–10. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.33.21105. PMID 9694864.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.273.33.21105","url_text":"\"A novel multiple PDZ domain-containing molecule interacting with N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors and neuronal cell adhesion proteins\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.273.33.21105","url_text":"10.1074/jbc.273.33.21105"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9694864","url_text":"9694864"}]},{"reference":"Deguchi M, Hata Y, Takeuchi M, et al. (1998). \"BEGAIN (brain-enriched guanylate kinase-associated protein), a novel neuronal PSD-95/SAP90-binding protein\". J. Biol. Chem. 273 (41): 26269–72. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.41.26269. PMID 9756850.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.273.41.26269","url_text":"\"BEGAIN (brain-enriched guanylate kinase-associated protein), a novel neuronal PSD-95/SAP90-binding protein\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.273.41.26269","url_text":"10.1074/jbc.273.41.26269"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9756850","url_text":"9756850"}]},{"reference":"Kawabe H, Hata Y, Takeuchi M, et al. (1999). \"nArgBP2, a novel neural member of ponsin/ArgBP2/vinexin family that interacts with synapse-associated protein 90/postsynaptic density-95-associated protein (SAPAP)\". J. Biol. Chem. 274 (43): 30914–8. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.43.30914. PMID 10521485.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.274.43.30914","url_text":"\"nArgBP2, a novel neural member of ponsin/ArgBP2/vinexin family that interacts with synapse-associated protein 90/postsynaptic density-95-associated protein (SAPAP)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.274.43.30914","url_text":"10.1074/jbc.274.43.30914"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10521485","url_text":"10521485"}]},{"reference":"Boeckers TM, Winter C, Smalla KH, et al. (1999). \"Proline-rich synapse-associated proteins ProSAP1 and ProSAP2 interact with synaptic proteins of the SAPAP/GKAP family\". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 264 (1): 247–52. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1999.1489. 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PMID 11060025.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC305801","url_text":"\"Intramolecular interactions regulate SAP97 binding to GKAP\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Femboj%2F19.21.5740","url_text":"10.1093/emboj/19.21.5740"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC305801","url_text":"305801"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11060025","url_text":"11060025"}]},{"reference":"Haraguchi K, Satoh K, Yanai H, et al. (2001). \"The hDLG-associated protein DAP interacts with dynein light chain and neuronal nitric oxide synthase\". Genes Cells. 5 (11): 905–911. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2443.2000.00374.x. PMID 11122378.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-2443.2000.00374.x","url_text":"\"The hDLG-associated protein DAP interacts with dynein light chain and neuronal nitric oxide synthase\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-2443.2000.00374.x","url_text":"10.1046/j.1365-2443.2000.00374.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11122378","url_text":"11122378"}]},{"reference":"Lo KW, Naisbitt S, Fan JS, et al. (2001). \"The 8-kDa dynein light chain binds to its targets via a conserved (K/R)XTQT motif\". J. Biol. Chem. 276 (17): 14059–66. doi:10.1074/jbc.M010320200. PMID 11148209.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M010320200","url_text":"\"The 8-kDa dynein light chain binds to its targets via a conserved (K/R)XTQT motif\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M010320200","url_text":"10.1074/jbc.M010320200"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11148209","url_text":"11148209"}]},{"reference":"Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. (2003). \"Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences\". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9916899M. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMC 139241. 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(2004). \"Crystal structure of the Shank PDZ-ligand complex reveals a class I PDZ interaction and a novel PDZ-PDZ dimerization\". J. Biol. Chem. 278 (48): 48099–104. doi:10.1074/jbc.M306919200. PMID 12954649.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M306919200","url_text":"\"Crystal structure of the Shank PDZ-ligand complex reveals a class I PDZ interaction and a novel PDZ-PDZ dimerization\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M306919200","url_text":"10.1074/jbc.M306919200"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12954649","url_text":"12954649"}]},{"reference":"Ballif BA, Villén J, Beausoleil SA, et al. (2005). \"Phosphoproteomic analysis of the developing mouse brain\". Mol. Cell. Proteomics. 3 (11): 1093–101. doi:10.1074/mcp.M400085-MCP200. PMID 15345747.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fmcp.M400085-MCP200","url_text":"\"Phosphoproteomic analysis of the developing mouse brain\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fmcp.M400085-MCP200","url_text":"10.1074/mcp.M400085-MCP200"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15345747","url_text":"15345747"}]},{"reference":"Suzuki T, Li W, Zhang JP, et al. (2005). \"A novel scaffold protein, TANC, possibly a rat homolog of Drosophila rolling pebbles (rols), forms a multiprotein complex with various postsynaptic density proteins\". Eur. J. Neurosci. 21 (2): 339–50. doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.03856.x. PMID 15673434. S2CID 28773407.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1460-9568.2005.03856.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.03856.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15673434","url_text":"15673434"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:28773407","url_text":"28773407"}]},{"reference":"Sabio G; Arthur JS; Kuma Y; et al. (2005). \"p38gamma regulates the localisation of SAP97 in the cytoskeleton by modulating its interaction with GKAP\". EMBO J. 24 (6): 1134–45. doi:10.1038/sj.emboj.7600578. PMC 556394. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Untold:_Crimes_%26_Penalties | Untold: Crimes & Penalties | ["1 Summary","2 References","3 External links"] | 2021 American filmUntold: Crimes & PenaltiesPromotional posterDirected byChapman WayMaclain WayProduced byJake Graham-FelsenTalin Parseghian MiddletonStarringJames GalanteAJ GalanteRichard BrosalEdited byNeil MeiklejohnMusic byBrocker WayProductioncompanyPlayers' TribuneDistributed byNetflixRelease date
August 31, 2021 (2021-08-31)
Running time85 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishUntold: Crimes & Penalties is a 2021 American biographical documentary film made for Netflix and directed by Chapman Way and Maclain Way. The film was released on August 31, 2021.
Summary
The film is the fourth installment in the Untold documentary film series. Its story focuses on the now defunct United Hockey League (UHL) ice hockey team the Danbury Trashers, which was bought by James Galante, a mafia-connected trash kingpin and associate of the Genovese crime family who gifted the team to his 17-year-old son, A. J., making him the president and general manager of the team.
References
^ "Watch Untold: Crime & Penalties | Netflix Official Site". www.netflix.com. Retrieved November 21, 2021.
^ "Stream It Or Skip It: 'UNTOLD: Crime & Penalties' on Netflix, The Wild True Story of a Bruising, Brawling, Mafia-Connected Minor League Hockey Team". Decider. September 1, 2021. Retrieved November 21, 2021.
^ "'Untold: Crime and Penalties' Reveals How the Danbury Trashers Were So Damn Good (Exclusive Video)". August 31, 2021. Retrieved November 21, 2021.
^ "The Unbelievable 'Untold' Story About the Mob-Affiliated Bad Boys of Hockey". Thrillist. August 31, 2021. Retrieved November 21, 2021.
^ "Mobsters, brawlers and notoriety: Danbury Trashers left a mark on hockey". New York Post. October 27, 2021. Retrieved November 21, 2021.
External links
Untold: Crimes & Penalties at IMDb
Excerpt
Untold: Crimes & Penalties on Netflix
vteNetflix Untold series2021
Malice at the Palace
Deal with the Devil
Caitlyn Jenner
Crimes & Penalties
Breaking Point
2022
The Girlfriend Who Didn't Exist
The Rise and Fall of AND1
Operation Flagrant Foul
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J., making him the president and general manager of the team.[4][5]","title":"Summary"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Watch Untold: Crime & Penalties | Netflix Official Site\". www.netflix.com. Retrieved November 21, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.netflix.com/title/81026438","url_text":"\"Watch Untold: Crime & Penalties | Netflix Official Site\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stream It Or Skip It: 'UNTOLD: Crime & Penalties' on Netflix, The Wild True Story of a Bruising, Brawling, Mafia-Connected Minor League Hockey Team\". Decider. September 1, 2021. Retrieved November 21, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://decider.com/2021/08/31/untold-crime-and-penalties-netflix-review/","url_text":"\"Stream It Or Skip It: 'UNTOLD: Crime & Penalties' on Netflix, The Wild True Story of a Bruising, Brawling, Mafia-Connected Minor League Hockey Team\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Untold: Crime and Penalties' Reveals How the Danbury Trashers Were So Damn Good (Exclusive Video)\". August 31, 2021. Retrieved November 21, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thewrap.com/untold-crime-and-penalties-danbury-trashers-paid-under-the-table-salary-cap-exclusive-video/","url_text":"\"'Untold: Crime and Penalties' Reveals How the Danbury Trashers Were So Damn Good (Exclusive Video)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Unbelievable 'Untold' Story About the Mob-Affiliated Bad Boys of Hockey\". Thrillist. August 31, 2021. Retrieved November 21, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thrillist.com/entertainment/nation/netflix-untold-crime-and-penalties-aj-galante","url_text":"\"The Unbelievable 'Untold' Story About the Mob-Affiliated Bad Boys of Hockey\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mobsters, brawlers and notoriety: Danbury Trashers left a mark on hockey\". New York Post. October 27, 2021. Retrieved November 21, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://nypost.com/2021/10/26/danbury-trashers-uhls-most-notorious-team-left-mark-on-hockey/","url_text":"\"Mobsters, brawlers and notoriety: Danbury Trashers left a mark on hockey\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.netflix.com/title/81026438","external_links_name":"\"Watch Untold: Crime & Penalties | Netflix Official Site\""},{"Link":"https://decider.com/2021/08/31/untold-crime-and-penalties-netflix-review/","external_links_name":"\"Stream It Or Skip It: 'UNTOLD: Crime & Penalties' on Netflix, The Wild True Story of a Bruising, Brawling, Mafia-Connected Minor League Hockey Team\""},{"Link":"https://www.thewrap.com/untold-crime-and-penalties-danbury-trashers-paid-under-the-table-salary-cap-exclusive-video/","external_links_name":"\"'Untold: Crime and Penalties' Reveals How the Danbury Trashers Were So Damn Good (Exclusive Video)\""},{"Link":"https://www.thrillist.com/entertainment/nation/netflix-untold-crime-and-penalties-aj-galante","external_links_name":"\"The Unbelievable 'Untold' Story About the Mob-Affiliated Bad Boys of Hockey\""},{"Link":"https://nypost.com/2021/10/26/danbury-trashers-uhls-most-notorious-team-left-mark-on-hockey/","external_links_name":"\"Mobsters, brawlers and notoriety: Danbury Trashers left a mark on hockey\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt15101956/","external_links_name":"Untold: Crimes & Penalties"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nYRphTBKc44","external_links_name":"Excerpt"},{"Link":"https://www.netflix.com/title/81026438","external_links_name":"Untold: Crimes & Penalties"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsbund_f%C3%BCr_Deutsche_Vorgeschichte | Deutsche Gesellschaft für Vorgeschichte | ["1 References"] | The Deutsche Gesellschaft für Vorgeschichte (DGV) (German Society for Prehistory) was a society founded in 1909 by Gustaf Kossinna with the participation of Hans Hahne, Wilhelm Ohnesorge and others. The organization was committed to national prehistory and early history research and to providing a broad basis for German Archeology as a discipline with a historical goal. In its first year the first edition of the magazine Mannus was published. In 1913, at a special general meeting, the change of name to Gesellschaft für Deutschen Vorgeschichte (GDV) was approved by a large majority. After Kossinna's death, Alfred Götze initially took over the leadership of the society. In 1933, in the course of Gleichschaltung, the board decided to "expand" itself to the Reichsbund für Deutsche Vorgeschichte at the request of Hans Reinerth. This decision was confirmed a year later by the General Assembly. Also in 1934 Reinerth became leader (Bundesführer) of the Reichsbund.
In 1968, the society was re-founded as the Gesellschaft für Vor- und Frühgeschichte (Bonn) by Bolko von Richthofen. He again published a periodical called Mannus. The members, who are mainly associated with right to far-right extremist views, included, among others the "Atlantis Researchers" Jürgen Spanuth, Herman Wirth, and Haye W. Hansen. "Mannus" was discontinued in 1994 after 24 issues.
References
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Germany
Czech Republic
2 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bolko von Richthofen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolko_von_Richthofen"},{"link_name":"Herman Wirth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Wirth"}],"text":"In 1968, the society was re-founded as the Gesellschaft für Vor- und Frühgeschichte (Bonn) by Bolko von Richthofen. He again published a periodical called Mannus. The members, who are mainly associated with right to far-right extremist views, included, among others the \"Atlantis Researchers\" Jürgen Spanuth, Herman Wirth, and Haye W. Hansen. \"Mannus\" was discontinued in 1994 after 24 issues.","title":"Deutsche Gesellschaft für Vorgeschichte"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/128425420","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/41310-0","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0257797&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0257798&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"2"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tito_Vallejo | Tito Vallejo | ["1 References"] | Tito VallejoVallejo during a re-enactment parade in Main Street, GibraltarBorn (1948-10-27) 27 October 1948 (age 75)NationalityBritishCitizenshipGibraltarianOccupationSergeant of the Gibraltar RegimentEmployerBritish Army
Ernest P. (Tito) Vallejo (born 27 October 1948) is a Gibraltarian amateur historian and former sergeant in the Gibraltar Regiment. He is known for his work with the Gibraltar Heritage Trust and serves as a guide in Gibraltar. He published a Llanito dictionary in 2000. His father is a Gibraltarian of Spanish (Andalusian) descent & mother is Gibraltarian of English blood.
References
^ The Bulletin. The Society. 1993. p. 36. Retrieved 1 January 2013.
^ Pedley, H. M.; Rogerson, Mike (15 July 2010). Tufas and Speleothems: Unravelling the Microbial and Physical Controls. Geological Society. p. 343. ISBN 978-1-86239-301-1. Retrieved 1 January 2013.
^ Kellermann, Anja (April 2002). A new New English. BoD – Books on Demand. p. 440. ISBN 978-3-8311-2368-1. Retrieved 1 January 2013.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tito Vallejo.
This biographical article relating to Gibraltar is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about a British historian or genealogist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gibraltarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltarian_people"},{"link_name":"Gibraltar Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Gibraltar_Regiment"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Bulletin-1"},{"link_name":"Gibraltar Heritage Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar_Heritage_Trust"},{"link_name":"Gibraltar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PedleyRogerson2010-2"},{"link_name":"Llanito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llanito"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kellermann2002-3"},{"link_name":"Andalusian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusian_people"},{"link_name":"English blood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_people"}],"text":"Ernest P. (Tito) Vallejo (born 27 October 1948) is a Gibraltarian amateur historian and former sergeant in the Gibraltar Regiment.[1] He is known for his work with the Gibraltar Heritage Trust and serves as a guide in Gibraltar.[2] He published a Llanito dictionary in 2000.[3] His father is a Gibraltarian of Spanish (Andalusian) descent & mother is Gibraltarian of English blood.","title":"Tito Vallejo"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"The Bulletin. The Society. 1993. p. 36. Retrieved 1 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=36MrAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"The Bulletin"}]},{"reference":"Pedley, H. M.; Rogerson, Mike (15 July 2010). Tufas and Speleothems: Unravelling the Microbial and Physical Controls. Geological Society. p. 343. ISBN 978-1-86239-301-1. Retrieved 1 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6lB6e-bNwEsC&pg=PA343","url_text":"Tufas and Speleothems: Unravelling the Microbial and Physical Controls"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86239-301-1","url_text":"978-1-86239-301-1"}]},{"reference":"Kellermann, Anja (April 2002). A new New English. BoD – Books on Demand. p. 440. ISBN 978-3-8311-2368-1. Retrieved 1 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fEiX-YLT3j8C&pg=PA440","url_text":"A new New English"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8311-2368-1","url_text":"978-3-8311-2368-1"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=36MrAAAAYAAJ","external_links_name":"The Bulletin"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6lB6e-bNwEsC&pg=PA343","external_links_name":"Tufas and Speleothems: Unravelling the Microbial and Physical Controls"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fEiX-YLT3j8C&pg=PA440","external_links_name":"A new New English"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tito_Vallejo&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tito_Vallejo&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Clement_Martin | George Martin (organist) | ["1 Background","2 Career","3 Works","4 Awards and honours","5 References"] | English organist
SirGeorge MartinMVOMartin, 1897Background informationBirth nameGeorge Clement MartinBorn(1844-09-11)11 September 1844Lambourn, Berkshire, EnglandDied21 February 1916(1916-02-21) (aged 71)London, EnglandGenresClassicalOccupation(s)OrganistInstrument(s)Pipe organMusical artist
Sir George Clement Martin MVO (11 September 1844 – 21 February 1916) was an English organist, who served at St Paul's Cathedral.
Background
Martin was born in Lambourn, Berkshire on 11 September 1844. John Footman's 1894 history of Lambourn Church describes him as "the only native of Lambourn who has ever risen to fame".
His interest in music began after he heard Sir Herbert Oakeley play Bach in Lambourn. He studied organ under John Stainer, supposedly cycling from Lambourn to Oxford daily for his studies. In June 1868 he matriculated at New College, Oxford, and a few days later was awarded a B.Mus. degree.
Martin died 21 February 1916, in London. He has a memorial plaque in Lambourn church near the organ.
Career
Sub-organist at St Paul's Cathedral 1876–1888
Organist of:
Lambourn Parish Church
Dalkeith for the Duke of Buccleuch in 1871 and St. Peter's, Edinburgh, briefly at the same time
St Paul's Cathedral 1888–1916
Works
Martin is perhaps best known for his hymn tune "St. Helen" (commonly used for the hymn "Lord, enthroned in heavenly splendour"). He was a composer, mostly of church music, which included a Te Deum in A, performed at the Thanksgiving Service held on the steps of the Cathedral in Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee year.
Martin transcribed Sir Edward Elgar's 1897 work "Imperial March" for organ, in which form it is still frequently played by many concert organists, often as an encore. It is, in this form, possibly better known than in the original orchestral arrangement, which (outside England) is only occasionally performed - organist Simon Preston's 1964 recording on the organ of Westminster Abbey is one well-known version.
He also wrote a primer on "The Art of Training Choir Boys" which became a standard work on the subject.
Awards and honours
Martin was given a knighthood in the 1897 Diamond Jubilee Honours. He was appointed a Member (4th class) of the Royal Victorian Order in the November 1902 Birthday Honours list, and was invested with the insignia by King Edward VII at Buckingham Palace on 18 December 1902.
Cultural offices
Preceded byJohn Stainer
Organist and Master of the Choristers of St Paul's Cathedral 1888 - 1916
Succeeded byCharles Macpherson
References
^ The Succession of Organists. Watkins Shaw.
^ Footman, John (1894). History of the Parish Church of Saint Michael and All Angels, Chipping Lambourn. Elliot Stock. pp. 151–152.
^ Historical Companion to Hymns A&M, p.682
^ Foster, Joseph (1888–1892). "Martin, George Clements" . Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715–1886. Oxford: Parker and Co – via Wikisource.
^ Historical Companion to Hymns A&M, p.682
^ The mirror of music, 1844-1944. Percy Alfred Scholes
^ The Musical Times. 1 April 1916. p.185
^ "No. 27493". The London Gazette (Supplement). 7 November 1902. pp. 7161–7163.
^ "Court Circular". The Times. No. 36955. London. 19 December 1902. p. 4.
Authority control databases International
ISNI
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MVO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_the_Royal_Victorian_Order"},{"link_name":"organist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organist#Classical_and_church_organists"},{"link_name":"St Paul's Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Musical artistSir George Clement Martin MVO (11 September 1844 – 21 February 1916) was an English organist, who served at St Paul's Cathedral.[1]","title":"George Martin (organist)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lambourn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambourn"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Sir Herbert Oakeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Herbert_Oakeley"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"John Stainer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stainer"},{"link_name":"New College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Martin was born in Lambourn, Berkshire on 11 September 1844. John Footman's 1894 history of Lambourn Church describes him as \"the only native of Lambourn who has ever risen to fame\".[2]His interest in music began after he heard Sir Herbert Oakeley play Bach in Lambourn.[3] He studied organ under John Stainer, supposedly cycling from Lambourn to Oxford daily for his studies. In June 1868 he matriculated at New College, Oxford, and a few days later was awarded a B.Mus. degree.[4]Martin died 21 February 1916, in London. He has a memorial plaque in Lambourn church near the organ.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St Paul's Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Sub-organist at St Paul's Cathedral 1876–1888Organist of:Lambourn Parish Church\nDalkeith for the Duke of Buccleuch in 1871 and St. Peter's, Edinburgh, briefly at the same time[5]\nSt Paul's Cathedral 1888–1916[6]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Te Deum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te_Deum"},{"link_name":"Queen Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Sir Edward Elgar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Edward_Elgar"},{"link_name":"encore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encore_(concert)"},{"link_name":"Simon Preston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Preston"},{"link_name":"Westminster Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Abbey"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Martin is perhaps best known for his hymn tune \"St. Helen\" (commonly used for the hymn \"Lord, enthroned in heavenly splendour\"). He was a composer, mostly of church music, which included a Te Deum in A, performed at the Thanksgiving Service held on the steps of the Cathedral in Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee year.Martin transcribed Sir Edward Elgar's 1897 work \"Imperial March\" for organ, in which form it is still frequently played by many concert organists, often as an encore. It is, in this form, possibly better known than in the original orchestral arrangement, which (outside England) is only occasionally performed - organist Simon Preston's 1964 recording on the organ of Westminster Abbey is one well-known version.He also wrote a primer on \"The Art of Training Choir Boys\" which became a standard work on the subject.[7]","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1897 Diamond Jubilee Honours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1897_Diamond_Jubilee_Honours"},{"link_name":"Royal Victorian Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Victorian_Order"},{"link_name":"1902 Birthday Honours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1902_Birthday_Honours"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Edward VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_VII"},{"link_name":"Buckingham Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckingham_Palace"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Martin was given a knighthood in the 1897 Diamond Jubilee Honours. He was appointed a Member (4th class) of the Royal Victorian Order in the November 1902 Birthday Honours list,[8] and was invested with the insignia by King Edward VII at Buckingham Palace on 18 December 1902.[9]","title":"Awards and honours"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Footman, John (1894). History of the Parish Church of Saint Michael and All Angels, Chipping Lambourn. Elliot Stock. pp. 151–152.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historyparishch00footgoog/page/n175/mode/1up","url_text":"History of the Parish Church of Saint Michael and All Angels, Chipping Lambourn"}]},{"reference":"Foster, Joseph (1888–1892). \"Martin, George Clements\" . Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715–1886. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homestead_Temporary_Shelter_for_Unaccompanied_Children | Homestead Temporary Shelter for Unaccompanied Children | ["1 Governance","2 Operations","3 Criticism","3.1 Facility shortcomings","3.2 Allegations of staff criminality","3.3 Contractor favoritism","4 References"] | Coordinates: 25°30′00″N 80°23′33″W / 25.4999°N 80.3925°W / 25.4999; -80.3925Migrant children's detention center in Florida, United States
Homestead Temporary Shelter for Unaccompanied Children in 2016.
Homestead Temporary Shelter for Unaccompanied Children is a 3,200-bed migrant children's detention center in Homestead, Florida. Until August 3, 2019, the center had been operated by Comprehensive Health Services, Inc. (CHSi), which is a subsidiary of the homeland security operator Caliburn International. It was believed to be the only remaining for-profit child detention center for migrants. The organization has faced severe criticism concerning immigration. Senator Elizabeth Warren had demanded that the detention facility be "closed down", and calls for investigation and oversight grew stronger when it was revealed that the federal government had paid $33 million in just 46 days for 1,200 of the empty beds.
It was reported on February 23, 2021 that the administration of US President Joe Biden will be reopening the detention center.
Governance
As of September 2019, Caliburn International, a security consulting firm, of which CHS is a subsidiary, faced criticism from south Florida media for its role, particularly because President Donald Trump's former Secretary of Homeland Security and Chief of Staff, General John Kelly, sat on the board of and worked as a lobbyist for D.C. Capital Partners (DCCP), before joining the administration in November 2017. DCCP created Caliburn in 2018. Kelly joined Caliburn's Board of Directors after leaving the White House in 2018. He was seen in April 2019 touring the facility on a golf cart. Although Caliburn, Comprehensive and DC Capital appear to have accrued financial benefits via government contracts during and subsequent to Kelly's serving as White House chief of staff, legal scholar Richard Briffault said Kelly did not necessarily break any ethics and conflict of interest rules: "It sounds like he's running between the raindrops. It doesn't sound great, but most likely he's not directly violating any policies." Briffault said government officials are prohibited from benefiting from their involvement in matters involving specific parties. That meant while he served in the White House, Kelly couldn't directly influence any contract-awarding decision to a DC Capital subsidiary. "This is classic revolving door," he continued. That employment meant Kelly couldn't lobby or attempt to influence government policy for five years, although he could return to his former company.
Caliburn's board of directors includes several other retired former flag rank military personnel including Generals Anthony Zinni and Michael Hayden and Admirals Stephen F. Loftus, Kathleen L. Martin and James G. Stavridis. Other members of the military–industrial complex on the board include scientist and bureaucrat Donald Kerr and Ambassadors Michael Corbin and decorated U.S. Navy Vietnam veteran and Reagan administration Assistant Secretary of Defense, Richard Armitage. At the end of the Vietnam war, Armitage took a central role in the evacuation of tens of thousands of refugees by sea to the Philippines. Caliburn's Chief Strategy Officer and Executive Vice President for Corporate Development is retired Vice Admiral Frank Craig Pandolfe.
Operations
The Homestead Temporary Shelter was originally opened during the Obama administration, holding 8,500 juveniles while it operated between June 2016 and April 2017. It was the first in South Florida to be able to house minor immigrants to the United States. In 2017, the shelter was shut down when there was no longer a need to house unaccompanied minors, but in early 2018, the shelter was reopened "without public notice." In February 2018, CHSi won a $30 million government contract to run the shelter. The cost was a million dollars per day. It was believed that the contract had been crafted in an effort to circumvent the Flores Settlement Agreement (FSA) which had been arrived at in 1997 after over 11 years of litigation regarding the care of minor immigrants in detention.
The detention facility is surrounded by tall fencing with security checkpoints in a former Job Corps building on the Homestead Air Reserve Base. Minors in the shelter were provided with meals, snacks, medical care, recreation time and classes. The facility was operated by Comprehensive Health Services, Inc. (CHSi), used to house minors between the ages of 13 and 17. Starting in mid-April 2018, CHSi began to advertise to recruit employees to fill about 40 new positions in Homestead.
In 2019, the center became a focal point in the controversy regarding the separating of minor children of asylum seekers at the U.S. Border. On July first and second, a delegation of congressional Democrats visited the facility and raised objections to the conditions in which these minors were kept. The late Maryland Representative Elijah Cummings, who chaired the House Committee on Oversight and Reform, said, "The Trump Administration's actions at the southern border are grotesque and dehumanizing," "There seems to be open contempt for the rule of law and for basic human decency. The Committee needs to hear directly from the heads of these agencies as soon as possible in light of the almost daily reports of abuse and defiance." He invited both acting Secretary Kevin McAleenan from the Department of Homeland Security and Acting Commissioner Mark Morgan of the U.S. Customs and Border Protection at a July 12, 2019 hearing and indicated he would be prepared to subpoena top officials of President Donald Trump's administration if they refused his request to testify before the committee. "I encourage Acting Secretary McAleenan and Acting Commissioner Morgan to appear voluntarily in order to answer these critical questions," Cummings indicated that he would subpoena senior Trump officials if they declined his invitation to testify. Mississippi Representative Bennie Thompson, who chairs the House Committee on Homeland Security, joined a delegation of Democrats at the detention compound, including Democratic 2020 presidential candidates who visited it while they were in Miami for the Democratic presidential debates that were held on June 26 and 27, 2019.
On July 15, 2019, the center was visited by a congressional delegation which found the government had just rapidly reduced the number of teenagers detained there, a 42% drop in 12 days. Those legislators already intended to analyze how the facility operated and to ask for an accounting for its expenditures. A month earlier, it held 2,460 migrant children, from 13 to 17 years old, an 80% rise since it initially opened in the first quarter of 2018. On July 3, it had held 2,252 children, but by that morning, only 1,309 remained. The chairwoman of the United States House Appropriations Subcommittee on Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, and Related Agencies, Connecticut's Rosa DeLauro, wanted to know if those who had so quickly left had been paired with family members or sponsors, or just transferred to alternate shelters. Congresswoman Debbie Wasserman Schultz, who had previously been refused entry asked, "What the heck. From July 3 until July 14th, suddenly they’re able to drop 1,000 kids here when they couldn’t do that as quickly before? Where did they go?" Caliburn International did not inform them regarding possible closure but did tell them that on July 3, the shelter went on “admittance stop, so no new children have come in since then," and that DHHS began, "...releasing kids as quickly as possible." In the previous week, "448 children were released from the shelter, mostly identified as "reunifications to a sponsor," in addition to transfers to alternate facilities. There were 376 who had been reunified with family and another 70 had been transferred. Two others left because they were over 18 years old. A policy change meant that prior caregivers were no longer required to be fingerprinted. Deputy Assistant Secretary for public affairs at the DHHS, Mark Weber, described Homestead as "an emergency influx shelter for use when the standard shelter system is near capacity," and space had become available at standard shelters. Miami Congresswoman Debbie Mucarsel-Powell, who had inquired about hurricane planning, said that the lack of such an emergency policy was an "extremely dangerous form of neglect." A Caliburn representative said the facility wasn't accepting new placements and was “not sure for how long” the no-admissions policy would remain. While most of the minors in the Homestead shelter crossed the border unaccompanied, in June 2018, 94 of the roughly 1,000 children in the center at that time had been separated from their parents at the border under the Trump administration family separation policy. Protesters, which included members of the American Friends Service Committee (AFSC) gathered 128,000 signatures from opponents of the facility. On June 22, 2018, government officials were allowed to tour the facilities which had 782 boys and 387 girls on the premises. On average, minors remain in the shelter for around 25 days before they are placed in homes of family or friends who live in the U.S. This is despite current immigration laws that limit detention to only 20 days. Despite being contractually obligated to close on April 20, 2019, the facility remained open holding children until August, 2019. The facility had been opened and closed during the Obama administration and reopened in 2018, and was emptied by August 3, 2019. Its contract was canceled as of November 30, 2019, after being vacant for almost four months.
Criticism
Protesters opposing the Trump administration family separation policy demonstrated in front of the Homestead shelter on June 20, 2018. The previous day, Democratic politicians including, state Representative Kionne McGhee, then-Senator Bill Nelson and Congresswoman Debbie Wasserman Schultz, were denied entry to the shelter. This led to protesters accusing the Trump administration of trying to cover up mistreatment. Senator Marco Rubio was allowed to visit Homestead on June 22, though he did not describe what he saw. In April, 2019, Wasserman Schultz, plus newly elected Congresswomen Debbie Mucarsel-Powell, and Donna Shalala, all representing parts of Miami-Dade County, were refused entry into the facility by the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), despite their having the legal authority to demand entry. Shalala headed DHHS for eight years during the Clinton administration. Congressman Charlie Christ, Florida's former governor, termed the situation, "...indefensible. Stunning and disappointing, to say the least." George Sheldon, a former secretary of the Florida Department of Children & Families, characterized the policy as "obscene." "There's no word I can use to describe what I think is an extremely inhumane policy."
A protest campaign by local churches, synagogues, and other religious groups has been ongoing since February 20, 2019. Nearly 100 protesters gathered there on April 19, 2019.
The conditions in which the children were being held were widely criticized including for being regimented and austere. A whistleblower, Andrew Lorentzen-Strait, quit his Immigration and Customs Enforcement job after 18 years to work in for the private non-profit Lutheran Immigration and Refugee Services. He said, "They say we are the children people, you are the enforcement people, but that is blurred now." "These aren't commodities. They're kids, and they don't need to have big box stores serving them." "You can't just order up migrant care." In February 2019, reporters on a tour of the facility were informed that older children preferred the huge dormitory holding hundreds of beds, a program manager telling them, "They say it's like a slumber party."
In Topeka, Kansas, Washburn University law professor David Rubenstein, whose research is focused on privatized immigrant detention said, "The profiteering incentive comes at the cost of cutting programs or rights or treatment or conditions."
Two former employees have filed lawsuits claiming they weren't properly trained or paid properly for their work at the shelter. They say that they were hired as travel chaperones but were asked to perform other duties. They claim that their work hours were reduced and then they were fired after complaining about their situation.
At a September 18, 2019 hearing of the U.S. House Appropriations Subcommittee on Health and Human Services, et al., in response to a question posed by Representative Mark Pocan, Jonathan Hayes, the acting director of the Office of Refugee Resettlement said the Department of Health and Human Services had spent more than $33 million in 46 days to keep the vacant Homestead center in operation although no children were currently housed there. The empty shelter cost taxpayers $720,000 a day: $600 a day for each of 1,200 empty beds at the military base facility. When children are actually present, the cost rises to $750 (~$882.00 in 2023) daily, per child. Pocan later told Newsweek that he felt the explanation Hayes provided was insufficient, and the price being paid would be more than the cost of a "night in the Four Seasons or a Trump hotel." "It's a shocking amount of money to be paying for an empty facility."
In July 2018, one detainee, a 15-year-old girl from Honduras, escaped from facility workers and was found hiding in a nearby mechanic's shop. Police located her and returned her to the facility. Reports about the incident referred to the facility as a "child prison."
In February 2020, Eyal Weizman, Director of Forensic Architecture, was denied entry to the US after being classified as a “security threat” by a Homeland Security algorithm. He had been planning to help launch an investigation into Homestead by teaching local groups Forensic Architecture's research methods into alleged abuses.
Facility shortcomings
A Stanford University expert in child trauma, Ryan Matlow, expressed concerns that size of the Homestead facility was inappropriate, that it was much too large to address the individual needs of children and that the depersonalization of detainees could produce long term physical and emotional effects, including heart problems and depression. The corporation's plans for additional facilities holding up to 500 children would still be expected to produce such effects.
The shelter property abuts a military Superfund site. It is surrounded by soil and groundwater contaminated with dangerous metal and chemicals which include arsenic and lead, and adjacent land was utilized for hazardous waste, munitions, and pesticide storage. Contaminants at such sites can cause a variety of health problems, including being carcinogenic, causing renal failure and developmental damage. Because of chemical contamination, residential development on land surrounding the shelter site is forbidden. An inquiry by the Miami Herald did not disclose any evidence that the shelter site was tested for such contaminants or if it had been evaluated as to their impact on children held there. There was an additional problem regarding exposure to high levels of noise at the center as it is proximate to operations of the Homestead Air Reserve Base's F-16C fighter jets. The center was found to be in a noise zone that according to the United States Air Force (USAF), the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), is "normally unacceptable" for any human residence. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), such a level of sustained noise exposure can be damaging to the cognition and development of children.
Allegations of staff criminality
A government watchdog agency, the Office of Inspector General (OIG) for the DHHS, looked into allegations of sex abuse and extortion in the Homestead shelter. A female worker was charged with attempted coercion and enticement of a recently released minor to engage in illicit sexual activity and attempted production of child pornography. She was sentenced to ten years in prison. Questions were raised about background screening. One felon recently hired as a lead worker, had a drug conviction and was currently in drug court when he became employed.
Contractor favoritism
In December 2016, Comprehensive Health Services (CHSi) announced a new project that would "create 150 new jobs" at its Cape Canaveral headquarters. Consequently, in July 2017, the state awarded it a $600,000 (~$733,620 in 2023) "qualified target-industry" tax-incentive package. As then-Governor, now-U.S. Senator Rick Scott negotiated that tax break, Comprehensive Health concluded a deal to pay a $3.8 million settlement to the U.S. Department of Justice to settle a medical-fraud claim. The corporation paid the fine in February 2017, without admitting guilt, but the state of Florida still issued the tax breaks. Despite an absence of competitive bidding, in late April 2019, CHSi was granted a new contract worth at least $341 million, but which could increase substantially if the population of children continued to rise. A joint investigation by the Associated Press and the PBS investigative journalism flagship feature, Frontline, found that although the shelter had been completely empty for two months, it still had 2,000 staff on hand. There had been concerted initiatives on the part of the Trump administration to shift detained children from non-profit, often religious denomination-operated shelters, to Caliburn and other for-profit prison operators, such as the GEO Group. Trump's Health and Human Services Secretary, a long time Republican executive and judicial branch insider, Alex Azar, called the findings of the investigators "misleading," but avoided addressing the shifting to for-profit privatization providers, which were exclusive to Caliburn at the time. Six other Comprehensive Health Services programs in Texas that were holding migrant children were booming, including those in San Benito, Brownsville, and Los Fresnos. In early June, CHSi had been holding almost 25% of all the migrant children who were in custody at that time. The corporation had received almost $300 million in 2019 when the story was written.
References
^ Welch, Leecia; Law, National Center for Youth (13 February 2019). "Inside The Largest And Most Controversial Shelter For Migrant Children In The U.S." NPR.org. Retrieved 2019-04-20.How We Shut Down the Nation's Largest Child Detention Center, Yes! Magazine, Kristin Kumpf, September 9, 2019.
^ a b c d e f Trump Administratin Must Explain Why U.S. Taxpayers Are Paying 'Outrageous' 'Trump Hotel' Prices to Keep Empty Migrant Detention Center Running: Congressman, Newsweek, Chantal da Silva, 9/19/19. Retrieved September 10, 2018.
^ Cardona, Alexi C. (Feb 23, 2021). "Biden to Reopen Homestead Shelter for Immigrant Children". Miami New Times.
^ Iannelli, Jerry (2019-03-05). "Homestead Contractor Cancels Stock-Investment Plan After New Times Story, Media /Scrutiny". Miami New Times. Retrieved 2019-04-19.
^ Panettieri, Joe (2018-12-05). "Caliburn Prepares IPO, Pursues IT Services Provider Acquisitions". ChannelE2E. Retrieved 2019-04-20.
^ a b Critics deplore this migrant shelter. Its operator just got a huge, hush-hush no-bid deal, Miami Herald, Monique O. Madan, May 1, 2019. Retrieved July 5, 2019.
^ Monique O. Madan and Ben Wieder "Good Friday brings protests, but no apparent changes, at shelter for migrant youths". Miami Herald. 2019-04-19. Retrieved 2019-04-20.
^ a b c "John Kelly joins board of company operating largest shelter for unaccompanied migrant children". www.cbsnews.com. 3 May 2019. Retrieved 2019-05-03.
^ Shapiro, Joseph; Bartlett, Sandra (September 1, 2010). "At War's End, U.S. Ship Rescued South Vietnam's Navy". All Things Considered. NPR. Retrieved December 15, 2019.
^ Leadership Team - Caliburn International Archived 2019-09-06 at the Wayback Machine, Caliburn International. Retrieved October 7, 2017.
^ "DC Capital Fact Sheet" (PDF). www.dccapitalpartners.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-06-08. Retrieved 2019-06-26.
^ a b c d e f g Private sector seeks to profit by detaining migrant kids, Associated Press, Garance Burke and Martha Mendoza, October 3, 2019. Retrieved October 4, 2019.
^ a b Homestead detention center will shut down, but will cost millions to run empty till the end, Miami Herald, Alex Daughterty and Monique O. Madan, October 28, 2019. Retrieved December 15, 2019.
^ a b c d Madan, Monique O. (26 June 2016). "An inside look at what happens to children after crossing the U.S. border". Miami Herald. Retrieved 2018-07-02.
^ a b Hanks, Douglas; Medina, Brenda (18 June 2018). "Up to 1,000 children held by immigration authorities now living in Homestead compound". Miami Herald. Retrieved 2018-07-02.
^ Burnett, John (January 4, 2019). "Tent City Housing Migrant Children To Close As Kids Are Released To Sponsors". NPR News. Retrieved 13 February 2019.
^ a b Iannelli, Jerry (2018-06-20). "Miami Beach Commissioner Threatens to Ban Child-Migrant Contractor From City Business". Miami New Times. Retrieved 2018-07-02.
^ a b c d How We Shut Down the Nation's Largest Child Detention Center, Yes! Magazine, Kristin Kumpf, September 9, 2019.
^ McCarthy, John. "Cape Canaveral company runs Homestead facility housing 1,000 migrant children". Florida Today. Retrieved 2018-07-02.
^ LaGrone, Katie (2018-06-22). "Job postings may shed light on life for unaccompanied migrant children at Homestead shelter". WFTS. Retrieved 2018-07-02.
^ a b Lawmakers demand change after scrutinizing conditions at immigrant detention centers, ABC News, John Parkinson, July 2, 2019. Retrieved July 3, 2019.
^ Where are the 943 migrant children who were moved so quickly from Homestead shelter?, South Florida Sun Sentinel, Anthony Man, July 16, 2019. Retrieved July 20, 2019.
^ a b Wright, Madeleine (2018-06-20). "Protesters gather outside Homestead Temporary Shelter for..." Local 10 News. Retrieved 2018-07-02.
^ a b c Fox, Ben (22 June 2018). "Rubio, journalists tour center for migrant children in Homestead". Sun-Sentinel.com. Retrieved 2018-07-02.
^ Withers, Scott (2018-06-22). "Reporter's Notebook: Inside a Florida shelter for immigrant children". ABC News. Retrieved 2018-07-02.
^ "Trump administration seeks rule change to allow immigrant children to be detained for longer than 20 days". Dallas News. 2018-09-06. Retrieved 2019-04-20.
^ "Miami Republican barred from visiting immigrant children living in Homestead compound". Tampa Bay Times. Retrieved December 15, 2019.
^ a b Swisher, Skyler (28 June 2018). "Watchdog to scrutinize shelters for migrant kids, including 3 in South Florida". Sun-Sentinel.com. Retrieved 2018-07-02.
^ Madan, Monique O. (2019-04-09). "Trump blocks three Florida congresswomen from visiting Homestead child detention center". Miami Herald. Retrieved 2019-04-19.
^ Scherer, Michael (March 6, 2018). "Former Cabinet secretary Donna Shalala to run for Congress in Miami". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 4, 2019.
^ a b Felony drug defendant tells shocked Miami judge: I work caring for kids seized at border, Miami Herald, Carol Marbin Miller, June 22, 2018. Retrieved July 5, 2019.
^ Madan, Monique O.; Wieder, Ben (2019-04-19). "Good Friday brings protests, but no apparent changes, at shelter for migrant youths". Miami Herald. Retrieved 2019-04-19.
^ Shammas, Brittany (May 30, 2019). "Employees at Homestead Shelter for Migrant Children Say They Weren't Properly Trained". Miami New Times. Retrieved July 12, 2019.
^ Having zero kids at Homestead has cost $33 million so far — that number will rise, Miami Herald, Monique O. Madan, September 18, 2019. Retrieved September 19, 2019.
^ "Immigrant girl escapes Homestead detention center — and then found hiding in an auto shop". miamiherald. Retrieved 2019-01-18.
^ It Will Have a Chilling Effect: Forensic Architecture’s Eyal Weizman on a Secretive Government Algorithm That Stopped Him Entering the US, Artnet News,February 20, 2020.
^ a b c d Potential contamination at Homestead detention center means it can’t be safe to house children, Miami Herald, Jonathan Fried and Lisa Evans, October 03, 2019. Retrieved December 11, 2019.
^ a b Iannelli, Jerry (2018-11-04). "Five Awful Stories About Miami's Child-Migrant Compound". Miami New Times. Retrieved 2019-01-18.
^ a b From extortion to sex exploitation, South Florida facilities holding migrant kids have faced problems, South Florida Sun-Sentinel, Skyler Swisher, June 22, 2018. Retrieved July 5, 2019.
^ Groppe, Maureen (November 13, 2017). "Who is Alex Azar? Former drugmaker CEO and HHS official nominated to head agency". USA Today. Retrieved October 6, 2019.
^ Private sector seeks to profit by detaining migrant kids, Associated Press, Garance Burke and Martha Mendoza, October 3, 2019. Retrieved October 6, 2019.
25°30′00″N 80°23′33″W / 25.4999°N 80.3925°W / 25.4999; -80.3925
vteUnited States immigrant detention centers of minorsFacilitiesCustoms and Border Protection
Clint Border Patrol Station
Ursula (detention center)
Office of Refugee Resettlement
Casa Padre
Casa San Diego
Homestead Temporary Shelter for Unaccompanied Children
Tornillo Tent City
Ursula
Private
His House Children's Home
Msgr. Bryan Walsh Children's Village
Organizations
Comprehensive Health Services
MVM, Inc.
Southwest Key Programs
BCFS Health and Human Services
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Senator Elizabeth Warren had demanded that the detention facility be \"closed down\", and calls for investigation and oversight grew stronger when it was revealed that the federal government had paid $33 million in just 46 days for 1,200 of the empty beds.[2]It was reported on February 23, 2021 that the administration of US President Joe Biden will be reopening the detention center.[3]","title":"Homestead Temporary Shelter for Unaccompanied Children"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Caliburn International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliburn_International"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Warren-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Donald Trump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump"},{"link_name":"Secretary of Homeland Security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Homeland_Security"},{"link_name":"Chief of Staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House_Chief_of_Staff"},{"link_name":"John Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kelly"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Warren-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nobid-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Richard Briffault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Briffault"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBS-8"},{"link_name":"flag rank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_rank"},{"link_name":"Anthony Zinni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Zinni"},{"link_name":"Michael Hayden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Hayden_(general)"},{"link_name":"Kathleen L. Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathleen_L._Martin"},{"link_name":"James G. Stavridis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_G._Stavridis"},{"link_name":"military–industrial complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military%E2%80%93industrial_complex"},{"link_name":"Donald Kerr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Kerr"},{"link_name":"Michael Corbin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Corbin"},{"link_name":"Assistant Secretary of Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Assistant_Secretary_of_Defense"},{"link_name":"Richard Armitage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Armitage_(naval_officer)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBS-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Frank Craig Pandolfe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Craig_Pandolfe"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Warren-2"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Martin-12"}],"text":"As of September 2019, Caliburn International, a security consulting firm, of which CHS is a subsidiary, faced criticism from south Florida media for its role,[2][4] particularly because President Donald Trump's former Secretary of Homeland Security and Chief of Staff, General John Kelly, sat on the board of and worked as a lobbyist for D.C. Capital Partners (DCCP), before joining the administration in November 2017. DCCP created Caliburn in 2018.[2][5] Kelly joined Caliburn's Board of Directors after leaving the White House in 2018. He was seen in April 2019 touring the facility on a golf cart.[6][7] Although Caliburn, Comprehensive and DC Capital appear to have accrued financial benefits via government contracts during and subsequent to Kelly's serving as White House chief of staff, legal scholar Richard Briffault said Kelly did not necessarily break any ethics and conflict of interest rules: \"It sounds like he's running between the raindrops. It doesn't sound great, but most likely he's not directly violating any policies.\" Briffault said government officials are prohibited from benefiting from their involvement in matters involving specific parties. That meant while he served in the White House, Kelly couldn't directly influence any contract-awarding decision to a DC Capital subsidiary. \"This is classic revolving door,\" he continued. That employment meant Kelly couldn't lobby or attempt to influence government policy for five years, although he could return to his former company.[8]Caliburn's board of directors includes several other retired former flag rank military personnel including Generals Anthony Zinni and Michael Hayden and Admirals Stephen F. Loftus, Kathleen L. Martin and James G. Stavridis. Other members of the military–industrial complex on the board include scientist and bureaucrat Donald Kerr and Ambassadors Michael Corbin and decorated U.S. Navy Vietnam veteran and Reagan administration Assistant Secretary of Defense, Richard Armitage.[8] At the end of the Vietnam war, Armitage took a central role in the evacuation of tens of thousands of refugees by sea to the Philippines.[9] Caliburn's Chief Strategy Officer and Executive Vice President for Corporate Development is retired Vice Admiral Frank Craig Pandolfe.[10][11][2][12]","title":"Governance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Madan_2019-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Madan_2018-14"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hanks_2018-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Madan_2018-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hanks_2018-15"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Iannelli_2018-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vacant-18"},{"link_name":"Flores Settlement Agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reno_v._Flores"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vacant-18"},{"link_name":"Job Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job_Corps"},{"link_name":"Homestead Air Reserve Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homestead_Air_Reserve_Base"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Madan_2018-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Madan_2018-14"},{"link_name":"Comprehensive Health Services, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comprehensive_Health_Services,_Inc."},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Iannelli_2018-17"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Elijah Cummings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elijah_Cummings"},{"link_name":"Kevin McAleenan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_McAleenan"},{"link_name":"Department of Homeland Security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Homeland_Security"},{"link_name":"Mark Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Morgan_(law_enforcement_officer)"},{"link_name":"U.S. Customs and Border Protection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection"},{"link_name":"Donald Trump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-visit-21"},{"link_name":"Bennie Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bennie_Thompson"},{"link_name":"Miami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami,_Florida"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-visit-21"},{"link_name":"United States House Appropriations Subcommittee on Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, and Related Agencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_Appropriations_Subcommittee_on_Labor,_Health_and_Human_Services,_Education,_and_Related_Agencies"},{"link_name":"Rosa DeLauro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa_DeLauro"},{"link_name":"Debbie Wasserman Schultz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debbie_Wasserman_Schultz"},{"link_name":"Debbie Mucarsel-Powell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debbie_Mucarsel-Powell"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Trump administration family separation policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_administration_family_separation_policy"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wright_2018-23"},{"link_name":"American Friends Service Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Friends_Service_Committee"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vacant-18"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fox_2018-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vacant-18"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Madan_2019-13"}],"text":"The Homestead Temporary Shelter was originally opened during the Obama administration, holding 8,500 juveniles while it operated between June 2016 and April 2017.[13][14] It was the first in South Florida to be able to house minor immigrants to the United States.[15][16][14] In 2017, the shelter was shut down when there was no longer a need to house unaccompanied minors, but in early 2018, the shelter was reopened \"without public notice.\"[15] In February 2018, CHSi won a $30 million government contract to run the shelter.[17] The cost was a million dollars per day.[18] It was believed that the contract had been crafted in an effort to circumvent the Flores Settlement Agreement (FSA) which had been arrived at in 1997 after over 11 years of litigation regarding the care of minor immigrants in detention.[18]The detention facility is surrounded by tall fencing with security checkpoints in a former Job Corps building on the Homestead Air Reserve Base.[14] Minors in the shelter were provided with meals, snacks, medical care, recreation time and classes.[14] The facility was operated by Comprehensive Health Services, Inc. (CHSi), used to house minors between the ages of 13 and 17.[17][19] Starting in mid-April 2018, CHSi began to advertise to recruit employees to fill about 40 new positions in Homestead.[20]In 2019, the center became a focal point in the controversy regarding the separating of minor children of asylum seekers at the U.S. Border. On July first and second, a delegation of congressional Democrats visited the facility and raised objections to the conditions in which these minors were kept. The late Maryland Representative Elijah Cummings, who chaired the House Committee on Oversight and Reform, said, \"The Trump Administration's actions at the southern border are grotesque and dehumanizing,\" \"There seems to be open contempt for the rule of law and for basic human decency. The Committee needs to hear directly from the heads of these agencies as soon as possible in light of the almost daily reports of abuse and defiance.\" He invited both acting Secretary Kevin McAleenan from the Department of Homeland Security and Acting Commissioner Mark Morgan of the U.S. Customs and Border Protection at a July 12, 2019 hearing and indicated he would be prepared to subpoena top officials of President Donald Trump's administration if they refused his request to testify before the committee. \"I encourage Acting Secretary McAleenan and Acting Commissioner Morgan to appear voluntarily in order to answer these critical questions,\" Cummings indicated that he would subpoena senior Trump officials if they declined his invitation to testify.[21] Mississippi Representative Bennie Thompson, who chairs the House Committee on Homeland Security, joined a delegation of Democrats at the detention compound, including Democratic 2020 presidential candidates who visited it while they were in Miami for the Democratic presidential debates that were held on June 26 and 27, 2019.[21]On July 15, 2019, the center was visited by a congressional delegation which found the government had just rapidly reduced the number of teenagers detained there, a 42% drop in 12 days. Those legislators already intended to analyze how the facility operated and to ask for an accounting for its expenditures. A month earlier, it held 2,460 migrant children, from 13 to 17 years old, an 80% rise since it initially opened in the first quarter of 2018. On July 3, it had held 2,252 children, but by that morning, only 1,309 remained. The chairwoman of the United States House Appropriations Subcommittee on Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, and Related Agencies, Connecticut's Rosa DeLauro, wanted to know if those who had so quickly left had been paired with family members or sponsors, or just transferred to alternate shelters. Congresswoman Debbie Wasserman Schultz, who had previously been refused entry asked, \"What the heck. From July 3 until July 14th, suddenly they’re able to drop 1,000 kids here when they couldn’t do that as quickly before? Where did they go?\" Caliburn International did not inform them regarding possible closure but did tell them that on July 3, the shelter went on “admittance stop, so no new children have come in since then,\" and that DHHS began, \"...releasing kids as quickly as possible.\" In the previous week, \"448 children were released from the shelter, mostly identified as \"reunifications to a sponsor,\" in addition to transfers to alternate facilities. There were 376 who had been reunified with family and another 70 had been transferred. Two others left because they were over 18 years old. A policy change meant that prior caregivers were no longer required to be fingerprinted. Deputy Assistant Secretary for public affairs at the DHHS, Mark Weber, described Homestead as \"an emergency influx shelter for use when the standard shelter system is near capacity,\" and space had become available at standard shelters. Miami Congresswoman Debbie Mucarsel-Powell, who had inquired about hurricane planning, said that the lack of such an emergency policy was an \"extremely dangerous form of neglect.\" A Caliburn representative said the facility wasn't accepting new placements and was “not sure for how long” the no-admissions policy would remain.[22] While most of the minors in the Homestead shelter crossed the border unaccompanied, in June 2018, 94 of the roughly 1,000 children in the center at that time had been separated from their parents at the border under the Trump administration family separation policy.[23] Protesters, which included members of the American Friends Service Committee (AFSC) gathered 128,000 signatures from opponents of the facility.[18] On June 22, 2018, government officials were allowed to tour the facilities which had 782 boys and 387 girls on the premises.[24] On average, minors remain in the shelter for around 25 days before they are placed in homes of family or friends who live in the U.S.[25] This is despite current immigration laws that limit detention to only 20 days.[26] Despite being contractually obligated to close on April 20, 2019, the facility remained open holding children until August, 2019.[18][27] The facility had been opened and closed during the Obama administration and reopened in 2018, and was emptied by August 3, 2019. Its contract was canceled as of November 30, 2019, after being vacant for almost four months.[13]","title":"Operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Trump administration family separation policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_administration_family_separation_policy"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wright_2018-23"},{"link_name":"Democratic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Kionne McGhee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kionne_McGhee"},{"link_name":"Bill Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Nelson"},{"link_name":"Debbie Wasserman Schultz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debbie_Wasserman_Schultz"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fox_2018-24"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Swisher_2018-28"},{"link_name":"Marco Rubio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Rubio"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fox_2018-24"},{"link_name":"Debbie Mucarsel-Powell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debbie_Mucarsel-Powell"},{"link_name":"Donna Shalala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donna_Shalala"},{"link_name":"Miami-Dade County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami-Dade_County"},{"link_name":"Department of Health and Human Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Charlie Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Christ"},{"link_name":"Florida Department of Children & Families","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Department_of_Children_%26_Families"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miller-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Immigration and Customs Enforcement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Martin-12"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBS-8"},{"link_name":"Topeka, Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topeka,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Washburn University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washburn_University"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Martin-12"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"U.S. House Appropriations Subcommittee on Health and Human Services, et al.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_Appropriations_Subcommittee_on_Labor,_Health_and_Human_Services,_Education,_and_Related_Agencies"},{"link_name":"Mark Pocan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Pocan"},{"link_name":"Office of Refugee Resettlement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Refugee_Resettlement"},{"link_name":"Department of Health and Human Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Warren-2"},{"link_name":"Newsweek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsweek"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Warren-2"},{"link_name":"Honduras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honduras"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Forensic Architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forensic_Architecture"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"text":"Protesters opposing the Trump administration family separation policy demonstrated in front of the Homestead shelter on June 20, 2018.[23] The previous day, Democratic politicians including, state Representative Kionne McGhee, then-Senator Bill Nelson and Congresswoman Debbie Wasserman Schultz, were denied entry to the shelter. This led to protesters accusing the Trump administration of trying to cover up mistreatment.[24][28] Senator Marco Rubio was allowed to visit Homestead on June 22, though he did not describe what he saw.[24] In April, 2019, Wasserman Schultz, plus newly elected Congresswomen Debbie Mucarsel-Powell, and Donna Shalala, all representing parts of Miami-Dade County, were refused entry into the facility by the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), despite their having the legal authority to demand entry.[29] Shalala headed DHHS for eight years during the Clinton administration.[30] Congressman Charlie Christ, Florida's former governor, termed the situation, \"...indefensible. Stunning and disappointing, to say the least.\" George Sheldon, a former secretary of the Florida Department of Children & Families, characterized the policy as \"obscene.\" \"There's no word I can use to describe what I think is an extremely inhumane policy.\"[31]A protest campaign by local churches, synagogues, and other religious groups has been ongoing since February 20, 2019. Nearly 100 protesters gathered there on April 19, 2019.[32]The conditions in which the children were being held were widely criticized including for being regimented and austere. A whistleblower, Andrew Lorentzen-Strait, quit his Immigration and Customs Enforcement job after 18 years to work in for the private non-profit Lutheran Immigration and Refugee Services. He said, \"They say we are the children people, you are the enforcement people, but that is blurred now.\" \"These aren't commodities. They're kids, and they don't need to have big box stores serving them.\" \"You can't just order up migrant care.\"[12] In February 2019, reporters on a tour of the facility were informed that older children preferred the huge dormitory holding hundreds of beds, a program manager telling them, \"They say it's like a slumber party.\"[8]In Topeka, Kansas, Washburn University law professor David Rubenstein, whose research is focused on privatized immigrant detention said, \"The profiteering incentive comes at the cost of cutting programs or rights or treatment or conditions.\"[12]Two former employees have filed lawsuits claiming they weren't properly trained or paid properly for their work at the shelter. They say that they were hired as travel chaperones but were asked to perform other duties. They claim that their work hours were reduced and then they were fired after complaining about their situation.[33]At a September 18, 2019 hearing of the U.S. House Appropriations Subcommittee on Health and Human Services, et al., in response to a question posed by Representative Mark Pocan, Jonathan Hayes, the acting director of the Office of Refugee Resettlement said the Department of Health and Human Services had spent more than $33 million in 46 days to keep the vacant Homestead center in operation although no children were currently housed there. The empty shelter cost taxpayers $720,000 a day: $600 a day for each of 1,200 empty beds at the military base facility. When children are actually present, the cost rises to $750 (~$882.00 in 2023) daily, per child.[34][2] Pocan later told Newsweek that he felt the explanation Hayes provided was insufficient, and the price being paid would be more than the cost of a \"night in the Four Seasons or a Trump hotel.\" \"It's a shocking amount of money to be paying for an empty facility.\"[2]\nIn July 2018, one detainee, a 15-year-old girl from Honduras, escaped from facility workers and was found hiding in a nearby mechanic's shop. Police located her and returned her to the facility. Reports about the incident referred to the facility as a \"child prison.\"[35]In February 2020, Eyal Weizman, Director of Forensic Architecture, was denied entry to the US after being classified as a “security threat” by a Homeland Security algorithm. He had been planning to help launch an investigation into Homestead by teaching local groups Forensic Architecture's research methods into alleged abuses.[36]","title":"Criticism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stanford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Martin-12"},{"link_name":"Superfund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superfund"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-drawbacks-37"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-drawbacks-37"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-drawbacks-37"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-drawbacks-37"}],"sub_title":"Facility shortcomings","text":"A Stanford University expert in child trauma, Ryan Matlow, expressed concerns that size of the Homestead facility was inappropriate, that it was much too large to address the individual needs of children and that the depersonalization of detainees could produce long term physical and emotional effects, including heart problems and depression. The corporation's plans for additional facilities holding up to 500 children would still be expected to produce such effects.[12]The shelter property abuts a military Superfund site. It is surrounded by soil and groundwater contaminated with dangerous metal and chemicals which include arsenic and lead, and adjacent land was utilized for hazardous waste, munitions, and pesticide storage. Contaminants at such sites can cause a variety of health problems, including being carcinogenic, causing renal failure and developmental damage.[37] Because of chemical contamination, residential development on land surrounding the shelter site is forbidden. An inquiry by the Miami Herald did not disclose any evidence that the shelter site was tested for such contaminants or if it had been evaluated as to their impact on children held there.[37] There was an additional problem regarding exposure to high levels of noise at the center as it is proximate to operations of the Homestead Air Reserve Base's F-16C fighter jets. The center was found to be in a noise zone that according to the United States Air Force (USAF), the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), is \"normally unacceptable\" for any human residence.[37] According to the World Health Organization (WHO), such a level of sustained noise exposure can be damaging to the cognition and development of children.[37]","title":"Criticism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DHHS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services"},{"link_name":"sex abuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_abuse"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Swisher_2018-28"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Iannelli-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Swisher-39"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Swisher-39"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miller-31"}],"sub_title":"Allegations of staff criminality","text":"A government watchdog agency, the Office of Inspector General (OIG) for the DHHS, looked into allegations of sex abuse and extortion in the Homestead shelter.[28] A female worker was charged with attempted coercion and enticement of a recently released minor to engage in illicit sexual activity and attempted production of child pornography.[38] She was sentenced to ten years in prison.[39] Questions were raised about background screening. One felon recently hired as a lead worker, had a drug conviction and was currently in drug court when he became employed.[39][31]","title":"Criticism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rick Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Scott"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Iannelli-38"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nobid-6"},{"link_name":"Associated Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press"},{"link_name":"Frontline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontline_(American_TV_program)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Martin-12"},{"link_name":"GEO Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GEO_Group"},{"link_name":"Health and Human Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_and_Human_Services"},{"link_name":"Alex Azar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Azar"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-whois-40"},{"link_name":"San Benito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Benito,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Brownsville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownsville,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Los Fresnos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Fresnos,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Martin-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Martin-12"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burke-41"}],"sub_title":"Contractor favoritism","text":"In December 2016, Comprehensive Health Services (CHSi) announced a new project that would \"create 150 new jobs\" at its Cape Canaveral headquarters. Consequently, in July 2017, the state awarded it a $600,000 (~$733,620 in 2023) \"qualified target-industry\" tax-incentive package. As then-Governor, now-U.S. Senator Rick Scott negotiated that tax break, Comprehensive Health concluded a deal to pay a $3.8 million settlement to the U.S. Department of Justice to settle a medical-fraud claim. The corporation paid the fine in February 2017, without admitting guilt, but the state of Florida still issued the tax breaks.[38] Despite an absence of competitive bidding, in late April 2019, CHSi was granted a new contract worth at least $341 million, but which could increase substantially if the population of children continued to rise.[6] A joint investigation by the Associated Press and the PBS investigative journalism flagship feature, Frontline, found that although the shelter had been completely empty for two months, it still had 2,000 staff on hand.[12] There had been concerted initiatives on the part of the Trump administration to shift detained children from non-profit, often religious denomination-operated shelters, to Caliburn and other for-profit prison operators, such as the GEO Group. Trump's Health and Human Services Secretary, a long time Republican executive and judicial branch insider, Alex Azar,[40] called the findings of the investigators \"misleading,\" but avoided addressing the shifting to for-profit privatization providers, which were exclusive to Caliburn at the time. Six other Comprehensive Health Services programs in Texas that were holding migrant children were booming, including those in San Benito, Brownsville, and Los Fresnos. In early June, CHSi had been holding almost 25% of all the migrant children who were in custody at that time.[12] The corporation had received almost $300 million in 2019 when the story was written.[12][41]","title":"Criticism"}] | [{"image_text":"Homestead Temporary Shelter for Unaccompanied Children in 2016.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Homestead_Temporary_Shelter_for_Unaccompanied_Children.jpg/220px-Homestead_Temporary_Shelter_for_Unaccompanied_Children.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Welch, Leecia; Law, National Center for Youth (13 February 2019). \"Inside The Largest And Most Controversial Shelter For Migrant Children In The U.S.\" NPR.org. Retrieved 2019-04-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npr.org/2019/02/13/694138106/inside-the-largest-and-most-controversial-shelter-for-migrant-children-in-the-u-","url_text":"\"Inside The Largest And Most Controversial Shelter For Migrant Children In The U.S.\""}]},{"reference":"Cardona, Alexi C. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherwood_L._Washburn | Sherwood Washburn | ["1 Biography","2 Harvard","3 Career","4 Published works","5 Notes","6 References","7 External links"] | American physical anthropologist (1911–2000)
Sherwood L. WashburnBorn(1911-11-26)November 26, 1911Cambridge, Massachusetts, United StatesDiedApril 16, 2000(2000-04-16) (aged 88)Berkeley, CaliforniaAlma materHarvard UniversityKnown forComparative approach to understanding human evolution, renaissance of behavioral primatologyAwardsViking Fund Medal, Huxley Memorial Medal and Lecture, Distinguished Service Award of the American Anthropological AssociationScientific careerFieldsAnthropologyInstitutionsColumbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, University of Chicago, University of California, BerkeleyDoctoral advisorEarnest A. HootonDoctoral studentsIrven DeVore, F. Clark Howell, Vincent M. Sarich, Jane Lancaster, Ralph Holloway
NotesDesignated by the AAPA as the premier American physical anthropologist of the twentieth century
Sherwood Larned Washburn ((1911-11-26)November 26, 1911 – (2000-04-16)April 16, 2000), nicknamed "Sherry", was an American physical anthropologist, and "a legend in the field." He was pioneer in the field of primatology, opening it to the study of primates in their natural habitats. His research and influence in the comparative analysis of primate behaviors to theories of human origins established a new course of study within the field of human evolution. He changed the field of anthropology with the publication of his paper The New Physical Anthropology, in 1951, in which he argued, convincingly, that human variation was continuous, and could not be broken up into discontinuous races.
Biography
He was born and raised in Cambridge, Massachusetts to Henry Bradford Washburn Sr., dean of the Episcopal Theological School in Cambridge, and Edith Buckingham Hall. He was the younger brother of Henry Bradford Washburn. In his youth, Washburn took a keen interest in the field of natural history, and during school vacations worked with exhibits and collections in Harvard's Museum of Comparative Zoology.
Washburn graduated summa cum laude from Harvard University with a bachelor's degree in Anthropology in 1935, followed by a Ph.D. in anthropology in 1940. For a time, Washburn considered pursuing his doctorate in zoology, and in his first year in graduate school, worked as an assistant with a zoological expedition in southern Asia called the Asiatic Primate Expedition. His work as a graduate student in comparative anatomy, comparative psychology, animal locomotion mechanics, and paleontology helped shape in him a multi-disciplinary perspective toward the study of evolutionary origins.
Washburn married Henrietta Pease in 1938, and they had two children, Sherwood "Tuck" and Stan. They subsequently resided in New York, Chicago, Illinois and Berkeley, California, where Sherwood held university positions. Washburn died in Berkeley in 2000 at age 88.
Harvard
Washburn entered Harvard's graduate program with the intention of pursuing a doctorate in zoology. His focus shifted to anthropology after being induced to attend an introductory seminar on the subject led by his freshman advisor and close family friend Alfred Tozzer. Finding the mixture of archaeology, customs and human evolution stimulating, he joined the physical anthropology program led by Earnest Hooton where he was able to enfold his zoological coursework such as comparative anatomy and paleontology in his approach to the study of human evolution. Doctoral students in Harvard's physical anthropology program were forced to look beyond the anthropology department to secure the necessary training, which Washburn considered fortuitous because the experience left him with deep appreciation how much more can be learned when a multidisciplinary effort is brought into the analysis.
While studying for his doctorate, Washburn received his first opportunity to engage in fieldwork. He served as an assistant zoologist in Harold J. Coolidge's 1935–1936 Asiatic Primate Expedition. In Malaysia he helped collect specimens of various species of colobine and macaque monkeys and the orangutan. In Sri Lanka and Thailand he also collected specimens of lar gibbon and observed their behavior in natural surroundings. He continued this work on the collection when he returned to Harvard, at times assisted by Gabriel Lasker. Washburn would later credit the ongoing discussions between Lasker and himself during this period (1938) as formative to his views about human variability. To Washburn, human variability was to be understood in terms of population genetics, and not according to the terms of racial and constitutional typology as typified by his doctoral advisor, Hooton.
His doctoral thesis was a metrical appraisal of proportions in the skeletons of adult macaques and langurs. His doctorate, awarded in 1940, was the first from Harvard's anthropology department to be awarded for a study of non-human primates.
Career
Upon graduating Harvard, Washburn accepted a position as associate professor of anatomy in Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, where he remained for eight years. From 1947 to 1958 he was a professor of anthropology at the University of Chicago, for a time serving as department chair. He left the University of Chicago for a professorship in University of California, Berkeley, where he remained until his retirement in 1979. In 1975 the university elected him to the appointment of University Professor, one of 35 such appointments granted since the position was first created in 1960.
Published works
Social Life of Early Man, New York, Viking Fund, 1961
Evolution of a Teacher Annual Review of Anthropology. 1983.
"The Evolution of Man", Scientific American v239 n3 p194–208 September 1978
Human evolution: Biosocial perspectives, edited with Elizabeth McCown, Menlo Park, California: Benjamin/Cummings Pub. Co. 1978
Ape Into Man; A Study of Human Evolution, Boston: Little, Brown. 1973.
Notes
^ a b DeSilva, Jeremy M. (2021). "Birth and Bipedalism". First steps: how upright walking made us human (First ed.). New York: Harper Collins. p. 186. ISBN 9780062938497.
^ Washburn, Sherwood (May 1051). "The New Physical Anthropology". Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences. II. 13 (7). New York City: New York Academy of Sciences: 298–304. doi:10.1111/j.2164-0947.1951.tb01033.x.
^ a b Howell 2004
^ Tuttle 2000
^ ""University Professorships", University of California". Archived from the original on March 15, 2007. Retrieved February 23, 2007.
References
Howell, F. Clark (2004). "Sherwood Larned Washburn". Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences. 84: 348–366.
"Sherwood Washburn — Famed Anthropologist". San Francisco Chronicle. April 20, 2000. p. C5.
Saxon, Wolfgang (April 19, 2000). "Sherwood Washburn, Pioneer in Primate Studies, Dies at 88". The New York Times.
Tuttle, Russell H. (December 2000). "Sherwood Larned Washburn (1911–2000)" (PDF). American Anthropologist. 102 (4): 865–869. doi:10.1525/aa.2000.102.4.865.
Redman, Samuel J. (2016). Bone Rooms: From Scientific Racism to Human Prehistory in Museums. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-66041-0.
External links
Sherwood Washburn interview, Oral History Collection — University of Florida
Finding aid to the S. L. Washburn papers, 1932–1996 at The Bancroft Library
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George Murdock (1955)
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Harry Hoijer (1958)
Sol Tax (1959)
Margaret Mead (1960)
Gordon Willey (1961)
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John P. Gillin (1966)
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"physical anthropologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_anthropology"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DeSilva-1"},{"link_name":"primatology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primatology"},{"link_name":"human evolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_evolution"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wash-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DeSilva-1"}],"text":"Sherwood Larned Washburn ((1911-11-26)November 26, 1911 – (2000-04-16)April 16, 2000), nicknamed \"Sherry\", was an American physical anthropologist, and \"a legend in the field.\"[1] He was pioneer in the field of primatology, opening it to the study of primates in their natural habitats. His research and influence in the comparative analysis of primate behaviors to theories of human origins established a new course of study within the field of human evolution. He changed the field of anthropology with the publication of his paper The New Physical Anthropology,[2] in 1951, in which he argued, convincingly, that human variation was continuous, and could not be broken up into discontinuous races.[1]","title":"Sherwood Washburn"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cambridge, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Episcopal Theological School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal_Theological_School"},{"link_name":"Henry Bradford Washburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradford_Washburn"},{"link_name":"Harvard's Museum of Comparative Zoology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Comparative_Zoology"},{"link_name":"summa cum laude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_honors#Types"},{"link_name":"Harvard University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University"},{"link_name":"Anthropology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology"},{"link_name":"zoology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoology"}],"text":"He was born and raised in Cambridge, Massachusetts to Henry Bradford Washburn Sr., dean of the Episcopal Theological School in Cambridge, and Edith Buckingham Hall. He was the younger brother of Henry Bradford Washburn. In his youth, Washburn took a keen interest in the field of natural history, and during school vacations worked with exhibits and collections in Harvard's Museum of Comparative Zoology.Washburn graduated summa cum laude from Harvard University with a bachelor's degree in Anthropology in 1935, followed by a Ph.D. in anthropology in 1940. For a time, Washburn considered pursuing his doctorate in zoology, and in his first year in graduate school, worked as an assistant with a zoological expedition in southern Asia called the Asiatic Primate Expedition. His work as a graduate student in comparative anatomy, comparative psychology, animal locomotion mechanics, and paleontology helped shape in him a multi-disciplinary perspective toward the study of evolutionary origins.Washburn married Henrietta Pease in 1938, and they had two children, Sherwood \"Tuck\" and Stan. They subsequently resided in New York, Chicago, Illinois and Berkeley, California, where Sherwood held university positions. Washburn died in Berkeley in 2000 at age 88.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"zoology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoology"},{"link_name":"Alfred Tozzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Tozzer"},{"link_name":"archaeology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeology"},{"link_name":"customs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_anthropology"},{"link_name":"human evolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_evolution"},{"link_name":"Earnest Hooton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earnest_Hooton"},{"link_name":"fieldwork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_research"},{"link_name":"Harold J. Coolidge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Jefferson_Coolidge_Jr."},{"link_name":"colobine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colobine"},{"link_name":"macaque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macaque"},{"link_name":"orangutan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orangutan"},{"link_name":"lar gibbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lar_gibbon"},{"link_name":"Gabriel Lasker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Lasker"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Howell-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"langurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langur"},{"link_name":"non-human primates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primates"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Howell-3"}],"text":"Washburn entered Harvard's graduate program with the intention of pursuing a doctorate in zoology. His focus shifted to anthropology after being induced to attend an introductory seminar on the subject led by his freshman advisor and close family friend Alfred Tozzer. Finding the mixture of archaeology, customs and human evolution stimulating, he joined the physical anthropology program led by Earnest Hooton where he was able to enfold his zoological coursework such as comparative anatomy and paleontology in his approach to the study of human evolution. Doctoral students in Harvard's physical anthropology program were forced to look beyond the anthropology department to secure the necessary training, which Washburn considered fortuitous because the experience left him with deep appreciation how much more can be learned when a multidisciplinary effort is brought into the analysis.While studying for his doctorate, Washburn received his first opportunity to engage in fieldwork. He served as an assistant zoologist in Harold J. Coolidge's 1935–1936 Asiatic Primate Expedition. In Malaysia he helped collect specimens of various species of colobine and macaque monkeys and the orangutan. In Sri Lanka and Thailand he also collected specimens of lar gibbon and observed their behavior in natural surroundings. He continued this work on the collection when he returned to Harvard, at times assisted by Gabriel Lasker. Washburn would later credit the ongoing discussions between Lasker and himself during this period (1938) as formative to his views about human variability. To Washburn, human variability was to be understood in terms of population genetics, and not according to the terms of racial and constitutional typology as typified by his doctoral advisor, Hooton.[3][4]His doctoral thesis was a metrical appraisal of proportions in the skeletons of adult macaques and langurs. His doctorate, awarded in 1940, was the first from Harvard's anthropology department to be awarded for a study of non-human primates.[3]","title":"Harvard"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University_College_of_Physicians_and_Surgeons"},{"link_name":"University of Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago"},{"link_name":"University of California, Berkeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Upon graduating Harvard, Washburn accepted a position as associate professor of anatomy in Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, where he remained for eight years. From 1947 to 1958 he was a professor of anthropology at the University of Chicago, for a time serving as department chair. He left the University of Chicago for a professorship in University of California, Berkeley, where he remained until his retirement in 1979. In 1975 the university elected him to the appointment of University Professor, one of 35 such appointments granted since the position was first created in 1960.[5]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Evolution of a Teacher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.an.12.100183.000245"}],"text":"Social Life of Early Man, New York, Viking Fund, 1961\nEvolution of a Teacher Annual Review of Anthropology. 1983.\n\"The Evolution of Man\", Scientific American v239 n3 p194–208 September 1978\nHuman evolution: Biosocial perspectives, edited with Elizabeth McCown, Menlo Park, California: Benjamin/Cummings Pub. Co. 1978\nApe Into Man; A Study of Human Evolution, Boston: Little, Brown. 1973.","title":"Published works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DeSilva_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DeSilva_1-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780062938497","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780062938497"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Wash_2-0"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1111/j.2164-0947.1951.tb01033.x","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.2164-0947.1951.tb01033.x"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Howell_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Howell_3-1"},{"link_name":"Howell 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHowell2004"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Tuttle 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFTuttle2000"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"\"University Professorships\", University of California\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070315185638/http://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/facultystaff/universityprofessors.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.universityofcalifornia.edu/facultystaff/universityprofessors.html"}],"text":"^ a b DeSilva, Jeremy M. (2021). \"Birth and Bipedalism\". First steps: how upright walking made us human (First ed.). New York: Harper Collins. p. 186. ISBN 9780062938497.\n\n^ Washburn, Sherwood (May 1051). \"The New Physical Anthropology\". Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences. II. 13 (7). New York City: New York Academy of Sciences: 298–304. doi:10.1111/j.2164-0947.1951.tb01033.x.\n\n^ a b Howell 2004\n\n^ Tuttle 2000\n\n^ \"\"University Professorships\", University of California\". Archived from the original on March 15, 2007. Retrieved February 23, 2007.","title":"Notes"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"DeSilva, Jeremy M. (2021). \"Birth and Bipedalism\". First steps: how upright walking made us human (First ed.). New York: Harper Collins. p. 186. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Else_Poulsson | Else Poulsson | ["1 Biography","2 References","3 External links"] | Norwegian artist (1909–2002)
Else PoulssonBorn(1909-03-24)24 March 1909Rjukan, NorwayDied10 February 2002(2002-02-10) (aged 92)Bærum, NorwayNationalityNorwegianKnown forTextile Art, Painting
Else Poulsson (24 March 1909 – 10 February 2002) was a Norwegian painter and textile artist.
Biography
Poulsson was born in Rjukan in Telemark, Norway. She was the daughter of Jens Jørgensen Poulsson and Vivi Lange, and was a sister of Colonel Jens-Anton Poulsson and a niece of architect Magnus Poulsson.
St. Hallvard tapestry at Oslo City Hall
Poulsson was educated at Statens kvinnelige industriskole and at the Norwegian National Academy of Craft and Art Industry, alongside Enevold Thømt, in Oslo and undertook further studies in Sweden and Finland. From 1929 to 1954 she worked for Den Norske Husflidsforening. Among her designs are several decorations for Oslo City Hall, including a carpet design, St. Hallvard, which was woven by Else Halling. Poulsson also produced designs for the Headquarters of the United Nations in New York City. She died in Bærum during 2002.
References
^ a b Alfsen, Glenny. "Else Poulsson". Norsk Kunstnerleksikon (in Norwegian). Retrieved 4 December 2015.
^ Helberg, Claus. "Jens-A Poulsson". In Helle, Knut (ed.). Norsk biografisk leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 6 December 2015.
^ Anker, Nils (18 March 2002). "Else Poulsson Moe". Aftenposten (in Norwegian).
External links
Else Poulsson listing on the Cooper Hewitt website
Else Poulsson Tradisjonalist Og Modernist Matslinder; 11 November 2016
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VIAF
Artists
KulturNav | [{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Else Poulsson (24 March 1909 – 10 February 2002) was a Norwegian painter and textile artist.","title":"Else Poulsson"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rjukan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rjukan"},{"link_name":"Telemark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telemark"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nkl-1"},{"link_name":"Jens-Anton Poulsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jens-Anton_Poulsson"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nbl-2"},{"link_name":"Magnus Poulsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_Poulsson"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bystyresalsteppe.jpg"},{"link_name":"Oslo City Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo_City_Hall"},{"link_name":"Norwegian National Academy of Craft and Art Industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_National_Academy_of_Craft_and_Art_Industry"},{"link_name":"Enevold Thømt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enevold_Th%C3%B8mt"},{"link_name":"Oslo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"Oslo City Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo_City_Hall"},{"link_name":"Else Halling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Else_Halling"},{"link_name":"Headquarters of the United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headquarters_of_the_United_Nations"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Bærum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A6rum"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nkl-1"}],"text":"Poulsson was born in Rjukan in Telemark, Norway. She was the daughter of Jens Jørgensen Poulsson and Vivi Lange,[1] and was a sister of Colonel Jens-Anton Poulsson[2] and a niece of architect Magnus Poulsson.[3]St. Hallvard tapestry at Oslo City HallPoulsson was educated at Statens kvinnelige industriskole and at the Norwegian National Academy of Craft and Art Industry, alongside Enevold Thømt, in Oslo and undertook further studies in Sweden and Finland. From 1929 to 1954 she worked for Den Norske Husflidsforening. Among her designs are several decorations for Oslo City Hall, including a carpet design, St. Hallvard, which was woven by Else Halling. Poulsson also produced designs for the Headquarters of the United Nations in New York City. She died in Bærum during 2002.[1]","title":"Biography"}] | [{"image_text":"St. Hallvard tapestry at Oslo City Hall","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Bystyresalsteppe.jpg/220px-Bystyresalsteppe.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Alfsen, Glenny. \"Else Poulsson\". Norsk Kunstnerleksikon (in Norwegian). Retrieved 4 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://nkl.snl.no/Else_Poulsson","url_text":"\"Else Poulsson\""}]},{"reference":"Helberg, Claus. \"Jens-A Poulsson\". In Helle, Knut (ed.). Norsk biografisk leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 6 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.snl.no/.nbl_biografi/Jens-A_Poulsson/utdypning","url_text":"\"Jens-A Poulsson\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knut_Helle","url_text":"Helle, Knut"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norsk_biografisk_leksikon","url_text":"Norsk biografisk leksikon"}]},{"reference":"Anker, Nils (18 March 2002). \"Else Poulsson Moe\". Aftenposten (in Norwegian).","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"https://nkl.snl.no/Else_Poulsson","external_links_name":"\"Else Poulsson\""},{"Link":"http://www.snl.no/.nbl_biografi/Jens-A_Poulsson/utdypning","external_links_name":"\"Jens-A Poulsson\""},{"Link":"https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/people/69167685/","external_links_name":"Else Poulsson listing on the Cooper Hewitt website"},{"Link":"http://www.matslinder.no/2016/11/11/else-poulsson-tradisjonalist-og-modernist/","external_links_name":"Else Poulsson Tradisjonalist Og Modernist"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/192149066575465601775","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://kulturnav.org/e2537cd3-e7ea-41cc-b9b8-9b3e5f14ab2a","external_links_name":"KulturNav"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diethylammonium_chloride | Diethylamine | ["1 Production and uses","2 Organic chemistry","3 Supramolecular structure","4 Safety","5 References","6 External links"] | Diethylamine
Names
Preferred IUPAC name
N-Ethylethanamine
Other names
(Diethyl)amineDiethylamine (deprecated)
Identifiers
CAS Number
109-89-7 Y
3D model (JSmol)
Interactive image
Beilstein Reference
605268
ChEBI
CHEBI:85259 Y
ChEMBL
ChEMBL1189 Y
ChemSpider
7730 Y
ECHA InfoCard
100.003.380
EC Number
203-716-3
MeSH
diethylamine
PubChem CID
8021
RTECS number
HZ8750000
UNII
B035PIS86W Y
UN number
1154
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
DTXSID501061682 DTXSID6021909, DTXSID501061682
InChI
InChI=1S/C4H11N/c1-3-5-4-2/h5H,3-4H2,1-2H3 YKey: HPNMFZURTQLUMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y
SMILES
CCNCC
Properties
Chemical formula
C4H11N
Molar mass
73.139 g·mol−1
Appearance
Colourless liquid
Odor
fishy, ammonical
Density
0.7074 g mL−1
Melting point
−49.80 °C; −57.64 °F; 223.35 K
Boiling point
54.8 to 56.4 °C; 130.5 to 133.4 °F; 327.9 to 329.5 K
Solubility in water
Miscible
log P
0.657
Vapor pressure
24.2–97.5 kPa
Henry's lawconstant (kH)
150 μmol Pa−1 kg−1
Acidity (pKa)
10.98 (of ammonium form)
Magnetic susceptibility (χ)
-56.8·10−6 cm3/mol
Refractive index (nD)
1.385
Thermochemistry
Heat capacity (C)
178.1 J K−1 mol−1
Std enthalpy offormation (ΔfH⦵298)
−131 kJ mol−1
Std enthalpy ofcombustion (ΔcH⦵298)
−3.035 MJ mol−1
Hazards
GHS labelling:
Pictograms
Signal word
Danger
Hazard statements
H225, H302, H312, H314, H332
Precautionary statements
P210, P280, P305+P351+P338, P310
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)
3
3
1
Flash point
−23 °C (−9 °F; 250 K)
Autoignitiontemperature
312 °C (594 °F; 585 K)
Explosive limits
1.8–10.1%
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
LD50 (median dose)
540 mg/kg (rat, oral)500 mg/kg (mouse, oral)
LC50 (median concentration)
4000 ppm (rat, 4 hr)
NIOSH (US health exposure limits):
PEL (Permissible)
TWA 25 ppm (75 mg/m3)
REL (Recommended)
TWA 10 ppm (30 mg/m3) ST 25 ppm (75 mg/m3)
IDLH (Immediate danger)
200 ppm
Safety data sheet (SDS)
hazard.com
Related compounds
Related amines
EthylamineDimethylamineTrimethylamineTriethylamineDiisopropylamine
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
N verify (what is YN ?)
Infobox references
Chemical compound
Diethylamine is an organic compound with the formula (CH3CH2)2NH. It is a secondary amine. It is a flammable, weakly alkaline liquid that is miscible with most solvents. It is a colorless liquid, but commercial samples often appear brown due to impurities. It has a strong ammonia-like odor.
Production and uses
The alumina-catalyzed reaction makes diethylamine from ethanol and ammonia. Diethylamine is obtained together with ethylamine and triethylamine. Annual production of the three ethylamines was estimated in 2000 to be 80,000,000 kg.
Diethylamine is used in the production of corrosion inhibitor N,N-diethylaminoethanol, by reaction with ethylene oxide. It is also a precursor to a wide variety of other commercial products. It is also sometimes used in the illicit production of LSD.
Organic chemistry
As the most abundantly available secondary amine that is liquid at room temperature, diethylamine has been extensively deployed in chemical synthesis. Its reactions illustrate the pattern seen for many other dialkylamines. It participates in Mannich reactions involving the installation of diethylaminomethyl substituents. Alkylation gives the tertiary amine. With trimethylsilyl chloride, it reacts to give the silylamide.
Supramolecular structure
Supramolecular helix of diethylamine
Diethylamine is the smallest and simplest molecule that features a supramolecular helix as its lowest energy aggregate. Other similarly sized hydrogen-bonding molecules favor cyclic structures.
Safety
Diethylamine has low toxicity, but the vapor causes transient impairment of vision.
References
^ Merck Index, 12th Edition, 3160
^ Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry : IUPAC Recommendations and Preferred Names 2013 (Blue Book). Cambridge: The Royal Society of Chemistry. 2014. p. 671. doi:10.1039/9781849733069-FP001. ISBN 978-0-85404-182-4.
^ a b c NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0209". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
^ a b "Diethylamine". Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH). National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
^ a b Karsten Eller, Erhard Henkes, Roland Rossbacher, Hartmut Höke (2005). "Amines, Aliphatic". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a02_001. ISBN 978-3527306732.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Shulgin, Alexander. "Erowid Online Books:"TIHKAL" - #26 LSD-25". www.erowid.org. Retrieved 12 August 2019.
^ Charles E. Maxwell (1943). "β-Diethylaminomethylacetophenone Hydrochloride". Organic Syntheses. 23: 30. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.023.0030.
^ C. F. H. Allen and J. A. VanAllan (1947). "Diethylaminoacetonitrile". Organic Syntheses. 27: 20. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.027.0020.
^ Alfred L. Wilds, Robert M. Nowak, Kirtland E. McCaleb (1957). "1-Diethylamino-3-Butanone". Organic Syntheses. 37: 18. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.037.0018.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ W. W. Hartman (1934). "β-Diethylaminoethyl Alcohol". Organic Syntheses. 14: 28. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.014.0028.
^ W. J. Middleton, E. M. Bingham (1977). "Diethylaminosulfur Trifluoride". Organic Syntheses. 57: 50. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.057.0050.
^ Felix Hanke; Chloe J. Pugh; Ellis F. Kay; Joshua B. Taylor; Stephen M. Todd; Craig M. Robertson; Benjamin J. Slater; Alexander Steiner (2018). "The simplest supramolecular helix". Chemical Communications. 54 (47): 6012–6015. doi:10.1039/C8CC03295E. PMID 29796532.
External links
Hazardous Substance Fact Sheet
CDC - NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"organic compound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_compound"},{"link_name":"miscible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miscible"}],"text":"Chemical compoundDiethylamine is an organic compound with the formula (CH3CH2)2NH. It is a secondary amine. It is a flammable, weakly alkaline liquid that is miscible with most solvents. It is a colorless liquid, but commercial samples often appear brown due to impurities. It has a strong ammonia-like odor.","title":"Diethylamine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"alumina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alumina"},{"link_name":"ammonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonia"},{"link_name":"ethylamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethylamine"},{"link_name":"triethylamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triethylamine"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ullmann-5"},{"link_name":"diethylaminoethanol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diethylaminoethanol"},{"link_name":"ethylene oxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethylene_oxide"},{"link_name":"LSD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LSD"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The alumina-catalyzed reaction makes diethylamine from ethanol and ammonia. Diethylamine is obtained together with ethylamine and triethylamine. Annual production of the three ethylamines was estimated in 2000 to be 80,000,000 kg.[5]Diethylamine is used in the production of corrosion inhibitor N,N-diethylaminoethanol, by reaction with ethylene oxide. It is also a precursor to a wide variety of other commercial products. It is also sometimes used in the illicit production of LSD.[6]","title":"Production and uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mannich reactions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannich_reaction"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"trimethylsilyl chloride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimethylsilyl_chloride"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"As the most abundantly available secondary amine that is liquid at room temperature, diethylamine has been extensively deployed in chemical synthesis. Its reactions illustrate the pattern seen for many other dialkylamines. It participates in Mannich reactions involving the installation of diethylaminomethyl substituents.[7][8][9] Alkylation gives the tertiary amine.[10] With trimethylsilyl chloride, it reacts to give the silylamide.[11]","title":"Organic chemistry"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diethylamine_helix.gif"},{"link_name":"supramolecular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supramolecular_chemistry"},{"link_name":"helix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helix"},{"link_name":"hydrogen-bonding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_bond"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Supramolecular helix of diethylamineDiethylamine is the smallest and simplest molecule that features a supramolecular helix as its lowest energy aggregate. Other similarly sized hydrogen-bonding molecules favor cyclic structures.[12]","title":"Supramolecular structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ullmann-5"}],"text":"Diethylamine has low toxicity, but the vapor causes transient impairment of vision.[5]","title":"Safety"}] | [{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/80px-NFPA_704.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Supramolecular helix of diethylamine","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Diethylamine_helix.gif/220px-Diethylamine_helix.gif"}] | null | [{"reference":"Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry : IUPAC Recommendations and Preferred Names 2013 (Blue Book). Cambridge: The Royal Society of Chemistry. 2014. p. 671. doi:10.1039/9781849733069-FP001. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cariboo_Highway | British Columbia Highway 97 | ["1 Route description","1.1 Okanagan Highway","1.2 Vernon-Kamloops-Cache Creek","1.3 Cariboo Highway","1.4 John Hart Highway","1.5 Alaska Highway","2 Major intersections","3 References","4 External links"] | Route map: Provincial highway in British Columbia, Canada.
This article is about the section of the Alaska Highway in British Columbia. For the entire route, see Alaska Highway.
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "British Columbia Highway 97" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Highway 97Highway 97 highlighted in red.Route informationMaintained by British Columbia Ministry of Transportation and InfrastructureLength2,081 km (1,293 mi)Existed1953–presentComponenthighways(1) Okanagan Highway between Osoyoos and Vernon
(2) Vernon-Monte Creek Highway between Vernon and Monte Creek
(3) Cariboo Highway between Cache Creek and Prince George
(4) John Hart Highway between Prince George and Dawson Creek
(5) Alaska Highway between Dawson Creek and Watson Lake, YukonMajor junctionsSouth end US 97 at the Canada–United States border near OsoyoosMajor intersections
Hwy 3 in Osoyoos
Hwy 33 in Kelowna
Hwy 6 in Vernon
Hwy 1 (TCH) in Monte Creek
Hwy 5 (YH) in Kamloops
Hwy 99 near Cache Creek
Hwy 24 in 93 Mile House
Hwy 16 (TCH) in Prince George
Hwy 2 in Dawson Creek
Hwy 77 near Fort Nelson
North end Hwy 1 at the Yukon border
LocationCountryCanadaProvinceBritish ColumbiaRegional districtsSummerland, Peachland, Lake Country, 100 Mile House, Chetwynd, Taylor
Highway system
British Columbia provincial highways
← Hwy 95A→ Hwy 97A
Highway 97 is a major highway in the Canadian province of British Columbia. It is the longest continuously numbered route in the province, running 2,081 km (1,293 mi) and is the only route that runs the entire north–south length of British Columbia, connecting the Canada–United States border near Osoyoos in the south to the British Columbia–Yukon boundary in the north at Watson Lake, Yukon.
The highway connects several major cities in BC Interior, including Kelowna, Kamloops, Prince George, and Dawson Creek. Within and near these cities, Highway 97 varies from a two-lane highway to a freeway with as many as six lanes. Some remote sections also remain unpaved and gravelled. The route takes its number from U.S. Route 97, with which it connects at the international border. The highway was initially designated '97' in 1953.
Route description
The busiest section of Highway 97 is in West Kelowna, carrying almost 70,000 vehicles per day. Some sections in the northern regions of the province have as few as 250 vehicles per day.
Okanagan Highway
Crossing Okanagan Lake via the William R. Bennett Bridge in Kelowna.Okanagan Highway passing through Lake Country, between Kelowna and Vernon.
The Okanagan Highway is a 189 km (117 mi) section of Highway 97 between the international border and the junction of Highway 97A north of Vernon. It is named for the Okanagan region of British Columbia, through which it largely passes. It begins in the south at the international border crossing north of Oroville, and travels 4 km (2.5 mi) north to its junction with the Crowsnest Highway (Highway 3) at Osoyoos. The highway travels north for 47 km (29 mi), passing through the Testalinden Creek Landslide and the communities of Oliver and Okanagan Falls. From Okanagan Falls, Highway 97 runs near the western shore of Skaha Lake before arriving at the locality of Kaleden, where Highway 3A diverges west.
13 km (8 mi) north of Kaleden, Highway 97 arrives at the city of Penticton. North of Penticton, Highway 97 follows the western shore of Okanagan Lake for 45 km (28 mi), through the communities of Summerland and Peachland, before reaching its junction with Highway 97C just south of Westbank. From there, Highway 97 passes through West Kelowna and reserve lands belonging to the Westbank First Nation until, 15 km (9 mi) northeast of the 97C junction, Highway 97 begins to cross Okanagan Lake via the William R. Bennett Bridge. The highway enters the city of Kelowna upon landfall on the east shore of the lake. 6 km (4 mi) east into the city centre, the highway reaches its junction with Highway 33. As the Okanagan is a very popular travel destination and also has the highest population in inland B.C. (about 300,000), this section of highway 97 is by far the busiest. Congestion is frequent - particularly near the William Bennett Bridge, and Southbound towards West Kelowna.
Four kilometres (21⁄2 mi) north of the Highway 33 junction, Highway 97 leaves the urbanized area of Kelowna (the municipal boundary is actually a further 12 km, 7 mi, north). For the next 43 km (27 mi), the route travels well east of Okanagan Lake, passing through the community of Winfield. Prior to 2013, the highway ran alongside the west shore of Wood Lake to Oyama. A new 9 km (6 mi) section of four-lane highway was constructed and opened to traffic at that time, which bypasses Oyama entirely to the north. The original section of the highway skirting the western shore of Wood Lake is now known as Pelmewash Parkway. Both Oyama and Winfield lie within the municipality of Lake Country.
Highway 97 then passes along the west shore of Kalamalka Lake before entering the city of Vernon and a junction with Highway 6 just south of the city centre. The highway then travels north for 10 km (6 mi) to a junction with Highway 97A near Swan Lake.
Vernon-Kamloops-Cache Creek
This diagram illustrates the wrong-way concurrency between Highways 5 and 97 through Kamloops.
Highway 97 continues northwest from Highway 97A for 81 km (50 mi), past the town of Falkland, before it merges onto the Trans-Canada Highway at Monte Creek, and is known as the Vernon-Monte Creek Highway. The highway follows Highway 1 for 105 km (65 mi) west to Cache Creek. As it travels westward, Highways 1 and 97 parallel the Thompson River, passing through the city of Kamloops, where the route shares a 12 km (7 mi) wrong-way concurrency with Highway 5 (signed as 97 North and 5 South and vice versa) and intersects Highway 5A.
Cariboo Highway
The Cariboo Highway section of Highway 97, between Cache Creek and Prince George, is 441 km (274 mi) in length and named for the Cariboo region, through which it travels. Much of its length as far as Quesnel follows approximately the route of the original Cariboo Wagon Road, which was also known as the Queen's Highway. The Cariboo Wagon Road's lower stretches between Yale and Cache Creek were severed in many places by the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway in the 1880s. That section, now part of the Trans-Canada, was rebuilt in the 1920s, when the name Cariboo Highway was first applied to the route, a designation which ran from Yale to Prince George, British Columbia (where portions of the route survive as the Old Cariboo Highway). Today the Cariboo Highway designation begins at Cache Creek, veering north for 11 km (7 mi) to its junction with Highway 99. North of Highway 99, Highway 97 travels 92 km (57 mi) through Clinton, where the British Columbia Railway begins to roughly parallel Highway 97, as well as through the community of 70 Mile House before reaching a junction at 93 Mile House with Highway 24 (the Interlakes Highway). The roughly 30 km (19 mi) section of highway between 70 Mile House and Highway 24 has been re-routed to a new expressway with a speed limit of 110km/h.
Over the 100 km (62 mi) of road north of Highway 24, Highway 97 travels through 100 Mile House and 150 Mile House before reaching the city of Williams Lake and a junction with Highway 20, which runs west across the Chilcotin District to Bella Coola on the Central Coast. Over the next 120 km (75 mi) continuing generally northward, the highway passes through McLeese Lake and Marguerite. En route, Highway 97 follows the east bank of the Fraser River to the city of Quesnel, and a junction with Highway 26. Over the next 115 km (71 mi) north of Quesnel, after passing through the hamlets of Strathnaver, Hixon, Stoner and Red Rock, Highway 97 meets its junction with Highway 16 at Prince George. North of here, the highway veers away from the Fraser River, and the British Columbia Railway veers northwestward from it.
The term Cariboo Highway originally applied to the reconstructed route from Hope through the Fraser Canyon to Cache Creek and Prince George. Constructed in 1924-25, the new gravel toll highway opened in 1926, giving road access to canyon communities cut off since the destruction of parts of the Cariboo Road by construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway in the 1880s. The Cariboo Highway designation for the Fraser Canyon portion of the route was supplanted with the completion and naming of the Trans-Canada Highway c.-1962. Portions of the old highway survive as local streets, some carrying the name Old Cariboo Highway (as in Prince George).
John Hart Highway
On B.C. Highway 97 (Alaska Highway) near Stone Mountain Provincial Park before Toad River
This 405 km-long (252 mi) stretch of Highway 97, named for former British Columbia Premier John Hart, begins at the John Hart Bridge crossing the Nechako River in Prince George, travelling for 152 km (94 mi) north through the small hamlet of Summit Lake, which is situated at the Continental Divide, as well as through Crooked River Provincial Park, Bear Lake and McLeod Lake, to its intersection with Highway 39. It then journeys northeast another 150 km (93 mi) over the crest of the Rocky Mountains via the Pine Pass, at which point the time zone changes from Pacific Time to Mountain Time. After descending from the Pine Pass, the highway generally follows the Pine River northeast to its intersection with Highway 29 at the town of Chetwynd. After a trek of another 97 km (60 mi) east, the Hart Highway terminates at Dawson Creek.
Alaska Highway
Main article: Alaska Highway
This northernmost section of Highway 97 is 965 km (600 mi) long, and travels north through largely unpopulated wilderness, intersecting the communities of Fort St. John and Fort Nelson, the latter being just east of the junction of Highway 77, travelling north to the Northwest Territories. Here, the highway veers generally northwestward into wilderness spotted with tiny localities. As it passes over the Rocky Mountains, the highway parallels the Liard River before terminating just over the BC/Yukon boundary at Watson Lake, where the Alaska Highway is numbered as Yukon Highway 1.
Major intersections
From south to north:
Regional DistrictLocationkmmiExitDestinationsNotes
Okanagan-Similkameen0.000.00 US 97 south – Oroville, WenatcheeContinues into Washington; Okanagan Highway south end
49th parallel at Oroville-Osoyoos Border Crossing
Osoyoos4.502.80 Hwy 3 (Crowsnest Highway) – Grand Forks, Castlegar, Hope, VancouverFormer south end of Hwy 3A concurrency.
Oliver24.5315.24Fairview Road – Mount Baldy Ski Area
51.6732.11 Hwy 3A west – Keremeos, VancouverFormer north end of Hwy 3A concurrency.
Penticton60.4137.54Skaha Lake Road – City Centre
63.3539.36Fairview Road, Green Mountain Road – Apex Mountain Resort
65.1940.51Eckhardt Avenue – City Centre, Naramata
Summerland80.9850.32Rosedale Avenue – Town Centre
Central OkanaganPeachland101.8163.26Princeton Avenue, Beach Avenue – Town Centre
103.9164.57Ponderossa Drive, 13th Street – Town Centre
Peachland–West Kelowna boundary109.0167.74 Hwy 97C west (Okanagan Connector) – Merritt, Kamloops, VancouverDrought Hill interchange
West Kelowna111.1469.06Glenrosa RoadGlenrosa Road interchange
112.48–113.8369.89–70.73One-way pair through Westbank
119.8174.45Hudson Road, Westside RoadWestside Road interchange
124.3377.26Campbell RoadCampbell Road interchange
Okanagan Lake124.74–125.8177.51–78.17William R. Bennett Bridge
Central OkanaganKelowna126.3278.49Abbot Street
126.5678.64South end of HOV lanes
Pandosy Street, Water Street
129.5880.52Spall Road
132.3682.24 Hwy 33 south – Big White Ski Resort, Rock Creek
137.0985.18Edwards Road
North end of HOV lanes
138.1985.87John Hindle Drive – UBC OkanaganNorthbound exit and southbound entrance
139.0886.42University Way – UBC OkanaganNo northbound exit
140.3187.18 Airport Way – Kelowna International AirportInterchange proposed (no timeline)
Lake Country148.2992.14Beaver Lake Road, Glenmore Road
152.6794.86Pelmewash ParkwayWood Lake interchangeNorthbound exit and southbound entrance
160.5199.74Pelmewash Parkway, Gatzke RoadGatzke Road interchange
North OkanaganVernon179.34111.44 25th Avenue (Hwy 6 east) – Lumby, Nelson
181.44112.7448th Avenue – Silver Star Mountain Resort
183.02113.7227th StreetSouthbound exit and northbound entrance
Spallumcheen188.97117.42 Hwy 97A north – Salmon Arm, SicamousSwan Lake interchangeHwy 97 branches west; Okanagan Highway north end; Vernon-Monte Creek Highway south end
Columbia-Shuswap207.65129.03Salmon River Road (Hwy 922:1126 north)
Thompson-NicolaMonte Creek269.71167.59399 Hwy 1 (TCH) east – Salmon ArmMonte Creek interchangeEast end of Hwy 1 concurrency; Vernon-Monte Creek Highway north end; exit numbers follow Hwy 1
271.74168.85396397Hook RoadHook Road interchange
Kamloops278.29172.92390391Lafarge RoadTumbleweed interchange
281.98175.21386388Kokanee WayKokanee Way interchange
286.65178.12384Kipp Road, Dallas Drive, Barnhartvale RoadNina Place/Kipp Road interchangeWestbound exit and entrance
287.05178.36384Kipp Road, Dallas Drive, Barnhartvale RoadEastbound right-in/right-out
Gap in freeway; 6 signalized intersections
295.26183.47375Battle Street – City CentreValleyview interchangeNo eastbound exit
295.71183.75374 Hwy 5 (YH) north – Sun Peaks, JasperYellowhead interchangeEast end of Hwy 5 concurrency
299.20185.91370Summit Drive – City CentreSpringhill interchangeWestbound exit and eastbound entrance
300.13186.49369Columbia Street – City CentreSagebrush interchangeEastbound exit and westbound entrance
301.08187.08368 Hwy 5A south / Hillside Way – MerrittSagebrush interchange
301.87187.57367Pacific WayPacific Way interchange
303.55188.62366Copperhead Drive, Lac le Jeune RoadCopperhead interchange
307.78191.25362 Hwy 5 (YH) south (Coquihalla Highway) to Hwy 97D / Hwy 97C – Logan Lake, Merritt, Kelowna, Hope, VancouverAfton interchangeWest end of Hwy 5 concurrency; Hwy 1 / Hwy 97 exits freeway
Savona343.74213.59Savona Bridge (Kamloops Lake Bridge) across Thompson River
Cache Creek379.77235.98 Hwy 1 (TCH) west / Hwy 97C south – Hope, VancouverWest end of Hwy 1 concurrency; Hwy 97 branches north; Cariboo Highway south end
390.79242.83 Hwy 99 south – Lillooet, PembertonScenic route to Vancouver
Cariboo483.10300.18 Hwy 24 east – Lone Butte, Bridge Lake, Little Fort
100 Mile House491.57305.45Horse Lake Road (Hwy 924:1290 east)
494.80307.45Canim Hendrix Lake Road (Hwy 927:1142 north) – Forest Grove, Canim Lake, Hendrix Lake
150 Mile House568.44353.21Likely Road (Hwy 928:1143 north)
Williams Lake582.63362.03 Hwy 20 west / Oliver Street – City Centre, Alexis Creek, Bella Coola
Quesnel699.43434.61Northstar RoadNorthstar Road interchange
700.22435.10Quesnel River Bridge across Quesnel River
701.25435.74Carson Avenue, Moffat Approach – Nazko
706.93439.27 Hwy 26 east – Wells, Barkerville
Fraser-Fort George809.32502.89 Old Cariboo Highway (Hwy 941:1156 north) to Hwy 16 (TCH) – Airport, McBride, JasperFormer Hwy 97A
Prince George814.84506.32Boundary RoadProposed Hwy 16 bypass
700.22435.10Simon Fraser Bridge across Fraser River
819.72509.35Queensway, Ferry AvenueGrade separated
821.04510.17 Hwy 16 (TCH/YH) – Terrace, Prince Rupert, Jasper, Edmonton
821.74510.61Massey Drive, Pine Centre RoadMassey Drive interchange
823.00511.3915th Avenue
824.14512.105th Avenue
824.77512.49John Hart Bridge across Nechako River;Cariboo Highway north end; John Hart Highway south end
825.32512.83North Nechako RoadNorth Nechako Road interchange
977.42607.34 Hwy 39 north – Mackenzie
Fraser-Fort George– Peace River district line1,015.72631.14Pine Pass – el. 933 m (3,061 ft)
Peace RiverChetwynd1,125.54699.38 Hwy 29 north – Hudson's Hope, Fort St. JohnSouth end of Hwy 29 concurrency
1,128.46701.19 Hwy 29 south – Tumbler RidgeNorth end of Hwy 29 concurrency
1,205.75749.22 Hwy 52 south – Tumbler Ridge
Dawson Creek1,225.37761.41 Hwy 2 east to Hwy 49 – City Centre, Grande Prairie, EdmontonJohn Hart Highway north end; Alaska Highway south end
1,257.17781.17Kiskatinaw Bridge across Kiskatinaw River
Taylor1,278.47–1,279.20794.40–794.86Taylor Bridge across Peace River
Fort St. John1,297.04805.94100th Street – Cecil Lake, FairviewConnects to unofficial Hwy 103
1,309.56813.72 Hwy 29 south – Hudson's Hope, Chetwynd
Northern RockiesFort Nelson1,676.71–1,678.851,041.86–1,043.19Passes through Fort Nelson
1,706.521,060.38 Hwy 77 north (Liard Highway) – Fort Liard, Fort Simpson
1,819.571,130.63Summit Pass – 1,267 m (4,157 ft)
1,985.481,233.72Liard River Bridge across Liard River
2,045.671,271.12Coal River Bridge across Coal River
Unorganized2,128.1–2,129.31,322.3–1,323.11.2 km (0.7 mi) section in Yukon (Remains as BC 97)
2,132.0–2,140.41,324.8–1,330.08.4 km (5.2 mi) section in Yukon (Remains as BC 97)
2,142.2–2,144.61,331.1–1,332.62.4 km (1.5 mi) section in Yukon (Remains as BC 97)
Unorganized(Stikine Region)2,159.231,341.68Hyland River Bridge across Hyland River
2,189.471,360.47 Hwy 1 (Alaska Highway) – Watson Lake, Whitehorse60th parallel; Continues into Yukon
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Concurrency terminus HOV only Incomplete access Route transition
^ a b c Eastbound exit number
^ a b c Westbound exit number
References
^ "Traffic Data". British Columbia Ministry of Transportation. 2021.
^ "Traffic Data". British Columbia Ministry of Transportation. 2021.
^ Example of road sign
^ Tourism British Columbia. Super, Natural British Columbia Road Map & Parks Guide (Map) (2010-2011 ed.). Davenport Maps Ltd. §§ A-5, A-6, A-7, A-8, B-8, C-8, D-8, D-9, E-9, E-8, F-8, G-8, H-8, H-9, J-9, K-9, K-10, and L-10.
^ British Columbia Road Atlas (Map) (2007 ed.). Oshawa, ON: MapArt Publishing Corp. pp. 9–11, 15, 18–19, 28, 34, 44, 56–59, 70-71. ISBN 1-55368-018-9.
^ Landmark Kilometre Inventory (PDF). British Columbia Ministry of Transportation and Infrastructure (Report). Cypher Consulting. July 2015. pp. 42–49, 401–461. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-06-01. Retrieved 2016-07-04.
^ a b "HOV Kelowna". British Columbia Ministry of Transportation and Infrastructure. Retrieved 1 July 2016.
^ "Kelowna International Airport". Airport Technology. Retrieved 1 July 2016.
^ Chahal, Tony (29 April 2015). "New Bypass In Prince George?". CKPG-TV. Retrieved 1 July 2016.
^ a b c Google (4 July 2016). "Alaska Highway near Yukon border" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved 4 July 2016.
External links
KML file (edit • help)
Template:Attached KML/British Columbia Highway 97KML is not from Wikidata
Official Numbered Routes in British Columbia by British Columbia Driving & Transportation
Old Cariboo Highway, U.Wash Digital Collections
vteRoads of British ColumbiaProvincial highways
12
1A
2
32
3A1
3B
4
4A
52
5A
6
71
7B1
8
9
101
112
12
13
14
151
161
172
17A2
18
192
19A
20
21
22
22A
23
24
26
27
28
29
30
31
31A
33
35
37
37A
39
41
43
49
52
62
77
912
91A2
93
95
95A
972
97A
97B
97C2
97D
992
101
113
118
395
Other provincially maintained roads
Atlin Road
Bridge River Road
Cecil Lake Road
Chilliwack Lake Road
Coalmont Road
Columbia Valley Highway
Deltaport Way
Head Bay Road
Hemlock Valley Road
Highway 91 Connector
Horsefly Road
Jesmond Road
Likely Road
Mission Mountain Road
Nazko Road
Omineca Resource Road
Pavilion Mountain Road
Port Mellon Highway
Queen Charlotte City–Skidegate Road
Strathcona Parkway
Telegraph Creek Road
Westside Road
Former provincial highways
1A4
1B
7A
17A4
25
97E
97W
99A
99B2
4012
4992
Named highways
Alaska Highway
Banff–Windermere Highway
Caribou Highway1
Coquihalla Highway2
Crowsnest Highway2
Don Phillips Way
Heritage Highway
Inland Island Highway2
International Selkirk Loop1
John Hart Highway1
Liard Highway
Lougheed Highway1
Mary Hill Bypass1
Nisga'a Highway
Northern Woods and Water Route
Okanagan Connector2
Okanagan Highway2
Pacific Highway1
Patricia Bay Highway2
Sea to Sky Highway2
South Fraser Perimeter Road2
Southern Yellowhead Highway2
Stewart–Cassiar Highway
Sunshine Coast Highway
Trans-Canada Highway2
Yellowhead Highway1
Historic roads and trails
Atlin Road
Big Bend Highway
Cariboo Road
Chilkoot Trail
Dewdney Trail
Dewdney Trunk Road
Douglas Road
Hudson's Bay Brigade Trail
Lillooet Cattle Trail
Okanagan Trail
Old Cariboo Road
Old Yale Road (Grand Trunk Road)
Pacific Highway
River Trail
Whatcom Trail
1 highways with expressway sections
2 highways with expressway and freeway sections
3 highways under construction
4 designation reassigned to new route | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alaska Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska_Highway"},{"link_name":"Canadian province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_province"},{"link_name":"British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Canada–United States border","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_border"},{"link_name":"Osoyoos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osoyoos"},{"link_name":"Yukon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukon"},{"link_name":"Watson Lake, Yukon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watson_Lake,_Yukon"},{"link_name":"BC Interior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BC_Interior"},{"link_name":"Kelowna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelowna"},{"link_name":"Kamloops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamloops"},{"link_name":"Prince George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_George,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Dawson Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawson_Creek"},{"link_name":"freeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled-access_highway"},{"link_name":"gravelled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravel_road"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 97","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_97"}],"text":"Provincial highway in British Columbia, Canada.This article is about the section of the Alaska Highway in British Columbia. For the entire route, see Alaska Highway.Highway 97 is a major highway in the Canadian province of British Columbia. It is the longest continuously numbered route in the province, running 2,081 km (1,293 mi) and is the only route that runs the entire north–south length of British Columbia, connecting the Canada–United States border near Osoyoos in the south to the British Columbia–Yukon boundary in the north at Watson Lake, Yukon.The highway connects several major cities in BC Interior, including Kelowna, Kamloops, Prince George, and Dawson Creek. Within and near these cities, Highway 97 varies from a two-lane highway to a freeway with as many as six lanes. Some remote sections also remain unpaved and gravelled. The route takes its number from U.S. Route 97, with which it connects at the international border. The highway was initially designated '97' in 1953.","title":"British Columbia Highway 97"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The busiest section of Highway 97 is in West Kelowna, carrying almost 70,000 vehicles per day. Some sections in the northern regions of the province have as few as 250 vehicles per day.[1][2]","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:William_R._Bennett_Bridge_from_Kelowna_City_Park.jpg"},{"link_name":"Okanagan Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okanagan_Lake"},{"link_name":"William R. Bennett Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_R._Bennett_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Kelowna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelowna"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_New_Highway_upgrade_at_Lake_Country_Okanagan_Valley,_BC,_Canada.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lake Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Country"},{"link_name":"Vernon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernon,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Highway 97A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia_Highway_97A"},{"link_name":"Vernon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernon,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Okanagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okanagan"},{"link_name":"Oroville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oroville,_Washington"},{"link_name":"Crowsnest Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowsnest_Highway"},{"link_name":"Highway 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia_Highway_3"},{"link_name":"Testalinden Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testalinden_Creek"},{"link_name":"Oliver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Okanagan Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okanagan_Falls,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Skaha Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skaha_Lake"},{"link_name":"Kaleden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaleden,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Highway 3A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia_Highway_3A"},{"link_name":"Penticton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penticton"},{"link_name":"Okanagan Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okanagan_Lake"},{"link_name":"Summerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summerland,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Peachland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peachland"},{"link_name":"Highway 97C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia_Highway_97C"},{"link_name":"Westbank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westbank,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"West Kelowna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Kelowna"},{"link_name":"Westbank First Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westbank_First_Nation"},{"link_name":"William R. Bennett Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_R._Bennett_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Kelowna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelowna"},{"link_name":"Highway 33","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia_Highway_33"},{"link_name":"Winfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winfield,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Wood Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_Lake_(British_Columbia)"},{"link_name":"Oyama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyama,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Lake Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Country,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Kalamalka Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalamalka_Lake"},{"link_name":"Vernon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernon,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Highway 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia_Highway_6"},{"link_name":"Swan Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swan_Lake_(Okanagan)"}],"sub_title":"Okanagan Highway","text":"Crossing Okanagan Lake via the William R. Bennett Bridge in Kelowna.Okanagan Highway passing through Lake Country, between Kelowna and Vernon.The Okanagan Highway is a 189 km (117 mi) section of Highway 97 between the international border and the junction of Highway 97A north of Vernon. It is named for the Okanagan region of British Columbia, through which it largely passes. It begins in the south at the international border crossing north of Oroville, and travels 4 km (2.5 mi) north to its junction with the Crowsnest Highway (Highway 3) at Osoyoos. The highway travels north for 47 km (29 mi), passing through the Testalinden Creek Landslide and the communities of Oliver and Okanagan Falls. From Okanagan Falls, Highway 97 runs near the western shore of Skaha Lake before arriving at the locality of Kaleden, where Highway 3A diverges west.13 km (8 mi) north of Kaleden, Highway 97 arrives at the city of Penticton. North of Penticton, Highway 97 follows the western shore of Okanagan Lake for 45 km (28 mi), through the communities of Summerland and Peachland, before reaching its junction with Highway 97C just south of Westbank. From there, Highway 97 passes through West Kelowna and reserve lands belonging to the Westbank First Nation until, 15 km (9 mi) northeast of the 97C junction, Highway 97 begins to cross Okanagan Lake via the William R. Bennett Bridge. The highway enters the city of Kelowna upon landfall on the east shore of the lake. 6 km (4 mi) east into the city centre, the highway reaches its junction with Highway 33. As the Okanagan is a very popular travel destination and also has the highest population in inland B.C. (about 300,000), this section of highway 97 is by far the busiest. Congestion is frequent - particularly near the William Bennett Bridge, and Southbound towards West Kelowna.Four kilometres (21⁄2 mi) north of the Highway 33 junction, Highway 97 leaves the urbanized area of Kelowna (the municipal boundary is actually a further 12 km, 7 mi, north). For the next 43 km (27 mi), the route travels well east of Okanagan Lake, passing through the community of Winfield. Prior to 2013, the highway ran alongside the west shore of Wood Lake to Oyama. A new 9 km (6 mi) section of four-lane highway was constructed and opened to traffic at that time, which bypasses Oyama entirely to the north. The original section of the highway skirting the western shore of Wood Lake is now known as Pelmewash Parkway. Both Oyama and Winfield lie within the municipality of Lake Country.Highway 97 then passes along the west shore of Kalamalka Lake before entering the city of Vernon and a junction with Highway 6 just south of the city centre. The highway then travels north for 10 km (6 mi) to a junction with Highway 97A near Swan Lake.","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wrongway-multiplex.png"},{"link_name":"wrong-way concurrency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrency_(road)#Wrong-way_concurrency"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Falkland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falkland,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Monte Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Creek,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Highway 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia_Highway_1"},{"link_name":"Cache Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cache_Creek,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Thompson River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thompson_River"},{"link_name":"Kamloops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamloops"},{"link_name":"wrong-way concurrency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrency_(road)#Wrong-way_concurrencies"},{"link_name":"Highway 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia_Highway_5"},{"link_name":"Highway 5A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia_Highway_5A"}],"sub_title":"Vernon-Kamloops-Cache Creek","text":"This diagram illustrates the wrong-way concurrency between Highways 5 and 97 through Kamloops. [3]Highway 97 continues northwest from Highway 97A for 81 km (50 mi), past the town of Falkland, before it merges onto the Trans-Canada Highway at Monte Creek, and is known as the Vernon-Monte Creek Highway. The highway follows Highway 1 for 105 km (65 mi) west to Cache Creek. As it travels westward, Highways 1 and 97 parallel the Thompson River, passing through the city of Kamloops, where the route shares a 12 km (7 mi) wrong-way concurrency with Highway 5 (signed as 97 North and 5 South and vice versa) and intersects Highway 5A.","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Prince George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_George,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Cariboo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cariboo"},{"link_name":"Quesnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quesnel,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Cariboo Wagon Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cariboo_Wagon_Road"},{"link_name":"Yale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Canadian Pacific Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Railway"},{"link_name":"Prince George, British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_George,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Old Cariboo Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Cariboo_Highway"},{"link_name":"Highway 99","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia_Highway_99"},{"link_name":"Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinton,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"British Columbia Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia_Railway"},{"link_name":"70 Mile House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/70_Mile_House,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"93 Mile House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/93_Mile_House"},{"link_name":"Highway 24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia_Highway_24"},{"link_name":"Interlakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlakes"},{"link_name":"Highway 24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia_Highway_24"},{"link_name":"100 Mile House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/100_Mile_House,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"150 Mile House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/150_Mile_House,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Williams Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williams_Lake,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Highway 20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia_Highway_20"},{"link_name":"Chilcotin District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilcotin_District"},{"link_name":"Bella Coola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bella_Coola,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Central Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coast_of_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"McLeese Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McLeese_Lake,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Marguerite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marguerite,_British_Columbia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fraser River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraser_River"},{"link_name":"Quesnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quesnel,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Highway 26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia_Highway_26"},{"link_name":"Strathnaver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strathnaver,_British_Columbia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hixon,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Stoner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stoner,_British_Columbia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Red Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Rock,_British_Columbia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Highway 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia_Highway_16"},{"link_name":"Prince George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_George,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Hope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hope,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Fraser Canyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraser_Canyon"},{"link_name":"Cariboo Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cariboo_Road"},{"link_name":"Canadian Pacific Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Railway"},{"link_name":"Old Cariboo Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Cariboo_Highway"}],"sub_title":"Cariboo Highway","text":"The Cariboo Highway section of Highway 97, between Cache Creek and Prince George, is 441 km (274 mi) in length and named for the Cariboo region, through which it travels. Much of its length as far as Quesnel follows approximately the route of the original Cariboo Wagon Road, which was also known as the Queen's Highway. The Cariboo Wagon Road's lower stretches between Yale and Cache Creek were severed in many places by the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway in the 1880s. That section, now part of the Trans-Canada, was rebuilt in the 1920s, when the name Cariboo Highway was first applied to the route, a designation which ran from Yale to Prince George, British Columbia (where portions of the route survive as the Old Cariboo Highway). Today the Cariboo Highway designation begins at Cache Creek, veering north for 11 km (7 mi) to its junction with Highway 99. North of Highway 99, Highway 97 travels 92 km (57 mi) through Clinton, where the British Columbia Railway begins to roughly parallel Highway 97, as well as through the community of 70 Mile House before reaching a junction at 93 Mile House with Highway 24 (the Interlakes Highway). The roughly 30 km (19 mi) section of highway between 70 Mile House and Highway 24 has been re-routed to a new expressway with a speed limit of 110km/h.Over the 100 km (62 mi) of road north of Highway 24, Highway 97 travels through 100 Mile House and 150 Mile House before reaching the city of Williams Lake and a junction with Highway 20, which runs west across the Chilcotin District to Bella Coola on the Central Coast. Over the next 120 km (75 mi) continuing generally northward, the highway passes through McLeese Lake and Marguerite. En route, Highway 97 follows the east bank of the Fraser River to the city of Quesnel, and a junction with Highway 26. Over the next 115 km (71 mi) north of Quesnel, after passing through the hamlets of Strathnaver, Hixon, Stoner and Red Rock, Highway 97 meets its junction with Highway 16 at Prince George. North of here, the highway veers away from the Fraser River, and the British Columbia Railway veers northwestward from it.The term Cariboo Highway originally applied to the reconstructed route from Hope through the Fraser Canyon to Cache Creek and Prince George. Constructed in 1924-25, the new gravel toll highway opened in 1926, giving road access to canyon communities cut off since the destruction of parts of the Cariboo Road by construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway in the 1880s. The Cariboo Highway designation for the Fraser Canyon portion of the route was supplanted with the completion and naming of the Trans-Canada Highway c.-1962. Portions of the old highway survive as local streets, some carrying the name Old Cariboo Highway (as in Prince George).","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fort_Nelson_Alcan_Highway_4210.jpg"},{"link_name":"John Hart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hart_(premier)"},{"link_name":"John Hart Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Hart_Bridge&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nechako River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nechako_River"},{"link_name":"Summit Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summit_Lake,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Continental Divide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Divide_of_the_Americas"},{"link_name":"Crooked River Provincial Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crooked_River_Provincial_Park"},{"link_name":"Bear Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bear_Lake,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"McLeod Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McLeod_Lake,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Highway 39","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia_Highway_39"},{"link_name":"Rocky Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Pine Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine_Pass"},{"link_name":"time zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_zone"},{"link_name":"Pacific Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Time_Zone"},{"link_name":"Mountain Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_Time"},{"link_name":"Pine River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine_River_(British_Columbia)"},{"link_name":"Highway 29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia_Highway_29"},{"link_name":"Chetwynd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chetwynd,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Dawson Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawson_Creek"}],"sub_title":"John Hart Highway","text":"On B.C. Highway 97 (Alaska Highway) near Stone Mountain Provincial Park before Toad RiverThis 405 km-long (252 mi) stretch of Highway 97, named for former British Columbia Premier John Hart, begins at the John Hart Bridge crossing the Nechako River in Prince George, travelling for 152 km (94 mi) north through the small hamlet of Summit Lake, which is situated at the Continental Divide, as well as through Crooked River Provincial Park, Bear Lake and McLeod Lake, to its intersection with Highway 39. It then journeys northeast another 150 km (93 mi) over the crest of the Rocky Mountains via the Pine Pass, at which point the time zone changes from Pacific Time to Mountain Time. After descending from the Pine Pass, the highway generally follows the Pine River northeast to its intersection with Highway 29 at the town of Chetwynd. After a trek of another 97 km (60 mi) east, the Hart Highway terminates at Dawson Creek.","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fort St. John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_St._John,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Fort Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Nelson,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Highway 77","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia_Highway_77"},{"link_name":"Northwest Territories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Territories"},{"link_name":"Rocky Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Liard River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liard_River"},{"link_name":"Watson Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watson_Lake,_Yukon"},{"link_name":"Yukon Highway 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukon_Highway_1"}],"sub_title":"Alaska Highway","text":"This northernmost section of Highway 97 is 965 km (600 mi) long, and travels north through largely unpopulated wilderness, intersecting the communities of Fort St. John and Fort Nelson, the latter being just east of the junction of Highway 77, travelling north to the Northwest Territories. Here, the highway veers generally northwestward into wilderness spotted with tiny localities. As it passes over the Rocky Mountains, the highway parallels the Liard River before terminating just over the BC/Yukon boundary at Watson Lake, where the Alaska Highway is numbered as Yukon Highway 1.","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-official_map-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-atlas-5"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EB_9-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EB_9-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EB_9-2"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-WB_10-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-WB_10-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-WB_10-2"}],"text":"From south to north:\n[4][5]^ a b c Eastbound exit number\n\n^ a b c Westbound exit number","title":"Major intersections"}] | [{"image_text":"This diagram illustrates the wrong-way concurrency between Highways 5 and 97 through Kamloops. [3]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Wrongway-multiplex.png/220px-Wrongway-multiplex.png"},{"image_text":"On B.C. Highway 97 (Alaska Highway) near Stone Mountain Provincial Park before Toad River","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Fort_Nelson_Alcan_Highway_4210.jpg/220px-Fort_Nelson_Alcan_Highway_4210.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Traffic Data\". British Columbia Ministry of Transportation. 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://prdoas6.pub-apps.th.gov.bc.ca/tig-public/Report.do?pdbSiteId=25222","url_text":"\"Traffic Data\""}]},{"reference":"\"Traffic Data\". British Columbia Ministry of Transportation. 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://prdoas6.pub-apps.th.gov.bc.ca/tig-public/Report.do?pdbSiteId=14107","url_text":"\"Traffic Data\""}]},{"reference":"Tourism British Columbia. Super, Natural British Columbia Road Map & Parks Guide (Map) (2010-2011 ed.). Davenport Maps Ltd. §§ A-5, A-6, A-7, A-8, B-8, C-8, D-8, D-9, E-9, E-8, F-8, G-8, H-8, H-9, J-9, K-9, K-10, and L-10.","urls":[]},{"reference":"British Columbia Road Atlas (Map) (2007 ed.). Oshawa, ON: MapArt Publishing Corp. pp. 9–11, 15, 18–19, 28, 34, 44, 56–59, 70-71. ISBN 1-55368-018-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55368-018-9","url_text":"1-55368-018-9"}]},{"reference":"Landmark Kilometre Inventory (PDF). British Columbia Ministry of Transportation and Infrastructure (Report). Cypher Consulting. July 2015. pp. 42–49, 401–461. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-06-01. Retrieved 2016-07-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160601112926/http://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/driving-and-transportation/transportation-infrastructure/engineering-standards-and-guidelines/traffic-engineering-and-safety/highway-safety/lki/lki_bc_201507.pdf","url_text":"Landmark Kilometre Inventory"},{"url":"http://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/driving-and-transportation/transportation-infrastructure/engineering-standards-and-guidelines/traffic-engineering-and-safety/highway-safety/lki/lki_bc_201507.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"HOV Kelowna\". British Columbia Ministry of Transportation and Infrastructure. Retrieved 1 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/transportation/driving-and-cycling/traveller-information/routes-and-driving-conditions/hov-lanes/hov-kelowna","url_text":"\"HOV Kelowna\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kelowna International Airport\". Airport Technology. Retrieved 1 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.airport-technology.com/projects/kelowna-international-airport/","url_text":"\"Kelowna International Airport\""}]},{"reference":"Chahal, Tony (29 April 2015). \"New Bypass In Prince George?\". CKPG-TV. Retrieved 1 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ckpg.com/2015/04/29/new-bypass-in-prince-george/","url_text":"\"New Bypass In Prince George?\""}]},{"reference":"Google (4 July 2016). \"Alaska Highway near Yukon border\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved 4 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://www.google.ca/maps/dir/60.000016,-127.6699131/60.0000381,-127.9324676/@59.9670541,-127.9263341,11z?hl=en","url_text":"\"Alaska Highway near Yukon border\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22British+Columbia+Highway+97%22","external_links_name":"\"British Columbia Highway 97\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22British+Columbia+Highway+97%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22British+Columbia+Highway+97%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22British+Columbia+Highway+97%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22British+Columbia+Highway+97%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22British+Columbia+Highway+97%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://prdoas6.pub-apps.th.gov.bc.ca/tig-public/Report.do?pdbSiteId=25222","external_links_name":"\"Traffic Data\""},{"Link":"https://prdoas6.pub-apps.th.gov.bc.ca/tig-public/Report.do?pdbSiteId=14107","external_links_name":"\"Traffic Data\""},{"Link":"https://goo.gl/maps/8xKzn","external_links_name":"Example of road sign"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160601112926/http://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/driving-and-transportation/transportation-infrastructure/engineering-standards-and-guidelines/traffic-engineering-and-safety/highway-safety/lki/lki_bc_201507.pdf","external_links_name":"Landmark Kilometre Inventory"},{"Link":"http://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/driving-and-transportation/transportation-infrastructure/engineering-standards-and-guidelines/traffic-engineering-and-safety/highway-safety/lki/lki_bc_201507.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/transportation/driving-and-cycling/traveller-information/routes-and-driving-conditions/hov-lanes/hov-kelowna","external_links_name":"\"HOV Kelowna\""},{"Link":"http://www.airport-technology.com/projects/kelowna-international-airport/","external_links_name":"\"Kelowna International Airport\""},{"Link":"http://www.ckpg.com/2015/04/29/new-bypass-in-prince-george/","external_links_name":"\"New Bypass In Prince George?\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.ca/maps/dir/60.000016,-127.6699131/60.0000381,-127.9324676/@59.9670541,-127.9263341,11z?hl=en","external_links_name":"\"Alaska Highway near Yukon border\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/British_Columbia_Highway_97&action=raw","external_links_name":"KML file"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/British_Columbia_Highway_97&action=edit","external_links_name":"edit"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170105151258/http://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/transportation/transportation-reports-and-reference/numbered-routes","external_links_name":"Official Numbered Routes in British Columbia"},{"Link":"http://digitalcollections.lib.washington.edu/cdm/search/collection/alaskawcanada/searchterm/cariboo%20highway/order/title","external_links_name":"Old Cariboo Highway, U.Wash Digital Collections"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_Electronics | Mitsubishi Electric | ["1 History","2 Products","3 Discontinued products","4 Global operations","5 Slogans","6 Sports","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"] | Japanese electrical equipment, elevator manufacturer and electronics company
Not to be confused with Melco.
Not to be confused with Mitsubishi or Mitsubishi Heavy Industries.
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Mitsubishi Electric CorporationHeadquarters at the Tokyo Building in Marunouchi, Chiyoda, TokyoNative name三菱電機株式会社Romanized nameMitsubishi Denki kabushikigaishaFormerlyMitsubishi Electric Manufacturing Co., Ltd.Company typePublicTraded asTYO: 6503LSE: MELIndustryElectrical equipmentElectronicsHome appliancesSemiconductorsFoundedJanuary 15, 1921; 103 years ago (1921-01-15)Tokyo, JapanHeadquartersTokyo Building, 2-7-3, Marunouchi, Chiyoda, Tokyo, JapanArea servedWorldwideKey peopleMitoji Yabunaka(Chairman)Kei Uruma (President & CEO)ProductsEnergy and electric systems, electronic devices, industrial automation systems, home appliances, information and communication systems and space systemsRevenue ¥4.476 trillion (2022)Operating income ¥252 billion (2022)Net income ¥203 billion (2022)Total assets ¥5.107 trillion (2022)Total equity ¥2.975 trillion (2022)Number of employees149,655 (2022)Subsidiaries
List
Mitsubishi Electric Information SystemsMitsubishi Electric Information NetworkMitsubishi Electric IT SolutionsMitsubishi Electric Building SolutionsMitsubishi Electric EngineeringMitsubishi Electric SoftwareMitsubishi Electric System & ServieceMitsubishi Electric Plant EngineeringMitsubishi Electric Mechatronics EngineeringMelco Semiconductor EngineeringMitsubishi Electric LightingMitsubishi PrecisionMitsubishi Electric TOKKI SystemsSPC ElectronicsMitsubishi Electric Control PanelMitsubishi Electric Public Utility EquipmentDB SeikoMelco Power DeviceMelco Mobility SolutionsMitsubishi Electric Air Conditioning & Refrigeration Equipment SalesMitsubishi Electric Life ServiceMitsubishi Electric Mechatronics TechnologiesMitsubishi Electric US HoldingsMitsubishi Electric EuropeMitsubishi Electric Hydronics & IT Cooling SystemsMitsubishi Electric IndiaMitsubishi Electric AsiaMitsubishi Electric Thai Auto-PartsToshiba Mitsubishi-Electric Industrial Systems (50%)
Websitewww.mitsubishielectric.com
Mitsubishi Electric Corporation (三菱電機株式会社, Mitsubishi Denki kabushikigaisha, also abbreviated as MELCO) is a Japanese multinational electronics and electrical equipment manufacturing company headquartered in Tokyo, Japan. It was established in 1921 as a spin-off from the electrical machinery manufacturing business of Mitsubishi Shipbuilding (current Mitsubishi Heavy Industries) at the Kobe Shipyard. The products from MELCO include elevators and escalators, high-end home appliances, air conditioning, factory automation systems, train systems, electric motors, pumps, semiconductors, digital signage, and satellites.
History
MELCO was established as a spin-off from the Mitsubishi Group's other core company Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, then Mitsubishi Shipbuilding, as the latter divested a marine electric motor factory in Kobe, Nagasaki. It has since diversified to become the major electronics company.
MELCO held the record for the fastest elevator in the world, in the 70-story Yokohama Landmark Tower, from 1993 to 2005.
The company acquired Nihon Kentetsu, a Japanese home appliance manufacturer, in 2005.
In 2015 the company acquired DeLclima, an Italian company that designs and produces HVAC and HPAC units, renamed Mitsubishi Electric Hydronics & IT Cooling Systems SpA in 2017.
In early 2020, MELCO was identified as a victim of the year-long cyberattacks perpetrated by the Chinese hackers.
In 2023, MELCO announced its plans to spend 100 billion yen to build a new semiconductor factory in Kumamoto Prefecture, with a target date of April 2026 to begin production.
Products
A large dish antenna in the Atacama Large Millimeter Array, manufactured by Mitsubishi Electric
Mitsubishi Electric Room Air Conditioner
In 2021, the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)’s annual World Intellectual Property Indicators report ranked Mitsubishi Electric's number of patent applications published under the PCT System as 3rd in the world, with 2,661 patent applications being published during 2020. This position is down from their previous ranking as 2nd in 2019 with 2,334 applications.
Some product lines of MELCO, such as air conditioners, overlap with the products from Mitsubishi Heavy Industries partly because the companies share the same root.
Air conditioning systems
Room air conditioners (marketed as Mitsubishi Mr. Slim Room Air Conditioner and Mitsubishi Kirigamine)
Package air conditioners (Marketed as Mitsubishi Mr. Slim Packaged Air Conditioner)
Variable refrigerant flow (VRF) systems (marketed as Mitsubishi CITY MULTI)
EcoCute (marketed as Ecodan or DIAHOT)
Ventilators
Air curtains
Air conducting fan
Home appliances
Refrigerators and freezers
Air purifiers, dehumidifiers
Vacuum cleaners, electric fans
Toasters
Building systems
Elevators, escalators
Moving walks
High-speed hand dryers (marketed as Mitsubishi Jet Towel)
Information and communications systems
Data transmission system solutions
SCOPO, the world's first transmission at 10 Gbit/s between relay equipment boards set at a distance of 500 millimetres (20 in) apart
Saffron Type System, an anti-aliased text-rendering engine, developed by Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories (MERL)
Optical access systems
Satellite communications
Factory automation systems
Programmable controllers
AC servo systems, inverters
Industrial and collaborative robots, processing machines
Energy systems
Power generation systems
ITER nuclear fusion reactor
Photovoltaic panels
Transmission and distribution systems
Medium & low-voltage switchgear and systems
Power information & communication technology
Semiconductors and devices
Power modules, high-power devices
Driver ICs
Sensors (Contact image sensors, etc)
High-frequency devices
optical devices
TFT-LCD modules
Transportation systems
Rolling stock systems
Power supply and electrification systems
Transportation planning and control systems
Communication systems
Automotive equipment
Charging and starting products
Electrification products (Electric power steering system products, safety and driving assistance system products, etc.)
Car multimedia products
Visual information systems
Large-scale LED displays
Diamond Vision, large-scale video displays for sports venues and commercial applications
Multimedia projectors
Printers
Space systems
Satellite programs, platforms, and components
Optical and radio telescopes
Mobile Mapping System, a high-precision GPS mobile measurement system
Public systems
Applied superconductor systems
Doppler lidar, radar systems
Active electronically scanned array radar systems for the Mitsubishi F-2 fighter
Uninterruptible power supply
Water treatment systems, water pumps
Discontinued products
Mobile phones, from 1999 to 2008. Created for NTT Docomo. MELCO quit the mobile phone business in Apr 2008 after decrease in shipments. They estimated a temporary loss of 17 billion Yen in income before income taxes.
Video Cassette Recorders known as the Mitsubishi Black Diamond VCR.
Televisions
Large-screen HDTVs. Competitors in the U.S market were Sony, Pioneer, Panasonic, JVC, Samsung (Akai), Daewoo, LG (Zenith), and Apex Digital.
Direct-view CRT televisions and monitors, including Diamond Views and Diamondtrons, from 1953 until 2001. The last notable size in this field was a 40" (diagonal) tube size.
LCD TVs, until 2008.
DLP High Definition TVs, until December, 2012. MELCO then focused on professional and home theater DLP projection applications, and is no longer manufacturing televisions for the consumer market.
Computer memory. Business unit spun off to be part of Elpida Memory.
Computers, including MELCOM mainframe computers, personal computer(Multi8 , Multi16 ) and MSX home computers.
System LSIs. Business unit spun off to be part of Renesas Technology.
Popular music. MELCO previously marketed popular music via record company Nippon Crown, which had been spun off from then-Nissan Group-owned Nippon Columbia on September 15, 1963. it was sold to Daiichi Kosho Company in July, 2001.
Particle Beam Treatment System, until 2017. Business sold to Hitachi.
Global operations
The Mitsubishi Electric-owned Solae Test Tower in Inazawa City, Japan is the world's second tallest elevator testing tower.
Mitsubishi Electric's United States headquarters in Cypress, California
Mitsubishi Electric office in Canada
As of 2013, MELCO's business network around the world were the following:
Mitsubishi Electric Global
Mitsubishi Electric - North America
Canada
United States - Mitsubishi Electric United States
Mitsubishi Electric Asia-Pacific
Australia / New Zealand
China
Hong Kong
India
Taiwan
Vietnam
Japan
There are 11 facilities and 2 laboratories, for example, Kobe, Amagasaki and Kamakura.
Malaysia
Singapore
Thailand
Philippines
Saudi Arabia - Mitsubishi Electric Saudi Ltd. (MELSA)
Mitsubishi Electric Europe
Benelux
France
Germany
Ireland
Italy
Portugal
Russia
Spain
Sweden / Denmark
Finland / Norway
United Kingdom
Turkey
Slogans
Mitsubishi Electric wordmark used exclusively in Japan between 1985 and 2014
With you today and tomorrow (今日もあなたと共に, 1962–1968, in Japan only)
Advanced and ever advancing Mitsubishi Electric (未来を開発する三菱電機, 1968–1985 in Japan, 1968–2001 outside Japan)
SOCIO-TECH: enhancing lifestyles through technology (技術がつくる高度なふれあい SOCIO-TECH, 1985–2001 in Japan. The "Blue MITSUBISHI" logo was introduced for use in Japan.)
Changes for the Better (since 2001)
Sports
Until September 2016, the company had a corporate team which is now known as the Nagoya Diamond Dolphins. Mitsubishi continues to sponsor the team.
Mitsubishi Electric signed a title sponsorship deal with the AFF Championship (renaming the competition as the AFF Mitsubishi Electric Cup) from the 2022 edition onwards.
See also
Companies portal
List of elevator manufacturers
References
^ "About Directors & Executive Officers". Retrieved 2024-01-03.
^ a b c d e "Mitsubishi Electric Annual Report 2022" (PDF). Mitsubishi Electric. Retrieved April 6, 2023.
^ "MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC About us - At-a-Glance". Retrieved 2022-10-11.
^ Corporation, Mitsubishi Electric. "Products & solutions". MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC Global Website. Retrieved 2020-07-23.
^ a b "Mitsubishi heavy industries vs Mitsubishi electric". Arlington Air Conditioning Services. Retrieved 2020-10-07.
^ a b "Mitsubishi Heavy vs. Mitsubishi Electric: Comparison Review". www.oasis-aircon.com. Retrieved 2020-07-23.
^ Pollack, Andrew (1993-09-22). "BUSINESS TECHNOLOGY; Fastest, Maybe Smoothest, Trip Up". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-07-23.
^ "Mitsubishi Electric Announces Conclusion of a Share Exchange Agreement with Nihon Kentetsu Co., Ltd". www.businesswire.com. 2005-07-04. Retrieved 2020-07-23.
^ "Mitsubishi Electric Enters into Agreement to Acquire Majority Interest in DeLclima" (PDF). Mitsubishi Electric. 2015-08-25. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-03-27.
^ "Climaveneta S.p.A. and RC Group S.p.A. to Merge and Begin Doing Business as Mitsubishi Electric Hydronics & IT Cooling Systems S.p.A. on January 1". Mitsubishi Electric. 2016-12-16.
^ "Mitsubishi Electric hack began in China in March 2019, defense contractor says". The Japan Times. 2020-02-13. Retrieved 2020-08-10.
^ "Mitsubishi Electric to build 100 bil. yen chip factory in Kumamoto Pref". Mainichi Daily News. 2023-03-15.
^ "World Intellectual Property Indicators 2021" (PDF). WIPO. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
^ World Intellectual Property Organization (2020). World Intellectual Property Indicators 2020. World IP Indicators (WIPI). World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). doi:10.34667/tind.42184. ISBN 9789280532012. Retrieved 2021-08-26 – via www.wipo.int.
^ "Mitsubishi Makes A $415 Toaster For Extreme Bread Enthusiasts". Gizmodo Australia. 2020-03-12. Retrieved 2020-07-23.
^ "Mitsubishi Jet Towl Website".
^ "Mitsubishi Electric to launch collaborative robots". Robotics & Automation News. 2018-01-02. Retrieved 2020-07-23.
^ Mitsubishi Electric Introduces New UD5 Series of Photovoltaic Modules Archived October 10, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
^ Troaca, Florin (2008-03-03). "No More Mitsubishi Mobile Phones". Softpedia. Archived from the original on 2016-05-20. Retrieved 2014-12-10.
^ "History - 1950s". Mitsubishi Electric.
^ "1920s-1970s | History | About".
^ "1980s | History | About".
^ MSX Resource Center (2022-02-16). "Mitsubishi ML-8000 - MSX Wiki". Msx.org. Retrieved 2022-08-22.
^ "Hitachi to buy Mitsubishi Electric's particle therapy business". Nikkei Asian Review. Retrieved 2020-07-23.
^ "Mitsubishi Electric Products".
^ "mitsubishielectric.com". mitsubishielectric.com. 2011-07-20. Retrieved 2013-09-30.
^ "mitsubishielectric.ca". mitsubishielectric.ca. Retrieved 2013-09-30.
^ "mitsubishielectric-usa.com". mitsubishielectric-usa.com. Retrieved 2013-09-30.
^ "mitsubishielectric.asia". mitsubishielectric.asia. 2013-08-21. Archived from the original on 2016-03-25. Retrieved 2013-09-30.
^ "mitsubishielectric.co.jp". mitsubishielectric.co.jp. Retrieved 2013-09-30.
^ "melsa.com.sa". melsa.com.sa. Retrieved 2013-09-30.
^ "mitsubishielectric.eu". mitsubishielectric.eu. Archived from the original on 2015-04-18. Retrieved 2013-09-30.
^ "MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC CORPORATION History of the Corporate Logo". Mitsubishi Electric Corporation.
^ "AFF Announces Mitsubishi Electric as the New Title Sponsor of AFF Mitsubishi Electric Cup 2022". AFF Mitsubishi Electric Cup 2022. 19 May 2022.
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Museum of Modern Art | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Melco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melco"},{"link_name":"Mitsubishi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi"},{"link_name":"Mitsubishi Heavy Industries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_Heavy_Industries"},{"link_name":"multinational","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multinational_corporation"},{"link_name":"Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Mitsubishi Heavy Industries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_Heavy_Industries"},{"link_name":"elevators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevator"},{"link_name":"escalators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escalator"},{"link_name":"home appliances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_appliance"},{"link_name":"air conditioning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning"},{"link_name":"factory automation systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factory_automation"},{"link_name":"electric motors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motor"},{"link_name":"pumps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pump"},{"link_name":"semiconductors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductors"},{"link_name":"digital signage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_signage"},{"link_name":"satellites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Melco.Not to be confused with Mitsubishi or Mitsubishi Heavy Industries.Mitsubishi Electric Corporation (三菱電機株式会社, Mitsubishi Denki kabushikigaisha, also abbreviated as MELCO) is a Japanese multinational electronics and electrical equipment manufacturing company headquartered in Tokyo, Japan. It was established in 1921 as a spin-off from the electrical machinery manufacturing business of Mitsubishi Shipbuilding (current Mitsubishi Heavy Industries) at the Kobe Shipyard. The products from MELCO include elevators and escalators, high-end home appliances, air conditioning, factory automation systems, train systems, electric motors, pumps, semiconductors, digital signage, and satellites.[4]","title":"Mitsubishi Electric"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mitsubishi Heavy Industries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_Heavy_Industries"},{"link_name":"Kobe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobe"},{"link_name":"Nagasaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagasaki_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-InterMitsubishiRelations-6"},{"link_name":"Yokohama Landmark Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokohama_Landmark_Tower"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Nihon Kentetsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nihon_Kentetsu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"DeLclima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeLclima"},{"link_name":"Mitsubishi Electric Hydronics & IT Cooling Systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_Electric_Hydronics_%26_IT_Cooling_Systems"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Kumamoto Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumamoto_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"MELCO was established as a spin-off from the Mitsubishi Group's other core company Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, then Mitsubishi Shipbuilding, as the latter divested a marine electric motor factory in Kobe, Nagasaki. It has since diversified to become the major electronics company.[5][6]MELCO held the record for the fastest elevator in the world, in the 70-story Yokohama Landmark Tower, from 1993 to 2005.[7]The company acquired Nihon Kentetsu, a Japanese home appliance manufacturer, in 2005.[8]In 2015 the company acquired DeLclima, an Italian company that designs and produces HVAC and HPAC units, renamed Mitsubishi Electric Hydronics & IT Cooling Systems SpA in 2017.[9][10]In early 2020, MELCO was identified as a victim of the year-long cyberattacks perpetrated by the Chinese hackers.[11]In 2023, MELCO announced its plans to spend 100 billion yen to build a new semiconductor factory in Kumamoto Prefecture, with a target date of April 2026 to begin production.[12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ESO-NAOJ-NRAO_-_ALMA_observatory_equipped_with_its_first_antenna_(by).jpg"},{"link_name":"Atacama Large Millimeter Array","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atacama_Large_Millimeter_Array"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MITSUBISHI_ELECTRIC_AIR_CONDITIONER_OUTDOOR_UNIT.jpg"},{"link_name":"World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization"},{"link_name":"World Intellectual Property Indicators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Indicators"},{"link_name":"PCT System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent_Cooperation_Treaty"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-14"},{"link_name":"air conditioners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioners"},{"link_name":"Mitsubishi Heavy Industries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_Heavy_Industries"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-InterMitsubishiRelations-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"SCOPO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mitsubishi_SCOPO&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Saffron Type System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saffron_Type_System"},{"link_name":"anti-aliased","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatial_anti-aliasing"},{"link_name":"Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_Electric_Research_Laboratories"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"ITER","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITER"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Contact image sensors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contact_image_sensor"},{"link_name":"Large-scale LED displays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Led_display#LED_panels"},{"link_name":"Diamond Vision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_Vision"},{"link_name":"Active electronically scanned array","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_electronically_scanned_array"},{"link_name":"radar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar"},{"link_name":"Mitsubishi F-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_F-2"},{"link_name":"Uninterruptible power supply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uninterruptible_power_supply"}],"text":"A large dish antenna in the Atacama Large Millimeter Array, manufactured by Mitsubishi ElectricMitsubishi Electric Room Air ConditionerIn 2021, the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)’s annual World Intellectual Property Indicators report ranked Mitsubishi Electric's number of patent applications published under the PCT System as 3rd in the world, with 2,661 patent applications being published during 2020.[13] This position is down from their previous ranking as 2nd in 2019 with 2,334 applications.[14]\nSome product lines of MELCO, such as air conditioners, overlap with the products from Mitsubishi Heavy Industries partly because the companies share the same root.[6][5]Air conditioning systems\nRoom air conditioners (marketed as Mitsubishi Mr. Slim Room Air Conditioner and Mitsubishi Kirigamine)\nPackage air conditioners (Marketed as Mitsubishi Mr. Slim Packaged Air Conditioner)\nVariable refrigerant flow (VRF) systems (marketed as Mitsubishi CITY MULTI)\nEcoCute (marketed as Ecodan or DIAHOT)\nVentilators\nAir curtains\nAir conducting fan\nHome appliances\nRefrigerators and freezers\nAir purifiers, dehumidifiers\nVacuum cleaners, electric fans\nToasters[15]\nBuilding systems\nElevators, escalators\nMoving walks\nHigh-speed hand dryers (marketed as Mitsubishi Jet Towel)[16]\nInformation and communications systems\nData transmission system solutions\nSCOPO, the world's first transmission at 10 Gbit/s between relay equipment boards set at a distance of 500 millimetres (20 in) apart[citation needed]\nSaffron Type System, an anti-aliased text-rendering engine, developed by Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories (MERL)\nOptical access systems\nSatellite communications\nFactory automation systems\nProgrammable controllers\nAC servo systems, inverters\nIndustrial and collaborative robots,[17] processing machines\nEnergy systems\nPower generation systems\nITER nuclear fusion reactor\nPhotovoltaic panels[18]\nTransmission and distribution systems\nMedium & low-voltage switchgear and systems\nPower information & communication technology\nSemiconductors and devices\nPower modules, high-power devices\nDriver ICs\nSensors (Contact image sensors, etc)\nHigh-frequency devices\noptical devices\nTFT-LCD modules\nTransportation systems\nRolling stock systems\nPower supply and electrification systems\nTransportation planning and control systems\nCommunication systems\nAutomotive equipment\nCharging and starting products\nElectrification products (Electric power steering system products, safety and driving assistance system products, etc.)\nCar multimedia products\nVisual information systems\nLarge-scale LED displays\nDiamond Vision, large-scale video displays for sports venues and commercial applications\nMultimedia projectors\nPrinters\nSpace systems\nSatellite programs, platforms, and components\nOptical and radio telescopes\nMobile Mapping System, a high-precision GPS mobile measurement system\nPublic systems\nApplied superconductor systems\nDoppler lidar, radar systems\nActive electronically scanned array radar systems for the Mitsubishi F-2 fighter\nUninterruptible power supply\nWater treatment systems, water pumps","title":"Products"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mobile phones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone"},{"link_name":"NTT Docomo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTT_Docomo"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Video Cassette Recorders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VCR"},{"link_name":"Televisions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_set"},{"link_name":"HDTVs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-definition_television"},{"link_name":"Sony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony"},{"link_name":"Pioneer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Panasonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panasonic"},{"link_name":"JVC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JVC"},{"link_name":"Samsung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung"},{"link_name":"Akai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akai"},{"link_name":"Daewoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daewoo"},{"link_name":"LG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LG_Electronics"},{"link_name":"Zenith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenith_Electronics"},{"link_name":"Apex Digital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apex_Digital"},{"link_name":"CRT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathode-ray_tube"},{"link_name":"Diamondtrons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamondtron"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"LCD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCD"},{"link_name":"DLP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Light_Processing"},{"link_name":"Computer memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_memory"},{"link_name":"Elpida Memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elpida_Memory"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"personal computer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computer"},{"link_name":"Multi8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Multi8&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"jp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi8"},{"link_name":"Multi16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Multi16&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"jp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/MULTI_16%E3%82%B7%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BA"},{"link_name":"MSX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSX"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Renesas Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renesas_Technology"},{"link_name":"Popular music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_music"},{"link_name":"record company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_label"},{"link_name":"Nippon Crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nippon_Crown"},{"link_name":"Nissan Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Group"},{"link_name":"Nippon Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nippon_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Daiichi Kosho Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daiichi_Kosho_Company"},{"link_name":"Particle Beam Treatment System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton_therapy"},{"link_name":"Hitachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitachi"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"Mobile phones, from 1999 to 2008. Created for NTT Docomo. MELCO quit the mobile phone business in Apr 2008 after decrease in shipments. They estimated a temporary loss of 17 billion Yen in income before income taxes.[19]\nVideo Cassette Recorders known as the Mitsubishi Black Diamond VCR.\nTelevisions\nLarge-screen HDTVs. Competitors in the U.S market were Sony, Pioneer, Panasonic, JVC, Samsung (Akai), Daewoo, LG (Zenith), and Apex Digital.\nDirect-view CRT televisions and monitors, including Diamond Views and Diamondtrons, from 1953[20] until 2001. The last notable size in this field was a 40\" (diagonal) tube size.\nLCD TVs, until 2008.\nDLP High Definition TVs, until December, 2012. MELCO then focused on professional and home theater DLP projection applications, and is no longer manufacturing televisions for the consumer market.\nComputer memory. Business unit spun off to be part of Elpida Memory.\nComputers, including MELCOM mainframe computers,[21][22] personal computer(Multi8 [jp], Multi16 [jp]) and MSX home computers.[23]\nSystem LSIs. Business unit spun off to be part of Renesas Technology.\nPopular music. MELCO previously marketed popular music via record company Nippon Crown, which had been spun off from then-Nissan Group-owned Nippon Columbia on September 15, 1963. it was sold to Daiichi Kosho Company in July, 2001.\nParticle Beam Treatment System, until 2017. Business sold to Hitachi.[24]","title":"Discontinued products"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mitsubishi_Elevator_of_SOLAE_Test_Tower_2010-2-27.JPG"},{"link_name":"Solae Test Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solae_(tower)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-globalmeebu-25"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mitsubishi_Electric_US_Headquarters_Cypress_California_2021.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cypress, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypress,_California"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MitsubishiElectricMarkham.jpg"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mitsubishi_Electric&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Mitsubishi Electric United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_Electric_United_States"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Kobe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobe,_Hyogo"},{"link_name":"Amagasaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amagasaki,_Hyogo"},{"link_name":"Kamakura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamakura,_Kanagawa"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Benelux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benelux"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"}],"text":"The Mitsubishi Electric-owned Solae Test Tower in Inazawa City, Japan is the world's second tallest elevator testing tower.[25]Mitsubishi Electric's United States headquarters in Cypress, CaliforniaMitsubishi Electric office in CanadaAs of 2013,[update] MELCO's business network around the world were the following:Mitsubishi Electric Global[26]\nMitsubishi Electric - North America\nCanada[27]\nUnited States - Mitsubishi Electric United States[28]\nMitsubishi Electric Asia-Pacific[29]\nAustralia / New Zealand\nChina\nHong Kong\nIndia\nTaiwan\nVietnam\nJapan[30]\nThere are 11 facilities and 2 laboratories, for example, Kobe, Amagasaki and Kamakura.\nMalaysia\nSingapore\nThailand\nPhilippines\nSaudi Arabia - Mitsubishi Electric Saudi Ltd. (MELSA)[31]\nMitsubishi Electric Europe[32]\nBenelux\nFrance\nGermany\nIreland\nItaly\nPortugal\nRussia\nSpain\nSweden / Denmark\nFinland / Norway\nUnited Kingdom\nTurkey","title":"Global operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mitsubishi_Electric_logo_in_Japan.svg"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"text":"Mitsubishi Electric wordmark used exclusively in Japan between 1985 and 2014With you today and tomorrow (今日もあなたと共に, 1962–1968, in Japan only)\nAdvanced and ever advancing Mitsubishi Electric (未来を開発する三菱電機, 1968–1985 in Japan, 1968–2001 outside Japan)\nSOCIO-TECH: enhancing lifestyles through technology (技術がつくる高度なふれあい SOCIO-TECH, 1985–2001 in Japan. The \"Blue MITSUBISHI\" logo was introduced for use in Japan.)\nChanges for the Better (since 2001)[33]","title":"Slogans"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nagoya Diamond Dolphins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagoya_Diamond_Dolphins"},{"link_name":"AFF Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFF_Championship"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"text":"Until September 2016, the company had a corporate team which is now known as the Nagoya Diamond Dolphins. Mitsubishi continues to sponsor the team.Mitsubishi Electric signed a title sponsorship deal with the AFF Championship (renaming the competition as the AFF Mitsubishi Electric Cup) from the 2022 edition onwards.[34]","title":"Sports"}] | [{"image_text":"A large dish antenna in the Atacama Large Millimeter Array, manufactured by Mitsubishi Electric","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/ESO-NAOJ-NRAO_-_ALMA_observatory_equipped_with_its_first_antenna_%28by%29.jpg/220px-ESO-NAOJ-NRAO_-_ALMA_observatory_equipped_with_its_first_antenna_%28by%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mitsubishi Electric Room Air Conditioner","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/MITSUBISHI_ELECTRIC_AIR_CONDITIONER_OUTDOOR_UNIT.jpg/220px-MITSUBISHI_ELECTRIC_AIR_CONDITIONER_OUTDOOR_UNIT.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Mitsubishi Electric-owned Solae Test Tower in Inazawa City, Japan is the world's second tallest elevator testing tower.[25]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Mitsubishi_Elevator_of_SOLAE_Test_Tower_2010-2-27.JPG/170px-Mitsubishi_Elevator_of_SOLAE_Test_Tower_2010-2-27.JPG"},{"image_text":"Mitsubishi Electric's United States headquarters in Cypress, California","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Mitsubishi_Electric_US_Headquarters_Cypress_California_2021.jpg/220px-Mitsubishi_Electric_US_Headquarters_Cypress_California_2021.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mitsubishi Electric office in Canada","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/MitsubishiElectricMarkham.jpg/220px-MitsubishiElectricMarkham.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mitsubishi Electric wordmark used exclusively in Japan between 1985 and 2014","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Mitsubishi_Electric_logo_in_Japan.svg/220px-Mitsubishi_Electric_logo_in_Japan.svg.png"}] | [{"title":"Companies portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Companies"},{"title":"List of elevator manufacturers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_elevator_manufacturers"}] | [{"reference":"\"About Directors & Executive Officers\". Retrieved 2024-01-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mitsubishielectric.com/en/about/organization/management/index.html","url_text":"\"About Directors & Executive Officers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mitsubishi Electric Annual Report 2022\" (PDF). Mitsubishi Electric. Retrieved April 6, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mitsubishielectric.com/en/investors/library/integrated_report/pdf/ar2022_1.pdf","url_text":"\"Mitsubishi Electric Annual Report 2022\""}]},{"reference":"\"MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC About us - At-a-Glance\". Retrieved 2022-10-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mitsubishielectric.com/en/about/corporate_data/index.html","url_text":"\"MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC About us - At-a-Glance\""}]},{"reference":"Corporation, Mitsubishi Electric. \"Products & solutions\". MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC Global Website. Retrieved 2020-07-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mitsubishielectric.com/en/products-solutions/index.page","url_text":"\"Products & solutions\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mitsubishi heavy industries vs Mitsubishi electric\". Arlington Air Conditioning Services. Retrieved 2020-10-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.arlingtonairconditioningheating.com/mitsubishi-heavy-industries-vs-mitsubishi-electric/","url_text":"\"Mitsubishi heavy industries vs Mitsubishi electric\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mitsubishi Heavy vs. Mitsubishi Electric: Comparison Review\". www.oasis-aircon.com. Retrieved 2020-07-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oasis-aircon.com/blog/mitsubishi-heavy-vs-mitsubishi-electric-comparison","url_text":"\"Mitsubishi Heavy vs. Mitsubishi Electric: Comparison Review\""}]},{"reference":"Pollack, Andrew (1993-09-22). \"BUSINESS TECHNOLOGY; Fastest, Maybe Smoothest, Trip Up\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-07-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1993/09/22/business/business-technology-fastest-maybe-smoothest-trip-up.html","url_text":"\"BUSINESS TECHNOLOGY; Fastest, Maybe Smoothest, Trip Up\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"\"Mitsubishi Electric Announces Conclusion of a Share Exchange Agreement with Nihon Kentetsu Co., Ltd\". www.businesswire.com. 2005-07-04. Retrieved 2020-07-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20050703005019/en/Mitsubishi-Electric-Announces-Conclusion-Share-Exchange-Agreement","url_text":"\"Mitsubishi Electric Announces Conclusion of a Share Exchange Agreement with Nihon Kentetsu Co., Ltd\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mitsubishi Electric Enters into Agreement to Acquire Majority Interest in DeLclima\" (PDF). Mitsubishi Electric. 2015-08-25. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiiu_Parish | Hiiu Parish | ["1 Populated places","2 Gallery","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | Coordinates: 59°00′N 22°45′E / 59.000°N 22.750°E / 59.000; 22.750Former municipality of Estonia
Former municipality of Estonia in Hiiu CountyHiiu Parish
Hiiu valdFormer municipality of Estonia
FlagCoat of armsHiiu Parish within Hiiu County.CountryEstoniaCountyHiiu CountyAdministrative centreKärdlaGovernment • MayorReili Rand (SDE)Area • Total388 km2 (150 sq mi)Population (26.06.2013) • Totalca 5,000Websitewww.hiiuvald.ee
Hiiu Parish (Estonian: Hiiu vald) was a rural municipality of Hiiu County, Estonia. It occupied the northwestern part of the Hiiumaa island. The population was about 5000 (as of 26 June 2013), about 3600 of whom lived in the parish seat.
Hiiu Parish was established by merging the town of Kärdla (former urban municipality) and Kõrgessaare Parish after the municipal elections held on 20 October 2013. Kärdla was non-contiguous with the rest of the municipality.
Populated places
Hiiu Parish had a town Kärdla, a small borough (alevik) Kõrgessaare and 58 villages: Heigi, Heiste, Heistesoo, Hirmuste, Hüti, Isabella, Jõeranna, Jõesuu, Kalana, Kaleste, Kanapeeksi, Kauste, Kidaste, Kiduspe, Kiivera, Kodeste, Koidma, Kopa, Kõpu, Kurisu, Laasi, Lauka, Lehtma, Leigri, Lilbi, Luidja, Mägipe, Malvaste, Mangu, Mardihansu, Meelste, Metsaküla, Mudaste, Napi, Nõmme, Ogandi, Ojaküla, Otste, Palli, Paope, Pihla, Poama, Puski, Reigi, Risti, Rootsi, Sigala, Sülluste, Suurepsi, Suureranna, Tahkuna, Tammistu, Tiharu, Ülendi, Viita, Viitasoo, Vilima, Villamaa.
Gallery
Kõrgessaare distillery
Kärdla fire station
Rannapaargu restaurant in Kärdla
Kõpu Lighthouse
Kõpu Orthodox church-schoolhouse
Tahkuna lighthouse
Reigi church
Malvaste chapel
Hill of Crosses (Ristimägi) in Risti
See also
Kõpu Lighthouse
References
^ Siseministeerium Archived 2013-10-29 at the Wayback Machine Tekib seitse tugevat valda. 2013
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hiiu Parish.
Official website (in Estonian)
vte Municipalities of Hiiu CountyRural municipalities
Hiiumaa Parish
59°00′N 22°45′E / 59.000°N 22.750°E / 59.000; 22.750
This Hiiu County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Estonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonian_language"},{"link_name":"municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Estonia"},{"link_name":"Hiiu County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiiu_County"},{"link_name":"Estonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia"},{"link_name":"Hiiumaa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiiumaa"},{"link_name":"Kärdla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A4rdla"},{"link_name":"Kõrgessaare Parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B5rgessaare_Parish"},{"link_name":"municipal elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Estonian_municipal_elections"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sisemin-1"}],"text":"Former municipality of EstoniaFormer municipality of Estonia in Hiiu CountyHiiu Parish (Estonian: Hiiu vald) was a rural municipality of Hiiu County, Estonia. It occupied the northwestern part of the Hiiumaa island. The population was about 5000 (as of 26 June 2013), about 3600 of whom lived in the parish seat.Hiiu Parish was established by merging the town of Kärdla (former urban municipality) and Kõrgessaare Parish after the municipal elections held on 20 October 2013.[1] Kärdla was non-contiguous with the rest of the municipality.","title":"Hiiu Parish"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kärdla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A4rdla"},{"link_name":"small borough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_borough"},{"link_name":"Kõrgessaare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B5rgessaare"},{"link_name":"Heigi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heigi"},{"link_name":"Heiste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heiste"},{"link_name":"Heistesoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heistesoo"},{"link_name":"Hirmuste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirmuste,_Hiiu_County"},{"link_name":"Hüti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCti,_Hiiu_County"},{"link_name":"Isabella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella,_Estonia"},{"link_name":"Jõeranna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B5eranna"},{"link_name":"Jõesuu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B5esuu,_Hiiu_County"},{"link_name":"Kalana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalana,_Hiiu_County"},{"link_name":"Kaleste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaleste"},{"link_name":"Kanapeeksi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanapeeksi"},{"link_name":"Kauste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauste"},{"link_name":"Kidaste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidaste"},{"link_name":"Kiduspe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiduspe"},{"link_name":"Kiivera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiivera"},{"link_name":"Kodeste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodeste"},{"link_name":"Koidma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koidma"},{"link_name":"Kopa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopa,_Estonia"},{"link_name":"Kõpu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B5pu,_Hiiu_County"},{"link_name":"Kurisu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurisu,_Hiiu_Parish"},{"link_name":"Laasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laasi"},{"link_name":"Lauka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauka"},{"link_name":"Lehtma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehtma"},{"link_name":"Leigri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leigri"},{"link_name":"Lilbi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilbi,_Hiiu_County"},{"link_name":"Luidja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luidja"},{"link_name":"Mägipe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A4gipe"},{"link_name":"Malvaste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malvaste"},{"link_name":"Mangu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangu,_Estonia"},{"link_name":"Mardihansu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mardihansu"},{"link_name":"Meelste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meelste"},{"link_name":"Metsaküla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metsak%C3%BCla,_Hiiu_County"},{"link_name":"Mudaste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudaste"},{"link_name":"Napi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napi,_Hiiu_County"},{"link_name":"Nõmme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B5mme,_Hiiu_Parish"},{"link_name":"Ogandi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogandi"},{"link_name":"Ojaküla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ojak%C3%BCla,_Hiiu_County"},{"link_name":"Otste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otste"},{"link_name":"Palli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palli,_Hiiu_County"},{"link_name":"Paope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paope"},{"link_name":"Pihla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pihla"},{"link_name":"Poama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poama"},{"link_name":"Puski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puski"},{"link_name":"Reigi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reigi"},{"link_name":"Risti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risti,_Hiiu_County"},{"link_name":"Rootsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rootsi,_Hiiu_County"},{"link_name":"Sigala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigala,_Hiiu_County"},{"link_name":"Sülluste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BClluste"},{"link_name":"Suurepsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suurepsi"},{"link_name":"Suureranna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suureranna"},{"link_name":"Tahkuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahkuna"},{"link_name":"Tammistu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tammistu,_Hiiu_County"},{"link_name":"Tiharu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiharu"},{"link_name":"Ülendi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Clendi"},{"link_name":"Viita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viita"},{"link_name":"Viitasoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viitasoo"},{"link_name":"Vilima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilima"},{"link_name":"Villamaa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villamaa"}],"text":"Hiiu Parish had a town Kärdla, a small borough (alevik) Kõrgessaare and 58 villages: Heigi, Heiste, Heistesoo, Hirmuste, Hüti, Isabella, Jõeranna, Jõesuu, Kalana, Kaleste, Kanapeeksi, Kauste, Kidaste, Kiduspe, Kiivera, Kodeste, Koidma, Kopa, Kõpu, Kurisu, Laasi, Lauka, Lehtma, Leigri, Lilbi, Luidja, Mägipe, Malvaste, Mangu, Mardihansu, Meelste, Metsaküla, Mudaste, Napi, Nõmme, Ogandi, Ojaküla, Otste, Palli, Paope, Pihla, Poama, Puski, Reigi, Risti, Rootsi, Sigala, Sülluste, Suurepsi, Suureranna, Tahkuna, Tammistu, Tiharu, Ülendi, Viita, Viitasoo, Vilima, Villamaa.","title":"Populated places"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:K%C3%B5rgessaare._M%C3%B5isa_viinak%C3%B6%C3%B6k.JPG"},{"link_name":"Kõrgessaare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B5rgessaare"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:23565_K%C3%A4rdla_tulet%C3%B5rjemaja.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kärdla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A4rdla"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rannapaargu-037.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:K%C3%B5pu_Lighthouse-033.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kõpu Lighthouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B5pu_Lighthouse"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:K%C3%B5pu_(2).JPG"},{"link_name":"Kõpu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B5pu,_Hiiu_County"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tahkunatuletorn_Tahkuna_poolsaarel_Hiiumaal.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tahkuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahkuna"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Reigi_kirik_2008.jpg"},{"link_name":"Reigi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reigi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Malvastechapell.jpg"},{"link_name":"Malvaste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malvaste"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ristim%C3%A4gi,_2011,_regnr_22282.jpg"},{"link_name":"Risti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risti,_Hiiu_County"}],"text":"Kõrgessaare distillery\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKärdla fire station\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRannapaargu restaurant in Kärdla\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKõpu Lighthouse\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKõpu Orthodox church-schoolhouse\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTahkuna lighthouse\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tReigi church\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMalvaste chapel\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHill of Crosses (Ristimägi) in Risti","title":"Gallery"}] | [] | [{"title":"Kõpu Lighthouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B5pu_Lighthouse"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hiiu_Parish¶ms=59_00_N_22_45_E_type:city(95)_region:EE","external_links_name":"59°00′N 22°45′E / 59.000°N 22.750°E / 59.000; 22.750"},{"Link":"http://www.hiiuvald.ee/","external_links_name":"www.hiiuvald.ee"},{"Link":"https://www.siseministeerium.ee/tekib-seitse-tugevat-valda/","external_links_name":"Siseministeerium"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131029190111/https://www.siseministeerium.ee/tekib-seitse-tugevat-valda/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.hiiuvald.ee/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hiiu_Parish¶ms=59_00_N_22_45_E_type:city(95)_region:EE","external_links_name":"59°00′N 22°45′E / 59.000°N 22.750°E / 59.000; 22.750"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hiiu_Parish&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consort_Liang | Consort Liang | ["1 Life","2 References"] | 1st century Han dynasty imperial consort
Consort Liang (梁貴人, personal name unknown) (62(?) - 83?), posthumous title Empress Gonghuai (恭懷皇后, literally, "empress of reverent recollection"), was an imperial consort to Emperor Zhang of Han. She gave birth to his son Liu Zhao (劉肇) in 79, but her son was adopted by Emperor Zhang's wife Empress Dou and would not know his birth mother's identity until a long time later, after he became emperor (as Emperor He).
Life
Consort Liang was a daughter of Liang Song (梁竦), a son of one of Emperor Guangwu's officials, Liang Tong (梁統). When she was 15, in 77, both she and her older sister became consort to Emperor Zhang (who was then 20).
At the time Consort Liang's son Prince Zhao was adopted by Empress Dou, Emperor Zhang had already created his son Liu Qing (劉慶), by another favorite, Consort Song, crown prince. Empress Dou made false accusations against Consort Song and her sister (also an imperial consort), however, and the two Consorts Song were forced to commit suicide in 82. Crown Prince Qing was deposed, and Prince Zhao was created crown prince in his stead.
The Liang clan did not dare to celebrate openly, but they were happy about that development. Empress Dou and her clan were not pleased, and, wanting to make sure that the Liangs would not step in and exert influence on the young prince, they also made false accusations against Liang Song, and he was arrested and died in prison in 83. His family was exiled to modern northern Vietnam. Consort Liang and her sister died in sadness, probably in 83 as well. Her son would succeed to the throne in April 88, believing that Empress Dowager Dou was his mother.
After Empress Dowager Dou died in October 97, officials revealed to Emperor He that Consort Liang was actually his birth mother. While Emperor He rejected a recommendation to posthumously demote Empress Dowager Dou, he reburied his mother and aunt with great honors (but not with his father -- that honor was reserved for Empress Dowager Dou, as his father's wife). He also posthumously rewarded his mother the title of empress, with the posthumous name of "Gonghuai". However, this posthumous title was later revoked in 190 during the reign of Emperor Xian of Han.
References
^ 李昉 (1997). 太平御覽 (in Chinese). 臺灣商務印書館. ISBN 978-957-05-0424-8.
^ 蔡東藩 (2023-06-12). 後漢演義：演義英雄豪傑，傳奇亦真實 (in Chinese). 千華駐科技. ISBN 978-626-368-653-3.
^ 陈苏镇著 (2013-02-01). 两汉魏晋南北朝史探幽 (in Chinese). Beijing Book Co. Inc. ISBN 978-7-301-22075-7.
^ a b Exemplary Women of Early China: The Lienü zhuan of Liu Xiang. Columbia University Press. 2014-01-28. ISBN 978-0-231-53608-0.
^ a b San, Tan Koon (2014-08-15). Dynastic China: An Elementary History. The Other Press. ISBN 978-983-9541-88-5.
^ Papers on Far Eastern History. Department of Far Eastern History, Australian National University. 1986.
^ Mass, Kelly. Han Dynasty: The Ancient Era That Helped China Develop. Efalon Acies.
^ Empresses and Consorts: Selections from Chen Shou's Records of the Three States with Pei Songzhi's Commentary, translated by Robert Joe Cutter and William Gordon Crowell (University of Hawaii Press, 1999), p. 116.
^ According to Emperor He's biography in Book of the Later Han, the granting of the posthumous title of empress took place on 20 November 97 (jiazi day of the 9th month of the 9th year of the Yong'yuan era), while the reburial took place on 11 December 97 (yiyou day of the 10th month of that year).
^ (是岁，有司奏，...又恭怀、敬隐、恭愍三皇后并非正嫡，不合称后，皆请除尊号。制曰：‘可。’) Book of the Later Han, vol.09
vteEmpresses of the Han dynastyHan dynastyEmpresses consortWestern Han
Empress Lü
Zhang Yan
Empress Lü
Empress Dou
Empress Bo
Wang Zhi
Chen Jiao
Wei Zifu
Empress Shangguan
Xu Pingjun
Huo Chengjun
Empress Wang
Wang Zhengjun
Empress Xu
Zhao Feiyan
Empress Fu
Empress Wang
(Xin dynasty)
(Empress Wang)
(Empress Shi)
Eastern Han
Guo Shengtong
Yin Lihua
Empress Ma
Empress Zhangde
Empress Yin
Deng Sui
Yan Ji
Liang Na
Liang Nüying
Deng Mengnü
Dou Miao
Empress Song
Empress He
Fu Shou
Empress Cao
Empresses dowagerWestern Han
Empress Dowager Lü
Empress Dowager Bo
Empress Dowager Dou
Wang Zhi
Empress Dowager Shangguan
Empress Dowager Qiongcheng
Wang Zhengjun
Empress Dowager Fu
Zhao Feiyan
Empress Dowager Wang
Eastern Han
Yin Lihua
Empress Dowager Ma
Empress Dowager Dou
Deng Sui
Yan Ji
Liang Na
Dou Miao
Empress Dowager He
Grand empresses dowagerWestern Han
Grand Empress Dowager Lü
Grand Empress Dowager Bo
Grand Empress Dowager Dou
Grand Empress Dowager Shangguan
Grand Empress Dowager Qiongcheng
Wang Zhengjun
Grand Empress Dowager Fu
Posthumous empressesWestern Han
Lady Li
Lady Gouyi
Eastern Han
Consort Liang
Consort Song
Xia → Shang → Zhou → Qin → Han → 3 Kingdoms → Jìn / 16 Kingdoms → S. Dynasties / N. Dynasties → Sui → Tang → 5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms → Liao / Song / W. Xia / Jīn → Yuan → Ming → Qing
This Chinese royalty–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Emperor Zhang of Han","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Zhang_of_Han"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Empress Dou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Zhangde"},{"link_name":"Emperor He","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_He_of_Han"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Consort Liang (梁貴人, personal name unknown) (62(?) - 83?), posthumous title Empress Gonghuai (恭懷皇后, literally, \"empress of reverent recollection\"), was an imperial consort to Emperor Zhang of Han.[1][2] She gave birth to his son Liu Zhao (劉肇) in 79, but her son was adopted by Emperor Zhang's wife Empress Dou and would not know his birth mother's identity until a long time later, after he became emperor (as Emperor He).[3]","title":"Consort Liang"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Emperor Guangwu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Guangwu_of_Han"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"Consort Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Jingyin"},{"link_name":"crown prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_prince"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Emperor Xian of Han","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Xian_of_Han"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Consort Liang was a daughter of Liang Song (梁竦), a son of one of Emperor Guangwu's officials, Liang Tong (梁統). When she was 15, in 77, both she and her older sister became consort to Emperor Zhang (who was then 20).[4]At the time Consort Liang's son Prince Zhao was adopted by Empress Dou, Emperor Zhang had already created his son Liu Qing (劉慶), by another favorite, Consort Song, crown prince. Empress Dou made false accusations against Consort Song and her sister (also an imperial consort), however, and the two Consorts Song were forced to commit suicide in 82. Crown Prince Qing was deposed, and Prince Zhao was created crown prince in his stead.[5][6]The Liang clan did not dare to celebrate openly, but they were happy about that development. Empress Dou and her clan were not pleased, and, wanting to make sure that the Liangs would not step in and exert influence on the young prince, they also made false accusations against Liang Song, and he was arrested and died in prison in 83.[4] His family was exiled to modern northern Vietnam. Consort Liang and her sister died in sadness, probably in 83 as well.[5] Her son would succeed to the throne in April 88, believing that Empress Dowager Dou was his mother.[citation needed]After Empress Dowager Dou died in October 97, officials revealed to Emperor He that Consort Liang was actually his birth mother.[7] While Emperor He rejected a recommendation to posthumously demote Empress Dowager Dou, he reburied his mother and aunt with great honors (but not with his father -- that honor was reserved for Empress Dowager Dou, as his father's wife). He also posthumously rewarded his mother the title of empress,[8] with the posthumous name of \"Gonghuai\".[9] However, this posthumous title was later revoked in 190 during the reign of Emperor Xian of Han.[10]","title":"Life"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"李昉 (1997). 太平御覽 (in Chinese). 臺灣商務印書館. ISBN 978-957-05-0424-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dZVaMOaBG30C&dq=%E6%81%AD%E6%87%B7%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E&pg=PA795","url_text":"太平御覽"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-957-05-0424-8","url_text":"978-957-05-0424-8"}]},{"reference":"蔡東藩 (2023-06-12). 後漢演義：演義英雄豪傑，傳奇亦真實 (in Chinese). 千華駐科技. ISBN 978-626-368-653-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zDvHEAAAQBAJ&dq=%E6%81%AD%E6%87%B7%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E&pg=PT210","url_text":"後漢演義：演義英雄豪傑，傳奇亦真實"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-626-368-653-3","url_text":"978-626-368-653-3"}]},{"reference":"陈苏镇著 (2013-02-01). 两汉魏晋南北朝史探幽 (in Chinese). Beijing Book Co. Inc. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Tommaso | Bruno Tommaso | ["1 Discography","1.1 With the Italian Instabile Orchestra","1.2 As contributor","2 References"] | Italian jazz musician and composer
Bruno Tommaso (born 1946) is an Italian jazz double-bass player and composer, the cousin of fellow double-bass player Giovanni Tommaso. The first president of the Italian Association of Jazz Musicians and a founding member of the Italian Instabile Orchestra, Tommaso has performed with such musicians as Enrico Rava, Mario Schiano, Franco d'Andrea, Eugenio Colombo and Enrico Pieranunzi, among others.
Discography
Su Un Tema Di Jerome Kern. Splasc(h). 1981.
Barga Jazz. Splasc(h). 1987.
Steamboat Bill, Jr. Imprint. 1998.
Ulisse E L'Ombra. Imprint. 2000. w/ Roberto Rossi
Original Soundtrack For Charles And Mary, Onyx Jazz Club, Matera, 2013. With Riccardo Parrucci, fl, Fabrizio Desideri, Rossano Emili, sax - cl, Marco Bartalini, flg, Gloria Merani, Marco Domenichelli, vl, Flaminia Zanelli, vla, Elisabetta Casapieri, vc, Marco Cattani, gtr, Andrea Pellegrini, p, Giacomo Riggi, vib, Nino Pellegrini, cb, Paolo Corsi, dr. Bruno Tommaso, compos., dir.
With the Italian Instabile Orchestra
Live In Noci And Rive-De Gier. Leo Records. 1991.
Skies of Europe. ECM. 1994.
European Concerts '94-'97. Nel Jazz. 1997.
Litania Sibilante. Enja Records. 2000.
Previsioni del Tempo: Forecast. Imprint Records. 2002.
Featuring Cecil Taylor (2004). The Owner of the Riverbank. Enja Justin Time.
As contributor
Franco d'Andrea; Modern Art Trio (2008) . Modern Art Trio/Franco D'Andrea. Vedette/Dejavu.
Mario Schiano (1973). On the Waiting List. Atavistic Records.
Mario Schiano (1973). Sud. Splasc(h).
Enrico Pieranunzi (1975). Jazz A Confronto. Horo.
Mario Schiano (1977). De Dé. Splasc(h).
Giorgio Gaslini (1987). Multipli. Soul Note.
Marche Jazz Orchestra, "Dies Irae", Philology, (1989)
Eugenio Colombo (1990). Giada. Splasc(h).
Gianni Lenoci (1990). Blues Waltz. Splasc(h).
Mario Schiano (1992). Original Sins: Unreleased, 1967-1970. Splasc(h).
Enrico Rava (1993). Rava, L'Opera Va. Blue.
Italian String Trio (1993). From Groningen to Mulhouse. Splasc(h).
European Music Orchestra (1994). Guest. Soul Note.
Mario Schiano (1994). Meetings. Splasc(h).
Milagro Quintet (1994). Old Works in Blue. Splasc(h).
Massimo Ciolli (1994). Transchiantigiana Express. SA Jazz.
Mario Schiano; Bruno Tommaso; Giancarlo Schiaffini (1998). (To Be Continued...). Discoteca di Stato.
La Banda (1998). La Banda: Traditional Italian Banda & Jazz. Enja Records.
Gianni Lenoci Trio (1998). All in Love Is Fair. Splasc(h).
Gianluigi Trovesi (1999). Around Small Fairy Tales. Soul Note.
Eugenio Colombo (1999). Guida Blu. Splasc(h).
Piero Umiliani (2000). Musica Elettronica, Vol. 1. Easy Tempo.
Gianluigi Trovesi (2000). Round About a Midsummer's Dream. Enja Records.
Eugenio Colombo (2000). Tales of Love and Death. Leo Records.
Mario Schiano; Giancarlo Schiaffini; Bruno Tommaso; Sebi Tramontana (2002). Free Jazz at the Philharmonic. Splasc(h).
Civica Jazz Band (2002). Italian Jazz Graffiti. Soul Note.
Mirco Mariottini (2005). Nugae. Splasc(h).
The European Union Jazz Youth Orchestra (2005). The European Union Jazz Youth Orchestra. European Commission.
References
^ Martinelli, Francesco. "Bruno Tommaso Biography". Allmusic.
^ See Alain Drouot, Downbeat, April 2014, page 69.
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Italy
Israel
United States
Artists
MusicBrainz
Other
SNAC | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_people"},{"link_name":"jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz"},{"link_name":"double-bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-bass"},{"link_name":"composer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composer"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Tommaso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giovanni_Tommaso&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Italian Association of Jazz Musicians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Italian_Association_of_Jazz_Musicians&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Italian Instabile Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Instabile_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"Enrico Rava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrico_Rava"},{"link_name":"Mario Schiano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Schiano"},{"link_name":"Franco d'Andrea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco_d%27Andrea"},{"link_name":"Eugenio Colombo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenio_Colombo"},{"link_name":"Enrico Pieranunzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrico_Pieranunzi"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Bruno Tommaso (born 1946) is an Italian jazz double-bass player and composer, the cousin of fellow double-bass player Giovanni Tommaso. The first president of the Italian Association of Jazz Musicians and a founding member of the Italian Instabile Orchestra, Tommaso has performed with such musicians as Enrico Rava, Mario Schiano, Franco d'Andrea, Eugenio Colombo and Enrico Pieranunzi, among others.[1]","title":"Bruno Tommaso"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Su Un Tema Di Jerome Kern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.allmusic.com/album/r167475"},{"link_name":"Barga Jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.allmusic.com/album/r167476"},{"link_name":"Steamboat Bill, Jr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.allmusic.com/album/r492913"},{"link_name":"Ulisse E L'Ombra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.allmusic.com/album/r531462"},{"link_name":"Roberto Rossi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roberto_Rossi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Su Un Tema Di Jerome Kern. Splasc(h). 1981.\nBarga Jazz. Splasc(h). 1987.\nSteamboat Bill, Jr. Imprint. 1998.\nUlisse E L'Ombra. Imprint. 2000. w/ Roberto Rossi\nOriginal Soundtrack For Charles And Mary, Onyx Jazz Club, Matera, 2013. With Riccardo Parrucci, fl, Fabrizio Desideri, Rossano Emili, sax - cl, Marco Bartalini, flg, Gloria Merani, Marco Domenichelli, vl, Flaminia Zanelli, vla, Elisabetta Casapieri, vc, Marco Cattani, gtr, Andrea Pellegrini, p, Giacomo Riggi, vib, Nino Pellegrini, cb, Paolo Corsi, dr. 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Leo Records. 1991.\nSkies of Europe. ECM. 1994.\nEuropean Concerts '94-'97. Nel Jazz. 1997.\nLitania Sibilante. Enja Records. 2000.\nPrevisioni del Tempo: Forecast. Imprint Records. 2002.\nFeaturing Cecil Taylor (2004). The Owner of the Riverbank. Enja Justin Time.","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Franco d'Andrea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco_d%27Andrea"},{"link_name":"Modern Art Trio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Modern_Art_Trio&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Modern Art Trio/Franco D'Andrea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.allmusic.com/album/r349038"},{"link_name":"Mario Schiano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Schiano"},{"link_name":"On the Waiting List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.allmusic.com/album/r687281"},{"link_name":"Atavistic Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atavistic_Records"},{"link_name":"Mario Schiano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Schiano"},{"link_name":"Sud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.allmusic.com/album/r445408"},{"link_name":"Enrico Pieranunzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrico_Pieranunzi"},{"link_name":"Jazz A 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Modern Art Trio/Franco D'Andrea. Vedette/Dejavu.\nMario Schiano (1973). On the Waiting List. Atavistic Records.\nMario Schiano (1973). Sud. Splasc(h).\nEnrico Pieranunzi (1975). Jazz A Confronto. Horo.\nMario Schiano (1977). De Dé. Splasc(h).\nGiorgio Gaslini (1987). Multipli. Soul Note.\nMarche Jazz Orchestra, \"Dies Irae\", Philology, (1989)\nEugenio Colombo (1990). Giada. Splasc(h).\nGianni Lenoci (1990). Blues Waltz. Splasc(h).\nMario Schiano (1992). Original Sins: Unreleased, 1967-1970. Splasc(h).\nEnrico Rava (1993). Rava, L'Opera Va. Blue.\nItalian String Trio (1993). From Groningen to Mulhouse. Splasc(h).\nEuropean Music Orchestra (1994). Guest. Soul Note.\nMario Schiano (1994). Meetings. Splasc(h).\nMilagro Quintet (1994). Old Works in Blue. Splasc(h).\nMassimo Ciolli (1994). Transchiantigiana Express. SA Jazz.\nMario Schiano; Bruno Tommaso; Giancarlo Schiaffini (1998). (To Be Continued...). Discoteca di Stato.\nLa Banda (1998). La Banda: Traditional Italian Banda & Jazz. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumio_Koizumi_Prize_for_ethnomusicology | Fumio Koizumi Prize for Ethnomusicology | ["1 Entry and prize consideration","2 History","3 List of Recipients of the Fumio Koizumi Prize","4 References","5 External links"] | Award in ethnomusicology issued in Tokyo, Japan
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AwardFumio Koizumi Prize in EthnomusicologyAwarded forOutstanding contribution to ethnomusicologyCountryJapanPresented byFumio Koizumi TrustFirst awarded1989Websitehttp://www.geidai.ac.jp/labs/koizumi/awarde/index.html
The Fumio Koizumi Prize (Japanese: 小泉文夫音楽賞) is an international award for achievements in ethnomusicology, presented annually in Tokyo, Japan. The prize is awarded by the Fumio Koizumi (小泉文夫) Trust each April 4, the date of Fumio's birthday. The recipient receives an award certificate in addition to prize money. The winners must be present at the ceremony, deliver a prize lecture, and deliver another lecture at another Japanese university of his/her choice.
Entry and prize consideration
Nominations for the Fumio Koizumi Prize can be made only by the members of the Fumio Koizumi Prize Committee. The prize Committee consists of seven members, outstanding Japanese scholars in musicology and ethnomusicology. Committee designates independent experts to evaluate each entry and discusses all the entries at the meeting, held in Tokyo in December. The winner can be a single scholar, of a group of scholars. The prize awarding ceremony is held in Tokyo, in April–May.
History
The Fumio Koizumi Trust was established by Koizumi Mieko, widow of Professor Koizumi Fumio (1927–83), on October 11, 1989, to commemorate her husband's lifelong devotion to ethnomusicology and to honour individuals and organizations who have made significant contributions to this field. The first Fumio Koizumi Prize was awarded in 1989 to a British ethnomusicologist John Blacking, and to Ethnomusicology Research Group of Tokyo National University of Fine Arts and Music. Up to now, 27 individuals and 2 groups have been awarded this prize. List of the winners of the prize together with the reasons for the award can be seen at the Fumio Koizumi Prize in Ethnomusicology Website From 2009 year onwards presented prize lecture texts are also placed on the prize website.
List of Recipients of the Fumio Koizumi Prize
1989
John Blacking (Professor emeritus, Queen's University, Belfast, United Kingdom)
Ethnomusicology Research Group of Tokyo University of the Arts
1990
Suenobu Togi (東儀季信) (Lecturer, Department of Ethnomusicology and Systematic Musicology, University of California, Los Angeles, performer of gagaku, Japanese court music)
Collection for Organology, Kunitachi College of Music, Tokyo
1991
José Maceda (Professor emeritus, University of the Philippines)
Kiyoshi Inobe (井野辺潔) (Professor, Osaka College of Music)
1992
William P. Malm (Professor, University of Michigan)
Shin Nakagawa (Associate Professor, Kyoto City University of Arts)
1993
Bruno Nettl (Professor emeritus, University of Illinois)
1994
Trần Văn Khê (Professor emeritus, Université de Paris Sorbonne-Paris IV; director, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)
1995
Huang Xiangpeng (黄翔鹏) (Professor, Former director, the Music Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Arts)
1996
Kazuyuki Tanimoto (Professor, Director, Hokkaido Ainu Culture Research Center)
1997
Jean-Jacques Nattiez (Professor, Université de Montréal)
1998
Yoshihiko Tokomaru (徳丸吉彦) (Professor, Ochanomizu University)
Osamu Yamaguchi (Professor, Osaka University)
1999
Tomoaki Fujii (藤井知昭) (Professor, Associate director, The Chubu Institute for Advanced Studies, Chubu University)
2000
Michio Mamiya (Professor, Toho Gakuen School of Music, composer)
2001
Junzô Kawada (Professor, Hiroshima City University)
2002
Tukitani Tuneko (月溪恒子) (Professor, Osaka University of Arts)
2003
Steven Feld (Professor, University of New Mexico)
2004
Yamada Yôichi (山田陽一) (Professor, Kyoto City University of Arts)
2005
I Made Bandem (Professor, Director, Indonesian Institute of the Arts – Yogyakarta)
2006
Krister Malm (Professor, Gothenburg University)
2007
Yuri Sheykin (Professor, Arctic State Institute of Culture and Arts)
Gerald Groemer (Professor, University of Yamanashi)
2008
Simha Arom (Directeur de recherche émérite au Centre national de recherches scientifiques)
Satoaki Gamô (蒲生郷昭) (Emeritus researcher, National Research Institute for Cultural Properties，Tokyo)
2009
Barbara Barnard Smith (Professor emerita, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa)
Joseph Jordania (Honorary fellow, University of Melbourne, Professor, Head of the Foreign Department of the International Research Centre for Traditional Polyphony at Tbilisi State Conservatory)
2010
Shen Qia (沈洽) (Professor, China Conservatory of Music, Beijing)
Charles Keil (Professor Emeritus, Department of American Studies, University at Buffalo, State University of New York)
2011
Izaly Zemtsovsky (Former Visiting Professor, Music & Slavic Depts., Stanford University)
Lee Bo-Hyung (李輔亨/이보형) (President, The Society for Korean Discology)
2012
Murray Schafer (Professor, Royal Conservatory of Music, Toronto - The Glenn Gould School, composer)
2013
Robert Garfias (Professor, University of California, Irvine)
Opera Theater Konnyakuza (Tokyo)
2014
Hamamatsu Museum of Musical Instruments
Chen Yingshi (陈应时) (Professor of Musicology, Shanghai Conservatory of Music)
2015
Margaret Kartomi (Professor, Monash University)
Otanazar Matyakubov (Professor, the State Conservatory of Uzbekistan, Tashkent)
2016
Alison Tokita (Director, Research Centre for Japanese Traditional Music, Kyoto City University of Arts)
Patricia Shehan Campbell (Donald E. Petersen Professor of Music, University of Washington, music education-ethnomusicology)
2017
Philip V. Bohlman (Professor, University of Chicago)
Haruko Komoda (薦田 治子) (Professor, Musashino Academia Musicae)
2018
David W. Hughes (Research Associate, Department of Music and Japan Research Centre, SOAS, University of London)
References
^ List of publications of Koizumi Fumio
^ "List of winners of Fumio Koizumi Prize". Archived from the original on 2011-07-19. Retrieved 2010-12-28.
External links
Fumio Koizumi Prize in Ethnomusicology Official website
vteEthnomusicology
Ethnochoreology
Fumio Koizumi Prize
Prehistoric music
Society for Ethnomusicology
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Bohlman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_V._Bohlman"}],"text":"1989John Blacking (Professor emeritus, Queen's University, Belfast, United Kingdom)\nEthnomusicology Research Group of Tokyo University of the Arts1990Suenobu Togi (東儀季信) (Lecturer, Department of Ethnomusicology and Systematic Musicology, University of California, Los Angeles, performer of gagaku, Japanese court music)\nCollection for Organology, Kunitachi College of Music, Tokyo1991José Maceda (Professor emeritus, University of the Philippines)\nKiyoshi Inobe (井野辺潔) (Professor, Osaka College of Music)1992William P. Malm (Professor, University of Michigan)\nShin Nakagawa [ja] (Associate Professor, Kyoto City University of Arts)1993Bruno Nettl (Professor emeritus, University of Illinois)1994Trần Văn Khê (Professor emeritus, Université de Paris Sorbonne-Paris IV; director, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)1995Huang Xiangpeng (黄翔鹏) (Professor, Former director, the Music Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Arts)1996Kazuyuki Tanimoto [ja] (Professor, Director, Hokkaido Ainu Culture Research Center)1997Jean-Jacques Nattiez (Professor, Université de Montréal)1998Yoshihiko Tokomaru (徳丸吉彦) (Professor, Ochanomizu University)\nOsamu Yamaguchi [ja] (Professor, Osaka University)1999Tomoaki Fujii (藤井知昭) (Professor, Associate director, The Chubu Institute for Advanced Studies, Chubu University)2000Michio Mamiya (Professor, Toho Gakuen School of Music, composer)2001Junzô Kawada [ja] (Professor, Hiroshima City University)2002Tukitani Tuneko (月溪恒子) (Professor, Osaka University of Arts)2003Steven Feld (Professor, University of New Mexico)2004Yamada Yôichi (山田陽一) (Professor, Kyoto City University of Arts)2005I Made Bandem (Professor, Director, Indonesian Institute of the Arts – Yogyakarta)2006Krister Malm (Professor, Gothenburg University)2007Yuri Sheykin [sah] (Professor, Arctic State Institute of Culture and Arts)\nGerald Groemer (Professor, University of Yamanashi)2008Simha Arom (Directeur de recherche émérite au Centre national de recherches scientifiques)\nSatoaki Gamô (蒲生郷昭) (Emeritus researcher, National Research Institute for Cultural Properties，Tokyo)2009Barbara Barnard Smith (Professor emerita, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa)\nJoseph Jordania (Honorary fellow, University of Melbourne, Professor, Head of the Foreign Department of the International Research Centre for Traditional Polyphony at Tbilisi State Conservatory)2010Shen Qia (沈洽) (Professor, China Conservatory of Music, Beijing)\nCharles Keil (Professor Emeritus, Department of American Studies, University at Buffalo, State University of New York)2011Izaly Zemtsovsky (Former Visiting Professor, Music & Slavic Depts., Stanford University)\nLee Bo-Hyung (李輔亨/이보형) (President, The Society for Korean Discology)2012Murray Schafer (Professor, Royal Conservatory of Music, Toronto - The Glenn Gould School, composer)2013Robert Garfias (Professor, University of California, Irvine)\nOpera Theater Konnyakuza [ja] (Tokyo)2014Hamamatsu Museum of Musical Instruments\nChen Yingshi (陈应时) (Professor of Musicology, Shanghai Conservatory of Music)2015Margaret Kartomi (Professor, Monash University)\nOtanazar Matyakubov (Professor, the State Conservatory of Uzbekistan, Tashkent)2016Alison Tokita (Director, Research Centre for Japanese Traditional Music, Kyoto City University of Arts)\nPatricia Shehan Campbell (Donald E. Petersen Professor of Music, University of Washington, music education-ethnomusicology)2017Philip V. Bohlman (Professor, University of Chicago)\nHaruko Komoda (薦田 治子) (Professor, Musashino Academia Musicae)2018David W. Hughes (Research Associate, Department of Music and Japan Research Centre, SOAS, University of London)","title":"List of Recipients of the Fumio Koizumi Prize"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"List of winners of Fumio Koizumi Prize\". Archived from the original on 2011-07-19. Retrieved 2010-12-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110719020234/http://www.geidai.ac.jp/labs/koizumi/awarde/index.html","url_text":"\"List of winners of Fumio Koizumi Prize\""},{"url":"http://www.geidai.ac.jp/labs/koizumi/awarde/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Fumio+Koizumi+Prize+for+Ethnomusicology%22","external_links_name":"\"Fumio Koizumi Prize for Ethnomusicology\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Fumio+Koizumi+Prize+for+Ethnomusicology%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Fumio+Koizumi+Prize+for+Ethnomusicology%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Fumio+Koizumi+Prize+for+Ethnomusicology%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Fumio+Koizumi+Prize+for+Ethnomusicology%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Fumio+Koizumi+Prize+for+Ethnomusicology%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.geidai.ac.jp/labs/koizumi/awarde/index.html","external_links_name":"http://www.geidai.ac.jp/labs/koizumi/awarde/index.html"},{"Link":"http://www.geidai.ac.jp/labs/koizumi/chosakue/index.html","external_links_name":"List of publications of Koizumi Fumio"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110719020234/http://www.geidai.ac.jp/labs/koizumi/awarde/index.html","external_links_name":"\"List of winners of Fumio Koizumi Prize\""},{"Link":"http://www.geidai.ac.jp/labs/koizumi/awarde/index.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110719020234/http://www.geidai.ac.jp/labs/koizumi/awarde/index.html","external_links_name":"Fumio Koizumi Prize in Ethnomusicology Official website"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B6ri | Föri | ["1 History","2 References"] | Cable ferry in Turku, Finland
Föri in Turku, Finland
History
NameFöri
OwnerCity of Turku
OperatorMobimar Oy
RouteThis side of the River–Other side of the River, 78 meters, 2 minutes.
BuilderAb Vulcan, Grand Duchy of Finland
Completed1903
Maiden voyage1904
In service1904–Present
StatusIn service
NotesOldest vehicle in daily operation in Finland.
General characteristics
TypeChain ferry
Ramps2
Installed power2 × Visedo Oy electric motor, ran on alternating days.
PropulsionChain
Capacity75 passengers
Crew1
Föri is a cable ferry running across the River Aura in Turku, Finland. The ferry was completed in 1903, and it is the oldest vehicle still in daily operation in Finland. Föri is also the only municipally owned ferry in Finland. The name "Föri" is derived either from the Swedish word "färja", or from the English word "ferry".
If the river freezes over and the ice is thicker than 30 cm, the ferry is replaced by an ice bridge.
History
Föri was built at the Ab Vulcan in 1903 to suit the needs of the employees at the Barker factory in Turku on the shore of the River Aura. The ferry was originally driven by steam engines fed from a woodfired boiler. In 1955 the steam engines were replaced by diesel engines, the crossing time was 1.5 minutes. The ferry was operated by the City of Turku till 2008, when the operation was outsourced to West Coast Seaservices.
In 2015 city authorities announced that the two diesel engines powering the Föri would be replaced by electric motors. The old engines consumed 7500–8000 litres of fuel each year, with the average speed of ~2 km/h. According to the manufacturer Visedo Oy, the new electric engines should consume around "three kilowatts of electricity per hour in summer and four in winter". The average speed will remain unchanged and the ferry will still have dual motors for redundancy. Each of the two engines consists of a DC/DC converter to increase the voltage from the batteries, and a permanent magnet motor drive to transform the electrical signal into mechanical energy. Both of the two motors can also be used simultaneously if more power is needed due to e.g. ice conditions. The new system is also eight tonnes lighter than the diesel engines and hydraulic motor it has replaced. This retrofit was done by Mobimar Oy, and it took place in the spring of 2017.
References
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Föri, the City Ferry. City of Turku. Retrieved 2022-12-14.
^ a b Electrification of the Föri. Turkulainen. Retrieved 2017-01-23.
^ "Föri eli kaupunkilautta". City of Turku (in Finnish). 14 January 2015. Retrieved 2018-02-05.
^ a b Electrification of the Föri. Tutka. Retrieved 2017-04-21.
^ YLE news article on 110 year old Föri including rare video of chain drive. YLE. Retrieved 2017-01-20.
^ Eva Latvakangas; Jonny Holmén (2011). Turku – muuttuva kaupunki. Raisio: Turun Sanomat / Newprint. p. 50. ISBN 978-951-9129-84-6.
^ "Turku haluaa jokilautta Förin sähkökäyttöiseksi" . Kuntatekniikka (in Finnish). 27 May 2015. Retrieved 2017-01-20.
^ a b "Finland's oldest operating ferry given electric motor". BBC News. 2017-04-28. Retrieved 2017-04-29.
vteSurviving ships launched before 1919operational⛵ preserved⚓Pre-1800
Pesse canoe⚓ (8040–7510 BC)
Dufuna canoe⚓ (6550 BC)
Bibongho canoe⚓ (6000 BC)
Pirogues de Bercy⚓ (4500 BC)
Khufu ship⚓ (2500 BC)
Carnegie boat⚓ (1870–1831 BC)
Chicago boat⚓ (1870–1831 BC)
Red boat⚓ (1870–1831 BC)
White boat⚓ (1870–1831 BC)
Appleby logboat⚓ (1500–1300 BC)
Dover Bronze Age Boat⚓ (1500 BC)
Hanson Log Boat⚓ (1500 BC)
Hasholme Logboat⚓ (c. 750-390 BC)
Ma'agan Michael Ship⚓ (c. 450 BC)
Fiskerton log boat⚓ (457–300 BC)
Hjortspring boat⚓ (c. 350 BC)
Kyrenia ship⚓ (c. 350 BC)
Poole Logboat⚓ (c. 300 BC)
Sea of Galilee Boat⚓ (c. 85 BC)
Alkedo⚓ (1st century AD)
De Meern 1⚓ (148 AD)
Arles Rhône 3⚓ (c. 150 AD)
Bevaix boat⚓ (c. 182 AD)
Roman ship of Marausa⚓ (3rd century AD)
Nydam Boat⚓ (c. 320 AD)
Oseberg Ship⚓ (820 AD)
Gokstad ship⚓ (900 AD)
Tune ship⚓ (900 AD)
Utrecht ship⚓ (997–1030 AD)
Skuldelev ships⚓ (1030–1042 AD)
Quanzhou ship⚓ (1272 AD)
Bremen cog⚓ (c. 1380 AD)
Newport Ship⚓ (1449)
Mary Rose⚓ (1509)
Tarihi Kadırga⚓ (c. 1600)
Vasa⚓ (1627)
Sparrow Hawk⚓ (1628)
St. Nicholas⚓ (1640)
State Barge of Charles II⚓ (1670)
La Belle⚓ (1684)
Queen Mary's Shallop⚓ (1689)
Prince Frederick's Barge⚓ (1732)
Victory⚓ (1765)
Philadelphia⚓ (1776)
Peggy⚓ (c. 1789)
Constitution⛵ (1797)
1800–1879
Zetland⚓ (1802)
Ticonderoga⚓ (1814)
Trincomalee⚓ (1817)
Unicorn⚓ (1824)
Charles W. Morgan⛵ (1841)
Dom Fernando II e Glória⚓ (1843)
Bertha⚓ (1844)
Great Britain⚓ (1845)
Brandtaucher⚓ (1850)
Radetzky⚓ (1851)
Snow Squall⚓ (1851)
Edwin Fox⚓ (1853)
Constellation⚓ (1854)
Santiago⚓ (1856)
Skibladner⛵ (1856)
Gondola⛵ (1859)
Jylland⚓ (1860)
Warrior⚓ (1860)
Cairo⚓ (1861)
Mayflower⚓ (1861)
Australia⚓ (1862)
Chattahoochee⚓ (1863)
Daring⚓ (1863)
H. L. Hunley⚓ (1863)
Intelligent Whale⚓ (1863)
Neuse⚓ (1863)
Star of India ⛵ (1863)
Sub Marine Explorer⚓️ (1863)
City of Adelaide⚓ (1864)
Jackson⚓ (1864)
Strelets (1864)
El Mahrousa⛵ (1865)
Huáscar⚓ (1865)
Adelaide⛵ (1866)
Bjoren⛵ (1866)
Emma C. Berry⚓ (1866)
Buffel⚓ (1868)
Enköping⛵ (1868)
Lone Star⚓ (1868)
Schorpioen⚓ (1868)
Cutty Sark⚓ (1869)
Katarina⚓ (1869)
Yavari⚓ (1870)
Leitha⚓ (1871)
Lewis R. French⛵ (1871)
Raven⛵ (1871)
Stephen Taber⛵ (1871)
Puno⛵ (1872)
Gjøa⚓ (1872)
Meiji Maru⚓ (1873)
Rap⚓ (1873)
Hero⛵ (1874)
James Craig⛵ (1874)
Juno⛵ (1874)
Uruguay⚓ (1874)
Amphibious / Akuna Amphibious⛵️ (1875)
Muñoz Gamero (1875)
Sölve⚓ (1875)
Anna Karoline⚓ (1876)
Avoca⚓ (1877)
Bonaire⚓ (1877)
Elissa⛵ (1877)
Gem⚓ (1877)
Governor Stone⛵ (1877)
Lady of the Lake⛵ (1877)
Success⚓ (1877)
Decoy⚓ (1878)
Enterprise⛵ (1878)
Falls of Clyde⚓ (1878)
Gannet⚓ (1878)
Holland I⚓ (1878)
Lady Elizabeth⚓ (1879)
Vallejo⛵️ (1879)
1880–1899
Annie⚓ (1880)
Fenian Ram⚓ (1881)
Mary D. Hume⚓️ (1881)
Rothbury⛵️ (1881)
George Smeed⛵️ (1882)
Grace Bailey⛵ (1882)
Joseph Conrad⛵ (1882)
Christeen⚓ (1883)
Nelcebee⚓ (1883)
Abdón Calderón⚓ (1884)
Little Jennie ⚓ (1884)
Kuna⛵ (1884)
PW Mayflower⛵ (1884)
Amazon⛵ (1885)
Coronet⚓ (1885)
Pioneer⛵ (1885)
Polly Woodside⚓ (1885)
Wavertree⚓ (1885)
Balclutha⚓ (1886)
L'Almée⚓ (1885)
Segwun⛵ (1887)
Sigyn⚓ (1887)
Tyr⚓ (1887)
Akarana⚓ (1888)
af Chapman⚓ (1888)
Elf⛵ (1888)
Equator⚓ (1888)
Priscilla⚓ (1888)
Anna Kristina⛵ (1889)
Arthur Foss⚓ (1889)
Edna E Lockwood⛵️ (1889)
Peral⚓ (1889)
Raven⛵ (1889)
"Eureka"⚓ (1890)
Persistence⛵️ (1890)
Robin⚓ (1890)
Alma⚓ (1891)
Nellie⚓ (1891)
Ruby G. Ford⛵️ (1891)
Tern⛵ (1891)
Fram⚓ (1892)
Kestrel⚓ (1892)
Mirosa⛵ (1892)
Olympia⚓ (1892)
Rona⚓️ (1892)
Coya⚓ (1893)
El Primero⛵ (1893)
Lettie G. Howard⛵ (1893)
Maggie S. Myers⛵ (1893)
Result⚓ (1893)
Viking⚓ (1893)
Alfred Corry (ON 353)⚓ (1894)
Effie M. Morrissey⛵ (1894)
Henry Ramey Upcher⚓ (1894)
Turbinia⚓ (1894)
Vridni⚓ (1894)
Lagaren⚓ (1894)
Bessie⛵ (1895)
C.A. Thayer⚓ (1895)
Centaur⛵ (1895)
Gedser Rev⚓ (1895)
Hiawatha⛵ (1895)
Kitty⛵ (1895)
Belem⛵ (1896)
Daisy⚓ (1896)
Edna G⚓ (1896)
Genève⚓ (1896)
Glenlee⚓ (1896)
Meteor⚓ (1896)
Pyap⛵ (1896)
Rebecca T. Ruark⚓ (1896)
Rickmer Rickmers⚓ (1896)
La Dolce Vita⛵ (1897)
Keenora⚓ (1897)
Marion⛵ (1897)
Najaden⚓ (1897)
Presidente Sarmiento⚓ (1897)
Tarella⚓ (1897)
Wyvern⛵ (1897)
Carola⚓ (1898)
Marjorie⛵ (1898)
Niagara⛵ (1898)
Berkeley⚓ (1898)
Edme⛵ (1898)
Etona⛵ (1898)
Moyie⚓ (1898)
Niagara⛵ (1898)
Waimarie⛵️ (1898)
Wyvenhoe⛵ (1898)
Albatros⛵ (1899)
Decima⛵ (1899)
Maud⛵ (1899)
Stjernen I⛵ (1899)
William B. Tennison⚓ (1899)
1900–1907
Aurora⚓ (1900)
Edward M. Cotter⛵ (1900)
Ena⛵ (1900)
Helen McAllister⚓ (1900)
Howard L. Shaw⚓ (1900)
Ironsides⛵ (1900)
Kathleen and May⛵ (1900)
Mikasa⚓ (1900)
Regina M.⚓️ (1900)
Västan⛵ (1900)
Victory Chimes⛵ (1900)
Cangarda⛵ (1901)
Discovery⚓ (1901)
Duchesse Anne⚓ (1901)
Elsworth⚓ (1901)
Gazela⚓ (1901)
Holland 1⚓ (1901)
Kathryn⚓ (1901)
Reaper⛵ (1901)
Sigsbee⛵ (1901)
Tilikum⚓ c. 1901
Urger⛵ (1901)
Basuto⚓ (1902)
Columbia⚓ (1902)
Jupiter⚓ (1902)
Madiz⛵ (1902)
Shenandoah⛵ (1902)
Solway Lass⛵ (1902)
Stanley Norman⚓ (1902)
Suomen Joutsen⚓ (1902)
Alma Doepel⛵ (1903)
Billie P. Hall⛵️ (1903)
Celtic⚓ (1903)
Finngrundet⚓ (1903)
Föri⛵️ (1903)
Light Vessel 72⛵ (1903)
Maggie Lee⛵ (1903)
Normac⚓ (1903)
Pommern⚓ (1903)
Alose⚓ (1904)
Ariki⚓ (1904)
Barnegat⚓ (1904)
Black Jack⛵ (1904)
Fannie L. Daugherty⛵ (1904)
J C Madge⚓ (1904)
Maple Leaf⛵️ (1904)
Juniata⚓ (1904)
Medea⚓ (1904)
Moshulu⚓ (1904)
Sava⚓ (1904)
Swiftsure⚓ (1904)
Asgard⚓ (1905)
Fæmund II⛵ (1905)
Hathor⛵ (1905)
Hilda M. Willing⛵ (1905)
Ridgetown (1905)⚓ (1905)
Alexander von Humboldt⛵ (1906)
Baltimore⚓ (1906)
Blümlisalp⛵ (1906)
Cambria⛵ (1906)
Edith May⛵ (1906)
Ena (1906)⚓️ (1906)
Ida May⛵ (1906)
Minnehaha⛵ (1906)
Minnie V⛵️ (1906)
Östanå I⛵ (1906)
St. Marys Challenger⛵ (1906)
Thalatta⛵ (1906)
Ticonderoga⚓ (1906)
U-1⚓ (1906)
Viola⚓ (1906)
Ambrose⚓ (1907)
Drazki⚓ (1907)
Canally⚓ (1907)
F. C. Lewis Jr.⛵ (1907)
Henrik Ibsen⛵ (1907)
Hercules⚓ (1907)
Irene⛵ (1907)
Keewatin⚓ (1907)
Nyanza⚓ (1907)
Rosa⛵ (1907)
Ruby⚓ (1907)
Tarmo⚓ (1907)
Viking⚓ (1907)
Yankee⚓ (1907)
1908–1914
Circle Line XIV⛵ (1908)
Entiat Princess⛵ (1908)
Fehmarnbelt⛵ (1908)
Mohican II⛵ (1908)
Oscar W⛵ (1908)
Oster⛵ (1908)
Sabino⛵ (1908)
Speeder⛵️ (1908)
Storskär⛵ (1908)
Ardwina⛵ (1909)
Bigwin⛵️ ( 1909)
Dar Pomorza⚓ (1909)
Duwamish⚓ (1909)
Großherzogin Elisabeth⛵ (1909)
Lotus⛵ (1909)
President⛵ (1909)
Stadt Zürich⛵ (1909)
Steam Pinnace 199⛵ (1909)
Gonca⛵ (1909)
E.C. Collier⚓ (1910)
Georgios Averof⚓ (1910)
Noorderlicht⛵ (1910)
Norrskär⛵ (1910)
Ste. Claire⚓ (1910)
Trillium⛵ (1910)
Suriname-Rivier⚓ (1910)
Europa⛵ (1911)
Eye of the Wind⛵ (1911)
Helen Smitton⚓ (1911)
Hestmanden⚓ (1911)
Industry⛵ (1911)
James M. Schoonmaker⚓ (1911)
McKeever Brothers⚓ (1911)
Nellie L. Byrd⛵ (1911)
Nomadic⚓ (1911)
Nusret⚓ (1911)
Passat⚓ (1911)
Peking⚓ (1911)
Pevensey⛵ (1911)
Tradewind⛵ (1911)
Wäiski⚓ (1911)
African Queen⚓ (1912)
Astoria⛵️ (1912)
Canberra⛵ (1912)
Cartela⛵ (1912)
Chacon⚓ (1912)
Earnslaw⛵ (1912)
Gustaf III⛵ (1912)
Gustafsberg VII⛵ (1912)
James Caird⚓ (1912)
J. L. Runeberg⛵ (1912)
Kwasind⛵ (1912)
Lady Denman⚓ (1912)
Margaret⛵ (1912)
Melbourne⛵ (1912)
Sundowner⛵ (1912)
Texas⚓ (1912)
Wendameen⛵ (1912)
Zhongshan⚓ (1912)
Miktat Kalkavan⛵ (1912)
Acadia⚓ (1913)
Adventuress⛵ (1913)
Benjamim Guimarães⛵ (1913)
Dredge No. 4⚓️ (1913)
Jolie Brise⛵ (1913)
Kildare⛵ (1913)
Kommuna⛵ (1913)
Kyle⚓ (1913)
North Head⚓ (1913)
Rusinga⚓️ (1913)
Stord I⛵ (1913)
Suur Tõll⛵ (1913)
Usoga⛵ (1913)
Naramata⚓ (1914)
Sicamous⚓ (1914)
Stadt Rapperswil⛵ (1914)
World War I
Belle of Louisville⛵ (1914)
Britannia⛵️ (1914)
Bustardthorpe⛵ (1914)
Caroline⚓ (1914)
Hercules⛵ (1914)
Horns Rev⚓ (1914)
Katahdin⛵ (1914)
Libby's No. 23⚓ (1914)
Doulos Phos⚓ (1914)
Perth⚓ (1914)
Pilot⛵ (1914)
Statsraad Lehmkuhl⛵ (1914)
Zumbrota⛵ (1914)
Bradbury⚓ (1915)
Graf von Goetzen⛵ (1915)
Katie⛵ (1915)
Langer Heinrich⛵ (1915)
M33⚓ (1915)
Mar-Sue⛵ (1915)
Miseford⛵ (1915)
Peacock⛵ (1915)
Sankt Erik⛵ (1915)
Wilhelm Carpelan⚓ (1915)
Coastal Motor Boat 4⚓ (1916)
Krassin⚓ (1916)
Mariette⛵️ (1916)
Mercantile⛵ (1916)
Portsmouth⚓ (1916)
UB-46⚓ (1916)
Carlisle II⛵ (1917)⚓ (1917)
Carpentaria⚓ (1917)
Commander⛵ (1917)
L'Art de Vivre⛵ (1917)
Maud⚓ (1917)
St. Julien⛵️ (1917)
Valley Camp⚓️ (1917)
El Don⛵️ (1918)
Felipe Larrazabal ⚓ (1918)
Kapitan Borchardt⛵ (1918)
Lotus⛵ (1918)
Oosterschelde⛵ (1918)
President⚓ (1918)
Surprise⛵ (1918)
W. P. Snyder Jr.⚓ (1918) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cable ferry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_ferry"},{"link_name":"River Aura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aura_(Archipelago_Sea)"},{"link_name":"Turku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"Swedish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_language"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Turku-1"},{"link_name":"ice bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_bridge"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Turku-1"}],"text":"Föri is a cable ferry running across the River Aura in Turku, Finland. The ferry was completed in 1903, and it is the oldest vehicle still in daily operation in Finland. Föri is also the only municipally owned ferry in Finland. The name \"Föri\" is derived either from the Swedish word \"färja\", or from the English word \"ferry\".[1]If the river freezes over and the ice is thicker than 30 cm, the ferry is replaced by an ice bridge.[1]","title":"Föri"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ab Vulcan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulcan_(Turku_shipyard)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Turku-1"},{"link_name":"Barker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barker-Littoinen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barker-Littoinen"},{"link_name":"Turku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku"},{"link_name":"River Aura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aura_(Archipelago_Sea)"},{"link_name":"steam engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_engines"},{"link_name":"woodfired","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_fuel"},{"link_name":"diesel engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_engines"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yle-5"},{"link_name":"City of Turku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku"},{"link_name":"outsourced","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outsourcing"},{"link_name":"West Coast Seaservices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=West_Coast_Seaservices&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Page50-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-8"},{"link_name":"Visedo Oy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Visedo_Oy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"sic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sic"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tutka-4"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-8"},{"link_name":"Mobimar Oy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mobimar_Oy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Turkulainen-2"}],"text":"Föri was built at the Ab Vulcan in 1903[1] to suit the needs of the employees at the Barker [fi] factory in Turku on the shore of the River Aura. The ferry was originally driven by steam engines fed from a woodfired boiler. In 1955 the steam engines were replaced by diesel engines, the crossing time was 1.5 minutes.[5] The ferry was operated by the City of Turku till 2008, when the operation was outsourced to West Coast Seaservices.[6]In 2015 city authorities announced that the two diesel engines powering the Föri would be replaced by electric motors.[7][8] The old engines consumed 7500–8000 litres of fuel each year, with the average speed of ~2 km/h. According to the manufacturer Visedo Oy, the new electric engines should consume around \"three kilowatts of electricity per hour [sic] in summer and four in winter\". The average speed will remain unchanged and the ferry will still have dual motors for redundancy. Each of the two engines consists of a DC/DC converter to increase the voltage from the batteries, and a permanent magnet motor drive to transform the electrical signal into mechanical energy. Both of the two motors can also be used simultaneously if more power is needed due to e.g. ice conditions. The new system is also eight tonnes lighter than the diesel engines and hydraulic motor it has replaced.[4][8] This retrofit was done by Mobimar Oy, and it took place in the spring of 2017.[2]","title":"History"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Föri eli kaupunkilautta\". City of Turku (in Finnish). 14 January 2015. Retrieved 2018-02-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.turku.fi/fori","url_text":"\"Föri eli kaupunkilautta\""}]},{"reference":"Eva Latvakangas; Jonny Holmén (2011). Turku – muuttuva kaupunki. Raisio: Turun Sanomat / Newprint. p. 50. ISBN 978-951-9129-84-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-951-9129-84-6","url_text":"978-951-9129-84-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Turku haluaa jokilautta Förin sähkökäyttöiseksi\" [Turku wants a river ferry to be powered by För]. Kuntatekniikka (in Finnish). 27 May 2015. Retrieved 2017-01-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://kuntatekniikka.fi/2015/05/27/turku-haluaa-jokilautta-forin-sahkokayttoiseksi/","url_text":"\"Turku haluaa jokilautta Förin sähkökäyttöiseksi\""}]},{"reference":"\"Finland's oldest operating ferry given electric motor\". BBC News. 2017-04-28. Retrieved 2017-04-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-39744805","url_text":"\"Finland's oldest operating ferry given electric motor\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.turku.fi/en/fori","external_links_name":"Föri, the City Ferry"},{"Link":"http://www.turkulainen.fi/artikkeli/478098-fori-sahkoistyy-jo-vapuksi-ms-ruissalo-paikkaa-kevaalla","external_links_name":"Electrification of the Föri"},{"Link":"https://www.turku.fi/fori","external_links_name":"\"Föri eli kaupunkilautta\""},{"Link":"http://tutka.pro/?p=30798","external_links_name":"Electrification of the Föri"},{"Link":"http://yle.fi/uutiset/3-7476814","external_links_name":"YLE news article on 110 year old Föri including rare video of chain drive"},{"Link":"http://kuntatekniikka.fi/2015/05/27/turku-haluaa-jokilautta-forin-sahkokayttoiseksi/","external_links_name":"\"Turku haluaa jokilautta Förin sähkökäyttöiseksi\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-39744805","external_links_name":"\"Finland's oldest operating ferry given electric motor\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Graham_Wilson | Grace Vanderbilt | ["1 Early years","2 Personal life","2.1 Death and legacy","3 References","4 Further reading","5 External links"] | American socialite
Grace VanderbiltBornGrace Graham Wilson(1870-09-03)September 3, 1870New York City, U.S.DiedJanuary 7, 1953(1953-01-07) (aged 82)New York City, U.S.Resting placeMoravian CemeterySpouse
Cornelius Vanderbilt III
(m. 1896; died 1942)ChildrenCornelius Vanderbilt IVGrace VanderbiltParent(s)Richard Thornton WilsonMelissa Clementine JohnstonRelativesMary Wilson Goelet (sister)Richard Thornton Wilson Jr. (brother)Marshall Orme Wilson (brother)Mary Goelet (niece)
Vanderbilt in 1936 by Porter Woodruff
Grace Graham Vanderbilt (née Wilson; September 3, 1870 – January 7, 1953) was an American socialite. She was the wife of Cornelius Vanderbilt III. She was one of the last Vanderbilts to live the luxurious life of the "head of society" that her predecessors such as Alice and Alva Vanderbilt enjoyed.
Early years
Grace was born on September 3, 1870, at 512 Fifth Avenue in Manhattan. She was the youngest child of New York banker Richard Thornton Wilson and Melissa Clementine Johnston. Grace's sister Mary ("May") married Ogden Goelet and her sister Belle married Sir Michael Henry Herbert, younger brother of the 13th Earl of Pembroke. The sisters were known in London society as "the marrying Wilsons." One of her brothers was banker Richard Thornton Wilson Jr. Another brother, Marshall Orme Wilson, married Caroline "Carrie" Astor, youngest daughter of William Backhouse Astor Jr. and Caroline Webster Schermerhorn of the Astor family.
Personal life
She eloped with Cornelius "Neily" Vanderbilt III (1873–1942), son of Cornelius Vanderbilt II and Alice Claypoole Gwynne of the Vanderbilt family, in 1896. This led to a violent disagreement between Neily and his father, which lasted many years. Neily and Grace remained married for the rest of their lives and had two children:
Cornelius Vanderbilt IV (1898–1974), who married seven times but had no children.
Grace Vanderbilt (1899–1964), who married Henry Gassaway Davis (1902–1984) in 1927. They divorced in 1936 and she married Robert Livingston Stevens (1907–1972).
Grace and Neily rented Beaulieu House in Newport, Rhode Island, the former home of John Jacob Astor III.
Following World War I, Grace and Neily frequently returned to Europe, becoming friends and guests of numerous members of European royalty including Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany, and his brother, Prince Henry of Prussia, King Albert I of Belgium, Crown Prince Olav of Norway, Queen Marie of Romania, the Shah of Iran, and every British monarch since Queen Victoria.
In 1940, Neily sold his Fifth Avenue mansion, which he inherited from his uncle George Washington Vanderbilt II upon his death in 1914, in New York City to members of the Astor family but remained living there until his death from a cerebral hemorrhage while vacationing in Miami Beach, Florida, aboard his yacht in 1942. Following Neily's death Grace Vanderbilt was forced to move out of their massive Fifth Avenue mansion, and moved into the William Starr Miller House at 1048 Fifth Avenue which still stands today as the Neue Galerie.
Death and legacy
Grace lived another eleven years, and she died on January 7, 1953. They are buried together in the Vanderbilt Family Mausoleum in New Dorp on Staten Island, New York.
References
^ "Grace Vanderbilt Wed In City Chapel. Becomes Bride of Henry G. Davis 3d, With Patrolman as a Witness. Church Ceremony Later. Cornelius Jr. Declares Family Refuses Forgiveness. Honeymoon in Far West. Grace Vanderbilt Wed In City Chapel". The New York Times. June 29, 1927. Retrieved May 4, 2010.
^ a b c d e f Vanderbilt, Arthur T. (1991). Fortune's Children: The Fall of the House of Vanderbilt. HarperCollins. ISBN 9780688103866. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
^ a b c "Quality". Time magazine. January 19, 1953. Archived from the original on December 22, 2008. Retrieved May 4, 2010.
^ "Cornelius Vanderbilt Jr., Newsman, Author, Dead. | Broke Family Tradition | Became a Reporter | Very Difficult Time". New York Times. July 8, 1974. Retrieved 2011-05-28.
^ "Mrs. R. L. Stevens, a Society Figure". The New York Times. January 29, 1964. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
^ "Mrs. C. Vanderbilt Dies At Home Here. Leader of New York, Newport Society for Many Years Was Hostess to Royal Figures". New York Times. January 8, 1953. Retrieved 2011-05-28.
Further reading
Vanderbilt, Arthur T., II (1989). Fortune's Children: The Fall of the House of Vanderbilt. New York: Morrow. ISBN 0-688-07279-8
Gavan, Terrence. The Barons of Newport: A Guide to the Gilded Age. Newport: Pineapple Publications, 1998. ISBN 0-929249-06-2
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Grace Wilson Vanderbilt.
Grace Vanderbilt at Find a Grave
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Israel
United States
Netherlands | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grace_Graham_Wilson01.jpg"},{"link_name":"née","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names"},{"link_name":"Cornelius Vanderbilt III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelius_Vanderbilt_III"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Alva Vanderbilt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alva_Vanderbilt"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vanderbilt1991-2"}],"text":"Vanderbilt in 1936 by Porter WoodruffGrace Graham Vanderbilt (née Wilson; September 3, 1870 – January 7, 1953) was an American socialite. She was the wife of Cornelius Vanderbilt III.[1] She was one of the last Vanderbilts to live the luxurious life of the \"head of society\" that her predecessors such as Alice and Alva Vanderbilt enjoyed.[2]","title":"Grace Vanderbilt"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fifth Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Avenue"},{"link_name":"Richard Thornton Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Thornton_Wilson"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-quality-3"},{"link_name":"Ogden Goelet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogden_Goelet"},{"link_name":"Michael Henry Herbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Henry_Herbert"},{"link_name":"Earl of Pembroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Pembroke"},{"link_name":"Richard Thornton Wilson Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Thornton_Wilson_Jr."},{"link_name":"Marshall Orme Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Orme_Wilson"},{"link_name":"Caroline \"Carrie\" Astor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrie_Astor_Wilson"},{"link_name":"William Backhouse Astor Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Backhouse_Astor_Jr."},{"link_name":"Caroline Webster Schermerhorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_Webster_Schermerhorn_Astor"},{"link_name":"Astor family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astor_family"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vanderbilt1991-2"}],"text":"Grace was born on September 3, 1870, at 512 Fifth Avenue in Manhattan. She was the youngest child of New York banker Richard Thornton Wilson and Melissa Clementine Johnston.[3] Grace's sister Mary (\"May\") married Ogden Goelet and her sister Belle married Sir Michael Henry Herbert, younger brother of the 13th Earl of Pembroke. The sisters were known in London society as \"the marrying Wilsons.\" One of her brothers was banker Richard Thornton Wilson Jr. Another brother, Marshall Orme Wilson, married Caroline \"Carrie\" Astor, youngest daughter of William Backhouse Astor Jr. and Caroline Webster Schermerhorn of the Astor family.[2]","title":"Early years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cornelius \"Neily\" Vanderbilt III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelius_Vanderbilt_III"},{"link_name":"Cornelius Vanderbilt II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelius_Vanderbilt_II"},{"link_name":"Alice Claypoole Gwynne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Claypoole_Gwynne"},{"link_name":"Vanderbilt family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanderbilt_family"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-quality-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vanderbilt1991-2"},{"link_name":"Cornelius Vanderbilt IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelius_Vanderbilt_IV"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CVIVOBit1974-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1964Obit-5"},{"link_name":"Beaulieu House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaulieu_House,_Newport"},{"link_name":"Newport, Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport,_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"John Jacob Astor III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Jacob_Astor_III"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vanderbilt1991-2"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiser_Wilhelm_II_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"Prince Henry of Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Henry_of_Prussia_(1862%E2%80%931929)"},{"link_name":"King Albert I of Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Albert_I_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"Crown Prince Olav of Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olav_V_of_Norway"},{"link_name":"Queen Marie of Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Marie_of_Romania"},{"link_name":"the Shah of Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rez%C4%81_Sh%C4%81h"},{"link_name":"Queen Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Victoria"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-quality-3"},{"link_name":"Fifth Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Avenue"},{"link_name":"George Washington Vanderbilt II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington_Vanderbilt_II"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Astor family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astor_family"},{"link_name":"Miami Beach, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_Beach,_Florida"},{"link_name":"William Starr Miller House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Starr_Miller_House"},{"link_name":"Neue Galerie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neue_Galerie_New_York"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vanderbilt1991-2"}],"text":"She eloped with Cornelius \"Neily\" Vanderbilt III (1873–1942), son of Cornelius Vanderbilt II and Alice Claypoole Gwynne of the Vanderbilt family, in 1896. This led to a violent disagreement between Neily and his father, which lasted many years.[3] Neily and Grace remained married for the rest of their lives and had two children:[2]Cornelius Vanderbilt IV (1898–1974), who married seven times but had no children.[4]\nGrace Vanderbilt (1899–1964), who married Henry Gassaway Davis (1902–1984) in 1927. They divorced in 1936 and she married Robert Livingston Stevens (1907–1972).[5]Grace and Neily rented Beaulieu House in Newport, Rhode Island, the former home of John Jacob Astor III.[2]Following World War I, Grace and Neily frequently returned to Europe, becoming friends and guests of numerous members of European royalty including Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany, and his brother, Prince Henry of Prussia, King Albert I of Belgium, Crown Prince Olav of Norway, Queen Marie of Romania, the Shah of Iran, and every British monarch since Queen Victoria.[3]In 1940, Neily sold his Fifth Avenue mansion, which he inherited from his uncle George Washington Vanderbilt II upon his death in 1914, in New York City to members of the Astor family but remained living there until his death from a cerebral hemorrhage while vacationing in Miami Beach, Florida, aboard his yacht in 1942. Following Neily's death Grace Vanderbilt was forced to move out of their massive Fifth Avenue mansion, and moved into the William Starr Miller House at 1048 Fifth Avenue which still stands today as the Neue Galerie.[2]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Vanderbilt Family Mausoleum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanderbilt_Family_Cemetery_and_Mausoleum"},{"link_name":"Staten Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staten_Island"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vanderbilt1991-2"}],"sub_title":"Death and legacy","text":"Grace lived another eleven years, and she died on January 7, 1953.[6] They are buried together in the Vanderbilt Family Mausoleum in New Dorp on Staten Island, New York.[2]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-688-07279-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-688-07279-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-929249-06-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-929249-06-2"}],"text":"Vanderbilt, Arthur T., II (1989). Fortune's Children: The Fall of the House of Vanderbilt. New York: Morrow. ISBN 0-688-07279-8\nGavan, Terrence. The Barons of Newport: A Guide to the Gilded Age. Newport: Pineapple Publications, 1998. ISBN 0-929249-06-2","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Vanderbilt in 1936 by Porter Woodruff","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Grace_Graham_Wilson01.jpg/220px-Grace_Graham_Wilson01.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Grace Vanderbilt Wed In City Chapel. Becomes Bride of Henry G. Davis 3d, With Patrolman as a Witness. Church Ceremony Later. Cornelius Jr. Declares Family Refuses Forgiveness. Honeymoon in Far West. Grace Vanderbilt Wed In City Chapel\". The New York Times. June 29, 1927. Retrieved May 4, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0F1EF9385B157A93CBAB178DD85F438285F9","url_text":"\"Grace Vanderbilt Wed In City Chapel. Becomes Bride of Henry G. Davis 3d, With Patrolman as a Witness. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty-eight_parrot | Australian ringneck | ["1 Description","2 Taxonomy and naming","2.1 Subspecies","3 Behaviour","3.1 Feeding","3.2 Breeding","4 Conservation","5 References","5.1 Cited text","6 Further reading"] | Species of bird
For the tropical Asian and African parakeet species also known as ring-necked parakeet, see Rose-ringed parakeet.
Australian ringneck
B. z. barnardi near Patchewollock, Victoria
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Aves
Order:
Psittaciformes
Family:
Psittaculidae
Tribe:
Platycercini
Genus:
BarnardiusBonaparte, 1854
Species:
B. zonarius
Binomial name
Barnardius zonarius(Shaw, 1805)
Subspecies
B. z. zonarius
B. z. semitorquatus
B. z. barnardi
B. z. macgillivrayi
Synonyms
Barnardius barnardi (Vigors & Horsfield, 1827)
The Australian ringneck (Barnardius zonarius) is a parrot native to Australia. Except for extreme tropical and highland areas, the species has adapted to all conditions. Treatments of genus Barnardius have previously recognised two species, the Port Lincoln parrot (Barnardius zonarius) and the mallee ringneck (Barnardius barnardi), but due to these readily interbreeding at the contact zone they are usually regarded as a single species B. zonarius with subspecific descriptions. Currently, four subspecies are recognised, each with a distinct range.
In Western Australia, the ringneck competes for nesting space with the rainbow lorikeet, an introduced species. To protect the ringneck, culls of the lorikeet are sanctioned by authorities in this region. Overall, though, the ringneck is not a threatened species.
Description
The subspecies of the Australian ringneck differ considerably in colouration. It is a medium size species around 33 cm (11 in) long. The basic colour is green, and all four subspecies have the characteristic yellow ring around the hindneck; wings and tail are a mixture of green and blue.
B. z. semitorquatus, Perth, Western Australia
The B. z. zonarius and B. z. semitorquatus subspecies have a dull black head; back, rump and wings are brilliant green; throat and breast bluish-green. The difference between these two subspecies is that B. z. zonarius has a yellow abdomen while B. z. semitorquatus has a green abdomen; the latter has also a prominent crimson frontal band that the former lacks (the intermediate shown in the box has characteristics of both subspecies). The two other subspecies differ from these subspecies by the bright green crown and nape and blush cheek-patches. The underparts of B. z. barnardi are turquoise-green with an irregular orange-yellow band across the abdomen; the back and mantle are deep blackish-blue and this subspecies has a prominent red frontal band. The B. z. macgillivrayi is generally pale green, with no red frontal band, and a wide uniform pale yellow band across the abdomen.
The calls of the Mallee ringneck and Cloncurry parrot have been described as "ringing", and the calls of the Port Lincoln ringneck and Twenty-eight parrot have been described as "strident". The name of the Twenty-eight is an onomatopoeic derived from its distinctive call, which sounds like "twenty-eight" (or the French equivalent, vingt-huit, according to one early description).
Taxonomy and naming
The Australian ringneck was first described by English naturalist George Shaw and drawn by Frederick Polydore Nodder in 1805 in their work The Naturalist's Miscellany: Or, Coloured Figures of Natural Objects; Drawn and Described Immediately From Nature. He called it Psittacus zonarius "zoned parrot". A broad-tailed parrot, it is most closely related to the rosellas of the genus Platycercus, and has been placed in that genus by some authorities, including Ferdinand Bauer.
Pre-existing names for the species, derived from the Nyungar language of Southwest Australia, are dowarn and doomolok ; these were identified from over one hundred records of regional and orthographic variants to supplement the names already suggested by John Gilbert, Dominic Serventy and others.
Currently, four subspecies of ringneck are recognised, all of which have been described as distinct species in the past: (As of 1993, the Twenty-eight and Cloncurry parrot were treated as subspecies of the Port Lincoln parrot and the mallee ringneck, respectively.)
Several other subspecies have been described, but are considered synonyms with one of the above subspecies. B. z. occidentalis has been synonymised with B. z. zonarius. Intermediates exist between all subspecies except for between B. z. zonarius and B. z. macgillivrayi. Intermediates have been associated with land clearing for agriculture in southern Western Australia.
The classification of this species is still debated, and molecular research by Joseph and Wilke in 2006 found that the complex split genetically into two clades—one roughly correlating with B. z. barnardi and the other with the other three forms; B. z. macgillivrayi was more closely related to B. z. zonarius than to the neighbouring B. z. barnardi. The researchers felt it was premature to reorganise the classification of the complex until more study was undertaken.
Subspecies
Subspecies
Common and binomial names
Image
Description
Range
Twenty-eight parrot
Identification: The red band and green belly distinguishes it from the Port Lincoln parrot.
Found in the south western forests of coastal and subcoastal Western Australia.
B. z. semitorquatus(Quoy & Gaimard, 1830)
Port Lincoln parrot orPort Lincoln ringneck
Common from Port Lincoln in the south east to Alice Springs in the north east, and from the Karri and Tingle forests of South Western Australia up to the Pilbara district.
B. z. zonarius(Shaw, 1805)
Cloncurry parrot
Identification: The yellow belly, lighter green colour and lack of red band distinguishes it from the mallee ringneck.
Found from the Lake Eyre basin in the Northern Territory to the Gulf Country of northwestern Queensland, from Burketown south to Boulia, with Kynuna and Camooweel as eastern and western limits respectively.
B. z. macgillivrayi(North, 1900)
Mallee ringneck
Inhabits central and western New South Wales west of Dubbo, the southwestern corner Queensland west of St George, eastern South Australia and northwestern Victoria.
B. z. barnardi(Vigors & Horsfield, 1827)
Behaviour
The Australian ringneck is active during the day and can be found in eucalypt woodlands and eucalypt-lined watercourses. The species is gregarious and depending on the conditions can be resident or nomadic. In trials of growing hybrid eucalypt trees in dry environments parrots, especially the Port Lincoln parrot, caused severe damage to the crowns of the younger trees during the research period between 2000–2003.
Feeding
This species eats a wide range of foods that include nectar, insects, seeds, fruit, and native and introduced bulbs. It will eat orchard-grown fruit and is sometimes seen as a pest by farmers.
Breeding
Breeding season for the northern populations starts in June or July, while the central and southern populations breed from August to December, but this can be delayed when climatic conditions are unfavourable. The nesting site is a hollow in a tree trunk. Generally four or five white oval eggs are laid measuring 29 mm x 23 mm, although a clutch may be as few as three and as many as six. Fledgling survival rates have been measured at 75%.
Conservation
Although the species is endemic, the species is considered not threatened, but in Western Australia, the Twenty-eight subspecies (B. z. semitorquatus) gets locally displaced by the introduced rainbow lorikeets that aggressively compete for nesting places. The rainbow lorikeet is considered a pest species in Western Australia and is subject to eradication in the wild.
In Western Australia, a licence is required to keep or dispose of more than four Port Lincoln ringnecks. All four subspecies are sold in the Canary Islands and in Australia, and they are traded via the CITES convention. The sale of the Cloncurry parrot is restricted in Queensland. The Australian ringneck can suffer from psittacine beak and feather disease, which causes a high nestling mortality rate in captivity.
References
^ a b BirdLife International (2016). "Barnardius zonarius". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22685090A93058776. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22685090A93058776.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
^ a b c Forshaw, Joseph M.; Cooper, William T. (1981) . Parrots of the World (corrected second ed.). David & Charles, Newton Abbot, London. ISBN 0-7153-7698-5.
^ Christidis, L. & Boles, W.E. (1994). The Taxonomy and Species of Birds of Australia and its Territories. Hawthorn East, Victoria : Royal Ornithologists Union Monograph Vol. 2 112 pp.
^ a b c d Joseph, L.; Wilke, T. (2006). "Molecular resolution of population history, systematics and historical biogeography of the Australian ringneck parrots Barnardius: are we there yet?". Emu. 106: 49–62. doi:10.1071/mu05035. S2CID 84278709.
^ a b c d e Field Guide to the Birds of Australia - A book of identification Simpson and Day, (1993) pp.144 ISBN 0-670-90670-0
^ Managing bird damage to fruit and other horticultural crops. Part B: Fact sheets for growers Archived 16 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine NSW Department of Primary Industries. Accessed 6 August 2013.
^ Shaw, George (1805). The naturalist's miscellany, or Coloured figures of natural objects. Vol. 16. London, United Kingdom: Nodder & Co. pp. pl. 637.
^ Joseph, Leo; Toon, Alicia; Schirtzinger, Erin E.; Wright, Timothy F. (2011). "Molecular systematics of two enigmatic genera Psittacella and Pezoporus illuminate the ecological radiation of Australo-Papuan parrots (Aves: Psittaciformes)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 59 (3): 675–84. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.03.017. PMID 21453777.
^ "Bauer, Ferdinand, 1760-1826 - natural history drawings". National Library of Australia.
^ Abbott, Ian (2009). "Aboriginal names of bird species in south-west Western Australia, with suggestions for their adoption into common usage" (PDF). Conservation Science Western Australia Journal. 7 (2): 254–55.
^ "Barnardius zonarius (Shaw, 1805)". Australian Biological Resources Study. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
^ Schodde, R. & Mason, I.J. (1997) Aves (Columbidae to Coraciidae). In, Houston, W.W.K. & Wells, A. (eds) Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Melbourne: CSIRO Publishing, Australia Vol. 37.2 xiii 440 pp.
^ a b Ford, J. (1987). "Hybrid zones in Australian birds". Emu. 87 (3): 158–178. doi:10.1071/MU9870158.
^ Lendon, p. 166
^ Lendon, p. 161
^ Lendon, p. 157
^ Lendon, pp. 152–52
^ Barbour, E.L. (2004). "Eucalypt hybrids in south-west Western Australia". RIRDC, Australian government. Archived from the original on 5 October 2007. Retrieved 2 August 2008.
^ "Parrot damage in agroforestry in the greater than 450 mm rainfall zone of Western Australia". Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia. Archived from the original on 23 November 2007. Retrieved 7 November 2007.
^ "Australian Ringneck". birdsinbackyards.net. Australian Museum. Archived from the original on 30 April 2008.
^ Beruldsen, G (2003). Australian Birds: Their Nests and Eggs. Kenmore Hills, Qld: self. p. 247. ISBN 0-646-42798-9.
^ "Australian ringneck" (PDF). Fauna Note No. 22. Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 September 2008. Retrieved 2 August 2008.
^ Martin, Stella (2002). "Birds of the savannas" (PDF). Tropical Topics. 73. Environmental Protection Agency Northern Division. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 August 2008. Retrieved 23 July 2008.
^ Chapman, Tamra (2005). "The status and impact of the Rainbow Lorikeet (Trichoglossus haematodus moluccanus) in South-West Western Australia" (PDF). Wildlife Branch, Department of Conservation and Land Management. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 April 2008. Retrieved 8 November 2007.
^ Massam, Marion (2007). "Rainbow lorikeet management options" (PDF). Department of Agriculture and Food. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 April 2008. Retrieved 7 November 2007.
^ a b "Sustainable Economic Use of Native Australian Birds and Reptiles" (PDF). RIRDC, Australian government. February 1997. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 October 2007. Retrieved 2 August 2008.
^ "CITES Digest" (PDF). November 2002. Retrieved 2 August 2008.
^ "NATURE CONSERVATION LEGISLATION AMENDMENT REGULATION (No. 2)" (PDF). Queensland, Australia. 1997.
^ "Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act, Section 270B, Making of Threat Abatement Plans". Commonwealth of Australia. 1999.
Cited text
Lendon, Alan H. (1973). Australian Parrots in Field and Aviary (2nd ed.). Sydney: Angus and Robertson. ISBN 0-207-12424-8.
Further reading
Listen to this article (5 minutes)
This audio file was created from a revision of this article dated 13 May 2007 (2007-05-13), and does not reflect subsequent edits.(Audio help · More spoken articles)
The Atlas of Australian Birds, Blakers, Davies & Reilly, (1984) ISBN 0-522-84285-2
Photographic Field Guide to Birds of Australia, Jim Flegg, (2002) ISBN 1-876334-78-9
John Gould's The Birds of Australia :
Full text available from National Library of Australia in an electronic format at http://nla.gov.au/nla.aus-f4773
B. z. semitorquatus plate
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Barnardius zonarius.
Wikispecies has information related to Barnardius barnardi.
vteGenera of parrots and their extinct allies
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Clade: Eufalconimorphae
Clade: Psittacopasseres
Psittacopasseres†Vastanavidae
Avolatavis
Calcardea?
Eurofluvioviridavis
Vastanavis
†Psittacopedidae
Eofringillirostrum
Parapsittacopes
Psittacomimus
Psittacopes
Parapasseres
†Minutornis
†Zygodactylidae
Eozygodactylus
Primoscens
Primozygodactylus
Zygodactylus
Passeriformes
See Passeriformes
†Halcyornithidae?
Cyrilavis
Halcyornis
Pseudasturides
Pulchrapollia
Serudaptus
†Messelasturidae?
Messelastur
Tynskya
†Quercypsittidae
Palaeopsittacus?
Quercypsitta
†Morsoravidae
Morsoravis
Pumiliornis
Sororavis
Psittaciformes
See below ↓
PsittaciformesIncertae sedis
†Mogontiacopsitta
Namapsittidae
†Namapsitta
StrigopoideaStrigopidae
†Heracles
†Nelepsittacus
Nestor
Strigops
CacatuoideaCacatuidae
Cacatua
Callocephalon
Calyptorhynchus
Eolophus
Lophochroa
Nymphicus
Probosciger
Zanda
PsittacoideaPsittacidaeincertae sedis
†Archaeopsittacus
Arinae
Brotogeris
Deroptyus
Hapalopsittaca
Myiopsitta
Pionites
"Amoropsittacini"
Bolborhynchus
Nannopsittaca
Psilopsiagon
Touit
Androglossini
Alipiopsitta
Amazona
Graydidascalus
Pionopsitta
Pionus
Pyrilia
Triclaria
Arini
Anodorhynchus
Ara
Aratinga
†Conuropsis
Cyanoliseus
Cyanopsitta
Diopsittaca
Enicognathus
Eupsittula
Guaruba
Leptosittaca
Ognorhynchus
Orthopsittaca
Primolius
Psittacara
Pyrrhura
Rhynchopsitta
Thectocercus
"Forpini"
Forpus
Psittacinae
†Bavaripsitta
†Khwenena
Poicephalus
Psittacus
†Xenopsitta
PsittrichasiidaeCoracopsinae
Coracopsis
Coracopsinae
Psittrichas
PsittaculidaeAgapornithinae
Agapornis
Bolbopsittacus
Loriculus
LoriinaeCyclopsittini
Cyclopsitta
Psittaculirostris
Loriini
Chalcopsitta
Charminetta
Charmosyna
Charmosynoides
Charmosynopsis
Eos
Glossopsitta
Glossoptilus
Hypocharmosyna
Lorius
Neopsittacus
Oreopsittacus
Parvipsitta
Pseudeos
Psitteuteles
Saudareos
Synorhacma
Trichoglossus
Vini
Melopsittacini
Melopsittacus
PlatycercinaePezoporini
Neophema
Neopsephotus
Pezoporus
Platycercini
Barnardius
Cyanoramphus
Eunymphicus
Lathamus
Northiella
Platycercus
Prosopeia
Psephotellus
Psephotus
Purpureicephalus
Psittacellinae
Psittacella
PsittaculinaeMicropsittini
Micropsitta
Polytelini
Alisterus
Aprosmictus
Polytelis
Psittaculini
Eclectus
Geoffroyus
†Lophopsittacus
†Mascarinus
†Necropsittacus
Prioniturus
Psittacula
Psittinus
Tanygnathus
Taxon identifiersBarnardius zonarius
Wikidata: Q913626
Wikispecies: Barnardius zonarius
ADW: Barnardius zonarius
AFD: Barnardius_zonarius
Avibase: 821BF2D70FF94B3E
BirdLife: 22685090
BirdLife-Australia: australian-ringneck
BOLD: 53158
BOW: polpar1
CoL: KS32
eBird: polpar1
EoL: 45517979
GBIF: 2479720
iNaturalist: 19265
IRMNG: 11405215
ITIS: 177563
IUCN: 22685090
NBN: NHMSYS0020788962
NCBI: 309859
Observation.org: 194631
Open Tree of Life: 57350
Species+: 10765
Xeno-canto: Barnardius-zonarius
Psittacus zonarius
Wikidata: Q109563440
GBIF: 11224727 | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Australian_Ringneck.ogg"},{"link_name":"Rose-ringed parakeet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose-ringed_parakeet"},{"link_name":"parrot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parrot"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"tropical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical"},{"link_name":"Port Lincoln parrot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Lincoln_parrot"},{"link_name":"mallee ringneck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallee_ringneck"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-forshaw-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Joseph-4"},{"link_name":"subspecies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subspecies"},{"link_name":"range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Range_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"rainbow lorikeet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow_lorikeet"},{"link_name":"introduced species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduced_species"}],"text":"Species of birdFor the tropical Asian and African parakeet species also known as ring-necked parakeet, see Rose-ringed parakeet.The Australian ringneck (Barnardius zonarius) is a parrot native to Australia. Except for extreme tropical and highland areas, the species has adapted to all conditions. Treatments of genus Barnardius have previously recognised two species, the Port Lincoln parrot (Barnardius zonarius) and the mallee ringneck (Barnardius barnardi),[2] but due to these readily interbreeding at the contact zone they are usually regarded as a single species B. zonarius with subspecific descriptions.[3][4] Currently, four subspecies are recognised, each with a distinct range.In Western Australia, the ringneck competes for nesting space with the rainbow lorikeet, an introduced species. To protect the ringneck, culls of the lorikeet are sanctioned by authorities in this region. Overall, though, the ringneck is not a threatened species.","title":"Australian ringneck"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-forshaw-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Australian_Ringneck,_Perth.jpg"},{"link_name":"Perth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Simpson&Day-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Simpson&Day-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Simpson&Day-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Simpson&Day-5"},{"link_name":"onomatopoeic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onomatopoeia"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The subspecies of the Australian ringneck differ considerably in colouration.[2] It is a medium size species around 33 cm (11 in) long. The basic colour is green, and all four subspecies have the characteristic yellow ring around the hindneck; wings and tail are a mixture of green and blue.B. z. semitorquatus, Perth, Western AustraliaThe B. z. zonarius and B. z. semitorquatus subspecies have a dull black head; back, rump and wings are brilliant green; throat and breast bluish-green. The difference between these two subspecies is that B. z. zonarius has a yellow abdomen while B. z. semitorquatus has a green abdomen; the latter has also a prominent crimson frontal band that the former lacks (the intermediate shown in the box has characteristics of both subspecies).[5] The two other subspecies differ from these subspecies by the bright green crown and nape and blush cheek-patches. The underparts of B. z. barnardi are turquoise-green with an irregular orange-yellow band across the abdomen; the back and mantle are deep blackish-blue and this subspecies has a prominent red frontal band. The B. z. macgillivrayi is generally pale green, with no red frontal band, and a wide uniform pale yellow band across the abdomen.[5]The calls of the Mallee ringneck and Cloncurry parrot have been described as \"ringing\",[5] and the calls of the Port Lincoln ringneck and Twenty-eight parrot have been described as \"strident\".[5] The name of the Twenty-eight is an onomatopoeic derived from its distinctive call, which sounds like \"twenty-eight\" (or the French equivalent, vingt-huit, according to one early description).[6]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"George Shaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Shaw_(biologist)"},{"link_name":"Frederick Polydore Nodder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Polydore_Nodder"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"broad-tailed parrot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broad-tailed_parrot"},{"link_name":"Platycercus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platycercus"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand Bauer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Bauer"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Nyungar language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyungar_language"},{"link_name":"Southwest Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_Australia_(ecoregion)"},{"link_name":"John Gilbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gilbert_(naturalist)"},{"link_name":"Dominic Serventy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominic_Serventy"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Abbott2009-10"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Joseph-4"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AusGov-11"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Simpson&Day-5"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Joseph-4"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ford-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ford-13"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Joseph-4"}],"text":"The Australian ringneck was first described by English naturalist George Shaw and drawn by Frederick Polydore Nodder in 1805 in their work The Naturalist's Miscellany: Or, Coloured Figures of Natural Objects; Drawn and Described Immediately From Nature. He called it Psittacus zonarius \"zoned parrot\".[7] A broad-tailed parrot, it is most closely related to the rosellas of the genus Platycercus,[8] and has been placed in that genus by some authorities, including Ferdinand Bauer.[9]Pre-existing names for the species, derived from the Nyungar language of Southwest Australia, are dowarn [pronounced dow’awn] and doomolok [dorm’awe’lawk]; these were identified from over one hundred records of regional and orthographic variants to supplement the names already suggested by John Gilbert, Dominic Serventy and others.[10]Currently, four subspecies of ringneck are recognised, all of which have been described as distinct species in the past:[4][11] (As of 1993, the Twenty-eight and Cloncurry parrot were treated as subspecies of the Port Lincoln parrot and the mallee ringneck, respectively.[5])Several other subspecies have been described, but are considered synonyms with one of the above subspecies. B. z. occidentalis has been synonymised with B. z. zonarius.[12] Intermediates exist between all subspecies except for between B. z. zonarius and B. z. macgillivrayi.[4][13] Intermediates have been associated with land clearing for agriculture in southern Western Australia.[13]The classification of this species is still debated, and molecular research by Joseph and Wilke in 2006 found that the complex split genetically into two clades—one roughly correlating with B. z. barnardi and the other with the other three forms; B. z. macgillivrayi was more closely related to B. z. zonarius than to the neighbouring B. z. barnardi. The researchers felt it was premature to reorganise the classification of the complex until more study was undertaken.[4]","title":"Taxonomy and naming"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Subspecies","title":"Taxonomy and naming"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"eucalypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucalyptus"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"The Australian ringneck is active during the day and can be found in eucalypt woodlands and eucalypt-lined watercourses. The species is gregarious and depending on the conditions can be resident or nomadic. In trials of growing hybrid eucalypt trees in dry environments parrots, especially the Port Lincoln parrot, caused severe damage to the crowns of the younger trees during the research period between 2000–2003.[18]","title":"Behaviour"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-forshaw-2"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Feeding","text":"This species eats a wide range of foods that include nectar, insects, seeds, fruit, and native and introduced bulbs. It will eat orchard-grown fruit and is sometimes seen as a pest by farmers.[2][19]","title":"Behaviour"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ber03-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"Breeding","text":"Breeding season for the northern populations starts in June or July, while the central and southern populations breed from August to December, but this can be delayed when climatic conditions are unfavourable. The nesting site is a hollow in a tree trunk.[20] Generally four or five white oval eggs are laid measuring 29 mm x 23 mm, although a clutch may be as few as three and as many as six.[21] Fledgling survival rates have been measured at 75%.[22]","title":"Behaviour"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn_status_12_November_2021-1"},{"link_name":"rainbow lorikeets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow_lorikeet"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WA_gov-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Economic_Use-26"},{"link_name":"Canary Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canary_Islands"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Economic_Use-26"},{"link_name":"CITES","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CITES"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"psittacine beak and feather disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psittacine_beak_and_feather_disease"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"Although the species is endemic,[23] the species is considered not threatened,[1] but in Western Australia, the Twenty-eight subspecies (B. z. semitorquatus) gets locally displaced by the introduced rainbow lorikeets that aggressively compete for nesting places.[24] The rainbow lorikeet is considered a pest species in Western Australia and is subject to eradication in the wild.[25]In Western Australia, a licence is required to keep or dispose of more than four Port Lincoln ringnecks.[26] All four subspecies are sold in the Canary Islands and in Australia,[26] and they are traded via the CITES convention.[27] The sale of the Cloncurry parrot is restricted in Queensland.[28] The Australian ringneck can suffer from psittacine beak and feather disease, which causes a high nestling mortality rate in captivity.[29]","title":"Conservation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"This audio file","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Australian_Ringneck.ogg"},{"link_name":"Audio help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help"},{"link_name":"More spoken articles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Spoken_articles"},{"link_name":"The Atlas of Australian 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ulidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psittaculidae"},{"link_name":"Agapornithinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agapornithinae"},{"link_name":"Agapornis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agapornis"},{"link_name":"Bolbopsittacus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolbopsittacus"},{"link_name":"Loriculus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loriculus"},{"link_name":"Loriinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loriinae"},{"link_name":"Cyclopsittini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclopsittini"},{"link_name":"Cyclopsitta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclopsitta"},{"link_name":"Psittaculirostris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psittaculirostris"},{"link_name":"Loriini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loriini"},{"link_name":"Chalcopsitta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalcopsitta"},{"link_name":"Charminetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charminetta"},{"link_name":"Charmosyna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charmosyna"},{"link_name":"Charmosynoides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charmosynoides"},{"link_name":"Charmosynopsis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charmosynopsis"},{"link_name":"Eos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eos_(bird)"},{"link_name":"Glossopsitta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossopsitta"},{"link_name":"Glossoptilus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossoptilus"},{"link_name":"Hypocharmosyna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypocharmosyna"},{"link_name":"Lorius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorius"},{"link_name":"Neopsittacus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neopsittacus"},{"link_name":"Oreopsittacus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oreopsittacus"},{"link_name":"Parvipsitta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parvipsitta"},{"link_name":"Pseudeos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudeos"},{"link_name":"Psitteuteles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psitteuteles"},{"link_name":"Saudareos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudareos"},{"link_name":"Synorhacma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synorhacma"},{"link_name":"Trichoglossus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichoglossus"},{"link_name":"Vini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vini_(bird)"},{"link_name":"Melopsittacini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melopsittacini"},{"link_name":"Melopsittacus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melopsittacus"},{"link_name":"Platycercinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platycercinae"},{"link_name":"Pezoporini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pezoporini"},{"link_name":"Neophema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neophema"},{"link_name":"Neopsephotus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neopsephotus"},{"link_name":"Pezoporus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pezoporus"},{"link_name":"Platycercini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platycercini"},{"link_name":"Barnardius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnardius"},{"link_name":"Cyanoramphus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanoramphus"},{"link_name":"Eunymphicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eunymphicus"},{"link_name":"Lathamus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lathamus"},{"link_name":"Northiella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northiella"},{"link_name":"Platycercus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platycercus"},{"link_name":"Prosopeia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosopeia"},{"link_name":"Psephotellus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psephotellus"},{"link_name":"Psephotus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psephotus"},{"link_name":"Purpureicephalus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purpureicephalus"},{"link_name":"Psittacellinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psittacellinae"},{"link_name":"Psittacella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psittacella"},{"link_name":"Psittaculinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psittaculinae"},{"link_name":"Micropsittini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micropsittini"},{"link_name":"Micropsitta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micropsitta"},{"link_name":"Polytelini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytelini"},{"link_name":"Alisterus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alisterus"},{"link_name":"Aprosmictus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aprosmictus"},{"link_name":"Polytelis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytelis"},{"link_name":"Psittaculini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psittaculini"},{"link_name":"Eclectus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclectus"},{"link_name":"Geoffroyus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffroyus"},{"link_name":"Lophopsittacus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lophopsittacus"},{"link_name":"Mascarinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mascarinus"},{"link_name":"Necropsittacus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necropsittacus"},{"link_name":"Prioniturus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prioniturus"},{"link_name":"Psittacula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psittacula"},{"link_name":"P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Tree of Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life"},{"link_name":"57350","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=57350"},{"link_name":"Species+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CITES"},{"link_name":"10765","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//speciesplus.net/#/taxon_concepts/10765"},{"link_name":"Xeno-canto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeno-canto"},{"link_name":"Barnardius-zonarius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//xeno-canto.org/species/Barnardius-zonarius"},{"link_name":"Wikidata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikidata"},{"link_name":"Q109563440","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q109563440"},{"link_name":"GBIF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility"},{"link_name":"11224727","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.gbif.org/species/11224727"}],"text":"Listen to this article (5 minutes)\nThis audio file was created from a revision of this article dated 13 May 2007 (2007-05-13), and does not reflect subsequent edits.(Audio help · More spoken articles)The Atlas of Australian Birds, Blakers, Davies & Reilly, (1984) ISBN 0-522-84285-2\nPhotographic Field Guide to Birds of Australia, Jim Flegg, (2002) ISBN 1-876334-78-9\nJohn Gould's The Birds of Australia :\nFull text available from National Library of Australia in an electronic format at http://nla.gov.au/nla.aus-f4773\nB. z. semitorquatus plateWikimedia Commons has media related to Barnardius zonarius.Wikispecies has information related to Barnardius barnardi.vteGenera of parrots and their extinct allies\nKingdom: Animalia\nPhylum: Chordata\nClass: Aves\nClade: Eufalconimorphae\nClade: Psittacopasseres\nPsittacopasseres†Vastanavidae\nAvolatavis\nCalcardea?\nEurofluvioviridavis\nVastanavis\n†Psittacopedidae\nEofringillirostrum\nParapsittacopes\nPsittacomimus\nPsittacopes\nParapasseres\n†Minutornis\n†Zygodactylidae\nEozygodactylus\nPrimoscens\nPrimozygodactylus\nZygodactylus\nPasseriformes\nSee Passeriformes\n†Halcyornithidae?\nCyrilavis\nHalcyornis\nPseudasturides\nPulchrapollia\nSerudaptus\n†Messelasturidae?\nMesselastur\nTynskya\n†Quercypsittidae\nPalaeopsittacus?\nQuercypsitta\n†Morsoravidae\nMorsoravis\nPumiliornis\nSororavis\nPsittaciformes\nSee below ↓\nPsittaciformesIncertae sedis\n†Mogontiacopsitta\nNamapsittidae\n†Namapsitta\nStrigopoideaStrigopidae\n†Heracles\n†Nelepsittacus\nNestor\nStrigops\nCacatuoideaCacatuidae\nCacatua\nCallocephalon\nCalyptorhynchus\nEolophus\nLophochroa\nNymphicus\nProbosciger\nZanda\nPsittacoideaPsittacidaeincertae sedis\n†Archaeopsittacus\nArinae\nBrotogeris\nDeroptyus\nHapalopsittaca\nMyiopsitta\nPionites\n\"Amoropsittacini\"\nBolborhynchus\nNannopsittaca\nPsilopsiagon\nTouit\nAndroglossini\nAlipiopsitta\nAmazona\nGraydidascalus\nPionopsitta\nPionus\nPyrilia\nTriclaria\nArini\nAnodorhynchus\nAra\nAratinga\n†Conuropsis\nCyanoliseus\nCyanopsitta\nDiopsittaca\nEnicognathus\nEupsittula\nGuaruba\nLeptosittaca\nOgnorhynchus\nOrthopsittaca\nPrimolius\nPsittacara\nPyrrhura\nRhynchopsitta\nThectocercus\n\"Forpini\"\nForpus\nPsittacinae\n†Bavaripsitta\n†Khwenena\nPoicephalus\nPsittacus\n†Xenopsitta\nPsittrichasiidaeCoracopsinae\nCoracopsis\nCoracopsinae\nPsittrichas\nPsittaculidaeAgapornithinae\nAgapornis\nBolbopsittacus\nLoriculus\nLoriinaeCyclopsittini\nCyclopsitta\nPsittaculirostris\nLoriini\nChalcopsitta\nCharminetta\nCharmosyna\nCharmosynoides\nCharmosynopsis\nEos\nGlossopsitta\nGlossoptilus\nHypocharmosyna\nLorius\nNeopsittacus\nOreopsittacus\nParvipsitta\nPseudeos\nPsitteuteles\nSaudareos\nSynorhacma\nTrichoglossus\nVini\nMelopsittacini\nMelopsittacus\nPlatycercinaePezoporini\nNeophema\nNeopsephotus\nPezoporus\nPlatycercini\nBarnardius\nCyanoramphus\nEunymphicus\nLathamus\nNorthiella\nPlatycercus\nProsopeia\nPsephotellus\nPsephotus\nPurpureicephalus\nPsittacellinae\nPsittacella\nPsittaculinaeMicropsittini\nMicropsitta\nPolytelini\nAlisterus\nAprosmictus\nPolytelis\nPsittaculini\nEclectus\nGeoffroyus\n†Lophopsittacus\n†Mascarinus\n†Necropsittacus\nPrioniturus\nPsittacula\nPsittinus\nTanygnathusTaxon identifiersBarnardius zonarius\nWikidata: Q913626\nWikispecies: Barnardius zonarius\nADW: Barnardius zonarius\nAFD: Barnardius_zonarius\nAvibase: 821BF2D70FF94B3E\nBirdLife: 22685090\nBirdLife-Australia: australian-ringneck\nBOLD: 53158\nBOW: polpar1\nCoL: KS32\neBird: polpar1\nEoL: 45517979\nGBIF: 2479720\niNaturalist: 19265\nIRMNG: 11405215\nITIS: 177563\nIUCN: 22685090\nNBN: NHMSYS0020788962\nNCBI: 309859\nObservation.org: 194631\nOpen Tree of Life: 57350\nSpecies+: 10765\nXeno-canto: Barnardius-zonarius\nPsittacus zonarius\nWikidata: Q109563440\nGBIF: 11224727","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"B. z. semitorquatus, Perth, Western Australia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Australian_Ringneck%2C_Perth.jpg/220px-Australian_Ringneck%2C_Perth.jpg"},{}] | null | [{"reference":"BirdLife International (2016). \"Barnardius zonarius\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22685090A93058776. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22685090A93058776.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22685090/93058776","url_text":"\"Barnardius zonarius\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22685090A93058776.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22685090A93058776.en"}]},{"reference":"Forshaw, Joseph M.; Cooper, William T. (1981) [1973, 1978]. Parrots of the World (corrected second ed.). David & Charles, Newton Abbot, London. ISBN 0-7153-7698-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7153-7698-5","url_text":"0-7153-7698-5"}]},{"reference":"Joseph, L.; Wilke, T. (2006). \"Molecular resolution of population history, systematics and historical biogeography of the Australian ringneck parrots Barnardius: are we there yet?\". Emu. 106: 49–62. doi:10.1071/mu05035. S2CID 84278709.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.publish.csiro.au/nid/96/paper/MU05035.htm","url_text":"\"Molecular resolution of population history, systematics and historical biogeography of the Australian ringneck parrots Barnardius: are we there yet?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1071%2Fmu05035","url_text":"10.1071/mu05035"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:84278709","url_text":"84278709"}]},{"reference":"Shaw, George (1805). The naturalist's miscellany, or Coloured figures of natural objects. Vol. 16. London, United Kingdom: Nodder & Co. pp. pl. 637.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40521247","url_text":"The naturalist's miscellany, or Coloured figures of natural objects"}]},{"reference":"Joseph, Leo; Toon, Alicia; Schirtzinger, Erin E.; Wright, Timothy F. (2011). \"Molecular systematics of two enigmatic genera Psittacella and Pezoporus illuminate the ecological radiation of Australo-Papuan parrots (Aves: Psittaciformes)\". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 59 (3): 675–84. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.03.017. PMID 21453777.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2011.03.017","url_text":"10.1016/j.ympev.2011.03.017"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21453777","url_text":"21453777"}]},{"reference":"\"Bauer, Ferdinand, 1760-1826 - natural history drawings\". National Library of Australia.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nla.gov.au/pict/list/bauer.html","url_text":"\"Bauer, Ferdinand, 1760-1826 - natural history drawings\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Library_of_Australia","url_text":"National Library of Australia"}]},{"reference":"Abbott, Ian (2009). \"Aboriginal names of bird species in south-west Western Australia, with suggestions for their adoption into common usage\" (PDF). Conservation Science Western Australia Journal. 7 (2): 254–55.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dpaw.wa.gov.au/images/documents/about/science/cswa/articles/14.pdf","url_text":"\"Aboriginal names of bird species in south-west Western Australia, with suggestions for their adoption into common usage\""}]},{"reference":"\"Barnardius zonarius (Shaw, 1805)\". Australian Biological Resources Study. Retrieved 29 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Barnardius_zonarius/complete","url_text":"\"Barnardius zonarius (Shaw, 1805)\""}]},{"reference":"Ford, J. (1987). \"Hybrid zones in Australian birds\". Emu. 87 (3): 158–178. doi:10.1071/MU9870158.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.publish.csiro.au/nid/96/paper/MU9870158.htm","url_text":"\"Hybrid zones in Australian birds\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1071%2FMU9870158","url_text":"10.1071/MU9870158"}]},{"reference":"Barbour, E.L. (2004). \"Eucalypt hybrids in south-west Western Australia\". RIRDC, Australian government. Archived from the original on 5 October 2007. Retrieved 2 August 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071005132142/http://www.rirdc.gov.au/reports/AFT/04-021sum.html","url_text":"\"Eucalypt hybrids in south-west Western Australia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIRDC","url_text":"RIRDC"},{"url":"http://www.rirdc.gov.au/reports/AFT/04-021sum.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Parrot damage in agroforestry in the greater than 450 mm rainfall zone of Western Australia\". Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia. Archived from the original on 23 November 2007. Retrieved 7 November 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071123160945/http://www.agric.wa.gov.au/content/LWE/VEGT/TREES/TREENOTE26.htm","url_text":"\"Parrot damage in agroforestry in the greater than 450 mm rainfall zone of Western Australia\""},{"url":"http://www.agric.wa.gov.au/content/LWE/VEGT/TREES/TREENOTE26.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Australian Ringneck\". birdsinbackyards.net. Australian Museum. Archived from the original on 30 April 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080430081837/http://www.birdsinbackyards.net/finder/display.cfm?id=362","url_text":"\"Australian Ringneck\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Museum","url_text":"Australian Museum"},{"url":"http://www.birdsinbackyards.net/finder/display.cfm?id=362","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Beruldsen, G (2003). Australian Birds: Their Nests and Eggs. Kenmore Hills, Qld: self. p. 247. ISBN 0-646-42798-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-646-42798-9","url_text":"0-646-42798-9"}]},{"reference":"\"Australian ringneck\" (PDF). Fauna Note No. 22. Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 September 2008. Retrieved 2 August 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080901134258/http://www.agric.wa.gov.au/content/pw/vp/bird/22_australian_ringneck.pdf","url_text":"\"Australian ringneck\""},{"url":"http://www.agric.wa.gov.au/content/pw/vp/bird/22_australian_ringneck.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Martin, Stella (2002). \"Birds of the savannas\" (PDF). Tropical Topics. 73. Environmental Protection Agency Northern Division. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 August 2008. Retrieved 23 July 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080802095421/http://www.epa.qld.gov.au/register/p00820af.pdf","url_text":"\"Birds of the savannas\""},{"url":"http://www.epa.qld.gov.au/register/p00820af.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Chapman, Tamra (2005). \"The status and impact of the Rainbow Lorikeet (Trichoglossus haematodus moluccanus) in South-West Western Australia\" (PDF). Wildlife Branch, Department of Conservation and Land Management. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 April 2008. Retrieved 8 November 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080411043226/http://www.agric.wa.gov.au/pls/portal30/docs/FOLDER/IKMP/PW/VP/BIRD/LORIKEETMISCPUB.PDF","url_text":"\"The status and impact of the Rainbow Lorikeet (Trichoglossus haematodus moluccanus) in South-West Western Australia\""},{"url":"http://www.agric.wa.gov.au/pls/portal30/docs/FOLDER/IKMP/PW/VP/BIRD/LORIKEETMISCPUB.PDF","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Massam, Marion (2007). \"Rainbow lorikeet management options\" (PDF). Department of Agriculture and Food. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 April 2008. Retrieved 7 November 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080411043216/http://www.agric.wa.gov.au/content/pw/vp/bird/pn2006_rainbcontrol_mmassam.pdf","url_text":"\"Rainbow lorikeet management options\""},{"url":"http://www.agric.wa.gov.au/content/pw/vp/bird/pn2006_rainbcontrol_mmassam.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Sustainable Economic Use of Native Australian Birds and Reptiles\" (PDF). RIRDC, Australian government. February 1997. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 October 2007. Retrieved 2 August 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071026230921/http://www.rirdc.gov.au/reports/NAP/97-26.pdf","url_text":"\"Sustainable Economic Use of Native Australian Birds and Reptiles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIRDC","url_text":"RIRDC"},{"url":"http://www.rirdc.gov.au/reports/NAP/97-26.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"CITES Digest\" (PDF). November 2002. Retrieved 2 August 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ssn.org/Meetings/cop/cop12/Proposals/SNNDigest_SP12_EN.pdf","url_text":"\"CITES Digest\""}]},{"reference":"\"NATURE CONSERVATION LEGISLATION AMENDMENT REGULATION (No. 2)\" (PDF). Queensland, Australia. 1997.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.legislation.qld.gov.au/LEGISLTN/SLS/1997/97SL436.pdf","url_text":"\"NATURE CONSERVATION LEGISLATION AMENDMENT REGULATION (No. 2)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act, Section 270B, Making of Threat Abatement Plans\". Commonwealth of Australia. 1999.","urls":[{"url":"http://fedlaw.gov.au/ComLaw/Legislation/LegislativeInstrument1.nsf/framelodgmentattachments/81FCCCA0AB589760CA25718E00044623","url_text":"\"Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act, Section 270B, Making of Threat Abatement Plans\""}]},{"reference":"Lendon, Alan H. (1973). Australian Parrots in Field and Aviary (2nd ed.). Sydney: Angus and Robertson. ISBN 0-207-12424-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-207-12424-8","url_text":"0-207-12424-8"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22685090/93058776","external_links_name":"\"Barnardius zonarius\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22685090A93058776.en","external_links_name":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22685090A93058776.en"},{"Link":"http://www.publish.csiro.au/nid/96/paper/MU05035.htm","external_links_name":"\"Molecular resolution of population history, systematics and historical biogeography of the Australian ringneck parrots Barnardius: are we there yet?\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1071%2Fmu05035","external_links_name":"10.1071/mu05035"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:84278709","external_links_name":"84278709"},{"Link":"http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0010/193744/managing_bird_damage-4.pdf","external_links_name":"Managing bird damage to fruit and other horticultural crops. 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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paolo_Maurensig | Paolo Maurensig | ["1 Biography","2 Death","3 Works","4 Notes","5 References","6 External links"] | Italian novelist (1943–2021)
Paolo MaurensigBorn(1943-03-26)26 March 1943Gorizia, ItalyDied29 May 2021(2021-05-29) (aged 78)
Paolo Maurensig (26 March 1943 – 29 May 2021) was an Italian novelist, best known for his book Canone inverso (1996), a complex tale of a violin and its owners.
Biography
Maurensig was born in Gorizia, northern Italy.
Before becoming a novelist, he worked in a variety of occupations, including as a restorer of antique musical instruments. His first book, La variante di Lüneburg (The Lüneburg Variation), was published after he had turned 50. His second book was Canone inverso. His latest novel available in English translation is A Devil Comes to Town (2019), a literary parable on narcissism and vainglory, critical of the realities of publishing.
Of Canone inverso, the New York Times Book Review said in 1999 that Maurensig's writing, especially the interlocking narratives, recalled German Romantic writers such as E. T. A. Hoffmann and Joseph von Eichendorff, and also Isak Dinesen. Reviewer Jonathan Keates said, "The mournful beauty of this sparely proportioned, soberly recounted story owes much to the sense Maurensig subtly imparts that Jeno's loneliness is a species of infection communicating itself to every other character in the book. Drawing on the artistic techniques of both the 18th and the 19th centuries, he pronounces a gloomy verdict on the various types of human alienation created by the 20th." NPR said that the book had developed a "cult following." The novel was made into a film in 1999 directed by Ricky Tognazzi starring Hans Matheson and Mélanie Thierry, and with an award-winning score by Ennio Morricone.
For A Devil Comes to Town, reviewer Alex Preston wrote in the Observer "Paolo Maurensig’s A Devil Comes to Town (World Editions, April) blew my mind – think Yorgos Lanthimos directing The Master and Margarita. Translated by Anne Milano Appel, it’s a bizarre slice of Alpine magic realism that deserves to be everywhere next year."
Death
Maurensig died on 29 May 2021, aged 78.
Works
Il gioco degli dèi (Game of the Gods, 2021)
Il diavolo nel cassetto (A Devil Comes to Town, 2019)
La variante di Lüneburg (The Lüneburg Variation, 1993)
Canone inverso (Canone Inverso, 1996)
L'ombra e la meridiana (1997)
Venere lesa (1998)
Gianni Borta. Gesto, natura, azione (1998)
L'uomo scarlatto (2001)
Polietica. Una promessa (with Riccardo Illy, 2003)
Il guardiano dei sogni (2003)
Vukovlad – Il signore dei lupi (2006)
Gli amanti fiamminghi (2008)
Theory of shadows a novel (2018)
Notes
^ Lutto nel mondo della letteratura: è morto lo scrittore Paolo Maurensig (in Italian)
^ Scott Veale (2 January 2000). "New & Noteworthy Paperbacks". The New York Times.
^ Jonathan Keates (31 January 1999). "Ma Non Troppo: The lives of two music students are changed by a mysterious violin". The New York Times Book Review. p. 26.
^ NPR : Music – PT Summer Books
^ BFI page for Canone Inverso – Making Love (2000) accessed 20 August 2020.
^ "Fiction and nonfiction to look out for in 2019". The Guardian. 30 December 2018. Retrieved 30 July 2020.
^ "Theory of Shadows".
References
https://web.archive.org/web/20080905042719/http://www.uni.edu/music/suzuki/library.htm
https://web.archive.org/web/20070820023258/http://www.wrl.org/bookweb/gabbags.html
External links
Quotations related to (Italian language) Paolo Maurensig at Wikiquote
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Norway
Spain
France
BnF data
Germany
Italy
Israel
United States
Japan
Czech Republic
Australia
Korea
Croatia
Netherlands
Poland
Portugal
Academics
CiNii
People
Deutsche Biographie
Trove
Other
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"novelist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novelist"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Paolo Maurensig (26 March 1943 – 29 May 2021)[1] was an Italian novelist, best known for his book Canone inverso (1996), a complex tale of a violin and its owners.[2]","title":"Paolo Maurensig"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gorizia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorizia"},{"link_name":"New York Times Book Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times_Book_Review"},{"link_name":"E. T. A. 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Drawing on the artistic techniques of both the 18th and the 19th centuries, he pronounces a gloomy verdict on the various types of human alienation created by the 20th.\"[3] NPR said that the book had developed a \"cult following.\"[4] The novel was made into a film in 1999 directed by Ricky Tognazzi starring Hans Matheson and Mélanie Thierry, and with an award-winning score by Ennio Morricone.[5]For A Devil Comes to Town, reviewer Alex Preston wrote in the Observer \"Paolo Maurensig’s A Devil Comes to Town (World Editions, April) blew my mind – think Yorgos Lanthimos directing The Master and Margarita. 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The New York Times.\n\n^ Jonathan Keates (31 January 1999). \"Ma Non Troppo: The lives of two music students are changed by a mysterious violin\". The New York Times Book Review. p. 26.\n\n^ NPR : Music – PT Summer Books\n\n^ BFI page for Canone Inverso – Making Love (2000) accessed 20 August 2020.\n\n^ \"Fiction and nonfiction to look out for in 2019\". The Guardian. 30 December 2018. Retrieved 30 July 2020.\n\n^ \"Theory of Shadows\".","title":"Notes"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Scott Veale (2 January 2000). \"New & Noteworthy Paperbacks\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D00E6DC1E39F931A35752C0A9669C8B63","url_text":"\"New & Noteworthy Paperbacks\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Jonathan Keates (31 January 1999). \"Ma Non Troppo: The lives of two music students are changed by a mysterious violin\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_sleeve | Basketball sleeve | ["1 Origins","2 References"] | An accessory that some basketball players wear
Allen Iverson (#3) wearing a basketball sleeve in a Denver Nuggets game against the Golden State Warriors.
A basketball sleeve, like the wristband, is an accessory that some basketball players wear. Made out of nylon and spandex, it extends from the biceps to the wrist. It is sometimes called a shooter sleeve or an arm sleeve.
Origins
Allen Iverson began using a basketball sleeve during the 2000-01 season due to bursitis in his right elbow. Afterward, fans wore the sleeve as a fashion statement, and by 2008, the sleeves were the most popular non-apparel items sold by the league. According to an NBA Store spokesperson.
Other players, including Ray Allen, Vince Carter, Russell Westbrook, Chris Paul, Carmelo Anthony, Dwight Howard, Paul Pierce, John Wall, Kyrie Irving, Dwyane Wade, Paul George, Kobe Bryant, and LeBron James have worn the sleeves as well.
Iverson continued wearing his basketball sleeve long after his elbow had healed. Some players believe the mild compression they provide helps keep their shooting arm warm and improves circulation. Although some studies show improved circulation and reduced soreness, there has been no definitive study on the use of basketball sleeves.
Kobe Bryant wearing a basketball sleeve during an international game.
References
^ "Iverson fans: what's up with your sleeve?". Detroit Free Press. December 7, 2008. Retrieved on January 8, 2009.
^ a b David Lee Morgan. "LeBron's arm sleeve will multiply". Akron Beacon Journal. January 4, 2007. Retrieved on January 8, 2009.
^ Chris Broussard. "Now a Leader, Iverson Turns Image Around". New York Times. June 5, 2001. Retrieved on December 31, 2008.
^ Larry Platt. Only the Strong Survive. Harper Collins, 2003. 9.
^ Rovell, Darren (May 16, 2008). "Headbands Help Boost NBA's Bottom Line". SportsBiz. CNBC.
^ Steven Kotler. "". Psychology Today. April 17, 2008. Retrieved on January 8, 2009.
^ "Sports Compression Sleeves: Do They Really Work?". Archived from the original on 2014-03-18. Retrieved 2014-03-14.
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Outline of basketball | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Practice....jpg"},{"link_name":"Allen Iverson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Iverson"},{"link_name":"Denver Nuggets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver_Nuggets"},{"link_name":"Golden State Warriors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_State_Warriors"},{"link_name":"nylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nylon"},{"link_name":"spandex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spandex"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lebron-2"}],"text":"Allen Iverson (#3) wearing a basketball sleeve in a Denver Nuggets game against the Golden State Warriors.A basketball sleeve, like the wristband, is an accessory that some basketball players wear. Made out of nylon and spandex, it extends from the biceps to the wrist. It is sometimes called a shooter sleeve[1] or an arm sleeve.[2]","title":"Basketball sleeve"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Allen Iverson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Iverson"},{"link_name":"2000-01 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000-01_NBA_season"},{"link_name":"bursitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bursitis"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"fashion statement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashion"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"NBA Store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBA_Store"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Ray Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Allen"},{"link_name":"Vince Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vince_Carter"},{"link_name":"Russell Westbrook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Westbrook"},{"link_name":"Chris Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Paul"},{"link_name":"Carmelo Anthony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmelo_Anthony"},{"link_name":"Dwight Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_Howard"},{"link_name":"Paul Pierce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Pierce"},{"link_name":"John Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wall"},{"link_name":"Kyrie Irving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrie_Irving"},{"link_name":"Dwyane Wade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwyane_Wade"},{"link_name":"Paul George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_George"},{"link_name":"Kobe Bryant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobe_Bryant"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kotler-6"},{"link_name":"LeBron James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LeBron_James"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lebron-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kobe_Bryant_Beijing_Olympics_20080810_d-1024-627v.jpg"}],"text":"Allen Iverson began using a basketball sleeve during the 2000-01 season due to bursitis in his right elbow.[3] Afterward, fans wore the sleeve as a fashion statement,[4] and by 2008, the sleeves were the most popular non-apparel items sold by the league. According to an NBA Store spokesperson.[5]\nOther players, including Ray Allen, Vince Carter, Russell Westbrook, Chris Paul, Carmelo Anthony, Dwight Howard, Paul Pierce, John Wall, Kyrie Irving, Dwyane Wade, Paul George, Kobe Bryant,[6] and LeBron James[2] have worn the sleeves as well.Iverson continued wearing his basketball sleeve long after his elbow had healed. Some players believe the mild compression they provide helps keep their shooting arm warm and improves circulation. Although some studies show improved circulation and reduced soreness, there has been no definitive study on the use of basketball sleeves.[7]Kobe Bryant wearing a basketball sleeve during an international game.","title":"Origins"}] | [{"image_text":"Allen Iverson (#3) wearing a basketball sleeve in a Denver Nuggets game against the Golden State Warriors.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Practice....jpg/220px-Practice....jpg"},{"image_text":"Kobe Bryant wearing a basketball sleeve during an international game.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Kobe_Bryant_Beijing_Olympics_20080810_d-1024-627v.jpg/170px-Kobe_Bryant_Beijing_Olympics_20080810_d-1024-627v.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Rovell, Darren (May 16, 2008). \"Headbands Help Boost NBA's Bottom Line\". SportsBiz. CNBC.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darren_Rovell","url_text":"Rovell, Darren"},{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/id/24667249","url_text":"\"Headbands Help Boost NBA's Bottom Line\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNBC","url_text":"CNBC"}]},{"reference":"\"Sports Compression Sleeves: Do They Really Work?\". Archived from the original on 2014-03-18. Retrieved 2014-03-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140318012300/http://im-sports-blog.com/2014/02/14/sports-compression-sleeves-do-they-really-work/","url_text":"\"Sports Compression Sleeves: Do They Really Work?\""},{"url":"http://im-sports-blog.com/2014/02/14/sports-compression-sleeves-do-they-really-work/","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.freep.com/article/20081207/SPORTS03/812070451/1051/SPORTS","external_links_name":"Iverson fans: what's up with your sleeve?"},{"Link":"http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-31557321_ITM","external_links_name":"LeBron's arm sleeve will multiply"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2001/06/06/sports/pro-basketball-now-a-leader-iverson-turns-image-around.html","external_links_name":"Now a Leader, Iverson Turns Image Around"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bdsrzKm6_AEC&dq=basketball+sleeve+iverson&pg=PA9","external_links_name":"Only the Strong Survive"},{"Link":"https://www.cnbc.com/id/24667249","external_links_name":"\"Headbands Help Boost NBA's Bottom Line\""},{"Link":"http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-playing-field/200804/allen-iverson-kobe-bryant-and-basketballs-placebo-effect","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140318012300/http://im-sports-blog.com/2014/02/14/sports-compression-sleeves-do-they-really-work/","external_links_name":"\"Sports Compression Sleeves: Do They Really Work?\""},{"Link":"http://im-sports-blog.com/2014/02/14/sports-compression-sleeves-do-they-really-work/","external_links_name":"the original"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinitro-ortho-cresol | Dinitro-ortho-cresol | ["1 Preparation","2 Applications and safety","3 References","4 External links"] | Dinitro-ortho-cresol
Names
Preferred IUPAC name
2-Methyl-3,5-dinitrophenol
Other names
3,5-Dinitro-ortho-cresol3,5-Dinitro-o-cresol4,6-Dinitro-2-hydroxytolueneDNOC2-Methyl-3,5-dinitrophenol4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol3,5-Dinitro-2-hydroxytoluene4,6-Dinitro-2-methyl phenolDNC
Identifiers
CAS Number
497-56-3 Y
3D model (JSmol)
Interactive image
ChemSpider
61439
ECHA InfoCard
100.007.821
PubChem CID
68131
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
DTXSID1022053
InChI
InChI=1S/C7H6N2O5/c1-4-6(9(13)14)2-5(8(11)12)3-7(4)10/h2-3,10H,1H3
SMILES
(=O)c1cc(O)c(c(()=O)c1)C
Properties
Chemical formula
C7H6N2O5
Molar mass
198.134 g·mol−1
Appearance
Yellow solid
Odor
Odorless
Density
1.58 g/cm3
Melting point
86.5 °C (187.7 °F; 359.6 K)
Boiling point
312 °C (594 °F; 585 K)
Solubility in water
0.01% (20°C)
Vapor pressure
0.00005 mmHg (20°C)
Hazards
Flash point
noncombustible
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
LD50 (median dose)
7 mg/kg (oral, rat)50 mg/kg (oral, cat)21 mg/kg (oral, mouse)24.6 mg/kg (oral, rabbit)24.6 mg/kg (oral, guinea pig)31 mg/kg (oral, rat)
NIOSH (US health exposure limits):
PEL (Permissible)
TWA 0.2 mg/m3
REL (Recommended)
TWA 0.2 mg/m3
IDLH (Immediate danger)
5 mg/m3
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
Infobox references
Chemical compound
Dinitro-ortho-cresol (DNOC) is an organic compound with the structural formula CH3C6H2(NO2)2OH. It is a yellow solid that is only slightly soluble in water. It is extremely toxic to humans and was previously used as a herbicide and insecticide.
Preparation
This compound is prepared by disulfonation of o-cresol. The resulting disulfonate is then treated with nitric acid to give DNOC. A variety of related derivatives are known including those where the methyl group is replaced by sec-butyl (dinoseb), tert-butyl (dinoterb), and 1-methylheptyl (dinocap). These are prepared by the direct nitration of the alkyphenols.
Applications and safety
DNOC is an uncoupler, which means that it interferes with adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production, making it extremely toxic to humans.
DNOC was one of the earliest pesticides developed, being used as an insecticide since the 1890s and a herbicide since the 1930s. It was banned for use as a pesticide in the United States in 1991.
Symptoms of dinitro-ortho-cresol poisoning, due to ingestion or other forms of exposure, include confusion, fever, headache, shortness of breath, and sweating.
References
^ a b c d e f g h NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0234". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
^ "Dinitro-o-cresol". Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH). National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 4 December 2014. Retrieved 17 March 2015.
^ Gerald Booth (2007). "Nitro Compounds, Aromatic". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a17_411.
^ Parker, V. H.; Barnes, J. M.; Denz, F. A. (1951). "Some Observations on the Toxic Properties of 3:5-Dinitro-Ortho-Cresol". Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 8 (4): 226. doi:10.1136/oem.8.4.226. PMC 1037342. PMID 14878957.
^ Harvey, DG; Bidstrup, PL; Bonnell, JA (1951). "Poisoning by dinitro-ortho-cresol; some observations on the effects of dinitro-ortho-cresol administered by mouth to human volunteers". British Medical Journal. 2 (4722): 13–6. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.4722.13. PMC 2069381. PMID 14839311.
^ a b "4,6-DINITRO-o-CRESOL (DNOC) (including salts)" (PDF). Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved 14 December 2023.
^ Biegaǹska, Jolanta (1 February 2005). "Neutralization of 4,6-Dinitro- o -cresol Waste Pesticide by Means of Detonative Combustion". Environmental Science & Technology. 39 (4): 1190–1196. doi:10.1021/es035327p.
^ "Chemical poisoning -- Dinitrocresol Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatments and Causes - RightDiagnosis.com". www.rightdiagnosis.com.
External links
World Health Organization
CDC - NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"organic compound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_compound"},{"link_name":"structural formula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_formula"}],"text":"Chemical compoundDinitro-ortho-cresol (DNOC) is an organic compound with the structural formula CH3C6H2(NO2)2OH. It is a yellow solid that is only slightly soluble in water. It is extremely toxic to humans and was previously used as a herbicide and insecticide.","title":"Dinitro-ortho-cresol"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sulfonation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfonation"},{"link_name":"o-cresol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O-cresol"},{"link_name":"derivatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derivative_(chemistry)"},{"link_name":"dinoseb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinoseb"},{"link_name":"dinoterb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinoterb"},{"link_name":"dinocap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dinocap&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nitration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitration"},{"link_name":"alkyphenols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkyphenol"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Booth-3"}],"text":"This compound is prepared by disulfonation of o-cresol. The resulting disulfonate is then treated with nitric acid to give DNOC. A variety of related derivatives are known including those where the methyl group is replaced by sec-butyl (dinoseb), tert-butyl (dinoterb), and 1-methylheptyl (dinocap). These are prepared by the direct nitration of the alkyphenols.[3]","title":"Preparation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"uncoupler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncoupler"},{"link_name":"adenosine triphosphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-epa-6"},{"link_name":"insecticide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insecticide"},{"link_name":"herbicide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbicide"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-epa-6"},{"link_name":"fever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fever"},{"link_name":"headache","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headache"},{"link_name":"sweating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweat"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"DNOC is an uncoupler, which means that it interferes with adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production,[4][5] making it extremely toxic to humans.[6]DNOC was one of the earliest pesticides developed, being used as an insecticide since the 1890s and a herbicide since the 1930s.[7] It was banned for use as a pesticide in the United States in 1991.[6]Symptoms of dinitro-ortho-cresol poisoning, due to ingestion or other forms of exposure, include confusion, fever, headache, shortness of breath, and sweating.[8]","title":"Applications and safety"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. \"#0234\". 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PMID 14839311.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2069381","url_text":"\"Poisoning by dinitro-ortho-cresol; some observations on the effects of dinitro-ortho-cresol administered by mouth to human volunteers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.2.4722.13","url_text":"10.1136/bmj.2.4722.13"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2069381","url_text":"2069381"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14839311","url_text":"14839311"}]},{"reference":"\"4,6-DINITRO-o-CRESOL (DNOC) (including salts)\" (PDF). Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved 14 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2016-09/documents/4-6-dinitro-o-cresol.pdf","url_text":"\"4,6-DINITRO-o-CRESOL (DNOC) (including salts)\""}]},{"reference":"Biegaǹska, Jolanta (1 February 2005). \"Neutralization of 4,6-Dinitro- o -cresol Waste Pesticide by Means of Detonative Combustion\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_Alvarez_(theologian) | Diego Alvarez (theologian) | ["1 Life","2 Works","3 References"] | Theologian and archbishop of Trani
Diego Álvarez, O.P.ChurchCatholic ChurchSeeArchbishop of TraniAppointed19 March 1607Term ended10 May 1632PredecessorJuan de RadaSuccessorTommaso d'AncoraOrdersConsecration1 April 1607 (Bishop)by Girolamo BernerioPersonal detailsBornc. 1555Medina de Rioseco, SpainDied10 May 1632(1632-05-10) (aged 76–77)Trani, Kingdom of NaplesBuriedTrani Cathedral
Diego Álvarez (Latin: Didacus Alvarez; c. 1555 – 1632) was a Spanish theologian who opposed Molinism. He was archbishop of Trani from 1607 to his death.
Life
Diego Álvarez was born at Medina de Rioseco, Old Castile, about 1555. He entered the Dominican Order in his native city, and taught theology for twenty years in the Spanish cities of Burgos, Trianos, Plasencia, and Valladolid, and for ten years (1596-1606) at the Dominican convent of Santa Maria sopra Minerva, in Rome. From 1603 to 1606 he was elected Regent of the Collegium Divi Thomae of the Dominicans in Rome.
Shortly after his arrival in Rome (7 November 1596) he presented to Pope Clement VIII a memorial requesting him to examine the work Concordia liberi Arbitrii, by Luis de Molina, S.J., which, upon its publication in 1588, had given rise to bitter controversy, known as Molinism, on the extent of knowledge of God in the Divine providence. Before the Congregation (Congregatio de Auxiliis), appointed by the Pope to settle the dispute, he defended the Thomistic doctrines of grace, predestination, etc., alone for three years, and, thereafter, conjointly with his confrere Tomas de Lemos, to whom he gave the first place, until the suspension of the Congregation (1606).
He was appointed on 19 March 1607, by Pope Paul V, to the Archbishopric of Trani. The episcopal consecration followed on 1 April in the Basilica of Santa Maria sopra Minerva by the hands of Girolamo Bernerio. He passed the remainder of his life in Trani where he died on 10 May 1632. He was buried in that cathedral.
Works
De auxiliis Diuinae Gratiae, 1620
Besides a commentary on Isaiah, and a manual for preachers, he published: De auxiliis divinæ gratiæ et humani arbitrii viribus et libertate, ac legitimâ ejus cum efficaciâ eorumdem auxiliorum concordiâ libri XII (Rome, 1610; Lyons, 1620; Douai, 1635); Responsionum ad objectiones adversus concordiam liberi arbitrii cum divinâ, præscientiâ, providentiâ, et prædestinatione, atque cum efficaciâ prævenientis gratiæ, prout a S. Thomâ et Thomistis defenditur et explicatur, Libri IV (Trani, 1622; Lyons, 1622); De origine Pelagianæ hæresis et ejus progressu et damnatione per plures summos pontifices et concilia factâ Historia ex annalibus Card. Baronii et aliis probatis auctoribus collecta (Trani, 1629); Responsionum liber ultimus hoc titulo: Opus præclarum nunquam hâctenus editum, in quo argumentis validissimis concordia liberi arbitrii cum divinâ præscientiâ, prædestinatione, et efficaciâ gratiæ prævenientis ad mentem S. Thomæ et omnium defenditur et explicatur (Douai, 1635); Operis de auxiliis divinæ gratiæ et humani arbitrii viribus et libertate, ac legitimâ ejus cum efficaciæ eorumdem auxiliorum concordiâ summa, in IV libros distincta (Lyons, 1620; Cologne, 1621; Trani, 1625); De incarnatione divini verbi disputationes LXXX; in quibus explicantur et defenduntur, quæ in tertiâ parte summæ theologicæ docet S. Thomas a Q. 1 ad 24 (Lyons, 1614; Rome, 1615; Cologne, 1622); Disputationes theologicæ in primam secundæ S. Thomæ, in quibus præcipua omina quæ adversus doctrinam ejusdem et communem Thomistarum a diversis auctoribus impugnantur, juxta legitimum sensum præceptoris angelici explicantur et defenduntur (Trani, 1617; Cologne, 1621).
References
^ a b David Cheney. "Archbishop Diego (Didaco) Alvarez, O.P." Catholic-Hierarchy.org. Retrieved 1 Jan 2018.
^ "Alvarez, Diego". Enciclopedia Italiana (in Italian). Treccani. Retrieved 31 Dec 2017.
^ La terra di Bari sotto l'aspetto storico, economico e naturale : pubblicazione della provincia di Bari per la esposizione universale di Parigi (in Italian). Vol. 2. Trani: Tip. V. Vecchi. 1900. p. A32.
^ Cavalieri, Giovanni Michele (1696). Galleria de'Sommi Pontefici, patriarchi, arcivescovi, e vescovi dell'ordine de'Predicatori (in Italian). Vol. 1. Benevento. pp. 579–580.
^ Arthur Lawrence McMahon (1913). "Diego Alvarez" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Diego Alvarez". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
Catholic Church titles
Preceded byJuan de Rada
Archbishop of Trani 1607–1632
Succeeded byTommaso d'Ancora
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
2
WorldCat
National
Spain
Catalonia
Germany
Italy
Belgium
Czech Republic
Netherlands
Vatican
Academics
zbMATH
Other
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"theologian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theologian"},{"link_name":"Molinism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molinism"},{"link_name":"archbishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop"},{"link_name":"Trani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trani"}],"text":"Diego Álvarez (Latin: Didacus Alvarez; c. 1555 – 1632) was a Spanish theologian who opposed Molinism. He was archbishop of Trani from 1607 to his death.","title":"Diego Alvarez (theologian)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Medina de Rioseco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina_de_Rioseco"},{"link_name":"Old Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Castile"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CH-1"},{"link_name":"Dominican Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Order"},{"link_name":"Burgos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgos"},{"link_name":"Plasencia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasencia"},{"link_name":"Valladolid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valladolid"},{"link_name":"Santa Maria sopra Minerva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Maria_sopra_Minerva"},{"link_name":"Collegium Divi Thomae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontifical_University_of_Saint_Thomas_Aquinas"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Treccani-2"},{"link_name":"Pope Clement VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Clement_VIII"},{"link_name":"Luis de Molina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_de_Molina"},{"link_name":"S.J.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuit"},{"link_name":"Molinism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molinism"},{"link_name":"Divine providence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_providence"},{"link_name":"Congregatio de Auxiliis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregatio_de_Auxiliis"},{"link_name":"Thomistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomistic"},{"link_name":"Tomas de Lemos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomas_de_Lemos"},{"link_name":"Pope Paul V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Paul_V"},{"link_name":"Archbishopric of Trani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Trani"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CH-1"},{"link_name":"episcopal consecration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal_consecration"},{"link_name":"Girolamo Bernerio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girolamo_Bernerio"},{"link_name":"Trani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trani"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Terra-3"},{"link_name":"cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trani_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Galleria-4"}],"text":"Diego Álvarez was born at Medina de Rioseco, Old Castile, about 1555.[1] He entered the Dominican Order in his native city, and taught theology for twenty years in the Spanish cities of Burgos, Trianos, Plasencia, and Valladolid, and for ten years (1596-1606) at the Dominican convent of Santa Maria sopra Minerva, in Rome. From 1603 to 1606 he was elected Regent of the Collegium Divi Thomae of the Dominicans in Rome.[2]Shortly after his arrival in Rome (7 November 1596) he presented to Pope Clement VIII a memorial requesting him to examine the work Concordia liberi Arbitrii, by Luis de Molina, S.J., which, upon its publication in 1588, had given rise to bitter controversy, known as Molinism, on the extent of knowledge of God in the Divine providence. Before the Congregation (Congregatio de Auxiliis), appointed by the Pope to settle the dispute, he defended the Thomistic doctrines of grace, predestination, etc., alone for three years, and, thereafter, conjointly with his confrere Tomas de Lemos, to whom he gave the first place, until the suspension of the Congregation (1606).He was appointed on 19 March 1607, by Pope Paul V, to the Archbishopric of Trani.[1] The episcopal consecration followed on 1 April in the Basilica of Santa Maria sopra Minerva by the hands of Girolamo Bernerio. He passed the remainder of his life in Trani where he died on 10 May 1632.[3] He was buried in that cathedral.[4]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alvarez_-_De_auxiliis_Diuinae_Gratiae_et_humani_arbitrii_viribus,_et_libertate,_ac_legitima_eius_cum_efficacia_eorundem_auxiliorum_concordia,_1620_-_4360919.tif"},{"link_name":"Isaiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CE-5"}],"text":"De auxiliis Diuinae Gratiae, 1620Besides a commentary on Isaiah, and a manual for preachers, he published: De auxiliis divinæ gratiæ et humani arbitrii viribus et libertate, ac legitimâ ejus cum efficaciâ eorumdem auxiliorum concordiâ libri XII (Rome, 1610; Lyons, 1620; Douai, 1635); Responsionum ad objectiones adversus concordiam liberi arbitrii cum divinâ, præscientiâ, providentiâ, et prædestinatione, atque cum efficaciâ prævenientis gratiæ, prout a S. Thomâ et Thomistis defenditur et explicatur, Libri IV (Trani, 1622; Lyons, 1622); De origine Pelagianæ hæresis et ejus progressu et damnatione per plures summos pontifices et concilia factâ Historia ex annalibus Card. Baronii et aliis probatis auctoribus collecta (Trani, 1629); Responsionum liber ultimus hoc titulo: Opus præclarum nunquam hâctenus editum, in quo argumentis validissimis concordia liberi arbitrii cum divinâ præscientiâ, prædestinatione, et efficaciâ gratiæ prævenientis ad mentem S. Thomæ et omnium defenditur et explicatur (Douai, 1635); Operis de auxiliis divinæ gratiæ et humani arbitrii viribus et libertate, ac legitimâ ejus cum efficaciæ eorumdem auxiliorum concordiâ summa, in IV libros distincta (Lyons, 1620; Cologne, 1621; Trani, 1625); De incarnatione divini verbi disputationes LXXX; in quibus explicantur et defenduntur, quæ in tertiâ parte summæ theologicæ docet S. Thomas a Q. 1 ad 24 (Lyons, 1614; Rome, 1615; Cologne, 1622); Disputationes theologicæ in primam secundæ S. Thomæ, in quibus præcipua omina quæ adversus doctrinam ejusdem et communem Thomistarum a diversis auctoribus impugnantur, juxta legitimum sensum præceptoris angelici explicantur et defenduntur (Trani, 1617; Cologne, 1621).[5]","title":"Works"}] | [{"image_text":"De auxiliis Diuinae Gratiae, 1620","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Alvarez_-_De_auxiliis_Diuinae_Gratiae_et_humani_arbitrii_viribus%2C_et_libertate%2C_ac_legitima_eius_cum_efficacia_eorundem_auxiliorum_concordia%2C_1620_-_4360919.tif/lossy-page1-100px-Alvarez_-_De_auxiliis_Diuinae_Gratiae_et_humani_arbitrii_viribus%2C_et_libertate%2C_ac_legitima_eius_cum_efficacia_eorundem_auxiliorum_concordia%2C_1620_-_4360919.tif.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"David Cheney. \"Archbishop Diego (Didaco) Alvarez, O.P.\" Catholic-Hierarchy.org. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/When_It%27s_Time | When It's Time | ["1 Background and release","2 Chart performance","3 References"] | 2010 single by Green Day"When It's Time"Single by Green Dayfrom the album American Idiot: The Original Broadway Cast Recording ReleasedJune 11, 2010 (2010-06-11)Recorded2004 (original version)
2009-2010 (Musical version)GenreAlternative rockLength3:23 (Green Day version)2:40 (Musical version)LabelRepriseComposer(s)Green DayLyricist(s)Billie Joe ArmstrongProducer(s)Green DayGreen Day singles chronology
"Last of the American Girls" (2010)
"When It's Time" (2010)
"Don't Want to Know If You Are Lonely" (2011)
Audio"When It's Time" on YouTube
"When It's Time" is a song by the American rock band Green Day from American Idiot: The Original Broadway Cast Recording, a cast recording to the musical production American Idiot, a stage adaptation of the band's 2004 concept album. The song was released as a single in the United Kingdom, where it reached no. 68 on the UK Singles Chart.
Background and release
Despite originally being written in 1992, around the time that Kerplunk was released by Lookout! Records, the song was not recorded in a studio until the band began work on their fifth studio album, Nimrod, released in 1997. The song was previously considered for release on Dookie after being recorded as a piano demo. The song was later re-recorded and considered for release on the band's seventh record American Idiot but it did not make the cut. This version was not officially released until April 13, 2010 when it appeared on American Idiot: The Original Broadway Cast Recording. It was released as a single in the United Kingdom on June 11, 2010 through the band's label Reprise Records.
The single is available in the UK iTunes store along with Amazon's digital download service.
The song was performed at 924 Gilman Street in November 18, 1992 and made rare appearances in some shows of the 21st Century Breakdown World Tour, performed solo by Billie Joe Armstrong on an acoustic guitar.
The song also appeared in most setlists during the European tour of 2010. It is also the third single from Green Day that was not accompanied by a music video, such as the cases of "She" and "J.A.R. (Jason Andrew Relva)".
Due to the sensitive nature of the lyrics, the director of the American Idiot musical, Michael Mayer, had to receive special permission from the band to offer an acoustic solo version sung by John Gallagher Jr. as a number for the production.
The 1996 demo of the song was included on the 25th anniversary release of the band's fifth studio album Nimrod.
The original piano demo of the song was included in the 30th anniversary release of the band’s third studio album Dookie.
Chart performance
The song began its chart performance on the UK Singles Chart on June 20, 2010. It entered at no. 71 and peaked at no. 68 the next week where it stayed for one week, the highest position it achieved.
Chart (2010)
Peakposition
UK Singles Chart
68
References
^ "When It's Time (Feat. John Gallagher Jr.)". Spotify. 20 April 2010.
^ "Green Day - when It's Time (Demo)". YouTube.
^ "Green Day - when It's Time (4-Track Demo)". YouTube.
^ a b "Green Day - When It's Time - Music Charts". Acharts.us. Retrieved 14 March 2012.
vteGreen Day
Billie Joe Armstrong
Mike Dirnt
Tré Cool
John Kiffmeyer
Sean Hughes
Raj Punjabi
Studio albums
39/Smooth
Kerplunk
Dookie
Insomniac
Nimrod
Warning
American Idiot
21st Century Breakdown
¡Uno!
¡Dos!
¡Tré!
Revolution Radio
Father of All Motherfuckers
Saviors
Live albums
Bullet in a Bible
Awesome as Fuck
Woodstock 1994
BBC Sessions
Compilations
1,039/Smoothed Out Slappy Hours
International Superhits!
Shenanigans
Demolicious
Greatest Hits: God's Favorite Band
EPs
1,000 Hours
Slappy
Sweet Children
Tune In, Tokyo...
Last Night on Earth: Live in Tokyo
21 Guns
Tours
Pop Disaster Tour
American Idiot World Tour
21st Century Breakdown World Tour
99 Revolutions Tour
Revolution Radio Tour
Hella Mega Tour
The Saviors Tour
Associated acts
Foxboro Hot Tubs
The Network
Pinhead Gunpowder
The Frustrators
The Lookouts
The Big Cats
The Influents
The Longshot
The Coverups
Related articles
Discography
List of songs
Awards and nominations
Adeline Records
Seltzer v. Green Day, Inc
Punk Bunny Coffee
Cigarettes and Valentines
Money Money 2020
Stop Drop and Roll!!!
American Edit
Green Day's American Idiot
soundtrack
Green Day: Rock Band
songs
¡Cuatro!
Foreverly
"Boulevard of Broken Songs"
Ordinary World
Love Is for Losers
No Fun Mondays
Money Money 2020 Part II: We Told Ya So!
Category
vteGreen Day songs1,039/Smoothed Out Slappy Hours
"Knowledge"
Kerplunk
"Welcome to Paradise"
Dookie
"Longview
"Basket Case
"She"
"When I Come Around"
Insomniac
"Stuck with Me"
"Geek Stink Breath"
"Brain Stew / Jaded"
"Walking Contradiction"
Nimrod
"Nice Guys Finish Last"
"Hitchin' a Ride"
"Redundant"
"Good Riddance (Time of Your Life)"
Warning
"Warning"
"Waiting"
"Minority"
American Idiot
"American Idiot"
"Jesus of Suburbia"
"Holiday"
"Boulevard of Broken Dreams"
"Wake Me Up When September Ends"
21st Century Breakdown
"21st Century Breakdown"
"Know Your Enemy"
"East Jesus Nowhere"
"Last of the American Girls"
"21 Guns"
Awesome as Fuck
"Cigarettes and Valentines"
¡Uno!
"Let Yourself Go"
"Kill the DJ"
"Oh Love"
¡Dos!
"Stray Heart"
"Amy"
¡Tré!
"X-Kid"
"The Forgotten"
Revolution Radio
"Bang Bang"
"Revolution Radio"
"Still Breathing"
Father of All Motherfuckers
"Father of All..."
"Oh Yeah!"
Saviors
"The American Dream Is Killing Me"
"Look Ma, No Brains!"
"One Eyed Bastard"
"Dilemma"
other songs
"J.A.R."
"I Fought the Law"
"The Saints Are Coming"
"The Simpsons Theme"
"When It's Time"
"Don't Want to Know If You Are Lonely"
"Xmas Time of the Year"
"Dreaming"
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group
MusicBrainz work | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music"},{"link_name":"Green Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Day"},{"link_name":"American Idiot: The Original Broadway Cast Recording","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Idiot:_The_Original_Broadway_Cast_Recording"},{"link_name":"cast recording","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cast_recording"},{"link_name":"American Idiot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Idiot_(musical)"},{"link_name":"the band's 2004 concept album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Idiot"},{"link_name":"single","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_(music)"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"}],"text":"\"When It's Time\" is a song by the American rock band Green Day from American Idiot: The Original Broadway Cast Recording, a cast recording to the musical production American Idiot, a stage adaptation of the band's 2004 concept album. 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(Jason Andrew Relva)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.A.R."},{"link_name":"Michael Mayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Mayer_(director)"},{"link_name":"John Gallagher Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gallagher_Jr."},{"link_name":"Nimrod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimrod_(album)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Dookie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dookie"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Despite originally being written in 1992, around the time that Kerplunk was released by Lookout! Records, the song was not recorded in a studio until the band began work on their fifth studio album, Nimrod, released in 1997. The song was previously considered for release on Dookie after being recorded as a piano demo. The song was later re-recorded and considered for release on the band's seventh record American Idiot but it did not make the cut. 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(Jason Andrew Relva)\".Due to the sensitive nature of the lyrics, the director of the American Idiot musical, Michael Mayer, had to receive special permission from the band to offer an acoustic solo version sung by John Gallagher Jr. as a number for the production.The 1996 demo of the song was included on the 25th anniversary release of the band's fifth studio album Nimrod. [2]The original piano demo of the song was included in the 30th anniversary release of the band’s third studio album Dookie.[3]","title":"Background and release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-achar-4"}],"text":"The song began its chart performance on the UK Singles Chart on June 20, 2010. It entered at no. 71 and peaked at no. 68 the next week where it stayed for one week, the highest position it achieved.[4]","title":"Chart performance"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"When It's Time (Feat. John Gallagher Jr.)\". Spotify. 20 April 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://open.spotify.com/track/5zYYI4UWY5W4BRAsWxpcZP?si=hcBByqD5RCKeBmvX6X35bA","url_text":"\"When It's Time (Feat. John Gallagher Jr.)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spotify","url_text":"Spotify"}]},{"reference":"\"Green Day - when It's Time (Demo)\". YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bQ2_BPsjTmA","url_text":"\"Green Day - when It's Time (Demo)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"}]},{"reference":"\"Green Day - when It's Time (4-Track Demo)\". 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John Gallagher Jr.)\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bQ2_BPsjTmA","external_links_name":"\"Green Day - when It's Time (Demo)\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v7WoQg_Ut5w","external_links_name":"\"Green Day - when It's Time (4-Track Demo)\""},{"Link":"http://acharts.us/song/55779","external_links_name":"\"Green Day - When It's Time - Music Charts\""},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/e9460b1c-786e-47e7-8109-bf7467029638","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/work/b4e1216c-1608-4f24-9cfe-936051c02b20","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz work"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1892_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_Ireland | 1892 United Kingdom general election in Ireland | ["1 Results","2 See also","3 References"] | Main article: 1892 United Kingdom general election
1892 United Kingdom general election in Ireland
← 1886
4–26 July 1892 (1892-07-04 – 1892-07-26)
1895 →
← outgoing memberselected members →101 of the 670 seats to the House of Commons
First party
Second party
Third party
Leader
Justin McCarthy
Edward James Saunderson
John Redmond
Party
Irish National Federation
Irish Unionist
Irish National League
Leader since
March 1891
1891
October 1891
Leader's seat
North Longford
North Armagh
Waterford City
Seats before
Part of IPP
15
Part of IPP
Seats won
72
17
9
Seat change
72
2
9
Popular vote
227,007
50,730
70,251
Percentage
58.9%
13.2%
18.2%
Results of the 1892 election in Ireland
The 1892 general election in Ireland took place from 4–26 July 1892. This was the first general election in Ireland following the split in the Irish Parliamentary Party caused by Charles Stewart Parnell's relationship with Katharine O'Shea, who had been married at the beginning of their relationship. The ensuing scandal saw the Party split into rival wings; the anti-Parnellite Irish National Federation, and the pro-Parnellite Irish National League. Parnell later died in October 1891 of a heart attack.
In spite of the split within the Irish Nationalist parties their vote held up remarkably well, and together they received 297,258 of the 385,115 votes cast in Ireland, and 81 of Irelands 101 seats.
Irish and Liberal Unionists made small gains in Ulster and around Dublin, resulting in them winning a further 4 seats. It was the first election to be contested by the newly formed Irish Unionist Alliance under Edward James Saunderson.
The Irish Nationalist parties went on to support William Ewart Gladstone's attempt to form a minority Liberal government. As Prime Minister, Gladstone once again attempted to push for Irish Home Rule.
Not included in the totals are the two Dublin University seats, which were retained by the Irish Unionist party.
Results
Party
Leader
Seats
Votes
# of Seats
% of Seats
Seat Change
# of Votes
% of Votes
Vote Change
Irish National Federation
Justin McCarthy
71
70.3
New
227,007
57.7
New
Irish National League
John Redmond
9
8.9
New
70,251
17.9
New
Independent Nationalist
0
0
2,180
0.6
New
Irish Unionist
Edward James Saunderson
17
16.8
2
49,330
12.5
New
Liberal Unionist
Joseph Chamberlain
4
4.0
2
29,933
7.6
3.7
Liberal
William Ewart Gladstone
0
0
14,472
3.7
2.8
Totals
101
100
393,173
100
Source: B.M. Walker
Popular vote
Irish National Federation
57.74%
Irish National League
17.87%
Irish Unionist
12.55%
Liberal Unionist
7.61%
Liberal
3.68%
Independent Nationalist
0.55%
Parliamentary seats
Irish National Federation
70.30%
Irish Unionist
16.83%
Irish National League
8.91%
Liberal Unionist
3.96%
See also
History of Ireland (1801–1923)
References
^ Walker, Brian Mercer (1978). Parliamentary Election Results in Ireland, 1801–1922 (New History of Ireland). Royal Irish Academy. pp. 144–150. ISBN 0901714127.
vte United Kingdom elections in IrelandGeneral elections
1801 co-option
1802
1806
1807
1812
1818
1820
1826
1830
1831
1832
1835
1837
1841
1847
1852
1857
1859
1865
1868
1874
1880
1885
1886
1892
1895
1900
1906
1910 (Jan)
1910 (Dec)
1918
Local elections
1899
1902
1905
1908
1911
1914
1920
This Irish elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This United Kingdom election-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Irish Parliamentary Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Parliamentary_Party"},{"link_name":"Charles Stewart Parnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Stewart_Parnell"},{"link_name":"Katharine O'Shea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katharine_O%27Shea"},{"link_name":"Irish National Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_National_Federation"},{"link_name":"Irish National League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_National_League"},{"link_name":"Irish Unionist Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Unionist_Alliance"},{"link_name":"Edward James Saunderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_James_Saunderson"},{"link_name":"William Ewart Gladstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone"},{"link_name":"Irish Home Rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Ireland_Bill_1893"},{"link_name":"Dublin University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin_University_(constituency)"}],"text":"The 1892 general election in Ireland took place from 4–26 July 1892. This was the first general election in Ireland following the split in the Irish Parliamentary Party caused by Charles Stewart Parnell's relationship with Katharine O'Shea, who had been married at the beginning of their relationship. The ensuing scandal saw the Party split into rival wings; the anti-Parnellite Irish National Federation, and the pro-Parnellite Irish National League. Parnell later died in October 1891 of a heart attack.In spite of the split within the Irish Nationalist parties their vote held up remarkably well, and together they received 297,258 of the 385,115 votes cast in Ireland, and 81 of Irelands 101 seats.Irish and Liberal Unionists made small gains in Ulster and around Dublin, resulting in them winning a further 4 seats. It was the first election to be contested by the newly formed Irish Unionist Alliance under Edward James Saunderson.The Irish Nationalist parties went on to support William Ewart Gladstone's attempt to form a minority Liberal government. As Prime Minister, Gladstone once again attempted to push for Irish Home Rule.Not included in the totals are the two Dublin University seats, which were retained by the Irish Unionist party.","title":"1892 United Kingdom general election in Ireland"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Results"}] | [] | [{"title":"History of Ireland (1801–1923)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1801%E2%80%931923)"}] | [{"reference":"Walker, Brian Mercer (1978). Parliamentary Election Results in Ireland, 1801–1922 (New History of Ireland). Royal Irish Academy. pp. 144–150. ISBN 0901714127.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0901714127","url_text":"0901714127"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1892_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_Ireland&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1892_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_Ireland&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Laarayedh | Ali Laarayedh | ["1 Early life","2 Political activism","3 Career","4 Personal life","5 References","6 External links"] | Prime Minister of Tunisia (2013–2014)
Ali Laarayedhعلي العريّضLaarayedh in 2014Prime Minister of TunisiaIn office14 March 2013 – 29 January 2014PresidentMoncef MarzoukiPreceded byHamadi JebaliSucceeded byMehdi JomaaMinister of the InteriorIn office24 December 2011 – 14 March 2013Prime MinisterHamadi JebaliPreceded byHabib EssidSucceeded byLotfi Ben Jeddou
Personal detailsBorn (1955-08-15) 15 August 1955 (age 68)Medenine, TunisiaPolitical partyEnnahda MovementSpouseWidad LarayedhChildren3
Ali Laarayedh (Tunisian Arabic: علي العريّض, ʿAlī el-ʿArayiḍ; born 15 August 1955) is a Tunisian politician who was Prime Minister of Tunisia from 2013 to 2014. Previously he served in the government as the Minister of the Interior from 2011 to 2013. Following the resignation of Prime Minister Hamadi Jebali, Laarayedh was designated as Prime Minister in February 2013. He is a member of the Ennahda Movement.
Laarayedh resigned on 9 January 2014.
Early life
Laarayedh was born in Medenine in 1955.
Political activism
Laarayedh was the spokesperson for the Ennahda Movement from 1981 until his arrest in 1990. After he was harassed by the police under President Habib Bourguiba, he was sentenced to fifteen years in prison under President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, during which time he suffered torture. He was, among other techniques, threatened with HIV transfusion. His wife, Wided Lagha, was sexually abused and videotaped by officials from the Ministry of Interior. After being detained in September 2022, Laarayedh was arrested in December 2022 on accusations alongside others of facilitating the departure of Tunisians to fight with armed rebel groups in the Syrian conflict.
Career
On 20 December 2011, after President Ben Ali was deposed, he joined the Jebali Cabinet as Minister of the Interior. He vowed to support peace in Tunisia, rejecting religious extremism, tribalism or regionalism. On 22 February 2013, Laarayedh was appointed as Prime Minister after Hamadi Jebali resigned from office.
Personal life
Laarayedh is married and has three children. His wife is a medical technician.
References
^ CIA World Leaders Archived 29 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine
^ a b c "Ali Larayedh". Tunisia Live. 17 December 2011. Archived from the original on 19 January 2012. Retrieved 10 January 2014.
^ a b c "Biographie de M. Ali Laaridh, nouveau ministre de l'interieur". Agence Tunis Afrique Presse. 24 December 2011. Archived from the original on 6 June 2012.
^ "Tunisia's Islamist PM steps down as unrest mounts". Al Arabiya. 9 January 2014. Retrieved 10 January 2014.
^ a b Samti, Farah (22 February 2013). "Ali Laarayedh Tunisia's New Prime Minister". Tunisia Alive. Archived from the original on 3 September 2013. Retrieved 24 February 2013.
^ "Tunisia judge orders arrest of former prime minister". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 14 March 2023.
^ a b Leaders
^ MacFarquhar, Neil (25 January 2013). "Leading the Tunisian Agency That Once Jailed Him". The New York Times. Retrieved 24 February 2013.
External links
Media related to Ali Larayedh at Wikimedia Commons
Political offices
Preceded byHabib Essid
Minister of the Interior 2011–2013
Succeeded byLotfi Ben Jeddou
Preceded byHamadi Jebali
Head of Government of Tunisia 2013–2014
Succeeded byMehdi Jomaa
Party political offices
Preceded byHamadi Jebali
Secretary General of the Ennahda Movement 2013–present
Incumbent
vtePrime ministers of Tunisia (List)
Bahi Ladgham (1969–1970)
Hedi Amara Nouira (1970–1980)
Mohammed Mzali (1980–1986)
Rachid Sfar (1986–1987)
Zine El Abidine Ben Ali (1987)
Hédi Baccouche (1987–1989)
Hamed Karoui (1989–1999)
Mohamed Ghannouchi (1999–2011)
Beji Caid Essebsi (2011)
Hamadi Jebali (2011–2013)
Ali Laarayedh (2013–2014)
Mehdi Jomaa (2014–2015)
Habib Essid (2015–2016)
Youssef Chahed (2016–2020)
Elyes Fakhfakh (2020)
Hichem Mechichi (2020–2021)
Najla Bouden (2021–2023)
Ahmed Hachani (Since 2023)
List
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Germany | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tunisian Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisian_Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Tunisian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisian_people"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister of Tunisia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Tunisia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-live-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-agence-3"},{"link_name":"Hamadi Jebali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamadi_Jebali"},{"link_name":"Ennahda Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ennahda_Movement"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Ali Laarayedh (Tunisian Arabic: علي العريّض, ʿAlī el-ʿArayiḍ; born 15 August 1955) is a Tunisian politician who was Prime Minister of Tunisia from 2013 to 2014. 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After he was harassed by the police under President Habib Bourguiba, he was sentenced to fifteen years in prison under President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, during which time he suffered torture. He was, among other techniques, threatened with HIV transfusion. His wife, Wided Lagha, was sexually abused and videotaped by officials from the Ministry of Interior.[2] After being detained in September 2022, Laarayedh was arrested in December 2022 on accusations alongside others of facilitating the departure of Tunisians to fight with armed rebel groups in the Syrian conflict.[6]","title":"Political activism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jebali Cabinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jebali_Cabinet"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-agence-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-leaders-7"},{"link_name":"religious extremism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_extremism"},{"link_name":"tribalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribalism"},{"link_name":"regionalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regionalism_(politics)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-leaders-7"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-samti22feb-5"}],"text":"On 20 December 2011, after President Ben Ali was deposed, he joined the Jebali Cabinet as Minister of the Interior.[3][7] He vowed to support peace in Tunisia, rejecting religious extremism, tribalism or regionalism.[7] On 22 February 2013, Laarayedh was appointed as Prime Minister after Hamadi Jebali resigned from office.[5]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-agence-3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Laarayedh is married and has three children.[3] His wife is a medical technician.[8]","title":"Personal life"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Ali Larayedh\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_Royal_Lancashire_Militia_(The_Duke_of_Lancaster%27s_Own_Light_Infantry) | 4th Royal Lancashire Militia (The Duke of Lancaster's Own Light Infantry) | ["1 Background","2 French wars","3 4th Royal Lancashire Militia","3.1 Crimea and Indian Mutiny","3.2 Cardwell reforms","4 3rd Battalion, South Lancashire Regiment","4.1 Second Boer War","5 Special Reserve","6 World War I","6.1 3rd (Reserve) Battalion","6.2 10th (Reserve) Battalion","6.3 Postwar","7 Commanders","8 Uniforms and insignia","9 See also","10 Footnotes","11 Notes","12 References","12.1 External sources"] | 4th Royal Lancashire Militia (The Duke of Lancaster's Own Light Infantry)3rd Bn Prince of Wales's Volunteers (South Lancashire Regiment)Active22 March 1853–April 1953Country United KingdomBranch Militia/Special ReserveRoleInfantrySize1 BattalionGarrison/HQOrford Barracks, WarringtonEngagementsSecond Boer WarMilitary unit
The 4th Royal Lancashire Militia (The Duke of Lancaster's Own Light Infantry) was an auxiliary regiment raised in the county of Lancashire in North West England just before the Crimean War. It later became part of the South Lancashire Regiment. Although primarily intended for home defence, it saw considerable active service during the Second Boer War. After conversion to the Special Reserve (SR) under the Haldane Reforms it supplied reinforcements to the fighting battalions during World War I and carried out internal security duties in Ireland. After a shadowy postwar existence the unit was finally disbanded in 1953.
Background
Main article: Lancashire Militia
The universal obligation to military service in the Shire levy was long established in England and its legal basis was updated by two acts of 1557 (4 & 5 Ph. & M. cc. 2 and 3), which placed selected men, the 'trained bands', under the command of Lords Lieutenant appointed by the monarch. This is seen as the starting date for the organised county militia in England. It was an important element in the country's defence at the time of the Spanish Armada in the 1580s, and control of the militia was one of the areas of dispute between King Charles I and Parliament that led to the English Civil War. The English Militia was re-established under local control in 1662 after the Restoration of the monarchy, and the Lancashire Militia fought in King William III's campaign in Ireland in 1690–91, and against the Jacobite Risings in 1715 and 1745. However, between periods of national emergency the militia was regularly allowed to decline.
Under threat of French invasion during the Seven Years' War a series of Militia Acts from 1757 reorganised the county militia regiments, the men being conscripted by means of parish ballots (paid substitutes were permitted) to serve for three years. In 1760 Lancashire's quota was set at 800 men in one regiment, which received the title Royal Lancashire Militia in 1761. These reformed regiments were 'embodied' for permanent service in home defence until the end of the Seven Years' War and again during the War of American Independence. In peacetime they assembled for 28 days' annual training. The militia were re-embodied shortly before Revolutionary France declared war on Britain on 1 February 1793.
French wars
Lancashire's militia quota set in 1760 was small in proportion to its population, which soared during the Industrial Revolution. By 1796 it represented only one man in every 43 of those eligible. But in that year an additional ballot was carried out to raise men for the 'Supplementary Militia' to reinforce the standing militia regiments and to form additional temporary regiments. Lancashire's quota was increased to five regiments, and recruitment became difficult. The 3rd Royal Lancashire Supplementary Militia was raised on 3 March 1797 under the command of Colonel Le Gendre Pierce Starkie of Huntroyde Hall. The regiment may have assembled nine companies but it never reached full establishment and attempts to convert it into a permanent 4th Royal Lancashire Militia failed. The supplementary militia was abolished in 1799, the remaining balloted men in Lancashire being distributed to the 1st, 2nd and 3rd Royal Lancashire Militia to fill vacancies.
During the French wars, the militia were embodied for a whole generation, and became regiments of full-time professional soldiers (though restricted to service in the British Isles), which the regular army increasingly saw as a prime source of recruits. They served in coast defences, manning garrisons, guarding prisoners of war, and for internal security, such as the time of the Luddite disturbances. The three regiments of Lancashire militia were serving in Ireland during the final Waterloo campaign and were finally disembodied in 1816. Once again, the militia was allowed to decline in the years of the long peace that followed. In 1831 King William IV bestowed on the three Lancashire Militia Regiments the additional title The Duke of Lancaster's Own.
4th Royal Lancashire Militia
The long-standing Militia of the United Kingdom was revived by the Militia Act 1852, enacted during a period of international tension. As before, units were raised and administered on a county basis, and filled by voluntary enlistment (although conscription by means of the militia ballot might be used if the counties failed to meet their quotas). Training was for 56 days on enlistment, then for 21–28 days per year, during which the men received full army pay. Under the Act, militia units could be embodied by Royal Proclamation for full-time service in three circumstances:
1. 'Whenever a state of war exists between Her Majesty and any foreign power'.
2. 'In all cases of invasion or upon imminent danger thereof'.
3. 'In all cases of rebellion or insurrection'.
With the threat of war against Russia, the three Lancashire regiments were ordered to recruit up to their full establishment of 1200 men. Additional infantry and artillery militia regiments were also formed in Lancashire at this time including the 4th Duke of Lancaster's Own Light Infantry raised at Warrington on 22 March 1853 under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Commandant John Ireland Blackburne of Hale Hall, a former captain in the 5th Dragoon Guards. The new unit was retitled the 4th Royal Lancashire Militia (The Duke of Lancaster's Own Light Infantry) (4th RLM) a month later. Soon there were seven militia infantry regiments in Lancashire, each with a defined recruiting area after 1855: the 4th at Warrington also recruited from Liverpool, St Helens and Wigan.
Crimea and Indian Mutiny
War having broken out with Russia in 1854 and an expeditionary force sent to the Crimea, the militia were called out for home defence and service in overseas garrisons. The 4th RLM was embodied on 8 December 1854 and served at Berwick-upon-Tweed and Edinburgh, and then crossed to Ireland, serving at Dublin and Newry. It was disembodied on 24 June 1856.
A number of militia regiments were also embodied to relieve regular troops required for India during the Indian Mutiny. The 4th RLM was one of the units called out, from 22 September 1857 to 1 April 1859, serving at Aldershot and Portsmouth.
Thereafter the militia regularly carried out their peacetime annual training. The Militia Reserve introduced in 1867 consisted of present and former militiamen who undertook to serve overseas in case of war.
Cardwell reforms
Peninsula (formerly Orford) Barracks, Warrington.
Under the 'Localisation of the Forces' scheme introduced by the Cardwell Reforms of 1872, Militia regiments were brigaded with regular and Volunteer battalions in a regimental district sharing a permanent depot at a suitable county town. Seven double-battalion or paired single-battalion regular regiments were assigned to Lancashire, and each was linked with one of the militia regiments. The militia now came under the War Office rather than their county lords lieutenant, and officers' commissions were signed by the Queen.
The 4th RLM was linked with the 40th (2nd Somersetshire) and 82nd (Prince of Wales's Volunteers) Regiments of Foot in Sub-District No 14 (Lancashire), with the depot at Orford Barracks, Warrington, (shared until 1910 with the 8th (King's) Regiment). It was intended for the 4th RLM to raise its own 2nd Battalion, but this never happened. Although often referred to as brigades, the regimental districts were purely administrative organisations, but in a continuation of the Cardwell Reforms a mobilisation scheme began to appear in the Army List from December 1875. This assigned regular and militia units to places in an order of battle of corps, divisions and brigades for the 'Active Army', even though these formations were entirely theoretical, with no staff or services assigned. The 4th Royal Lancashire Militia was assigned to 1st Brigade of 2nd Division, VI Corps. The brigade would have mustered at Liverpool in time of war.
3rd Battalion, South Lancashire Regiment
The South Lancashires' cap badge
The Childers Reforms completed the Cardwell process by incorporating the militia battalions into the expanded county regiments. On 1 July 1881 the 40th and 82nd Foot became the 1st and 2nd Battalions of the Prince of Wales's Volunteers (South Lancashire Regiment) ('PWV' or 'South Lancs') at Warrington with the 4th Royal Lancashire Militia (The Duke of Lancaster's Own Light Infantry) as its 3rd Battalion.
Militia battalions now had a large cadre of permanent staff (about 30). Around a third of the recruits and many young officers went on to join the Regular Army.
Second Boer War
After the disasters of Black Week at the start of the Second Boer War in December 1899, most of the regular army was sent to South Africa, followed by many militia reservists as reinforcements. Militia units were embodied to replace them for home defence and a number volunteered for active service or to garrison overseas stations. One of the first embodied was the 3rd South Lancashires, on 3 December 1899, and the battalion embarked for South Africa on 10 January 1900, with a strength of 24 officers and 703 other ranks (ORs) under the command of Lt-Col Robert Ireland Blackburne, son of the unit's first colonel.
The battalion arrived at Cape Town on 13 February 1900. At that time the operations to relieve the Siege of Kimberley were reaching a climax and reinforcements were being rushed to the front by rail and forced marches: 3rd South Lancashires was immediately sent up. Battalion Headquarters (HQ) and the left half-battalion went up to Naauwpoort, but the right half, following on a day behind, was stopped at Hanover Road on 17 February to meet an expected Boer attack. The rest of the battalion then came back in support, the aim being to prevent the Boers cutting the Naauwpooer–De Aar railway that provided the army's main Line of communications. Major Alexander Tarbet was posted with three companies at the Diamond Mine Kopje to guard against an attack from the east. The force at Hanover Road stood to at daybreak on 18 February, with 1500 Boers with six guns being reported nearby. During the day the South Lancs were reinforced by about 50 Royal Engineers and 100 mounted troops, and dug entrenchments to cover the town and the bridge over the river. By now the relief of Kimberley had led to the Battle of Paardeberg (18–27 February), and on 21 February the 3rd South Lancs went out to cover the successful attempt by the Victorian and Tasmanian Mounted Rifles to break through to Arundel.
After Paardeberg, the battalion moved up, HQ and Left Half to Rensburg, Right Half to Arundel, and thereafter it generally operated in these two halves. On 20 March they moved to Colesberg Junction and Colesberg respectively, then were briefly reunited at Norvalspont on 21 April. Right Half was then sent to the north bank of the Orange River while HQ and Left Half remained on the south, providing outpots of the surrounding kopjes and providing working parties to help repair the railway bridge. On 25 April Lt-Col Blackbune was invalided (he did not return for seven months) and the command devolved on Maj Montague Hall. Major Tarbet remained in command on the south bank when HQ crossed on 27 May and moved into 'Lancashire Fort' and the other defences on that side. On 1 August part of the battalion moved to Springfontein, followed by HQ and the rest of the battalion.
At the beginning of October there were indications that the Boers were moving south, and on 6 October parties were sent out to protect the railway north and south of Springfontein. Some parties were fired on, and next day the commandant of Springfontein took out about 10 men of the 3rd South Lancs under Maj Tarbet and Capt Vaughan, with a howitzer section of 87th Battery, Royal Artillery, and some Mounted infantry (MI) to destroy Pretorius's Farm. On 13 October two patrols from the battalion's MI company at Jagersfontein converged on another farm house known to be frequented by the Boers and came under fire, suffering some casualties. Jagersfontein itself was then summoned to surrender by Commandant Pretorius, but Maj Tarbet brought up reinforcements and took command. The MI Company continued to defend Jagersfontein and Fauresmith. From 13 October to 6 November there were nightly attacks on the railway, which had to be repaired by working parties, and the trenches were occupied each night. On 25 October an attempt against the Knilfontein bridge was repelled after a short fight. On 11 November D Company at Kruger's Siding was summoned to surrender by Commandant Gideon Scheepers and was attacked but the Boers were driven off by two companies of the Grenadier Guards and an armoured train.
Battalion HQ remained at Springfontein until July 1901. Lieutenant-Col Blackburne returned to the command on 23 November and shortly afterwards Maj Hall took over as commandant of the town. During the hunt for Christiaan de Wet in February 1901, the 3rd South Lancs captured his scout crossing the railway between Springfontein and Jagersfontein, and on 9 February De Wet's column was engaged by the MI from Jagersfontein and an armoured train as it crossed the railway 6 miles (9.7 km) north of Springfontein. Shortly afterwards a 45 miles (72 km) line of blockhouses was built along the line, which proved impenetrable to the Boer Commandos; none of these posts was ever lost by the South Lancs.
The battalion was relieved and left Cape Town for England on 3 July 1901, arriving home on 2 August. It was disembodied the next day. For its service the battalion was awarded the Battle honour South Africa 1900–01 and all the participants received the Queen's South Africa Medal with the clasps for 'Cape Colony', 'Orange Free State' and 'South Africa 1901'. Lieutenant-Col Blackburne was awarded a CB and Majors Hall and Tarbet each received the DSO.
Special Reserve
After the Boer War, the future of the Militia was called into question. There were moves to reform the Auxiliary Forces (Militia, Yeomanry and Volunteers) to take their place in the six army corps proposed by St John Brodrick as Secretary of State for War. However, little of Brodrick's scheme was carried out.
Under the sweeping Haldane Reforms of 1908, the Militia was replaced by the Special Reserve, a semi-professional force similar to the previous Militia Reserve, whose role was to provide reinforcement drafts for regular units serving overseas in wartime. The battalion became the 3rd (Reserve) Battalion, Prince of Wales's Volunteers (South Lancashire Regiment), on 27 July 1908.
World War I
3rd (Reserve) Battalion
The Special Reserve was mobilised on the outbreak of World War I on 4 August 1914 and 3rd Bn South Lancashire embodied at Warrington under the command of Lt-Col John Vaughan and proceeded to its war station at Crosby. It carried out the dual tasks of garrison duties and preparing reinforcement drafts of regular reservists, special reservists, recruits and returning wounded for the regular battalions serving overseas. The 1st Bn remained in India throughout the war but the 2nd Bn spent the whole war fighting on the Western Front. In September and October 1914 the 3rd Bn formed 10th (Service) Battalion at Crosby for 'Kitchener's Army units (see below). In March 1917 the 3rd Bn moved to Barrow-in-Furness in the Barrow Garrison until the end of the war.
However, after the Armistice with Germany the battalion went to Ireland and in 1919 it was stationed in Dublin carrying out duties in support of the civil power during the Partition crisis. The battalion was disembodied on 13 October 1919, when the remaining personnel were posted to the 1st Bn.
10th (Reserve) Battalion
After Lord Kitchener issued his call for volunteers in August 1914, the battalions of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd New Armies ('K1', 'K2' and 'K3' of 'Kitchener's Army') were quickly formed at the regimental depots. The SR battalions also swelled with new recruits and were soon well above their establishment strength. On 8 October 1914 each SR battalion was ordered to use the surplus to form a service battalion of the 4th New Army ('K4'). Accordingly, the 3rd (Reserve) Bn formed the 10th (Service) Bn at Crosby. It was assigned to 105th Brigade of 35th Division and began training for active service. By December it was stationed at Heswall. On 10 April 1915 the War Office decided to convert the K4 battalions into 2nd Reserve units, providing drafts for the K1–K3 battalions in the same way that the SR was doing for the Regular battalions. The battalion became 10th (Reserve) Bn in 11th Reserve Brigade, where it trained drafts for the 6th, 7th, 8th and 9th (Service) Bns of the South Lancs. In July 1915 it moved to Kinmel Camp, and then in August to Prees Heath Camp. On 1 September 1916 the 2nd Reserve battalions were transferred to the Training Reserve (TR) and the battalion was redesignated 51st Training Reserve Bn, still in 11th Reserve Bde at Prees Heath. The training staff retained their South Lancs badges. On 9 July 1917 it became 229th (Infantry) Battalion, Training Reserve, and it moved to Southwold in Suffolk to join 203rd Brigade in 68th Division. On 1 November 1917 it transferred to the Manchester Regiment as 52nd (Graduated) Battalion. The battalion moved into Great Yarmouth for the winter, and then by May 1918 it was at Herringfleet, where it remained for the rest of the war. After the war it was converted into 52nd (Service) Bn of the Manchesters on 8 February 1919 and was sent to the British Army of the Rhine, where it eventually disbanded on 13 February 1920.
Postwar
The SR resumed its old title of Militia in 1921 and then became the Supplementary Reserve in 1924, but almost all militia battalions remained in abeyance after World War I. By 1939 there were no officers listed for the battalion. The militia were not activated during World War II and were all formally disbanded in April 1953.
Commanders
The following served as commanding officer of the regiment:
Lt-Col John Ireland Blackburne, appointed 22 March 1853, retired 11 July 1874
Lt-Col John Southcote Mansergh, formerly of 2nd Dragoon Guards, appointed Major 31 March 1853, promoted 11 July 1874
Lt-Col Robert Ireland Blackburne, promoted 9 December 1896, retired 7 March 1903
Lt-Col Montague Hall, DSO, promoted 4 April 1903
Lt-Col Charles Marson, promoted 13 October 1909
Lt-Col John Vaughan, promoted 2 November 1912
The following served as Honorary Colonel:
Lt-Col John Ireland Blackburne, former CO, appointed 11 July 1874, died 1893
Lt-Col Robert Ireland Blackburne, CB, former CO, appointed 7 March 1903, continued with SR battalion 21 June 1908
Uniforms and insignia
The uniform of the Royal Lancashire Militia was scarlet with the blue facings appropriate to 'Royal' regiments. The ORs' jackets of the shortlived 3rd Supplementary Militia of 1797–98 had the lace button loops arranged in threes (denoting the 3rd Regiment, as in the Brigade of Guards), while the officers' buttons had the inscription '3' over '3 * L' over 'S' within an eight-rayed Garter star. When the regiment briefly became the 4th RLM in 1799 this design changed to '4' over 'R * L' and the Garter star was surmounted by a crown.
The badge of the 4th RLM (Duke of Lancaster's Own Light Infantry) formed in 1853 was the Red Rose of Lancaster displayed between the strings of a light infantry bugle horn. The officers' shako plate of 1869–78 and helmet plate of 1878–81 carried this badge. The ORs' forage cap badge of 1874–81 and the officers' tunic buttons of 1855–81 had the letters 'RLM' over a numeral 'IV' within a crowned garter bearing the motto 'Honi soit qui mal y pense' , the whole superimposed on an eight-pointed star. The officers' waistbelt of 1855–81 was gilt with silver lettering and centre badge, the design of which was a bugle horn (without cords) surmounted by the rose with a crown above. The title on the circle was 'Royal Lancashire Light Infantry'.
When the 4th RLM joined the South Lancashires in 1881, it adopted that regiment's white facings and insignia.
See also
Militia (English)
Militia (Great Britain)
Militia (United Kingdom)
Special Reserve
Lancashire Militia
South Lancashire Regiment
Footnotes
^ It is incorrect to describe the British Militia as 'irregular': throughout their history they were equipped and trained exactly like the line regiments of the regular army, and once embodied in time of war they were fulltime professional soldiers for the duration of their enlistment.
^ The monarch (of either sex) also being Duke of Lancaster.
^ Then in Lancashire, now in Cheshire.
^ However, the South Lancashire Regiment did have a number of Supplementary Reserve officers Category B attached to it.
Notes
^ Fortescue, Vol I, pp. 12, 125, 133–40, 194–7, 294–5.
^ a b Grierson, pp. 6–7.
^ Hay, pp. 11–17, 25–6.
^ a b c d e f g LRO, Handlist 72.
^ Williamson & Whalley, pp. 2–3, 10–25, 29–84.
^ Fortescue, Vol II, pp. 299–302.
^ a b Frederick, p. 119.
^ Hay, pp. 138–44, 242–3.
^ a b Holmes, pp. 94–100.
^ Knight, pp. 78–9, 111, 255.
^ Western, p. 251, Appendices A & B.
^ Fortescue, Vol II, p. 521.
^ Fortescue, Vol III, pp. 173–4, 530–1.
^ Williamson & Whalley, pp. 87–170.
^ Williamson & Whalley, pp. 167–74.
^ a b 2nd–5th Royal Lancashire Militia (1st–4th Supplementary Militia) 1797–1816 at School of Mars.
^ Western, pp. 246, 269, 282.
^ Knight, pp. 411, 437–47.
^ Williamson & Whalley, pp. 175–246.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Royal Lancashire Militia at Lancashire Infantry Museum". Archived from the original on 17 January 2021. Retrieved 7 February 2021.
^ a b c Dunlop, pp. 42–52.
^ Grierson, pp. 27–9.
^ Spiers, Army & Society, pp. 91–2.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k Frederick, pp. 188–9.
^ a b c d e f Hart's, various dates.
^ a b c d e f g h i j Hay, pp. 354–7.
^ a b c d Parkyn.
^ Spiers, Army and Society, pp. 162–3.
^ Grierson, p. 29.
^ a b Spiers, Late Victorian Army, pp. 97, 102, 126–7.
^ Spiers, Army & Society, pp. 195–6.
^ Spiers, Late Victorian Army, pp. 4, 15, 19.
^ Williamson & Whalley, pp. 327–8.
^ a b c d e f g h i Army List, various dates.
^ 'Townships: Warrington', in William Farrer and J Brownbill (eds), A History of the County of Lancaster, Vol 3, London, 1907, pp. 316-324, at British History Online (accessed 6 February 2021).
^ Grierson, pp. 33, 84–5, 113, 120.
^ Spiers, Late Victorian Army, p. 32.
^ Dunlop, pp. 77–9, 91–3.
^ Spiers, Army and Society, p. 239.
^ Spiers, Late Victorian Army, p. 309.
^ Kruger, pp. 223–33.
^ Kruger, pp. 401–8.
^ Dunlop, pp. 131–40, 158-62.
^ Spiers, Army & Society, pp. 243–2, 254.
^ Dunlop, pp. 270–2.
^ a b Frederick, pp. vi–vii.
^ Spiers, Army & Society, pp. 275–7.
^ a b James, pp. 81–2.
^ a b South Lancashires at Long, Long Trail.
^ WO Instruction 76 of 8 October 1914.
^ Becke, Pt 3b, Appendix I.
^ James, p. 98, Appendices II & III.
^ WO Instruction 96 of 10 April 1915.
^ Becke, Pt 2b, pp. 83–90.
^ Training Reserve at Long, Long Trail.
^ London Gazette 8 December 1896.
References
Maj A.F. Becke,History of the Great War: Order of Battle of Divisions, Part 2b: The 2nd-Line Territorial Force Divisions (57th–69th), with the Home-Service Divisions (71st–73rd) and 74th and 75th Divisions, London: HM Stationery Office, 1937/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2007, ISBN 1-847347-39-8.
Maj A.F. Becke,History of the Great War: Order of Battle of Divisions, Part 3b: New Army Divisions (30–41) and 63rd (R.N.) Division, London: HM Stationery Office, 1939/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2007, ISBN 1-847347-41-X.
Col John K. Dunlop, The Development of the British Army 1899–1914, London: Methuen, 1938.
Sir John Fortescue, A History of the British Army, Vol I, 2nd Edn, London: Macmillan, 1910.
Sir John Fortescue, A History of the British Army, Vol II, London: Macmillan, 1899.
Sir John Fortescue, A History of the British Army, Vol III, 2nd Edn, London: Macmillan, 1911.
J.B.M. Frederick, Lineage Book of British Land Forces 1660–1978, Vol I, Wakefield: Microform Academic, 1984, ISBN 1-85117-007-3.
Lt-Col James Moncrieff Grierson (Col Peter S. Walton, ed.), Scarlet into Khaki: The British Army on the Eve of the Boer War, London: Sampson Low, 1899/London: Greenhill, 1988, ISBN 0-947898-81-6.
H.G. Hart, The New Annual Army List, and Militia List (various dates).
Col George Jackson Hay, An Epitomized History of the Militia (The Constitutional Force), London:United Service Gazette, 1905/Ray Westlake Military Books, 1987 Archived 11 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine ISBN 0-9508530-7-0.
Richard Holmes, Soldiers: Army Lives and Loyalties from Redcoats to Dusty Warriors, London: HarperPress, 2011, ISBN 978-0-00-722570-5.
Brig E.A. James, British Regiments 1914–18, London: Samson Books, 1978/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2001, ISBN 978-1-84342-197-9.
Roger Knight, Britain Against Napoleon: The Organization of Victory 1793–1815, London: Allen Lane, 2013/Penguin, 2014, ISBN 978-0-141-03894-0.
Rayne Kruger, Goodbye Dolly Gray, London: Cassell 1959/Pan 1974, ISBN 0-330-23861-2.
H.G. Parkyn, 'English Militia Regiments 1757–1935: Their Badges and Buttons', Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research, Vol 15, No 60 (Winter 1936), pp. 216–248.
Edward M. Spiers, The Army and Society 1815–1914, London: Longmans, 1980, ISBN 0-582-48565-7.
Edward M. Spiers, The Late Victorian Army 1868–1902, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1992/Sandpiper Books, 1999, ISBN 0-7190-2659-8.
Instructions Issued by the War Office During October 1914, London: HM Stationery Office.
Instructions Issued by the War Office During April 1915, London: HM Stationery Office.
J.R. Western, The English Militia in the Eighteenth Century, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1965.
Maj R.J.T. Williamson & Col J. Lawson Whalley, History of the Old County Regiment of Lancashire Militia, London: Simpkin, Marshall, 1888.
External sources
British History Online
Duke of Lancaster's Regiment, Lancashire Infantry Museum
Lancashire Record Office, Handlist 72
Chris Baker, The Long, Long Trail
Richard A. Warren, This Re-illuminated School of Mars: Auxiliary forces and other aspects of Albion under Arms in the Great War against France | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Lancashire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancashire"},{"link_name":"North West England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_West_England"},{"link_name":"Crimean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_War"},{"link_name":"South Lancashire Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Lancashire_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Second Boer War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Boer_War"},{"link_name":"Special Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Haldane Reforms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haldane_Reforms"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"}],"text":"Military unitThe 4th Royal Lancashire Militia (The Duke of Lancaster's Own Light Infantry) was an auxiliary[a] regiment raised in the county of Lancashire in North West England just before the Crimean War. It later became part of the South Lancashire Regiment. Although primarily intended for home defence, it saw considerable active service during the Second Boer War. After conversion to the Special Reserve (SR) under the Haldane Reforms it supplied reinforcements to the fighting battalions during World War I and carried out internal security duties in Ireland. After a shadowy postwar existence the unit was finally disbanded in 1953.","title":"4th Royal Lancashire Militia (The Duke of Lancaster's Own Light Infantry)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shire levy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shire_levy"},{"link_name":"4 & 5 Ph. & M.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4_%26_5_Ph._%26_M."},{"link_name":"trained bands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trained_bands"},{"link_name":"Lords Lieutenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant"},{"link_name":"county militia in England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militia_(English)"},{"link_name":"Spanish Armada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Armada"},{"link_name":"King Charles I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_England"},{"link_name":"English Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Restoration of the monarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Restoration"},{"link_name":"King William III's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_III_of_England"},{"link_name":"campaign in Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamite_War_in_Ireland"},{"link_name":"1715","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobite_Rising_of_1715"},{"link_name":"1745","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobite_Rising_of_1745"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grierson6-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Handlist-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Seven Years' War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War"},{"link_name":"county militia regiments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militia_(Great_Britain)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grierson6-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Handlist-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frederick119-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Holmes-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"War of American Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_American_Independence"},{"link_name":"Revolutionary France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_First_Republic"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Handlist-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frederick119-8"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"The universal obligation to military service in the Shire levy was long established in England and its legal basis was updated by two acts of 1557 (4 & 5 Ph. & M. cc. 2 and 3), which placed selected men, the 'trained bands', under the command of Lords Lieutenant appointed by the monarch. This is seen as the starting date for the organised county militia in England. It was an important element in the country's defence at the time of the Spanish Armada in the 1580s, and control of the militia was one of the areas of dispute between King Charles I and Parliament that led to the English Civil War. The English Militia was re-established under local control in 1662 after the Restoration of the monarchy, and the Lancashire Militia fought in King William III's campaign in Ireland in 1690–91, and against the Jacobite Risings in 1715 and 1745. However, between periods of national emergency the militia was regularly allowed to decline.[1][2][3][4][5]Under threat of French invasion during the Seven Years' War a series of Militia Acts from 1757 reorganised the county militia regiments, the men being conscripted by means of parish ballots (paid substitutes were permitted) to serve for three years. In 1760 Lancashire's quota was set at 800 men in one regiment, which received the title Royal Lancashire Militia in 1761.[2][4][6][7][8][9][10][11] These reformed regiments were 'embodied' for permanent service in home defence until the end of the Seven Years' War and again during the War of American Independence. In peacetime they assembled for 28 days' annual training. The militia were re-embodied shortly before Revolutionary France declared war on Britain on 1 February 1793.[4][7][12][13][14]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Industrial Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel_(United_Kingdom)#Colonel_of_the_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Huntroyde Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntroyde_Hall"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Handlist-5"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mars-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"British Isles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Isles"},{"link_name":"Luddite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luddite"},{"link_name":"Waterloo campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Holmes-10"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"King William IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_William_IV"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Handlist-5"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LancsInfMus-22"}],"text":"Lancashire's militia quota set in 1760 was small in proportion to its population, which soared during the Industrial Revolution. By 1796 it represented only one man in every 43 of those eligible. But in that year an additional ballot was carried out to raise men for the 'Supplementary Militia' to reinforce the standing militia regiments and to form additional temporary regiments. Lancashire's quota was increased to five regiments, and recruitment became difficult. The 3rd Royal Lancashire Supplementary Militia was raised on 3 March 1797 under the command of Colonel Le Gendre Pierce Starkie of Huntroyde Hall. The regiment may have assembled nine companies but it never reached full establishment and attempts to convert it into a permanent 4th Royal Lancashire Militia failed. The supplementary militia was abolished in 1799, the remaining balloted men in Lancashire being distributed to the 1st, 2nd and 3rd Royal Lancashire Militia to fill vacancies.[4][15][16][17]During the French wars, the militia were embodied for a whole generation, and became regiments of full-time professional soldiers (though restricted to service in the British Isles), which the regular army increasingly saw as a prime source of recruits. They served in coast defences, manning garrisons, guarding prisoners of war, and for internal security, such as the time of the Luddite disturbances. The three regiments of Lancashire militia were serving in Ireland during the final Waterloo campaign and were finally disembodied in 1816. Once again, the militia was allowed to decline in the years of the long peace that followed.[9][18][19] In 1831 King William IV bestowed on the three Lancashire Militia Regiments the additional title The Duke of Lancaster's Own.[b][4][20]","title":"French wars"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Militia of the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militia_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Militia Act 1852","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militia_Act_1852"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dunlop42-23"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Warrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrington"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant-Colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"John Ireland Blackburne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ireland_Blackburne_(1817%E2%80%931893)"},{"link_name":"Hale Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hale,_Halton"},{"link_name":"captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(British_Army_and_Royal_Marines)"},{"link_name":"5th Dragoon Guards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_Dragoon_Guards"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LancsInfMus-22"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frederick-27"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hart-28"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hay-29"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Parkyn-30"},{"link_name":"Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool"},{"link_name":"St Helens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Helens,_Merseyside"},{"link_name":"Wigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wigan"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Handlist-5"}],"text":"The long-standing Militia of the United Kingdom was revived by the Militia Act 1852, enacted during a period of international tension. As before, units were raised and administered on a county basis, and filled by voluntary enlistment (although conscription by means of the militia ballot might be used if the counties failed to meet their quotas). Training was for 56 days on enlistment, then for 21–28 days per year, during which the men received full army pay. Under the Act, militia units could be embodied by Royal Proclamation for full-time service in three circumstances:[21][22][23]1. 'Whenever a state of war exists between Her Majesty and any foreign power'.\n2. 'In all cases of invasion or upon imminent danger thereof'.\n3. 'In all cases of rebellion or insurrection'.With the threat of war against Russia, the three Lancashire regiments were ordered to recruit up to their full establishment of 1200 men. Additional infantry and artillery militia regiments were also formed in Lancashire at this time including the 4th Duke of Lancaster's Own Light Infantry raised at Warrington[c] on 22 March 1853 under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Commandant John Ireland Blackburne of Hale Hall, a former captain in the 5th Dragoon Guards. The new unit was retitled the 4th Royal Lancashire Militia (The Duke of Lancaster's Own Light Infantry) (4th RLM) a month later.[20][24][25][26][27] Soon there were seven militia infantry regiments in Lancashire, each with a defined recruiting area after 1855: the 4th at Warrington also recruited from Liverpool, St Helens and Wigan.[4]","title":"4th Royal Lancashire Militia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Berwick-upon-Tweed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berwick-upon-Tweed"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin"},{"link_name":"Newry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newry"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LancsInfMus-22"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frederick-27"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hart-28"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hay-29"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Raj"},{"link_name":"Indian Mutiny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Mutiny"},{"link_name":"Aldershot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldershot_Garrison"},{"link_name":"Portsmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LancsInfMus-22"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frederick-27"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hay-29"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dunlop42-23"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SpiersVic97-33"}],"sub_title":"Crimea and Indian Mutiny","text":"War having broken out with Russia in 1854 and an expeditionary force sent to the Crimea, the militia were called out for home defence and service in overseas garrisons.[28] The 4th RLM was embodied on 8 December 1854 and served at Berwick-upon-Tweed and Edinburgh, and then crossed to Ireland, serving at Dublin and Newry. It was disembodied on 24 June 1856.[20][24][25][26]A number of militia regiments were also embodied to relieve regular troops required for India during the Indian Mutiny. The 4th RLM was one of the units called out, from 22 September 1857 to 1 April 1859, serving at Aldershot and Portsmouth.[20][24][26]Thereafter the militia regularly carried out their peacetime annual training. The Militia Reserve introduced in 1867 consisted of present and former militiamen who undertook to serve overseas in case of war.[21][29][30]","title":"4th Royal Lancashire Militia"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peninsula_Barracks,_Warrington.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cardwell Reforms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardwell_Reforms"},{"link_name":"Volunteer battalions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volunteer_Force"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"40th (2nd Somersetshire)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/40th_(the_2nd_Somersetshire)_Regiment_of_Foot"},{"link_name":"82nd (Prince of Wales's Volunteers)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/82nd_Regiment_of_Foot_(Prince_of_Wales%27s_Volunteers)"},{"link_name":"Orford Barracks, Warrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsula_Barracks,_Warrington"},{"link_name":"8th (King's) Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Regiment_(Liverpool)"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-List-37"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"VI Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VI_Corps_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-List-37"}],"sub_title":"Cardwell reforms","text":"Peninsula (formerly Orford) Barracks, Warrington.Under the 'Localisation of the Forces' scheme introduced by the Cardwell Reforms of 1872, Militia regiments were brigaded with regular and Volunteer battalions in a regimental district sharing a permanent depot at a suitable county town. Seven double-battalion or paired single-battalion regular regiments were assigned to Lancashire, and each was linked with one of the militia regiments. The militia now came under the War Office rather than their county lords lieutenant, and officers' commissions were signed by the Queen.[31][32][33]The 4th RLM was linked with the 40th (2nd Somersetshire) and 82nd (Prince of Wales's Volunteers) Regiments of Foot in Sub-District No 14 (Lancashire), with the depot at Orford Barracks, Warrington, (shared until 1910 with the 8th (King's) Regiment). It was intended for the 4th RLM to raise its own 2nd Battalion, but this never happened.[34][35] Although often referred to as brigades, the regimental districts were purely administrative organisations, but in a continuation of the Cardwell Reforms a mobilisation scheme began to appear in the Army List from December 1875. This assigned regular and militia units to places in an order of battle of corps, divisions and brigades for the 'Active Army', even though these formations were entirely theoretical, with no staff or services assigned. The 4th Royal Lancashire Militia was assigned to 1st Brigade of 2nd Division, VI Corps. The brigade would have mustered at Liverpool in time of war.[34]","title":"4th Royal Lancashire Militia"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_Lancashire_Regiment_Cap_Badge.jpg"},{"link_name":"Childers Reforms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childers_Reforms"},{"link_name":"Prince of Wales's Volunteers (South Lancashire Regiment)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_of_Wales%27s_Volunteers_(South_Lancashire_Regiment)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Handlist-5"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LancsInfMus-22"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frederick-27"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hay-29"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Parkyn-30"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-List-37"},{"link_name":"cadre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadre_(military)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dunlop42-23"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SpiersVic97-33"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"text":"The South Lancashires' cap badgeThe Childers Reforms completed the Cardwell process by incorporating the militia battalions into the expanded county regiments. On 1 July 1881 the 40th and 82nd Foot became the 1st and 2nd Battalions of the Prince of Wales's Volunteers (South Lancashire Regiment) ('PWV' or 'South Lancs') at Warrington with the 4th Royal Lancashire Militia (The Duke of Lancaster's Own Light Infantry) as its 3rd Battalion.[4][20][24][26][27][34]Militia battalions now had a large cadre of permanent staff (about 30). Around a third of the recruits and many young officers went on to join the Regular Army.[21][30][36][37]","title":"3rd Battalion, South Lancashire Regiment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Black Week","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Week"},{"link_name":"Second Boer War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Boer_War"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LancsInfMus-22"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frederick-27"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hay-29"},{"link_name":"Cape Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Town"},{"link_name":"Siege of Kimberley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Kimberley"},{"link_name":"Naauwpoort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naauwpoort"},{"link_name":"Hanover Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanover,_Northern_Cape"},{"link_name":"De Aar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Aar"},{"link_name":"Line of communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_communications"},{"link_name":"Major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Kopje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopje"},{"link_name":"Royal Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Engineers"},{"link_name":"Battle of Paardeberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Paardeberg"},{"link_name":"Victorian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_Mounted_Rifles"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hay-29"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Colesberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colesberg"},{"link_name":"Norvalspont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norvalspont"},{"link_name":"Orange River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_River"},{"link_name":"Springfontein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfontein"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hay-29"},{"link_name":"howitzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howitzer"},{"link_name":"87th Battery, Royal Artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/97_Battery_(Lawson%27s_Company)_Royal_Artillery"},{"link_name":"Mounted infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mounted_infantry"},{"link_name":"Jagersfontein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagersfontein"},{"link_name":"Fauresmith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauresmith"},{"link_name":"Gideon Scheepers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gideon_Scheepers"},{"link_name":"Grenadier Guards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenadier_Guards"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hay-29"},{"link_name":"Christiaan de Wet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christiaan_de_Wet"},{"link_name":"blockhouses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockhouse#Second_Boer_War"},{"link_name":"Boer Commandos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boer_Commando"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hay-29"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Battle honour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_honour"},{"link_name":"Queen's South Africa Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_South_Africa_Medal"},{"link_name":"CB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath"},{"link_name":"DSO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Order"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frederick-27"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hay-29"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hart-28"}],"sub_title":"Second Boer War","text":"After the disasters of Black Week at the start of the Second Boer War in December 1899, most of the regular army was sent to South Africa, followed by many militia reservists as reinforcements. Militia units were embodied to replace them for home defence and a number volunteered for active service or to garrison overseas stations.[38][39][40] One of the first embodied was the 3rd South Lancashires, on 3 December 1899, and the battalion embarked for South Africa on 10 January 1900, with a strength of 24 officers and 703 other ranks (ORs) under the command of Lt-Col Robert Ireland Blackburne, son of the unit's first colonel.[20][24][26]The battalion arrived at Cape Town on 13 February 1900. At that time the operations to relieve the Siege of Kimberley were reaching a climax and reinforcements were being rushed to the front by rail and forced marches: 3rd South Lancashires was immediately sent up. Battalion Headquarters (HQ) and the left half-battalion went up to Naauwpoort, but the right half, following on a day behind, was stopped at Hanover Road on 17 February to meet an expected Boer attack. The rest of the battalion then came back in support, the aim being to prevent the Boers cutting the Naauwpooer–De Aar railway that provided the army's main Line of communications. Major Alexander Tarbet was posted with three companies at the Diamond Mine Kopje to guard against an attack from the east. The force at Hanover Road stood to at daybreak on 18 February, with 1500 Boers with six guns being reported nearby. During the day the South Lancs were reinforced by about 50 Royal Engineers and 100 mounted troops, and dug entrenchments to cover the town and the bridge over the river. By now the relief of Kimberley had led to the Battle of Paardeberg (18–27 February), and on 21 February the 3rd South Lancs went out to cover the successful attempt by the Victorian and Tasmanian Mounted Rifles to break through to Arundel.[26][41]After Paardeberg, the battalion moved up, HQ and Left Half to Rensburg, Right Half to Arundel, and thereafter it generally operated in these two halves. On 20 March they moved to Colesberg Junction and Colesberg respectively, then were briefly reunited at Norvalspont on 21 April. Right Half was then sent to the north bank of the Orange River while HQ and Left Half remained on the south, providing outpots of the surrounding kopjes and providing working parties to help repair the railway bridge. On 25 April Lt-Col Blackbune was invalided (he did not return for seven months) and the command devolved on Maj Montague Hall. Major Tarbet remained in command on the south bank when HQ crossed on 27 May and moved into 'Lancashire Fort' and the other defences on that side. On 1 August part of the battalion moved to Springfontein, followed by HQ and the rest of the battalion.[26]At the beginning of October there were indications that the Boers were moving south, and on 6 October parties were sent out to protect the railway north and south of Springfontein. Some parties were fired on, and next day the commandant of Springfontein took out about 10 men of the 3rd South Lancs under Maj Tarbet and Capt Vaughan, with a howitzer section of 87th Battery, Royal Artillery, and some Mounted infantry (MI) to destroy Pretorius's Farm. On 13 October two patrols from the battalion's MI company at Jagersfontein converged on another farm house known to be frequented by the Boers and came under fire, suffering some casualties. Jagersfontein itself was then summoned to surrender by Commandant Pretorius, but Maj Tarbet brought up reinforcements and took command. The MI Company continued to defend Jagersfontein and Fauresmith. From 13 October to 6 November there were nightly attacks on the railway, which had to be repaired by working parties, and the trenches were occupied each night. On 25 October an attempt against the Knilfontein bridge was repelled after a short fight. On 11 November D Company at Kruger's Siding was summoned to surrender by Commandant Gideon Scheepers and was attacked but the Boers were driven off by two companies of the Grenadier Guards and an armoured train.[26]Battalion HQ remained at Springfontein until July 1901. Lieutenant-Col Blackburne returned to the command on 23 November and shortly afterwards Maj Hall took over as commandant of the town. During the hunt for Christiaan de Wet in February 1901, the 3rd South Lancs captured his scout crossing the railway between Springfontein and Jagersfontein, and on 9 February De Wet's column was engaged by the MI from Jagersfontein and an armoured train as it crossed the railway 6 miles (9.7 km) north of Springfontein. Shortly afterwards a 45 miles (72 km) line of blockhouses was built along the line, which proved impenetrable to the Boer Commandos; none of these posts was ever lost by the South Lancs.[26][42]The battalion was relieved and left Cape Town for England on 3 July 1901, arriving home on 2 August. It was disembodied the next day. For its service the battalion was awarded the Battle honour South Africa 1900–01 and all the participants received the Queen's South Africa Medal with the clasps for 'Cape Colony', 'Orange Free State' and 'South Africa 1901'. Lieutenant-Col Blackburne was awarded a CB and Majors Hall and Tarbet each received the DSO.[24][26][25]","title":"3rd Battalion, South Lancashire Regiment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yeomanry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeomanry"},{"link_name":"Volunteers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volunteer_Force_(Great_Britain)"},{"link_name":"St John Brodrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_John_Brodrick,_1st_Earl_of_Midleton"},{"link_name":"Secretary of State for War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_War"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Haldane Reforms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haldane_Reforms"},{"link_name":"Special Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Reserve"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LancsInfMus-22"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frederickvi-49"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LancsInfMus-22"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frederick-27"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-List-37"}],"text":"After the Boer War, the future of the Militia was called into question. There were moves to reform the Auxiliary Forces (Militia, Yeomanry and Volunteers) to take their place in the six army corps proposed by St John Brodrick as Secretary of State for War. However, little of Brodrick's scheme was carried out.[43][44]Under the sweeping Haldane Reforms of 1908, the Militia was replaced by the Special Reserve, a semi-professional force similar to the previous Militia Reserve, whose role was to provide reinforcement drafts for regular units serving overseas in wartime.[20][45][46][47] The battalion became the 3rd (Reserve) Battalion, Prince of Wales's Volunteers (South Lancashire Regiment), on 27 July 1908.[20][24][34]","title":"Special Reserve"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"World War I"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Crosby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosby,_Merseyside"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Raj"},{"link_name":"Western Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)"},{"link_name":"Kitchener's Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitchener%27s_Army"},{"link_name":"Barrow-in-Furness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrow-in-Furness"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LancsInfMus-22"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frederick-27"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-James-51"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Trail-52"},{"link_name":"Armistice with Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armistice_with_Germany"},{"link_name":"Partition crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LancsInfMus-22"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frederick-27"}],"sub_title":"3rd (Reserve) Battalion","text":"The Special Reserve was mobilised on the outbreak of World War I on 4 August 1914 and 3rd Bn South Lancashire embodied at Warrington under the command of Lt-Col John Vaughan and proceeded to its war station at Crosby. It carried out the dual tasks of garrison duties and preparing reinforcement drafts of regular reservists, special reservists, recruits and returning wounded for the regular battalions serving overseas. The 1st Bn remained in India throughout the war but the 2nd Bn spent the whole war fighting on the Western Front. In September and October 1914 the 3rd Bn formed 10th (Service) Battalion at Crosby for 'Kitchener's Army units (see below). In March 1917 the 3rd Bn moved to Barrow-in-Furness in the Barrow Garrison until the end of the war.[20][24][48][49]However, after the Armistice with Germany the battalion went to Ireland and in 1919 it was stationed in Dublin carrying out duties in support of the civil power during the Partition crisis.[20] The battalion was disembodied on 13 October 1919, when the remaining personnel were posted to the 1st Bn.[24]","title":"World War I"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lord Kitchener","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Kitchener,_1st_Earl_Kitchener"},{"link_name":"Kitchener's Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitchener%27s_Army"},{"link_name":"Heswall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heswall"},{"link_name":"11th Reserve Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11th_Reserve_Brigade"},{"link_name":"Kinmel Camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinmel_Camp"},{"link_name":"Prees Heath Camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitchurch_(Tilstock)_Airfield#Prees_Heath_Army_Camp"},{"link_name":"Southwold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwold"},{"link_name":"Suffolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffolk"},{"link_name":"203rd Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/203rd_(2nd_North_Wales)_Brigade"},{"link_name":"68th Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/68th_(2nd_Welsh)_Division"},{"link_name":"Manchester Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Great Yarmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Yarmouth"},{"link_name":"Herringfleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herringfleet"},{"link_name":"British Army of the Rhine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army_of_the_Rhine"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frederick-27"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-James-51"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Trail-52"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BeckeApp-54"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JamesApp-55"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"}],"sub_title":"10th (Reserve) Battalion","text":"After Lord Kitchener issued his call for volunteers in August 1914, the battalions of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd New Armies ('K1', 'K2' and 'K3' of 'Kitchener's Army') were quickly formed at the regimental depots. The SR battalions also swelled with new recruits and were soon well above their establishment strength. On 8 October 1914 each SR battalion was ordered to use the surplus to form a service battalion of the 4th New Army ('K4'). Accordingly, the 3rd (Reserve) Bn formed the 10th (Service) Bn at Crosby. It was assigned to 105th Brigade of 35th Division and began training for active service. By December it was stationed at Heswall. On 10 April 1915 the War Office decided to convert the K4 battalions into 2nd Reserve units, providing drafts for the K1–K3 battalions in the same way that the SR was doing for the Regular battalions. The battalion became 10th (Reserve) Bn in 11th Reserve Brigade, where it trained drafts for the 6th, 7th, 8th and 9th (Service) Bns of the South Lancs. In July 1915 it moved to Kinmel Camp, and then in August to Prees Heath Camp. On 1 September 1916 the 2nd Reserve battalions were transferred to the Training Reserve (TR) and the battalion was redesignated 51st Training Reserve Bn, still in 11th Reserve Bde at Prees Heath. The training staff retained their South Lancs badges. On 9 July 1917 it became 229th (Infantry) Battalion, Training Reserve, and it moved to Southwold in Suffolk to join 203rd Brigade in 68th Division. On 1 November 1917 it transferred to the Manchester Regiment as 52nd (Graduated) Battalion. The battalion moved into Great Yarmouth for the winter, and then by May 1918 it was at Herringfleet, where it remained for the rest of the war. After the war it was converted into 52nd (Service) Bn of the Manchesters on 8 February 1919 and was sent to the British Army of the Rhine, where it eventually disbanded on 13 February 1920.[24][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55]","title":"World War I"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Supplementary Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supplementary_Reserve_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[d]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LancsInfMus-22"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frederick-27"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-List-37"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frederickvi-49"}],"sub_title":"Postwar","text":"The SR resumed its old title of Militia in 1921 and then became the Supplementary Reserve in 1924, but almost all militia battalions remained in abeyance after World War I. By 1939 there were no officers listed for the battalion.[d] The militia were not activated during World War II and were all formally disbanded in April 1953.[20][24][34][46]","title":"World War I"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hart-28"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-List-37"},{"link_name":"John Ireland Blackburne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ireland_Blackburne_(1817%E2%80%931893)"},{"link_name":"2nd Dragoon Guards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Dragoon_Guards"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"DSO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Order"},{"link_name":"Honorary Colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel_(United_Kingdom)#Honorary_Colonel"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hart-28"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-List-37"},{"link_name":"CB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath"}],"text":"The following served as commanding officer of the regiment:[25][34]Lt-Col John Ireland Blackburne, appointed 22 March 1853, retired 11 July 1874\nLt-Col John Southcote Mansergh, formerly of 2nd Dragoon Guards, appointed Major 31 March 1853, promoted 11 July 1874\nLt-Col Robert Ireland Blackburne, promoted 9 December 1896,[56] retired 7 March 1903\nLt-Col Montague Hall, DSO, promoted 4 April 1903\nLt-Col Charles Marson, promoted 13 October 1909\nLt-Col John Vaughan, promoted 2 November 1912The following served as Honorary Colonel:[25][34]Lt-Col John Ireland Blackburne, former CO, appointed 11 July 1874, died 1893\nLt-Col Robert Ireland Blackburne, CB, former CO, appointed 7 March 1903, continued with SR battalion 21 June 1908","title":"Commanders"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"facings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facing_colour"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hart-28"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Parkyn-30"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-List-37"},{"link_name":"Brigade of Guards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigade_of_Guards"},{"link_name":"Garter star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Garter"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mars-17"},{"link_name":"Red Rose of Lancaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Rose_of_Lancaster"},{"link_name":"bugle horn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugle"},{"link_name":"shako","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shako"},{"link_name":"helmet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Service_helmet"},{"link_name":"forage cap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forage_cap"},{"link_name":"garter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Garter"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Parkyn-30"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-List-37"}],"text":"The uniform of the Royal Lancashire Militia was scarlet with the blue facings appropriate to 'Royal' regiments.[25][27][34] The ORs' jackets of the shortlived 3rd Supplementary Militia of 1797–98 had the lace button loops arranged in threes (denoting the 3rd Regiment, as in the Brigade of Guards), while the officers' buttons had the inscription '3' over '3 * L' over 'S' within an eight-rayed Garter star. When the regiment briefly became the 4th RLM in 1799 this design changed to '4' over 'R * L' and the Garter star was surmounted by a crown.[16]The badge of the 4th RLM (Duke of Lancaster's Own Light Infantry) formed in 1853 was the Red Rose of Lancaster displayed between the strings of a light infantry bugle horn. The officers' shako plate of 1869–78 and helmet plate of 1878–81 carried this badge. The ORs' forage cap badge of 1874–81 and the officers' tunic buttons of 1855–81 had the letters 'RLM' over a numeral 'IV' within a crowned garter bearing the motto 'Honi soit qui mal y pense' , the whole superimposed on an eight-pointed star. The officers' waistbelt of 1855–81 was gilt with silver lettering and centre badge, the design of which was a bugle horn (without cords) surmounted by the rose with a crown above. The title on the circle was 'Royal Lancashire Light Infantry'.[27]When the 4th RLM joined the South Lancashires in 1881, it adopted that regiment's white facings and insignia.[34]","title":"Uniforms and insignia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"Duke of Lancaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Lancaster"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"Cheshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheshire"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-59"}],"text":"^ It is incorrect to describe the British Militia as 'irregular': throughout their history they were equipped and trained exactly like the line regiments of the regular army, and once embodied in time of war they were fulltime professional soldiers for the duration of their enlistment.\n\n^ The monarch (of either sex) also being Duke of Lancaster.\n\n^ Then in Lancashire, now in Cheshire.\n\n^ However, the South Lancashire Regiment did have a number of Supplementary Reserve officers Category B attached to it.","title":"Footnotes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Grierson6_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Grierson6_3-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Handlist_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Handlist_5-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Handlist_5-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Handlist_5-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Handlist_5-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Handlist_5-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Handlist_5-6"},{"link_name":"LRO, Handlist 72.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//new.lancashire.gov.uk/media/52092/Handlist72militiaandvolunteers.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Frederick119_8-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Frederick119_8-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Holmes_10-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Holmes_10-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Mars_17-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Mars_17-1"},{"link_name":"2nd–5th Royal Lancashire Militia (1st–4th Supplementary Militia) 1797–1816 at School of Mars.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//thisreilluminatedschoolofmars.wordpress.com/notes-on-the-dress-of-the-militia/2nd-5th-royal-lancashire-militia-1st-4th-supplementary-militia-1797-1816/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-LancsInfMus_22-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-LancsInfMus_22-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-LancsInfMus_22-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-LancsInfMus_22-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-LancsInfMus_22-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-LancsInfMus_22-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-LancsInfMus_22-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-LancsInfMus_22-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-LancsInfMus_22-8"},{"link_name":"j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-LancsInfMus_22-9"},{"link_name":"k","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-LancsInfMus_22-10"},{"link_name":"\"Royal Lancashire Militia at Lancashire Infantry Museum\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20210117021649/http://www.lancashireinfantrymuseum.org.uk/the-royal-lancashire-militia/"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.lancashireinfantrymuseum.org.uk/the-royal-lancashire-militia/"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Dunlop42_23-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Dunlop42_23-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Dunlop42_23-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Frederick_27-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Frederick_27-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Frederick_27-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Frederick_27-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Frederick_27-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Frederick_27-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Frederick_27-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Frederick_27-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Frederick_27-8"},{"link_name":"j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Frederick_27-9"},{"link_name":"k","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Frederick_27-10"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hart_28-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hart_28-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hart_28-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hart_28-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hart_28-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hart_28-5"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hay_29-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hay_29-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hay_29-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hay_29-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hay_29-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hay_29-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hay_29-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hay_29-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hay_29-8"},{"link_name":"j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hay_29-9"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Parkyn_30-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Parkyn_30-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Parkyn_30-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Parkyn_30-3"},{"link_name":"Parkyn.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/442196788"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-31"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-32"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SpiersVic97_33-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SpiersVic97_33-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-34"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-35"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-36"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-List_37-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-List_37-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-List_37-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-List_37-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-List_37-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-List_37-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-List_37-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-List_37-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-List_37-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-38"},{"link_name":"'Townships: Warrington', in William Farrer and J Brownbill (eds), A History of the County of Lancaster, Vol 3, London, 1907, pp. 316-324, at British History Online (accessed 6 February 2021).","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/lancs/vol3/pp316-324"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-39"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-40"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-41"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-42"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-43"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-44"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-45"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-46"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-47"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-48"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Frederickvi_49-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Frederickvi_49-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-50"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-James_51-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-James_51-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Trail_52-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Trail_52-1"},{"link_name":"South Lancashires at Long, Long Trail.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.longlongtrail.co.uk/army/regiments-and-corps/the-british-infantry-regiments-of-1914-1918/the-prince-of-waless-volunteers-south-lancashire-regiment/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-53"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BeckeApp_54-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-JamesApp_55-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-56"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-57"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-58"},{"link_name":"Training Reserve at Long, Long Trail.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.longlongtrail.co.uk/army/regiments-and-corps/training-reserve/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-60"},{"link_name":"London Gazette 8 December 1896.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/26801/page/7232"}],"text":"^ Fortescue, Vol I, pp. 12, 125, 133–40, 194–7, 294–5.\n\n^ a b Grierson, pp. 6–7.\n\n^ Hay, pp. 11–17, 25–6.\n\n^ a b c d e f g LRO, Handlist 72.\n\n^ Williamson & Whalley, pp. 2–3, 10–25, 29–84.\n\n^ Fortescue, Vol II, pp. 299–302.\n\n^ a b Frederick, p. 119.\n\n^ Hay, pp. 138–44, 242–3.\n\n^ a b Holmes, pp. 94–100.\n\n^ Knight, pp. 78–9, 111, 255.\n\n^ Western, p. 251, Appendices A & B.\n\n^ Fortescue, Vol II, p. 521.\n\n^ Fortescue, Vol III, pp. 173–4, 530–1.\n\n^ Williamson & Whalley, pp. 87–170.\n\n^ Williamson & Whalley, pp. 167–74.\n\n^ a b 2nd–5th Royal Lancashire Militia (1st–4th Supplementary Militia) 1797–1816 at School of Mars.\n\n^ Western, pp. 246, 269, 282.\n\n^ Knight, pp. 411, 437–47.\n\n^ Williamson & Whalley, pp. 175–246.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j k \"Royal Lancashire Militia at Lancashire Infantry Museum\". Archived from the original on 17 January 2021. Retrieved 7 February 2021.\n\n^ a b c Dunlop, pp. 42–52.\n\n^ Grierson, pp. 27–9.\n\n^ Spiers, Army & Society, pp. 91–2.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j k Frederick, pp. 188–9.\n\n^ a b c d e f Hart's, various dates.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j Hay, pp. 354–7.\n\n^ a b c d Parkyn.\n\n^ Spiers, Army and Society, pp. 162–3.\n\n^ Grierson, p. 29.\n\n^ a b Spiers, Late Victorian Army, pp. 97, 102, 126–7.\n\n^ Spiers, Army & Society, pp. 195–6.\n\n^ Spiers, Late Victorian Army, pp. 4, 15, 19.\n\n^ Williamson & Whalley, pp. 327–8.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i Army List, various dates.\n\n^ 'Townships: Warrington', in William Farrer and J Brownbill (eds), A History of the County of Lancaster, Vol 3, London, 1907, pp. 316-324, at British History Online (accessed 6 February 2021).\n\n^ Grierson, pp. 33, 84–5, 113, 120.\n\n^ Spiers, Late Victorian Army, p. 32.\n\n^ Dunlop, pp. 77–9, 91–3.\n\n^ Spiers, Army and Society, p. 239.\n\n^ Spiers, Late Victorian Army, p. 309.\n\n^ Kruger, pp. 223–33.\n\n^ Kruger, pp. 401–8.\n\n^ Dunlop, pp. 131–40, 158-62.\n\n^ Spiers, Army & Society, pp. 243–2, 254.\n\n^ Dunlop, pp. 270–2.\n\n^ a b Frederick, pp. vi–vii.\n\n^ Spiers, Army & Society, pp. 275–7.\n\n^ a b James, pp. 81–2.\n\n^ a b South Lancashires at Long, Long Trail.\n\n^ WO Instruction 76 of 8 October 1914.\n\n^ Becke, Pt 3b, Appendix I.\n\n^ James, p. 98, Appendices II & III.\n\n^ WO Instruction 96 of 10 April 1915.\n\n^ Becke, Pt 2b, pp. 83–90.\n\n^ Training Reserve at Long, Long Trail.\n\n^ London Gazette 8 December 1896.","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Peninsula (formerly Orford) Barracks, Warrington.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Peninsula_Barracks%2C_Warrington.jpg/220px-Peninsula_Barracks%2C_Warrington.jpg"},{"image_text":"The South Lancashires' cap badge","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/South_Lancashire_Regiment_Cap_Badge.jpg/150px-South_Lancashire_Regiment_Cap_Badge.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Militia (English)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militia_(English)"},{"title":"Militia (Great Britain)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militia_(Great_Britain)"},{"title":"Militia (United Kingdom)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militia_(United_Kingdom)"},{"title":"Special Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Reserve"},{"title":"Lancashire Militia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancashire_Militia"},{"title":"South Lancashire Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Lancashire_Regiment"}] | [{"reference":"\"Royal Lancashire Militia at Lancashire Infantry Museum\". Archived from the original on 17 January 2021. Retrieved 7 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210117021649/http://www.lancashireinfantrymuseum.org.uk/the-royal-lancashire-militia/","url_text":"\"Royal Lancashire Militia at Lancashire Infantry Museum\""},{"url":"http://www.lancashireinfantrymuseum.org.uk/the-royal-lancashire-militia/","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://new.lancashire.gov.uk/media/52092/Handlist72militiaandvolunteers.pdf","external_links_name":"LRO, Handlist 72."},{"Link":"https://thisreilluminatedschoolofmars.wordpress.com/notes-on-the-dress-of-the-militia/2nd-5th-royal-lancashire-militia-1st-4th-supplementary-militia-1797-1816/","external_links_name":"2nd–5th Royal Lancashire Militia (1st–4th Supplementary Militia) 1797–1816 at School of Mars."},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210117021649/http://www.lancashireinfantrymuseum.org.uk/the-royal-lancashire-militia/","external_links_name":"\"Royal Lancashire Militia at Lancashire Infantry Museum\""},{"Link":"http://www.lancashireinfantrymuseum.org.uk/the-royal-lancashire-militia/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/442196788","external_links_name":"Parkyn."},{"Link":"https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/lancs/vol3/pp316-324","external_links_name":"'Townships: Warrington', in William Farrer and J Brownbill (eds), A History of the County of Lancaster, Vol 3, London, 1907, pp. 316-324, at British History Online (accessed 6 February 2021)."},{"Link":"http://www.longlongtrail.co.uk/army/regiments-and-corps/the-british-infantry-regiments-of-1914-1918/the-prince-of-waless-volunteers-south-lancashire-regiment/","external_links_name":"South Lancashires at Long, Long Trail."},{"Link":"http://www.longlongtrail.co.uk/army/regiments-and-corps/training-reserve/","external_links_name":"Training Reserve at Long, Long Trail."},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/26801/page/7232","external_links_name":"London Gazette 8 December 1896."},{"Link":"http://lib.militaryarchive.co.uk/library/Miscellaneous-Volumes/library/An-Epitomized-History-of-the-Militia/files/assets/basic-html/page1.html","external_links_name":"Col George Jackson Hay, An Epitomized History of the Militia (The Constitutional Force), London:United Service Gazette, 1905/Ray Westlake Military Books, 1987"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210511004439/http://lib.militaryarchive.co.uk/library/Miscellaneous-Volumes/library/An-Epitomized-History-of-the-Militia/files/assets/basic-html/page1.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/442196788","external_links_name":"H.G. Parkyn, 'English Militia Regiments 1757–1935: Their Badges and Buttons', Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research, Vol 15, No 60 (Winter 1936), pp. 216–248."},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=V6GgAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Maj R.J.T. Williamson & Col J. Lawson Whalley, History of the Old County Regiment of Lancashire Militia, London: Simpkin, Marshall, 1888."},{"Link":"https://www.british-history.ac.uk/","external_links_name":"British History Online"},{"Link":"http://www.lancashireinfantrymuseum.org.uk/","external_links_name":"Duke of Lancaster's Regiment, Lancashire Infantry Museum"},{"Link":"http://new.lancashire.gov.uk/media/52092/Handlist72militiaandvolunteers.pdf","external_links_name":"Lancashire Record Office, Handlist 72"},{"Link":"http://www.longlongtrail.co.uk/","external_links_name":"Chris Baker, The Long, Long Trail"},{"Link":"https://thisreilluminatedschoolofmars.wordpress.com/","external_links_name":"Richard A. Warren, This Re-illuminated School of Mars: Auxiliary forces and other aspects of Albion under Arms in the Great War against France"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lohman,_Missouri | Lohman, Missouri | ["1 History","2 Geography","3 Demographics","3.1 2010 census","3.2 2000 census","4 References"] | Coordinates: 38°32′34″N 92°21′53″W / 38.54278°N 92.36472°W / 38.54278; -92.36472
City in Missouri, United StatesLohman, MissouriCityCity of LohmanStorefront in Lohman, MissouriLocation of Lohman, MissouriCoordinates: 38°32′34″N 92°21′53″W / 38.54278°N 92.36472°W / 38.54278; -92.36472CountryUnited StatesStateMissouriCountyColeIncorporated1882Named forC. W. LohmanGovernment • MayorCody MortensenArea • Total0.36 sq mi (0.93 km2) • Land0.36 sq mi (0.93 km2) • Water0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2)Elevation676 ft (206 m)Population (2020) • Total175 • Density486.11/sq mi (187.55/km2)Time zoneUTC-6 (Central (CST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (CDT)ZIP code65053Area code573FIPS code29-43652GNIS feature ID2395747
Lohman is a city in Cole County, Missouri, United States. The population was 175 at the 2020 census. It is part of the Jefferson City, Missouri Metropolitan Statistical Area.
History
A post office called Lohman has been in operation since 1882. The city was named after C. W. Lohman, a local merchant.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.36 square miles (0.93 km2), all land.
Demographics
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
1920120—1930107−10.8%1940100−6.5%195012323.0%19601284.1%1970109−14.8%198016854.1%1990154−8.3%20001689.1%2010163−3.0%20201757.4%U.S. Decennial Census
2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 163 people, 64 households, and 52 families residing in the city. The population density was 452.8 inhabitants per square mile (174.8/km2). There were 79 housing units at an average density of 219.4 per square mile (84.7/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 97.5% White and 2.5% from two or more races.
There were 64 households, of which 26.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 70.3% were married couples living together, 4.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 6.3% had a male householder with no wife present, and 18.8% were non-families. 17.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.55 and the average family size was 2.85.
The median age in the city was 42.6 years. 20.2% of residents were under the age of 18; 8.7% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 25.8% were from 25 to 44; 30.1% were from 45 to 64; and 15.3% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 52.8% male and 47.2% female.
2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 168 people, 60 households, and 52 families residing in the city. The population density was 376.0 inhabitants per square mile (145.2/km2). There were 68 housing units at an average density of 152.2 per square mile (58.8/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 100.00% White.
There were 60 households, out of which 36.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 78.3% were married couples living together, and 13.3% were non-families. 13.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.80 and the average family size was 3.08.
In the village the population was spread out, with 24.4% under the age of 18, 8.9% from 18 to 24, 25.6% from 25 to 44, 26.2% from 45 to 64, and 14.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 118.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 111.7 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $54,583, and the median income for a family was $59,375. Males had a median income of $35,000 versus $21,042 for females. The per capita income for the city was $22,666. About 5.1% of families and 3.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.0% of those under the age of eighteen and none of those 65 or over.
References
^ "ArcGIS REST Services Directory". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 28, 2022.
^ a b U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Lohman, Missouri
^ a b "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
^ "Explore Census Data". data.census.gov. Retrieved January 13, 2022.
^ "Post Offices". Jim Forte Postal History. Retrieved September 22, 2016.
^ "Cole County Place Names, 1928–1945 (archived)". The State Historical Society of Missouri. Archived from the original on June 24, 2016. Retrieved September 22, 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^ "US Gazetteer files 2010". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on January 25, 2012. Retrieved July 8, 2012.
^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 8, 2012.
vteMunicipalities and communities of Cole County, Missouri, United StatesCounty seat: Jefferson CityCities
Jefferson City‡
Lohman
Russellville
St. Martins
St. Thomas
Taos
Map of Missouri highlighting Cole CountyVillages
Centertown
Wardsville
Townships
Clark
Jefferson
Liberty
Marion
Moreau
Osage
CDP
Eugene
Othercommunities
Apache Flats
Bass
Brazito
Elston
Henley
Hickory Hill
Honey Creek
Marion
Millbrook
Osage Bend
Osage Bluff
Osage City
Schubert
Scott
Scrivner
Stringtown
Ghost towns
Decatur
Teal
Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
Missouri portal
United States portal | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cole County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cole_County,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri"},{"link_name":"2020 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Jefferson City, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_City,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Statistical Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_City,_Missouri_Metropolitan_Area"}],"text":"City in Missouri, United StatesLohman is a city in Cole County, Missouri, United States. The population was 175 at the 2020 census.[4] It is part of the Jefferson City, Missouri Metropolitan Statistical Area.","title":"Lohman, Missouri"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"A post office called Lohman has been in operation since 1882.[5] The city was named after C. W. Lohman, a local merchant.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gazetteer_files-7"}],"text":"According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.36 square miles (0.93 km2), all land.[7]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wwwcensusgov-9"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"}],"sub_title":"2010 census","text":"As of the census[9] of 2010, there were 163 people, 64 households, and 52 families residing in the city. The population density was 452.8 inhabitants per square mile (174.8/km2). There were 79 housing units at an average density of 219.4 per square mile (84.7/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 97.5% White and 2.5% from two or more races.There were 64 households, of which 26.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 70.3% were married couples living together, 4.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 6.3% had a male householder with no wife present, and 18.8% were non-families. 17.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.55 and the average family size was 2.85.The median age in the city was 42.6 years. 20.2% of residents were under the age of 18; 8.7% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 25.8% were from 25 to 44; 30.1% were from 45 to 64; and 15.3% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 52.8% male and 47.2% female.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-3"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"sub_title":"2000 census","text":"As of the census[3] of 2000, there were 168 people, 60 households, and 52 families residing in the city. The population density was 376.0 inhabitants per square mile (145.2/km2). There were 68 housing units at an average density of 152.2 per square mile (58.8/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 100.00% White.There were 60 households, out of which 36.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 78.3% were married couples living together, and 13.3% were non-families. 13.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.80 and the average family size was 3.08.In the village the population was spread out, with 24.4% under the age of 18, 8.9% from 18 to 24, 25.6% from 25 to 44, 26.2% from 45 to 64, and 14.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 118.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 111.7 males.The median income for a household in the city was $54,583, and the median income for a family was $59,375. Males had a median income of $35,000 versus $21,042 for females. The per capita income for the city was $22,666. About 5.1% of families and 3.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.0% of those under the age of eighteen and none of those 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"}] | [{"image_text":"Map of Missouri highlighting Cole County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Map_of_Missouri_highlighting_Cole_County.svg/75px-Map_of_Missouri_highlighting_Cole_County.svg.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"ArcGIS REST Services Directory\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 28, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/arcgis/rest/services/TIGERweb/Places_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD/MapServer","url_text":"\"ArcGIS REST Services Directory\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Explore Census Data\". data.census.gov. Retrieved January 13, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/profile?g=1600000US2943652","url_text":"\"Explore Census Data\""}]},{"reference":"\"Post Offices\". Jim Forte Postal History. Retrieved September 22, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.postalhistory.com/postoffices.asp?state=MO","url_text":"\"Post Offices\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cole County Place Names, 1928–1945 (archived)\". The State Historical Society of Missouri. Archived from the original on June 24, 2016. Retrieved September 22, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160624071207/http://shsmo.org/manuscripts/ramsay/ramsay_cole.html","url_text":"\"Cole County Place Names, 1928–1945 (archived)\""}]},{"reference":"\"US Gazetteer files 2010\". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on January 25, 2012. Retrieved July 8, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120125061959/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt","url_text":"\"US Gazetteer files 2010\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"},{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing\". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 8, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lohman,_Missouri¶ms=38_32_34_N_92_21_53_W_region:US_type:city","external_links_name":"38°32′34″N 92°21′53″W / 38.54278°N 92.36472°W / 38.54278; -92.36472"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lohman,_Missouri¶ms=38_32_34_N_92_21_53_W_region:US_type:city","external_links_name":"38°32′34″N 92°21′53″W / 38.54278°N 92.36472°W / 38.54278; -92.36472"},{"Link":"https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/arcgis/rest/services/TIGERweb/Places_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD/MapServer","external_links_name":"\"ArcGIS REST Services Directory\""},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/2395747","external_links_name":"U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Lohman, Missouri"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"Link":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/profile?g=1600000US2943652","external_links_name":"\"Explore Census Data\""},{"Link":"http://www.postalhistory.com/postoffices.asp?state=MO","external_links_name":"\"Post Offices\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160624071207/http://shsmo.org/manuscripts/ramsay/ramsay_cole.html","external_links_name":"\"Cole County Place Names, 1928–1945 (archived)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120125061959/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt","external_links_name":"\"US Gazetteer files 2010\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","external_links_name":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census website\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Bede%27s_Catholic_High_School,_Ormskirk | St Bede's Catholic High School, Ormskirk | ["1 References","2 External links"] | Coordinates: 53°33′47″N 2°53′40″W / 53.5630°N 2.8945°W / 53.5630; -2.8945
Voluntary aided school in Ormskirk, Lancashire, EnglandSt. Bede's Catholic High SchoolAddressSt. Anne's RoadOrmskirk, Lancashire, L39 4TAEnglandCoordinates53°33′47″N 2°53′40″W / 53.5630°N 2.8945°W / 53.5630; -2.8945InformationTypeVoluntary aided schoolMottoLex Tua LuxReligious affiliation(s)Roman CatholicLocal authorityLancashireDepartment for Education URN119792 TablesOfstedReportsHead teacherD MorganGenderCoeducationalAge11 to 16Enrolment700~Websitehttp://www.sbchs.co.uk//
St. Bede's Catholic High School is a Roman Catholic, co-educational secondary school located on St. Anne's Road, Ormskirk, Lancashire, North West England. As a Catholic community school, it gives priority to parishioners' children and those living within the LEA.
References
External links
St. Bede's Catholic High School website
vte Schools in Lancashire Primary schools
Maharishi School
Stanah Primary School
Secondary schools
Academy@Worden
Accrington Academy
Albany Academy
Alder Grange School
All Hallows RC High School
All Saints' RC School
Archbishop Temple School
Ashton Community Science College
Baines School
Balshaw's CE High School
Bay Leadership Academy
Bishop Rawstorne CE Academy
Blessed Trinity RC College
Bowland High
Broughton High School
Brownedge St Mary's RC High School
Burnley High School
Burscough Priory Academy
Cardinal Allen Catholic High School
Carnforth High School
Carr Hill High School
Central Lancaster High School
Christ the King RC High School
Colne Primet Academy
Corpus Christi RC High School
Fleetwood High School
Fulwood Academy
Garstang Community Academy
Haslingden High School
Hodgson Academy
The Hollins
Holy Cross RC High School
Hutton Grammar School
The Hyndburn Academy
Lathom High School
Longridge High School
Lostock Hall Academy
Lytham St Annes High School
Maharishi School
Marsden Heights Community College
Millfield Science & Performing Arts College
Moor Park High School
Morecambe Bay Academy
Mount Carmel RC High School
Ormskirk School
Our Lady Queen of Peace Catholic Engineering College
Our Lady's Catholic College
Our Lady's Catholic High School
Park High School
Parklands High School
Pendle Vale College
Penwortham Girls' High School
Penwortham Priory Academy
Preston Muslim Girls High School
Rhyddings
Ribblesdale High School
Ripley St Thomas CE Academy
St Aidan's CE High School
St Augustine's RC High School
St Bede's, Lytham St Annes
St Bede's, Ormskirk
St Cecilia's RC High School
St Christopher's CE High School
St Mary's Catholic High School
St Michael's CE High School
Ss John Fisher and Thomas More RC High School
Shuttleworth College
Sir John Thursby Community College
Southlands High School
Tarleton Academy
Unity College
Up Holland High School
The Valley Leadership Academy
Walton-le-Dale High School
Wellfield Academy
West Craven High School
Whitworth Community High School
Grammar schools
Bacup and Rawtenstall Grammar School
Clitheroe Royal Grammar School
Lancaster Girls' Grammar School
Lancaster Royal Grammar School
Private schools
AKS Lytham
Heathland School
Jamea Al Kauthar
Kirkham Grammar School
Lancaster Steiner School
Moorland School
Oakhill School
Rossall School
St Annes College Grammar School
Scarisbrick Hall School
Stonyhurst College
Stonyhurst Saint Mary's Hall
Further education
Accrington and Rossendale College
Burnley College
Cardinal Newman College
Lancashire College
Lancaster and Morecambe College
Lancaster University School of Mathematics
Nelson and Colne College
Preston's College
Runshaw College
Defunct
Cowan Bridge School
Edge End High School
Farnworth Grammar School
Glenburn Sports College
Hameldon Community College
King Edward VII and Queen Mary School
Lowther College
Mansfield High School
Ormskirk Grammar School
Preston Catholic College
Rivington Park School
Royal Albert Hospital
Skerton Community High School
Thomas Whitham Sixth Form
UTC Lancashire
Walton High School
Wennington School
vteArchdiocese of LiverpoolRoman Catholic Archdiocese of Liverpool
Archbishops and bishops of Liverpool
I: George Brown
II: Alexander Goss
III: Bernard O'Reilly
IV: Thomas Whiteside
V: Frederick Keating
VI: Richard Downey
VII: William Godfrey
VIII: John Heenan
IX: George Beck
X: Derek Worlock
XI: Patrick Kelly (Bishop Emeritus)
XII: Malcolm McMahon
Churches
Liverpool Metropolitan Cathedral - Metropolitan Cathedral of Christ the King
Church of St Oswald and St Edmund Arrowsmith, Ashton-in-Makerfield
St Mary's Church, Billinge
St Joseph's Church, Birkdale
Church of St Teresa of Avila, Birkdale
Church of St Monica, Bootle
St Michael's Church, Ditton
St Mary of the Isle Church, Douglas
St Anne's Church, Edge Hill
Sacred Heart Church, Hindsford
Church of the Holy Family, Ince Blundell
St John the Evangelist's Church, Kirkdale
St Joseph's Church, Leigh
St Mary's Church, Little Crosby
Our Lady of the Annunciation Church, Liverpool
Our Lady of Mount Carmel Church, Liverpool
Church of Our Lady of Reconciliation, Liverpool
Sacred Heart Church, Liverpool
St Aloysius Church, Liverpool
St Anthony's Church, Scotland Road
St Anthony of Padua Church, Liverpool
St Clare's Church, Liverpool
St Francis Xavier Church, Liverpool
St Mary's Church, Woolton
St Oswald's Church, Liverpool
St Patrick's Church, Liverpool
St Philip Neri Church, Liverpool
Church of St Vincent de Paul, Liverpool
St Oswald's Church, Padgate
Our Lady Help of Christians Church, Portico
Our Lady Immaculate and St Joseph Church, Prescot
St Bartholomew's Church, Rainhill
Our Lady, Star of the Sea & St Maughold Church, Ramsey
Our Lady Star of the Sea, Seaforth
Church of St Mary, Lowe House
Holy Cross Church, St Helens
St Ambrose's Church, Speke
St Alban's Church, Warrington
St Benedict's Church, Warrington
St Mary's Church, Warrington
St Bede's Church, Widnes
St John's Church, Wigan
St Jude's Church, Wigan
St Mary's Church, Wigan
Patronal Feasts of the Diocese
Saint Joseph (19 March)
Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception (8 December)
Schools
St Mary's College, Crosby
The Academy of St Francis of Assisi
The Academy of St Nicholas
All Hallows Catholic High School
All Saints Catholic High School, Kirkby
Archbishop Beck Catholic College
Bellerive FCJ Catholic College
Broughton Hall High School
Cardinal Heenan Catholic High School
Carmel College (St Helens)
Christ the King Catholic High School, Southport
De La Salle School, St Helens
Holy Cross Catholic High School, Chorley
Holy Family Catholic High School, Thornton
Hope Academy
Maricourt Catholic School
Notre Dame Catholic College, Liverpool
Our Lady Queen of Peace Catholic Engineering College
Sacred Heart Catholic College
St Augustine of Canterbury Catholic Academy
St Bede's Catholic High School, Ormskirk
St Cuthbert's Catholic High School
St Edmund Arrowsmith Catholic Academy, Whiston
St Edmund Arrowsmith Catholic High School, Ashton-in-Makerfield
St Edward's College
St Francis Xavier's College, Liverpool
St John Bosco Arts College
St John Fisher Catholic High School, Wigan
St Julie's Catholic High School
St Mary's Catholic High School, Astley
St Mary's Catholic High School, Leyland
St Peter's Catholic High School
Saints Peter and Paul Catholic High School
The Salesian Academy of St John Bosco
See also:
Catholic Church in the Isle of Man
Apostolic Vicariate of the Lancashire District
St Joseph's College, Up Holland
Vincent Malone
Thomas Neylon
Tom Williams
Catholicism portal
Liverpool portal
This Lancashire school or sixth form college related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic"},{"link_name":"co-educational","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-educational"},{"link_name":"secondary school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_school"},{"link_name":"Ormskirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ormskirk"},{"link_name":"Lancashire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancashire"},{"link_name":"North West England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_West_England"},{"link_name":"LEA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Education_Authority"}],"text":"Voluntary aided school in Ormskirk, Lancashire, EnglandSt. Bede's Catholic High School is a Roman Catholic, co-educational secondary school located on St. Anne's Road, Ormskirk, Lancashire, North West England. As a Catholic community school, it gives priority to parishioners' children and those living within the LEA.","title":"St Bede's Catholic High School, Ormskirk"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=St_Bede%27s_Catholic_High_School,_Ormskirk¶ms=53.563_N_2.8945_W_type:edu_region:GB_dim:100","external_links_name":"53°33′47″N 2°53′40″W / 53.5630°N 2.8945°W / 53.5630; -2.8945"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=St_Bede%27s_Catholic_High_School,_Ormskirk¶ms=53.563_N_2.8945_W_type:edu_region:GB_dim:100","external_links_name":"53°33′47″N 2°53′40″W / 53.5630°N 2.8945°W / 53.5630; -2.8945"},{"Link":"https://get-information-schools.service.gov.uk/Establishments/Establishment/Details/119792","external_links_name":"119792"},{"Link":"https://www.compare-school-performance.service.gov.uk/school/119792","external_links_name":"Tables"},{"Link":"https://reports.ofsted.gov.uk/inspection-reports/find-inspection-report/provider/ELS/119792","external_links_name":"Reports"},{"Link":"http://www.sbchs.co.uk//","external_links_name":"http://www.sbchs.co.uk//"},{"Link":"http://www.sbchs.co.uk/","external_links_name":"St. Bede's Catholic High School website"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St_Bede%27s_Catholic_High_School,_Ormskirk&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katukan,_Iranshahr | Katukan, Iranshahr | ["1 References"] | Coordinates: 27°17′52″N 60°50′09″E / 27.29778°N 60.83583°E / 27.29778; 60.83583Village in Sistan and Baluchestan, IranKatukan
كتوكانvillageKatukanCoordinates: 27°17′52″N 60°50′09″E / 27.29778°N 60.83583°E / 27.29778; 60.83583Country IranProvinceSistan and BaluchestanCountyIranshahrBakhshCentralRural DistrictAbtarPopulation (2006) • Total455Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST) • Summer (DST)UTC+4:30 (IRDT)
Katukan (Persian: كتوكان, also Romanized as Katūkān and Katookan) is a village in Abtar Rural District, in the Central District of Iranshahr County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 455, in 90 families.
References
^ Katukan can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3070058" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database".
^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20.
vte Iranshahr CountyCapital
Iranshahr
DistrictsCentralCities
Iranshahr
Rural Districts and villagesAbtar
Abgurandan
Abtar
Ahmadabad
Anari
Asanu
Azmanabad
Bazmahi
Bon Gir
Darajendan
Darbandkan
Galak
Ganjabad
Garuki
Gazin
Geri
Golshahr
Gunkan
Gurkavan
Gurnak
Kablan
Kaliran
Kaliri
Kasami
Katukan
Kusichi
Maduhak
Manesh
Manjin
Mowtowr-e Amir
Nadag Dan
Naserabad
Pansan
Qaderabad
Raginan
Rudi
Rudy
Sahran
Sar Taruna
Saraydan
Sarnajdani
Shahidan
Shak Shichi
Siahti Kalat
Surgu
Tukar
Vashapi
Zaminkan
Zirdan
Damen
Ab Chekan
Abadan
Afzalabad
Baluchkan
Benuk
Chahan
Darreh-ye Seyeh Tapi
Detk
Gazan Ashehi
Kach Kurin
Kahnu
Kaj
Kaj Kush
Kucheh
Kuhigan-e Bala
Kuhigan-e Pain
Kuran-e Olya
Kuran-e Sofla
Malekabad
Marabad
Murtan
Pazard
Piranch
Qaderabad-e Murtan
Qaleh-ye Tarvan
Sarjub
Sayegan
Sheyban
Zehlenfan
Howmeh
Aliabad
Allahabad
Baghdaniyeh
Brick Factory, Iranshahr
Chah-e Jamal
Darkian
Do Rahi Sad
Gavdari-ye Amiri
Gavdari-ye Sagari
Iranshahr Industrial Complex
Kal Chat
Kallinag-e Hasankhani
Karimabad
Khalilabad
Kheyrabad
Kur-e Kelkian
Mowtowr-e Abdol Ghani Bahader
Mowtowr-e Abdol Naser Kelekeli
Mowtowr-e Alizadeh
Mowtowr-e Allah Bakhsh
Mowtowr-e Ayyub Borhan Zehi
Mowtowr-e Barnayan
Mowtowr-e Chengiz
Mowtowr-e Dar Mohammad Jamshid Zehi
Mowtowr-e Dusahnbeh Dust Kam
Mowtowr-e Gholam Hoseyn Iran
Mowtowr-e Hajji Amid
Mowtowr-e Hajji Dadager
Mowtowr-e Hajji Heydar
Mowtowr-e Hajji Mohammad Zard Kuhi
Mowtowr-e Jafar
Mowtowr-e Karim Khan
Mowtowr-e Mazar Karimi
Mowtowr-e Mohammad Hoseyn Shahli Bar
Mowtowr-e Mohammad Zaman
Mowtowr-e Molla Vahid Kelkeli
Mowtowr-e Nabi Bakhsh Baluch Zehi
Mowtowr-e Naser Gargij
Mowtowr-e Pey Khvasteh
Mowtowr-e Seyyd Mohammad
Mowtowr-e Seyyed Shahak Zehi
Mowtowr-e Sheykh Mohammad Mahmudi
Mowtowr-e Yusef Rudini
Naserabad
Nukabad
Nukabad-e Sarhang
Rahmanabad
Sar Kahuran
Sarzeh
Shahr Deraz
Surab
Tomp-e Rigan
BazmanCities
Bazman
Rural Districts and villagesAbreis
Abbasabad
Aliabad
Chah-e Qezelbash
Chah-e Qorban
Chah-e Rahim
Deh-e Gami
Deh-e Jehil
Gigan
Hajjiabad
Kafeh Jangian
Kheyrabad
Masjed Abu ol Fazl
Mian Chah
Mohimabad
Nagatak
Pag
Sharifabad
Shurab
Valiabad
Bazman
Asan Kuh
Azizabad
Camp Office, Iranshahr
Chah Shur-e Seh
Chah Shur-e Shomareh-ye Do
Chah Shur-e Shomareh-ye Yek
Chah-e Kalir
Chah-e Kalir
Chah-e Mir Jan
Chah-e Mohammad
Chah-e Torsh
Chahuk
Chahuk-e Mehrab
Dar Dazdan
Dar Giaban
Darahu
Darchahi
Darreh Kashkin
Espidabad
Estakhrak
Gazhak
Giman
Golabad
Hajjiabad
Karudan
Kaskin
Kavanz
Kelk
Kermanchi
Konarak
Kuh Khezr
Madan-e Sang Chah Torsh
Madhan
Maksan
Mowtowr-e Ali Kord
Narazad
Pansareh
Sar Tap
Sarab
Sargaruk
Shur
Tang-e Rahin
Tanhak
Tireh-ye Kheyrabad
Iran portal
This Iranshahr County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanize"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Abtar Rural District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abtar_Rural_District"},{"link_name":"Central District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_District_(Iranshahr_County)"},{"link_name":"Iranshahr County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranshahr_County"},{"link_name":"Sistan and Baluchestan Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistan_and_Baluchestan_Province"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Village in Sistan and Baluchestan, IranKatukan (Persian: كتوكان, also Romanized as Katūkān and Katookan)[1] is a village in Abtar Rural District, in the Central District of Iranshahr County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 455, in 90 families.[2]","title":"Katukan, Iranshahr"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1385/results/all/11.xls","url_text":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_Center_of_Iran","url_text":"Statistical Center of Iran"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920084728/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/11.xls","url_text":"Archived"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Katukan,_Iranshahr¶ms=27_17_52_N_60_50_09_E_region:IR_type:city(455)","external_links_name":"27°17′52″N 60°50′09″E / 27.29778°N 60.83583°E / 27.29778; 60.83583"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Katukan,_Iranshahr¶ms=27_17_52_N_60_50_09_E_region:IR_type:city(455)","external_links_name":"27°17′52″N 60°50′09″E / 27.29778°N 60.83583°E / 27.29778; 60.83583"},{"Link":"http://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/","external_links_name":"this link"},{"Link":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1385/results/all/11.xls","external_links_name":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920084728/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/11.xls","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katukan,_Iranshahr&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drakes_Branch,_VA | Drakes Branch, Virginia | ["1 Geography","2 Demographics","3 References","4 External links"] | Coordinates: 36°59′35″N 78°36′6″W / 36.99306°N 78.60167°W / 36.99306; -78.60167Town in Virginia, United StatesDrakes Branch, VirginiaTownMain Street
SealLocation of Drakes Branch, VirginiaCoordinates: 36°59′35″N 78°36′6″W / 36.99306°N 78.60167°W / 36.99306; -78.60167CountryUnited StatesStateVirginiaCountyCharlotteArea • Total4.14 sq mi (10.72 km2) • Land4.14 sq mi (10.72 km2) • Water0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2)Elevation384 ft (117 m)Population (2010) • Total530 • Estimate (2019)501 • Density121.07/sq mi (46.75/km2)Time zoneUTC−5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC−4 (EDT)ZIP code23937Area code434FIPS code51-23376GNIS feature ID1465943Websitewww.towndrakesbranch.com
Drakes Branch is a town in Charlotte County, Virginia, United States. The population was 530 at the 2010 census.
Geography
Drakes Branch is located southeast of the center of Charlotte County at 36°59′35″N 78°36′6″W / 36.99306°N 78.60167°W / 36.99306; -78.60167 (36.992958, −78.601714). Virginia State Route 47 passes through the town, leading north 5 miles (8 km) to Charlotte Court House, the county seat, and southeast 7 miles (11 km) to U.S. Route 15. Virginia State Route 59 intersects Route 47 in the north part of town and leads northeast 8 miles (13 km) to Keysville.
According to the United States Census Bureau, Drakes Branch has a total area of 4.1 square miles (10.7 km2), all of it land.
Demographics
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
188087—1910703—1920660−6.1%1930583−11.7%1940438−24.9%1950410−6.4%196075985.1%1970702−7.5%1980617−12.1%1990565−8.4%2000504−10.8%20105305.2%2019 (est.)501−5.5%U.S. Decennial Census
At the 2000 census there were 504 people, 231 households, and 134 families living in the town. The population density was 121.8 people per square mile (47.0/km²). There were 262 housing units at an average density of 63.3 per square mile (24.4/km²). The racial makeup of the town was 59.33% White, 40.08% African American, 0.20% from other races, and 0.40% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.98%.
Of the 231 households 21.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 39.0% were married couples living together, 14.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 41.6% were non-families. 35.5% of households were one person and 14.7% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.18 and the average family size was 2.81.
The age distribution was 20.4% under the age of 18, 6.5% from 18 to 24, 24.4% from 25 to 44, 28.4% from 45 to 64, and 20.2% 65 or older. The median age was 44 years. For every 100 females, there were 88.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.0 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $25,583, and the median family income was $35,000. Males had a median income of $25,469 versus $17,500 for females. The per capita income for the town was $15,701. About 8.2% of families and 16.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 20.5% of those under age 18 and 14.3% of those age 65 or over.
References
^ "2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 7, 2020.
^ a b "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". United States Census Bureau. May 24, 2020. Retrieved May 27, 2020.
^ a b "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
^ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. 2007-10-25. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
^ a b "Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Drakes Branch town, Virginia". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Retrieved August 25, 2015.
^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. 2011-02-12. Retrieved 2011-04-23.
^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
External links
Town website
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vteMunicipalities and communities of Charlotte County, Virginia, United StatesCounty seat: Charlotte Court HouseTowns
Charlotte Court House
Drakes Branch
Keysville
Phenix
Map of Virginia highlighting Charlotte CountyUnincorporatedcommunities
Abilene
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Virginia portal
United States portal | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charlotte County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"2010 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2010-5"}],"text":"Town in Virginia, United StatesDrakes Branch is a town in Charlotte County, Virginia, United States. The population was 530 at the 2010 census.[5]","title":"Drakes Branch, Virginia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"36°59′35″N 78°36′6″W / 36.99306°N 78.60167°W / 36.99306; -78.60167","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Drakes_Branch,_Virginia¶ms=36_59_35_N_78_36_6_W_type:city"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR1-6"},{"link_name":"Virginia State Route 47","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_47"},{"link_name":"Charlotte Court House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Court_House,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"county seat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_seat"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_15"},{"link_name":"Virginia State Route 59","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_59"},{"link_name":"Keysville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keysville,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2010-5"}],"text":"Drakes Branch is located southeast of the center of Charlotte County at 36°59′35″N 78°36′6″W / 36.99306°N 78.60167°W / 36.99306; -78.60167 (36.992958, −78.601714).[6] Virginia State Route 47 passes through the town, leading north 5 miles (8 km) to Charlotte Court House, the county seat, and southeast 7 miles (11 km) to U.S. Route 15. Virginia State Route 59 intersects Route 47 in the north part of town and leads northeast 8 miles (13 km) to Keysville.According to the United States Census Bureau, Drakes Branch has a total area of 4.1 square miles (10.7 km2), all of it land.[5]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2000 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"racial makeup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_Census#2000_census"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-3"},{"link_name":"median income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"text":"At the 2000 census there were 504 people, 231 households, and 134 families living in the town. The population density was 121.8 people per square mile (47.0/km²). There were 262 housing units at an average density of 63.3 per square mile (24.4/km²). The racial makeup of the town was 59.33% White, 40.08% African American, 0.20% from other races, and 0.40% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.98%.[3]Of the 231 households 21.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 39.0% were married couples living together, 14.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 41.6% were non-families. 35.5% of households were one person and 14.7% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.18 and the average family size was 2.81.The age distribution was 20.4% under the age of 18, 6.5% from 18 to 24, 24.4% from 25 to 44, 28.4% from 45 to 64, and 20.2% 65 or older. The median age was 44 years. For every 100 females, there were 88.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.0 males.The median income for a household in the town was $25,583, and the median family income was $35,000. Males had a median income of $25,469 versus $17,500 for females. The per capita income for the town was $15,701. About 8.2% of families and 16.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 20.5% of those under age 18 and 14.3% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"}] | [{"image_text":"Map of Virginia highlighting Charlotte County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Map_of_Virginia_highlighting_Charlotte_County.svg/180px-Map_of_Virginia_highlighting_Charlotte_County.svg.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 7, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2019_Gazetteer/2019_gaz_place_51.txt","url_text":"\"2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""}]},{"reference":"\"Population and Housing Unit Estimates\". United States Census Bureau. May 24, 2020. Retrieved May 27, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.2019.html","url_text":"\"Population and Housing Unit Estimates\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\". United States Geological Survey. 2007-10-25. Retrieved 2008-01-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://geonames.usgs.gov/","url_text":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Drakes Branch town, Virginia\". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Retrieved August 25, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://factfinder2.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/G001/1600000US5123376","url_text":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Drakes Branch town, Virginia\""}]},{"reference":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\". United States Census Bureau. 2011-02-12. Retrieved 2011-04-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","url_text":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing\". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Drakes_Branch,_Virginia¶ms=36_59_35_N_78_36_6_W_region:US-VA_type:city","external_links_name":"36°59′35″N 78°36′6″W / 36.99306°N 78.60167°W / 36.99306; -78.60167"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Drakes_Branch,_Virginia¶ms=36_59_35_N_78_36_6_W_region:US-VA_type:city","external_links_name":"36°59′35″N 78°36′6″W / 36.99306°N 78.60167°W / 36.99306; -78.60167"},{"Link":"http://www.towndrakesbranch.com/","external_links_name":"www.towndrakesbranch.com"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Drakes_Branch,_Virginia¶ms=36_59_35_N_78_36_6_W_type:city","external_links_name":"36°59′35″N 78°36′6″W / 36.99306°N 78.60167°W / 36.99306; -78.60167"},{"Link":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2019_Gazetteer/2019_gaz_place_51.txt","external_links_name":"\"2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.2019.html","external_links_name":"\"Population and Housing Unit Estimates\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"Link":"https://geonames.usgs.gov/","external_links_name":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\""},{"Link":"http://factfinder2.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/G001/1600000US5123376","external_links_name":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Drakes Branch town, Virginia\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","external_links_name":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","external_links_name":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""},{"Link":"http://www.towndrakesbranch.com/","external_links_name":"Town website"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheykh_Mahalleh,_Amol | Sheykh Mahalleh, Amol | ["1 References"] | Coordinates: 36°06′32″N 52°07′42″E / 36.10889°N 52.12833°E / 36.10889; 52.12833Village in Mazandaran, IranSheykh Mahalleh
شيخ محلهvillageSheykh MahallehCoordinates: 36°06′32″N 52°07′42″E / 36.10889°N 52.12833°E / 36.10889; 52.12833Country IranProvinceMazandaranCountyAmolBakhshLarijanRural DistrictLarijan-e SoflaPopulation (2006) • Total82Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST) • Summer (DST)UTC+4:30 (IRDT)
Sheykh Mahalleh (Persian: شيخ محله, also Romanized as Sheykh Maḩalleh) is a village in Larijan-e Sofla Rural District, Larijan District, Amol County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 82, in 27 families.
References
^ Sheykh Mahalleh can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3841988" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database".
^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20.
vte Amol CountyCapital
Amol
DistrictsCentralCities
Amol
Rural Districts and villagesBala Khiyaban-e Litkuh(UpperKhiyaban-e Litkuh)
Ab Bakhshan
Ali Jangal
Bozminan
Chalikiadeh
Chandar Mahalleh
Derazan
Divraz
Dormah Kola
Esku Mahalleh
Espand
Halumsar
Industrial Estate
Karchi Kola
Kasemdeh
Kateh Posht-e Olya
Khas Kola
Khoshk Rud
Kom Kola
Konesi
Marzan Kola
Mian Mahalleh
Mian Rud
Mikhran
Nowgardan
Palak-e Olya
Palak-e Sofla
Paski Mahalleh
Rudbar Dasht
Sang Darka
Sehri
Suteh Kola
Teliran
Tir Kan
Tork Kola
Toskabon
Varamdeh
Ziarud
Chelav
Alimestan
Andvar
Bozrudasht
Chameh Ben
Gat Kola
Genkaraj Kola
Kamarbon
Kandeva
Kapin
Kherem
Khushevash
Kolard
Lahash
Marijan
Mohammadabad
Najjar Kola
Neshel
Paran
Parimeh
Pasha Kola
Razakeh
Sang Chal
Shah Zeyd
Tiar
Zar Khuni
Harazpey-ye Jonubi(South Harazpey)
Ab Saraft
Ahangar Kola
Ali Kola-ye Ahi
Aqa Mohammadabad
Aski Mahalleh
Bakhtiar Koti
Bamoti
Bish Mahalleh
Farahabad
Hareh Pak
Hemmatabad
Hoseynabad
Jafarabad
Jamshidabad
Kamangar Kola
Kelikan
Kharab-e Mian Rud
Kohneh Dan
Kola Mahalleh
Kola Safa
Lati Kola
Masumabad
Mian Rud
Now Deh
Now Kola
Owjiabad
Pasha Kola
Pasha Kola-ye Bish Mahalleh
Puli Kiadeh
Qadi Mahalleh
Qoroq
Rafiabad
Rudbar
Sadin Kola
Sang-e Bast
Sharm Kola
Sheykhabad
Tamesk
Zaghedeh
Pain Khiyaban-e Litkuh (LowerKhiyaban-e Litkuh)
Aghuz Koti
Aghuzbon
Ahankoti
Anj Pol
Ansari Mahalleh
Changaz
Chau Sar Mahalleh
Dar Kola
Darkapey
Galan
Halikoti
Hoseynabad
Kaseb Mahalleh
Kolaksar
Kordkoti
Kuk Deh
Kuseh Raz
Marandeh
Markoti
Maskun
Naram
Nowabad
Pishgun
Qajar Mahalleh
Rukesh
Sarhang Koti
Sayij Mahalleh
Shad Mahalleh
Shirkaj
Siah Lash
Tajanak
Tajanjar-e Olya
Tajanjar-e Sofla
Tazehabad
Valisdeh
Varka Deh
Zarundeh
DabudashtCities
Dabudasht
Rural Districts and villagesDabuy-ye Jonubi(South Dabuy)
Abdangesar
Abu Mahalleh
Ahangar Kola-ye Olya
Ahangar Kola-ye Sofla
Alu
Ashrafabad
Aski Mahalleh
Aspahi Kola
Azimabad
Bala Hashtal
Bamer Kola
Banesar Kola
Barik Mahalleh
Bish Mahalleh
Bur Mahalleh
Chareh
Dangepia
Darzi Kola
Dau Kola
Deyeh
Do Tireh
Eshkar Kola
Eslamabad
Espiarbon
Espiyari
Galesh Kola
Ghias Kola
Hajjiabad
Hasanabad
Hoseynabad
Jali Kola
Kabud Kola
Kachap-e Kolva
Kachap-e Olya
Kachap-e Sofla
Kalik Sar
Kamangar Kola
Kashi Mahalleh
Kord Kheyl
Korsi Kola
Mahut Kola
Majidabad
Mamraz Koti
Marij Mahalleh
Marzangu
Mian Rud
Motahhar-e Olya
Motahhar-e Sofla
Musa Mahalleh
Muzi Koti-ye Olya
Muzi Koti-ye Sofla
Naijabad
Narges Marz
Naserabad
Nowabad
Owjak
Pain Hashtal
Palham Koti
Pasha Kola
Pepin
Qaemiyeh-ye Olya
Qaemiyeh-ye Sofla
Qala Koti
Qara Kola
Raisabad
Rashkola
Sangar
Saraj Mahalleh
Shah Kola
Shahr-e Koti
Shanehband
Shariatabad
Soltanabad
Surak
Surat Kola
Tanha Kola
Tazehabad
Tervijan
Tuleh Kola
Valik-e Olya
Valik-e Sofla
Vaskas
Yusefabad
Ziar Kola
Dasht-e Sar
Ahangar Kola
Allah Kaj
Arab Kheyl
Baghban Kola
Baleyran
Buran
Chang Mian
Davud Kola
Ejbar Kola
Firuz Kola-ye Olya
Firuz Kola-ye Sofla
Firuz Kola-ye Vosta
Gol Mazar
Harun Kola
Hendu Kola
Kharman Kola
Khuni Sar
Komdarreh
Mahdi Kheyl
Mazres
Mileh
Moallem Kola
Mohammadabad
Nafar Kheyl
Najjar Mahalleh
Nezamabad
Now Deh
Nowabad
Pasha Kola
Qaleh Kesh
Qalyan Kola
Rostamdar Mahalleh
Salar Mahalleh
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Rural Districts and villagesBala Larijan(Upper Larijan)
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Features
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Iran portal
This Amol County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanize"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Larijan-e Sofla Rural District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larijan-e_Sofla_Rural_District"},{"link_name":"Larijan District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larijan_District"},{"link_name":"Amol County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amol_County"},{"link_name":"Mazandaran Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazandaran_Province"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Village in Mazandaran, IranSheykh Mahalleh (Persian: شيخ محله, also Romanized as Sheykh Maḩalleh)[1] is a village in Larijan-e Sofla Rural District, Larijan District, Amol County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 82, in 27 families.[2]","title":"Sheykh Mahalleh, Amol"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1385/results/all/02.xls","url_text":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_Center_of_Iran","url_text":"Statistical Center of Iran"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920084728/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/02.xls","url_text":"Archived"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sheykh_Mahalleh,_Amol¶ms=36_06_32_N_52_07_42_E_region:IR_type:city(82)","external_links_name":"36°06′32″N 52°07′42″E / 36.10889°N 52.12833°E / 36.10889; 52.12833"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sheykh_Mahalleh,_Amol¶ms=36_06_32_N_52_07_42_E_region:IR_type:city(82)","external_links_name":"36°06′32″N 52°07′42″E / 36.10889°N 52.12833°E / 36.10889; 52.12833"},{"Link":"http://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/","external_links_name":"this link"},{"Link":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1385/results/all/02.xls","external_links_name":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920084728/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/02.xls","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sheykh_Mahalleh,_Amol&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_Square,_Wroc%C5%82aw | Market Square, Wrocław | ["1 Buildings on the middle square","2 East side","3 West side","4 Notes","5 References","6 Gallery","7 See also","8 External links"] | Coordinates: 51°6′36″N 17°1′55″E / 51.11000°N 17.03194°E / 51.11000; 17.03194Market square in Wrocław, Poland
Market Square, WrocławMarket squarePolish: Rynek we WrocławiuView of Market SquareOpening date1214–1232Area37,914 square metres (3.7914 ha)ManagerWrocław City CouncilLocationWrocław Old TownLower Silesian Voivodeship, PolandMarket Square, WrocławCoordinates: 51°6′36″N 17°1′55″E / 51.11000°N 17.03194°E / 51.11000; 17.03194
The Market Square, Wrocław (Polish: Rynek we Wrocławiu, German: Großer Ring zu Breslau) is a medieval market square in Wrocław, in southwestern Poland. The square is rectangular with the dimensions 213 by 178 metres (699 ft × 584 ft) and now serves as a pedestrian zone. It is one of the largest market squares in Europe, with the largest two city halls in the country.
The buildings around the square are built according to different styles: the middle part (German: Tritt) of the ring is occupied by a block of buildings consisting of the Old City Hall, the New City Hall as well as numerous citizens' houses. The market square is an urban ensemble with the two diagonally contiguous areas, the Salt Market and the square in front of St. Elisabeth's Church. Eleven streets lead to the market: two to each corner, two narrow lanes and an opened outside square, Kurzy Targ "Chicken Market".
The market was founded according to Magdeburg law as early as the rule of Polish Duke Henry I the Bearded between 1214 and 1232. Over time, the patricians' houses appeared and by the middle of the 14th century they had formed a closed construction with the limits of the plots defined.
In the 19th century the square was connected to the tram lines, at first a horse-drawn system, but after 1892 electric.
During World War II, the market square was damaged, however, most of the buildings remained intact and were carefully restored.
Through to the end of the 1970s, vehicles were able to drive through along an east–west axis. Between 1996 and 2000 the square was resurfaced, while the east side, the last to be accessible to cars, was pedestrianised.
There are now 60 numbered plots on the market square, with some buildings occupying several. The limits of the plots often follow lines different from those first laid out since estates were often merged and divided in the late Middle Ages. Each property has a traditional name, usually associated with the coat of arms visible on the facade or related to the history of the house itself, for instance Under the Griffins, Under the Blue Sun and Old Town Hall (tenement house, which collects the city council before the construction of the first town hall; now there is a McDonald).
Buildings on the middle square
Market Square in 1900, then called Breslauer Ring
Wrocław Old City Hall in 1945
The inner block stands with an alignment which varies by 7° from that of the outline of the square and surrounding street plan. The reason for this variation has not been established conclusively.
A prominent element of the block is the late-Gothic Old City Hall, located on its southern side. The structure is one of the city's most recognisable landmarks, particularly for its distinctive eastern facade. To the Old Town Hall is adjacent New Town Hall, built in the years 1860–1864.
At the turn of the 19th and 20th century, two-thirds of buildings in the middle of the square, were demolished and replaced by offices and retail establishments designed in Historicism and Modern styles.
During the World War II although much of the city was destroyed or damaged, the market did not suffer much damage. The square was restored according to the way it looked in the late 18th century, using Baroque and Classicism styles.
In the buildings on the middle square there are three parallel small streets (Sukiennice, Przejście Żelaźnicze, Przejście Garncarskie) and one perpendicular to them (Zaułek Jerzego Grotowskiego).
East side
The east side was historically known as the "Green Pipe Side" (German: Grüne-Rohr-Seite), referring to the verdigris on the copper gutters and downpipes. Its name in Polish is Strona Zielonej Trzciny ("Green Reed Side"). Opposite the main facade of the Town Hall, the east side comprises the houses no. 29 through 41. Notable buildings include the old Barasch Brothers' Department Store, now Feniks Department Store (street no. 29-41).
West side
In 1931, on the west side of the Market Square, at location tenement houses 9 to 11, architect Heinrich Rump designed a modernist and controversial high office building (now the Santander Bank Polska, formerly the seat of MPK Wrocław).
Notes
^ Sofia Dyak. The Legacies of Others. Dealing with Historic Cityspaces in Soviet Lviv and Communist Wrocław. In: Reconciling the Irreconcilable. I. Papkova ed. IWM Vienna 2009. pp. 19-20.
^ "Co będzie w dawnym budynku banku BZ WBK w Rynku? Nowe plany". www.wroclaw.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 2020-11-27.
References
Olgierd Czerner, Rynek wrocławski, Wrocław: Ossolineum, 1976
Cezary Buśko, Archeologia lokacyjnego Wrocławia, in Rudolf Procházka: Forum urbes mediiaevi. 1.Sborník příspěvků z konference FUMA konané 10. dubna 2002, Brno: Archaia Brno, 2004, pp. 35–45. ISBN 978-80-239-2746-7. PDF, Polish with German summary
Dehio - Handbuch der Kunstdenkmäler in Polen: Schlesien, Herder-Institut Marburg and Krajowy Osrodek Badan i Dokumentacji Zabytkow Warszawa, Deutscher Kunstverlag 2005, ISBN 3-422-03109-X
Gallery
The annual Christmas market at the Market Square
Wrocław Old City Hall at night
Wrocław New City Hall
Zdrój Fountain
Aleksander Fredro Monument
The Tourist Information Centre
Tenements Hansel and Gretel (Jaś i Małgosia)
Bear Fountain
See also
Main Square, Kraków
St Mary Magdalene Church, Wrocław
Wrocław Old Town
External links
Media related to Market Square in Wrocław at Wikimedia Commons
Christmas market
“Zdrój” Fountain The Official Travel Guide of Wrocław
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Germany
2
Geographic
Structurae
vteWrocławBoroughs
Old Town
Downtown
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Attractions
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Sky Tower
Szczytnicki Park
Wrocław Dwarfs
Wrocław Exhibition Grounds
Centennial Hall
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Wrocław Old Town
Wrocław Town Hall
Bear Fountain
Market Square
Cathedral Island
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Sand Island
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Royal Palace
Cupid on the Pegasus
National Forum of Music
WuWA
Wrocław Zoo
Africarium
Wroclavia
Museums
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Museum of Natural History, University of Wrocław
Museum of the University of Wrocław
National Museum
Ossolineum
Transport
Copernicus Airport Wrocław
Trams in Wrocław
Wrocław Główny railway station
Wrocław main bus station
Other
History of Wrocław
Timeline
Siege of Breslau | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_language"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"medieval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"market square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_square"},{"link_name":"Wrocław","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"pedestrian zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedestrian_zone"},{"link_name":"city halls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_hall"},{"link_name":"Old City Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw_Town_Hall"},{"link_name":"New City Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowy_Ratusz_we_Wroc%C5%82awiu"},{"link_name":"St. Elisabeth's Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Elisabeth%27s_Church,_Wroc%C5%82aw"},{"link_name":"Magdeburg law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdeburg_rights"},{"link_name":"Polish Duke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piast_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Henry I the Bearded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_I_the_Bearded"},{"link_name":"tram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trams_in_Wroc%C5%82aw"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"}],"text":"Market square in Wrocław, PolandThe Market Square, Wrocław (Polish: Rynek we Wrocławiu, German: Großer Ring zu Breslau) is a medieval market square in Wrocław, in southwestern Poland. The square is rectangular with the dimensions 213 by 178 metres (699 ft × 584 ft) and now serves as a pedestrian zone. It is one of the largest market squares in Europe, with the largest two city halls in the country.The buildings around the square are built according to different styles: the middle part (German: Tritt) of the ring is occupied by a block of buildings consisting of the Old City Hall, the New City Hall as well as numerous citizens' houses. The market square is an urban ensemble with the two diagonally contiguous areas, the Salt Market and the square in front of St. Elisabeth's Church. Eleven streets lead to the market: two to each corner, two narrow lanes and an opened outside square, Kurzy Targ \"Chicken Market\".The market was founded according to Magdeburg law as early as the rule of Polish Duke Henry I the Bearded between 1214 and 1232. 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The reason for this variation has not been established conclusively.A prominent element of the block is the late-Gothic Old City Hall, located on its southern side. The structure is one of the city's most recognisable landmarks, particularly for its distinctive eastern facade. To the Old Town Hall is adjacent New Town Hall, built in the years 1860–1864.At the turn of the 19th and 20th century, two-thirds of buildings in the middle of the square, were demolished and replaced by offices and retail establishments designed in Historicism and Modern styles.During the World War II although much of the city was destroyed or damaged, the market did not suffer much damage. 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Dealing with Historic Cityspaces in Soviet Lviv and Communist Wrocław. In: Reconciling the Irreconcilable. I. Papkova ed. IWM Vienna 2009. pp. 19-20.\n\n^ \"Co będzie w dawnym budynku banku BZ WBK w Rynku? Nowe plany\". www.wroclaw.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 2020-11-27.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mercado_de_Navidad,_Plaza_del_Mercado,_Breslavia,_Polonia,_2017-12-20,_DD_41-49_HDR_PAN.jpg"},{"link_name":"Christmas market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_market"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Torre_del_Ayuntamiento,_Breslavia,_Polonia,_2017-12-20,_DD_26-28_HDR.jpg"},{"link_name":"Wrocław Old City Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw_Town_Hall"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Siedziba_Prezydenta_Wroc%C5%82awia_-_panoramio.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stare_Miasto,_Wroc%C5%82aw,_Poland_-_panoramio_(8).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wroc%C5%82aw_-_Pomnik_Aleksandra_Fredry_we_Wroc%C5%82awiu.jpg"},{"link_name":"Aleksander Fredro Monument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_Fredro_Monument_in_Wroc%C5%82aw"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wroc%C5%82aw_Rynek_14_sm.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wroc%C5%82aw_(8200082867).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:5250_Rze%C5%BAba_Mis_przy_Ratuszu._Foto_Barbara_Maliszewska.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bear Fountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bear_Fountain_in_Wroc%C5%82aw"}],"text":"The annual Christmas market at the Market Square\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWrocław Old City Hall at night\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWrocław New City Hall\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tZdrój Fountain\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAleksander Fredro Monument\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Tourist Information Centre\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTenements Hansel and Gretel (Jaś i Małgosia)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBear Fountain","title":"Gallery"}] | [{"image_text":"Market Square in 1900, then called Breslauer Ring","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Breslau_Ring_Ostseite_%281890-1900%29.jpg/220px-Breslau_Ring_Ostseite_%281890-1900%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Wrocław Old City Hall in 1945","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Destroyed_Town_Hall_in_Wroclaw_1945.gif/220px-Destroyed_Town_Hall_in_Wroclaw_1945.gif"}] | [{"title":"Main Square, Kraków","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Square,_Krak%C3%B3w"},{"title":"St Mary Magdalene Church, Wrocław","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mary_Magdalene_Church,_Wroc%C5%82aw"},{"title":"Wrocław Old Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw_Old_Town"}] | [{"reference":"\"Co będzie w dawnym budynku banku BZ WBK w Rynku? 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triadelphia,_West_Virginia | Triadelphia, West Virginia | ["1 History","2 Geography","3 Demographics","3.1 2010 census","3.2 2000 census","4 Transportation and Infrastructure","5 References"] | Coordinates: 40°3′3″N 80°37′37″W / 40.05083°N 80.62694°W / 40.05083; -80.62694
Town in West Virginia, United StatesTriadelphia, West VirginiaTownLocation of Triadelphia in Ohio County, West Virginia.Coordinates: 40°3′3″N 80°37′37″W / 40.05083°N 80.62694°W / 40.05083; -80.62694CountryUnited StatesStateWest VirginiaCountyOhioArea • Total0.68 sq mi (1.75 km2) • Land0.67 sq mi (1.74 km2) • Water0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2)Elevation741 ft (226 m)Population (2020) • Total669 • Estimate (2021)659 • Density1,132.24/sq mi (437.29/km2)Time zoneUTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)ZIP code26059Area code304FIPS code54-80932GNIS feature ID1555822Websitelocal.wv.gov/triadelphia/Pages/default.aspx
Triadelphia is a town in Ohio County, West Virginia, United States. It is part of the Wheeling, West Virginia Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 669 at the 2020 census.
History
Triadelphia was originally chartered in 1829. The name Triadelphia was adopted from the Greek words meaning three brothers, and most likely was named in honor of the three sons of the original owner of the town site.
It is home to the Highlands, the largest retail complex in the Northern Panhandle of West Virginia.
Located near Triadelphia is the David Stewart Farm, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.
Geography
Triadelphia is located at 40°3′3″N 80°37′37″W / 40.05083°N 80.62694°W / 40.05083; -80.62694 (40.050705, -80.627015), along Little Wheeling Creek and Middle Wheeling Creek, which are tributaries of Wheeling Creek.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 0.67 square miles (1.74 km2), all land.
Demographics
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
1850242—18602586.6%1870239−7.4%188031331.0%189051564.5%1900287−44.3%1910261−9.1%192029914.6%19303021.0%194035918.9%1950741106.4%1960600−19.0%1970547−8.8%19801,461167.1%1990835−42.8%2000817−2.2%2010811−0.7%2020669−17.5%2021 (est.)659−1.5%U.S. Decennial Census
2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 811 people, 373 households, and 221 families living in the town. The population density was 1,210.4 inhabitants per square mile (467.3/km2). There were 402 housing units at an average density of 600.0 per square mile (231.7/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 95.1% White, 3.1% African American, 0.1% Asian, 0.1% from other races, and 1.6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.0% of the population.
There were 373 households, of which 26.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 36.5% were married couples living together, 15.5% had a female householder with no husband present, 7.2% had a male householder with no wife present, and 40.8% were non-families. 34.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.17 and the average family size was 2.71.
The median age in the town was 40 years. 22.2% of residents were under the age of 18; 6.8% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 26.7% were from 25 to 44; 29.1% were from 45 to 64; and 15.3% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 48.8% male and 51.2% female.
2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 817 people, 370 households, and 223 families living in the town. The population density was 1,187.2 inhabitants per square mile (457.2/km2). There were 406 housing units at an average density of 590.0 per square mile (227.2/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 97.31% White, 1.59% African American, 0.12% Native American, and 0.98% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.73% of the population. 25.9% were of German, 13.4% Irish, 11.2% Italian, 9.3% Polish, 8.9% American and 7.0% English ancestry according to Census 2000.
There were 370 households, out of which 24.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.9% were married couples living together, 11.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 39.7% were non-families. 35.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.21 and the average family size was 2.83.
In the town, the population was spread out, with 20.8% under the age of 18, 9.8% from 18 to 24, 29.7% from 25 to 44, 25.9% from 45 to 64, and 13.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.2 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $26,169, and the median income for a family was $36,136. Males had a median income of $25,441 versus $18,958 for females. The per capita income for the town was $14,267. About 15.8% of families and 15.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 22.4% of those under age 18 and 6.0% of those age 65 or over.
Transportation and Infrastructure
Maple Tree Motor Court
Many parts of Triadelphia are accessible through Interstate 70 or the slightly-farther Interstate 470. U.S. Route 40 (US 40) runs through the northeastern suburbs of Wheeling, Triadelphia and Valley Grove. A majority of the route, including the portion in Triadelphia, still follows the route of the old National Road, which antedates the U.S. Highway System.
No passenger rail travel exists today within Triadelphia.
Air travel is restricted to Pittsburgh International Airport as the closest and most accessible place for commercial airline service, while Wheeling Ohio County Airport is the primary general aviation airport for Triadelphia.
Health care (11.7%), Accommodation & food services (9.2%), Construction (8.9%), Administrative & support & waste management services (5.7%), Drugs, sundries, chemical & allied products merchant wholesalers (5.4%), Social assistance (4.9%), and Educational services (4.9%) are the most common industries in Triadelphia, WV ( percent ).
References
^ "2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 7, 2020.
^ a b c d Bureau, US Census. "City and Town Population Totals: 2020-2021". Census.gov. US Census Bureau. Retrieved July 2, 2022.
^ a b "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
^ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
^ Capace, Nancy (1999). Encyclopedia of West Virginia. North American Book Dist LLC. p. 194. ISBN 978-0-403-09843-9.
^ Kenny, Hamill (1945). West Virginia Place Names: Their Origin and Meaning, Including the Nomenclature of the Streams and Mountains. Piedmont, WV: The Place Name Press. p. 631.
^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.
^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
^ West Virginia Atlas & Gazetteer. Yarmouth, Me.: DeLorme. 1997. p. 21. ISBN 0-89933-246-3.
^ "US Gazetteer files 2010". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on January 25, 2012. Retrieved January 24, 2013.
^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 24, 2013.
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Windsor Heights | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ohio County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_County,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Wheeling, West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheeling,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Statistical Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheeling_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"2020 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census,_2020"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USCensusEst2020-2021-2"}],"text":"Town in West Virginia, United StatesTriadelphia is a town in Ohio County, West Virginia, United States. It is part of the Wheeling, West Virginia Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 669 at the 2020 census.[2]","title":"Triadelphia, West Virginia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"the Highlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Highlands_(Wheeling,_West_Virginia)"},{"link_name":"David Stewart Farm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Stewart_Farm"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-7"}],"text":"Triadelphia was originally chartered in 1829. The name Triadelphia was adopted from the Greek words meaning three brothers,[5] and most likely was named in honor of the three sons of the original owner of the town site.[6]It is home to the Highlands, the largest retail complex in the Northern Panhandle of West Virginia.Located near Triadelphia is the David Stewart Farm, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"40°3′3″N 80°37′37″W / 40.05083°N 80.62694°W / 40.05083; -80.62694","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Triadelphia,_West_Virginia¶ms=40_3_3_N_80_37_37_W_type:city"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR1-8"},{"link_name":"tributaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tributary"},{"link_name":"Wheeling Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheeling_Creek_(West_Virginia)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gazetteer_files-10"}],"text":"Triadelphia is located at 40°3′3″N 80°37′37″W / 40.05083°N 80.62694°W / 40.05083; -80.62694 (40.050705, -80.627015),[8] along Little Wheeling Creek and Middle Wheeling Creek, which are tributaries of Wheeling Creek.[9]According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 0.67 square miles (1.74 km2), all land.[10]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wwwcensusgov-12"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"}],"sub_title":"2010 census","text":"As of the census[12] of 2010, there were 811 people, 373 households, and 221 families living in the town. The population density was 1,210.4 inhabitants per square mile (467.3/km2). There were 402 housing units at an average density of 600.0 per square mile (231.7/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 95.1% White, 3.1% African American, 0.1% Asian, 0.1% from other races, and 1.6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.0% of the population.There were 373 households, of which 26.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 36.5% were married couples living together, 15.5% had a female householder with no husband present, 7.2% had a male householder with no wife present, and 40.8% were non-families. 34.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.17 and the average family size was 2.71.The median age in the town was 40 years. 22.2% of residents were under the age of 18; 6.8% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 26.7% were from 25 to 44; 29.1% were from 45 to 64; and 15.3% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 48.8% male and 51.2% female.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-3"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germans"},{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_people"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italians"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_people"},{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_people"},{"link_name":"Census 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census_2000"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"sub_title":"2000 census","text":"As of the census[3] of 2000, there were 817 people, 370 households, and 223 families living in the town. The population density was 1,187.2 inhabitants per square mile (457.2/km2). There were 406 housing units at an average density of 590.0 per square mile (227.2/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 97.31% White, 1.59% African American, 0.12% Native American, and 0.98% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.73% of the population. 25.9% were of German, 13.4% Irish, 11.2% Italian, 9.3% Polish, 8.9% American and 7.0% English ancestry according to Census 2000.There were 370 households, out of which 24.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.9% were married couples living together, 11.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 39.7% were non-families. 35.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.21 and the average family size was 2.83.In the town, the population was spread out, with 20.8% under the age of 18, 9.8% from 18 to 24, 29.7% from 25 to 44, 25.9% from 45 to 64, and 13.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.2 males.The median income for a household in the town was $26,169, and the median income for a family was $36,136. Males had a median income of $25,441 versus $18,958 for females. The per capita income for the town was $14,267. About 15.8% of families and 15.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 22.4% of those under age 18 and 6.0% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maple_Tree_Motor_Court,_Triadelphia,_West_Virginia_(85682).jpg"},{"link_name":"Interstate 70","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_70"},{"link_name":"Interstate 470","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_470_(Ohio%E2%80%93West_Virginia)"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_40_in_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Valley Grove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_Grove,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"National Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Road"},{"link_name":"U.S. Highway System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Highway_System"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Wheeling Ohio County Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheeling_Ohio_County_Airport"}],"text":"Maple Tree Motor CourtMany parts of Triadelphia are accessible through Interstate 70 or the slightly-farther Interstate 470. U.S. Route 40 (US 40) runs through the northeastern suburbs of Wheeling, Triadelphia and Valley Grove. A majority of the route, including the portion in Triadelphia, still follows the route of the old National Road, which antedates the U.S. Highway System.No passenger rail travel exists today within Triadelphia.Air travel is restricted to Pittsburgh International Airport as the closest and most accessible place for commercial airline service, while Wheeling Ohio County Airport is the primary general aviation airport for Triadelphia.Health care (11.7%), Accommodation & food services (9.2%), Construction (8.9%), Administrative & support & waste management services (5.7%), Drugs, sundries, chemical & allied products merchant wholesalers (5.4%), Social assistance (4.9%), and Educational services (4.9%) are the most common industries in Triadelphia, WV ( percent ).","title":"Transportation and Infrastructure"}] | [{"image_text":"Maple Tree Motor Court","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Maple_Tree_Motor_Court%2C_Triadelphia%2C_West_Virginia_%2885682%29.jpg/220px-Maple_Tree_Motor_Court%2C_Triadelphia%2C_West_Virginia_%2885682%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map of West Virginia highlighting Ohio County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Map_of_West_Virginia_highlighting_Ohio_County.svg/180px-Map_of_West_Virginia_highlighting_Ohio_County.svg.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 7, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2019_Gazetteer/2019_gaz_place_54.txt","url_text":"\"2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""}]},{"reference":"Bureau, US Census. \"City and Town Population Totals: 2020-2021\". Census.gov. US Census Bureau. Retrieved July 2, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-total-cities-and-towns.html","url_text":"\"City and Town Population Totals: 2020-2021\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://geonames.usgs.gov/","url_text":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"Capace, Nancy (1999). Encyclopedia of West Virginia. North American Book Dist LLC. p. 194. ISBN 978-0-403-09843-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=K30UKW0aewgC&pg=PA194","url_text":"Encyclopedia of West Virginia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-403-09843-9","url_text":"978-0-403-09843-9"}]},{"reference":"Kenny, Hamill (1945). West Virginia Place Names: Their Origin and Meaning, Including the Nomenclature of the Streams and Mountains. Piedmont, WV: The Place Name Press. p. 631.","urls":[{"url":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015009099824;view=1up;seq=655;size=125","url_text":"West Virginia Place Names: Their Origin and Meaning, Including the Nomenclature of the Streams and Mountains"}]},{"reference":"\"National Register Information System\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","url_text":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","url_text":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"West Virginia Atlas & Gazetteer. Yarmouth, Me.: DeLorme. 1997. p. 21. ISBN 0-89933-246-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeLorme","url_text":"DeLorme"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89933-246-3","url_text":"0-89933-246-3"}]},{"reference":"\"US Gazetteer files 2010\". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on January 25, 2012. Retrieved January 24, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120125061959/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt","url_text":"\"US Gazetteer files 2010\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"},{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing\". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 24, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Triadelphia,_West_Virginia¶ms=40_3_3_N_80_37_37_W_region:US_type:city","external_links_name":"40°3′3″N 80°37′37″W / 40.05083°N 80.62694°W / 40.05083; -80.62694"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Triadelphia,_West_Virginia¶ms=40_3_3_N_80_37_37_W_region:US_type:city","external_links_name":"40°3′3″N 80°37′37″W / 40.05083°N 80.62694°W / 40.05083; -80.62694"},{"Link":"https://local.wv.gov/triadelphia/Pages/default.aspx","external_links_name":"local.wv.gov/triadelphia/Pages/default.aspx"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Triadelphia,_West_Virginia¶ms=40_3_3_N_80_37_37_W_type:city","external_links_name":"40°3′3″N 80°37′37″W / 40.05083°N 80.62694°W / 40.05083; -80.62694"},{"Link":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2019_Gazetteer/2019_gaz_place_54.txt","external_links_name":"\"2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-total-cities-and-towns.html","external_links_name":"\"City and Town Population Totals: 2020-2021\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"Link":"https://geonames.usgs.gov/","external_links_name":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=K30UKW0aewgC&pg=PA194","external_links_name":"Encyclopedia of West Virginia"},{"Link":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015009099824;view=1up;seq=655;size=125","external_links_name":"West Virginia Place Names: Their Origin and Meaning, Including the Nomenclature of the Streams and Mountains"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","external_links_name":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","external_links_name":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120125061959/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt","external_links_name":"\"US Gazetteer files 2010\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","external_links_name":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census website\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahmatabad,_Chabahar | Rahmatabad, Chabahar | ["1 References"] | Village in Sistan and Baluchestan, IranRahmatabad
رحمت ابادvillageCountry IranProvinceSistan and BaluchestanCountyChabaharBakhshDashtiariRural DistrictBahu KalatPopulation (2006) • Total138Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST) • Summer (DST)UTC+4:30 (IRDT)
Rahmatabad (Persian: رحمت اباد, also Romanized as Raḩmatābād) is a village in Bahu Kalat Rural District, Dashtiari District, Chabahar County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 138, in 28 families.
References
Iran portal
^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20.
vte Chabahar CountyCapital
Chabahar
DistrictsCentralCities
Chabahar
Rural Districts and villagesKambel-e Soleyman
Afghan
Bazar Ahmad Sanjar
Dambdaf
Dambdaf-e Miran
Dambdaf-e Moradi
Dambdaf-e Osman
Gowmazi Faqir
Gowmazi Jari
Gowmazi Kowsar
Gowmazi Osman
Gowmazi Saleh
Gowmazi Sanjar
Gu
Gurankesh-e Abd ol Rahman
Gurankesh-e Jamaat
Gurankesh-e Molla Goharam
Kachu
Kambel Balad
Kambel Dal Morad
Kambel Karim Bakhsh
Kambel Mohammad Azim
Kambel-e Soleyman
Khaneh Hay Chahar Shanbeh
Khaneh Hay Khodadad Atash Behar
Khaneh Hay Saliman
Komb-e Moradabad
Lakki
Mantaqeh Azad Chabahar
Mashi
Mirabad
Mordan Heydari
Nukabad
Palani
Parak-e Morad
Parak-e Sheykhan
Parumi Hajji Heydar
Ramin
Tis
Tiskupan
Vashnam-e Dari
Vashnam-e Dust Mohammad
Vashnam-e Eshaq
Vashnam-e Faqir Mohammad
Vashnam-e Hajji Ramazan
Vashnam-e Heydar Saleh Zahi
Vashnam-e Kheyr Mohammad
Vashnam-e Mirgol
Vashnam-e Morid
Vashnam-e Shahdad
Pir Sohrab
Achu Bazar
Ali Mohammad Bazar
Bajar Bazar
Banaru
Band Sar
Band-e Osman Bazar
Bandgah-e Pir Sohrab
Bazar Pir Mohammad
Belengi
Berkat Tush
Beryani
Bi Ban Zehi
Bonu
Chutani
Dad Mohammad Abih
Dadallah-e Bazar
Dadrahman Badfar
Dadrahman Bazar
Dajdad-e Khoda
Dajdagaru
Dajdarig
Dajdelmorad
Darabul
Eshaq Bazar
Fath Ali Kalat
Gholam Mohammad Bazar
Hajj Adam Bazar
Hajji Abdollah Bazar
Halow Bazar
Hasan Jafar Zehi
Hoseyn Zehi
Hushom
Jandu
Jangarek-e Bala
Jangarek-e Pain
Jomabazar
Kallah Sakan
Karani
Khoda Bakhsh Jadegal Tukani
Khodabakhsh Jadegal
Koch
Laniyari
Lati Dan
Mehrab Bazar
Morad Mohammad Bazar
Morid Bazar
Mowtowr-e Ab Faqirdad Jadgal
Mowtowr-e Ab Miran Jadgal
Mowtowr-e Ab Rostam Abir
Mowtowr-e Abdol Rahman Darfasheh
Mowtowr-e Allah Bakhsh
Mowtowr-e Baluch Mohammad Jadgal
Mowtowr-e Dad Mohammad Jadgal
Mowtowr-e Dad Mohammad Rahbar
Mowtowr-e Faqir Mohammad Jadgal
Mowtowr-e Gholam Qaderbadpa
Mowtowr-e Harun Amiri
Mowtowr-e Hasan Jafarzehi
Mowtowr-e Hasan Kuseh
Mowtowr-e Idukuseh
Mowtowr-e Khan Mohammad Kaseh
Mowtowr-e Mohammad Jafar Zehi
Mowtowr-e Molla Bakhsh Kuseh
Mowtowr-e Navab Jadgal
Mowtowr-e Nur Mohammad Darkhashandeh
Mowtowr-e Nur Mohammad Khanzehi
Mowtowr-e Rasul Bakhsh Darkalleh
Mowtowr-e Rasul Bakhsh Jadgal
Mowtowr-e Rezayi Badfar
Mowtowr-e Safar
Mowtowr-e Seyyed Navaz Alishah
Mowtowr-e Taj Mohammad Pahang
Nadekan-e Gurmi
Nadekan-e Jami
Nadekan-e Shafi Mohammad
Nadekan-e Shahdad
Navazan Khorram
Niambit
Nukabad-e Janglian
Nur Mohammad Bazar
Nur Mohammad Dartakideh
Osmanbazar
Owraki Bozorg-e Olya
Owraki Malang Bazar
Owraki Molla Abdol Rahman
Panjshanbeh Bazar
Petti Mohammad Jadgal
Petti
Pir Sohrab
Radudaj
Regeti
Reys
Rig Band Sar
Ruku
Safar Zehi
Sar Daj Delmorad
Sayani
Seribazar
Seyyedi Bazar
Shahdad Bazar
Sina Chu
Telehdan-e Gamdad Bazar
Torkani
Towlak Rud
Zahrab
Zir Daj
DashtiariCities
Negur
Rural Districts and villagesBahu Kalat
Bahu Kalat
Ball-e Dad Rahman
Basut-e Bala
Basut-e Hajji Hasan
Bechu Bazar
Chagherbit-e Bala
Chagherbit-e Pain
Chavar
Dakk-e Bahu
Darkas
Dehgandar
Dempak Bazar
Densar Mowladad
Eslamabad-e Pain
Esmail Bazar Mahrek Jamik
Gabulani
Gar Faqir
Garm Bit-e Bala
Garm Bit-e Pain
Garudal-e Bala
Gazmanzel
Gharibabad
Gorudal
Govader Sham
Hezari
Hut Gat Jahli
Jamia Ni Bazar
Juyik
Kahir-e Borz-e Bala
Kahir-e Borz-e Pain
Kahiri
Kahnan Kash-e Bala
Kahnanikash
Karagi
Karagi-ye Bala
Karagi-ye Pain
Karegi
Kiksuch
Koch
Nukabad
Nukabad
Panjshanbeh Bazar
Pat
Patti
Qasemabad
Rabuzehi
Rahmatabad
Rikukash
Rostam Bazar Nalant
Ruhgam-e Bala
Ruhgam-e Pain
Sand-e Nur Mohammad
Sangan
Sanjar Bazar Taradan
Sari Gat Hut Gat Bala
Seyyedabad
Shahbik Zehi
Shir Govaz
Sirja
Soheyl
Suldan
Tareh-ye Darkhatkari Chesh
Yaqub Bazar
Zindan
Negur
Abdollah Bazar
Arefabad
Balad
Bambasari
Band Dar
Delegan-e Madrasah
Delegan-e Molla Faqir
Delegan-e Sheykh Cheragh
Delush Bazar
Dizi
Dust Mohammad Bazar
Gazchat
Gorgich
Hajji Nur Mohammad Bazar
Hajji Qaderdad Bazar
Halgodari-ye Ashraf
Halgodari-ye Osman
Kalber
Karam Bal-e Bakhshi
Karam Bal-e Faqir
Karam Bal-e Khodadad
Karam Bal-e Ramazan
Karimabad
Koch-e Garg
Koch-e Yusof
Mansurabad
Mazan Pad
Nakuch
Nowbandian-e Baluchi
Nowbandian-e Pain
Nowris
Patar
Ripak-e Abdok
Ripak-e Lal Mohammad
Ripak-e Pirandad
Ripak-e Saleh
Ripak-e Shiran
Rudik-e Karim Bakhsh
Rudik-e Mahmud-e Pain
Rudik-e Molladad
Rudik-e Sahebdad
Sammach-e Korg
Sammach-e Mahmud
Sammach-e Miru
Shahrak-e Eslamabad
Sham
Sital
Sital
Ting
Yadu Bazar
Sand-e Mir Suiyan
Beris
Bol
Chil Sar
Dowr
Jor
Kallani
Kolarai
Laku Kach
Nilak
Pasa Bandar
Poshot
Rimdan-e Bankul
Rimlan-e Kamal
Rimlan-e Pain
Rimlan-e Vosta
Sand-e Bahram
Sand-e Hamzeh
Sand-e Mir Suiyan
Send-e Morad
Shahrak Maskuni-ye Gavater
Sheykhan Karag
Sitar
Sitar-e Abdol Rahim
Sitar-e Ali
Sitar-e Mahmud
PolanCities
none
Rural Districts and villagesPolan
Abbas Bazar
Abdu Zehi
Adamabad-e Baluchi Now
Allah Dad-e Zehi
Allah Now Bazar
Arab Zehi
Aydow Bazar
Baluchi-ye Bala
Baluchi-ye Pain
Band Sar Chukat
Band Sar Molla Ahmad Bazar
Bangelzehi
Buti-ye Bala
Buti-ye Pain
Chaker Bazar
Chaker Zehi
Chil Sar
Chukat-e Abdol Karim Bazar
Chukat-e Bala
Chukat-e Pain
Chukat-e Vasat
Dadrahman Bazar
Danb-e Sar
Delmorad Bazar
Digru
Dival
Ebrahim Hut Bazar
Faqir Bazar
Faqir Zehi Khan Mohammad Bazar
Faqir Zehi Morad Bazar
Faqir Zehi Nur Mohammad
Gar Kandi
Gar Kandi Rasul Bakhsh Bazar
Gazani-ye Pain
Gazani-ye Taj Mohammad
Gholammohammad Bazar
Gitig
Gondow Bazar
Harun Bazar
Hoseyn Bazar
Hoseyn Bazar
Hoseyn Bazar
Isa Bazar
Jadu Zehi Buhir
Jadu Zehi Hajji Piri
Jama Zehi
Jama Zehi Kuh Dim
Jamaat Zehi
Jamak Zehi
Janmohammad Bazar
Jomabazar
Kahir Dari
Kamu Bazar
Kheyrokabad
Kuh Dim-e Bala
Kuh Dim-e Pain
Kursar
Laghar Zehi
Lalu Bazar
Mandiru
Mohammad Zehi
Mohrab Bazar
Moluk Bazar
Morad Bazar
Morad Hibatan Bazar
Morad Mohammad Bazar
Moridarow-e Bala
Moridarow-e Pain
Mosafer Zehi
Mowla Bakhsh Bazar
Mowladad Zehi
Nenduabad
Nukabad
Omarabad
Osman Bazar
Owrai
Pattihan Bazar
Polan
Polkan
Qanbar Zehi
Radu-ye Pain
Radu-ye Polan
Rank
Sandakzehi-ye Bala
Sandakzehi-ye Pain
Sediq Zehi
Seyyed Bar
Shakilabad
Shamel Bazar
Sheykh Ebrahim Bazar Arab Zehi
Shir Mohammad Bazar
Solur Bazar
Sumar Zehi
Sumarbar
Towhidabad
Vali Mohammad Bazar
Yaqub Zehi
Yar Mohammad Bazar
Yusof Zehi
This Chabahar County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanize"},{"link_name":"Bahu Kalat Rural District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahu_Kalat_Rural_District"},{"link_name":"Dashtiari District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dashtiari_District"},{"link_name":"Chabahar County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chabahar_County"},{"link_name":"Sistan and Baluchestan Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistan_and_Baluchestan_Province"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Rahmatabad (Persian: رحمت اباد, also Romanized as Raḩmatābād) is a village in Bahu Kalat Rural District, Dashtiari District, Chabahar County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 138, in 28 families.[1]","title":"Rahmatabad, Chabahar"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1385/results/all/11.xls","url_text":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_Center_of_Iran","url_text":"Statistical Center of Iran"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920084728/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/11.xls","url_text":"Archived"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1385/results/all/11.xls","external_links_name":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920084728/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/11.xls","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rahmatabad,_Chabahar&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beheshtabad,_Bampur | Beheshtabad, Bampur | ["1 References"] | Coordinates: 27°09′33″N 60°10′13″E / 27.15917°N 60.17028°E / 27.15917; 60.17028For the other village named Beheshtabad in Bampur County, see Beheshtabad-e Sharif.
Village in Sistan and Baluchestan, IranBeheshtabad
بهشت ابادvillageBeheshtabadCoordinates: 27°09′33″N 60°10′13″E / 27.15917°N 60.17028°E / 27.15917; 60.17028Country IranProvinceSistan and BaluchestanCountyBampurBakhshCentralRural DistrictBampur-e GharbiPopulation (2006) • Total420Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST) • Summer (DST)UTC+4:30 (IRDT)
Beheshtabad (Persian: بهشت اباد, also Romanized as Beheshtābād) is a village in Bampur-e Gharbi Rural District, Central District, Bampur County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 420, in 91 families.
References
^ Beheshtabad can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "10561596" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database".
^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20.
vte Bampur CountyCapital
Bampur
DistrictsCentralCities
Bampur
Rural Districts and villagesBampur-e Gharbi(West Bampur)
Beheshtabad
Beheshtabad-e Sharif
Deh Mir
Firuzabad
Karim Naruyi Kingi
Mirabad
Mowtowr-e Abdol Ghafur Naruyi
Mowtowr-e Abdollah Naruyi
Mowtowr-e Ebrahim Pikary
Mowtowr-e Jamal
Mowtowr-e Malek
Mowtowr-e Neyaz Naruyi
Mowtowr-e Qader Bakhsh
Peshkabad
Qasemabad
Sardegal Integrated Farming Industry
Sartakhti-ye Shahabad
Seyyedabad
Shamsabad
Turdan
Bampur-e Sharqi(East Bampur)
Aliabad
Army Garrison, Bampur
Baz Piran
Chah-e Jalal
Chakorabad
Department of Agriculture, Bampur
Eslamabad
Firuzabad
Hoseynabad
Kheyrabad
Machu Qasem
Malekabad
Mohammadabad
Mowtowr-e Abdol Salam Rudini
Mowtowr-e Akbar Vasheh Nazer
Mowtowr-e Gol Mohammad Palangi
Mowtowr-e Lal Mohammad
Mowtowr-e Morad Bakhsh Damani
Mowtowr-e Rostam Baluch Zehi
Nukjub
Rig-e Kaput
Shahrak-e Qods
Shahrak-e Shahid Beheshti
Shahrak-e Shahid Kallah Duz
Iran portal
This Bampur County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Beheshtabad-e Sharif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beheshtabad-e_Sharif"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanize"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Bampur-e Gharbi Rural District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bampur-e_Gharbi_Rural_District"},{"link_name":"Central District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_District_(Bampur_County)"},{"link_name":"Bampur County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bampur_County"},{"link_name":"Sistan and Baluchestan Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistan_and_Baluchestan_Province"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"For the other village named Beheshtabad in Bampur County, see Beheshtabad-e Sharif.Village in Sistan and Baluchestan, IranBeheshtabad (Persian: بهشت اباد, also Romanized as Beheshtābād)[1] is a village in Bampur-e Gharbi Rural District, Central District, Bampur County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 420, in 91 families.[2]","title":"Beheshtabad, Bampur"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1385/results/all/11.xls","url_text":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_Center_of_Iran","url_text":"Statistical Center of Iran"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920084728/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/11.xls","url_text":"Archived"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Beheshtabad,_Bampur¶ms=27_09_33_N_60_10_13_E_region:IR_type:city(420)","external_links_name":"27°09′33″N 60°10′13″E / 27.15917°N 60.17028°E / 27.15917; 60.17028"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Beheshtabad,_Bampur¶ms=27_09_33_N_60_10_13_E_region:IR_type:city(420)","external_links_name":"27°09′33″N 60°10′13″E / 27.15917°N 60.17028°E / 27.15917; 60.17028"},{"Link":"http://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/","external_links_name":"this link"},{"Link":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1385/results/all/11.xls","external_links_name":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920084728/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/11.xls","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beheshtabad,_Bampur&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collagen,_type_XIII,_alpha_1 | Collagen, type XIII, alpha 1 | ["1 References","2 Further reading"] | Protein found in humans
COL13A1IdentifiersAliasesCOL13A1, COLXIIIA1, CMS19, collagen type XIII alpha 1, collagen type XIII alpha 1 chainExternal IDsOMIM: 120350 MGI: 1277201 HomoloGene: 22421 GeneCards: COL13A1 Gene location (Human)Chr.Chromosome 10 (human)Band10q22.1Start69,801,880 bpEnd69,964,275 bpGene location (Mouse)Chr.Chromosome 10 (mouse)Band10 32.29 cM|10 B4Start61,674,015 bpEnd61,814,887 bpRNA expression patternBgeeHumanMouse (ortholog)Top expressed incerebellar hemisphereperiodontal fibertibiacorpus epididymisascending aortacerebellar vermispopliteal arterylower lobe of lungstromal cell of endometriumspongy boneTop expressed inMeckel's cartilageleft lung lobebody of femurcalvariafossaright lungright lung lobeendocardial cushionvas deferensprimitive streakMore reference expression dataBioGPSMore reference expression dataGene ontologyMolecular function
heparin binding
protein binding
extracellular matrix structural constituent
extracellular matrix structural constituent conferring tensile strength
Cellular component
integral component of membrane
extracellular region
plasma membrane
collagen
endoplasmic reticulum lumen
membrane
cell-cell junction
collagen type XIII trimer
synapse
postsynaptic membrane
cell junction
extracellular space
extracellular matrix
collagen-containing extracellular matrix
Biological process
collagen catabolic process
multicellular organism development
cell differentiation
cell-matrix adhesion
extracellular matrix organization
endochondral ossification
cell adhesion
ossification
morphogenesis of a branching structure
cell-cell adhesion
Sources:Amigo / QuickGOOrthologsSpeciesHumanMouseEntrez130512817EnsemblENSG00000197467ENSMUSG00000058806UniProtQ5TAT6Q9R1N9RefSeq (mRNA)NM_001130103NM_005203NM_080798NM_080799NM_080800NM_080801NM_080802NM_080803NM_080804NM_080805NM_080806NM_080807NM_080808NM_080809NM_080810NM_080811NM_080812NM_080813NM_080814NM_080815NM_001320951NM_001368882NM_001368883NM_001368884NM_001368885NM_001368886NM_001368895NM_001368896NM_001368897NM_001368898NM_007731NM_001304757RefSeq (protein)NP_001123575NP_001307880NP_542988NP_542990NP_542991NP_542992NP_542995NP_001355811NP_001355812NP_001355813NP_001355814NP_001355815NP_001355824NP_001355825NP_001355826NP_001355827NP_001291686NP_031757Location (UCSC)Chr 10: 69.8 – 69.96 MbChr 10: 61.67 – 61.81 MbPubMed searchWikidataView/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse
Collagen alpha-1(XIII) chain is a protein that in humans is encoded by the COL13A1 gene.
This gene encodes the alpha chain of one of the nonfibrillar collagens. The function of this gene product is not known, however, it has been detected at low levels in all connective tissue-producing cells so it may serve a general function in connective tissues. Unlike most of the collagens, which are secreted into the extracellular matrix, collagen XIII contains a transmembrane domain and the protein has been localized to the plasma membrane. The transcripts for this gene undergo complex and extensive splicing involving at least eight exons. Like other collagens, collagen XIII is a trimer; it is not known whether this trimer is composed of one or more than one alpha chain isomer. A number of alternatively spliced transcript variants have been described, but the full length nature of some of them has not been determined.
Collagen XIII belongs to the transmembranous subfamily of collagens, like collagen XVII, XXIII and XXV.
References
^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000197467 - Ensembl, May 2017
^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000058806 - Ensembl, May 2017
^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ a b "Entrez Gene: COL13A1 collagen, type XIII, alpha 1".
Further reading
Juvonen M, Pihlajaniemi T (1992). "Characterization of the spectrum of alternative splicing of alpha 1 (XIII) collagen transcripts in HT-1080 cells and calvarial tissue resulted in identification of two previously unidentified alternatively spliced sequences, one previously unidentified exon, and nine new mRNA variants". J. Biol. Chem. 267 (34): 24693–9. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)35820-4. PMID 1447209.
Juvonen M, Sandberg M, Pihlajaniemi T (1992). "Patterns of expression of the six alternatively spliced exons affecting the structures of the COL1 and NC2 domains of the alpha 1(XIII) collagen chain in human tissues and cell lines". J. Biol. Chem. 267 (34): 24700–7. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)35821-6. PMID 1447210.
Pihlajaniemi T, Tamminen M (1990). "The alpha 1 chain of type XIII collagen consists of three collagenous and four noncollagenous domains, and its primary transcript undergoes complex alternative splicing". J. Biol. Chem. 265 (28): 16922–8. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(17)44849-6. PMID 1698771.
Tikka L, Elomaa O, Pihlajaniemi T, Tryggvason K (1991). "Human alpha 1 (XIII) collagen gene. Multiple forms of the gene transcripts are generated through complex alternative splicing of several short exons". J. Biol. Chem. 266 (26): 17713–9. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)47430-9. PMID 1894651.
Tikka L, Pihlajaniemi T, Henttu P, et al. (1988). "Gene structure for the alpha 1 chain of a human short-chain collagen (type XIII) with alternatively spliced transcripts and translation termination codon at the 5' end of the last exon". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 85 (20): 7491–5. doi:10.1073/pnas.85.20.7491. PMC 282217. PMID 2459707.
Shows TB, Tikka L, Byers MG, et al. (1989). "Assignment of the human collagen alpha 1 (XIII) chain gene (COL13A1) to the q22 region of chromosome 10". Genomics. 5 (1): 128–33. doi:10.1016/0888-7543(89)90096-7. PMID 2767682.
Pihlajaniemi T, Myllylä R, Seyer J, et al. (1987). "Partial characterization of a low molecular weight human collagen that undergoes alternative splicing". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 84 (4): 940–4. doi:10.1073/pnas.84.4.940. PMC 304335. PMID 3547403.
Juvonen M, Pihlajaniemi T, Autio-Harmainen H (1994). "Location and alternative splicing of type XIII collagen RNA in the early human placenta". Lab. Invest. 69 (5): 541–51. PMID 8246446.
Hägg P, Rehn M, Huhtala P, et al. (1998). "Type XIII collagen is identified as a plasma membrane protein". J. Biol. Chem. 273 (25): 15590–7. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.25.15590. PMID 9624150.
Kvist AP, Latvanlehto A, Sund M, et al. (1999). "Complete exon-intron organization and chromosomal location of the gene for mouse type XIII collagen (col13a1) and comparison with its human homologue". Matrix Biol. 18 (3): 261–74. doi:10.1016/S0945-053X(99)00018-9. PMID 10429945.
Nykvist P, Tu H, Ivaska J, et al. (2000). "Distinct recognition of collagen subtypes by alpha(1)beta(1) and alpha(2)beta(1) integrins. Alpha(1)beta(1) mediates cell adhesion to type XIII collagen". J. Biol. Chem. 275 (11): 8255–61. doi:10.1074/jbc.275.11.8255. PMID 10713152.
Sandberg-Lall M, Hägg PO, Wahlström I, Pihlajaniemi T (2000). "Type XIII collagen is widely expressed in the adult and developing human eye and accentuated in the ciliary muscle, the optic nerve and the neural retina". Exp. Eye Res. 70 (4): 401–10. doi:10.1006/exer.1998.0826. PMID 10865988.
Tu H, Sasaki T, Snellman A, et al. (2002). "The type XIII collagen ectodomain is a 150-nm rod and capable of binding to fibronectin, nidogen-2, perlecan, and heparin". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (25): 23092–9. doi:10.1074/jbc.M107583200. PMID 11956183.
Latvanlehto A, Snellman A, Tu H, Pihlajaniemi T (2003). "Type XIII collagen and some other transmembrane collagens contain two separate coiled-coil motifs, which may function as independent oligomerization domains". J. Biol. Chem. 278 (39): 37590–9. doi:10.1074/jbc.M305974200. PMID 12832406.
vteProtein: scleroproteinsExtracellular matrixCollagenFibril forming
type I
COL1A1
COL1A2
type II (COL2A1)
type III
type V
COL5A1
COL5A2
COL5A3
COL24A1
COL26A1
Other
FACIT: type IX
COL9A1
COL9A2
COL9A3
type XII (COL12A1)
COL14A1
COL16A1
COL19A1
COL20A1
COL21A1
COL22A1
basement membrane: type IV
COL4A1
COL4A2
COL4A3
COL4A4
COL4A5
COL4A6
multiplexin: COL15A1
type XVIII
COL18A1
Endostatin
transmembrane: COL13A1
COL17A1
COL23A1
COL25A1
other: type VI
COL6A1
COL6A2
COL6A3
COL6A5
type VII (COL7A1)
type VIII
COL8A1
COL8A2
type X (COL10A1)
type XI
COL11A1
COL11A2
COL27A1
COL28A1
Enzymes
Prolyl hydroxylase/Lysyl hydroxylase
Cartilage associated protein/Leprecan
ADAMTS2
Procollagen peptidase
Lysyl oxidase
Laminin
alpha
LAMA1
LAMA2
LAMA3
LAMA4
LAMA5
beta
LAMB1
LAMB2
LAMB3
LAMB4
gamma
LAMC1
LAMC2
LAMC3
Other
ALCAM
Elastin
Tropoelastin
Vitronectin
FRAS1
FREM2
Decorin
FAM20C
ECM1
Matrix gla protein
Tectorin
TECTA
TECTB
Other
Keratin/Cytokeratin
Gelatin
Reticulin
Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein
See also
diseases
This article on a gene on human chromosome 10 is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein"},{"link_name":"gene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-entrez-5"},{"link_name":"alternatively spliced","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_splicing"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-entrez-5"},{"link_name":"collagen XVII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collagen_XVII"},{"link_name":"XXIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collagen,_type_XXIII,_alpha_1"},{"link_name":"XXV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collagen,_type_XXV,_alpha_1"}],"text":"Collagen alpha-1(XIII) chain is a protein that in humans is encoded by the COL13A1 gene.[5]This gene encodes the alpha chain of one of the nonfibrillar collagens. 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matrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extracellular_matrix"},{"link_name":"Collagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collagen"},{"link_name":"type I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type-I_collagen"},{"link_name":"COL1A1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collagen,_type_I,_alpha_1"},{"link_name":"COL1A2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COL1A2"},{"link_name":"type II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type-II_collagen"},{"link_name":"COL2A1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collagen,_type_II,_alpha_1"},{"link_name":"type III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collagen,_type_III,_alpha_1"},{"link_name":"type V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type-V_collagen"},{"link_name":"COL5A1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collagen,_type_V,_alpha_1"},{"link_name":"COL5A2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COL5A2"},{"link_name":"COL5A3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COL5A3"},{"link_name":"COL24A1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COL24A1"},{"link_name":"COL26A1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMID2"},{"link_name":"FACIT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FACIT_collagen"},{"link_name":"COL9A1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collagen,_type_IX,_alpha_1"},{"link_name":"COL9A2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COL9A2"},{"link_name":"COL9A3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COL9A3"},{"link_name":"COL12A1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collagen,_type_XII,_alpha_1"},{"link_name":"COL14A1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collagen,_type_XIV,_alpha_1"},{"link_name":"COL16A1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collagen,_type_XVI,_alpha_1"},{"link_name":"COL19A1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collagen,_type_XIX,_alpha_1"},{"link_name":"COL20A1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COL20A1"},{"link_name":"COL21A1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COL21A1"},{"link_name":"COL22A1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COL22A1"},{"link_name":"basement membrane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basement_membrane"},{"link_name":"type IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type-IV_collagen"},{"link_name":"COL4A1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collagen,_type_IV,_alpha_1"},{"link_name":"COL4A2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COL4A2"},{"link_name":"COL4A3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collagen_alpha-3(IV)_chain"},{"link_name":"COL4A4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COL4A4"},{"link_name":"COL4A5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COL4A5"},{"link_name":"COL4A6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COL4A6"},{"link_name":"multiplexin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplexin"},{"link_name":"COL15A1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collagen,_type_XV,_alpha_1"},{"link_name":"type XVIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_XVIII_collagen"},{"link_name":"COL18A1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collagen,_type_XVIII,_alpha_1"},{"link_name":"Endostatin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endostatin"},{"link_name":"COL13A1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"COL17A1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collagen,_type_XVII,_alpha_1"},{"link_name":"COL23A1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collagen,_type_XXIII,_alpha_1"},{"link_name":"COL25A1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collagen,_type_XXV,_alpha_1"},{"link_name":"type VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collagen_VI"},{"link_name":"COL6A1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collagen,_type_VI,_alpha_1"},{"link_name":"COL6A2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COL6A2"},{"link_name":"COL6A3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COL6A3"},{"link_name":"COL6A5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COL6A5"},{"link_name":"COL7A1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collagen,_type_VII,_alpha_1"},{"link_name":"COL8A1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collagen,_type_VIII,_alpha_1"},{"link_name":"COL8A2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COL8A2"},{"link_name":"COL10A1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collagen,_type_X,_alpha_1"},{"link_name":"COL11A1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collagen,_type_XI,_alpha_1"},{"link_name":"COL11A2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COL11A2"},{"link_name":"COL27A1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collagen,_type_XXVII,_alpha_1"},{"link_name":"COL28A1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COL28A1"},{"link_name":"Enzymes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collagen#Synthesis"},{"link_name":"Prolyl hydroxylase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolyl_hydroxylase"},{"link_name":"Lysyl hydroxylase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysyl_hydroxylase"},{"link_name":"Cartilage associated protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartilage_associated_protein"},{"link_name":"Leprecan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leprecan"},{"link_name":"ADAMTS2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADAMTS2"},{"link_name":"Procollagen peptidase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procollagen_peptidase"},{"link_name":"Lysyl oxidase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysyl_oxidase"},{"link_name":"Laminin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laminin"},{"link_name":"LAMA1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laminin,_alpha_1"},{"link_name":"LAMA2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laminin,_alpha_2"},{"link_name":"LAMA3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laminin,_alpha_3"},{"link_name":"LAMA4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laminin,_alpha_4"},{"link_name":"LAMA5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laminin,_alpha_5"},{"link_name":"LAMB1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laminin,_beta_1"},{"link_name":"LAMB2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laminin,_beta_2"},{"link_name":"LAMB3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laminin,_beta_3"},{"link_name":"LAMB4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LAMB4"},{"link_name":"LAMC1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laminin,_gamma_1"},{"link_name":"LAMC2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laminin,_gamma_2"},{"link_name":"LAMC3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LAMC3"},{"link_name":"ALCAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALCAM"},{"link_name":"Elastin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elastin"},{"link_name":"Tropoelastin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropoelastin"},{"link_name":"Vitronectin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitronectin"},{"link_name":"FRAS1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FRAS1"},{"link_name":"FREM2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FREM2"},{"link_name":"Decorin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decorin"},{"link_name":"FAM20C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAM20C"},{"link_name":"ECM1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECM1"},{"link_name":"Matrix gla protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix_gla_protein"},{"link_name":"Tectorin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tectorin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"TECTA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TECTA"},{"link_name":"TECTB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TECTB"},{"link_name":"Keratin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratin"},{"link_name":"Cytokeratin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytokeratin"},{"link_name":"Gelatin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelatin"},{"link_name":"Reticulin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reticular_fiber"},{"link_name":"Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartilage_oligomeric_matrix_protein"},{"link_name":"diseases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Scleroprotein_disease"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DNA_stub.png"},{"link_name":"gene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene"},{"link_name":"chromosome 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_10"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Collagen,_type_XIII,_alpha_1&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Gene-10-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Gene-10-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gene-10-stub"}],"text":"Juvonen M, Pihlajaniemi T (1992). \"Characterization of the spectrum of alternative splicing of alpha 1 (XIII) collagen transcripts in HT-1080 cells and calvarial tissue resulted in identification of two previously unidentified alternatively spliced sequences, one previously unidentified exon, and nine new mRNA variants\". J. Biol. Chem. 267 (34): 24693–9. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)35820-4. PMID 1447209.\nJuvonen M, Sandberg M, Pihlajaniemi T (1992). \"Patterns of expression of the six alternatively spliced exons affecting the structures of the COL1 and NC2 domains of the alpha 1(XIII) collagen chain in human tissues and cell lines\". J. Biol. Chem. 267 (34): 24700–7. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)35821-6. PMID 1447210.\nPihlajaniemi T, Tamminen M (1990). \"The alpha 1 chain of type XIII collagen consists of three collagenous and four noncollagenous domains, and its primary transcript undergoes complex alternative splicing\". J. Biol. Chem. 265 (28): 16922–8. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(17)44849-6. PMID 1698771.\nTikka L, Elomaa O, Pihlajaniemi T, Tryggvason K (1991). \"Human alpha 1 (XIII) collagen gene. Multiple forms of the gene transcripts are generated through complex alternative splicing of several short exons\". J. Biol. Chem. 266 (26): 17713–9. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)47430-9. PMID 1894651.\nTikka L, Pihlajaniemi T, Henttu P, et al. (1988). \"Gene structure for the alpha 1 chain of a human short-chain collagen (type XIII) with alternatively spliced transcripts and translation termination codon at the 5' end of the last exon\". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 85 (20): 7491–5. doi:10.1073/pnas.85.20.7491. PMC 282217. PMID 2459707.\nShows TB, Tikka L, Byers MG, et al. (1989). \"Assignment of the human collagen alpha 1 (XIII) chain gene (COL13A1) to the q22 region of chromosome 10\". Genomics. 5 (1): 128–33. doi:10.1016/0888-7543(89)90096-7. PMID 2767682.\nPihlajaniemi T, Myllylä R, Seyer J, et al. (1987). \"Partial characterization of a low molecular weight human collagen that undergoes alternative splicing\". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 84 (4): 940–4. doi:10.1073/pnas.84.4.940. PMC 304335. PMID 3547403.\nJuvonen M, Pihlajaniemi T, Autio-Harmainen H (1994). \"Location and alternative splicing of type XIII collagen RNA in the early human placenta\". Lab. Invest. 69 (5): 541–51. PMID 8246446.\nHägg P, Rehn M, Huhtala P, et al. (1998). \"Type XIII collagen is identified as a plasma membrane protein\". J. Biol. Chem. 273 (25): 15590–7. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.25.15590. PMID 9624150.\nKvist AP, Latvanlehto A, Sund M, et al. (1999). \"Complete exon-intron organization and chromosomal location of the gene for mouse type XIII collagen (col13a1) and comparison with its human homologue\". Matrix Biol. 18 (3): 261–74. doi:10.1016/S0945-053X(99)00018-9. PMID 10429945.\nNykvist P, Tu H, Ivaska J, et al. (2000). \"Distinct recognition of collagen subtypes by alpha(1)beta(1) and alpha(2)beta(1) integrins. Alpha(1)beta(1) mediates cell adhesion to type XIII collagen\". J. Biol. Chem. 275 (11): 8255–61. doi:10.1074/jbc.275.11.8255. PMID 10713152.\nSandberg-Lall M, Hägg PO, Wahlström I, Pihlajaniemi T (2000). \"Type XIII collagen is widely expressed in the adult and developing human eye and accentuated in the ciliary muscle, the optic nerve and the neural retina\". Exp. Eye Res. 70 (4): 401–10. doi:10.1006/exer.1998.0826. PMID 10865988.\nTu H, Sasaki T, Snellman A, et al. (2002). \"The type XIII collagen ectodomain is a 150-nm rod and capable of binding to fibronectin, nidogen-2, perlecan, and heparin\". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (25): 23092–9. doi:10.1074/jbc.M107583200. PMID 11956183.\nLatvanlehto A, Snellman A, Tu H, Pihlajaniemi T (2003). \"Type XIII collagen and some other transmembrane collagens contain two separate coiled-coil motifs, which may function as independent oligomerization domains\". J. Biol. Chem. 278 (39): 37590–9. doi:10.1074/jbc.M305974200. PMID 12832406.vteProtein: scleroproteinsExtracellular matrixCollagenFibril forming\ntype I\nCOL1A1\nCOL1A2\ntype II (COL2A1)\ntype III\ntype V\nCOL5A1\nCOL5A2\nCOL5A3\nCOL24A1\nCOL26A1\nOther\nFACIT: type IX\nCOL9A1\nCOL9A2\nCOL9A3\ntype XII (COL12A1)\nCOL14A1\nCOL16A1\nCOL19A1\nCOL20A1\nCOL21A1\nCOL22A1\nbasement membrane: type IV\nCOL4A1\nCOL4A2\nCOL4A3\nCOL4A4\nCOL4A5\nCOL4A6\nmultiplexin: COL15A1\ntype XVIII\nCOL18A1\nEndostatin\ntransmembrane: COL13A1\nCOL17A1\nCOL23A1\nCOL25A1\nother: type VI\nCOL6A1\nCOL6A2\nCOL6A3\nCOL6A5\ntype VII (COL7A1)\ntype VIII\nCOL8A1\nCOL8A2\ntype X (COL10A1)\ntype XI\nCOL11A1\nCOL11A2\nCOL27A1\nCOL28A1\nEnzymes\nProlyl hydroxylase/Lysyl hydroxylase\nCartilage associated protein/Leprecan\nADAMTS2\nProcollagen peptidase\nLysyl oxidase\nLaminin\nalpha\nLAMA1\nLAMA2\nLAMA3\nLAMA4\nLAMA5\nbeta\nLAMB1\nLAMB2\nLAMB3\nLAMB4\ngamma\nLAMC1\nLAMC2\nLAMC3\nOther\nALCAM\nElastin\nTropoelastin\nVitronectin\nFRAS1\nFREM2\nDecorin\nFAM20C\nECM1\nMatrix gla protein\nTectorin\nTECTA\nTECTB\nOther\nKeratin/Cytokeratin\nGelatin\nReticulin\nCartilage oligomeric matrix protein\nSee also\ndiseasesThis article on a gene on human chromosome 10 is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Further reading"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Human PubMed Reference:\". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=1305","url_text":"\"Human PubMed Reference:\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mouse PubMed Reference:\". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=12817","url_text":"\"Mouse PubMed Reference:\""}]},{"reference":"\"Entrez Gene: COL13A1 collagen, type XIII, alpha 1\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=1305","url_text":"\"Entrez Gene: COL13A1 collagen, type XIII, alpha 1\""}]},{"reference":"Juvonen M, Pihlajaniemi T (1992). \"Characterization of the spectrum of alternative splicing of alpha 1 (XIII) collagen transcripts in HT-1080 cells and calvarial tissue resulted in identification of two previously unidentified alternatively spliced sequences, one previously unidentified exon, and nine new mRNA variants\". J. Biol. Chem. 267 (34): 24693–9. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)35820-4. PMID 1447209.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2818%2935820-4","url_text":"\"Characterization of the spectrum of alternative splicing of alpha 1 (XIII) collagen transcripts in HT-1080 cells and calvarial tissue resulted in identification of two previously unidentified alternatively spliced sequences, one previously unidentified exon, and nine new mRNA variants\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2818%2935820-4","url_text":"10.1016/S0021-9258(18)35820-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1447209","url_text":"1447209"}]},{"reference":"Juvonen M, Sandberg M, Pihlajaniemi T (1992). \"Patterns of expression of the six alternatively spliced exons affecting the structures of the COL1 and NC2 domains of the alpha 1(XIII) collagen chain in human tissues and cell lines\". J. Biol. Chem. 267 (34): 24700–7. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)35821-6. PMID 1447210.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2818%2935821-6","url_text":"\"Patterns of expression of the six alternatively spliced exons affecting the structures of the COL1 and NC2 domains of the alpha 1(XIII) collagen chain in human tissues and cell lines\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2818%2935821-6","url_text":"10.1016/S0021-9258(18)35821-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1447210","url_text":"1447210"}]},{"reference":"Pihlajaniemi T, Tamminen M (1990). \"The alpha 1 chain of type XIII collagen consists of three collagenous and four noncollagenous domains, and its primary transcript undergoes complex alternative splicing\". J. Biol. Chem. 265 (28): 16922–8. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(17)44849-6. PMID 1698771.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2817%2944849-6","url_text":"\"The alpha 1 chain of type XIII collagen consists of three collagenous and four noncollagenous domains, and its primary transcript undergoes complex alternative splicing\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2817%2944849-6","url_text":"10.1016/S0021-9258(17)44849-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1698771","url_text":"1698771"}]},{"reference":"Tikka L, Elomaa O, Pihlajaniemi T, Tryggvason K (1991). \"Human alpha 1 (XIII) collagen gene. Multiple forms of the gene transcripts are generated through complex alternative splicing of several short exons\". J. Biol. Chem. 266 (26): 17713–9. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)47430-9. PMID 1894651.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2819%2947430-9","url_text":"\"Human alpha 1 (XIII) collagen gene. Multiple forms of the gene transcripts are generated through complex alternative splicing of several short exons\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2819%2947430-9","url_text":"10.1016/S0021-9258(19)47430-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1894651","url_text":"1894651"}]},{"reference":"Tikka L, Pihlajaniemi T, Henttu P, et al. (1988). \"Gene structure for the alpha 1 chain of a human short-chain collagen (type XIII) with alternatively spliced transcripts and translation termination codon at the 5' end of the last exon\". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 85 (20): 7491–5. doi:10.1073/pnas.85.20.7491. PMC 282217. PMID 2459707.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC282217","url_text":"\"Gene structure for the alpha 1 chain of a human short-chain collagen (type XIII) with alternatively spliced transcripts and translation termination codon at the 5' end of the last exon\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.85.20.7491","url_text":"10.1073/pnas.85.20.7491"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC282217","url_text":"282217"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2459707","url_text":"2459707"}]},{"reference":"Shows TB, Tikka L, Byers MG, et al. (1989). \"Assignment of the human collagen alpha 1 (XIII) chain gene (COL13A1) to the q22 region of chromosome 10\". Genomics. 5 (1): 128–33. doi:10.1016/0888-7543(89)90096-7. PMID 2767682.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0888-7543%2889%2990096-7","url_text":"10.1016/0888-7543(89)90096-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2767682","url_text":"2767682"}]},{"reference":"Pihlajaniemi T, Myllylä R, Seyer J, et al. (1987). \"Partial characterization of a low molecular weight human collagen that undergoes alternative splicing\". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 84 (4): 940–4. doi:10.1073/pnas.84.4.940. PMC 304335. PMID 3547403.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC304335","url_text":"\"Partial characterization of a low molecular weight human collagen that undergoes alternative splicing\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.84.4.940","url_text":"10.1073/pnas.84.4.940"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC304335","url_text":"304335"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3547403","url_text":"3547403"}]},{"reference":"Juvonen M, Pihlajaniemi T, Autio-Harmainen H (1994). \"Location and alternative splicing of type XIII collagen RNA in the early human placenta\". Lab. Invest. 69 (5): 541–51. PMID 8246446.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8246446","url_text":"8246446"}]},{"reference":"Hägg P, Rehn M, Huhtala P, et al. (1998). \"Type XIII collagen is identified as a plasma membrane protein\". J. Biol. Chem. 273 (25): 15590–7. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.25.15590. PMID 9624150.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.273.25.15590","url_text":"\"Type XIII collagen is identified as a plasma membrane protein\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.273.25.15590","url_text":"10.1074/jbc.273.25.15590"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9624150","url_text":"9624150"}]},{"reference":"Kvist AP, Latvanlehto A, Sund M, et al. (1999). \"Complete exon-intron organization and chromosomal location of the gene for mouse type XIII collagen (col13a1) and comparison with its human homologue\". Matrix Biol. 18 (3): 261–74. doi:10.1016/S0945-053X(99)00018-9. PMID 10429945.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0945-053X%2899%2900018-9","url_text":"10.1016/S0945-053X(99)00018-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10429945","url_text":"10429945"}]},{"reference":"Nykvist P, Tu H, Ivaska J, et al. (2000). \"Distinct recognition of collagen subtypes by alpha(1)beta(1) and alpha(2)beta(1) integrins. Alpha(1)beta(1) mediates cell adhesion to type XIII collagen\". J. Biol. Chem. 275 (11): 8255–61. doi:10.1074/jbc.275.11.8255. PMID 10713152.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.275.11.8255","url_text":"\"Distinct recognition of collagen subtypes by alpha(1)beta(1) and alpha(2)beta(1) integrins. Alpha(1)beta(1) mediates cell adhesion to type XIII collagen\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.275.11.8255","url_text":"10.1074/jbc.275.11.8255"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10713152","url_text":"10713152"}]},{"reference":"Sandberg-Lall M, Hägg PO, Wahlström I, Pihlajaniemi T (2000). \"Type XIII collagen is widely expressed in the adult and developing human eye and accentuated in the ciliary muscle, the optic nerve and the neural retina\". Exp. Eye Res. 70 (4): 401–10. doi:10.1006/exer.1998.0826. PMID 10865988.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fexer.1998.0826","url_text":"10.1006/exer.1998.0826"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10865988","url_text":"10865988"}]},{"reference":"Tu H, Sasaki T, Snellman A, et al. (2002). \"The type XIII collagen ectodomain is a 150-nm rod and capable of binding to fibronectin, nidogen-2, perlecan, and heparin\". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (25): 23092–9. doi:10.1074/jbc.M107583200. PMID 11956183.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M107583200","url_text":"\"The type XIII collagen ectodomain is a 150-nm rod and capable of binding to fibronectin, nidogen-2, perlecan, and heparin\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M107583200","url_text":"10.1074/jbc.M107583200"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11956183","url_text":"11956183"}]},{"reference":"Latvanlehto A, Snellman A, Tu H, Pihlajaniemi T (2003). \"Type XIII collagen and some other transmembrane collagens contain two separate coiled-coil motifs, which may function as independent oligomerization domains\". J. Biol. Chem. 278 (39): 37590–9. doi:10.1074/jbc.M305974200. PMID 12832406.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M305974200","url_text":"\"Type XIII collagen and some other transmembrane collagens contain two separate coiled-coil motifs, which may function as independent oligomerization domains\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M305974200","url_text":"10.1074/jbc.M305974200"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12832406","url_text":"12832406"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/2190","external_links_name":"COL13A1"},{"Link":"https://omim.org/entry/120350","external_links_name":"120350"},{"Link":"http://www.informatics.jax.org/marker/MGI:1277201","external_links_name":"1277201"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=homologene&dopt=HomoloGene&list_uids=22421","external_links_name":"22421"},{"Link":"https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=COL13A1","external_links_name":"COL13A1"},{"Link":"https://www.bgee.org/","external_links_name":"Bgee"},{"Link":"https://www.bgee.org/gene/ENSG00000197467","external_links_name":"Top expressed in"},{"Link":"https://www.bgee.org/gene/ENSMUSG00000058806","external_links_name":"Top expressed in"},{"Link":"https://www.bgee.org/gene/ENSG00000197467","external_links_name":"More reference expression data"},{"Link":"http://biogps.org/","external_links_name":"BioGPS"},{"Link":"http://biogps.org/gene/1305/","external_links_name":"More reference expression data"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0008201","external_links_name":"heparin binding"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005515","external_links_name":"protein binding"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005201","external_links_name":"extracellular matrix structural constituent"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0030020","external_links_name":"extracellular matrix structural constituent conferring tensile strength"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0016021","external_links_name":"integral component of membrane"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005576","external_links_name":"extracellular region"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005886","external_links_name":"plasma 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ossification"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0007155","external_links_name":"cell adhesion"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001503","external_links_name":"ossification"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001763","external_links_name":"morphogenesis of a branching structure"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0098609","external_links_name":"cell-cell adhesion"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/","external_links_name":"Amigo"},{"Link":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/","external_links_name":"QuickGO"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=retrieve&dopt=default&list_uids=1305&rn=1","external_links_name":"1305"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=retrieve&dopt=default&list_uids=12817&rn=1","external_links_name":"12817"},{"Link":"http://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/geneview?gene=ENSG00000197467;db=core","external_links_name":"ENSG00000197467"},{"Link":"http://www.ensembl.org/Mus_musculus/geneview?gene=ENSMUSG00000058806;db=core","external_links_name":"ENSMUSG00000058806"},{"Link":"https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q5TAT6","external_links_name":"Q5TAT6"},{"Link":"https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9R1N9","external_links_name":"Q9R1N9"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_001130103","external_links_name":"NM_001130103"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_005203","external_links_name":"NM_005203"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_080798","external_links_name":"NM_080798"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_080799","external_links_name":"NM_080799"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_080800","external_links_name":"NM_080800"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_080801","external_links_name":"NM_080801"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_080802","external_links_name":"NM_080802"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_080803","external_links_name":"NM_080803"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_080804","external_links_name":"NM_080804"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_080805","external_links_name":"NM_080805"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_080806","external_links_name":"NM_080806"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_080807","external_links_name":"NM_080807"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_080808","external_links_name":"NM_080808"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_080809","external_links_name":"NM_080809"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_080810","external_links_name":"NM_080810"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_080811","external_links_name":"NM_080811"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_080812","external_links_name":"NM_080812"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_080813","external_links_name":"NM_080813"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_080814","external_links_name":"NM_080814"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_080815","external_links_name":"NM_080815"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_001320951","external_links_name":"NM_001320951"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_001368882","external_links_name":"NM_001368882"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_001368883","external_links_name":"NM_001368883"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_001368884","external_links_name":"NM_001368884"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_001368885","external_links_name":"NM_001368885"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_001368886","external_links_name":"NM_001368886"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_001368895","external_links_name":"NM_001368895"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_001368896","external_links_name":"NM_001368896"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_001368897","external_links_name":"NM_001368897"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_001368898","external_links_name":"NM_001368898"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_007731","external_links_name":"NM_007731"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_001304757","external_links_name":"NM_001304757"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_001123575","external_links_name":"NP_001123575"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_001307880","external_links_name":"NP_001307880"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_542988","external_links_name":"NP_542988"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_542990","external_links_name":"NP_542990"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_542991","external_links_name":"NP_542991"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_542992","external_links_name":"NP_542992"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_542995","external_links_name":"NP_542995"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_001355811","external_links_name":"NP_001355811"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_001355812","external_links_name":"NP_001355812"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_001355813","external_links_name":"NP_001355813"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_001355814","external_links_name":"NP_001355814"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_001355815","external_links_name":"NP_001355815"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_001355824","external_links_name":"NP_001355824"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_001355825","external_links_name":"NP_001355825"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_001355826","external_links_name":"NP_001355826"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_001355827","external_links_name":"NP_001355827"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_001291686","external_links_name":"NP_001291686"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_031757","external_links_name":"NP_031757"},{"Link":"https://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgTracks?org=Human&db=hg38&position=chr10:69801880-69964275","external_links_name":"Chr 10: 69.8 – 69.96 Mb"},{"Link":"https://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgTracks?org=Mouse&db=mm0&position=chr10:61674015-61814887","external_links_name":"Chr 10: 61.67 – 61.81 Mb"},{"Link":"http://may2017.archive.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/Gene/Summary?db=core;g=ENSG00000197467","external_links_name":"GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000197467"},{"Link":"http://may2017.archive.ensembl.org/Mus_musculus/Gene/Summary?db=core;g=ENSMUSG00000058806","external_links_name":"GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000058806"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=1305","external_links_name":"\"Human PubMed Reference:\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=12817","external_links_name":"\"Mouse PubMed Reference:\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=1305","external_links_name":"\"Entrez Gene: COL13A1 collagen, type XIII, alpha 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Alpha(1)beta(1) mediates cell adhesion to type XIII collagen\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.275.11.8255","external_links_name":"10.1074/jbc.275.11.8255"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10713152","external_links_name":"10713152"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fexer.1998.0826","external_links_name":"10.1006/exer.1998.0826"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10865988","external_links_name":"10865988"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M107583200","external_links_name":"\"The type XIII collagen ectodomain is a 150-nm rod and capable of binding to fibronectin, nidogen-2, perlecan, and heparin\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M107583200","external_links_name":"10.1074/jbc.M107583200"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11956183","external_links_name":"11956183"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M305974200","external_links_name":"\"Type XIII collagen and some other transmembrane collagens contain two separate coiled-coil motifs, which may function as independent oligomerization domains\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M305974200","external_links_name":"10.1074/jbc.M305974200"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12832406","external_links_name":"12832406"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Collagen,_type_XIII,_alpha_1&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biku,_Bajestan | Biku, Bajestan | ["1 References"] | Village in Razavi Khorasan, IranBiku
بيكوvillageCountry IranProvinceRazavi KhorasanCountyBajestanBakhshCentralRural DistrictJazinPopulation (2006) • Total20Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST) • Summer (DST)UTC+4:30 (IRDT)
Biku (Persian: بيكو, also Romanized as Bīḵū) is a village in Jazin Rural District, in the Central District of Bajestan County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 20, in 5 families.
References
Iran portal
^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20.
vte Bajestan CountyCapital
Bajestan
DistrictsCentralCities
Bajestan
Rural Districts and villagesBajestan
Ab Barik-e Bala
Ahmadabad
Chah Chul
Chekkeh Ab
Darchaq
Darzab
Hoseynabad
Kalateh-ye Moghri
Kalateh-ye Susnari-ye Bala
Kameh
Khar Firuzi
Mazar
Motrabad
Nian
Now Bahar
Qasemabad
Senjetak
Solhabad
Jazin
Abu ol Khazen
Afkan
Ahang
Biku
Boqchir
Ezzat-e Pain
Jazin
Kasabad-e Pain
Khush Manzal
Nuq
Rezaiyeh
Ru Sang
Sarideh
Sheshtuk
Zeynabad
YunesiCities
Yunesi
Rural Districts and villagesSar Daq
Ebrahimabad
Fakhrabad
Mansuri
Sar Daq
Yunesi
Chah-e Paliz
Kureh Ajarazargun
Marandiz
This Bajestan County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanize"},{"link_name":"Jazin Rural District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazin_Rural_District"},{"link_name":"Central District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_District_(Bajestan_County)"},{"link_name":"Bajestan County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajestan_County"},{"link_name":"Razavi Khorasan Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razavi_Khorasan_Province"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Biku (Persian: بيكو, also Romanized as Bīḵū) is a village in Jazin Rural District, in the Central District of Bajestan County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 20, in 5 families.[1]","title":"Biku, Bajestan"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1385/results/all/09.xls","url_text":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_Center_of_Iran","url_text":"Statistical Center of Iran"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920084728/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/09.xls","url_text":"Archived"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1385/results/all/09.xls","external_links_name":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920084728/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/09.xls","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biku,_Bajestan&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamson_Road,_Roanoke,_Virginia | Williamson Road, Roanoke, Virginia | ["1 History","2 References","3 External links"] | Coordinates: 37°16′56.2″N 79°56′0.4″W / 37.282278°N 79.933444°W / 37.282278; -79.933444For the Roanoke, Virginia street, see Williamson Road.
Williamson Road is a Roanoke, Virginia neighborhood in north-central Roanoke. It borders the neighborhoods of Roundhill and Preston Park to the north, Belmont to the south, Hollins to the east, and Gainsboro and Washington Park to the west opposite Interstate 581. It is bisected by Williamson Road.
History
The area that encompasses the Williamson Road was annexed from Roanoke County in two separate annexations, with the areas south of present-day U.S. 460 (Orange Avenue) annexed in 1882 and those north annexed in 1949. Much of the residential development within the neighborhood reflects that of typical suburban development following World War Two. Today the neighborhood is the location of the Roanoke Civic Center and Bowman Park.
References
^ a b "Explore Roanoke Neighborhood Map: Williamson Road". City of Roanoke Department of Neighborhoods. Retrieved 2008-05-05.
^ Kagey, Deedie (1988). "Annexations Continue". When Past Is Prologue: A History of Roanoke County (1st ed.). Roanoke, VA: Roanoke County Sesquicentennial Committee. p. 547.
^ "Williamson Road Area Plan: Community Design" (PDF). City of Roanoke Planning Division. Retrieved 2008-05-05.
External links
Williamson Road Area Plan which includes the Williamson Road neighborhood
vteNeighborhoods in Roanoke, Virginia
Airport
Belmont
Cherry Hill
Downtown
Eastgate
Edgewood-Summit Hills
Fairland
Fallon
Franklin-Colonial
Gainsboro
Garden City
Gilmer
Grandin Court
Greater Deyerle
Harrison
Hollins
Hurt Park
Kenwood
Loudon-Melrose
Mecca Gardens
Melrose-Rugby
Mill Mountain
Miller Court/Arrowood
Monterey
Morningside
Mountain View
Norwich
Old Southwest
Peachtree/Norwood
Preston Park
Raleigh Court
Ridgewood Park
Riverdale
Riverland/Walnut Hills
Roundhill
Shenandoah West
South Jefferson
South Roanoke
South Washington Heights
Southern Hills
Villa Heights
Wasena
Washington Heights
Washington Park
West End
Westview Terrace
Wildwood
Williamson Road
Wilmont
37°16′56.2″N 79°56′0.4″W / 37.282278°N 79.933444°W / 37.282278; -79.933444 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Williamson Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamson_Road"},{"link_name":"Roanoke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roanoke,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia"},{"link_name":"neighborhood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neighborhood"},{"link_name":"Roundhill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roundhill,_Roanoke,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Preston Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preston_Park,_Roanoke,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Belmont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belmont,_Roanoke,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Hollins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollins,_Roanoke,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Gainsboro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gainsboro,_Roanoke,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Washington Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Park,_Roanoke,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Interstate 581","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_581"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Williamson1-1"},{"link_name":"Williamson Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamson_Road"}],"text":"For the Roanoke, Virginia street, see Williamson Road.Williamson Road is a Roanoke, Virginia neighborhood in north-central Roanoke. It borders the neighborhoods of Roundhill and Preston Park to the north, Belmont to the south, Hollins to the east, and Gainsboro and Washington Park to the west opposite Interstate 581.[1] It is bisected by Williamson Road.","title":"Williamson Road, Roanoke, Virginia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. 460","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_460_in_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kagey-2"},{"link_name":"suburban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suburban"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Preston2-3"},{"link_name":"Roanoke Civic Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roanoke_Civic_Center"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Williamson1-1"}],"text":"The area that encompasses the Williamson Road was annexed from Roanoke County in two separate annexations, with the areas south of present-day U.S. 460 (Orange Avenue) annexed in 1882 and those north annexed in 1949.[2] Much of the residential development within the neighborhood reflects that of typical suburban development following World War Two.[3] Today the neighborhood is the location of the Roanoke Civic Center and Bowman Park.[1]","title":"History"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Explore Roanoke Neighborhood Map: Williamson Road\". City of Roanoke Department of Neighborhoods. Retrieved 2008-05-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://portal.roanokegov.com/portal/neighbor/dspMapView.cfm?CFID=267366&CFTOKEN=97675491","url_text":"\"Explore Roanoke Neighborhood Map: Williamson Road\""}]},{"reference":"Kagey, Deedie (1988). \"Annexations Continue\". When Past Is Prologue: A History of Roanoke County (1st ed.). Roanoke, VA: Roanoke County Sesquicentennial Committee. p. 547.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Williamson Road Area Plan: Community Design\" (PDF). City of Roanoke Planning Division. Retrieved 2008-05-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.roanokeva.gov/85256A8D0062AF37/CurrentBaseLink/EC5B1D24CD75FD418525740A00621F11/$File/WRAP_CommDesign.pdf","url_text":"\"Williamson Road Area Plan: Community Design\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Williamson_Road,_Roanoke,_Virginia¶ms=37_16_56.2_N_79_56_0.4_W_","external_links_name":"37°16′56.2″N 79°56′0.4″W / 37.282278°N 79.933444°W / 37.282278; -79.933444"},{"Link":"http://portal.roanokegov.com/portal/neighbor/dspMapView.cfm?CFID=267366&CFTOKEN=97675491","external_links_name":"\"Explore Roanoke Neighborhood Map: Williamson Road\""},{"Link":"http://www.roanokeva.gov/85256A8D0062AF37/CurrentBaseLink/EC5B1D24CD75FD418525740A00621F11/$File/WRAP_CommDesign.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Williamson Road Area Plan: Community Design\""},{"Link":"http://www.roanokeva.gov/WebMgmt/ywbase61b.nsf/CurrentBaseLink/EC5B1D24CD75FD418525740A00621F11/$File/WRAP.pdf","external_links_name":"Williamson Road Area Plan"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Williamson_Road,_Roanoke,_Virginia¶ms=37_16_56.2_N_79_56_0.4_W_","external_links_name":"37°16′56.2″N 79°56′0.4″W / 37.282278°N 79.933444°W / 37.282278; -79.933444"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahe,_Beijing | Shahe, Beijing | ["1 History","2 Administrative divisions","3 Gallery","4 See also","5 References"] | Coordinates: 40°09′27″N 116°14′48″E / 40.15750°N 116.24667°E / 40.15750; 116.24667Area & Town in Beijing, ChinaShahe Area
沙河地区Shahe Town (沙河镇)Area & TownBeijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics Shahe Campus, 2018Location of Shahe Area within Changping DistrictShahe AreaShow map of BeijingShahe AreaShow map of ChinaCoordinates: 40°09′27″N 116°14′48″E / 40.15750°N 116.24667°E / 40.15750; 116.24667CountryChinaMunicipalityBeijingDistrictChangpingVillage-level Divisions24 communities22 villagesArea • Total53.28 km2 (20.57 sq mi)Elevation43 m (141 ft)Population (2020) • Total294,408 • Density5,500/km2 (14,000/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+8 (China Standard)Postal code102206Area code010
Shahe Area (simplified Chinese: 沙河地区; traditional Chinese: 沙河地區; pinyin: Shāhé Dìqū) is one of the four areas of Changping District, Beijing, China. It shares border with Nanshao Town to the north, Baishan and Beiqijia Towns to the east, Shigezhuang Subdistrict and Dongxiaokou Town to the south, Xibeiwang and Shangzhuang Towns to the southwest, and Machikou Town to the west. In the year 2020, its population was 294,408.
The area was named after three rivers: Nansha, Beisha, and Dongsha. They flow together to form Wenyu River in the east of the area.
History
Timeline of Shahe Town
Year
Status
Part of
1949–1953
2nd District
Changping County
1953–1956
Shahe Town
1956–1958
Shahe Township
1958–1959
Shahe Working Station, under Xiaotangshan People's Commune
1959–1961
Shahezhen Management Area, under Shahe Sino-Vietnamese Friendship People's Commune
1961–1981
Shahe People's Commune
1981–1987
Shahe Township
1987–1990
Shahe Town
1990–1997
Shahe Town
Gonghua Town
1997–1999
Shahe Town (Incorporated Qiliqu Township in 1999)
1999–2007
Changping District
2007–present
Shahe Area (Shahe Town)
Administrative divisions
In 2021, Shahe Area was formed by 46 subdivisions, with 24 communities and 22 villages:
Administrative Division Code
Subdisvision Names
Name Transliteration
Type
110114004001
南一
Nanyi
Community
110114004003
东一
Dongyi
Community
110114004004
西二
Xiyi
Community
110114004005
北二
Bei'er
Community
110114004006
站前路
Zhanqianlu
Community
110114004007
沙阳路
Shayanglu
Community
110114004008
保利罗兰香谷
Baoli Luolan Xianggu
Community
110114004009
兆丰家园
Zhaofeng Jiayuan
Community
110114004010
北街家园第一
Beijie Jiayuan Diyi
Community
110114004011
北街家园第二
Beijie Jiayuan Di'er
Community
110114004012
北街家园第三
Beijie Jiayuan Disan
Community
110114004013
碧水庄园
Bishui Zhuangyuan
Community
110114004014
于善街南
Yushanjie Nan
Community
110114004015
冠芳园
Guanfangyuan
Community
110114004016
五福家园
Wufu Jiayuan
Community
110114004017
巩华新村
Gonghua Xincun
Community
110114004018
滟澜新宸
Yanlan Xinchen
Community
110114004019
恒大幸福家园第一
Hengda Xingfu Jiayuan Diyi
Community
110114004020
恒大幸福家园第二
Hengda Xingfu Jiayuan Di'er
Community
110114004021
路松街
Lusongjie
Community
110114004022
紫荆香谷
Zijing Xianggu
Community
110114004023
祥业家园
Xiangye Jiayuan
Community
110114004024
北街家园第四
Beijie Jiayuan Disi
Community
110114004025
北街家园第五
Beijie Jiayuan Diwu
Community
110114004201
西沙屯
Xishatun
Village
110114004202
老牛湾
Laoniuwan
Village
110114004203
南一
Nanyi
Village
110114004204
东一
Dongyi
Village
110114004205
西二
Xi'er
Village
110114004206
北二
Bei'er
Village
110114004207
辛力屯
Xinlitun
Village
110114004208
路庄
Luzhuang
Village
110114004209
踩河
Caihe
Village
110114004210
丰善
Fengshan
Village
110114004211
于辛庄
Yuxinzhuang
Village
110114004212
满井东队
Manjing Dongdui
Village
110114004213
满井西队
Manjing Xidui
Village
110114004214
松兰堡
Songlanbao
Village
110114004215
王庄
Wangzhuang
Village
110114004216
小寨
Xiaozhai
Village
110114004217
大洼
Dawa
Village
110114004218
七里渠南
Qiliqu Nan
Village
110114004219
七里渠北
Qiliqu Bei
Village
110114004220
白各庄
Baigezhuang
Village
110114004221
豆各庄
Dougezhuang
Village
110114004222
小沙河
Xiaoshahe
Village
Gallery
Residential neighborhood on the northwest of the area, 2011
Shahe Reservoir, 2018
Beijing Chinese Language and Culture College, 2020
Shahe Station of Beijing Subway, 2022
See also
List of township-level divisions of Beijing
References
^ "北京市昌平区第七次全国人口普查公报". bj.bjd.com.cn (in Chinese (China)). Retrieved 2022-10-18.
^ a b Zhong hua ren min gong he guo zheng qu da dian. Bei jing shi juan. Li li guo, Li wan jun, Wu shi min, 李立国., 李万钧., 吴世民. Bei jing: Zhong guo she hui chu ban she. 2013. ISBN 978-7-5087-4058-4. OCLC 910451741.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
^ "2021年统计用区划代码和城乡划分代码". www.stats.gov.cn. Retrieved 2022-10-19.
Media related to Shahe, Beijing at Wikimedia Commons
vteSubdivisions of Changping District, BeijingSubdistricts
Chengbei
Chengnan
Tiantongyuanbei
Tiantongyuannan
Huoying
Huolongguan
Longzeyuan
Shigezhuang
Areas/Towns
Nankou
Machikou
Shahe
Dongxiaokou
Towns
Yangfang
Xiaotangshan
Nanshao
Cuicun
Baishan
Beiqijia
Xingshou
Liucun
Shisanling
Yanshou
This Beijing location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"simplified Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"traditional Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"Changping District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changping_District"},{"link_name":"Beijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Shigezhuang Subdistrict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shigezhuang_Subdistrict"},{"link_name":"Xibeiwang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xibeiwang"},{"link_name":"Shangzhuang Towns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shangzhuang,_Beijing"},{"link_name":"Machikou Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machikou"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-worldcat-2"}],"text":"Area & Town in Beijing, ChinaShahe Area (simplified Chinese: 沙河地区; traditional Chinese: 沙河地區; pinyin: Shāhé Dìqū) is one of the four areas of Changping District, Beijing, China. It shares border with Nanshao Town to the north, Baishan and Beiqijia Towns to the east, Shigezhuang Subdistrict and Dongxiaokou Town to the south, Xibeiwang and Shangzhuang Towns to the southwest, and Machikou Town to the west. In the year 2020, its population was 294,408.[1]The area was named after three rivers: Nansha, Beisha, and Dongsha. They flow together to form Wenyu River in the east of the area.[2]","title":"Shahe, Beijing"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"communities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Residential_community"},{"link_name":"villages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villages_of_China"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"In 2021, Shahe Area was formed by 46 subdivisions, with 24 communities and 22 villages:[3]","title":"Administrative divisions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%B8%82%E6%98%8C%E5%B9%B3%E5%8C%BA_China_Beijing,_Changping_District,_China_Xinjia_-_panoramio.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E6%B2%99%E6%B2%B3%E6%B0%B4%E5%BA%93_2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beijing_Chinese_Language_and_Culture_College_(20200411120228).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Exterior_of_Shahe_Station_(20220407141518).jpg"}],"text":"Residential neighborhood on the northwest of the area, 2011\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tShahe Reservoir, 2018\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBeijing Chinese Language and Culture College, 2020\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tShahe Station of Beijing Subway, 2022","title":"Gallery"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of township-level divisions of Beijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_township-level_divisions_of_Beijing"}] | [{"reference":"\"北京市昌平区第七次全国人口普查公报\". bj.bjd.com.cn (in Chinese (China)). 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Bei jing shi juan"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/910451741","external_links_name":"910451741"},{"Link":"http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/tjbz/tjyqhdmhcxhfdm/2021/11/01/14/110114004.html","external_links_name":"\"2021年统计用区划代码和城乡划分代码\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shahe,_Beijing&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seat_Pleasant,_Maryland | Seat Pleasant, Maryland | ["1 History","2 Politics","3 Schools","4 Geography","5 Demographics","5.1 2020 census","5.2 2010 census","5.3 2000 census","6 Transportation","7 Law enforcement","8 Fire protection","9 Bordering areas","10 Notable people","11 References","12 External links"] | Coordinates: 38°53′43″N 76°54′8″W / 38.89528°N 76.90222°W / 38.89528; -76.90222
City in MarylandSeat Pleasant, MarylandCity
FlagSealLocation of Seat Pleasant, MarylandCoordinates: 38°53′43″N 76°54′8″W / 38.89528°N 76.90222°W / 38.89528; -76.90222Country United States of AmericaState MarylandCounty Prince George'sIncorporated1931Government • TypeNonpartisan • MayorKelly PorterArea • Total0.74 sq mi (1.92 km2) • Land0.74 sq mi (1.92 km2) • Water0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2)Elevation108 ft (33 m)Population (2020) • Total4,522 • Density6,094.34/sq mi (2,352.59/km2)Time zoneUTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)ZIP code20743Area code(s)301, 240FIPS code24-70850GNIS feature ID0598069WebsiteCity of Seat Pleasant official website
Seat Pleasant is an incorporated city in Prince George's County, Maryland, United States, located immediately east of Washington D.C.. Per the 2020 census, the population was 4,522. Two state highways pass through the community — Maryland routes 704 (now called Martin Luther King Jr. Highway and previously named George Palmer Highway in honor of banker and community leader George Palmer) and 214 (Central Avenue). The Washington Metro's Blue and Silver Lines are nearby. The Washington Commanders' stadium is east of Seat Pleasant, near the Capital Beltway (I-95/495).
History
Seat Pleasant is located on part of what had been the Williams-Berry estate. In 1850, the descendants of General Otho Holland Williams, a Revolutionary War hero, and James Berry, a mid-17th-century Puritan leader, sold it to Joseph Gregory. Seat Pleasant was developed on the dairy farm of Joseph Gregory, the farm of the Hill family, and the land of building contractor Francis Carmody, among others. In 1873, some of the land along Addison Road was subdivided into small farms and rural home sites known as Jackson's Subdivision.
Designers of the Chesapeake Beach Railway, constructed in 1897–99 between Washington, D.C. and Chesapeake Beach, Maryland, located their first station in Maryland outside Washington on the railway's right-of-way that traversed the Gregory property. They called the station "District Line". The Columbia Railway Company operated a streetcar system that extended through Northeast Washington and terminated in Seat Pleasant at Eastern Avenue, near what is today Martin Luther King Jr. Highway. Finally, the Washington, Baltimore and Annapolis Electric Railway passed through Seat Pleasant in 1908. In 1906, the growing number of residents in the area around the station adopted a more imaginative name for their community — Seat Pleasant, after the early Williams-Berry estate. Prior to that, the area was known as Chesapeake Junction.
Steady growth of traffic on the railway between 1900 and its peak in 1920 translated into steady development for Seat Pleasant as a railroad suburb. Subdivisions were soon created, such as Seat Pleasant, Seat Pleasant Heights, Oakmont, Palmer's, Boyer's Addition, and Pleasant Hills. By 1915, two churches had been organized, and a fire department had been founded. The introduction of street lighting followed in 1918. When the community was incorporated as a town in 1931, it had a school, water company, sewer connections courtesy of the District of Columbia's sanitary system, and reliable fire protection by the Seat Pleasant Fire and Community Welfare Association. The Chesapeake Beach Railway ceased operations in 1935. In the 1980s, the old railroad roundhouse and turntable were demolished to make room for the Addison Plaza Shopping Center on Central Avenue.
Post-World War II state highway construction spurred further development. Construction of "affordable" housing, notably the Gregory Estates apartments in 1949, was the catalyst for the migration of African-American families from the District of Columbia; before that time, the community had been all white. The right of way of the former Washington, Baltimore and Annapolis Electric Railway was utilized in the early 1940s for the George Palmer Highway, later renamed the Martin Luther King Jr. Highway. The Addison Road Metro station opened for service on November 22, 1980.
Most of the testaments to the town's past are long gone. Two that remain are the Episcopal Addison Chapel (1809) and Mount Victory Baptist Church (1908).
Seat Pleasant's crime rate is higher than the national average. The violent crime rate, while still above average, has improved in recent years, dropping from 768.6 in 2003 to 272.2 in 2011.
Politics
The current mayor is Kelly Porter.
City Council
Position
Name
Serving Since
Term Expires
District
President
Vacant
-
-
-
Member
Lamar Maxwell
2016
2020
Ward 1
Member
Hope Love
2010
2020
Ward 2
Member
Reversal L. Yeargin
1996
2020
Ward 3
Member
Charl M. Jones
1998
2020
Ward 4
Member
Gloria Sistrunk
2016
2020
Ward 5
Member
Shireka McCarthy
2016
2020
At Large
Member
Kelly Porter
2000
2020
At Large
Schools
The city is served by the Prince George's County Public Schools district.
Zoned elementary schools include Seat Pleasant, Carmody Hills, and Highland Park elementary schools. All residents are zoned to G. James Gholson Middle School. High schools serving sections of the city are Fairmont Heights High School and Central High School.
Geography
Seat Pleasant is located at 38°53′43″N 76°54′8″W / 38.89528°N 76.90222°W / 38.89528; -76.90222 (38.895362, -76.902205).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.73 square miles (1.89 km2), all land.
Demographics
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
19401,553—19502,25545.2%19605,365137.9%19707,21734.5%19805,217−27.7%19905,3592.7%20004,885−8.8%20104,542−7.0%20204,522−0.4%U.S. Decennial Census 2010 2020
2020 census
Seat Pleasant city, Maryland – Racial and Ethnic Composition (NH = Non-Hispanic)Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.
Race / Ethnicity
Pop 2010
Pop 2020
% 2010
% 2020
White alone (NH)
52
77
1.14%
1.70%
Black or African American alone (NH)
4,118
3,502
90.66%
77.44%
Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH)
12
6
0.26%
0.13%
Asian alone (NH)
17
38
0.37%
0.84%
Pacific Islander alone (NH)
0
0
0.00%
0.00%
Some Other Race alone (NH)
11
21
0.24%
0.46%
Mixed Race/Multi-Racial (NH)
75
126
1.65%
2.79%
Hispanic or Latino (any race)
257
752
5.66%
16.63%
Total
4,542
4,522
100.00%
100.00%
2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 4,542 people, 1,650 households, and 1,135 families residing in the city. The population density was 6,221.9 inhabitants per square mile (2,402.3/km2). There were 1,806 housing units at an average density of 2,474.0 per square mile (955.2/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 2.0% White, 91.0% African American, 0.4% Native American, 0.4% Asian, 3.8% from other races, and 2.4% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.7% of the population.
There were 1,650 households, of which 37.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 26.2% were married couples living together, 35.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 7.3% had a male householder with no wife present, and 31.2% were non-families. 27.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.75 and the average family size was 3.32.
The median age in the city was 36.7 years. 25.9% of residents were under the age of 18; 9.7% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24.6% were from 25 to 44; 25.7% were from 45 to 64; and 14.2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 45.1% male and 54.9% female.
2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 4,885 people, 1,697 households, and 1,243 families residing in the city. The population density was 6,524.1 inhabitants per square mile (2,519.0/km2). There were 1,806 housing units at an average density of 2,412.0 per square mile (931.3/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 2.01% White, 96.72% African American, 0.10% Native American, 0.16% Asian, 0.14% from other races, and 0.86% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.66% of the population.
There were 1,697 households, out of which 32.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 32.1% were married couples living together, 34.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.7% were non-families. 22.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.86 and the average family size was 3.33.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 30.1% under the age of 18, 8.0% from 18 to 24, 27.3% from 25 to 44, 21.9% from 45 to 64, and 12.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 81.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 77.3 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $42,476, and the median income for a family was $45,332. Males had a median income of $30,704 versus $30,909 for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,802. About 15.8% of families and 19.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 31.4% of those under age 18 and 11.1% of those age 65 or over.
Transportation
MD 704, the largest and busiest highway in Seat Pleasant
The main highway serving Seat Pleasant is Maryland Route 704. MD 704 connects southwest into Washington, D.C., and northeastward to U.S. Route 50 (John Hanson Highway).
The city is also served by the Addison Road and Capitol Heights Metro stations. Both stations are on the Blue Line and Silver Line.
Law enforcement
The Seat Pleasant Police Department (SPPD) is the primary law enforcement agency servicing the municipality. The SPPD is assisted by the Prince George's County Police Department and the Sheriff's Office as directed by authority.
Prince George's County Police Department District 8 Station in Upper Marlboro CDP serves the community.
In 2021, Seat Pleasant retaliated against a whistleblower on the local police department who released videos of Seat Pleasant police engaging in wrongdoing or inappropriate behavior, which included assaulting an unarmed National Guardsman.
Fire protection
The Seat Pleasant Volunteer Fire Company Inc, also known as the Infamous 8 House, was the primary fire department serving the community. It is located at 6305 Addison Road, Seat Pleasant. It was home to both career and volunteer firefighters and EMTs. It housed two engines, Engine 82 and 83, and Ambulance 88. The first due for the SPVFC was about 5.5 square miles (14 km2). The total response area was about 38 square miles (98 km2) serving over 250,000 citizens averaging about 7000 calls a year. In 2022, the Seat Pleasant Volunteer Fire Company was shut down. Fire protection for the town is now provided by the New Prince George's County Fire and EMS Department Station 802, as well as other surrounding fire stations.
Bordering areas
Carmody Hills (east)
Peppermill Village (east)
Summerfield (northeast)
Landover (north)
Fairmount Heights (northwest)
Washington, D.C. (west)
Capitol Heights (southwest)
Walker Mill (south)
Notable people
Michael Beasley, 2007 graduate of Notre Dame Preparatory High School; played for the Kansas State University basketball team
Jarrett Carter Sr, journalist and founder of the HBCU Digest
Joe Clair, also known by the nickname "Joe Cleezy", stand-up comedian, radio DJ, and VJ, best known as the former host of BET's Rap City from 1994 to 1999; native of Seat Pleasant
Kevin Durant, 2006 graduate of Montrose Christian School and attended the University of Texas at Austin; now playing for the NBA's Phoenix Suns
References
^ "Seat Pleasant". Maryland Manual. Retrieved June 27, 2017.
^ "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved April 26, 2022.
^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Seat Pleasant, Maryland
^ "Seat Pleasant city, Maryland". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved April 15, 2022.
^ a b c d "Seat Pleasant - A City of Excellence : Our History". Celebrating 75 Years of Municipal Excellence. City of Seal Pleasant. May 10, 2008. Archived from the original on June 23, 2009.
^ "Seat Pleasant, Maryland History". Seat Pleasant, Maryland. Maryland Municipal League. May 10, 2008. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011.
^ a b c d "Community Summary Sheet, Prince George's County" (PDF). Seat Pleasant, Maryland. Maryland State Highway Administration, 1999. May 10, 2008.
^ Kaminkow, Marion J. Maryland A to Z: A Topographical Dictionary. Baltimore, Maryland: Magna Carta Book Company, 1985. p306.
^ Denny, George D., Jr. Proud Past, Promising Future: Cities and Towns in Prince George's County. Brentwood,
Maryland: Tuxedo Press, 1997.
^ "Crime rate in Seat Pleasant, Maryland (MD): murders, rapes, robberies, assaults, burglaries, thefts, auto thefts, arson, law enforcement employees, police officers, crime map". city-data.com. Retrieved November 30, 2013.
^ "Honorable Kelly Porter - Mayor". www.seatpleasantmd.gov. Archived from the original on February 8, 2023. Retrieved June 17, 2023.
^ "Municipalities: Seat Pleasant". Maryland.gov. October 3, 2016. Retrieved October 6, 2016.
^ "Hope Love, Ward II". Seat Pleasant, MD official site. Retrieved July 6, 2017.
^ "Reveral L. Yeargin, Ward III". Seat Pleasant, MD official site. Retrieved October 6, 2016.
^ "Kelly Porter, At-Large". Seat Pleasant, MD official site. Retrieved October 6, 2016.
^ "2010 CENSUS - CENSUS BLOCK MAP: Seat Pleasant city, MD." U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved on August 31, 2018.
^ "NEIGHBORHOOD ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS AND BOUNDARIES SCHOOL YEAR 2018-2019." Prince George's County Public Schools. Retrieved on August 31, 2018.
^ "NEIGHBORHOOD MIDDLE SCHOOLS AND BOUNDARIES SCHOOL YEAR 2018-2019." Prince George's County Public Schools. Retrieved on August 31, 2018.
^ "NEIGHBORHOOD HIGH SCHOOLS AND BOUNDARIES SCHOOL YEAR 2018-2019." Prince George's County Public Schools. Retrieved on August 31, 2018.
^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
^ "US Gazetteer files 2010". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 2, 2012. Retrieved January 25, 2013.
^ "Decennial Census by Decade". US Census Bureau.
^ a b "P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE – 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Seat Pleasant city, Maryland". United States Census Bureau.
^ a b "P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Seat Pleasant city, Maryland". United States Census Bureau.
^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 25, 2013.
^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
^ City of Seat Pleasant
^ "District 3 Station - Landover." Prince George's County Police Department. Retrieved on September 9, 2018. " 8903 Presidential Parkway Upper Marlboro, MD 20772 ". Beat map. See 2010 U.S. Census Map of Landover CDP.
^ "Cops who report excessive force and other misconduct risk". www.usatoday.com. 2021. Retrieved November 15, 2021.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Seat Pleasant, Maryland.
City of Seat Pleasant official website
Maryland State Archives: Seat Pleasant
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Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
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MusicBrainz area | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Prince George's County, Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_George%27s_County,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Washington D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_D.C."},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"2020 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Maryland routes 704","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland_Route_704"},{"link_name":"Martin Luther King Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr."},{"link_name":"214","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland_Route_214"},{"link_name":"Washington Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Metro"},{"link_name":"Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Line_(Washington_Metro)"},{"link_name":"Silver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Line_(Washington_Metro)"},{"link_name":"Washington Commanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Commanders"},{"link_name":"Capital Beltway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_495_(Capital_Beltway)"}],"text":"City in MarylandSeat Pleasant is an incorporated city in Prince George's County, Maryland, United States, located immediately east of Washington D.C..[3] Per the 2020 census, the population was 4,522.[4] Two state highways pass through the community — Maryland routes 704 (now called Martin Luther King Jr. Highway and previously named George Palmer Highway in honor of banker and community leader George Palmer) and 214 (Central Avenue). The Washington Metro's Blue and Silver Lines are nearby. The Washington Commanders' stadium is east of Seat Pleasant, near the Capital Beltway (I-95/495).","title":"Seat Pleasant, Maryland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Otho Holland Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otho_Holland_Williams"},{"link_name":"Revolutionary War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War"},{"link_name":"James Berry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Berry_(Puritan_leader)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Puritan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puritan"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sphist-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mml-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sha-7"},{"link_name":"Chesapeake Beach Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesapeake_Beach_Railway"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Chesapeake Beach, Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesapeake_Beach,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Columbia Railway Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Railway"},{"link_name":"streetcar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram"},{"link_name":"Northeast Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast,_Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Eastern Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Avenue_(Washington,_D.C.)"},{"link_name":"Martin Luther King Jr. Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland_Route_704"},{"link_name":"Washington, Baltimore and Annapolis Electric Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_Baltimore_and_Annapolis_Electric_Railway"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sha-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"railroad suburb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streetcar_suburb"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sha-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"roundhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_roundhouse"},{"link_name":"turntable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_turntable"},{"link_name":"Central Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland_Route_214"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sphist-5"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"African-American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sphist-5"},{"link_name":"right of way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-of-way_(transportation)"},{"link_name":"Martin Luther King Jr. Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland_Route_704"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sha-7"},{"link_name":"Addison Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addison_Road_(WMATA_station)"},{"link_name":"Addison Chapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Matthew%27s_Church_(Seat_Pleasant,_Maryland)"},{"link_name":"Mount Victory Baptist Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mount_Victory_Baptist_Church&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sphist-5"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Seat Pleasant is located on part of what had been the Williams-Berry estate. In 1850, the descendants of General Otho Holland Williams, a Revolutionary War hero, and James Berry, a mid-17th-century Puritan leader, sold it to Joseph Gregory.[5][6] Seat Pleasant was developed on the dairy farm of Joseph Gregory, the farm of the Hill family, and the land of building contractor Francis Carmody, among others. In 1873, some of the land along Addison Road was subdivided into small farms and rural home sites known as Jackson's Subdivision.[7]Designers of the Chesapeake Beach Railway, constructed in 1897–99 between Washington, D.C. and Chesapeake Beach, Maryland, located their first station in Maryland outside Washington on the railway's right-of-way that traversed the Gregory property. They called the station \"District Line\". The Columbia Railway Company operated a streetcar system that extended through Northeast Washington and terminated in Seat Pleasant at Eastern Avenue, near what is today Martin Luther King Jr. Highway. Finally, the Washington, Baltimore and Annapolis Electric Railway passed through Seat Pleasant in 1908.[7] In 1906, the growing number of residents in the area around the station adopted a more imaginative name for their community — Seat Pleasant, after the early Williams-Berry estate. Prior to that, the area was known as Chesapeake Junction.[8]Steady growth of traffic on the railway between 1900 and its peak in 1920 translated into steady development for Seat Pleasant as a railroad suburb. Subdivisions were soon created, such as Seat Pleasant, Seat Pleasant Heights, Oakmont, Palmer's, Boyer's Addition, and Pleasant Hills. By 1915, two churches had been organized, and a fire department had been founded. The introduction of street lighting followed in 1918.[7][9] When the community was incorporated as a town in 1931, it had a school, water company, sewer connections courtesy of the District of Columbia's sanitary system, and reliable fire protection by the Seat Pleasant Fire and Community Welfare Association. The Chesapeake Beach Railway ceased operations in 1935. In the 1980s, the old railroad roundhouse and turntable were demolished to make room for the Addison Plaza Shopping Center on Central Avenue.[5]Post-World War II state highway construction spurred further development. Construction of \"affordable\" housing, notably the Gregory Estates apartments in 1949, was the catalyst for the migration of African-American families from the District of Columbia; before that time, the community had been all white.[5] The right of way of the former Washington, Baltimore and Annapolis Electric Railway was utilized in the early 1940s for the George Palmer Highway, later renamed the Martin Luther King Jr. Highway.[7] The Addison Road Metro station opened for service on November 22, 1980.Most of the testaments to the town's past are long gone. Two that remain are the Episcopal Addison Chapel (1809) and Mount Victory Baptist Church (1908).[5]Seat Pleasant's crime rate is higher than the national average. The violent crime rate, while still above average, has improved in recent years, dropping from 768.6 in 2003 to 272.2 in 2011.[10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"The current mayor is Kelly Porter.[11]","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Prince George's County Public Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_George%27s_County_Public_Schools"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Fairmont Heights High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairmont_Heights_High_School"},{"link_name":"Central High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_High_School_(Maryland)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"The city is served by the Prince George's County Public Schools district.[16]Zoned elementary schools include Seat Pleasant, Carmody Hills, and Highland Park elementary schools.[17] All residents are zoned to G. James Gholson Middle School.[18] High schools serving sections of the city are Fairmont Heights High School and Central High School.[19]","title":"Schools"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"38°53′43″N 76°54′8″W / 38.89528°N 76.90222°W / 38.89528; -76.90222","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Seat_Pleasant,_Maryland¶ms=38_53_43_N_76_54_8_W_type:city"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR1-20"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gazetteer_files-21"}],"text":"Seat Pleasant is located at 38°53′43″N 76°54′8″W / 38.89528°N 76.90222°W / 38.89528; -76.90222 (38.895362, -76.902205).[20]According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.73 square miles (1.89 km2), all land.[21]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2020 census","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wwwcensusgov-25"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"}],"sub_title":"2010 census","text":"As of the census[25] of 2010, there were 4,542 people, 1,650 households, and 1,135 families residing in the city. The population density was 6,221.9 inhabitants per square mile (2,402.3/km2). There were 1,806 housing units at an average density of 2,474.0 per square mile (955.2/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 2.0% White, 91.0% African American, 0.4% Native American, 0.4% Asian, 3.8% from other races, and 2.4% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.7% of the population.There were 1,650 households, of which 37.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 26.2% were married couples living together, 35.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 7.3% had a male householder with no wife present, and 31.2% were non-families. 27.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.75 and the average family size was 3.32.The median age in the city was 36.7 years. 25.9% of residents were under the age of 18; 9.7% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24.6% were from 25 to 44; 25.7% were from 45 to 64; and 14.2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 45.1% male and 54.9% female.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-26"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"sub_title":"2000 census","text":"As of the census[26] of 2000, there were 4,885 people, 1,697 households, and 1,243 families residing in the city. The population density was 6,524.1 inhabitants per square mile (2,519.0/km2). There were 1,806 housing units at an average density of 2,412.0 per square mile (931.3/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 2.01% White, 96.72% African American, 0.10% Native American, 0.16% Asian, 0.14% from other races, and 0.86% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.66% of the population.There were 1,697 households, out of which 32.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 32.1% were married couples living together, 34.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.7% were non-families. 22.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.86 and the average family size was 3.33.In the city, the population was spread out, with 30.1% under the age of 18, 8.0% from 18 to 24, 27.3% from 25 to 44, 21.9% from 45 to 64, and 12.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 81.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 77.3 males.The median income for a household in the city was $42,476, and the median income for a family was $45,332. Males had a median income of $30,704 versus $30,909 for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,802. About 15.8% of families and 19.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 31.4% of those under age 18 and 11.1% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2016-09-13_18_11_36_View_east_along_Maryland_State_Route_704_(Martin_Luther_King_Junior_Highway)_between_James_Farmer_Way_and_Foote_Street_in_Seat_Pleasant,_Prince_Georges_County,_Maryland.jpg"},{"link_name":"Maryland Route 704","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland_Route_704"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 50 (John Hanson Highway)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_50_in_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Addison Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addison_Road_(WMATA_station)"},{"link_name":"Capitol Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitol_Heights_(WMATA_station)"},{"link_name":"Blue Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Line_(Washington_Metro)"},{"link_name":"Silver Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Line_(Washington_Metro)"}],"text":"MD 704, the largest and busiest highway in Seat PleasantThe main highway serving Seat Pleasant is Maryland Route 704. MD 704 connects southwest into Washington, D.C., and northeastward to U.S. Route 50 (John Hanson Highway).The city is also served by the Addison Road and Capitol Heights Metro stations. Both stations are on the Blue Line and Silver Line.","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Prince George's County Police Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_George%27s_County_Police_Department"},{"link_name":"Sheriff's Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_George%27s_County_Sheriff%27s_Office_(Maryland)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-City_of_Seat_Pleasant-27"},{"link_name":"Upper Marlboro CDP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Marlboro,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"The Seat Pleasant Police Department (SPPD) is the primary law enforcement agency servicing the municipality. The SPPD is assisted by the Prince George's County Police Department and the Sheriff's Office as directed by authority.[27]Prince George's County Police Department District 8 Station in Upper Marlboro CDP serves the community.[28]In 2021, Seat Pleasant retaliated against a whistleblower on the local police department who released videos of Seat Pleasant police engaging in wrongdoing or inappropriate behavior, which included assaulting an unarmed National Guardsman.[29]","title":"Law enforcement"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Seat Pleasant Volunteer Fire Company Inc, also known as the Infamous 8 House, was the primary fire department serving the community. It is located at 6305 Addison Road, Seat Pleasant. It was home to both career and volunteer firefighters and EMTs. It housed two engines, Engine 82 and 83, and Ambulance 88. The first due for the SPVFC was about 5.5 square miles (14 km2). The total response area was about 38 square miles (98 km2) serving over 250,000 citizens averaging about 7000 calls a year. In 2022, the Seat Pleasant Volunteer Fire Company was shut down. Fire protection for the town is now provided by the New Prince George's County Fire and EMS Department Station 802, as well as other surrounding fire stations.","title":"Fire protection"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carmody Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmody_Hills,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Peppermill Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peppermill_Village,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Summerfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summerfield,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Landover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landover,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Fairmount Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairmount_Heights,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Capitol Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitol_Heights,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Walker Mill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walker_Mill,_Maryland"}],"text":"Carmody Hills (east)\nPeppermill Village (east)\nSummerfield (northeast)\nLandover (north)\nFairmount Heights (northwest)\nWashington, D.C. (west)\nCapitol Heights (southwest)\nWalker Mill (south)","title":"Bordering areas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michael Beasley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Beasley"},{"link_name":"Kansas State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_State_University"},{"link_name":"basketball team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Jarrett Carter Sr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jarrett_Carter_Sr&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Joe Clair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Clair"},{"link_name":"Kevin Durant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Durant"},{"link_name":"University of Texas at Austin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin"},{"link_name":"Phoenix Suns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_Suns"}],"text":"Michael Beasley, 2007 graduate of Notre Dame Preparatory High School; played for the Kansas State University basketball team\nJarrett Carter Sr, journalist and founder of the HBCU Digest\nJoe Clair, also known by the nickname \"Joe Cleezy\", stand-up comedian, radio DJ, and VJ, best known as the former host of BET's Rap City from 1994 to 1999; native of Seat Pleasant\nKevin Durant, 2006 graduate of Montrose Christian School and attended the University of Texas at Austin; now playing for the NBA's Phoenix Suns","title":"Notable people"}] | [{"image_text":"MD 704, the largest and busiest highway in Seat Pleasant","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/2016-09-13_18_11_36_View_east_along_Maryland_State_Route_704_%28Martin_Luther_King_Junior_Highway%29_between_James_Farmer_Way_and_Foote_Street_in_Seat_Pleasant%2C_Prince_Georges_County%2C_Maryland.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Map_of_Maryland_highlighting_Prince_George%27s_County.svg/180px-Map_of_Maryland_highlighting_Prince_George%27s_County.svg.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Seat Pleasant\". Maryland Manual. Retrieved June 27, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/mdmanual/37mun/seat/html/s.html","url_text":"\"Seat Pleasant\""}]},{"reference":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved April 26, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_24.txt","url_text":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""}]},{"reference":"\"Seat Pleasant city, Maryland\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved April 15, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/profile?g=1600000US2470850","url_text":"\"Seat Pleasant city, Maryland\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Seat Pleasant - A City of Excellence : Our History\". Celebrating 75 Years of Municipal Excellence. City of Seal Pleasant. May 10, 2008. Archived from the original on June 23, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090623122629/http://cityofexcellence.org/history.asp","url_text":"\"Seat Pleasant - A City of Excellence : Our History\""},{"url":"http://www.cityofexcellence.org/history.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Seat Pleasant, Maryland History\". Seat Pleasant, Maryland. Maryland Municipal League. May 10, 2008. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110716163717/http://www.mdmunicipal.org/cities/index.cfm?townname=SeatPleasant&page=home","url_text":"\"Seat Pleasant, Maryland History\""},{"url":"http://www.mdmunicipal.org/cities/index.cfm?townname=SeatPleasant&page=home","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Community Summary Sheet, Prince George's County\" (PDF). Seat Pleasant, Maryland. Maryland State Highway Administration, 1999. May 10, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sha.maryland.gov/oppen/pg_co.pdf","url_text":"\"Community Summary Sheet, Prince George's County\""}]},{"reference":"\"Crime rate in Seat Pleasant, Maryland (MD): murders, rapes, robberies, assaults, burglaries, thefts, auto thefts, arson, law enforcement employees, police officers, crime map\". city-data.com. Retrieved November 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.city-data.com/crime/crime-Seat-Pleasant-Maryland.html","url_text":"\"Crime rate in Seat Pleasant, Maryland (MD): murders, rapes, robberies, assaults, burglaries, thefts, auto thefts, arson, law enforcement employees, police officers, crime map\""}]},{"reference":"\"Honorable Kelly Porter - Mayor\". www.seatpleasantmd.gov. Archived from the original on February 8, 2023. Retrieved June 17, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.seatpleasantmd.gov/283/Honorable-Kelly-Porter---Mayor","url_text":"\"Honorable Kelly Porter - Mayor\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230208040209/https://www.seatpleasantmd.gov/283/Honorable-Kelly-Porter---Mayor","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Municipalities: Seat Pleasant\". Maryland.gov. October 3, 2016. Retrieved October 6, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/mdmanual/37mun/seat/html/s.html","url_text":"\"Municipalities: Seat Pleasant\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hope Love, Ward II\". Seat Pleasant, MD official site. Retrieved July 6, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.seatpleasantmd.gov/886/Hope-Love-Ward-II","url_text":"\"Hope Love, Ward II\""}]},{"reference":"\"Reveral L. Yeargin, Ward III\". Seat Pleasant, MD official site. Retrieved October 6, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.seatpleasantmd.gov/887/Reveral-L-Yeargin-Ward-III","url_text":"\"Reveral L. Yeargin, Ward III\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kelly Porter, At-Large\". Seat Pleasant, MD official site. Retrieved October 6, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.seatpleasantmd.gov/884/Kelly-Porter-At-Large","url_text":"\"Kelly Porter, At-Large\""}]},{"reference":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","url_text":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"US Gazetteer files 2010\". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 2, 2012. Retrieved January 25, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120702145235/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt","url_text":"\"US Gazetteer files 2010\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"},{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Decennial Census by Decade\". US Census Bureau.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census/decade.html","url_text":"\"Decennial Census by Decade\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Census_Bureau","url_text":"US Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE – 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Seat Pleasant city, Maryland\". United States Census Bureau.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=p2&g=1600000US2470850&tid=DECENNIALPL2010.P2","url_text":"\"P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE – 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Seat Pleasant city, Maryland\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Seat Pleasant city, Maryland\". United States Census Bureau.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=p2&g=1600000US2470850&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2","url_text":"\"P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Seat Pleasant city, Maryland\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 25, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Cops who report excessive force and other misconduct risk\". www.usatoday.com. 2021. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Coombes,_Hinton_Parva | The Coombes, Hinton Parva | ["1 References"] | Coordinates: 51°32′31″N 1°40′21″W / 51.54184°N 1.67263°W / 51.54184; -1.67263Protected area in Wiltshire, England
The Coombes (grid reference SU228826) is a 15.9 hectare biological Site of Special Scientific Interest at Hinton Parva in the Borough of Swindon, England, notified in 1989.
Within a steep-sided dry valley on the edge of the Marlborough Downs, the chalk grassland is important for its variety of grasses and associated species of butterfly. The 39-acre (16 ha) site is owned by the National Trust.
References
^ "The Coombs, Hinton Parva SSSI". Natural England. Retrieved 26 July 2023.
^ "Citation for The Coombes SSSI" (PDF). Natural England. Retrieved 26 July 2023.
^ "The Coombes, Hinton Parva | Wiltshire". National Trust. Retrieved 26 July 2023.
vteBiological Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Wiltshire
Acres Farm Meadow
River Avon System
Baverstock Juniper Bank
Bencroft Hill Meadows
Bentley Wood
Bincknoll Dip Woods
Blackmoor Copse
Botley Down
Bowerchalke Downs
Box Mine
Bracknell Croft
Bradley Woods
Bratton Downs
Brickworth Down and Dean Hill
Brimsdown Hill
Britford Water Meadows
Burcombe Down
Burderop Wood
Calstone and Cherhill Downs
Camp Down
Chilmark Quarries
Chickengrove Bottom
Chilton Foliat Meadows
Clattinger Farm
Clearbury Down
Cley Hill
Cloatley Manor Farm Meadows
Clout's Wood
Coate Water
Cockey Down
Colerne Park and Monk's Wood
The Coombes, Hinton Parva
Cotswold Water Park
Cranborne Chase
Dank's Down and Truckle Hill
Distillery Farm Meadows
East Harnham Meadows
Ebsbury Down
Emmett Hill Meadows
Figsbury Ring
Fonthill Grottoes
Fyfield Down
Gallows Hill
Goldborough Farm Meadows
Great Cheverell Hill
Great Yews
Gutch Common
Ham Hill
Hang Wood
Harries Ground, Rodbourne
Haydon Meadow
Heath Hill Farm
Homington and Coombe Bissett Downs
Honeybrook Farm
Inwood, Warleigh
Jones's Mill
River Kennet
Kennet and Lambourn Floodplain
King's Play Hill
Knapp and Barnett's Downs
Knighton Downs and Wood
Landford Bog
Landford Heath
Langley Wood and Homan's Copse
Little Grubbins Meadow
Long Knoll
Loosehanger Copse and Meadows
Lower Coombe and Ferne Brook Meadows
Lower Woodford Water Meadows
Midford Valley Woods
Morgan's Hill
The New Forest
North Meadow, Cricklade
Odstock Down
Out Woods
Parsonage Down
Pewsey Downs
Picket and Clanger Wood
Piggledene
Pike Corner
Pincombe Down
Porton Down
Porton Meadows
Prescombe Down
Rack Hill
Ravensroost Wood
Restrop Farm and Brockhurst Wood
Rotherley Downs
Roundway Down and Covert
Salisbury Plain
Savernake Forest
Scratchbury & Cotley Hills
Silbury Hill
Spye Park
Starveall and Stony Down
Steeple Langford Down
Stockton Wood and Down
Stoke Common Meadows
Stratford Toney Down
Sutton Lane Meadows
Throope Down
River Till
Tytherington Down
Upper Waterhay Meadow
Upton Cow Down
West Yatton Down
Whiteparish Common
Whitesheet Hill
Win Green Down
Winklebury Hill
Winsley Mines
Wylye and Church Dean Downs
Yarnbury Castle
Neighbouring areas
Avon
Berkshire
Dorset
Gloucestershire
Hampshire
Oxfordshire
Somerset
51°32′31″N 1°40′21″W / 51.54184°N 1.67263°W / 51.54184; -1.67263
This article about a Site of Special Scientific Interest in England is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about a location in Wiltshire is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"grid reference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordnance_Survey_National_Grid"},{"link_name":"SU228826","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=The_Coombes,_Hinton_Parva¶ms=51.541842_N_1.672631_W_region:GB_scale:25000"},{"link_name":"hectare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hectare"},{"link_name":"biological Site of Special Scientific Interest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_Site_of_Special_Scientific_Interest"},{"link_name":"Hinton Parva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinton_Parva,_Wiltshire"},{"link_name":"Borough of Swindon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borough_of_Swindon"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Marlborough Downs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlborough_Downs"},{"link_name":"chalk grassland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalk_grassland"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"National Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Trust"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Protected area in Wiltshire, EnglandThe Coombes (grid reference SU228826) is a 15.9 hectare biological Site of Special Scientific Interest at Hinton Parva in the Borough of Swindon, England, notified in 1989.[1]Within a steep-sided dry valley on the edge of the Marlborough Downs, the chalk grassland is important for its variety of grasses and associated species of butterfly.[2] The 39-acre (16 ha) site is owned by the National Trust.[3]","title":"The Coombes, Hinton Parva"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"The Coombs, Hinton Parva SSSI\". Natural England. Retrieved 26 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://designatedsites.naturalengland.org.uk/SiteDetail.aspx?SiteCode=S1005603&SiteName=&countyCode=48&responsiblePerson=&SeaArea=&IFCAArea=","url_text":"\"The Coombs, Hinton Parva SSSI\""}]},{"reference":"\"Citation for The Coombes SSSI\" (PDF). Natural England. Retrieved 26 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://designatedsites.naturalengland.org.uk/PDFsForWeb/Citation/1005603.pdf","url_text":"\"Citation for The Coombes SSSI\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Coombes, Hinton Parva | Wiltshire\". National Trust. Retrieved 26 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/visit/wiltshire/the-coombes-hinton-parva","url_text":"\"The Coombes, Hinton Parva | Wiltshire\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=The_Coombes,_Hinton_Parva¶ms=51.54184_N_1.67263_W_region:GB_source:enwiki-osgb36(SU228826)","external_links_name":"51°32′31″N 1°40′21″W / 51.54184°N 1.67263°W / 51.54184; -1.67263"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=The_Coombes,_Hinton_Parva¶ms=51.541842_N_1.672631_W_region:GB_scale:25000","external_links_name":"SU228826"},{"Link":"https://designatedsites.naturalengland.org.uk/SiteDetail.aspx?SiteCode=S1005603&SiteName=&countyCode=48&responsiblePerson=&SeaArea=&IFCAArea=","external_links_name":"\"The Coombs, Hinton Parva SSSI\""},{"Link":"https://designatedsites.naturalengland.org.uk/PDFsForWeb/Citation/1005603.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Citation for The Coombes SSSI\""},{"Link":"https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/visit/wiltshire/the-coombes-hinton-parva","external_links_name":"\"The Coombes, Hinton Parva | Wiltshire\""},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=The_Coombes,_Hinton_Parva¶ms=51.54184_N_1.67263_W_region:GB_source:enwiki-osgb36(SU228826)","external_links_name":"51°32′31″N 1°40′21″W / 51.54184°N 1.67263°W / 51.54184; -1.67263"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Coombes,_Hinton_Parva&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Coombes,_Hinton_Parva&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Craig_County,_Virginia | National Register of Historic Places listings in Craig County, Virginia | [] | Location of Craig County in Virginia
This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Craig County, Virginia.
This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Craig County, Virginia, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in an online map.
There are 6 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county.
This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted February 9, 2024.
Map all coordinates using: OpenStreetMap
Download coordinates as:
KML
GPX (all coordinates)
GPX (primary coordinates)
GPX (secondary coordinates)
Current listings
Name on the Register
Image
Date listed
Location
City or town
Description
1
Bellevue
Upload image
November 18, 2020(#100005801)
14505 Cumberland Gap Rd. (VA 42) 37°25′08″N 80°15′56″W / 37.4190°N 80.2655°W / 37.4190; -80.2655 (Bellevue)
New Castle vicinity
2
Craig County Poor Farm
Upload image
December 7, 2020(#100005895)
630 Poorhouse Farm Run 37°25′23″N 80°16′46″W / 37.4230°N 80.2794°W / 37.4230; -80.2794 (Craig County Poor Farm)
New Castle
3
Craig Healing Springs
Craig Healing Springs
July 21, 1982(#82004551)
Dicks Creek Rd. 37°29′05″N 80°17′32″W / 37.4847°N 80.2922°W / 37.4847; -80.2922 (Craig Healing Springs)
Craig Springs
4
Gravel Hill Christian Church
Gravel Hill Christian Church
March 2, 2023(#100008670)
197 Gravel Hill Rd. 37°23′13″N 80°21′35″W / 37.3869°N 80.3598°W / 37.3869; -80.3598 (Gravel Hill Christian Church)
Simmonsville
5
Huffman House
Huffman House More images
May 26, 2005(#04001546)
State Route 42 37°20′50″N 80°24′07″W / 37.3472°N 80.4019°W / 37.3472; -80.4019 (Huffman House)
Newport
6
New Castle Historic District
New Castle Historic District
October 25, 1973(#73002005)
Main and Court Sts.; also Boyd, Broad, Court, Main, Market, Middle, Race, and Walnut Sts., State Routes 42 and 311, Mitchell Dr., and Salem Ave. 37°30′14″N 80°06′35″W / 37.5039°N 80.1097°W / 37.5039; -80.1097 (New Castle Historic District)
New Castle
Second set of boundaries represents a boundary increase of June 10, 1993
See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to National Register of Historic Places in Craig County, Virginia.
List of National Historic Landmarks in Virginia
National Register of Historic Places listings in Virginia
References
^ The latitude and longitude information provided in this table was derived originally from the National Register Information System, which has been found to be fairly accurate for about 99% of listings. Some locations in this table may have been corrected to current GPS standards.
^ National Park Service, United States Department of the Interior, "National Register of Historic Places: Weekly List Actions", retrieved February 9, 2024.
^ Numbers represent an alphabetical ordering by significant words. Various colorings, defined here, differentiate National Historic Landmarks and historic districts from other NRHP buildings, structures, sites or objects.
^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. April 24, 2008.
^ The eight-digit number below each date is the number assigned to each location in the National Register Information System database, which can be viewed by clicking the number.
vteU.S. National Register of Historic Places in VirginiaListsby county
Accomack
Albemarle
Alleghany
Amelia
Amherst
Appomattox
Arlington
Augusta
Bath
Bedford
Bland
Botetourt
Brunswick
Buchanan
Buckingham
Campbell
Caroline
Carroll
Charles City
Charlotte
Chesterfield
Clarke
Craig
Culpeper
Cumberland
Dickenson
Dinwiddie
Essex
Fairfax
Fauquier
Floyd
Fluvanna
Franklin
Frederick
Giles
Gloucester
Goochland
Grayson
Greene
Greensville
Halifax
Hanover
Henrico
Henry
Highland
Isle Of Wight
James City
King and Queen
King George
King William
Lancaster
Lee
Loudoun
Louisa
Lunenburg
Madison
Mathews
Mecklenburg
Middlesex
Montgomery
Nelson
New Kent
Northampton
Northumberland
Nottoway
Orange
Page
Patrick
Pittsylvania
Powhatan
Prince Edward
Prince George
Prince William
Pulaski
Rappahannock
Richmond
Roanoke
Rockbridge
Rockingham
Russell
Scott
Shenandoah
Smyth
Southampton
Spotsylvania
Stafford
Surry
Sussex
Tazewell
Warren
Washington
Westmoreland
Wise
Wythe
York
Listsby city
Alexandria
Bristol
Buena Vista
Charlottesville
Chesapeake
Colonial Heights
Covington
Danville
Emporia
Fairfax
Falls Church
Franklin
Fredericksburg
Galax
Hampton
Harrisonburg
Hopewell
Lexington
Lynchburg
Manassas
Manassas Park
Martinsville
Newport News
Norfolk
Norton
Petersburg
Poquoson (no listings)
Portsmouth
Radford
Richmond
Roanoke
Salem
Staunton
Suffolk
Virginia Beach
Waynesboro
Williamsburg
Winchester
Other lists
Bridges
National Historic Landmarks
Keeper of the Register
History of the National Register of Historic Places
Property types
Historic district
Contributing property
vteMunicipalities and communities of Craig County, Virginia, United StatesCounty seat: New CastleTown
New Castle
Map of Virginia highlighting Craig CountyUnincorporatedcommunities
Abbott
Captain
Huffman
Maggie
Marshalltown
Paint Bank
Simmonsville
Virginia portal
United States portal | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_Virginia_highlighting_Craig_County.svg"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"Craig County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"National Park Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service"},{"link_name":"NPS recent listings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nps.gov/subjects/nationalregister/weekly-list.htm"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Location of Craig County in VirginiaThis is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Craig County, Virginia.This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Craig County, Virginia, United States. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do%C5%82gie,_Gryfino_County | Dołgie, Gryfino County | ["1 See also","2 References"] | Coordinates: 53°10′35″N 14°39′11″E / 53.17639°N 14.65306°E / 53.17639; 14.65306For other places with the same name, see Dołgie.
Village in West Pomeranian Voivodeship, PolandDołgieVillageDołgieCoordinates: 53°10′35″N 14°39′11″E / 53.17639°N 14.65306°E / 53.17639; 14.65306Country PolandVoivodeshipWest PomeranianCountyGryfinoGminaGryfinoPopulation299
Dołgie (German: Langenhagen) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Gryfino, within Gryfino County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland, close to the German border.
It lies approximately 14 kilometres (9 mi) south-east of Gryfino and 28 km (17 mi) south of the regional capital Szczecin.
See also
History of Pomerania
References
^ Ortsnamenverzeichnis der Ortschaften jenseits von Oder und Neiße by M. Kaemmerer
^ "Central Statistical Office (GUS) - TERYT (National Register of Territorial Land Apportionment Journal)" (in Polish). 2008-06-01.
vteGmina GryfinoTown and seat
Gryfino
Villages
Bartkowo
Borzym
Chlebowo
Chwarstnica
Ciosna
Czepino
Daleszewo
Dębce
Dołgie
Drzenin
Gajki
Gardno
Krajnik
Krzypnica
Łubnica
Mielenko Gryfińskie
Nowe Brynki
Nowe Czarnowo
Osuch
Parsówek
Pastuszka
Pniewo
Raczki
Radziszewo
Skrzynice
Sobiemyśl
Sobieradz
Śremsko
Stare Brynki
Steklinko
Steklno
Szczawno
Wełtyń
Wirów
Wirówek
Włodkowice
Wysoka Gryfińska
Żabnica
Zaborze
Żórawie
Żórawki
This Gryfino County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dołgie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do%C5%82gie_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[ˈdɔu̯ɡʲɛ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village"},{"link_name":"Gmina Gryfino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina_Gryfino"},{"link_name":"Gryfino County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gryfino_County"},{"link_name":"West Pomeranian Voivodeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Pomeranian_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TERYT-2"},{"link_name":"Gryfino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gryfino"},{"link_name":"Szczecin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szczecin"}],"text":"For other places with the same name, see Dołgie.Village in West Pomeranian Voivodeship, PolandDołgie [ˈdɔu̯ɡʲɛ] (German: Langenhagen)[1] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Gryfino, within Gryfino County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland, close to the German border.[2]It lies approximately 14 kilometres (9 mi) south-east of Gryfino and 28 km (17 mi) south of the regional capital Szczecin.","title":"Dołgie, Gryfino County"}] | [] | [{"title":"History of Pomerania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Pomerania"}] | [{"reference":"\"Central Statistical Office (GUS) - TERYT (National Register of Territorial Land Apportionment Journal)\" (in Polish). 2008-06-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stat.gov.pl/broker/access/prefile/listPreFiles.jspa","url_text":"\"Central Statistical Office (GUS) - TERYT (National Register of Territorial Land Apportionment Journal)\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Do%C5%82gie,_Gryfino_County¶ms=53_10_35_N_14_39_11_E_region:PL_type:city(299)","external_links_name":"53°10′35″N 14°39′11″E / 53.17639°N 14.65306°E / 53.17639; 14.65306"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Do%C5%82gie,_Gryfino_County¶ms=53_10_35_N_14_39_11_E_region:PL_type:city(299)","external_links_name":"53°10′35″N 14°39′11″E / 53.17639°N 14.65306°E / 53.17639; 14.65306"},{"Link":"http://www.stat.gov.pl/broker/access/prefile/listPreFiles.jspa","external_links_name":"\"Central Statistical Office (GUS) - TERYT (National Register of Territorial Land Apportionment Journal)\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Do%C5%82gie,_Gryfino_County&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunawanna,_Tasmania | Lunawanna, Tasmania | ["1 History","2 Tourism","3 Gallery","4 References"] | Coordinates: 43°27′32.04″S 147°9′13.68″E / 43.4589000°S 147.1538000°E / -43.4589000; 147.1538000
Town in Tasmania, AustraliaLunawannaTasmaniaCemetery Bay is located nearby.LunawannaCoordinates43°27′32.04″S 147°9′13.68″E / 43.4589000°S 147.1538000°E / -43.4589000; 147.1538000Population144 (SAL 2021)Postcode(s)7150LGA(s)Kingborough CouncilState electorate(s)Franklin / HuonFederal division(s)Franklin
Lunawanna is a small township on the western side of Bruny Island, Tasmania, facing the D'Entrecasteaux Channel. It is named after part of the Tasmanian Aboriginal name for Bruny Island, Lunawanna-alonnah, a nearby township about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) to its north being named Alonnah.
Lunawanna is in the federal electorate of Franklin, the Tasmanian House of Assembly division of Franklin, and the Tasmanian Legislative Council division of Huon. The Bruny Island local council amalgamated with Kingborough council in 1994 and Lunawanna is located in the Kingborough Council local government area.
Mrs Lue Lunawanna (Granddaughter of Eddie Lunawanna) wanted the State Government to name a small region on South Bruny after Mr Lunawanna to remember the Aboriginal people of Bruny Island and their traditions. At this time, European settlement on Bruny Island had caused these traditions to dissipate.
Lunawanna has a public toilet at the community hall, a jetty, and a post box. Bruny Island Premium Wines is located at Lunawanna. The closest food store, post office, and police station are located in Alonnah, 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) to the north. The only petrol available on Bruny Island is at the Adventure Bay store, 19 kilometres (12 mi) away via Bruny Island Main Road.
On the last Saturday evening of every month an amateur talent night (the Lunawanna Jamboree - until 2015 named Hoppy's Jamboree, in honour of its founder) is held in the Lunawanna Memorial hall.
History
Daniel's Bay Post Office opened on 1 April 1899, was renamed Lunawanna in 1907 and closed in 1971. In the past there was a sawmill at Daniels Bay, later relocated to "Ventnor" on Little Taylor's Bay, and another at "Out the Back", near the Cloudy Bay Road, on the eastern side of Lunawanna. At Ventenat Point, on the western shore of Little Taylor's Bay, sandstone was quarried and shipped to Hobart and Melbourne between 1860 and 1872.
Tourism
Current industries include tourist accommodation, oyster farming (on Little Taylor's Bay), and pig farming and an apple orchard (both on the eastern side of Lunawanna). Coolangatta Road, which goes through Mount Mangana Forest Reserve, connects Adventure Bay with Lunawanna over Mount Mangana. There are lookouts from this road at the northern and southern points. Mount Mangana is accessible via a walking track (estimated 1.5 hours return walk).
To the east of Lunawanna, Mount Mangana is surrounded by the Mount Mangana Forest Reserve.
Gallery
Coolangatta Road northerly lookout offers views over The Neck and North Bruny (2017)
Low tide at Daniel's Bay, Lunawanna, showing characteristic tidal patterns in sand (2017)
Daniel's Bay, Lunawanna where the tree line runs to the beach (2017)
Profile of the mountains over from Daniel's Bay at Lunawanna (2017)
Tree roots counter sea erosion at Daniel's Bay, Lunawanna (2017)
Though they are also farmed locally, wild oysters are native to Daniel's Bay, Lunawanna, seen here at low tide (2017)
References
^ Australian Bureau of Statistics (28 June 2022). "Lunawanna (suburb and locality)". Australian Census 2021 QuickStats. Retrieved 28 June 2022.
^ a b Margo Daly (17 October 2011). The Rough Guide to Australia. Rough Guides, Limited. pp. 919–. ISBN 978-1-4053-8225-0. Retrieved 7 November 2011.
^ Charles Rawlings-Way; Meg Worby; Gabi Mocatta (1 October 2008). Tasmania. Lonely Planet. p. 140. ISBN 978-1-74104-691-5. Retrieved 7 November 2011.
^ Premier Postal History. "Post Office List". Premier Postal Auctions. Retrieved 16 June 2012.
^ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Long_Neck_from_Mount_Mangana_lookout,_Bruny_Island_(33874206256).jpg Retrieved 4 September 2023
vteSouthern region of Tasmania, AustraliaSettlements
Hobart
List of Hobart suburbs
Adventure Bay
Alonnah
Barnes Bay
Cockle Creek
Cygnet
Dennes Point
Dover
Electrona
Franklin
Geeveston
Glen Huon
Grove
Howden
Huonville
Kellevie
Kettering
Lunawanna
Magra
Margate
Mountain River
New Norfolk
Oyster Cove
Ranelagh
Sandfly
Snug
Southport
Westerway
Woodbridge
Governance
Clark (federal)
Franklin (federal)
Clark (state)
Franklin (state)
Huon Valley Council
Kingborough Council
Buckingham
Elwick
Huon
Nelson
Pembroke
Rumney
Mountains
Hartz
Wellington
Wellington
Protected areas,parks and reserves
East Risdon State Reserve
Hartz Mountains National Park
Hastings Caves State Reserve
Port Cygnet Conservation Area
South Bruny National Park
South-east Tasmania Important Bird Area
Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area
Rivers
Arve
Derwent
Garden Island Creek
Huon
Styx
Harbours, bays,inlets and estuaries
Adventure Bay
Barnes Bay
Cloudy Bay
D'Entrecasteaux Channel
Recherche Bay
Storm Bay
Coastal features
South Coast
South East Cape
Transport
Bruny Island Ferry
Channel Highway
Ida Bay Railway
Sandfly Colliery Tramway
South Line
Westerway railway station
LandmarksNatural
Coal River Valley
Derwent Valley
Huon Valley
Styx Valley
Upper Florentine Valley
Weld Valley
Man-made
Buckland Military Training Area
Cape Bruny Lighthouse
South Coast Track
Tahune AirWalk
Islands
Boomer
Bruny
Eddystone
Egg
Friars
Garden
Green
Hope
Images
Nuggets
Partridge
Pedra Branca
Picnic
Satellite
Books and newspapers
Tasmania's offshore islands
The Mercury
Flora, fauna, and fishlife
Centurion
Triarius
Bioregions
South East (bioregion)
Southern Ranges (bioregion)
Indigenous heritage
Bruny Island language
Truganini
Other
Cygnet Folk Festival
Category
This Kingborough geography article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bruny Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruny_Island"},{"link_name":"Tasmania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmania"},{"link_name":"D'Entrecasteaux Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%27Entrecasteaux_Channel"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Daly2011-2"},{"link_name":"Tasmanian Aboriginal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aboriginal_Tasmanians"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rawlings-WayWorby2008-3"},{"link_name":"Alonnah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alonnah,_Tasmania"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Daly2011-2"},{"link_name":"federal electorate of Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_of_Franklin"},{"link_name":"Tasmanian House of Assembly division of Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_of_Franklin_(state)"},{"link_name":"Kingborough Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingborough_Council"},{"link_name":"Bruny Island Premium Wines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruny_Island_Premium_Wines"}],"text":"Town in Tasmania, AustraliaLunawanna is a small township on the western side of Bruny Island, Tasmania, facing the D'Entrecasteaux Channel.[2] It is named after part of the Tasmanian Aboriginal name for Bruny Island, Lunawanna-alonnah,[3] a nearby township about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) to its north being named Alonnah.[2]Lunawanna is in the federal electorate of Franklin, the Tasmanian House of Assembly division of Franklin, and the Tasmanian Legislative Council division of Huon. The Bruny Island local council amalgamated with Kingborough council in 1994 and Lunawanna is located in the Kingborough Council local government area.Mrs Lue Lunawanna (Granddaughter of Eddie Lunawanna) wanted the State Government to name a small region on South Bruny after Mr Lunawanna to remember the Aboriginal people of Bruny Island and their traditions. At this time, European settlement on Bruny Island had caused these traditions to dissipate.Lunawanna has a public toilet at the community hall, a jetty, and a post box. Bruny Island Premium Wines is located at Lunawanna. The closest food store, post office, and police station are located in Alonnah, 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) to the north. The only petrol available on Bruny Island is at the Adventure Bay store, 19 kilometres (12 mi) away via Bruny Island Main Road.On the last Saturday evening of every month an amateur talent night (the Lunawanna Jamboree - until 2015 named Hoppy's Jamboree, in honour of its founder) is held in the Lunawanna Memorial hall.","title":"Lunawanna, Tasmania"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Daniel's Bay Post Office opened on 1 April 1899, was renamed Lunawanna in 1907 and closed in 1971. In the past there was a sawmill at Daniels Bay, later relocated to \"Ventnor\" on Little Taylor's Bay, and another at \"Out the Back\", near the Cloudy Bay Road, on the eastern side of Lunawanna. At Ventenat Point, on the western shore of Little Taylor's Bay, sandstone was quarried and shipped to Hobart and Melbourne between 1860 and 1872.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Post_Office-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Current industries include tourist accommodation, oyster farming (on Little Taylor's Bay), and pig farming and an apple orchard (both on the eastern side of Lunawanna).[4] Coolangatta Road, which goes through Mount Mangana Forest Reserve, connects Adventure Bay with Lunawanna over Mount Mangana. There are lookouts from this road at the northern and southern points. Mount Mangana is accessible via a walking track (estimated 1.5 hours return walk).[5]To the east of Lunawanna, Mount Mangana is surrounded by the Mount Mangana Forest Reserve.","title":"Tourism"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Long_Neck_from_Mount_Mangana_lookout,_Bruny_Island_(33874206256).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Exploring_low_tide_in_morning_light_at_Daniel%27s_Bay,_Lunawanna_(33069986474).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Exploring_low_tide_in_morning_light_at_Daniel%27s_Bay,_Lunawanna_(33912888775).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sunset_light_across_Daniel%27s_Bay_at_Lunawanna_(33102670963).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Exploring_low_tide_in_morning_light_at_Daniel%27s_Bay,_Lunawanna_(33783433361).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oysters_-_Exploring_low_tide_in_morning_light_at_Daniel%27s_Bay,_Lunawanna_(33912997465).jpg"}],"text":"Coolangatta Road northerly lookout offers views over The Neck and North Bruny (2017)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLow tide at Daniel's Bay, Lunawanna, showing characteristic tidal patterns in sand (2017)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDaniel's Bay, Lunawanna where the tree line runs to the beach (2017)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tProfile of the mountains over from Daniel's Bay at Lunawanna (2017)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTree roots counter sea erosion at Daniel's Bay, Lunawanna (2017)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThough they are also farmed locally, wild oysters are native to Daniel's Bay, Lunawanna, seen here at low tide (2017)","title":"Gallery"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Australian Bureau of Statistics (28 June 2022). \"Lunawanna (suburb and locality)\". Australian Census 2021 QuickStats. Retrieved 28 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics","url_text":"Australian Bureau of Statistics"},{"url":"https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/SAL60371","url_text":"\"Lunawanna (suburb and locality)\""}]},{"reference":"Margo Daly (17 October 2011). The Rough Guide to Australia. Rough Guides, Limited. pp. 919–. ISBN 978-1-4053-8225-0. Retrieved 7 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=g-HPJZJxjOAC&pg=PA919","url_text":"The Rough Guide to Australia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4053-8225-0","url_text":"978-1-4053-8225-0"}]},{"reference":"Charles Rawlings-Way; Meg Worby; Gabi Mocatta (1 October 2008). Tasmania. Lonely Planet. p. 140. ISBN 978-1-74104-691-5. Retrieved 7 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=g4y3BMtG5W8C&pg=PA140","url_text":"Tasmania"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74104-691-5","url_text":"978-1-74104-691-5"}]},{"reference":"Premier Postal History. \"Post Office List\". Premier Postal Auctions. Retrieved 16 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.premierpostal.com/cgi-bin/wsProd.sh/Viewpocdwrapper.p?SortBy=Tas&country=","url_text":"\"Post Office List\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lunawanna,_Tasmania¶ms=43_27_32.04_S_147_9_13.68_E_type:city_region:AU-TAS","external_links_name":"43°27′32.04″S 147°9′13.68″E / 43.4589000°S 147.1538000°E / -43.4589000; 147.1538000"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lunawanna,_Tasmania¶ms=43_27_32.04_S_147_9_13.68_E_type:city_region:AU-TAS","external_links_name":"43°27′32.04″S 147°9′13.68″E / 43.4589000°S 147.1538000°E / -43.4589000; 147.1538000"},{"Link":"https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/SAL60371","external_links_name":"\"Lunawanna (suburb and locality)\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=g-HPJZJxjOAC&pg=PA919","external_links_name":"The Rough Guide to Australia"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=g4y3BMtG5W8C&pg=PA140","external_links_name":"Tasmania"},{"Link":"https://www.premierpostal.com/cgi-bin/wsProd.sh/Viewpocdwrapper.p?SortBy=Tas&country=","external_links_name":"\"Post Office List\""},{"Link":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Long_Neck_from_Mount_Mangana_lookout,_Bruny_Island_(33874206256).jpg","external_links_name":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Long_Neck_from_Mount_Mangana_lookout,_Bruny_Island_(33874206256).jpg"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lunawanna,_Tasmania&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belmont,_Prince_Edward_Island | Belmont, Prince Edward Island | ["1 References"] | Coordinates: 46°29′41.1″N 63°49′13″W / 46.494750°N 63.82028°W / 46.494750; -63.82028
This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "Belmont, Prince Edward Island" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2019)
Rural Community in Prince Edward Island, CanadaBelmont, Prince Edward IslandRural CommunityCountryCanadaProvincePrince Edward IslandCountyPrince CountyParishNorth ParishTownshipLot 16 • Summer (DST)UTC-3
Belmont (pop. 150) is a Canadian rural farming community located in the larger community of Lot 16 in central Prince County, Prince Edward Island. Lot 16 is actually three communities: Belmont, Central, and Southwest Lot 16, and is one of the last communities on Prince Edward Island to continue using their lot designation from the original Island survey by Samuel Holland in the 18th century.
The community is situated at the southwestern shore of Malpeque Bay and its primary industry is agriculture, notably dairy and beef cattle, as well as potato and grain crops.
Author Lucy Maud Montgomery taught at the Belmont School during the early 20th century. This one room schoolhouse now resides at Avonlea Village in Cavendish, PEI.
Residents of Belmont are largely of English, Scottish, Irish, and French ancestry, with recent immigrants from other backgrounds.
Belmont is also home to Belmont Provincial Park, a day-use park located at Winchester Cape, jutting into the bottom of Malpeque Bay alongside the Grand River, a salt-water estuary of Malpeque Bay. Lobster, mussels and oysters are fished along the coast of Belmont, but Belmont is not home to a harbour or wharf.
The only public building in Belmont is its only church, the Belmont United Baptist Church, which maintains a cemetery about 1 km away.
References
^ "75 facts you might not know about Anne of Green Gables and author Lucy Maud Montgomery | CBC Books". CBC. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
vteSubdivisions of Prince Edward IslandSubdivisions
Counties
Parishes
Townships
Municipalities
Population centres
Cities
Charlottetown
Summerside
Towns
Alberton
Borden-Carleton
Cornwall
Kensington
North Rustico
O'Leary
Souris
Stratford
Three Rivers
Tignish
Ruralmunicipalities
Abram-Village
Alexandra
Annandale-Little Pond-Howe Bay
Bedeque and Area
Belfast
Brackley
Breadalbane
Central Kings
Central Prince
Clyde River
Crapaud
Darlington
Eastern Kings
Greenmount-Montrose
Hampshire
Hazelbrook
Hunter River
Kingston
Kinkora
Linkletter
Lot 11 and Area
Malpeque Bay
Miltonvale Park
Miminegash
Miscouche
Morell
Mount Stewart
Murray Harbour
Murray River
North Shore
North Wiltshire
Northport
Sherbrooke
Souris West
St. Felix
St. Louis
St. Nicholas
St. Peters Bay
Tignish Shore
Tyne Valley
Union Road
Victoria
Warren Grove
Wellington
West River
York
Resortmunicipalities
Stanley Bridge, Hope River, Bayview, Cavendish and North Rustico
FormermunicipalitiesTowns
Borden
Georgetown
Montague
Parkdale
Communities
Bedeque
Bunbury
Central Bedeque
Cross Roads
East Royalty
Eliot River
Hillsborough Park
Keppoch-Kinlock
North River
Sherwood
Southport
St. Eleanors
West Royalty
Wilmot
Winsloe
Winsloe South
Rural municipalities
Afton
Bonshaw
Brudenell
Cardigan
Ellerslie-Bideford
Grand Tracadie
Lady Slipper
Lorne Valley
Lower Montague
Meadowbank
New Haven-Riverdale
Pleasant Grove
Valleyfield
Unincorporatedcommunities
Albany
Augustine Cove
Belmont
Cavendish
Foxley River
Freeland
Hebron
Knutsford
Long River
Mont-Carmel
Rusticoville
Category:Prince Edward Island
Portal:Canada
WikiProject:Prince Edward Island
46°29′41.1″N 63°49′13″W / 46.494750°N 63.82028°W / 46.494750; -63.82028
This Prince Edward Island location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lot 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lot_16,_Prince_Edward_Island"},{"link_name":"Prince County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_County,_Prince_Edward_Island"},{"link_name":"Prince Edward Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island"},{"link_name":"Samuel Holland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Holland_(surveyor)"},{"link_name":"Malpeque Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malpeque_Bay"},{"link_name":"Lucy Maud Montgomery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_Maud_Montgomery"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Rural Community in Prince Edward Island, CanadaBelmont (pop. 150) is a Canadian rural farming community located in the larger community of Lot 16 in central Prince County, Prince Edward Island. Lot 16 is actually three communities: Belmont, Central, and Southwest Lot 16, and is one of the last communities on Prince Edward Island to continue using their lot designation from the original Island survey by Samuel Holland in the 18th century.The community is situated at the southwestern shore of Malpeque Bay and its primary industry is agriculture, notably dairy and beef cattle, as well as potato and grain crops.Author Lucy Maud Montgomery taught at the Belmont School during the early 20th century.[1] This one room schoolhouse now resides at Avonlea Village in Cavendish, PEI.Residents of Belmont are largely of English, Scottish, Irish, and French ancestry, with recent immigrants from other backgrounds.Belmont is also home to Belmont Provincial Park, a day-use park located at Winchester Cape, jutting into the bottom of Malpeque Bay alongside the Grand River, a salt-water estuary of Malpeque Bay. Lobster, mussels and oysters are fished along the coast of Belmont, but Belmont is not home to a harbour or wharf.The only public building in Belmont is its only church, the Belmont United Baptist Church, which maintains a cemetery about 1 km away.","title":"Belmont, Prince Edward Island"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"75 facts you might not know about Anne of Green Gables and author Lucy Maud Montgomery | CBC Books\". CBC. Retrieved 16 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbc.ca/books/75-facts-you-might-not-know-about-anne-of-green-gables-and-author-lucy-maud-montgomery-1.4084431","url_text":"\"75 facts you might not know about Anne of Green Gables and author Lucy Maud Montgomery | CBC Books\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Belmont,_Prince_Edward_Island¶ms=46_29_41.1_N_63_49_13_W_","external_links_name":"46°29′41.1″N 63°49′13″W / 46.494750°N 63.82028°W / 46.494750; -63.82028"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belmont,_Prince_Edward_Island&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve this article"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Belmont%2C+Prince+Edward+Island%22","external_links_name":"\"Belmont, Prince Edward Island\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Belmont%2C+Prince+Edward+Island%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Belmont%2C+Prince+Edward+Island%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Belmont%2C+Prince+Edward+Island%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Belmont%2C+Prince+Edward+Island%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Belmont%2C+Prince+Edward+Island%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.cbc.ca/books/75-facts-you-might-not-know-about-anne-of-green-gables-and-author-lucy-maud-montgomery-1.4084431","external_links_name":"\"75 facts you might not know about Anne of Green Gables and author Lucy Maud Montgomery | CBC Books\""},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Belmont,_Prince_Edward_Island¶ms=46_29_41.1_N_63_49_13_W_","external_links_name":"46°29′41.1″N 63°49′13″W / 46.494750°N 63.82028°W / 46.494750; -63.82028"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belmont,_Prince_Edward_Island&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce,_Industry_and_Tourism_(Colombia) | Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Tourism (Colombia) | ["1 List ministers of commerce, industry and tourism","2 References"] | Ministry of Commerce, Industry and TourismMinisterio de Comercio, Industria y TurismoMinistry overviewFormed27 December 2002 (2002-12-27)Preceding agenciesMinistry of Foreign TradeMinistry of Economic DevelopmentHeadquartersCentro de Comercio InternacionalCalle 28 № 13 A–15Bogotá, D.C., Colombia04°36′56.40″N 74°04′16.48″W / 4.6156667°N 74.0712444°W / 4.6156667; -74.0712444Annual budgetCOP$599,063,957,867 (2012)COP$672,507,972,786 (2013)COP$571,581,879,281 (2014)Ministry executiveGermán Umaña, MinisterChild agenciesProexportBancóldexFiducoldexArtesanías de Colombia, S.A.National Guarantees Fund, S.A.Superintendency of Industry and CommerceSuperintendency of CorporationsWebsitewww.mincit.gov.co
The Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Tourism (Spanish: Ministerio de Comercio, Industria y Turismo) or MCIT, is the national executive ministry of the Government of Colombia concerned with promoting economic growth though trade, tourism and industrial growth.
List ministers of commerce, industry and tourism
Name
Assumed office
Left office
President(s) served under
Jorge Humberto Botero
27 August 2002
7 August 2007
Álvaro Uribe
Luis Guillermo Plata
7 August 2007
7 August 2010
Sergio Diaz-Granados
7 August 2010
8 October 2013
Juan Manuel Santos
Santiago Rojas
8 October 2013
7 August 2014
Cecilia Álvarez-Correa
7 August 2014
4 May 2016
María Claudia Lacouture
4 May 2016
21 August 2017
María Lorana Gutiérrez
22 August 2017
7 August 2018
José Manuel Restrepo
7 August 2018
3 May 2021
Iván Duque
Laura Valdieso (acting)
3 May 2021
19 May 2021
María Ximena Lombana
19 May 2021
7 August 2022
Germán Umaña
11 August 2022
Imcumbet
Gustavo Petro
References
^ Colombia, Congress of (27 December 2002). "Ley 790 de 2002" (PDF). Diario Oficial (in Spanish). Bogotá (45, 046): 46. ISSN 0122-2112. OCLC 500057889. Retrieved 6 May 2013.
^ Colombia, Congress of (14 December 2011). "Ley 1485 de 2011" (PDF). Diario Oficial (in Spanish). Bogotá (48, 283): 14. ISSN 0122-2112. OCLC 500057889. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 January 2014. Retrieved 6 May 2013.
^ Colombia, Congress of (10 December 2012). "Ley 1593 de 2012" (PDF). Diario Oficial (in Spanish). Bogotá (48, 640): 15. ISSN 0122-2112. OCLC 500057889. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 January 2014. Retrieved 6 May 2013.
^ Colombia, Congress of (11 December 2013). "Ley 1687 de 2014" (PDF). Diario Oficial (in Spanish). Bogotá (49, 001): 29. ISSN 0122-2112. OCLC 500057889. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 January 2014. Retrieved 8 January 2014.
^ Santos Calderón, Juan Manuel. "Decreto 1559 del 19 de Agosto de 2014" (PDF) (in Spanish). Bogotá. Retrieved 2020-12-17.
^ Santos Calderón, Juan Manuel (2016). "Decreto 736 del 03 de Mayo de 2016" (PDF) (in Spanish). Bogotá. Retrieved 2020-12-17.
^ Santos Calderón, Juan Manuel (2017). "Decreto 1386 del 22 de Agosto de 2017" (PDF) (in Spanish). Bogotá. Retrieved 2020-12-17.
^ Duque Márquez, Iván. "Decreto 1514 del 7 de Agosto de 2018" (PDF) (in Spanish). Bogotá. Retrieved 2020-12-17.
^ Radio, Caracol (2021-05-19). "Ximena Lombana será la nueva ministra de Comercio, Industria y Turismo". Caracol Radio (in Spanish). Retrieved 2021-06-02.
vteGovernment Ministries of Colombia
Agriculture and Rural Development
Commerce, Industry and Tourism
Culture
Environment and Sustainable Development
Equality and Equity
Finance and Public Credit
Foreign Affairs
Health and Social Protection
Housing, City and Territory
Information Technologies and Communications
Interior
Justice and Law
Labour
Mines and Energy
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This article about government in Colombia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"national executive ministry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministries_of_Colombia"},{"link_name":"Government of Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Colombia"},{"link_name":"economic growth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_growth"},{"link_name":"industrial growth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industry_of_Colombia"}],"text":"The Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Tourism (Spanish: Ministerio de Comercio, Industria y Turismo) or MCIT, is the national executive ministry of the Government of Colombia concerned with promoting economic growth though trade, tourism and industrial growth.","title":"Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Tourism (Colombia)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List ministers of commerce, industry and tourism"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Colombia, Congress of (27 December 2002). \"Ley 790 de 2002\" (PDF). 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Retrieved 6 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_Colombia","url_text":"Colombia, Congress of"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140109014857/http://190.147.213.68:8080/HOMEPAGE/DIARIO_OFICIAL/2012/48640.pdf","url_text":"\"Ley 1593 de 2012\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diario_Oficial_(Colombia)","url_text":"Diario Oficial"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0122-2112","url_text":"0122-2112"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/500057889","url_text":"500057889"},{"url":"http://190.147.213.68:8080/HOMEPAGE/DIARIO_OFICIAL/2012/48640.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Colombia, Congress of (11 December 2013). \"Ley 1687 de 2014\" (PDF). Diario Oficial (in Spanish). Bogotá (49, 001): 29. ISSN 0122-2112. OCLC 500057889. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 January 2014. Retrieved 8 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_Colombia","url_text":"Colombia, Congress of"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140109013400/http://190.147.213.68:8080/HOMEPAGE/DIARIO_OFICIAL/2013/49001.pdf","url_text":"\"Ley 1687 de 2014\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diario_Oficial_(Colombia)","url_text":"Diario Oficial"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0122-2112","url_text":"0122-2112"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/500057889","url_text":"500057889"},{"url":"http://190.147.213.68:8080/HOMEPAGE/DIARIO_OFICIAL/2013/49001.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Santos Calderón, Juan Manuel. \"Decreto 1559 del 19 de Agosto de 2014\" (PDF) (in Spanish). Bogotá. 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Retrieved 2020-12-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://dapre.presidencia.gov.co/normativa/normativa/DECRETO%201514%20DEL%2007%20DE%20AGOSTO%20DE%202018.pdf","url_text":"\"Decreto 1514 del 7 de Agosto de 2018\""}]},{"reference":"Radio, Caracol (2021-05-19). \"Ximena Lombana será la nueva ministra de Comercio, Industria y Turismo\". Caracol Radio (in Spanish). Retrieved 2021-06-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://caracol.com.co/radio/2021/05/19/politica/1621440754_844132.html","url_text":"\"Ximena Lombana será la nueva ministra de Comercio, Industria y Turismo\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ministry_of_Commerce,_Industry_and_Tourism_(Colombia)¶ms=04_36_56.40_N_74_04_16.48_W_type:landmark_region:CO-DC_scale:5000","external_links_name":"04°36′56.40″N 74°04′16.48″W / 4.6156667°N 74.0712444°W / 4.6156667; -74.0712444"},{"Link":"http://www.mincit.gov.co/","external_links_name":"www.mincit.gov.co"},{"Link":"http://190.147.213.68:8080/HOMEPAGE/DIARIO_OFICIAL/2002/45046.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Ley 790 de 2002\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0122-2112","external_links_name":"0122-2112"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/500057889","external_links_name":"500057889"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140109013324/http://190.147.213.68:8080/HOMEPAGE/DIARIO_OFICIAL/2011/48283.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Ley 1485 de 2011\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0122-2112","external_links_name":"0122-2112"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/500057889","external_links_name":"500057889"},{"Link":"http://190.147.213.68:8080/HOMEPAGE/DIARIO_OFICIAL/2011/48283.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140109014857/http://190.147.213.68:8080/HOMEPAGE/DIARIO_OFICIAL/2012/48640.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Ley 1593 de 2012\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0122-2112","external_links_name":"0122-2112"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/500057889","external_links_name":"500057889"},{"Link":"http://190.147.213.68:8080/HOMEPAGE/DIARIO_OFICIAL/2012/48640.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140109013400/http://190.147.213.68:8080/HOMEPAGE/DIARIO_OFICIAL/2013/49001.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Ley 1687 de 2014\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0122-2112","external_links_name":"0122-2112"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/500057889","external_links_name":"500057889"},{"Link":"http://190.147.213.68:8080/HOMEPAGE/DIARIO_OFICIAL/2013/49001.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://wp.presidencia.gov.co/sitios/normativa/decretos/2014/Decretos2014/DECRETO%201559%20DEL%2019%20DE%20AGOSTO%20DE%202014.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Decreto 1559 del 19 de Agosto de 2014\""},{"Link":"https://dapre.presidencia.gov.co/normativa/normativa/DECRETO%20736%20DEL%2003%20DE%20MAYO%20DE%202016.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Decreto 736 del 03 de Mayo de 2016\""},{"Link":"https://dapre.presidencia.gov.co/normativa/normativa/DECRETO%201386%20DEL%2022%20DE%20AGOSTO%20DE%202017.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Decreto 1386 del 22 de Agosto de 2017\""},{"Link":"https://dapre.presidencia.gov.co/normativa/normativa/DECRETO%201514%20DEL%2007%20DE%20AGOSTO%20DE%202018.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Decreto 1514 del 7 de Agosto de 2018\""},{"Link":"https://caracol.com.co/radio/2021/05/19/politica/1621440754_844132.html","external_links_name":"\"Ximena Lombana será la nueva ministra de Comercio, Industria y Turismo\""},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000403726245","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/305235835","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2006051400","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Commerce,_Industry_and_Tourism_(Colombia)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfredton,_Victoria | Alfredton, Victoria | ["1 History","2 Urban form and housing","3 Transport","4 Parks and open space","5 References"] | Coordinates: 37°33′18″S 143°48′00″E / 37.555°S 143.800°E / -37.555; 143.800
Suburb of Ballarat, Victoria, AustraliaAlfredtonBallarat, VictoriaVictory Arch at the entrance to the Avenue of Honour, BallaratAlfredtonCoordinates37°33′18″S 143°48′00″E / 37.555°S 143.800°E / -37.555; 143.800Population11,822 (2021 census) • Density1,556/km2 (4,029/sq mi)Postcode(s)3350Area7.6 km2 (2.9 sq mi)Location4 km (2 mi) from Ballarat CentralLGA(s)City of BallaratState electorate(s)WendoureeFederal division(s)Ballarat
Suburbs around Alfredton:
Cardigan
Lake Gardens
Lake Wendouree
Lucas
Alfredton
Newington
Delacombe
Delacombe
Delacombe
Alfredton is a suburb of Ballarat, Victoria, Australia, west of the CBD. The population at the 2021 census was 11,822 making it the most populated in the Ballarat urban area.
Alfredton is located west of Lake Wendouree along Sturt Street. The suburb has some of Ballarat's best known landmarks, including the Arch of Victory and a World War I memorial which once marked the entrance to Ballarat and the start of Ballarat's Avenue of Honour. The Avenue of Honour is the longest war memorial roadside plantation in Australia, which extends 18 km to the Western Freeway.
Originally part of Cardigan and known by that name, the present area was named in honour of Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh following his visit to Ballarat in 1867.
The artists and illustrators Ambrose and Will Dyson were born and lived in Alfredton as did their brother the journalist Edward Dyson.
The Alfredton area is central to Western Ballarat's growth corridor, an area where suburban development is encouraged by the City of Ballarat and State Government of Victoria. Most of urban Ballarat's subdivision for new housing estates is happening in greenfield land to the south, north and west of the Avenue of Honour. Large estates include Balymanus, Alfredton Central, The Chase and Insignia.
History
The Post Office opened on 1 August 1868. However, there is currently no Post Office in Alfredton and the Alfredton PO Boxes were relocated to the neighbouring suburb of Lucas.
Originally part of Cardigan and known by that name, the present area was named in honour of Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh following the royal visit to Ballarat in 1867.
Urban form and housing
While a small section of the original township and main roads are grid plan, the majority of Alfredton's residential areas have been developed under the concepts of street hierarchy with looped streets and culs-de-sac and almost all single-family detached homes. As a result, while the suburban streets are quiet the main roads around Alfredton are particularly busy.
Transport
The main form of transport in Alfredton is the private motor car and Alfredton can be classed as a car dependent suburb.
Effort has been made by the Ballarat City Council over the years to provide a network of bicycle lanes on major roads, to encourage the use of bicycles; and to increase the safety of bicyclists.
There are two different urban bus services servicing the suburb, both of which run regularly to the city. Route 10 is from Ballarat Station to Alfredton via Howitt Street and loops around Robertson Drive via Dyson Drive and Cuthberts Road. Route 26 is Ballarat Station to Alfredton via Sturt Street and Cuthberts Road. The suburb is serviced by Ballarat Taxis, a co-operative taxi network.
The former Redan Junction railway line servicing the Ballarat Saleyards and the Redan industrial precinct previously bisected the suburb, but this line was closed in 1997. The line has since been completely lifted, though the reservation remains unoccupied, and is generally now used as a walking trail.
The nearest railway station is Wendouree 3 km to the north.
Parks and open space
Golfers play at the course of the Ballarat Golf Club on Sturt Street in the suburb. A network of walking and cycling tracks begin at the R.J. Cameron Reserve (bordered by Learmonth Street to the east and Portsea Street to the south), and extends west, crossing the aforementioned Redan Junction railway line, through the Alfredton Recreational Reserve, and on until Dyson Drive in Lucas.
More parks, playgrounds, and open spaces are being developed in some of the newer housing estates that are currently in different stages of being built (as of 2020).
References
^ a b Australian Bureau of Statistics (28 June 2022). "Alfredton (State Suburb)". 2021 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 3 November 2022.
^ ":: Alfredton's most sought after address". Archived from the original on 26 February 2011. Retrieved 10 September 2010.
^ "Insignia Ballarat | Premium Home Sites". Archived from the original on 19 March 2018. Retrieved 23 September 2019.
^ Premier Postal History, Post Office List, archived from the original on 10 May 2008, retrieved 11 April 2008
^ "Redan Junction Line". VicSig. 23 November 2008. Retrieved 8 July 2012.
^ "VICSIG". vicsig.net. Retrieved 18 August 2023.
^ Golf Select, Ballarat, retrieved 11 May 2009
vte Localities in the City of BallaratCity
Alfredton
Sebastopol
Wendouree
Town
Ballarat Central
Ballarat East
Ballarat North
Black Hill
Bonshaw
Brown Hill
Buninyong^
Bunkers Hill
Burrumbeet^
Canadian
Cardigan
Cardigan Village
Creswick^
Delacombe
Durham Lead^
Eureka
Golden Point
Invermay
Invermay Park
Lake Gardens
Lake Wendouree
Learmonth
Lucas
Magpie
Miners Rest
Mitchell Park
Mount Clear
Mount Helen
Mount Pleasant
Mount Rowan
Nerrina
Newington
Redan
Scotsburn^
Smythes Creek^
Soldiers Hill
Sulky^
Warrenheip^
Waubra^
Winter Valley
Locality
Addington
Ascot
Bakery Hill
Bald Hills^
Blowhard
Bo Peep^
Chapel Flat
Coghills Creek
Ercildoune^
Glen Park^
Glendaruel
Glendonald
Gong Gong
Mount Bolton
Scotchmans Lead
Tourello
Wattle Flat^
Weatherboard
Windermere
^ - Territory divided with another LGA | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ballarat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballarat,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria,_Australia"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"2021 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Australian_census"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABS-1"},{"link_name":"Lake Wendouree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Wendouree"},{"link_name":"Avenue of Honour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avenue_of_Honour"},{"link_name":"Western Freeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Freeway_(Victoria)"},{"link_name":"Cardigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardigan,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Alfred,_Duke_of_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Ambrose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrose_Dyson"},{"link_name":"Will Dyson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Dyson"},{"link_name":"Edward Dyson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Dyson"},{"link_name":"suburban development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_sprawl"},{"link_name":"City of Ballarat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Ballarat"},{"link_name":"State Government of Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Victoria_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"subdivision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subdivision_(land)"},{"link_name":"greenfield land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenfield_land"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Suburb of Ballarat, Victoria, AustraliaAlfredton is a suburb of Ballarat, Victoria, Australia, west of the CBD. The population at the 2021 census was 11,822[1] making it the most populated in the Ballarat urban area.Alfredton is located west of Lake Wendouree along Sturt Street. The suburb has some of Ballarat's best known landmarks, including the Arch of Victory and a World War I memorial which once marked the entrance to Ballarat and the start of Ballarat's Avenue of Honour. The Avenue of Honour is the longest war memorial roadside plantation in Australia, which extends 18 km to the Western Freeway.Originally part of Cardigan and known by that name, the present area was named in honour of Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh following his visit to Ballarat in 1867.The artists and illustrators Ambrose and Will Dyson were born and lived in Alfredton as did their brother the journalist Edward Dyson.The Alfredton area is central to Western Ballarat's growth corridor, an area where suburban development is encouraged by the City of Ballarat and State Government of Victoria. Most of urban Ballarat's subdivision for new housing estates is happening in greenfield land to the south, north and west of the Avenue of Honour. Large estates include Balymanus, Alfredton Central, The Chase[2] and Insignia.[3]","title":"Alfredton, Victoria"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PostOffice-4"},{"link_name":"Cardigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardigan,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Alfred,_Duke_of_Edinburgh"}],"text":"The Post Office opened on 1 August 1868.[4] However, there is currently no Post Office in Alfredton and the Alfredton PO Boxes were relocated to the neighbouring suburb of Lucas.Originally part of Cardigan and known by that name, the present area was named in honour of Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh following the royal visit to Ballarat in 1867.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"grid plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_plan"},{"link_name":"street hierarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_hierarchy"},{"link_name":"culs-de-sac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culs-de-sac"},{"link_name":"single-family detached homes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-family_detached_home"}],"text":"While a small section of the original township and main roads are grid plan, the majority of Alfredton's residential areas have been developed under the concepts of street hierarchy with looped streets and culs-de-sac and almost all single-family detached homes. As a result, while the suburban streets are quiet the main roads around Alfredton are particularly busy.","title":"Urban form and housing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"motor car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_car"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-redan-junction-5"},{"link_name":"Wendouree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendouree_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The main form of transport in Alfredton is the private motor car and Alfredton can be classed as a car dependent suburb.Effort has been made by the Ballarat City Council over the years to provide a network of bicycle lanes on major roads, to encourage the use of bicycles; and to increase the safety of bicyclists.There are two different urban bus services servicing the suburb, both of which run regularly to the city. Route 10 is from Ballarat Station to Alfredton via Howitt Street and loops around Robertson Drive via Dyson Drive and Cuthberts Road. Route 26 is Ballarat Station to Alfredton via Sturt Street and Cuthberts Road. The suburb is serviced by Ballarat Taxis, a co-operative taxi network.The former Redan Junction railway line servicing the Ballarat Saleyards and the Redan industrial precinct previously bisected the suburb, but this line was closed in 1997.[5] The line has since been completely lifted, though the reservation remains unoccupied, and is generally now used as a walking trail.The nearest railway station is Wendouree 3 km to the north.[6]","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-golf-7"}],"text":"Golfers play at the course of the Ballarat Golf Club on Sturt Street in the suburb.[7] A network of walking and cycling tracks begin at the R.J. Cameron Reserve (bordered by Learmonth Street to the east and Portsea Street to the south), and extends west, crossing the aforementioned Redan Junction railway line, through the Alfredton Recreational Reserve, and on until Dyson Drive in Lucas.More parks, playgrounds, and open spaces are being developed in some of the newer housing estates that are currently in different stages of being built (as of 2020).","title":"Parks and open space"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Australian Bureau of Statistics (28 June 2022). \"Alfredton (State Suburb)\". 2021 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 3 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics","url_text":"Australian Bureau of Statistics"},{"url":"https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/SSC20022","url_text":"\"Alfredton (State Suburb)\""}]},{"reference":"\":: Alfredton's most sought after address\". Archived from the original on 26 February 2011. Retrieved 10 September 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110226020427/http://www.thechasealfredton.com.au/","url_text":"\":: Alfredton's most sought after address\""},{"url":"http://www.thechasealfredton.com.au/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Insignia Ballarat | Premium Home Sites\". Archived from the original on 19 March 2018. Retrieved 23 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180319071631/https://www.insigniaballarat.com.au/","url_text":"\"Insignia Ballarat | Premium Home Sites\""},{"url":"http://www.insigniaballarat.com.au/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Premier Postal History, Post Office List, archived from the original on 10 May 2008, retrieved 11 April 2008","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080510053152/https://www.premierpostal.com/cgi-bin/wsProd.sh/Viewpocdwrapper.p?SortBy=VIC&country=","url_text":"Post Office List"},{"url":"https://www.premierpostal.com/cgi-bin/wsProd.sh/Viewpocdwrapper.p?SortBy=VIC&country=","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Redan Junction Line\". VicSig. 23 November 2008. Retrieved 8 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vicsig.net/infrastructure/location/Redan-Junction","url_text":"\"Redan Junction Line\""}]},{"reference":"\"VICSIG\". vicsig.net. Retrieved 18 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://vicsig.net/infrastructure/location/Wendouree","url_text":"\"VICSIG\""}]},{"reference":"Golf Select, Ballarat, retrieved 11 May 2009","urls":[{"url":"http://www.golfselect.com.au/armchair/courseView.aspx?course_id=258","url_text":"Ballarat"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Alfredton,_Victoria¶ms=37.555_S_143.800_E_type:city_region:AU-VIC","external_links_name":"37°33′18″S 143°48′00″E / 37.555°S 143.800°E / -37.555; 143.800"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Alfredton,_Victoria¶ms=37.555_S_143.800_E_type:city_region:AU-VIC","external_links_name":"37°33′18″S 143°48′00″E / 37.555°S 143.800°E / -37.555; 143.800"},{"Link":"https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/SSC20022","external_links_name":"\"Alfredton (State Suburb)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110226020427/http://www.thechasealfredton.com.au/","external_links_name":"\":: Alfredton's most sought after address\""},{"Link":"http://www.thechasealfredton.com.au/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180319071631/https://www.insigniaballarat.com.au/","external_links_name":"\"Insignia Ballarat | Premium Home Sites\""},{"Link":"http://www.insigniaballarat.com.au/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080510053152/https://www.premierpostal.com/cgi-bin/wsProd.sh/Viewpocdwrapper.p?SortBy=VIC&country=","external_links_name":"Post Office List"},{"Link":"https://www.premierpostal.com/cgi-bin/wsProd.sh/Viewpocdwrapper.p?SortBy=VIC&country=","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.vicsig.net/infrastructure/location/Redan-Junction","external_links_name":"\"Redan Junction Line\""},{"Link":"https://vicsig.net/infrastructure/location/Wendouree","external_links_name":"\"VICSIG\""},{"Link":"http://www.golfselect.com.au/armchair/courseView.aspx?course_id=258","external_links_name":"Ballarat"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Suburbs_Crematorium,_Sydney | Northern Suburbs Crematorium, Sydney | ["1 Notable interments","2 Notable cremations","3 References","4 External links"] | Crematorium in Sydney, Australia
Northern Suburbs Crematorium, SydneyAlternative namesNorthern Suburbs Memorial Gardens and CrematoriumGeneral informationLocationSydney, New South WalesAddress199 Delhi Road, North Ryde NSW 2067Coordinates33°47′42″S 151°09′11″E / 33.795045°S 151.152922°E / -33.795045; 151.152922Opened1933Websitehttp://www.northernsuburbscrem.com.au/The Northern Suburbs Crematorium, officially Northern Suburbs Memorial Gardens and Crematorium, is a crematorium in North Ryde, New South Wales, a suburb of Sydney, Australia. It was officially opened on 28 October 1933, and the first cremation took place on 30 October 1933.
Northern Suburbs Crematorium was the second crematorium in New South Wales. It was designed by Frank I'Anson Bloomfield (1879–1949), who was cremated there, and also designed NSW and Sydney's first crematorium at Rookwood Cemetery. Bloomfield designed both places with a view to an authentic "florentine" feel. The grounds feature Art Deco statues, Royal Doulton tiles, classic iron work and other period features. The Memorial Gardens is a heritage listed site and often features in historical tours of Sydney and the North Shore.
In 2012 a new Function Centre was opened by the Governor of New South Wales, Professor Marie Bashir.
Notable interments
The cremated remains of notable persons located at Northern Suburbs Crematorium include:
Jack Baddeley, 2nd Deputy Premier of New South Wales
Sir Garfield Barwick, 7th Chief Justice of Australia and politician
Harry Scott Bennett, radical
Sir Nigel Bowen, Australian Attorney-General, Minister for Foreign Affairs and Chief Justice of the Federal Court of Australia
Sir Joseph Cook, 6th Prime Minister of Australia
Dame Mary Cook, Spouse of the Prime Minister of Australia
Sir Talbot Duckmanton, former General Manager of Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC)
Pat Hills, 6th Deputy Premier of New South Wales and 69th Lord Mayor of Sydney
Sir Samuel Hordern, businessman and namesake of the Hordern Pavilion
Stuart Inder, journalist
Frederick Kneeshaw, politician
Sir William McKell, 12th Governor General of Australia and 27th Premier of New South Wales
Sir Bill Northam, Olympic yachtsman and businessman
Lt. Gen. Sir John Northcott, 30th Governor of New South Wales
Lady Jean Page, second wife of Prime Minister Sir Earle Page
Banjo Paterson, poet
Sir William Pettingell, businessman
Maj. Gen Sir Charles Rosenthal, soldier and politician
Sir Percy Spender, politician
Sir Vernon Treatt, 17th Leader of the Opposition of New South Wales
Sir Gordon Wallace, 1st President of the New South Wales Court of Appeal
Sir Edward Warren, politician
Chris Watson, 3rd Prime Minister of Australia
Reginald Weaver, 16th Leader of the Opposition of New South Wales
Lt. Gen. Sir Eric Woodward, 31st Governor of New South Wales
Sir William Yeo, soldier
Ada Baker, soprano and singing teacher
Notable cremations
Hutchence memorial in the North Terrace of the park.
Cremations of notable people at the Northern Suburbs Crematorium include:
Sid Barnes, cricketer
Sir Thomas Bavin, Premier of New South Wales
Captain George Cartwright, A.I.F., VC recipient, World War I
Captain Frank Chaffey, soldier and New South Wales politician
V. Gordon Childe, archaeologist and philologist
Charmian Clift, novelist
W.A. Crowle, businessman and philanthropist
Slim Dusty, country singer
Air Commodore Sir Hughie Edwards, Royal Air Force VC recipient World War II and Governor of Western Australia – ashes buried Karrakatta Cemetery, Perth, Western Australia
Sergeant Arthur Evans, Lincolnshire Regiment VC recipient World War I – ashes buried Lytham St Annes, England
May Gibbs, author
Michael Hutchence, INXS lead singer
Alison Kerr, Lady Kerr, first wife of Sir John Kerr
Andrew Olle, journalist
Banjo Paterson, poet
Mervyn Victor Richardson, Victa lawnmower inventor
Lindsay Gordon Scott, architect
Sir James Joynton Smith, Lord Mayor of Sydney
Corporal Arthur Sullivan, A.I.F. VC recipient, Russian Civil War – previously cremated Golders Green Crematorium, London, ashes rest near Tree 267A, North section.
E. J. Tait, theatre entrepreneur
Arkie Whiteley, actress
Commemorated by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission are 64 Commonwealth service personnel and a Dutch merchant seaman who were cremated here during World War II.
References
^ a b c Northern Suburbs Memorial Gardens and Crematorium website; Retrieved 7 August 2013
^ Encyclopedia of Cremation, p. 70; Retrieved 7 August 2013
^ Source says "Royal Dalton" , but this seems to be a spelling error.
^ "State Heritage Inventory: Northern Suburbs Crematorium and Memorial Gardens". www.environment.nsw.gov.au. Heritage Division, NSW Office of Environment and Heritage. Retrieved 15 November 2016.
^ a b c d Sydney Morning Herald, "Crematorium opens doors to everlasting celebrations of life", 16 June 2012; Retrieved 7 August 2013
^ Lawrence, Bob (8 February 2015). "Doyen of Pacific journalism, Stuart Inder MBE, dies at 88". PNG Attitude. Retrieved 1 March 2015.
^ a b c Burial Locations VC holders – New South Wales.
^ Pitt, Helen (16 December 1995). "The ABC: a family in mourning". The Sydney Morning Herald. p. 19.
^ "Obituary. Mr. Lindsay G. Scott". The Sydney Morning Herald. New South Wales, Australia. 11 January 1941. p. 7. Retrieved 6 November 2021 – via National Library of Australia.
^ Burial Locations of VC holders – Golders Green Crematorium. The site does not yet list him under New South Wales.
^ CWGC Cemetery Report
External links
Northern Suburbs Crematorium, Sydney at Find a Grave | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"crematorium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crematorium"},{"link_name":"North Ryde, New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Ryde,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-site-1"},{"link_name":"Frank I'Anson Bloomfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frank_I%27Anson_Bloomfield&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rookwood Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rookwood_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-site-1"},{"link_name":"florentine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence"},{"link_name":"Art Deco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Deco"},{"link_name":"Royal Doulton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Doulton"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-site-1"},{"link_name":"Governor of New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Marie Bashir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Bashir"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-door-5"}],"text":"The Northern Suburbs Crematorium, officially Northern Suburbs Memorial Gardens and Crematorium, is a crematorium in North Ryde, New South Wales, a suburb of Sydney, Australia. It was officially opened on 28 October 1933, and the first cremation took place on 30 October 1933.[1]Northern Suburbs Crematorium was the second crematorium in New South Wales. It was designed by Frank I'Anson Bloomfield (1879–1949), who was cremated there, and also designed NSW and Sydney's first crematorium at Rookwood Cemetery.[2][1] Bloomfield designed both places with a view to an authentic \"florentine\" feel. The grounds feature Art Deco statues, Royal Doulton tiles,[3] classic iron work and other period features. The Memorial Gardens is a heritage listed site[4] and often features in historical tours of Sydney and the North Shore.[1]In 2012 a new Function Centre was opened by the Governor of New South Wales, Professor Marie Bashir.[5]","title":"Northern Suburbs Crematorium, Sydney"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jack Baddeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Baddeley"},{"link_name":"Deputy Premier of New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deputy_Premier_of_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Garfield Barwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garfield_Barwick"},{"link_name":"Chief Justice of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"Harry Scott Bennett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Scott_Bennett"},{"link_name":"Nigel Bowen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Bowen"},{"link_name":"Attorney-General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney-General_for_Australia"},{"link_name":"Minister for Foreign Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_for_Foreign_Affairs_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"Chief Justice of the Federal Court of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_judges_of_the_Federal_Court_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"Joseph Cook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Cook"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"Dame Mary Cook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dame_Mary_Cook"},{"link_name":"Spouse of the Prime Minister of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spouse_of_the_Prime_Minister_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"Talbot Duckmanton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talbot_Duckmanton"},{"link_name":"Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Pat Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Hills"},{"link_name":"Deputy Premier of New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deputy_Premier_of_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Lord Mayor of Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mayors,_lord_mayors_and_administrators_of_Sydney"},{"link_name":"Samuel Hordern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Hordern"},{"link_name":"Hordern Pavilion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hordern_Pavilion"},{"link_name":"Stuart Inder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Inder"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pngattitude-6"},{"link_name":"Frederick Kneeshaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Kneeshaw"},{"link_name":"William McKell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_McKell"},{"link_name":"Governor General of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_General_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"Premier of New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_of_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Bill Northam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Northam"},{"link_name":"Lt. Gen.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_general_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"John Northcott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Northcott"},{"link_name":"Governor of New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Jean Page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Page"},{"link_name":"second wife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spouse_of_the_Prime_Minister_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"Earle Page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earle_Page"},{"link_name":"Banjo Paterson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banjo_Paterson"},{"link_name":"William Pettingell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Pettingell"},{"link_name":"Maj. Gen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_General"},{"link_name":"Charles Rosenthal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Rosenthal"},{"link_name":"Percy Spender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_Spender"},{"link_name":"Vernon Treatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernon_Treatt"},{"link_name":"Leader of the Opposition of New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(New_South_Wales)"},{"link_name":"Gordon Wallace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Wallace_(judge)"},{"link_name":"President of the New South Wales Court of Appeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Court_of_Appeal"},{"link_name":"Edward Warren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Warren_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Chris Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Watson"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"Reginald Weaver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Weaver"},{"link_name":"Leader of the Opposition of New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(New_South_Wales)"},{"link_name":"Lt. Gen.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_general_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"Eric Woodward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Woodward"},{"link_name":"Governor of New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"William Yeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Yeo"},{"link_name":"Ada Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Baker"}],"text":"The cremated remains of notable persons located at Northern Suburbs Crematorium include:Jack Baddeley, 2nd Deputy Premier of New South Wales\nSir Garfield Barwick, 7th Chief Justice of Australia and politician\nHarry Scott Bennett, radical\nSir Nigel Bowen, Australian Attorney-General, Minister for Foreign Affairs and Chief Justice of the Federal Court of Australia\nSir Joseph Cook, 6th Prime Minister of Australia\nDame Mary Cook, Spouse of the Prime Minister of Australia\nSir Talbot Duckmanton, former General Manager of Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC)\nPat Hills, 6th Deputy Premier of New South Wales and 69th Lord Mayor of Sydney\nSir Samuel Hordern, businessman and namesake of the Hordern Pavilion\nStuart Inder, journalist[6]\nFrederick Kneeshaw, politician\nSir William McKell, 12th Governor General of Australia and 27th Premier of New South Wales\nSir Bill Northam, Olympic yachtsman and businessman\nLt. Gen. Sir John Northcott, 30th Governor of New South Wales\nLady Jean Page, second wife of Prime Minister Sir Earle Page\nBanjo Paterson, poet\nSir William Pettingell, businessman\nMaj. Gen Sir Charles Rosenthal, soldier and politician\nSir Percy Spender, politician\nSir Vernon Treatt, 17th Leader of the Opposition of New South Wales\nSir Gordon Wallace, 1st President of the New South Wales Court of Appeal\nSir Edward Warren, politician\nChris Watson, 3rd Prime Minister of Australia\nReginald Weaver, 16th Leader of the Opposition of New South Wales\nLt. Gen. Sir Eric Woodward, 31st Governor of New South Wales\nSir William Yeo, soldier\nAda Baker, soprano and singing teacher","title":"Notable interments"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hutchence_memorial_at_Northern_Suburbs_Crematorium.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hutchence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Hutchence"},{"link_name":"Sid Barnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sid_Barnes"},{"link_name":"Thomas Bavin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Bavin"},{"link_name":"George Cartwright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Cartwright_(VC)"},{"link_name":"A.I.F.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Australian_Imperial_Force"},{"link_name":"VC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Cross"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blvchnsw-7"},{"link_name":"Frank Chaffey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Chaffey"},{"link_name":"V. Gordon Childe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V._Gordon_Childe"},{"link_name":"Charmian Clift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charmian_Clift"},{"link_name":"W.A. Crowle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W.A._Crowle"},{"link_name":"Slim Dusty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slim_Dusty"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-door-5"},{"link_name":"Hughie Edwards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hughie_Edwards"},{"link_name":"Royal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Governor of Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Karrakatta Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karrakatta_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"Perth, Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blvchnsw-7"},{"link_name":"Arthur Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Evans_(VC)"},{"link_name":"Lincolnshire Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincolnshire_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Lytham St Annes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lytham_St_Annes"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blvchnsw-7"},{"link_name":"May Gibbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_Gibbs"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-door-5"},{"link_name":"Michael Hutchence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Hutchence"},{"link_name":"Alison Kerr, Lady Kerr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alison_Kerr,_Lady_Kerr"},{"link_name":"Sir John Kerr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kerr_(governor-general)"},{"link_name":"Andrew Olle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Olle"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Banjo Paterson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banjo_Paterson"},{"link_name":"Mervyn Victor Richardson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mervyn_Victor_Richardson"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-door-5"},{"link_name":"Lindsay Gordon Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindsay_Gordon_Scott"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"James Joynton Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joynton_Smith"},{"link_name":"Arthur Sullivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Sullivan_(VC)"},{"link_name":"Russian Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Golders Green Crematorium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golders_Green_Crematorium"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"E. J. Tait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._J._Tait"},{"link_name":"Arkie Whiteley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkie_Whiteley"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth War Graves Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Hutchence memorial in the North Terrace of the park.Cremations of notable people at the Northern Suburbs Crematorium include:Sid Barnes, cricketer\nSir Thomas Bavin, Premier of New South Wales\nCaptain George Cartwright, A.I.F., VC recipient, World War I[7]\nCaptain Frank Chaffey, soldier and New South Wales politician\nV. Gordon Childe, archaeologist and philologist\nCharmian Clift, novelist\nW.A. Crowle, businessman and philanthropist\nSlim Dusty, country singer[5]\nAir Commodore Sir Hughie Edwards, Royal Air Force VC recipient World War II and Governor of Western Australia – ashes buried Karrakatta Cemetery, Perth, Western Australia[7]\nSergeant Arthur Evans, Lincolnshire Regiment VC recipient World War I – ashes buried Lytham St Annes, England[7]\nMay Gibbs, author[5]\nMichael Hutchence, INXS lead singer\nAlison Kerr, Lady Kerr, first wife of Sir John Kerr\nAndrew Olle, journalist[8]\nBanjo Paterson, poet\nMervyn Victor Richardson, Victa lawnmower inventor[5]\nLindsay Gordon Scott, architect[9]\nSir James Joynton Smith, Lord Mayor of Sydney\nCorporal Arthur Sullivan, A.I.F. VC recipient, Russian Civil War – previously cremated Golders Green Crematorium, London, ashes rest near Tree 267A, North section.[10]\nE. J. Tait, theatre entrepreneur\nArkie Whiteley, actressCommemorated by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission are 64 Commonwealth service personnel and a Dutch merchant seaman who were cremated here during World War II.[11]","title":"Notable cremations"}] | [{"image_text":"Hutchence memorial in the North Terrace of the park.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/93/Hutchence_memorial_at_Northern_Suburbs_Crematorium.jpg/220px-Hutchence_memorial_at_Northern_Suburbs_Crematorium.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"State Heritage Inventory: Northern Suburbs Crematorium and Memorial Gardens\". www.environment.nsw.gov.au. Heritage Division, NSW Office of Environment and Heritage. Retrieved 15 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/heritageapp/ViewHeritageItemDetails.aspx?ID=2340067","url_text":"\"State Heritage Inventory: Northern Suburbs Crematorium and Memorial Gardens\""}]},{"reference":"Lawrence, Bob (8 February 2015). \"Doyen of Pacific journalism, Stuart Inder MBE, dies at 88\". PNG Attitude. Retrieved 1 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://asopa.typepad.com/asopa_people/2015/02/doyen-of-pacific-journalism-stuart-inder-mbe-dies-at-88.html","url_text":"\"Doyen of Pacific journalism, Stuart Inder MBE, dies at 88\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PNG_Attitude&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"PNG Attitude"}]},{"reference":"Pitt, Helen (16 December 1995). \"The ABC: a family in mourning\". The Sydney Morning Herald. p. 19.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Obituary. Mr. Lindsay G. Scott\". The Sydney Morning Herald. New South Wales, Australia. 11 January 1941. p. 7. Retrieved 6 November 2021 – via National Library of Australia.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article17722340","url_text":"\"Obituary. Mr. Lindsay G. Scott\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald","url_text":"The Sydney Morning Herald"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Northern_Suburbs_Crematorium,_Sydney¶ms=33.795045_S_151.152922_E_type:landmark","external_links_name":"33°47′42″S 151°09′11″E / 33.795045°S 151.152922°E / -33.795045; 151.152922"},{"Link":"http://www.northernsuburbscrem.com.au/","external_links_name":"http://www.northernsuburbscrem.com.au/"},{"Link":"http://www.northernsuburbscrem.com.au/en.aspx","external_links_name":"Northern Suburbs Memorial Gardens and Crematorium website"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=BdhDM6Qcl1IC&dq=northern+suburbs+crematorium&pg=PA70","external_links_name":"Encyclopedia of Cremation, p. 70"},{"Link":"http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/heritageapp/ViewHeritageItemDetails.aspx?ID=2340067","external_links_name":"\"State Heritage Inventory: Northern Suburbs Crematorium and Memorial Gardens\""},{"Link":"http://www.smh.com.au/nsw/crematorium-opens-doors-to-everlasting-celebrations-of-life-20120615-20fdl.html","external_links_name":"Sydney Morning Herald, \"Crematorium opens doors to everlasting celebrations of life\", 16 June 2012"},{"Link":"http://asopa.typepad.com/asopa_people/2015/02/doyen-of-pacific-journalism-stuart-inder-mbe-dies-at-88.html","external_links_name":"\"Doyen of Pacific journalism, Stuart Inder MBE, dies at 88\""},{"Link":"http://www.victoriacross.org/ggausnsw.htm","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article17722340","external_links_name":"\"Obituary. Mr. Lindsay G. Scott\""},{"Link":"http://www.victoriacross.org/cogolder.htm","external_links_name":"Burial Locations of VC holders"},{"Link":"http://www.cwgc.org/find-a-cemetery/cemetery/2112421/NORTHERN%20SUBURBS%20CREMATORIUM,%20CHATSWOOD","external_links_name":"CWGC Cemetery Report"},{"Link":"https://www.findagrave.com/cemetery/639480","external_links_name":"Northern Suburbs Crematorium, Sydney"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Johnson_County,_Iowa | National Register of Historic Places listings in Johnson County, Iowa | [] | Location of Johnson County in Iowa
This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Johnson County, Iowa.
This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Johnson County, Iowa, United States. Latitude and longitude coordinates are provided for many National Register properties and districts; these locations may be seen together in a map.
There are 94 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county, including 1 National Historic Landmark. Another 2 properties were formerly listed but have been removed.
This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted February 16, 2024.
Map all coordinates using: OpenStreetMap
Download coordinates as:
KML
GPX (all coordinates)
GPX (primary coordinates)
GPX (secondary coordinates)
Current listings
Name on the Register
Image
Date listed
Location
City or town
Description
1
Ned Ashton House
Ned Ashton House More images
January 26, 2001(#00001677)
820 Park Rd. 41°40′20″N 91°33′03″W / 41.672222°N 91.550833°W / 41.672222; -91.550833 (Ned Ashton House)
Iowa City
2
Charles Berryhill House
Charles Berryhill House
May 31, 1979(#79000904)
414 Brown St. 41°40′13″N 91°31′46″W / 41.670278°N 91.529444°W / 41.670278; -91.529444 (Charles Berryhill House)
Iowa City
3
Bethel AME Church
Bethel AME Church
September 27, 2000(#00000925)
411 S. Governor St. 41°39′22″N 91°31′23″W / 41.656111°N 91.523056°W / 41.656111; -91.523056 (Bethel AME Church)
Iowa City
4
Billingsley-Hills House
Billingsley-Hills House
January 21, 1983(#83000376)
629 Melrose Ave. 41°39′23″N 91°32′54″W / 41.656389°N 91.548333°W / 41.656389; -91.548333 (Billingsley-Hills House)
Iowa City
5
Boerner-Fry Company/Davis Hotel
Boerner-Fry Company/Davis Hotel
January 27, 1983(#83000377)
332 E. Washington St. 41°39′37″N 91°31′49″W / 41.660278°N 91.530278°W / 41.660278; -91.530278 (Boerner-Fry Company/Davis Hotel)
Iowa City
6
Albert J. and Alice E. Borts House
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May 8, 2019(#100003921)
416 Reno St. 41°39′59″N 91°31′07″W / 41.6663°N 91.5187°W / 41.6663; -91.5187 (Albert J. and Alice E. Borts House)
Iowa City
7
William Bostick House
William Bostick House
March 28, 1996(#96000312)
115 N. Gilbert St. 41°39′45″N 91°31′50″W / 41.6625°N 91.530556°W / 41.6625; -91.530556 (William Bostick House)
Iowa City
8
Bowery Street Grocery Store
Bowery Street Grocery Store
April 7, 2014(#14000112)
518 E. Bowery St. 41°39′15″N 91°31′41″W / 41.6542°N 91.5281°W / 41.6542; -91.5281 (Bowery Street Grocery Store)
Iowa City
9
Brown Street Historic District
Brown Street Historic District More images
September 23, 1994(#94001112)
Roughly Brown St. from west of Linn St. to Governor St. and adjacent parts of intersecting streets• Boundary increase (listed September 29, 2004, refnum 04001096): the 500-800 blocks of E. Ronalds St. 41°40′15″N 91°31′42″W / 41.670833°N 91.528333°W / 41.670833; -91.528333 (Brown Street Historic District)
Iowa City
part of the Iowa City Multiple Property Submission (MPS)
10
Buresh Farm
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April 29, 1977(#77000533)
West of Solon off Iowa Highway 382 41°48′35″N 91°33′46″W / 41.809722°N 91.562778°W / 41.809722; -91.562778 (Buresh Farm)
Solon
11
Dr. Albert Henry Byfield House
Dr. Albert Henry Byfield House
March 23, 2017(#100000792)
715 W. Park Rd. 41°40′16″N 91°32′56″W / 41.670977°N 91.548905°W / 41.670977; -91.548905 (Dr. Albert Henry Byfield House)
Iowa City
12
Wilbur D. and Hattie Cannon House
Wilbur D. and Hattie Cannon House
October 7, 1994(#94001198)
320 Melrose Ave. 41°39′23″N 91°32′42″W / 41.656389°N 91.545°W / 41.656389; -91.545 (Wilbur D. and Hattie Cannon House)
Iowa City
13
Thomas C. Carson House
Thomas C. Carson House
September 9, 1982(#82002623)
906 E. College St. 41°39′33″N 91°31′21″W / 41.659167°N 91.5225°W / 41.659167; -91.5225 (Thomas C. Carson House)
Iowa City
14
Cavanaugh-Zetek House
Cavanaugh-Zetek House
September 16, 1977(#77000527)
704 Reno St. 41°40′08″N 91°31′05″W / 41.668889°N 91.518056°W / 41.668889; -91.518056 (Cavanaugh-Zetek House)
Iowa City
15
Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad Passenger Station
Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad Passenger Station More images
December 10, 1982(#82000411)
115 Wright St. 41°39′13″N 91°32′01″W / 41.653611°N 91.533611°W / 41.653611; -91.533611 (Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad Passenger Station)
Iowa City
16
Clark House
Clark House
May 16, 1996(#96000545)
829 Kirkwood Ave. 41°38′56″N 91°31′22″W / 41.648889°N 91.522778°W / 41.648889; -91.522778 (Clark House)
Iowa City
17
Close House
Close House
May 31, 1974(#74000791)
538 S. Gilbert St. 41°39′16″N 91°31′47″W / 41.654444°N 91.529722°W / 41.654444; -91.529722 (Close House)
Iowa City
18
College Block Building
College Block Building More images
July 23, 1973(#73000728)
125 E. College St. 41°39′31″N 91°31′35″W / 41.658611°N 91.526389°W / 41.658611; -91.526389 (College Block Building)
Iowa City
19
College Green Historic District
College Green Historic District More images
July 9, 1997(#97000623)
Roughly bounded by Burlington, Summit, Washington, and Van Buren Sts. 41°39′32″N 91°31′32″W / 41.658889°N 91.525556°W / 41.658889; -91.525556 (College Green Historic District)
Iowa City
part of the Iowa City MPS
20
Congregational Church of Iowa City
Congregational Church of Iowa City More images
June 18, 1973(#73000729)
30 N. Clinton St. 41°39′44″N 91°32′02″W / 41.662222°N 91.533889°W / 41.662222; -91.533889 (Congregational Church of Iowa City)
Iowa City
21
Coralville Public School
Coralville Public School More images
January 11, 1974(#74000789)
402-404 5th St. 41°40′26″N 91°34′12″W / 41.673889°N 91.57°W / 41.673889; -91.57 (Coralville Public School)
Coralville
22
Coralville Union Ecclesiastical Church
Coralville Union Ecclesiastical Church
April 11, 1977(#77000526)
405 2nd Ave. 41°40′22″N 91°33′57″W / 41.672778°N 91.565833°W / 41.672778; -91.565833 (Coralville Union Ecclesiastical Church)
Coralville
23
Cottage at Rock and Dubuque Streets
Cottage at Rock and Dubuque Streets
January 3, 1985(#85000004)
Route 4, Box 3 41°48′35″N 91°29′40″W / 41.809722°N 91.494444°W / 41.809722; -91.494444 (Cottage at Rock and Dubuque Streets)
Solon
24
Czecho Slovakian Association Hall
Czecho Slovakian Association Hall More images
November 7, 1976(#76000775)
524 N. Johnson St. 41°40′02″N 91°31′36″W / 41.667222°N 91.526667°W / 41.667222; -91.526667 (Czecho Slovakian Association Hall)
Iowa City
25
East College Street Historic District
East College Street Historic District More images
July 9, 1997(#97000624)
Roughly bounded by Muscatine Ave., Summitt, Washington, and Burlington Sts. 41°39′28″N 91°31′40″W / 41.657778°N 91.527778°W / 41.657778; -91.527778 (East College Street Historic District)
Iowa City
part of the Iowa City MPS
26
Economy Advertising Company
Economy Advertising Company More images
April 28, 1986(#86000875)
119-123 N. Linn 41°39′48″N 91°31′53″W / 41.663333°N 91.531389°W / 41.663333; -91.531389 (Economy Advertising Company)
Iowa City
27
Englert Theatre
Englert Theatre More images
August 30, 2001(#01000911)
221 E. Washington St. 41°39′35″N 91°31′56″W / 41.659722°N 91.532222°W / 41.659722; -91.532222 (Englert Theatre)
Iowa City
28
First Johnson County Asylum
First Johnson County Asylum More images
August 31, 1978(#78001226)
West of Iowa City 41°39′22″N 91°36′18″W / 41.656111°N 91.605°W / 41.656111; -91.605 (First Johnson County Asylum)
Iowa City
29
First Unitarian Church
First Unitarian Church
October 5, 2018(#100002996)
10 S Gilbert St. 41°39′40″N 91°31′49″W / 41.6610°N 91.5302°W / 41.6610; -91.5302 (First Unitarian Church)
Iowa City
30
First Welsh Congregational Church
First Welsh Congregational Church More images
April 13, 1977(#77000528)
5 miles (8.0 km) southwest of Iowa City off Iowa Highway 1 41°36′47″N 91°36′33″W / 41.613056°N 91.609167°W / 41.613056; -91.609167 (First Welsh Congregational Church)
Iowa City
31
Arthur Hillyer Ford House
Arthur Hillyer Ford House
April 10, 1986(#86000713)
228 Brown St. 41°40′14″N 91°31′48″W / 41.670556°N 91.53°W / 41.670556; -91.53 (Arthur Hillyer Ford House)
Iowa City
32
Franklin Printing House
Franklin Printing House
April 10, 1986(#86000712)
115 S. Dubuque 41°39′34″N 91°32′00″W / 41.659444°N 91.533333°W / 41.659444; -91.533333 (Franklin Printing House)
Iowa City
33
Gilbert-Linn Street Historic District
Gilbert-Linn Street Historic District More images
April 21, 2005(#05000366)
Portions of the 300-600 blocks of N. Gilbert and N. Linn Sts. 41°40′00″N 91°31′49″W / 41.666667°N 91.530278°W / 41.666667; -91.530278 (Gilbert-Linn Street Historic District)
Iowa City
part of the Iowa City, Iowa MPS AD
34
Emma J. Harvat and Mary E. Stach House
Emma J. Harvat and Mary E. Stach House
May 11, 2000(#00000478)
332 E. Davenport St. 41°40′02″N 91°31′49″W / 41.667222°N 91.530278°W / 41.667222; -91.530278 (Emma J. Harvat and Mary E. Stach House)
Iowa City
part of the Iowa City MPS
35
Hawthorne Glove and Novelty Company-Shrader Drug Company Building
Hawthorne Glove and Novelty Company-Shrader Drug Company Building
September 22, 2014(#14000666)
529 S. Gilbert St. 41°39′16″N 91°31′49″W / 41.6545°N 91.5304°W / 41.6545; -91.5304 (Hawthorne Glove and Novelty Company-Shrader Drug Company Building)
Iowa City
36
Henyon-Kasper-Duffy Barn
Henyon-Kasper-Duffy Barn
January 2, 2004(#03001348)
2520 Iowa Highway 1, NE. 41°44′58″N 91°28′20″W / 41.749444°N 91.472222°W / 41.749444; -91.472222 (Henyon-Kasper-Duffy Barn)
Solon
37
Iowa City Downtown Historic District
Iowa City Downtown Historic District More images
May 27, 2021(#100006609)
South Clinton to South Gilbert Sts., Iowa Ave. to alley south of East College St. 41°39′36″N 91°31′56″W / 41.660086°N 91.532354°W / 41.660086; -91.532354 (Iowa City Downtown Historic District)
Iowa City
38
Iowa Federation Home for Colored Girls
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December 6, 2019(#100004731)
942 Iowa Ave. 41°39′41″N 91°31′16″W / 41.661421°N 91.521167°W / 41.661421; -91.521167 (Iowa Federation Home for Colored Girls)
Iowa City
39
Jackson-Swisher House and Carriage House
Jackson-Swisher House and Carriage House
November 10, 1982(#82000412)
120 E. Fairchild St. 41°40′02″N 91°32′00″W / 41.667222°N 91.533333°W / 41.667222; -91.533333 (Jackson-Swisher House and Carriage House)
Iowa City
40
Jefferson Street Historic District
Jefferson Street Historic District More images
September 29, 2004(#04001097)
Portions of the 100-400 blocks of E. Jefferson St. 41°39′46″N 91°31′51″W / 41.662778°N 91.530833°W / 41.662778; -91.530833 (Jefferson Street Historic District)
Iowa City
part of the Iowa City, Iowa MPS AD
41
Johnson County Courthouse
Johnson County Courthouse More images
March 27, 1975(#75000692)
S. Clinton St. 41°39′22″N 91°32′07″W / 41.656111°N 91.535278°W / 41.656111; -91.535278 (Johnson County Courthouse)
Iowa City
part of the County Courthouses in Iowa Thematic Resource (TR) (AD)
42
Johnson County Poor Farm and Asylum Historic District
Johnson County Poor Farm and Asylum Historic District More images
September 22, 2014(#14000668)
S. side of Melrose & Slothtower Aves. 41°39′26″N 91°36′17″W / 41.6571°N 91.6048°W / 41.6571; -91.6048 (Johnson County Poor Farm and Asylum Historic District)
Iowa City
43
Johnson County Savings Bank
Johnson County Savings Bank
September 8, 2017(#100001580)
102 S. Clinton St. 41°39′36″N 91°32′05″W / 41.659909°N 91.534631°W / 41.659909; -91.534631 (Johnson County Savings Bank)
Iowa City
44
Sylvanus Johnson House
Sylvanus Johnson House
December 6, 1990(#90001857)
2155 Prairie du Chien Rd. 41°41′26″N 91°31′31″W / 41.690556°N 91.525278°W / 41.690556; -91.525278 (Sylvanus Johnson House)
Iowa City
45
Kirkwood House
Kirkwood House
September 17, 1974(#74000792)
1101 Kirkwood 41°38′57″N 91°31′09″W / 41.649167°N 91.519167°W / 41.649167; -91.519167 (Kirkwood House)
Iowa City
46
Letovsky-Rohret House
Letovsky-Rohret House
April 12, 1982(#82002624)
515 E. Davenport St. 41°39′55″N 91°31′39″W / 41.665278°N 91.5275°W / 41.665278; -91.5275 (Letovsky-Rohret House)
Iowa City
47
Linsay House
Linsay House More images
August 2, 1977(#77000529)
935 E. College 41°39′27″N 91°31′17″W / 41.6575°N 91.521389°W / 41.6575; -91.521389 (Linsay House)
Iowa City
48
Longfellow Historic District
Longfellow Historic District
September 12, 2002(#02001023)
Roughly bounded by Court, Rundell, Sheridan, and the western boundary of Longfellow School 41°39′16″N 91°30′59″W / 41.654444°N 91.516389°W / 41.654444; -91.516389 (Longfellow Historic District)
Iowa City
part of the Iowa City, Iowa MPS AD
49
James McCollister Farmstead
James McCollister Farmstead
October 8, 1976(#76000776)
Southeast of the junction of U.S. Routes 6 and 218 41°38′03″N 91°31′45″W / 41.634167°N 91.529167°W / 41.634167; -91.529167 (James McCollister Farmstead)
Iowa City
50
Melrose Historic District
Melrose Historic District
December 6, 2004(#04001321)
Portions of Melrose Ave., Melrose Ct., Melrose Circle, Brookland Park Dr., Brookland Place, and Myrtle Ave. 41°39′21″N 91°32′45″W / 41.655833°N 91.545833°W / 41.655833; -91.545833 (Melrose Historic District)
Iowa City
part of the Iowa City, Iowa MPS AD
51
Miller Round Barn
Miller Round Barn More images
June 30, 1986(#86001445)
County Road F62 41°33′38″N 91°37′52″W / 41.560556°N 91.631111°W / 41.560556; -91.631111 (Miller Round Barn)
Sharon Center
part of the Iowa Round Barns: The Sixty Year Experiment TR
52
Muscatine Avenue Moffitt Cottage Historic District
Muscatine Avenue Moffitt Cottage Historic District More images
May 4, 1993(#93000327)
1322-1330 Muscatine Ave. 41°39′26″N 91°30′55″W / 41.657222°N 91.515278°W / 41.657222; -91.515278 (Muscatine Avenue Moffitt Cottage Historic District)
Iowa City
part of the Small Homes of Howard F. Moffitt in Iowa City and Coralville MPS
53
Nicking House
Nicking House
April 21, 1975(#75000693)
410 E. Market St. 41°39′49″N 91°31′45″W / 41.663611°N 91.529167°W / 41.663611; -91.529167 (Nicking House)
Iowa City
54
North Presbyterian Church
North Presbyterian Church More images
August 28, 1973(#73000730)
26 E. Market St. 41°39′50″N 91°32′04″W / 41.663889°N 91.534444°W / 41.663889; -91.534444 (North Presbyterian Church)
Iowa City
55
Oakes-Wood House
Oakes-Wood House
April 14, 1978(#78001227)
1142 E. Court St. 41°39′25″N 91°31′05″W / 41.656944°N 91.518056°W / 41.656944; -91.518056 (Oakes-Wood House)
Iowa City
56
Old Capitol
Old Capitol More images
May 31, 1972(#72000475)
University of Iowa campus 41°39′41″N 91°32′08″W / 41.661389°N 91.535556°W / 41.661389; -91.535556 (Old Capitol)
Iowa City
57
Old Post Office
Old Post Office More images
April 17, 1979(#79000905)
28 S. Linn St. 41°39′38″N 91°31′52″W / 41.660556°N 91.531111°W / 41.660556; -91.531111 (Old Post Office)
Iowa City
58
Old Settlers' Association of Johnson County Cabins
Old Settlers' Association of Johnson County Cabins More images
June 25, 2013(#13000429)
Upper City Park Rd. off 100 blk. Park Rd. 41°40′16″N 91°32′32″W / 41.671145°N 91.542152°W / 41.671145; -91.542152 (Old Settlers' Association of Johnson County Cabins)
Iowa City
59
Old State Quarry
Old State Quarry More images
February 23, 1998(#97001676)
0.1 miles (0.16 km) south of the southern end of Rice Ridge Ln., NE., at Coralville Lake 41°45′48″N 91°34′13″W / 41.763333°N 91.570278°W / 41.763333; -91.570278 (Old State Quarry)
North Liberty
60
Oxford Commercial Historic District
Oxford Commercial Historic District More images
May 2, 1997(#97000389)
Roughly Augusta Ave. between Wilson St. and the Center St. alley 41°43′26″N 91°47′25″W / 41.723889°N 91.790278°W / 41.723889; -91.790278 (Oxford Commercial Historic District)
Oxford
61
Park House Hotel
Park House Hotel
December 11, 1978(#78001229)
130 E. Jefferson St. 41°39′46″N 91°32′00″W / 41.662778°N 91.533333°W / 41.662778; -91.533333 (Park House Hotel)
Iowa City
62
Paul–Helen Building
Paul–Helen Building More images
April 10, 1986(#86000708)
207-215 E. Washington 41°39′35″N 91°31′57″W / 41.659722°N 91.5325°W / 41.659722; -91.5325 (Paul–Helen Building)
Iowa City
63
Pentacrest
Pentacrest More images
March 29, 1978(#78001230)
Bounded by Clinton, Madison, Jefferson, and Washington Sts. 41°39′41″N 91°32′09″W / 41.661389°N 91.535833°W / 41.661389; -91.535833 (Pentacrest)
Iowa City
64
Plum Grove
Plum Grove More images
May 7, 1973(#73000731)
1030 Carroll Ave. 41°38′52″N 91°31′28″W / 41.647778°N 91.524444°W / 41.647778; -91.524444 (Plum Grove)
Iowa City
65
Polygonal Barn, Lincoln Township
Upload image
June 30, 1986(#86001452)
Off U.S. Route 6 41°35′16″N 91°23′41″W / 41.587778°N 91.394722°W / 41.587778; -91.394722 (Polygonal Barn, Lincoln Township)
Lincoln Township
part of the Iowa Round Barns: The Sixty Year Experiment TR
66
A.W. Pratt House
A.W. Pratt House
February 3, 1983(#83000378)
503 Melrose Ave. 41°39′23″N 91°32′45″W / 41.656523°N 91.545937°W / 41.656523; -91.545937 (A.W. Pratt House)
Iowa City
67
Samuel and Emma A. Ranshaw House
Samuel and Emma A. Ranshaw House
September 26, 2012(#12000814)
515 W. Penn St. 41°45′05″N 91°36′21″W / 41.75148°N 91.605873°W / 41.75148; -91.605873 (Samuel and Emma A. Ranshaw House)
North Liberty
68
F.X. Rittenmeyer House
F.X. Rittenmeyer House
May 31, 1979(#79000906)
630 E. Fairchild St. 41°40′01″N 91°31′32″W / 41.666944°N 91.525556°W / 41.666944; -91.525556 (F.X. Rittenmeyer House)
Iowa City
69
Roberts Octagon Barn
Roberts Octagon Barn
June 30, 1986(#86001449)
County Road W62 41°35′24″N 91°38′07″W / 41.59°N 91.635278°W / 41.59; -91.635278 (Roberts Octagon Barn)
Sharon Center
part of the Iowa Round Barns: The Sixty Year Experiment TR
70
Rose Hill
Rose Hill
April 28, 1992(#92000425)
1415 E. Davenport St. 41°39′57″N 91°31′01″W / 41.665833°N 91.516944°W / 41.665833; -91.516944 (Rose Hill)
Iowa City
71
St. John's Lutheran Church
St. John's Lutheran Church
April 5, 1977(#77000532)
North of Kalona 41°33′15″N 91°40′03″W / 41.554167°N 91.6675°W / 41.554167; -91.6675 (St. John's Lutheran Church)
Kalona
72
St. Mary's Church and Rectory
St. Mary's Church and Rectory More images
February 8, 1980(#80001454)
220 E. Jefferson St. 41°39′46″N 91°31′54″W / 41.662778°N 91.531667°W / 41.662778; -91.531667 (St. Mary's Church and Rectory)
Iowa City
73
St. Mary's Rectory
St. Mary's Rectory
July 7, 1995(#95000811)
610 E. Jefferson St. 41°39′48″N 91°31′54″W / 41.663333°N 91.531667°W / 41.663333; -91.531667 (St. Mary's Rectory)
Iowa City
74
Saints Peter and Paul Catholic Church
Saints Peter and Paul Catholic Church More images
July 9, 1997(#97000622)
1165 NE. Taft Ave. 41°50′57″N 91°27′49″W / 41.849167°N 91.463611°W / 41.849167; -91.463611 (Saints Peter and Paul Catholic Church)
Solon
75
Schindhelm-Drews House
Schindhelm-Drews House More images
January 28, 1994(#93001589)
410 N. Lucas St. 41°39′58″N 91°31′27″W / 41.666111°N 91.524167°W / 41.666111; -91.524167 (Schindhelm-Drews House)
Iowa City
76
Secrest Octagon Barn
Secrest Octagon Barn More images
November 5, 1974(#74000790)
West of Downey 41°36′49″N 91°22′13″W / 41.613611°N 91.370278°W / 41.613611; -91.370278 (Secrest Octagon Barn)
Downey
part of the Iowa Round Barns: The Sixty Year Experiment TR
77
Bohumil Shimek House
Bohumil Shimek House
December 23, 1991(#91001837)
529 Brown St. 41°40′11″N 91°31′37″W / 41.669722°N 91.526944°W / 41.669722; -91.526944 (Bohumil Shimek House)
Iowa City
part of the Conservation Movement in Iowa MPS
78
Sigma Pi Fraternity House
Sigma Pi Fraternity House
December 31, 2013(#13001019)
108 McLean St. 41°40′10″N 91°32′30″W / 41.669445°N 91.541574°W / 41.669445; -91.541574 (Sigma Pi Fraternity House)
Iowa City
79
South Summit Street District
South Summit Street District
October 9, 1973(#73000732)
301-818 S. Summit St. 41°39′16″N 91°31′16″W / 41.654444°N 91.521111°W / 41.654444; -91.521111 (South Summit Street District)
Iowa City
80
Stone Academy
Stone Academy
January 16, 2001(#00001653)
Iowa Highway 1, 2 miles (3.2 km) north of Solon 41°50′20″N 91°30′05″W / 41.838889°N 91.501389°W / 41.838889; -91.501389 (Stone Academy)
Solon
81
Summit Apartment Building
Summit Apartment Building
September 29, 1983(#83004188)
228 S. Summit St. 41°39′29″N 91°31′14″W / 41.658056°N 91.520556°W / 41.658056; -91.520556 (Summit Apartment Building)
Iowa City
82
Sutliff Bridge
Sutliff Bridge More images
May 15, 1998(#98000520)
Sutliff Rd. over the Cedar River 41°50′23″N 91°23′33″W / 41.839634°N 91.392455°W / 41.839634; -91.392455 (Sutliff Bridge)
Sutliff
part of the Highway Bridges of Iowa MPS
83
Tate Arms
Upload image
December 9, 2019(#100004732)
914 S. Dubuque St. 41°39′02″N 91°31′58″W / 41.650555°N 91.532882°W / 41.650555; -91.532882 (Tate Arms)
Iowa City
84
Trinity Episcopal Church
Trinity Episcopal Church More images
December 31, 1974(#74000793)
320 E. College St. 41°39′33″N 91°31′49″W / 41.659167°N 91.530278°W / 41.659167; -91.530278 (Trinity Episcopal Church)
Iowa City
85
Union Bakery
Union Bakery
December 15, 2015(#15000893)
203 N. Linn St. 41°39′50″N 91°31′55″W / 41.663755°N 91.531897°W / 41.663755; -91.531897 (Union Bakery)
Iowa City
86
Union Brewery
Union Brewery More images
April 10, 1986(#86000710)
127-131 N. Linn St. and 221-227 E. Market St. 41°39′48″N 91°31′54″W / 41.663333°N 91.531667°W / 41.663333; -91.531667 (Union Brewery)
Iowa City
87
Vogt House
Vogt House More images
July 24, 1978(#78001231)
800 N. Van Buren St. 41°40′15″N 91°31′42″W / 41.670833°N 91.528333°W / 41.670833; -91.528333 (Vogt House)
Iowa City
88
Washington Township Center High School
Washington Township Center High School More images
December 15, 1979(#79000903)
Northeast of Amish 41°33′20″N 91°46′12″W / 41.555556°N 91.77°W / 41.555556; -91.77 (Washington Township Center High School)
Washington Township
89
Roland and Marilyn Wehner House
Roland and Marilyn Wehner House
September 9, 2013(#13000691)
3112 Iowa Highway 1 41°42′29″N 91°28′58″W / 41.708025°N 91.482907°W / 41.708025; -91.482907 (Roland and Marilyn Wehner House)
Iowa City vicinity
90
Jacob Wentz House
Jacob Wentz House
August 27, 1974(#74000794)
219 N. Gilbert St. 41°39′51″N 91°31′48″W / 41.664167°N 91.53°W / 41.664167; -91.53 (Jacob Wentz House)
Iowa City
91
Isaac A. Wetherby House
Isaac A. Wetherby House
March 17, 2009(#09000127)
611 North Governor Street 41°40′05″N 91°31′23″W / 41.668056°N 91.522917°W / 41.668056; -91.522917 (Isaac A. Wetherby House)
Iowa City
Former home of Isaac Augustus Wetherby.
92
H.A. White General Store and House
H.A. White General Store and House
January 12, 1984(#84001265)
10 W. Cherry St. 41°45′33″N 91°35′52″W / 41.759167°N 91.597778°W / 41.759167; -91.597778 (H.A. White General Store and House)
North Liberty
93
Windrem House
Windrem House
September 13, 1977(#77000531)
604 Iowa Ave. 41°39′41″N 91°31′36″W / 41.661389°N 91.526667°W / 41.661389; -91.526667 (Windrem House)
Iowa City
94
Woodlawn Historic District
Woodlawn Historic District
March 26, 1979(#79000907)
Irregular pattern along Woodlawn Ave. 41°39′40″N 91°31′10″W / 41.661111°N 91.519444°W / 41.661111; -91.519444 (Woodlawn Historic District)
Iowa City
Former listings
Name on the Register
Image
Date listedDate removed
Location
City or town
Description
1
Opera House Block
Upload image
November 29, 1978(#78001228)October 11, 2006
210–212 South Clinton Street 41°39′40″N 91°31′10″W / 41.661111°N 91.519444°W / 41.661111; -91.519444 (Opera House Block)
Iowa City
2
M. T. Close and Company Flaxseed Warehouse
Upload image
July 12, 1984(#84001262)August 15, 1995
521 S. Gilbert St. 41°39′40″N 91°31′10″W / 41.661111°N 91.519444°W / 41.661111; -91.519444 (M. T. Close and Company Flaxseed Warehouse)
Iowa City
3
St. Mary's High School
Upload image
December 19, 1977(#77000530)November 12, 1997
104 E. Jefferson St.
Iowa City
Demolished in 1990
4
Benjamin F. Shambaugh and Bertha M. Horack House
Upload image
August 16, 1996(#96000895)March 18, 2004
219 N. Clinton Street 41°40′00″N 91°32′03″W / 41.6667170°N 91.534222°W / 41.6667170; -91.534222 (Benjamin F. Shambaugh and Bertha M. Horack House)
Iowa City
The house was moved to a new location on January 8, 2002.
5
Van Patten House
Van Patten House
January 27, 1983(#83000379)March 7, 2016
9 S. Linn St. 41°39′38″N 91°30′57″W / 41.660556°N 91.515833°W / 41.660556; -91.515833 (Van Patten House)
Iowa City
Demolished in January 2012 following a fire started at a nearby business.
See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to National Register of Historic Places in Johnson County, Iowa.
List of National Historic Landmarks in Iowa
National Register of Historic Places listings in Iowa
Listings in neighboring counties: Benton, Cedar, Iowa, Linn, Louisa, Muscatine, Washington
References
^ The latitude and longitude information provided in this table was derived originally from the National Register Information System, which has been found to be fairly accurate for about 99% of listings. Some locations in this table may have been corrected to current GPS standards.
^ National Park Service, United States Department of the Interior, "National Register of Historic Places: Weekly List Actions", retrieved February 16, 2024.
^ a b Numbers represent an alphabetical ordering by significant words. Various colorings, defined here, differentiate National Historic Landmarks and historic districts from other NRHP buildings, structures, sites or objects.
^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. April 24, 2008.
^ The eight-digit number below each date is the number assigned to each location in the National Register Information System database, which can be viewed by clicking the number.
^ "UI's Shambaugh House moves three blocks down". Iowa City Press-Citizen. January 9, 2002. p. 1. Retrieved June 25, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Van Patten House set to come down next week". Iowa City Press-Citizen. Iowa City, Iowa. Retrieved January 30, 2012.
^ "Van Patten House set to come down next week". Iowa City Press-Citizen. January 7, 2012. p. 3A. Retrieved June 26, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
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Category
vteProperties on the National Register of Historic Places in Iowa
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vteMunicipalities and communities of Johnson County, Iowa, United StatesCounty seat: Iowa CityCities
Coralville
Hills
Iowa City
Lone Tree
North Liberty
Oxford
Shueyville
Solon
Swisher
Tiffin
University Heights
West Branch‡
Map of Iowa highlighting Johnson CountyTownships
Big Grove
Cedar
Clear Creek
East Lucas
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Newport
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Scott
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CDP
Frytown
Otherunincorporatedcommunities
Amish
Cosgrove
Morse
Oakdale
Oasis
River Junction
Sharon Center
Sutliff
Windham
Ghost town
Midway
Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
Iowa portal
United States portal | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_Iowa_highlighting_Johnson_County.svg"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"Johnson County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson_County,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"National Historic Landmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark"},{"link_name":"National Park Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service"},{"link_name":"NPS recent listings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nps.gov/subjects/nationalregister/weekly-list.htm"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Location of Johnson County in IowaThis is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Johnson County, Iowa.This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Johnson County, Iowa, United States. Latitude and longitude coordinates are provided for many National Register properties and districts; these locations may be seen together in a map.[1]There are 94 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county, including 1 National Historic Landmark. Another 2 properties were formerly listed but have been removed.This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted February 16, 2024.[2]","title":"National Register of Historic Places listings in Johnson County, Iowa"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Current listings"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Former listings"}] | [{"image_text":"Location of Johnson County in Iowa","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Map_of_Iowa_highlighting_Johnson_County.svg/300px-Map_of_Iowa_highlighting_Johnson_County.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Ned Ashton House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/NedAshtonHouse.jpg/100px-NedAshtonHouse.jpg"},{"image_text":"Charles Berryhill House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Charles_Berryhill_House.jpg/100px-Charles_Berryhill_House.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bethel AME Church","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Bethel_AME_Iowa_City.jpg/100px-Bethel_AME_Iowa_City.jpg"},{"image_text":"Billingsley-Hills House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Image_The_BillingsEy-Hills_House.jpeg/100px-Image_The_BillingsEy-Hills_House.jpeg"},{"image_text":"Boerner-Fry Company/Davis Hotel","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Image_The_Davis_Hotel.jpeg/100px-Image_The_Davis_Hotel.jpeg"},{"image_text":"William Bostick House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Bostick_Guest_House.jpg/100px-Bostick_Guest_House.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bowery Street Grocery Store","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Image_The_Bowery_Street_Grocery_Store.jpeg/100px-Image_The_Bowery_Street_Grocery_Store.jpeg"},{"image_text":"Brown Street Historic District","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Brown_Historical_District_2.jpg/100px-Brown_Historical_District_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Dr. Albert Henry Byfield House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/IowaCityIA_DrAlbertHenryByfieldHouse.jpg/100px-IowaCityIA_DrAlbertHenryByfieldHouse.jpg"},{"image_text":"Wilbur D. and Hattie Cannon House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Image_The_Cannon_House.jpeg/100px-Image_The_Cannon_House.jpeg"},{"image_text":"Thomas C. Carson House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Iowa_city_carson_house.jpg/100px-Iowa_city_carson_house.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cavanaugh-Zetek House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Image_The_Cavanaugh-Zetek_House.jpeg/100px-Image_The_Cavanaugh-Zetek_House.jpeg"},{"image_text":"Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad Passenger Station","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Iowa_City_Depot.jpg/100px-Iowa_City_Depot.jpg"},{"image_text":"Clark House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Image_The_Clark_House.jpeg/100px-Image_The_Clark_House.jpeg"},{"image_text":"Close House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Close_house_iowa_city.jpg/100px-Close_house_iowa_city.jpg"},{"image_text":"College Block Building","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/College_Block_Building.jpg/100px-College_Block_Building.jpg"},{"image_text":"College Green Historic District","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/College_Green_Park_Gazebo.jpg/100px-College_Green_Park_Gazebo.jpg"},{"image_text":"Congregational Church of Iowa City","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Congregational_United_Church_of_Christ_%28Iowa_City%2C_Iowa%29.JPG/100px-Congregational_United_Church_of_Christ_%28Iowa_City%2C_Iowa%29.JPG"},{"image_text":"Coralville Public School","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/CoralvillePublic_2014-10-04.jpg/100px-CoralvillePublic_2014-10-04.jpg"},{"image_text":"Coralville Union Ecclesiastical Church","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/CORALVILLE_UNION_ECCLESISTICAL_CHURCH%2C_JOHNSON_COUNTY.jpg/100px-CORALVILLE_UNION_ECCLESISTICAL_CHURCH%2C_JOHNSON_COUNTY.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cottage at Rock and Dubuque Streets","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Cottage_at_Rock_and_Dubuque_Streets.jpg/100px-Cottage_at_Rock_and_Dubuque_Streets.jpg"},{"image_text":"Czecho Slovakian Association Hall","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/CzechoSlovakianAssocHall2.jpg/100px-CzechoSlovakianAssocHall2.jpg"},{"image_text":"East College Street Historic District","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/IowaCityIA_EastCollegeStreetHD_2.jpg/100px-IowaCityIA_EastCollegeStreetHD_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Economy Advertising Company","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Economy_Advertising_Company_1.jpg/100px-Economy_Advertising_Company_1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Englert Theatre","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Englert_Theatre_07_2010.JPG/100px-Englert_Theatre_07_2010.JPG"},{"image_text":"First Johnson County Asylum","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/FJCtyAsylum2014-10-04_2.jpg/100px-FJCtyAsylum2014-10-04_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"First Unitarian Church","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/First_Unitarian_Church_%28Iowa_City%2C_Iowa%29.jpg/100px-First_Unitarian_Church_%28Iowa_City%2C_Iowa%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"First Welsh Congregational Church","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Welsh_Congregational_United_Church_of_Christ_01.jpg/100px-Welsh_Congregational_United_Church_of_Christ_01.jpg"},{"image_text":"Arthur Hillyer Ford House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Arthur_Hillyer_Ford_House.jpg/100px-Arthur_Hillyer_Ford_House.jpg"},{"image_text":"Franklin Printing House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Franklin_Printing_House.jpg/100px-Franklin_Printing_House.jpg"},{"image_text":"Gilbert-Linn Street Historic District","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Gilbert-Linn_Historical_District_2.jpg/100px-Gilbert-Linn_Historical_District_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Emma J. Harvat and Mary E. Stach House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Emma_J._Harvat_and_Mary_E._Stach_House.jpg/100px-Emma_J._Harvat_and_Mary_E._Stach_House.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hawthorne Glove and Novelty Company-Shrader Drug Company Building","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Hawthorne_Glove_and_Novelty_Company-Shrader_Drug_Company_Building-1.jpg/100px-Hawthorne_Glove_and_Novelty_Company-Shrader_Drug_Company_Building-1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Henyon-Kasper-Duffy Barn","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/The_Henson-Kasper-Duffy_Barn.jpg/100px-The_Henson-Kasper-Duffy_Barn.jpg"},{"image_text":"Iowa City Downtown Historic District","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Iowa_City_Clinton_St.jpg/100px-Iowa_City_Clinton_St.jpg"},{"image_text":"Jackson-Swisher House and Carriage House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Jackson-Swisher_Home.jpeg/100px-Jackson-Swisher_Home.jpeg"},{"image_text":"Jefferson Street Historic District","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/First_United_Methodist_Church_2.jpg/100px-First_United_Methodist_Church_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Johnson County Courthouse","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Johnson_county_courhouse_iowa.jpg/100px-Johnson_county_courhouse_iowa.jpg"},{"image_text":"Johnson County Poor Farm and Asylum Historic District","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Image_Remains_of_Johnson_County_Poor_Farm.jpeg/100px-Image_Remains_of_Johnson_County_Poor_Farm.jpeg"},{"image_text":"Johnson County Savings Bank","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Johnson_County_Savings_Bank_-_Iowa_City%2C_Iowa_%282017%29.jpg/100px-Johnson_County_Savings_Bank_-_Iowa_City%2C_Iowa_%282017%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sylvanus Johnson House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Image_The_Sylvanus-Johnson_House.jpeg/100px-Image_The_Sylvanus-Johnson_House.jpeg"},{"image_text":"Kirkwood House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Image_Kirkwood_House.jpeg/100px-Image_Kirkwood_House.jpeg"},{"image_text":"Letovsky-Rohret House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Image_The_Letovsky-Rohret_House.jpeg/100px-Image_The_Letovsky-Rohret_House.jpeg"},{"image_text":"Linsay House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Iowa_city_linsay_house.jpg/100px-Iowa_city_linsay_house.jpg"},{"image_text":"Longfellow Historic 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan%27s_Corner,_Oklahoma | Bryan's Corner, Oklahoma | ["1 References"] | Coordinates: 36°36′58.61″N 100°49′42.86″W / 36.6162806°N 100.8285722°W / 36.6162806; -100.8285722
Unincorporated place in Oklahoma, United StatesBryan's Corner, OklahomaUnincorporated placeBryan's Corner, OklahomaLocation within the state of OklahomaCoordinates: 36°36′58.61″N 100°49′42.86″W / 36.6162806°N 100.8285722°W / 36.6162806; -100.8285722CountryUnited StatesStateOklahomaCountyBeaverTime zoneUTC-6 (Central (CST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (CDT)
Bryan's Corner (or Bryans Corner) is an unincorporated place in Beaver County, Oklahoma, United States. It is located at the intersection of US-83 and US-412/SH-3 in the southwest part of the county. It is nine miles (14 km) north of the Texas state line and 18 miles (29 km) south of Turpin.
References
^ Oklahoma Atlas and Gazetteer (Map). 1:200,000. DeLorme. 2006.
^ Official State Map (PDF) (Map) (2011–12 ed.). Oklahoma Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 15, 2012.
vteMunicipalities and communities of Beaver County, Oklahoma, United StatesCounty seat: BeaverTowns
Beaver
Forgan
Gate
Knowles
Beaver County mapCDPs
Little Ponderosa
Turpin
Unincorporatedcommunities
Balko
Bryan's Corner
Elmwood
Floris
Golden
Logan
Mocane
Slapout
Ghost towns
Cline
Oklahoma portal
United States portal
This Oklahoma state location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Beaver County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaver_County,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"intersection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersection_(road)"},{"link_name":"US-83","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_83_in_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"US-412","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_412_in_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"SH-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_State_Highway_3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-delorme-1"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"Turpin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turpin,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odot-2011-12-map-2"}],"text":"Unincorporated place in Oklahoma, United StatesBryan's Corner (or Bryans Corner) is an unincorporated place in Beaver County, Oklahoma, United States. It is located at the intersection of US-83 and US-412/SH-3 in the southwest part of the county.[1] It is nine miles (14 km) north of the Texas state line and 18 miles (29 km) south of Turpin.[2]","title":"Bryan's Corner, Oklahoma"}] | [{"image_text":"Beaver County map","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Map_of_Oklahoma_highlighting_Beaver_County.svg/180px-Map_of_Oklahoma_highlighting_Beaver_County.svg.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"Oklahoma Atlas and Gazetteer (Map). 1:200,000. DeLorme. 2006.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Official State Map (PDF) (Map) (2011–12 ed.). Oklahoma Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 15, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.okladot.state.ok.us/maps/state/2011/map_state_2011.pdf","url_text":"Official State Map"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bryan%27s_Corner,_Oklahoma¶ms=36_36_58.61_N_100_49_42.86_W_type:city_region:US-OK_source:GNIS-enwiki","external_links_name":"36°36′58.61″N 100°49′42.86″W / 36.6162806°N 100.8285722°W / 36.6162806; -100.8285722"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bryan%27s_Corner,_Oklahoma¶ms=36_36_58.61_N_100_49_42.86_W_type:city_region:US-OK_source:GNIS-enwiki","external_links_name":"36°36′58.61″N 100°49′42.86″W / 36.6162806°N 100.8285722°W / 36.6162806; -100.8285722"},{"Link":"http://www.okladot.state.ok.us/maps/state/2011/map_state_2011.pdf","external_links_name":"Official State Map"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bryan%27s_Corner,_Oklahoma&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Leonards,_Victoria | St Leonards, Victoria | ["1 History","1.1 Heritage listed sites","2 Features","3 Education","4 Parks","5 Sport","6 References","7 External links"] | Coordinates: 38°10′S 144°43′E / 38.167°S 144.717°E / -38.167; 144.717
Town in Victoria, AustraliaSt LeonardsVictoriaMain street of St LeonardsSt LeonardsCoordinates38°10′S 144°43′E / 38.167°S 144.717°E / -38.167; 144.717Population3,542 (2021 census)Established1855Postcode(s)3223Location 107 km (66 mi) SW of Melbourne 33 km (21 mi) E of Geelong LGA(s)City of Greater GeelongState electorate(s)BellarineFederal division(s)Corangamite
Localities around St Leonards:
Drysdale
Portarlington
Indented Head
Drysdale
St Leonards
Port Phillip
Mannerim
Swan Bay
Port Phillip
St Leonards is a coastal township near Geelong, Victoria, Australia, at the eastern end of the Bellarine Peninsula and the northern end of Swan Bay. Situated 33 kilometres (21 mi) east of Geelong, St Leonards was a filming location for the Australian television series SeaChange.
The town is surrounded by salt marsh wildlife reserves which provide habitat for hundreds of birds, including the critically endangered orange-bellied parrot of which there are less than 200 in the wild. Salt marshes are one of the most biologically productive habitats on the planet, rivalling tropical rainforests. St. Leonards has also just been nominated to have the cleanest beaches in Victoria.
St Leonards is positioned centrally to many local wineries and eateries of the Bellarine Peninsula.
History
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (October 2011)
The development of St Leonards began as a source of firewood for Melbourne by George Ward Cole in 1855. To further this endeavour required the building of a pier and the town consisted of a hotel, store and six houses in 1858. The first Hotel in St Leonards was established in 1858. The Post Office opened on 19 March 1860. St Leonards State School No. 866 opened in October 1874.
Heritage listed sites
St Leonards contains several Victorian Heritage Register listed sites, including:
Coles Jetty
St Leonards Primary School
St Paul's Anglican Church
Features
St Leonards is home to good sailing waters, an Esplanade memorial recording the landfalls of Matthew Flinders in 1802 and John Batman in 1835, Edwards Point Wildlife Reserve, and bay and pier fishing.
In the 2016 census, St Leonards recorded a population of 2,480 people. This was a significant increase since the 2011 census, when St Leonards had a population of 2,001. And then 1,600 in 2006 census. In the Christmas Holidays St Leonards reaches a population of 4,000 people or more
It also maintains consistent calm waters as the town's location on the Bellarine Peninsula helps protect it from the bay's typical year round south west winds. Thus whilst large waves may be pounding on the east side of Port Phillip Bay due to strong south west winds, the water could be rather calm at St Leonards.
Education
St Leonards has one school, St Leonards Primary School, that provides primary education. St Leonards Primary School has approximately 120 students. The closest High Schools are located in the nearby towns of Drysdale and Ocean Grove
Parks
Port Phillip Heads Marine National Park (Swan Bay section)
Edwards Point Wildlife Reserve
Duck Island
Salt Lagoon State Nature Reserve
St Leonards Lake Reserve
Sport
St Leonards supports a range of sporting facilities and clubs, including:-
Cricket - St Leonards Cricket Club
Soccer - Bellarine Sharks AFC (2008 GRFA Division 3 League Champions)
Tennis - St Leonards Tennis Club
Lawn Bowls - St Leonards Bowling Club
Golf - Golfers play at the course of the St Leonards Golf Club on Ibbotson Street (the golf club moved to new premises at Ibbotson Street in September 2011).
Yachting - St Leonards Yacht Club
St Leonards formerly had an Australian Rules Football Team, the St. Leonards Football Club, nicknamed 'The Saints' between 1985-1994.
St Leonards also has Netball and Basketball Courts.
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to St Leonards, Victoria.
^ St Leonards Postcode Australia Post
^ St Leonards Community Festival (17 October 2009). "Why we do this is…". Archived from the original on 24 October 2009. Retrieved 15 April 2010.
^ Phoenix Auctions History. "Post Office List". Retrieved 2 March 2021.
^ Bellarine Historical Society (17 July 2004). "The History of St Leonards". Retrieved 2 January 2008.
^ Swan Bay Environmental Association Inc. (2006). "About Swan Bay". Retrieved 2 January 2008.
^ St Leonards Golf Club. "St Leonards Golf Club". Retrieved 26 January 2012.
Ian WYND, Balla-Wien: A History of the Shire of Bellarine, Shire of Bellarine (1988).
External links
Edwards Point Wildlife Reserve Parks Victoria
Swan Bay - Port Phillip Heads National Park (Marine)
Swan Bay (Birds)
vteTowns on the Bellarine Peninsula
Barwon Heads
Bellarine
Clifton Springs
Curlewis
Drysdale
Indented Head
Leopold
Mannerim
Marcus Hill
Ocean Grove
Portarlington
Point Lonsdale
Queenscliff
St Leonards
Swan Bay
Swan Island
Wallington
vteLocalities in the City of Greater GeelongCity
Armstrong Creek
Belmont
Corio
Grovedale
Highton
Lara
Leopold
Newtown
Ocean Grove
Town
Anakie^
Avalon
Balliang^
Barwon Heads
Batesford^
Bell Park
Bell Post Hill
Breakwater
Ceres
Charlemont
Clifton Springs
Connewarre^
Curlewis
Drumcondra
Drysdale
East Geelong
Fyansford
Geelong
Geelong West
Hamlyn Heights
Herne Hill
Indented Head
Little River^
Lovely Banks
Manifold Heights
Marshall
Moolap
Mount Duneed^
Newcomb
Norlane
North Geelong
North Shore
Point Lonsdale^
Portarlington
Rippleside
South Geelong
St Albans Park
St Leonards
Thomson
Wallington
Wandana Heights
Waurn Ponds
Whittington
Locality
Bellarine
Breamlea^
Mannerim
Marcus Hill
Moorabool
Point Wilson
Staughton Vale
Swan Bay
^ - Territory divided with another LGA | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Geelong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geelong"},{"link_name":"Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria,_Australia"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Bellarine Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellarine_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Swan Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swan_Bay"},{"link_name":"SeaChange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SeaChange"},{"link_name":"salt marsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_marsh"},{"link_name":"orange-bellied parrot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange-bellied_parrot"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Town in Victoria, AustraliaSt Leonards is a coastal township near Geelong, Victoria, Australia, at the eastern end of the Bellarine Peninsula and the northern end of Swan Bay. Situated 33 kilometres (21 mi) east of Geelong, St Leonards was a filming location for the Australian television series SeaChange.The town is surrounded by salt marsh wildlife reserves which provide habitat for hundreds of birds, including the critically endangered orange-bellied parrot of which there are less than 200 in the wild. Salt marshes are one of the most biologically productive habitats on the planet, rivalling tropical rainforests. St. Leonards has also just been nominated to have the cleanest beaches in Victoria.[2]St Leonards is positioned centrally to many local wineries and eateries of the Bellarine Peninsula.","title":"St Leonards, Victoria"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a-3"}],"text":"The development of St Leonards began as a source of firewood for Melbourne by George Ward Cole in 1855. To further this endeavour required the building of a pier and the town consisted of a hotel, store and six houses in 1858. The first Hotel in St Leonards was established in 1858. The Post Office opened on 19 March 1860.[3] St Leonards State School No. 866 opened in October 1874.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Victorian Heritage Register","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_Heritage_Register"},{"link_name":"Coles Jetty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//vhd.heritagecouncil.vic.gov.au/places/8654"},{"link_name":"St Leonards Primary School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//vhd.heritagecouncil.vic.gov.au/places/21420"},{"link_name":"St Paul's Anglican Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//vhd.heritagecouncil.vic.gov.au/places/21682"}],"sub_title":"Heritage listed sites","text":"St Leonards contains several Victorian Heritage Register listed sites, including:Coles Jetty\nSt Leonards Primary School\nSt Paul's Anglican Church","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Matthew Flinders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Flinders"},{"link_name":"John Batman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Batman"},{"link_name":"Edwards Point Wildlife Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwards_Point_(Victoria)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zades-4"},{"link_name":"2016 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Australian_census"},{"link_name":"2011 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Australian_census"},{"link_name":"2006 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Australian_census"},{"link_name":"Bellarine Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellarine_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Port Phillip Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Phillip_Bay"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"St Leonards is home to good sailing waters, an Esplanade memorial recording the landfalls of Matthew Flinders in 1802 and John Batman in 1835, Edwards Point Wildlife Reserve, and bay and pier fishing.[4]In the 2016 census, St Leonards recorded a population of 2,480 people. This was a significant increase since the 2011 census, when St Leonards had a population of 2,001. And then 1,600 in 2006 census. In the Christmas Holidays St Leonards reaches a population of 4,000 people or moreIt also maintains consistent calm waters as the town's location on the Bellarine Peninsula helps protect it from the bay's typical year round south west winds. Thus whilst large waves may be pounding on the east side of Port Phillip Bay due to strong south west winds, the water could be rather calm at St Leonards.[5]","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Drysdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drysdale,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Ocean Grove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_Grove,_Victoria"}],"text":"St Leonards has one school, St Leonards Primary School, that provides primary education. St Leonards Primary School has approximately 120 students. The closest High Schools are located in the nearby towns of Drysdale and Ocean Grove","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Port Phillip Heads Marine National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Phillip_Heads_Marine_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Edwards Point Wildlife Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwards_Point_(Victoria)"},{"link_name":"Duck Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duck_Island_(Victoria)"},{"link_name":"Salt Lagoon State Nature Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Leonards_Salt_Lagoon"}],"text":"Port Phillip Heads Marine National Park (Swan Bay section)\nEdwards Point Wildlife Reserve\nDuck Island\nSalt Lagoon State Nature Reserve\nSt Leonards Lake Reserve","title":"Parks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket"},{"link_name":"Soccer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soccer"},{"link_name":"Tennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis"},{"link_name":"Lawn Bowls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawn_Bowls"},{"link_name":"Golf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golf"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-golf-6"},{"link_name":"Yachting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yachting"},{"link_name":"Australian Rules Football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Rules_Football"},{"link_name":"Netball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netball"},{"link_name":"Basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"}],"text":"St Leonards supports a range of sporting facilities and clubs, including:-Cricket - St Leonards Cricket Club\nSoccer - Bellarine Sharks AFC (2008 GRFA Division 3 League Champions)\nTennis - St Leonards Tennis Club\nLawn Bowls - St Leonards Bowling Club\nGolf - Golfers play at the course of the St Leonards Golf Club on Ibbotson Street (the golf club moved to new premises at Ibbotson Street in September 2011).[6]\nYachting - St Leonards Yacht ClubSt Leonards formerly had an Australian Rules Football Team, the St. Leonards Football Club, nicknamed 'The Saints' between 1985-1994.St Leonards also has Netball and Basketball Courts.","title":"Sport"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"St Leonards Community Festival (17 October 2009). \"Why we do this is…\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portage,_Indiana | Portage, Indiana | ["1 History","1.1 Pre-European settlement","1.2 Early explorers and settlers","1.3 Early communities","1.4 Railroads","1.5 Depression era and the world wars","1.6 Post-World War II","2 Politics","3 Geography","4 Demographics","4.1 2010 census","4.2 2000 census","5 Transportation","6 Education","6.1 Public schools","6.2 Private schools","6.3 Public library","7 Local media","7.1 Newspapers","7.2 Magazines","7.3 Websites","8 Notable people","9 References","10 External links"] | Coordinates: 41°36′20″N 87°10′12″W / 41.60556°N 87.17000°W / 41.60556; -87.17000
City in Indiana, United StatesPortage, IndianaCityDowntown Portage in 2016
SealNickname: The Port City/The Port of OpportunityLocation of Portage in Porter County, Indiana.Coordinates: 41°36′20″N 87°10′12″W / 41.60556°N 87.17000°W / 41.60556; -87.17000CountryUnited StatesStateIndianaCountyPorterTownshipPortageGovernment • TypeStrong Mayor-Council • MayorAustin Bonta (R) • Clerk-TreasurerElizabeth Modesto (D) • City Council
Members
Melissa A. Weidenbach (R, AL)Ferdinand Alvarez (D, AL)Gina Giese-Hurst (D, 1st)Bob Parnell (R, 2nd)Victoria Gresham (R, 3rd)Penny Ambler (R, 4th)Collin Czilli (D, 5th)
Area • Total27.65 sq mi (71.60 km2) • Land25.55 sq mi (66.17 km2) • Water2.10 sq mi (5.43 km2)Elevation633 ft (193 m)Population (2020) • Total37,926 • Density1,484.38/sq mi (573.13/km2)Time zoneUTC−6 (CST) • Summer (DST)UTC−5 (CDT)ZIP code46368Area code219FIPS code18-61092GNIS feature ID2396254Websitehttp://www.ci.portage.in.us
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
19502,116—196011,822458.7%197019,12761.8%198027,40943.3%199029,0606.0%200033,49615.3%201036,8289.9%202037,9263.0%Source: US Census Bureau
Portage (/ˈpɔːrtɪdʒ/ POR-tij) is a city in Portage Township, Porter County, in the U.S. state of Indiana, on the border with Lake County. The population was 37,926 as of the 2020 census. It is the largest city in Porter County, and third largest in Northwest Indiana.
History
Pre-European settlement
Prior to European settlement, Native Americans lived in Northwest Indiana. Mound Builders left a mound in the area now known as McCool, though the mound was destroyed in the early 1900s. Following the Mound Builders, the Wea tribe inhabited the area. The Wea were forced south by the Potawatomi.
Early explorers and settlers
Jacques Marquette, Louis Jolliet, Louis Hennepin or François Pétis de la Croix may have explored the area. Potawatomi chief, Leopold Pokagon, encouraged his tribe to sell tribal lands to European settlers. In 1812, Garyton became one of the first communities in Portage Township.
Samuel Putnam Robbins was among the first settlers, coming from Hocking County, Ohio, and he settled near modern-day Robbins Road between McCool Road and Indiana Highway 149. In 1834, Joseph Wolf squatted on land currently near the modern-day community of South Haven and operated dairy and beef farms there. Other early settlers included Berret Door, Reuben Hurlburt, Wilford Parrott, the Spurloch brothers, William McCool, Benjamin James (and his son, Allen James), and William Holmes. Jacob Blake arrived in Portage in 1833.
Early communities
Before Portage became a town, it consisted primarily of three separate communities in addition to much farmland. They were named McCool, Crisman and Garyton. In 1950, those communities only had 2,116 residents. La Porte County maintained jurisdiction over Porter County in 1835, and founded Portage Township that year.
Railroads
Portage Township was primarily a farming community until railroad development began in the 1850s and 1860s. The first railroad to build in the area was the Michigan Central, completed in 1852. The Michigan Central connected Detroit to Chicago. This enabled local farmers to easily ship livestock, dairy and crops to Chicago and any other stop along the way. It was a boon to the farmers of the area at the time and enabled them to buy more land for farming. The Michigan Central was later bought by the New York Central Railroad.
The next railroad to build through the Portage area was the Baltimore and Ohio in 1874. This railroad crossed the Michigan Central at Willow Creek, near the village of Crisman. The Willow Creek Confrontation occurred in 1874, when the Michigan Central refused to allow the Baltimore and Ohio to cross its track. The situation was eventually resolved peacefully, and a crossing was made. Sand was also an industry in Portage due to demand in the growing city of Chicago. The railroads enabled sand to be delivered to Chicago more efficiently.
Depression era and the world wars
Between the 1870s and the depression era, Portage did not grow very much. It has been estimated that between 1880 and 1950, the growth rate averaged only about 64 people per year. This is despite the growth of towns to the west such as Gary, Hammond and East Chicago due to the industrialization of steel mills. Portage was not unaffected by the Great Depression. Due to the steel mills being in economic trouble, the farmers of Portage did not have demand to produce their products. As a result of this, the farmers had food, but no money. Many even lost their farms.
Like many communities in the country, World War I and World War II affected the economy of Portage in a big way. Steel mills geared into high production and labor was in high demand, thus drawing many people to the area.
Post-World War II
After the war, the economy remained strong because of the high demand for automobiles and appliances, for
both of which the steel was produced at the steel mills. The population of post-war Portage grew very quickly. In the early 1950s, people came from Kentucky, southern Indiana and Illinois. Most were seeking the steady salary available in the steel mills and related industries.
National Steel opened a plant along the shore of Lake Michigan in Portage in 1959. This brought in about 1,600 new jobs. The Port of Indiana was also built in 1961 to accommodate trade with the world via Lake Michigan. In 1963, Bethlehem Steel began construction of a plant which was located partly in Portage. This project brought about 6,000 jobs to the area.
In 1959, Portage was incorporated as a town. Ogden Dunes and South Haven were excluded because the residents of these areas did not wish to be included in the town. Due to the surge of population after the war, many farmers were selling land to be subdivided into lots for families to build homes. In 1967, Portage officially became a city. During the 1950s and 1960s, the city of Gary was going through a time of racial strife. White people of Gary were seeking a way out of the turmoil, which drew many people to Portage during this time.
Portage is still a heavily industrial city. While primarily dependent on the steel industry, the 1980s brought a decline in the steel industry. As a result, C.O.I.L. (the Community Organization on Industrial Location) was formed. This organization promotes diversified industry in the area. They have had part in developing the Coca-Cola bottling plant and further development of the Port of Indiana.
Very few farms are still active in the Portage area. However, many original descendants of founding families are still in the area.
Portage has seen many new green technology industries locate to the community since the early 2000s including Fronius USA. In 2016, the City opened a new police station and Fire Station in the downtown corridor. The new police station is triple the size of the former station on Irving Street.
Politics
Mayors of Portage, IN
Name
Term
Party
Notes
Arthur Olson
1968-1972
Democrat
Robert Goin
1972-1980
Republican
John Williams
1980-1984
Democrat
Robert Goin
1984-1988
Republican
Samuel Maletta
1988-2000
Democrat
Doug Olson
2000-2008
Democrat
Son of Portage's first mayor.
Olga Velazquez
2008-2012
Democrat
James Snyder
2012-2019*
Republican
In early 2019 Snyder was convicted of felony charges, causing him to vacate office.
John Cannon
2019-2020*
Republican
In March 2019 Cannon won the Republican caucus and became mayor for the remainder of Snyder's elected term.
Suzanne Lynch
2020–2024
Democrat
Austin Bonta
2024–Present
Republican
Geography
According to the 2010 census, Portage has a total area of 27.614 square miles (71.52 km2), of which 25.63 square miles (66.38 km2) (or 92.82%) is land and 1.984 square miles (5.14 km2) (or 7.18%) is water.
Demographics
2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 36,828 people, 13,992 households, and 9,751 families living in the city. The population density was 1,436.9 inhabitants per square mile (554.8/km2). There were 14,807 housing units at an average density of 577.7 per square mile (223.1/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 83.6% White, 7.3% African American, 0.4% Native American, 0.9% Asian, 5.2% from other races, and 2.6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 16.4% of the population.
There were 13,992 households, of which 36.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.0% were married couples living together, 14.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 6.1% had a male householder with no wife present, and 30.3% were non-families. 24.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.61 and the average family size was 3.10.
The median age in the city was 36.4 years. 25.7% of residents were under the age of 18; 8.5% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 27.5% were from 25 to 44; 26.2% were from 45 to 64; and 12.1% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.4% male and 51.6% female.
2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 33,496 people, 12,746 households, and 9,011 families living in the city. The population density was 1,315.8 inhabitants per square mile (508.0/km2). There were 13,375 housing units at an average density of 525.4 per square mile (202.9/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 92.52% White, 1.45% African American, 0.27% Native American, 0.64% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 3.20% from other races, and 1.86% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 9.94% of the population.
There were 12,746 households, out of which 34.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.7% were married couples living together, 12.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.3% were non-families. 23.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.60 and the average family size was 3.09.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 26.0% under the age of 18, 9.4% from 18 to 24, 29.9% from 25 to 44, 22.8% from 45 to 64, and 11.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.0 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $47,500, and the median income for a family was $54,316. Males had a median income of $46,224 versus $25,428 for females. The per capita income for the city was $20,146. About 5.8% of families and 7.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.6% of those under age 18 and 5.6% of those age 65 or over.
Transportation
The commercial airport nearest Portage is the Gary/Chicago International Airport in Gary. Chicago's O'Hare International Airport and Chicago Midway International Airport are also in close proximity and provide the bulk of flights servicing Portage.The Chicago skyline as viewed from the Portage Lake Michigan skyline
Coach USA's Airport SuperSaver service stopped at Central & Irving intersection, connecting Portage to Chicago's airports and several other North Indiana cities and town. Riders used to take westbound buses to Highland, Crestwood and O'Hare and Midway Airport and eastbound buses to Michigan City, South Bend and Notre Dame. Buses ran between Westbound buses ran every hour. Eastbound buses to Michigan City ran every hour while eastbound buses to South Bend and Notre Dame ran every two hours. Coach USA ceased all operations of its Indiana Airport SuperSaver service effective January 1, 2020.
Portage is also connected to Chicago, Illinois and South Bend, Indiana by the South Shore Line. Passengers can board the train at the Portage/Ogden Dunes Station, which is located immediately east of Ogden Dunes in Portage.
Portage is intersected by several major highways, including Interstate 94 and Interstates 80/90 (Indiana Toll Road) as well as U.S. Route 6, U.S. Route 12, U.S. Route 20, and Indiana 149 and Indiana 249.
Also located on the shores of Lake Michigan is the Port of Indiana.
Education
Public schools
The Portage Township School system comprises 11 public schools: 8 elementary schools (grades K–5), 2 middle schools (grades 6–8), and one senior high school (grades 9–12). Portage Township Schools is an Indiana Exemplary District and has two Four Star schools in the district.
Elementary Schools
Middle Schools
Senior High School
Aylesworth
Fegely
Portage High School
Central
Willowcreek
Crisman
Jones
Kyle
Myers
Saylor
South Haven
Private schools
There are two private schools in Portage:
Portage Christian School – A Christian school servicing children in grades Pre-K–12
Nativity of Our Savior School – A Roman Catholic school servicing children in grades Pre-K–8
There was a third private school, Maranatha Christian Academy, but it is now closed.
Public library
Portage has a public library, a branch of the Porter County Public Library System.
Local media
Newspapers
The Times of Northwest Indiana (or NWI Times), was founded in 1906 and is the second largest of Indiana's 76 daily newspapers.
The Post-Tribune of Northwest Indiana was founded in 1907, serving the Northwest Indiana region. The Post-Tribune is owned by the Sun Times Media Group.
Magazines
Shore Magazine is a magazine produced by the NWI Times, which also produces ShoreLines, a weekly newsletter.
Websites
PortageLife.com, a website launched in early 2010, which publishes information about community and city events and initiatives for Portage, Indiana.
Greater Portage Chamber of Commerce Website is a website provided by the Greater Portage Chamber of commerce for residents living, visiting, or moving to Portage.
Notable people
Darren Elkins (born 1984), Indiana State Champion wrestler; professional mixed martial artist for the UFC's Featherweight Division
Gable Steveson (born 2000), professional wrestler and former freestyle wrestler
References
^ "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 16, 2022.
^ a b c U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Portage, Indiana
^ a b "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
^ a b c d Dorris, Joyce. "Weaving the Past into the Future." Steel Shavings Volume 20 (1991): 3
^ a b c Norman, Dennis, and James Wright. Images of America Portage Township. Chicago: Arcadia, 2003.
^ a b c d e f g Sawochka, Bruce. "Portage in Three Stages of its Growth." Steel Shavings Volume 20 (1991): 4-6
^ Other early settler names include Blake, Palmer, Summer, Ritter, Curtis, Peck, Hurl, Lenburg, Fifield, Crisman, Krieger, Nicholson, Samuelson, Swanson, Lute, and Hamstrom.
^ "Willow Creek Confrontation". Indiana Historical Bureau - Historical Markers. Retrieved February 14, 2015.
^ [email protected], 219-548-4352, Joyce Russell (February 14, 2019). "UPDATE: Felony bribery conviction knocks Portage mayor out of office". nwitimes.com. Retrieved July 12, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ "Portage councilman John Cannon tapped as new mayor after city's previous leader convicted of bribery". Chicago Tribune. March 2, 2019. Retrieved July 12, 2022.
^ "G001 - Geographic Identifiers - 2010 Census Summary File 1". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved July 29, 2015.
^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 11, 2012.
^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on February 9, 2015. Retrieved February 12, 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ "Portage Township Schools / Overview". portage.k12.in.us. Archived from the original on May 13, 2015. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
^ "PORTAGE IN Private Schools". allprivateschools.org. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
^ "Locations". Porter County Public Library System. Archived from the original on March 14, 2018. Retrieved March 14, 2018.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Portage, Indiana.
Porter County Public Library System
Portage Economic Development Corporation Website
Portage Community Website
History of Portage- Encyclopedia of Chicago
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MusicBrainz area | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"/ˈpɔːrtɪdʒ/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"POR-tij","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key"},{"link_name":"Portage Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portage_Township,_Porter_County,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Porter County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porter_County,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"U.S. state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state"},{"link_name":"Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gnis-2"},{"link_name":"Lake County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_County,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Northwest Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Indiana"}],"text":"City in Indiana, United StatesPortage (/ˈpɔːrtɪdʒ/ POR-tij) is a city in Portage Township, Porter County, in the U.S. state of Indiana,[2] on the border with Lake County. The population was 37,926 as of the 2020 census. It is the largest city in Porter County, and third largest in Northwest Indiana.","title":"Portage, Indiana"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mound Builders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mound_builder_(people)"},{"link_name":"Wea tribe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wea_tribe"},{"link_name":"Potawatomi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potawatomi"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dorris-4"}],"sub_title":"Pre-European settlement","text":"Prior to European settlement, Native Americans lived in Northwest Indiana. Mound Builders left a mound in the area now known as McCool, though the mound was destroyed in the early 1900s. Following the Mound Builders, the Wea tribe inhabited the area. The Wea were forced south by the Potawatomi.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jacques Marquette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Marquette"},{"link_name":"Louis Jolliet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Jolliet"},{"link_name":"Louis Hennepin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Hennepin"},{"link_name":"François Pétis de la Croix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_P%C3%A9tis_de_la_Croix"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dorris-4"},{"link_name":"Leopold Pokagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_Pokagon"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Norman-5"},{"link_name":"Hocking County, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hocking_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"South Haven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Haven,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dorris-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sawochka-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dorris-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Norman-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Early explorers and settlers","text":"Jacques Marquette, Louis Jolliet, Louis Hennepin or François Pétis de la Croix may have explored the area.[4] Potawatomi chief, Leopold Pokagon, encouraged his tribe to sell tribal lands to European settlers. In 1812, Garyton became one of the first communities in Portage Township.[5]Samuel Putnam Robbins was among the first settlers, coming from Hocking County, Ohio, and he settled near modern-day Robbins Road between McCool Road and Indiana Highway 149. In 1834, Joseph Wolf squatted on land currently near the modern-day community of South Haven[4] and operated dairy and beef farms there.[6] Other early settlers included Berret Door, Reuben Hurlburt, Wilford Parrott, the Spurloch brothers, William McCool, Benjamin James (and his son, Allen James), and William Holmes. Jacob Blake arrived in Portage in 1833.[4][5][7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"La Porte County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Porte_County,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sawochka-6"}],"sub_title":"Early communities","text":"Before Portage became a town, it consisted primarily of three separate communities in addition to much farmland. They were named McCool, Crisman and Garyton. In 1950, those communities only had 2,116 residents. La Porte County maintained jurisdiction over Porter County in 1835, and founded Portage Township that year.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michigan Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_Central_Railroad"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sawochka-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Norman-5"},{"link_name":"Baltimore and Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_and_Ohio_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Willow Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willow_Creek,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sawochka-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Railroads","text":"Portage Township was primarily a farming community until railroad development began in the 1850s and 1860s. The first railroad to build in the area was the Michigan Central, completed in 1852. The Michigan Central connected Detroit to Chicago. This enabled local farmers to easily ship livestock, dairy and crops to Chicago and any other stop along the way. It was a boon to the farmers of the area at the time and enabled them to buy more land for farming.[6] The Michigan Central was later bought by the New York Central Railroad.[5]The next railroad to build through the Portage area was the Baltimore and Ohio in 1874. This railroad crossed the Michigan Central at Willow Creek, near the village of Crisman. The Willow Creek Confrontation occurred in 1874, when the Michigan Central refused to allow the Baltimore and Ohio to cross its track. The situation was eventually resolved peacefully, and a crossing was made.[6][8] Sand was also an industry in Portage due to demand in the growing city of Chicago. The railroads enabled sand to be delivered to Chicago more efficiently.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Hammond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammond,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"East Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Chicago,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Great Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_depression"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sawochka-6"}],"sub_title":"Depression era and the world wars","text":"Between the 1870s and the depression era, Portage did not grow very much. It has been estimated that between 1880 and 1950, the growth rate averaged only about 64 people per year. This is despite the growth of towns to the west such as Gary, Hammond and East Chicago due to the industrialization of steel mills. Portage was not unaffected by the Great Depression. Due to the steel mills being in economic trouble, the farmers of Portage did not have demand to produce their products. As a result of this, the farmers had food, but no money. Many even lost their farms.Like many communities in the country, World War I and World War II affected the economy of Portage in a big way. Steel mills geared into high production and labor was in high demand, thus drawing many people to the area.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Steel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Steel_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Lake Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_michigan"},{"link_name":"Port of Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_indiana"},{"link_name":"Bethlehem Steel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem_Steel"},{"link_name":"Ogden Dunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogden_Dunes,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"South Haven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Haven,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Gary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sawochka-6"},{"link_name":"Coca-Cola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coca-Cola"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sawochka-6"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Post-World War II","text":"After the war, the economy remained strong because of the high demand for automobiles and appliances, for \nboth of which the steel was produced at the steel mills. The population of post-war Portage grew very quickly. In the early 1950s, people came from Kentucky, southern Indiana and Illinois. Most were seeking the steady salary available in the steel mills and related industries.National Steel opened a plant along the shore of Lake Michigan in Portage in 1959. This brought in about 1,600 new jobs. The Port of Indiana was also built in 1961 to accommodate trade with the world via Lake Michigan. In 1963, Bethlehem Steel began construction of a plant which was located partly in Portage. This project brought about 6,000 jobs to the area.In 1959, Portage was incorporated as a town. Ogden Dunes and South Haven were excluded because the residents of these areas did not wish to be included in the town. Due to the surge of population after the war, many farmers were selling land to be subdivided into lots for families to build homes. In 1967, Portage officially became a city. During the 1950s and 1960s, the city of Gary was going through a time of racial strife. White people of Gary were seeking a way out of the turmoil, which drew many people to Portage during this time.[6]Portage is still a heavily industrial city. While primarily dependent on the steel industry, the 1980s brought a decline in the steel industry. As a result, C.O.I.L. (the Community Organization on Industrial Location) was formed. This organization promotes diversified industry in the area. They have had part in developing the Coca-Cola bottling plant and further development of the Port of Indiana.\nVery few farms are still active in the Portage area. However, many original descendants of founding families are still in the area.[6]Portage has seen many new green technology industries locate to the community since the early 2000s including Fronius USA. In 2016, the City opened a new police station and Fire Station in the downtown corridor. The new police station is triple the size of the former station on Irving Street.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census-g001-11"}],"text":"According to the 2010 census, Portage has a total area of 27.614 square miles (71.52 km2), of which 25.63 square miles (66.38 km2) (or 92.82%) is land and 1.984 square miles (5.14 km2) (or 7.18%) is water.[11]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wwwcensusgov-12"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"}],"sub_title":"2010 census","text":"As of the census[12] of 2010, there were 36,828 people, 13,992 households, and 9,751 families living in the city. The population density was 1,436.9 inhabitants per square mile (554.8/km2). There were 14,807 housing units at an average density of 577.7 per square mile (223.1/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 83.6% White, 7.3% African American, 0.4% Native American, 0.9% Asian, 5.2% from other races, and 2.6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 16.4% of the population.There were 13,992 households, of which 36.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.0% were married couples living together, 14.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 6.1% had a male householder with no wife present, and 30.3% were non-families. 24.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.61 and the average family size was 3.10.The median age in the city was 36.4 years. 25.7% of residents were under the age of 18; 8.5% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 27.5% were from 25 to 44; 26.2% were from 45 to 64; and 12.1% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.4% male and 51.6% female.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-3"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Pacific Islander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Islander_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"sub_title":"2000 census","text":"As of the census[3] of 2000, there were 33,496 people, 12,746 households, and 9,011 families living in the city. The population density was 1,315.8 inhabitants per square mile (508.0/km2). There were 13,375 housing units at an average density of 525.4 per square mile (202.9/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 92.52% White, 1.45% African American, 0.27% Native American, 0.64% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 3.20% from other races, and 1.86% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 9.94% of the population.There were 12,746 households, out of which 34.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.7% were married couples living together, 12.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.3% were non-families. 23.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.60 and the average family size was 3.09.In the city, the population was spread out, with 26.0% under the age of 18, 9.4% from 18 to 24, 29.9% from 25 to 44, 22.8% from 45 to 64, and 11.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.0 males.The median income for a household in the city was $47,500, and the median income for a family was $54,316. Males had a median income of $46,224 versus $25,428 for females. The per capita income for the city was $20,146. About 5.8% of families and 7.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.6% of those under age 18 and 5.6% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gary/Chicago International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary/Chicago_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"O'Hare International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27Hare_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Chicago Midway International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Midway_International_Airport"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PortageLakeMichiganShoreline.jpg"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Chicago, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"South Bend, Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bend,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"South Shore Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Shore_Line_(NICTD)"},{"link_name":"Portage/Ogden Dunes Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portage/Ogden_Dunes_(NICTD)"},{"link_name":"Interstate 94","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_94"},{"link_name":"80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_80"},{"link_name":"90","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_90"},{"link_name":"Indiana Toll Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_Toll_Road"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_6"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_12"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_20"},{"link_name":"Indiana 149","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_State_Highway_149"},{"link_name":"Indiana 249","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_State_Highway_249"},{"link_name":"Lake Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Port of Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Indiana"}],"text":"The commercial airport nearest Portage is the Gary/Chicago International Airport in Gary. Chicago's O'Hare International Airport and Chicago Midway International Airport are also in close proximity and provide the bulk of flights servicing Portage.The Chicago skyline as viewed from the Portage Lake Michigan skylineCoach USA's Airport SuperSaver service stopped at Central & Irving intersection, connecting Portage to Chicago's airports and several other North Indiana cities and town. Riders used to take westbound buses to Highland, Crestwood and O'Hare and Midway Airport and eastbound buses to Michigan City, South Bend and Notre Dame. Buses ran between Westbound buses ran every hour. Eastbound buses to Michigan City ran every hour while eastbound buses to South Bend and Notre Dame ran every two hours. Coach USA ceased all operations of its Indiana Airport SuperSaver service effective January 1, 2020.[13]Portage is also connected to Chicago, Illinois and South Bend, Indiana by the South Shore Line. Passengers can board the train at the Portage/Ogden Dunes Station, which is located immediately east of Ogden Dunes in Portage.Portage is intersected by several major highways, including Interstate 94 and Interstates 80/90 (Indiana Toll Road) as well as U.S. Route 6, U.S. Route 12, U.S. Route 20, and Indiana 149 and Indiana 249.Also located on the shores of Lake Michigan is the Port of Indiana.","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Public schools","text":"The Portage Township School system comprises 11 public schools: 8 elementary schools (grades K–5), 2 middle schools (grades 6–8), and one senior high school (grades 9–12). Portage Township Schools is an Indiana Exemplary District and has two Four Star schools in the district.[14]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Private schools","text":"There are two private schools in Portage:Portage Christian School – A Christian school servicing children in grades Pre-K–12\nNativity of Our Savior School – A Roman Catholic school servicing children in grades Pre-K–8There was a third private school, Maranatha Christian Academy, but it is now closed.[15]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"public library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_library"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Public library","text":"Portage has a public library, a branch of the Porter County Public Library System.[16]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Local media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Times of Northwest Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_Northwest_Indiana"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ci.valparaiso.in.us/visitor/media/media.htm"},{"link_name":"permanent dead link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"},{"link_name":"Post-Tribune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-Tribune_(Indiana_newspaper)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ci.valparaiso.in.us/visitor/media/media.htm"},{"link_name":"permanent dead link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"}],"sub_title":"Newspapers","text":"The Times of Northwest Indiana (or NWI Times), was founded in 1906 and is the second largest of Indiana's 76 daily newspapers. [1][permanent dead link]\nThe Post-Tribune of Northwest Indiana was founded in 1907, serving the Northwest Indiana region. The Post-Tribune is owned by the Sun Times Media Group. [2][permanent dead link]","title":"Local media"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Magazines","text":"Shore Magazine is a magazine produced by the NWI Times, which also produces ShoreLines, a weekly newsletter.","title":"Local media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"PortageLife.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.PortageLife.com/"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.valpolife.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5599&catid=92&Itemid=186/"},{"link_name":"Greater Portage Chamber of Commerce Website","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.portageinchamber.com/"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.portageinchamber.com/"}],"sub_title":"Websites","text":"PortageLife.com, a website launched in early 2010, which publishes information about community and city events and initiatives for Portage, Indiana. [3]\nGreater Portage Chamber of Commerce Website is a website provided by the Greater Portage Chamber of commerce for residents living, visiting, or moving to Portage. [4]","title":"Local media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Darren Elkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darren_Elkins"},{"link_name":"Gable Steveson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gable_Steveson"}],"text":"Darren Elkins (born 1984), Indiana State Champion wrestler; professional mixed martial artist for the UFC's Featherweight Division\nGable Steveson (born 2000), professional wrestler and former freestyle wrestler","title":"Notable people"}] | [{"image_text":"The Chicago skyline as viewed from the Portage Lake Michigan skyline","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/PortageLakeMichiganShoreline.jpg/220px-PortageLakeMichiganShoreline.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map of Indiana highlighting Porter County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Map_of_Indiana_highlighting_Porter_County.svg/49px-Map_of_Indiana_highlighting_Porter_County.svg.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 16, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_18.txt","url_text":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Willow Creek Confrontation\". Indiana Historical Bureau - Historical Markers. Retrieved February 14, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.in.gov/history/markers/268.htm","url_text":"\"Willow Creek Confrontation\""}]},{"reference":"[email protected], 219-548-4352, Joyce Russell (February 14, 2019). \"UPDATE: Felony bribery conviction knocks Portage mayor out of office\". nwitimes.com. Retrieved July 12, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nwitimes.com/news/local/crime-and-courts/update-felony-bribery-conviction-knocks-portage-mayor-out-of-office/article_e1bb6742-0ec0-543a-961d-2ffd17c715cb.html","url_text":"\"UPDATE: Felony bribery conviction knocks Portage mayor out of office\""}]},{"reference":"\"Portage councilman John Cannon tapped as new mayor after city's previous leader convicted of bribery\". Chicago Tribune. March 2, 2019. Retrieved July 12, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chicagotribune.com/suburbs/post-tribune/ct-ptb-portage-mayor-caucus-st-0303-story.html","url_text":"\"Portage councilman John Cannon tapped as new mayor after city's previous leader convicted of bribery\""}]},{"reference":"\"G001 - Geographic Identifiers - 2010 Census Summary File 1\". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved July 29, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20200213070829/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/G001/1600000US1861092","url_text":"\"G001 - Geographic Identifiers - 2010 Census Summary File 1\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"},{"url":"http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/G001/1600000US1861092","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 11, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on February 9, 2015. Retrieved February 12, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150209025353/http://www.coachusa.com/CoachUsaAssets/files/113/schedule.pdf","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://www.coachusa.com/CoachUsaAssets/files/113/schedule.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Portage Township Schools / Overview\". portage.k12.in.us. Archived from the original on May 13, 2015. Retrieved May 17, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150513072756/http://www.portage.k12.in.us/Domain/1","url_text":"\"Portage Township Schools / Overview\""},{"url":"http://www.portage.k12.in.us//Domain/1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"PORTAGE IN Private Schools\". allprivateschools.org. Retrieved May 17, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://allprivateschools.org/private-schools-portage-in.html","url_text":"\"PORTAGE IN Private Schools\""}]},{"reference":"\"Locations\". Porter County Public Library System. Archived from the original on March 14, 2018. Retrieved March 14, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180314221750/http://pcpls.org/library-information/#locations","url_text":"\"Locations\""},{"url":"http://pcpls.org/library-information/#locations","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Portage,_Indiana¶ms=41_36_20_N_87_10_12_W_region:US-IN_type:city(37926)","external_links_name":"41°36′20″N 87°10′12″W / 41.60556°N 87.17000°W / 41.60556; -87.17000"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Portage,_Indiana¶ms=41_36_20_N_87_10_12_W_region:US-IN_type:city(37926)","external_links_name":"41°36′20″N 87°10′12″W / 41.60556°N 87.17000°W / 41.60556; -87.17000"},{"Link":"http://www.ci.portage.in.us/","external_links_name":"http://www.ci.portage.in.us"},{"Link":"http://www.ci.valparaiso.in.us/visitor/media/media.htm","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://www.ci.valparaiso.in.us/visitor/media/media.htm","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"http://www.portagelife.com/","external_links_name":"PortageLife.com"},{"Link":"http://www.valpolife.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5599&catid=92&Itemid=186/","external_links_name":"[3]"},{"Link":"http://www.portageinchamber.com/","external_links_name":"Greater Portage Chamber of Commerce Website"},{"Link":"http://www.portageinchamber.com/","external_links_name":"[4]"},{"Link":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_18.txt","external_links_name":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/2396254","external_links_name":"U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Portage, Indiana"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"Link":"http://www.in.gov/history/markers/268.htm","external_links_name":"\"Willow Creek Confrontation\""},{"Link":"https://www.nwitimes.com/news/local/crime-and-courts/update-felony-bribery-conviction-knocks-portage-mayor-out-of-office/article_e1bb6742-0ec0-543a-961d-2ffd17c715cb.html","external_links_name":"\"UPDATE: Felony bribery conviction knocks Portage mayor out of office\""},{"Link":"https://www.chicagotribune.com/suburbs/post-tribune/ct-ptb-portage-mayor-caucus-st-0303-story.html","external_links_name":"\"Portage councilman John Cannon tapped as new mayor after city's previous leader convicted of bribery\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20200213070829/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/G001/1600000US1861092","external_links_name":"\"G001 - Geographic Identifiers - 2010 Census Summary File 1\""},{"Link":"http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/G001/1600000US1861092","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150209025353/http://www.coachusa.com/CoachUsaAssets/files/113/schedule.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Archived copy\""},{"Link":"http://www.coachusa.com/CoachUsaAssets/files/113/schedule.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150513072756/http://www.portage.k12.in.us/Domain/1","external_links_name":"\"Portage Township Schools / Overview\""},{"Link":"http://www.portage.k12.in.us//Domain/1","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://allprivateschools.org/private-schools-portage-in.html","external_links_name":"\"PORTAGE IN Private Schools\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180314221750/http://pcpls.org/library-information/#locations","external_links_name":"\"Locations\""},{"Link":"http://pcpls.org/library-information/#locations","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://pcpls.org/","external_links_name":"Porter County Public Library System"},{"Link":"https://www.portagein.org/","external_links_name":"Portage Economic Development Corporation Website"},{"Link":"http://www.inportage.com/","external_links_name":"Portage Community Website"},{"Link":"http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/995.html","external_links_name":"History of Portage- Encyclopedia of Chicago"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/134928923","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007567155405171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85064077","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/area/087d7891-9668-4540-bb5a-b39db5325a7f","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz area"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyle_Heights,_Los_Angeles,_California | Boyle Heights, Los Angeles | ["1 History","2 Demographics","3 Latino political influence","4 Government and infrastructure","4.1 Transportation","5 Education","5.1 Public","5.2 Private","6 Landmarks","6.1 Existing","6.2 Demolished","7 Notable people","7.1 Politics","7.2 Sports","7.3 Crime","7.4 Arts and culture","7.5 Publishing","8 In popular culture","9 See also","10 References","11 Further reading","12 External links"] | Coordinates: 34°02′02″N 118°12′16″W / 34.03389°N 118.20444°W / 34.03389; -118.20444
Neighborhood of Los Angeles in California, United StatesBoyle HeightsNeighborhood of Los Angeles
Top: Mariachi Plaza; St. Mary's Church; bottom: Calvary Church; LAC+USC Medical Center.Boundaries of Boyle Heightsas drawn by the Los Angeles TimesBoyle HeightsLocation within Los AngelesCoordinates: 34°02′02″N 118°12′16″W / 34.03389°N 118.20444°W / 34.03389; -118.20444CountryUnited StatesStateCaliforniaCountyLos AngelesCityLos AngelesGovernment • City CouncilKevin de León (D) • State AssemblyMiguel Santiago (D) • State SenateMaria Elena Durazo (D) • U.S. HouseJimmy Gomez (D)Area • Total6.5 sq mi (17 km2)Population (2000) • Total92,785 • Density14,262/sq mi (5,507/km2)ZIP Codes90023, 90033, 90063Area code(s)213/323
Boyle Heights, historically known as Paredón Blanco (Spanish for "White Bluff"), is a neighborhood in Los Angeles, California, located east of the Los Angeles River. It is one of the city's most notable and historic Chicano/Mexican-American communities and is known as a bastion of Chicano culture, hosting cultural landmarks like Mariachi Plaza and events like the annual Día de los Muertos celebrations.
History
Plan of Boyle Heights in 1877.
The Boyle Hotel, built 1889.
Santa Fe Hospital in 1905 (modern day Linda Vista Community Hospital).
Boyle Heights was called Paredón Blanco ("White Bluff") during the Spanish, Mexican, and early American periods. During Mexican rule, what would become Boyle Heights became home to a small settlement of relocated Tongva refugees from the village of Yaanga in 1845. The villagers were relocated to this new site known as Pueblito after being forcibly evicted from their previous location on the corner Alameda and Commercial Street by German immigrant Juan Domingo (John Groningen), who paid Governor Pío Pico $200 for the land.
On August 13, 1846, Los Angeles was seized by invading American forces during the Mexican–American War. Under American occupation, Indigenous elimination became a core principal of governance and the Pueblito site was razed to the ground in 1847: "the Indians were required to live in dispersed settlements or with their employers in the city." The destruction of Pueblito was reportedly approved by the Los Angeles City Council and largely displaced the final generation of the villagers, known as Yaangavit, into the Calle de los Negros ("street of the dark ones") district.
The area became named after Andrew Boyle, an Irishman born in Ballinrobe, who purchased 22 acres (8.9 ha) on the bluffs overlooking the Los Angeles River after fighting in the Mexican–American War for $4,000. Boyle established his home on the land in 1858. In the 1860s, he began growing grapes and sold the wine under the "Paredon Blanc" name. His son-in-law William Workman served as early mayor and city councilman and also built early infrastructure for the area.
To the north of Boyle Heights was Brooklyn Heights, a subdivision in the hills on the eastern bank of the Los Angeles River that centered on Prospect Park.
From 1889 through 1909 the city was divided into nine wards. In 1899 a motion was introduced at the Ninth Ward Development Association to use the name Boyle Heights to apply to all the highlands of the Ninth Ward, including Brooklyn Heights and Euclid Heights. XLNT Foods had a factory making tamales here early in their history. The company started in 1894, when tamales were the most popular ethnic food in Los Angeles. The company is the oldest continuously operating Mexican food brand in the United States, and one of the oldest companies in Southern California.
The Mission Revival style Hollenbeck Palms in 1956.
In the early 1910s, Boyle Heights was one of the only communities that did not have restricted housing covenants that discriminated against Japanese and other people of color. The Japanese community of Little Tokyo continued to grow and extended to the First Street Corridor into Boyle Heights in the early 1910s. Boyle Heights became Los Angeles’s largest residential communities of Japanese immigrants and Americans, apart from Little Tokyo. In the 1920s and 1930s, Boyle Heights became the center of significant churches, temples, and schools for the Japanese community. These include the Tenrikyo Junior Church of America, the Konko Church, and the Higashi Honganji Buddhist Temple; all designed by Yos Hirose. The Japanese Baptist Church was built by the Los Angeles City Baptist Missionary Society. A hospital, also designed by Hirose, opened in 1929 to serve the Japanese American community.
The Mariachi Plaza kiosko
Malabar Branch Library, built in 1927 in a Spanish Eclectic style.
By the 1920s through the 1960s, Boyle Heights was racially and ethnically diverse as a center of Jewish, Mexican and Japanese immigrant life in the early 20th century, and also hosted significant Yugoslav, Armenian, African-American and Russian populations. Bruce Phillips, a sociologist who tracked Jewish communities across the United States, said that Jewish families left Boyle Heights not because of racism, but instead because of banks redlining the neighborhood (denying home loans) and the construction of several freeways through the community.
In 1961, the construction of the East LA Interchange began. At 135 acres in size, the interchange is three times larger than the average highway system, even expanding at some points to 27 lanes in width. The interchange handles around 1.7 million vehicles daily and has produced one of the most traffic congested regions in the world as well as one of the most concentrated pockets of air pollution in America. This resulted in the development of Boyle Heights, a multicultural, interethnic neighborhood in East Los Angeles whose celebration of cultural difference has made it a role model for democracy.
In 2017, some residents were protesting gentrification of their neighborhood by the influx of new businesses, a theme found in the TV series Vida and Gentefied, both set in the neighborhood.
Demographics
Statue of Lucha Reyes, the "Mother of Ranchera" in Mariachi Plaza.
As of the 2000 census, there were 92,785 people in the neighborhood, which was considered "not especially diverse" ethnically, with the racial composition of the neighborhood at 94.0% Latino, 2.3% Asian, 2.0% White (non-Hispanic), 0.9% African American, and 0.8% other races. The median household income was $33,235, low in comparison to the rest of the city. The neighborhood's population was also one of the youngest in the city, with a median age of just 25.
As of 2011, 95% of the community was Hispanic and Latino. The community had Mexican Americans, Mexican immigrants, and Central American ethnic residents. Hector Tobar of the Los Angeles Times said, "The diversity that exists in Boyle Heights today is exclusively Latino".
Latino communities
These were the ten cities or neighborhoods in Los Angeles County with the largest percentage of Latino residents, according to the 2000 census:
East Los Angeles, California, 96.7%
Maywood, California, 96.4%
City Terrace, California, 94.4%
Huntington Park, California, 95.1%
Boyle Heights, Los Angeles, 94.0%
Cudahy, California, 93.8%
Bell Gardens, California, 93.7%
Commerce, California 93.4%
Vernon, California, 92.6%
South Gate, California, 92.1%
Latino political influence
The Casa del Mexicano.
The emergence of Latino politics in Boyle Heights influenced the diversity in the community. Boyle Heights was a predominantly Jewish community with "a vibrant, pre-World War II, Yiddish-speaking community, replete with small shops along Brooklyn Avenue, union halls, synagogues and hyperactive politics ... shaped by the enduring influence of the Socialist and Communist parties" before Boyle Heights became predominantly associated with Mexicans/Mexican Americans. The rise of the socialist and communist parties increased the people's involvement in politics in the community because the "liberal-left exercised great influence in the immigrant community".: 22-23 Even with an ever-growing diversity in Boyle Heights, "Jews remained culturally and politically dominant after World War II".: 22
Nevertheless, as the Jewish community was moving westward into new homes, the largest growing group, Latinos, was moving into Boyle Heights because to them this neighborhood was represented as upward mobility. With Jews and Latinos both in Boyle Heights, these men, part of the Jewish Community Relations Council (JCRC) — Louis Levy, Ben Solnit, Pinkhas Karl, Harry Sheer, and Julius Levitt — helped to empower the Latinos who either lived among the Jewish people or who worked together in the factories.
The combination of Jewish people and Latinos in Boyle Heights symbolized a tight unity between the two communities. The two groups helped to elect Edward R. Roybal to the City Council over Councilman Christensen; with the help from the Community Service Organization (CSO). In order for Roybal to win a landslide victory over Christensen, "the JCRC, with representation from business and labor leaders, associated with both Jewish left traditions, had become the prime financial benefactor to CSO .. labor historically backed incumbents ... the Cold War struggle for the hearts and minds of minority workers also influenced the larger political dynamic".: 26
Chicano muralism in Boyle Heights.
In the 1947 election, Edward Roybal lost, but Jewish community activist Saul Alinsky and the Industrial Areas Foundation (IAF) garnered support from Mexican Americans to bring Roybal to victory two years later 1949.(Bernstein, 243) When Roybal took office as city councilman in 1949, he experienced racism when trying to buy a home for his family. The real-estate agent told him that he could not sell to Mexicans, and Roybal's first act as councilman was to protest racial discrimination and to create a community that represented inter-racial politics in Boyle Heights.(Bernstein, 224).
This Latino-Jewish relationship shaped politics in that when Antonio Villaraigosa became mayor of Los Angeles in 2005, "not only did he have ties to Boyle Heights, but he was elected by replicating the labor-based, multicultural coalition that Congressman Edward Roybal assembled in 1949 to become Los Angeles's first city council member of Latino heritage".: 23 Further, the Vladeck Center (named after Borukh Charney Vladeck) contributed to the community of Boyle Heights in a big way because it was not just a building, it was "a venue for a wide range of activities that promoted Jewish culture and politics".: 22
Government and infrastructure
Mariachi Plaza station (2009), one of four Los Angeles Metro Rail stations in Boyle Heights.
Evergreen Cemetery chapel (2013).
The Los Angeles County Department of Health Services operates the Central Health Center in Downtown Los Angeles, serving Boyle Heights.
The United States Postal Service's Boyle Heights Post Office is located at 2016 East 1st Street.
The Social Security Administration is located at 215 North Soto Street Los Angeles, CA 90033 1-800-772-1213
Transportation
Boyle Heights is home to four stations of the Los Angeles Metro Rail, all served by the E Line:
Pico/Aliso station
Mariachi Plaza station
Soto station
Indiana station
Education
Francisco Bravo Medical Magnet High School, 2011
Theodore Roosevelt High School, 2016
Bishop Mora Salesian High School, 2006, a Catholic high school named after Bishop Francisco Mora y Borrell
Just 5% of Boyle Heights residents aged 25 and older had earned a four-year degree by 2000, a low percentage for the city and the county. The percentage of residents in that age range who had not earned a high school diploma was high for the county.
Public
SIATech Boyle Heights Independent Study, Charter High School, 501 South Boyle Avenue
Extera Public School, Charter Elementary, 1942 E. 2nd Street and 2226 E. 3rd Street
Extera Public School #2, Charter Elementary, 1015 S. Lorena Street
Francisco Bravo Medical Magnet High School, alternative, 1200 North Cornwell Street
Theodore Roosevelt High School, 456 South Mathews Street
Mendez High School 1200 Playa Del Sol
Animo Oscar De La Hoya Charter High School, 1114 South Lorena Street
Boyle Heights Continuation School, 544 South Mathews Street* Central Juvenile Hall, 1605 Eastlake Avenue
Hollenbeck Middle School, 2510 East Sixth Street
Robert Louis Stevenson Middle School, 725 South Indiana Street
KIPP Los Angeles College Preparatory, charter middle, 2810 Whittier Boulevard
Murchison Street Elementary School, 1501 Murchison Street
Evergreen Avenue Elementary School, 2730 Ganahl Street
Sheridan Street Elementary School, 416 North Cornwell Street
Malabar Street Elementary School, 3200 East Malabar Street
Breed Street Elementary School, 2226 East Third Street
First Street Elementary School, 2820 East First Street
Second Street Elementary School, 1942 East Second Street
Soto Street Elementary School, 1020 South Soto Street
Euclid Avenue Elementary School, 806 Euclid Avenue
Sunrise Elementary School, 2821 East Seventh Street
Utah Street Elementary School, 255 Gabriel Garcia Marquez Street
Bridge Street Elementary School, 605 North Boyle Avenue
Garza (Carmen Lomas) Primary Center, elementary, 2750 East Hostetter Street
Christopher Dena Elementary School, 1314 Dacotah Street
Learning Works Charter School, 1916 East First Street
Lorena Street Elementary School, 1015 South Lorena Street
PUENTE Learning Center, 501 South Boyle Avenue
East Los Angeles Occupational Center (Adult Education), 2100 Marengo Street
Endeavor College Preparatory Charter School, 1263 S Soto St, Los Angeles, CA 90023
Private
Bishop Mora Salesian High School, 960 South Soto Street
Santa Teresita Elementary School, 2646 Zonal Avenue
Assumption Elementary School, 3016 Winter Street
Saint Mary Catholic Elementary School, 416 South Saint Louis Street
Our Lady of Talpa, elementary, 411 South Evergreen Avenue
East Los Angeles Light and Life Christian School, 207 South Dacotah Street
Santa Isabel Elementary School, 2424 Whittier Boulevard
Dolores Mission School, elementary, 170 South Gless Street
Cristo Viene Christian School, 3607 Whittier Boulevard
Resurrection, elementary, 3360 East Opal Street
White Memorial Adventist School, 1605 New Jersey Street
PUENTE Learning Center, 501 South Boyle Avenue
Landmarks
Breed Street Shul.
LAC+USC Medical Center.
Existing
Breed Street Shul, which was declared a historic-cultural monument in 1988
Self-Help Graphics and Art, the first community-based organization in the country to create a free public celebration of Day of the Dead
Los Angeles County+USC Medical Center/Keck School of Medicine of USC
Los Angeles County Department of Coroner
Estrada Courts Murals
Evergreen Cemetery
Hazard Park
Mariachi Plaza
Hollenbeck Park
Linda Vista Community Hospital (Now Hollenbeck Terrace Apartments, former Santa Fe Coast Lines Hospital)
Sears Building, Olympic Boulevard and Soto St.
Malabar Public Library
Lucha Underground Temple, where the television program Lucha Underground is taped.
St. Mary's Catholic Church (4th and Chicago Streets)
Demolished
Soto-Michigan Jewish Community Center
Aliso Village
Sisters Orphan Home, operated by Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul, 917 S. Boyle Ave. demolished due to earthquake damage and construction of freeway
Notable people
Politics
Sheldon Andelson, first openly gay person to be appointed to the University of California Regents or any high position in state government
Hal Bernson, Los Angeles City Council member, 1979–2003
Martin V. Biscailuz, attorney and Common Council member, 1884–85
Howard E. Dorsey, City Council member, 1937
Oscar Macy, county sheriff and member of the Board of Supervisors
Edward R. Roybal, Democrat in the U.S. House of Representatives for the 30th District and later for the 25th District of California; member of the Los Angeles City Council
Winfred J. Sanborn, City Council member, 1925–29
Antonio Villaraigosa, Mayor of Los Angeles
Zev Yaroslavsky, Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors, 3rd District
Sports
Lillian Copeland (1904–1964), Olympic discus champion; set world records in discus, javelin, and shot put
William Harmatz, jockey
Ron Mix (born 1938), Football Hall of Famer
Donald Sterling, Former Los Angeles Clippers owner
Crime
Mickey Cohen, gangster
Arts and culture
Oscar Zeta Acosta, attorney, writer, community activist
Lou Adler, record producer, manager
Herb Alpert
Greg Boyle, Catholic priest, community activist
Norman Granz
Josefina López, writer
Anthony Quinn, actor
Andy Russell, international singing star
Julius Shulman, photographer
Taboo, rapper
will.i.am, recording artist and music producer
Kenny Endo, taiko drummer, recording artist
Rubén Funkahuatl Guevara, writer, poet, musician, activist, music producer
Publishing
Jack T. Chick, publisher of Chick tracts
In popular culture
1917: Nuts in May
1957: The Pajama Game
1979: Boulevard Nights
1980: The Other Side of the Bridge (Spanish: Del Otro Lado del Puente)
1987: Born in East L.A.
1992: American Me
1993: Blood In Blood Out
1995: Dangerous Minds
1998: The Wonderful Ice Cream Suit
1998–2009 Breaking the Magician's Code: Magic's Biggest Secrets Finally Revealed
2007: Under the Same Moon
2008: The Take
2011: A Better Life
2014–2018: Lucha Underground
2015: East LA Interchange (documentary)
2015/2016: No más bebés
2018–2020: Vida
2020–2021: Gentefied
2021: Night Teeth
See also
Los Angeles portal
List of Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monuments on the East and Northeast Sides
List of districts and neighborhoods in Los Angeles
References
^ a b c "Los Angeles Times Neighborhood Project". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on March 16, 2010. Retrieved April 11, 2010.
^ "Neighborhoods: Exploring the rich history and culture of Boyle Heights". KPCC - NPR News for Southern California - 89.3 FM.
^ "Anacapa:A society Upon a Place and Time" (PDF).
^ "Water and Power Associates".
^ Los Angeles Times Boyle Heights: Problems, Pride, and Promise
^ Sanchez, George J (2004). "'What's Good for Boyle Heights Is Good for the Jews': Creating Multiculturalism on the Eastside during the 1950s". American Quarterly. 56 (3): 633–661. doi:10.1353/aq.2004.0042. S2CID 144365105. Project MUSE 172851.
^ Estrada, William David (2009). The Los Angeles Plaza: Sacred and Contested Space. University of Texas Press. p. 56. ISBN 9780292782099. In June 1845 this last remnant of Yaanga was relocated across the Los Angeles River to present-day Boyle Heights. Following the United States' takeover of Los Angeles, Indians continued to cluster along the edge of the pueblo.
^ a b Morris, Susan L.; Johnson, John R.; Schwartz, Steven J.; Vellanoweth, Rene L.; Farris, Glenn J.; Schwebel, Sara L. (2016). The Nicoleños in Los Angeles: Documenting the Fate of the Lone Woman's Community (PDF). Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology. pp. 94–97.
^ Ríos-Bustamante, Antonio. Mexican Los Ángeles: A Narrative and Pictorial History, Nuestra Historia Series, Monograph No. 1. (Encino: Floricanto Press, 1992), 50–53. OCLC 228665328.
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^ Archived 2013-10-22 at the Wayback Machine Diversity "measures the probability that any two residents, chosen at random, would be of different ethnicities. If all residents are of the same ethnic group it's zero. If half are from one group and half from another it's .50." —Los Angeles Times
^ "Latino" Mapping L.A., Los Angeles Times
^ a b c d e f Burt, Kenneth (May–June 2008). "Yiddish Los Angeles and the Birth of Latino Politics" (PDF). Jewish Currents. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 24, 2016. Retrieved October 25, 2019.
^ a b The Community Service Organization (CSO) helped Roybal win the election and to increase the multi-racial involvement in Boyle Heights.
^ "Central Health Center Archived 2010-05-27 at the Wayback Machine." Los Angeles County Department of Health Services. Retrieved on March 18, 2010.
^ "Post Office Location - BOYLE HEIGHTS." United States Postal Service. Retrieved on December 7, 2008.
^ "File Not Found - Social Security Administration". www.ssa.gov. Archived from the original on April 20, 2019. Retrieved April 20, 2019.
^ ""Boyle Heights," Mapping L.A., Los Angeles Times". Archived from the original on October 23, 2013. Retrieved October 17, 2013.
^ "Welcome to east LA service area". Archived from the original on November 9, 2014.
^ The City Project. "Historic - Cultural Monuments (HCM) Listing" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 25, 2011. Retrieved September 9, 2012.
^ Suarez, Lucia. "Mexican Lucha Libre gets American face time in new El Rey Network drama series". Fox News. Archived from the original on February 3, 2015. Retrieved February 4, 2015.
^ a b Queally, James (April 22, 2015). "Learn to speak lucha: The secret language of the squared circle". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on May 29, 2015. Retrieved May 29, 2015.
^ Tugend, Tom (March 10, 2006). "Boyle Heights JCC". Jewish Journal. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007.
^ Spitzzeri, Paul R. (November 7, 2011) "The Los Angeles Orphans' Asylum" Archived 2015-02-24 at the Wayback Machine Boyle Heights History Blog
^ Roderick, Kevin (December 30, 1987). "Andelson Dies of AIDS; Gay Regent, Activist". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 4, 2013. Retrieved May 15, 2013.
^ Hayes, Dade (April 24, 1997). "Reward Offered in Sexual Assault Case". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on April 4, 2014. Retrieved October 15, 2013.
^ "Finding Aid of the Eugene Biscailuz scrapbooks 0216". www.oac.cdlib.org. Archived from the original on June 18, 2013. Retrieved May 15, 2013.
^ "An Unofficial Guide to Los Angeles County Law Enforcement and Fire Department History Through Photos, Badges, and Patches". Archived from the original on August 11, 2012.
^ Los Angeles Public Library reference file Archived 2013-10-21 at the Wayback Machine This file was compiled in 1937 by Works Progress Administration worker Clare Wallace from an interview with Dorsey on June 23 of that year and from newspaper articles.
^ Now part of North Cummings Street. Archived 2013-05-08 at the Wayback Machine Location of the Oscar Macy home here on Mapping L.A.
^ "Southland Mourns Death of Edward Roybal". ABC-7 News. Archived from the original on October 12, 2012. Retrieved October 21, 2019.
^ Devin Carroll, Brian Carroll and Wayne Raymond, Winfred and Mamie Sanborn (privately printed)
^ Rebecca Spence (February 20, 2008). "L.A.'s Latino Mayor Welcomed as One of the Tribe". The Jewish Daily Forward. Archived from the original on July 15, 2009. Retrieved June 3, 2009.
^ Klein, Amy (May 9, 2003). "Aliyah Perspectives". Jewish Journal of Greater Los Angeles. Archived from the original on September 11, 2014. Retrieved May 15, 2013.
^ "Games People Play: A Press Photo of Track and Field Star Lillian Copeland, Los Angeles, 21 May 1926". The Homestead Blog. May 22, 2020.
^ "PASSINGS: Bill Harmatz". January 29, 2011. Archived from the original on April 20, 2019. Retrieved April 20, 2019 – via Los Angeles Times.
^ "How Three Jews Behind the AFL Invented the Modern Media Spectacle That is Pro Football Today". Tablet Magazine. February 3, 2011. Archived from the original on April 20, 2019. Retrieved April 20, 2019.
^ "Franz Lidz, "Up and Down in Beverly Hills," Sports Illustrated, April 17, 2000". Archived from the original on July 8, 2010. Retrieved May 15, 2013.
^ Tereba, Tere (2012). Mickey Cohen: The Life and Crimes of L.A.'s Notorious Mobster. ECW Press. ISBN 9781770902039.
^ Martinez, Yoli (October 2, 2012). "Iconic Hispanic Angelenos in History: Oscar Zeta Acosta". KCET Departures. Archived from the original on January 31, 2013.
^ David Kamp "Live at the Whisky" Archived 2013-12-19 at the Wayback Machine
^ HAITHMAN, DIANE (March 15, 1998). "Herb Alpert's Brass Rings". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on July 15, 2014. Retrieved September 22, 2019.
^ Stark, Ray (May 12, 1993). "Father Boyle and Gangs". Letter to the Editor. Los Angeles Times. Beverly Hills. Archived from the original on August 23, 2019. Retrieved August 23, 2019.
^ Mejia, Brittny (November 4, 2015). "Great Read: After 30 years of helping gang members, Father Greg Boyle is slowing a bit but still determined". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on August 23, 2019. Retrieved August 23, 2019.
^ John Thurber "Norman Granz, 83; Visionary of the Jazz World Was Producer, Promoter and Social Conscience" Archived 2013-10-23 at the Wayback Machine, "Los Angeles Times" November 24, 2001
^ "Biography | Josefina Lopez". Archived from the original on February 17, 2015. Retrieved May 16, 2013. Lopez website
^ "Actor - LifeChums: Be Chums 4 Life - Page 2". Archived from the original on April 20, 2019. Retrieved April 20, 2019.
^ Loza, Steven (1993). Barrio Rhythm: Mexican American Music in Los Angeles. University of Illinois Press. p. 148.
^ Mary Melton, "Lens Master" Archived 2013-10-17 at the Wayback Machine, "Los Angeles Magazine" Jan 1, 2009
^ Taboo; Steve Dennis (February 8, 2011). Fallin' Up: My Story. Touchstone. pp. 1, 3–4. ISBN 978-1-4391-9206-1.
^ Dennis, Steve; Taboo (2011). Fallin' Up: My Story. New York City: Simon & Schuster. p. 56. ISBN 9781439192085. Retrieved February 18, 2012.
^ Will.i.am on Living in East Los Angeles | Exclusive Interview | NELA TV (Web video). Los Angeles, CA: egentertainment.net. February 17, 2011. Archived from the original on September 19, 2018. Retrieved December 1, 2016.
^ "Big Drum Articles—Kenny Endo | Japanese American National Museum".
^ "The Many Lives (and Names) of Chicano Icon Rubén Guevara".
^ "Jack Chick - Christian Comics Pioneer". www.christiancomicsinternational.org. Archived from the original on May 17, 2013. Retrieved June 27, 2013.
^ Ted Okuda, James L. Neibaur "Stan Without Ollie: The Stan Laurel Solo Films, 1917-1927" Archived 2016-03-05 at the Wayback Machine, McFarland, 2012
^ David Parkinson "The Rough Guide to Film Musicals" Archived 2016-11-30 at the Wayback Machine, Rough Guides, 2007
^ "The Pajama Game (1957) - IMDb". Archived from the original on June 3, 2019. Retrieved September 19, 2017 – via www.imdb.com.
^ a b "Hollywood Depicts Latinos Solely In Stereotypes". The Huffington Post. April 11, 2012. Archived from the original on March 10, 2016. Retrieved January 8, 2016.
^ "The Take". September 12, 2007. Archived from the original on February 21, 2014. Retrieved April 5, 2014 – via www.imdb.com.
^ Israel, Ira (October 21, 2015). ""East LA Interchange": Film Review". HuffPost. Retrieved March 25, 2020.
Further reading
"Jewish American Heritage". The Los Angeles Conservancy. Retrieved December 20, 2015.
Boyle Heights: How a Los Angeles Neighborhood Became the Future of American Democracy. George F. Sanchez. Berkeley: Univ. of Calif. Press, 2021. ISBN 9780520237070
External links
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34°02′02″N 118°12′16″W / 34.03389°N 118.20444°W / 34.03389; -118.20444 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language_in_California"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"neighborhood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neighborhood"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_River"},{"link_name":"Chicano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicano"},{"link_name":"Mexican-American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican-American"},{"link_name":"Chicano culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicano_culture"},{"link_name":"Mariachi Plaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariachi_Plaza"},{"link_name":"Día de los Muertos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%ADa_de_los_Muertos"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Neighborhood of Los Angeles in California, United StatesBoyle Heights, historically known as Paredón Blanco (Spanish for \"White Bluff\"),[2][3][4] is a neighborhood in Los Angeles, California, located east of the Los Angeles River. It is one of the city's most notable and historic Chicano/Mexican-American communities and is known as a bastion of Chicano culture, hosting cultural landmarks like Mariachi Plaza and events like the annual Día de los Muertos celebrations.[5]","title":"Boyle Heights, Los Angeles"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:View_of_Los_Angeles_from_the_east._Brooklyn_Hights_in_the_foreground;_Pacific_Ocean_and_Santa_Monica_Mountains_in_the_background._(pm000250)_CROPPED.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BoyleHotel_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Boyle Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyle_Hotel_%E2%80%93_Cummings_Block"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Exterior_view_of_Santa_Fe_Railroad_Hospital,_across_from_Hollenbeck_Park_in_Boyle_Heights_(CHS-5203)_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Linda Vista Community Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Vista_Community_Hospital"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Tongva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongva"},{"link_name":"Yaanga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaanga"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-7"},{"link_name":"Alameda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alameda_Street"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Pío Pico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%ADo_Pico"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-8"},{"link_name":"Mexican–American War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-9"},{"link_name":"Indigenous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_California"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-8"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles City Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_City_Council"},{"link_name":"Calle de los Negros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calle_de_los_Negros"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:22-10"},{"link_name":"Andrew Boyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyle-Workman_family#Andrew_A._Boyle"},{"link_name":"Irishman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irishman"},{"link_name":"Ballinrobe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballinrobe"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_River"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KPPC-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"XLNT Foods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XLNT_Foods"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LAT_2019-12-23-16"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HollenbeckBH_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Mission Revival style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_Revival_architecture"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Little Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Tokyo,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-laconservancy-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HISTORIC_CONTEXT-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-agrawal-20"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kiosk_(14087559131)_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Mariachi Plaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariachi_Plaza"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Malabar_Branch_Library,_Los_Angeles,_California.JPG"},{"link_name":"Malabar Branch Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malabar_Branch_Library"},{"link_name":"Spanish Eclectic style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Colonial_Revival_architecture"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews_in_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Mexican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Mexican_Americans_in_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Japanese_in_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Yugoslav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Armenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Armenian_Americans_in_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"African-American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_American"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"redlining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redlining"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BoyleDiverse-25"},{"link_name":"East LA Interchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_LA_Interchange"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Estrada2005-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Estrada2005-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Estrada2005-26"},{"link_name":"gentrification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentrification"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Vida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vida_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Gentefied","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentefied"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"Plan of Boyle Heights in 1877.The Boyle Hotel, built 1889.Santa Fe Hospital in 1905 (modern day Linda Vista Community Hospital).Boyle Heights was called Paredón Blanco (\"White Bluff\") during the Spanish, Mexican, and early American periods.[6] During Mexican rule, what would become Boyle Heights became home to a small settlement of relocated Tongva refugees from the village of Yaanga in 1845.[7] The villagers were relocated to this new site known as Pueblito after being forcibly evicted from their previous location on the corner Alameda and Commercial Street by German immigrant Juan Domingo (John Groningen), who paid Governor Pío Pico $200 for the land.[8]On August 13, 1846, Los Angeles was seized by invading American forces during the Mexican–American War.[9] Under American occupation, Indigenous elimination became a core principal of governance and the Pueblito site was razed to the ground in 1847: \"the Indians were required to live in dispersed settlements or with their employers in the city.\"[8] The destruction of Pueblito was reportedly approved by the Los Angeles City Council and largely displaced the final generation of the villagers, known as Yaangavit, into the Calle de los Negros (\"street of the dark ones\") district.[10]The area became named after Andrew Boyle, an Irishman born in Ballinrobe, who purchased 22 acres (8.9 ha) on the bluffs overlooking the Los Angeles River after fighting in the Mexican–American War for $4,000.[11] Boyle established his home on the land in 1858. In the 1860s, he began growing grapes and sold the wine under the \"Paredon Blanc\" name.[12] His son-in-law William Workman served as early mayor and city councilman and also built early infrastructure for the area.[13]To the north of Boyle Heights was Brooklyn Heights, a subdivision in the hills on the eastern bank of the Los Angeles River that centered on Prospect Park.[14]From 1889 through 1909 the city was divided into nine wards. In 1899 a motion was introduced at the Ninth Ward Development Association to use the name Boyle Heights to apply to all the highlands of the Ninth Ward, including Brooklyn Heights and Euclid Heights.[15] XLNT Foods had a factory making tamales here early in their history. The company started in 1894, when tamales were the most popular ethnic food in Los Angeles. The company is the oldest continuously operating Mexican food brand in the United States, and one of the oldest companies in Southern California.[16]The Mission Revival style Hollenbeck Palms in 1956.In the early 1910s, Boyle Heights was one of the only communities that did not have restricted housing covenants that discriminated against Japanese and other people of color.[17] The Japanese community of Little Tokyo continued to grow and extended to the First Street Corridor into Boyle Heights in the early 1910s.[18] Boyle Heights became Los Angeles’s largest residential communities of Japanese immigrants and Americans, apart from Little Tokyo. In the 1920s and 1930s, Boyle Heights became the center of significant churches, temples, and schools for the Japanese community. These include the Tenrikyo Junior Church of America, the Konko Church, and the Higashi Honganji Buddhist Temple; all designed by Yos Hirose. The Japanese Baptist Church was built by the Los Angeles City Baptist Missionary Society.[19] A hospital, also designed by Hirose, opened in 1929 to serve the Japanese American community.[20]The Mariachi Plaza kioskoMalabar Branch Library, built in 1927 in a Spanish Eclectic style.By the 1920s through the 1960s,[21] Boyle Heights was racially and ethnically diverse as a center of Jewish, Mexican and Japanese immigrant life in the early 20th century, and also hosted significant Yugoslav, Armenian, African-American and Russian populations.[22][23][24] Bruce Phillips, a sociologist who tracked Jewish communities across the United States, said that Jewish families left Boyle Heights not because of racism, but instead because of banks redlining the neighborhood (denying home loans) and the construction of several freeways through the community.[25]In 1961, the construction of the East LA Interchange began. At 135 acres in size, the interchange is three times larger than the average highway system, even expanding at some points to 27 lanes in width.[26] The interchange handles around 1.7 million vehicles daily and has produced one of the most traffic congested regions in the world as well as one of the most concentrated pockets of air pollution in America.[26] This resulted in the development of Boyle Heights, a multicultural, interethnic neighborhood in East Los Angeles whose celebration of cultural difference has made it a role model for democracy.[26]In 2017, some residents were protesting gentrification of their neighborhood by the influx of new businesses,[27] a theme found in the TV series Vida and Gentefied, both set in the neighborhood.[28]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mariachi_Plaza_(5399467849).jpg"},{"link_name":"Lucha Reyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucha_Reyes_(Mexican_singer)"},{"link_name":"Ranchera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranchera"},{"link_name":"Mariachi Plaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariachi_Plaza"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian-American"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_people"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Los_Angeles_Times_Neighborhood_Project-1"},{"link_name":"Mexican Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Americans"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BoyleDiverse-25"},{"link_name":"cities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cities"},{"link_name":"neighborhoods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neighborhoods"},{"link_name":"Latino residents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"East Los Angeles, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Los_Angeles,_California"},{"link_name":"Maywood, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maywood,_California"},{"link_name":"City Terrace, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Terrace,_California"},{"link_name":"Huntington Park, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington_Park,_California"},{"link_name":"Boyle Heights, Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Cudahy, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cudahy,_California"},{"link_name":"Bell Gardens, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Gardens,_California"},{"link_name":"Commerce, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commerce,_California"},{"link_name":"Vernon, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernon,_California"},{"link_name":"South Gate, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Gate,_California"}],"text":"Statue of Lucha Reyes, the \"Mother of Ranchera\" in Mariachi Plaza.As of the 2000 census, there were 92,785 people in the neighborhood, which was considered \"not especially diverse\" ethnically,[29] with the racial composition of the neighborhood at 94.0% Latino, 2.3% Asian, 2.0% White (non-Hispanic), 0.9% African American, and 0.8% other races. The median household income was $33,235, low in comparison to the rest of the city. The neighborhood's population was also one of the youngest in the city, with a median age of just 25.[1]As of 2011, 95% of the community was Hispanic and Latino. The community had Mexican Americans, Mexican immigrants, and Central American ethnic residents. Hector Tobar of the Los Angeles Times said, \"The diversity that exists in Boyle Heights today is exclusively Latino\".[25]Latino communities\nThese were the ten cities or neighborhoods in Los Angeles County with the largest percentage of Latino residents, according to the 2000 census:[30]East Los Angeles, California, 96.7%\nMaywood, California, 96.4%\nCity Terrace, California, 94.4%\nHuntington Park, California, 95.1%\nBoyle Heights, Los Angeles, 94.0%\nCudahy, California, 93.8%\nBell Gardens, California, 93.7%\nCommerce, California 93.4%\nVernon, California, 92.6%\nSouth Gate, California, 92.1%","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Casa_del_Mexicano_in_Boyle_Heights,_Los_Angeles(15175907547)_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Yiddish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiddish"},{"link_name":"union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_union"},{"link_name":"Socialist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America"},{"link_name":"Communist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_USA"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burt_2008-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burt_2008-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burt_2008-31"},{"link_name":"Jewish Community Relations Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Community_Relations_Council"},{"link_name":"Edward R. Roybal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_R._Roybal"},{"link_name":"Community Service Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Service_Organization"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burt_2008-31"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MunozJaime_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Chicano muralism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicano_muralism"},{"link_name":"Saul Alinsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saul_Alinsky"},{"link_name":"Industrial Areas Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Areas_Foundation"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bernstein_2011-32"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bernstein_2011-32"},{"link_name":"Antonio Villaraigosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Villaraigosa"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burt_2008-31"},{"link_name":"Borukh Charney Vladeck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Borukh_Charney_Vladeck&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burt_2008-31"}],"text":"The Casa del Mexicano.The emergence of Latino politics in Boyle Heights influenced the diversity in the community. Boyle Heights was a predominantly Jewish community with \"a vibrant, pre-World War II, Yiddish-speaking community, replete with small shops along Brooklyn Avenue, union halls, synagogues and hyperactive politics ... shaped by the enduring influence of the Socialist and Communist parties\"[31] before Boyle Heights became predominantly associated with Mexicans/Mexican Americans. The rise of the socialist and communist parties increased the people's involvement in politics in the community because the \"liberal-left exercised great influence in the immigrant community\".[31]: 22-23 Even with an ever-growing diversity in Boyle Heights, \"Jews remained culturally and politically dominant after World War II\".[31]: 22Nevertheless, as the Jewish community was moving westward into new homes, the largest growing group, Latinos, was moving into Boyle Heights because to them this neighborhood was represented as upward mobility. With Jews and Latinos both in Boyle Heights, these men, part of the Jewish Community Relations Council (JCRC) — Louis Levy, Ben Solnit, Pinkhas Karl, Harry Sheer, and Julius Levitt — helped to empower the Latinos who either lived among the Jewish people or who worked together in the factories.The combination of Jewish people and Latinos in Boyle Heights symbolized a tight unity between the two communities. The two groups helped to elect Edward R. Roybal to the City Council over Councilman Christensen; with the help from the Community Service Organization (CSO). In order for Roybal to win a landslide victory over Christensen, \"the JCRC, with representation from business and labor leaders, associated with both Jewish left traditions, had become the prime financial benefactor to CSO .. labor historically backed incumbents ... [and] the Cold War struggle for the hearts and minds of minority workers also influenced the larger political dynamic\".[31]: 26Chicano muralism in Boyle Heights.In the 1947 election, Edward Roybal lost, but Jewish community activist Saul Alinsky and the Industrial Areas Foundation (IAF) garnered support from Mexican Americans to bring Roybal to victory two years later 1949.[32](Bernstein, 243) When Roybal took office as city councilman in 1949, he experienced racism when trying to buy a home for his family. The real-estate agent told him that he could not sell to Mexicans, and Roybal's first act as councilman was to protest racial discrimination and to create a community that represented inter-racial politics in Boyle Heights.[32](Bernstein, 224).This Latino-Jewish relationship shaped politics in that when Antonio Villaraigosa became mayor of Los Angeles in 2005, \"not only did he have ties to Boyle Heights, but he was elected by replicating the labor-based, multicultural coalition that Congressman Edward Roybal assembled in 1949 to become Los Angeles's first city council member of Latino heritage\".[31]: 23 Further, the Vladeck Center (named after Borukh Charney Vladeck) contributed to the community of Boyle Heights in a big way because it was not just a building, it was \"a venue for a wide range of activities that promoted Jewish culture and politics\".[31]: 22","title":"Latino political influence"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mariachi_Plaza_Station_LACMTA.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mariachi Plaza station (2009)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariachi_Plaza_(LACMTA_station)"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Metro Rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Metro_Rail"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Evergreen_Cemetery_Boyle_Heights_(8505344341)_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Evergreen Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evergreen_Cemetery_(Los_Angeles)"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles County Department of Health Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Department_of_Health_Services"},{"link_name":"Downtown Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"United States Postal Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"text":"Mariachi Plaza station (2009), one of four Los Angeles Metro Rail stations in Boyle Heights.Evergreen Cemetery chapel (2013).The Los Angeles County Department of Health Services operates the Central Health Center in Downtown Los Angeles, serving Boyle Heights.[33]The United States Postal Service's Boyle Heights Post Office is located at 2016 East 1st Street.[34]The Social Security Administration[35] is located at 215 North Soto Street Los Angeles, CA 90033 1-800-772-1213","title":"Government and infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Los Angeles Metro Rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Metro_Rail"},{"link_name":"E Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E_Line_(Los_Angeles_Metro)"},{"link_name":"Pico/Aliso station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pico/Aliso_station"},{"link_name":"Mariachi Plaza station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariachi_Plaza_station"},{"link_name":"Soto station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soto_station"},{"link_name":"Indiana station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_station_(Los_Angeles_Metro)"}],"sub_title":"Transportation","text":"Boyle Heights is home to four stations of the Los Angeles Metro Rail, all served by the E Line:Pico/Aliso station\nMariachi Plaza station\nSoto station\nIndiana station","title":"Government and infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Francisco_Bravo_Medical_Magnet_High_School.jpg"},{"link_name":"Francisco Bravo Medical Magnet High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Bravo_Medical_Magnet_High_School"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roosevelt_High_School,_Boyle_Heights,_Los_Angeles,_California,_USA.jpg"},{"link_name":"Theodore Roosevelt High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_High_School_(Los_Angeles,_California)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SalesianFieldView_314x314.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bishop Mora Salesian High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salesian_High_School_(Los_Angeles)"},{"link_name":"Francisco Mora y Borrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Mora_y_Borrell"},{"link_name":"four-year degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-year_degree"},{"link_name":"high school diploma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_school_diploma"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MappingLABoyleHeights-36"}],"text":"Francisco Bravo Medical Magnet High School, 2011Theodore Roosevelt High School, 2016Bishop Mora Salesian High School, 2006, a Catholic high school named after Bishop Francisco Mora y BorrellJust 5% of Boyle Heights residents aged 25 and older had earned a four-year degree by 2000, a low percentage for the city and the county. The percentage of residents in that age range who had not earned a high school diploma was high for the county.[36]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SIATech Boyle Heights Independent Study","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20140717091917/http://www.siatech.org/schools/california.php"},{"link_name":"Extera Public School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//exteraschools.org/"},{"link_name":"Extera Public School #2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//exteraschools.org/"},{"link_name":"Francisco Bravo Medical Magnet High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Bravo_Medical_Magnet_High_School"},{"link_name":"Theodore Roosevelt High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_High_School_(Los_Angeles)"},{"link_name":"Oscar De La Hoya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_De_La_Hoya"},{"link_name":"Continuation School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuation_School"},{"link_name":"Central Juvenile Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Juvenile_Hall"},{"link_name":"Garza (Carmen Lomas)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_Lomas_Garza"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"sub_title":"Public","text":"SIATech Boyle Heights Independent Study, Charter High School, 501 South Boyle Avenue\nExtera Public School, Charter Elementary, 1942 E. 2nd Street and 2226 E. 3rd Street\nExtera Public School #2, Charter Elementary, 1015 S. Lorena Street\nFrancisco Bravo Medical Magnet High School, alternative, 1200 North Cornwell Street\nTheodore Roosevelt High School, 456 South Mathews Street\nMendez High School 1200 Playa Del Sol\nAnimo Oscar De La Hoya Charter High School, 1114 South Lorena Street\nBoyle Heights Continuation School, 544 South Mathews Street* Central Juvenile Hall, 1605 Eastlake Avenue\nHollenbeck Middle School, 2510 East Sixth Street\nRobert Louis Stevenson Middle School, 725 South Indiana Street\nKIPP Los Angeles College Preparatory, charter middle, 2810 Whittier Boulevard\nMurchison Street Elementary School, 1501 Murchison Street\nEvergreen Avenue Elementary School, 2730 Ganahl Street\nSheridan Street Elementary School, 416 North Cornwell Street\nMalabar Street Elementary School, 3200 East Malabar Street\nBreed Street Elementary School, 2226 East Third Street\nFirst Street Elementary School, 2820 East First Street\nSecond Street Elementary School, 1942 East Second Street\nSoto Street Elementary School, 1020 South Soto Street\nEuclid Avenue Elementary School, 806 Euclid Avenue\nSunrise Elementary School, 2821 East Seventh Street\nUtah Street Elementary School, 255 Gabriel Garcia Marquez Street\nBridge Street Elementary School, 605 North Boyle Avenue\nGarza (Carmen Lomas) Primary Center, elementary, 2750 East Hostetter Street\nChristopher Dena Elementary School, 1314 Dacotah Street\nLearning Works Charter School, 1916 East First Street\nLorena Street Elementary School, 1015 South Lorena Street\nPUENTE Learning Center, 501 South Boyle Avenue\nEast Los Angeles Occupational Center (Adult Education), 2100 Marengo Street[37]\nEndeavor College Preparatory Charter School, 1263 S Soto St, Los Angeles, CA 90023","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bishop Mora Salesian High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salesian_High_School_(Los_Angeles)"},{"link_name":"Dolores Mission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolores_Mission,_Los_Angeles"}],"sub_title":"Private","text":"Bishop Mora Salesian High School, 960 South Soto Street\nSanta Teresita Elementary School, 2646 Zonal Avenue\nAssumption Elementary School, 3016 Winter Street\nSaint Mary Catholic Elementary School, 416 South Saint Louis Street\nOur Lady of Talpa, elementary, 411 South Evergreen Avenue\nEast Los Angeles Light and Life Christian School, 207 South Dacotah Street\nSanta Isabel Elementary School, 2424 Whittier Boulevard\nDolores Mission School, elementary, 170 South Gless Street\nCristo Viene Christian School, 3607 Whittier Boulevard\nResurrection, elementary, 3360 East Opal Street\nWhite Memorial Adventist School, 1605 New Jersey Street\nPUENTE Learning Center, 501 South Boyle Avenue","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TalmudTorah.1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Breed Street Shul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breed_Street_Shul"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Front_Entrance,_LA_County_USC_Medical_Center.JPG"},{"link_name":"LAC+USC Medical Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LAC%2BUSC_Medical_Center"}],"text":"Breed Street Shul.LAC+USC Medical Center.","title":"Landmarks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Breed Street Shul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breed_Street_Shul"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Self-Help Graphics and Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-Help_Graphics_and_Art"},{"link_name":"Day of the Dead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day_of_the_Dead"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles County+USC Medical Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_County%2BUSC_Medical_Center"},{"link_name":"Keck School of Medicine of USC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keck_School_of_Medicine_of_USC"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles County Department of Coroner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Department_of_Coroner"},{"link_name":"Estrada Courts Murals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrada_Courts"},{"link_name":"Evergreen Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evergreen_Cemetery_(Los_Angeles)"},{"link_name":"Hazard Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazard_Park"},{"link_name":"Mariachi Plaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariachi_Plaza"},{"link_name":"Hollenbeck Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollenbeck_Park"},{"link_name":"Linda Vista Community Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Vista_Community_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Sears Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sears,_Roebuck_%26_Company_Mail_Order_Building_(Los_Angeles,_California)"},{"link_name":"Olympic Boulevard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Boulevard_(Los_Angeles)"},{"link_name":"Malabar Public Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Public_Library"},{"link_name":"Lucha Underground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucha_Underground"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lucha-40"},{"link_name":"St. Mary's Catholic Church (4th and Chicago Streets)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Mary%27s_Catholic_Church_(Los_Angeles)"}],"sub_title":"Existing","text":"Breed Street Shul, which was declared a historic-cultural monument in 1988[38]\nSelf-Help Graphics and Art, the first community-based organization in the country to create a free public celebration of Day of the Dead\nLos Angeles County+USC Medical Center/Keck School of Medicine of USC\nLos Angeles County Department of Coroner\nEstrada Courts Murals\nEvergreen Cemetery\nHazard Park\nMariachi Plaza\nHollenbeck Park\nLinda Vista Community Hospital (Now Hollenbeck Terrace Apartments, former Santa Fe Coast Lines Hospital)\nSears Building, Olympic Boulevard and Soto St.\nMalabar Public Library\nLucha Underground Temple, where the television program Lucha Underground is taped.[39][40]\nSt. Mary's Catholic Church (4th and Chicago Streets)","title":"Landmarks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Soto-Michigan Jewish Community Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soto-Michigan_Jewish_Community_Center"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Aliso Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliso_Village"},{"link_name":"Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daughters_of_Charity_of_Saint_Vincent_de_Paul"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"sub_title":"Demolished","text":"Soto-Michigan Jewish Community Center[41]\nAliso Village\nSisters Orphan Home, operated by Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul, 917 S. Boyle Ave. demolished due to earthquake damage and construction of freeway[42]","title":"Landmarks"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sheldon Andelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheldon_Andelson"},{"link_name":"University of California Regents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California_Regents"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Hal Bernson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal_Bernson"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Martin V. Biscailuz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_V._Biscailuz"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Howard E. Dorsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_E._Dorsey"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LibraryFile-47"},{"link_name":"Oscar Macy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Macy"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Edward R. Roybal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_R._Roybal"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SouthlandMourns-49"},{"link_name":"Winfred J. Sanborn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winfred_J._Sanborn"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Biography-50"},{"link_name":"Antonio Villaraigosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Villaraigosa"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Zev Yaroslavsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zev_Yaroslavsky"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AliyahPerspectives-52"}],"sub_title":"Politics","text":"Sheldon Andelson, first openly gay person to be appointed to the University of California Regents or any high position in state government[43]\nHal Bernson, Los Angeles City Council member, 1979–2003[44]\nMartin V. Biscailuz, attorney and Common Council member, 1884–85[45][46]\nHoward E. Dorsey, City Council member, 1937[47]\nOscar Macy, county sheriff and member of the Board of Supervisors[48]\nEdward R. Roybal, Democrat in the U.S. House of Representatives for the 30th District and later for the 25th District of California; member of the Los Angeles City Council[49]\nWinfred J. Sanborn, City Council member, 1925–29[50]\nAntonio Villaraigosa, Mayor of Los Angeles[51]\nZev Yaroslavsky, Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors, 3rd District[52]","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lillian Copeland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lillian_Copeland"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"William Harmatz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Harmatz"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HarmatzObituary-54"},{"link_name":"Ron Mix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Mix"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Donald Sterling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Sterling"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"}],"sub_title":"Sports","text":"Lillian Copeland (1904–1964), Olympic discus champion; set world records in discus, javelin, and shot put[53]\nWilliam Harmatz, jockey[54]\nRon Mix (born 1938), Football Hall of Famer[55]\nDonald Sterling, Former Los Angeles Clippers owner[56]","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mickey Cohen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickey_Cohen"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"}],"sub_title":"Crime","text":"Mickey Cohen, gangster[57]","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oscar Zeta Acosta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Zeta_Acosta"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Lou Adler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Adler"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Herb Alpert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herb_Alpert"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bh-60"},{"link_name":"Greg Boyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Boyle"},{"link_name":"Catholic priest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_priest"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"Norman Granz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Granz"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Josefina López","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josefina_L%C3%B3pez"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Anthony Quinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Quinn"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"Andy Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Russell_(singer)"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-loza148-66"},{"link_name":"Julius Shulman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Shulman"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Taboo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taboo_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-romp-68"},{"link_name":"will.i.am","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will.i.am"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"Kenny Endo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny_Endo"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"Rubén Funkahuatl Guevara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rub%C3%A9n_Funkahuatl_Guevara&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"}],"sub_title":"Arts and culture","text":"Oscar Zeta Acosta, attorney, writer, community activist[58]\nLou Adler, record producer, manager[59]\nHerb Alpert[60]\nGreg Boyle, Catholic priest, community activist[61][62]\nNorman Granz[63]\nJosefina López, writer[64]\nAnthony Quinn, actor[65]\nAndy Russell, international singing star[66]\nJulius Shulman, photographer[67]\nTaboo, rapper[68]\nwill.i.am, recording artist and music producer[69][70]\nKenny Endo, taiko drummer, recording artist[71]\nRubén Funkahuatl Guevara, writer, poet, musician, activist, music producer[72]","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jack T. Chick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_T._Chick"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"}],"sub_title":"Publishing","text":"Jack T. Chick, publisher of Chick tracts[73]","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nuts in May","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuts_in_May_(film)"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"The Pajama Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pajama_Game_(film)"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"Boulevard Nights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulevard_Nights"},{"link_name":"The Other Side of the Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Del_Otro_Lado_del_Puente_(1980_Mexican_film)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"Born in East L.A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Born_in_East_L.A._(film)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"American Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Me"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Blood In Blood Out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_In_Blood_Out"},{"link_name":"Dangerous Minds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dangerous_Minds"},{"link_name":"The Wonderful Ice Cream Suit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wonderful_Ice_Cream_Suit"},{"link_name":"Breaking the Magician's Code: Magic's Biggest Secrets Finally Revealed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breaking_the_Magician%27s_Code:_Magic%27s_Biggest_Secrets_Finally_Revealed"},{"link_name":"Under the Same Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Under_the_Same_Moon"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-huffingtonpost.com-77"},{"link_name":"The Take","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Take_(2008_film)"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"A Better Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Better_Life"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-huffingtonpost.com-77"},{"link_name":"Lucha Underground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucha_Underground"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lucha-40"},{"link_name":"East LA Interchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_LA_Interchange"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HP_2015-10-21-79"},{"link_name":"No más bebés","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_m%C3%A1s_beb%C3%A9s"},{"link_name":"Vida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vida_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Gentefied","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentefied"},{"link_name":"Night Teeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_Teeth"}],"text":"1917: Nuts in May[74]\n1957: The Pajama Game[75][76]\n1979: Boulevard Nights\n1980: The Other Side of the Bridge (Spanish: Del Otro Lado del Puente)\n1987: Born in East L.A.[citation needed]\n1992: American Me[citation needed]\n1993: Blood In Blood Out\n1995: Dangerous Minds\n1998: The Wonderful Ice Cream Suit\n1998–2009 Breaking the Magician's Code: Magic's Biggest Secrets Finally Revealed\n2007: Under the Same Moon[77]\n2008: The Take[78]\n2011: A Better Life[77]\n2014–2018: Lucha Underground[40]\n2015: East LA Interchange (documentary)[79]\n2015/2016: No más bebés\n2018–2020: Vida\n2020–2021: Gentefied\n2021: Night Teeth","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Jewish American Heritage\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.laconservancy.org/jewish-american-heritage"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780520237070","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520237070"}],"text":"\"Jewish American Heritage\". The Los Angeles Conservancy. Retrieved December 20, 2015.\nBoyle Heights: How a Los Angeles Neighborhood Became the Future of American Democracy. George F. Sanchez. Berkeley: Univ. of Calif. Press, 2021. ISBN 9780520237070","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Plan of Boyle Heights in 1877.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/View_of_Los_Angeles_from_the_east._Brooklyn_Hights_in_the_foreground%3B_Pacific_Ocean_and_Santa_Monica_Mountains_in_the_background._%28pm000250%29_CROPPED.jpg/220px-View_of_Los_Angeles_from_the_east._Brooklyn_Hights_in_the_foreground%3B_Pacific_Ocean_and_Santa_Monica_Mountains_in_the_background._%28pm000250%29_CROPPED.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Boyle Hotel, built 1889.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/BoyleHotel_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-BoyleHotel_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Santa Fe Hospital in 1905 (modern day Linda Vista Community Hospital).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Exterior_view_of_Santa_Fe_Railroad_Hospital%2C_across_from_Hollenbeck_Park_in_Boyle_Heights_%28CHS-5203%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Exterior_view_of_Santa_Fe_Railroad_Hospital%2C_across_from_Hollenbeck_Park_in_Boyle_Heights_%28CHS-5203%29_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Mission Revival style Hollenbeck Palms in 1956.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/HollenbeckBH_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-HollenbeckBH_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Mariachi Plaza kiosko","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Kiosk_%2814087559131%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Kiosk_%2814087559131%29_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Malabar Branch Library, built in 1927 in a Spanish Eclectic style.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Malabar_Branch_Library%2C_Los_Angeles%2C_California.JPG/220px-Malabar_Branch_Library%2C_Los_Angeles%2C_California.JPG"},{"image_text":"Statue of Lucha Reyes, the \"Mother of Ranchera\" in Mariachi Plaza.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Mariachi_Plaza_%285399467849%29.jpg/220px-Mariachi_Plaza_%285399467849%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Casa del Mexicano.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Casa_del_Mexicano_in_Boyle_Heights%2C_Los_Angeles%2815175907547%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Casa_del_Mexicano_in_Boyle_Heights%2C_Los_Angeles%2815175907547%29_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Chicano muralism in Boyle Heights.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/MunozJaime_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-MunozJaime_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mariachi Plaza station (2009), one of four Los Angeles Metro Rail stations in Boyle Heights.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Mariachi_Plaza_Station_LACMTA.jpg/220px-Mariachi_Plaza_Station_LACMTA.jpg"},{"image_text":"Evergreen Cemetery chapel (2013).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Evergreen_Cemetery_Boyle_Heights_%288505344341%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Evergreen_Cemetery_Boyle_Heights_%288505344341%29_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Francisco Bravo Medical Magnet High School, 2011","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Francisco_Bravo_Medical_Magnet_High_School.jpg/220px-Francisco_Bravo_Medical_Magnet_High_School.jpg"},{"image_text":"Theodore Roosevelt High School, 2016","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Roosevelt_High_School%2C_Boyle_Heights%2C_Los_Angeles%2C_California%2C_USA.jpg/220px-Roosevelt_High_School%2C_Boyle_Heights%2C_Los_Angeles%2C_California%2C_USA.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bishop Mora Salesian High School, 2006, a Catholic high school named after Bishop Francisco Mora y Borrell","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/SalesianFieldView_314x314.jpg/220px-SalesianFieldView_314x314.jpg"},{"image_text":"Breed Street Shul.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/TalmudTorah.1.jpg/220px-TalmudTorah.1.jpg"},{"image_text":"LAC+USC Medical Center.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Front_Entrance%2C_LA_County_USC_Medical_Center.JPG/220px-Front_Entrance%2C_LA_County_USC_Medical_Center.JPG"}] | [{"title":"Los Angeles portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Los_Angeles"},{"title":"List of Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monuments on the East and Northeast Sides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Los_Angeles_Historic-Cultural_Monuments_on_the_East_and_Northeast_Sides"},{"title":"List of districts and neighborhoods in Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_districts_and_neighborhoods_in_Los_Angeles"}] | [{"reference":"\"Los Angeles Times Neighborhood Project\". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on March 16, 2010. Retrieved April 11, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://projects.latimes.com/mapping-la/neighborhoods/neighborhood/boyle-heights/","url_text":"\"Los Angeles Times Neighborhood Project\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100316163714/http://projects.latimes.com/mapping-la/neighborhoods/neighborhood/boyle-heights/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Neighborhoods: Exploring the rich history and culture of Boyle Heights\". KPCC - NPR News for Southern California - 89.3 FM.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kpcc.org/show/take-two/2013-03-14/neighborhoods-exploring-the-rich-history-and-culture-of-boyle-heights","url_text":"\"Neighborhoods: Exploring the rich history and culture of Boyle Heights\""}]},{"reference":"\"Anacapa:A society Upon a Place and Time\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"http://alldough.weebly.com/uploads/1/0/9/6/10969645/volume_1_page_1-36-08072014140957.pdf","url_text":"\"Anacapa:A society Upon a Place and Time\""}]},{"reference":"\"Water and Power Associates\".","urls":[{"url":"https://waterandpower.org/museum/Early_City_Views%20(1800s)_6_of_8.html","url_text":"\"Water and Power Associates\""}]},{"reference":"Sanchez, George J (2004). \"'What's Good for Boyle Heights Is Good for the Jews': Creating Multiculturalism on the Eastside during the 1950s\". American Quarterly. 56 (3): 633–661. doi:10.1353/aq.2004.0042. S2CID 144365105. Project MUSE 172851.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Faq.2004.0042","url_text":"10.1353/aq.2004.0042"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144365105","url_text":"144365105"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_MUSE_(identifier)","url_text":"Project MUSE"},{"url":"https://muse.jhu.edu/article/172851","url_text":"172851"}]},{"reference":"Estrada, William David (2009). The Los Angeles Plaza: Sacred and Contested Space. University of Texas Press. p. 56. ISBN 9780292782099. In June 1845 this last remnant of Yaanga was relocated across the Los Angeles River to present-day Boyle Heights. Following the United States' takeover of Los Angeles, Indians continued to cluster along the edge of the pueblo.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780292782099","url_text":"9780292782099"}]},{"reference":"Morris, Susan L.; Johnson, John R.; Schwartz, Steven J.; Vellanoweth, Rene L.; Farris, Glenn J.; Schwebel, Sara L. (2016). The Nicoleños in Los Angeles: Documenting the Fate of the Lone Woman's Community (PDF). Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology. pp. 94–97.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nps.gov/subjects/islandofthebluedolphins/upload/JCGBA_36-1_Morris-etal_final.pdf","url_text":"The Nicoleños in Los Angeles: Documenting the Fate of the Lone Woman's Community"}]},{"reference":"Kudler, Adrian Glick (April 27, 2015). \"Finding Yaangna, the Ancestral Village of LA's Native People\". Los Angeles Curbed.","urls":[{"url":"https://la.curbed.com/2015/4/27/9966570/finding-yaangna-the-ancestral-village-of-las-native-people","url_text":"\"Finding Yaangna, the Ancestral Village of LA's Native People\""}]},{"reference":"Vigeland, Tess (March 14, 2013). \"Neighborhoods: Exploring the rich history and culture of Boyle Heights\". Take Two. KPCC. Archived from the original on November 7, 2017. Retrieved November 1, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.scpr.org/programs/take-two/2013/03/14/30909/exploring-new-neighborhoods-in-los-angeles/","url_text":"\"Neighborhoods: Exploring the rich history and culture of Boyle Heights\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KPCC_(radio_station)","url_text":"KPCC"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171107032414/http://www.scpr.org/programs/take-two/2013/03/14/30909/exploring-new-neighborhoods-in-los-angeles/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Morrison, Patt (November 1, 2022). \"Long before citrus reigned in Southern California, L.A. made wine. Lots of it\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved November 2, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2022-11-01/la-winemaking-history-patt-morrison","url_text":"\"Long before citrus reigned in Southern California, L.A. made wine. Lots of it\""}]},{"reference":"Los Angeles's Boyle Heights. Japanese American National Museum: Arcadia Publishing. 2005. p. 11. ISBN 9780738530154.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780738530154","url_text":"9780738530154"}]},{"reference":"Masters, Nathan (June 6, 2013). \"Prospect Park and L.A.'s Forgotten Borough, Brooklyn Heights\". KCET.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kcet.org/shows/lost-la/prospect-park-and-l-a-s-forgotten-borough-brooklyn-heights","url_text":"\"Prospect Park and L.A.'s Forgotten Borough, Brooklyn Heights\""}]},{"reference":"\"What's in a Name? Ninth Ward Citizens Vote in Favor of Boyle Heights\". Los Angeles Herald. May 24, 1899. Archived from the original on May 11, 2015. Retrieved October 16, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=LAH18990524.2.166","url_text":"\"What's in a Name? Ninth Ward Citizens Vote in Favor of Boyle Heights\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Herald","url_text":"Los Angeles Herald"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150511171201/http://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=LAH18990524.2.166","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Arellano, Gustavo (December 23, 2019). \"The XLNT tamales go back 125 years, capturing nostalgia for Californians across the U.S.\" Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 31, 2019. Retrieved December 31, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2019-12-23/xlnt-tamales-long-beach-santa-fe-importers","url_text":"\"The XLNT tamales go back 125 years, capturing nostalgia for Californians across the U.S.\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191231044122/https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2019-12-23/xlnt-tamales-long-beach-santa-fe-importers","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Watanabe, Teresa (February 22, 2010). \"Boyle Heights celebrates its ethnic diversity\". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on October 22, 2019. Retrieved October 22, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2010-feb-22-la-me-boyle-heights22-2010feb22-story.html","url_text":"\"Boyle Heights celebrates its ethnic diversity\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191022191048/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2010-feb-22-la-me-boyle-heights22-2010feb22-story.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Japanese American Heritage\". The Los Angeles Conservancy. Archived from the original on November 9, 2019. Retrieved October 21, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.laconservancy.org/japanese-american-heritage","url_text":"\"Japanese American Heritage\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191109111850/https://www.laconservancy.org/japanese-american-heritage","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"LOS ANGELES CITYWIDE HISTORIC CONTEXT STATEMENT Context: Japanese Americans in Los Angeles, 1869-1970\" (PDF). Survey LA. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 22, 2019. Retrieved October 21, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191022180631/https://preservation.lacity.org/sites/default/files/SurveyLA_JapaneseAmericans_LosAngeles.pdf","url_text":"\"LOS ANGELES CITYWIDE HISTORIC CONTEXT STATEMENT Context: Japanese Americans in Los Angeles, 1869-1970\""},{"url":"https://preservation.lacity.org/sites/default/files/SurveyLA_JapaneseAmericans_LosAngeles.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Agrawal, Nina (January 4, 2020), \"Japanese Hospital — symbol of defiance of racism — honored in Boyle Heights\", Los Angeles Times, archived from the original on March 24, 2020, retrieved April 26, 2020","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2020-01-04/japanese-hospital-boyle-heights-landmark-dedication","url_text":"\"Japanese Hospital — symbol of defiance of racism — honored in Boyle Heights\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200324114045/https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2020-01-04/japanese-hospital-boyle-heights-landmark-dedication","url_text":"archived"}]},{"reference":"Kalin, Betsy (December 5, 2017). \"East LA Interchange: A Documentary Exploration of Boyle Heights\". Kalfou. 4 (2). doi:10.15367/kf.v4i2.167. ProQuest 2017375628.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.15367%2Fkf.v4i2.167","url_text":"10.15367/kf.v4i2.167"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/2017375628","url_text":"2017375628"}]},{"reference":"Rojas, Leslie Berestein (October 5, 2023). \"New Play Is Inspired By The Black Legacy In Boyle Heights That Few Even Know About\". LAist. Retrieved October 8, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://laist.com/news/arts-and-entertainment/new-play-is-inspired-by-the-black-legacy-in-boyle-heights-that-few-even-know-about","url_text":"\"New Play Is Inspired By The Black Legacy In Boyle Heights That Few Even Know About\""}]},{"reference":"Reyes-Velarde, Alejandra (February 22, 2020). \"Spanish-language newsstand, a 1940s Boyle Heights gem, braces for the end\". Los Angeles Times. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praise,_my_soul,_the_king_of_heaven | Praise, my soul, the King of heaven | ["1 History","2 Text","3 Tune","4 Notes","5 References","6 External links"] | 19th century Christian hymn
Praise, my soul, the King of heavenHenry Francis LyteGenreHymnWritten1834TextHenry Francis LyteBased onPsalm 103Meter8.7.8.7.8.7Melody"Lauda Anima" by John Goss, "Regent Square" by Henry T. Smart
John Goss
"Praise, my soul, the King of heaven" is a Christian hymn. Its text, which draws from Psalm 103, was written by Anglican divine Henry Francis Lyte. First published in 1834, it endures in modern hymnals to a setting written by John Goss in 1868, and remains one of the most popular hymns in English-speaking denominations.
History
The text of the hymn was first published in Lyte's The Spirit of the Psalms (1834), a publication intended for the use of his own congregation in southern England. It appeared in multiple influential publications, such as Hymns Ancient and Modern (1861) and The English Hymnal (1906). It remains extremely popular and John Richard Watson notes that "it is hard to find a major hymnbook that does not include it".
The hymn is frequently sung in the United Kingdom and was used in the 1947 royal wedding of Princess Elizabeth, later Queen Elizabeth II, and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. It was also used as the opening hymn at the 2018 funeral of former U.S. President George H. W. Bush. It was one of two hymns sung at the Coronation of Charles III and Camilla.
Text
The text is a free paraphrase of Psalm 103. While, in the mid-nineteenth century, hymn writers usually kept their metrical settings of psalm texts as close as possible to the original, Lyte instead decided to maintain the spirit of the words while freely paraphrasing them. The result speaks, in an imaginative fashion, with "beautiful imagery and thoughtful prose", of themes such as the Love of God, healing and forgiveness, including the repeated exclamations "Praise Him!", in what is a spectacular rhetorical statement of praise.
In modern versions, Lyte's text has been frequently altered. One common variant, which originates in the 1861 Hymns Ancient and Modern collection, is replacing the line "Praise Him! Praise Him!" with "Alleluia!".
Praise, my soul, the King of heaven,
to his feet thy tribute bring;
ransomed healed, restored, forgiven,
who like me his praise should sing?
Praise him, praise him,
praise the everlasting King.
Praise him for his grace and favour
to our fathers in distress;
praise him still the same for ever,
slow to chide and swift to bless:
Praise him, praise him,
glorious in his faithfulness.
Father-like, he tends and spares us,
well our feeble frame he knows;
in his hands he gently bears us,
rescues us from all our foes:
Praise him, praise him,
widely as his mercy flows.
Frail as summer's flower we flourish;
blows the wind and it is gone;
but, while mortals rise and perish,
God endures unchanging on:
Praise him, praise him,
praise the high eternal One.
Angels, help us to adore him;
ye behold him face to face;
sun and moon bow down before him,
dwellers all in time and space:
Praise him, praise him,
praise with us the God of grace.
— Hymns Ancient and Modern (2013)
The original fourth stanza ("Frail as summer's flower"), corresponding with verses 15–17 of the Psalm, was marked for optional omission in the original printing and many modern hymnals therefore do not include it. The text of the omitted stanza shares a "valedictory but hopeful tone" with the other well known hymn by Lyte, "Abide with me".
Other more modern changes, including more gender-neutral language, are relatively minor. An alternate text, written as part of the 1980s and 1990s attempts to reduce the omnipresence of masculine metaphors for God and published as a variant in the Presbyterian Hymnal, begins "Praise my soul, the God of heaven".
Tune
The hymn is most commonly sung to the tune "Lauda Anima" ("Praise, my soul"), written as a setting for Lyte's words by John Goss in 1868, and first published in Robert Brown-Borthwick's Supplemental Hymn and Tune Book (Third edition, 1869). This was an instant success, a report in the 1869 Musical Times stating that "it is at once the most beautiful and dignified hymn tune which has lately come under our notice". Ian Bradley notes that the tune is one of "the most enduring and effective Victorian hymn tunes". The original setting by Goss is in D major. The first stanza is marked to be sung in unison with harmonies from the organ. The second is in four-part harmony (transcribed below), while the remaining stanzas are again in unison. A version in F-sharp minor was also composed for the original fourth stanza (now regularly omitted) in November 1868.
Audio playback is not supported in your browser. You can download the audio file.
An alternative tune is "Regent Square", originally written by Henry Smart for "Glory be to God the Father" by Horatius Bonar.
Notes
^ Such as in stanza two, where "To our fathers" is sometimes replaced with "To our forebears" or other variants.
^ An example of this rare appearance is in the 1971 Canadian Hymn Book.
References
^ a b c d Randy Petersen (2014). Be Still, My Soul The Inspiring Stories Behind 175 of the Most-loved Hymns. Tyndale House Publishers. p. 267. ISBN 978-1-4143-7972-2.
^ a b c d e f g h i Watson, John Richard. "Praise, my soul, the King of heaven". The Canterbury Dictionary of Hymnology. Canterbury Press. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
^ a b c d "Praise, My Soul, the King of Heaven". Hymnary.org.
^ Cole, Devan (5 December 2018). "George H.W. Bush's full funeral program". CNN. Retrieved 5 December 2018.
^ "What music will feature at His Majesty the King's coronation at Westminster Abbey?". Classic FM. Retrieved 2023-05-08.
^ "Praise, My Soul, the King of Heaven". Hymnary.org. Retrieved 23 January 2021.
^ "Praise, my soul, the King of heaven (StF 83)". www.methodist.org.uk.
^ Music, David W. (2001). Christian Hymnody in Twentieth-century Britain and America: An Annotated Bibliography. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-313-30903-8.
^ "Back Matter". The Musical Times and Singing Class Circular. 14 (318): 185–192. 1869. ISSN 0958-8434. JSTOR 3354873.
^ Bradley, Ian (1997). Abide with me : the world of Victorian hymns. London: SCM Press. p. 154. ISBN 0-334-02692-X. OCLC 37548665.
^ Forster, Michael; Sayers, Susan, eds. (2000). Complete Anglican Hymns Old and Newpage. Stowmarket, Suffolk: Kevin Mayhew Ltd. pp. 936–939.
External links
"Praise my soul the King of heaven" on YouTube, sung by the Kampen Boys Choir
vteHymns and songs based on psalms
Psalm 6: Straf mich nicht in deinem Zorn (Not in Anger, Mighty God)
Psalm 12 (11): Ach Gott, vom Himmel sieh darein (O Lord, Look Down from Heaven, Behold)
Psalm 14 (13): Es spricht der Unweisen Mund wohl (The Mouth of Fools Doth God Confess)
Psalm 19 (18): Dein Lob, Herr, ruft der Himmel aus
Psalm 23 (22): The King of Love My Shepherd Is, The Lord's my Shepherd
Psalm 31 (30): In dich hab ich gehoffet, Herr
Psalm 36 (35): Herr, deine Güt ist unbegrenzt
Psalm 39 (38): Lord, let me know mine end
Psalm 45 (44): Wie schön leuchtet der Morgenstern (How Lovely Shines the Morning Star)
Psalm 46 (45): A Mighty Fortress Is Our God (Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott)
Psalm 67 (66): Es woll uns Gott genädig sein (May God Bestow on Us His Grace)
Psalm 90 (89): Our God, Our Help in Ages Past
Psalm 98 (97): Nun singt ein neues Lied dem Herren
Psalm 100 (99): All People that on Earth do Dwell – Nun jauchzt dem Herren, alle Welt
Psalm 103 (102): Praise, my soul, the King of heaven
Psalm 124 (123): Wär Gott nicht mit uns diese Zeit (If God Had Not Been on Our Side) – Wo Gott der Herr nicht bei uns hält
Psalm 130 (129): Aus tiefer Not schrei ich zu dir (Out of the Depths I Cry to Thee)
Psalm 133 (132): Hine Ma Tov
Psalm 136 (135): Let us with a gladsome mind
Psalm 137 (136): An Wasserflüssen Babylon (By the rivers of Babylon)
Psalm 138 (137): Mein ganzes Herz erhebet dich
Psalm 139 (138): Herr, dir ist nichts verborgen
Psalm 146 (145): Du meine Seele singe
Psalm 149: Singt dem Herrn ein neues Lied
Becker Psalter
Biblical Songs
Blazhen Muzh
Exclusive psalmody
Genevan Psalter
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Praise Him!\" with \"Alleluia!\".Praise, my soul, the King of heaven,\nto his feet thy tribute bring;\nransomed healed, restored, forgiven,\nwho like me his praise should sing?\nPraise him, praise him,\npraise the everlasting King.\n\nPraise him for his grace and favour\nto our fathers in distress;\npraise him still the same for ever,\nslow to chide and swift to bless:\nPraise him, praise him,\nglorious in his faithfulness.\n\nFather-like, he tends and spares us,\nwell our feeble frame he knows;\nin his hands he gently bears us,\nrescues us from all our foes:\nPraise him, praise him,\nwidely as his mercy flows.\n\nFrail as summer's flower we flourish;\nblows the wind and it is gone;\nbut, while mortals rise and perish,\nGod endures unchanging on:\nPraise him, praise him,\npraise the high eternal One.\n\nAngels, help us to adore him;\nye behold him face to face;\nsun and moon bow down before him,\ndwellers all in time and space:\nPraise him, praise him,\npraise with us the God of grace.\n\n— Hymns Ancient and Modern (2013)[6]The original fourth stanza (\"Frail as summer's flower\"), corresponding with verses 15–17 of the Psalm, was marked for optional omission in the original printing and many modern hymnals therefore do not include it.[2] The text of the omitted stanza shares a \"valedictory but hopeful tone\" with the other well known hymn by Lyte, \"Abide with me\".[7]Other more modern changes, including more gender-neutral language,[a] are relatively minor.[2] An alternate text, written as part of the 1980s and 1990s attempts to reduce the omnipresence of masculine metaphors for God and published as a variant in the Presbyterian Hymnal, begins \"Praise my soul, the God of heaven\".[8]","title":"Text"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Goss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Goss_(composer)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hymnary-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dictHymn-2"},{"link_name":"Musical Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_Times"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Ian Bradley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Bradley"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"D major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D_major"},{"link_name":"four-part harmony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-part_harmony"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"F-sharp minor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-sharp_minor"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dictHymn-2"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"download the audio file","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/score/3/s/3sulmhjqhdp4ulh5yj8i0rs0ka4ikb7/3sulmhjq.mp3"},{"link_name":"Henry Smart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Smart"},{"link_name":"Horatius Bonar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatius_Bonar"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dictHymn-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hymnary-3"}],"text":"The hymn is most commonly sung to the tune \"Lauda Anima\" (\"Praise, my soul\"), written as a setting for Lyte's words by John Goss in 1868,[3] and first published in Robert Brown-Borthwick's Supplemental Hymn and Tune Book (Third edition, 1869).[2] This was an instant success, a report in the 1869 Musical Times stating that \"it is at once the most beautiful and dignified hymn tune which has lately come under our notice\".[9] Ian Bradley notes that the tune is one of \"the most enduring and effective Victorian hymn tunes\".[10] The original setting by Goss is in D major. 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OCLC 37548665.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/37548665","url_text":"Abide with me : the world of Victorian hymns"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-334-02692-X","url_text":"0-334-02692-X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/37548665","url_text":"37548665"}]},{"reference":"Forster, Michael; Sayers, Susan, eds. (2000). Complete Anglican Hymns Old and Newpage. Stowmarket, Suffolk: Kevin Mayhew Ltd. pp. 936–939.","urls":[{"url":"https://hymnary.org/hymn/CAH2000/page/936","url_text":"Complete Anglican Hymns Old and Newpage"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=d0VeAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA267","external_links_name":"Be Still, My Soul The Inspiring Stories Behind 175 of the Most-loved Hymns"},{"Link":"https://hymnology.hymnsam.co.uk/p/praise,-my-soul,-the-king-of-heaven","external_links_name":"\"Praise, my soul, the King of heaven\""},{"Link":"https://hymnary.org/text/praise_my_soul_the_king_of_heaven","external_links_name":"\"Praise, My Soul, the King of Heaven\""},{"Link":"https://www.cnn.com/2018/12/05/politics/george-h-w-bush-funeral-program/index.html","external_links_name":"\"George H.W. Bush's full funeral program\""},{"Link":"https://www.classicfm.com/music-news/king-charles-coronation-music-programme/","external_links_name":"\"What music will feature at His Majesty the King's coronation at Westminster Abbey?\""},{"Link":"https://hymnary.org/hymn/AM2013/766","external_links_name":"\"Praise, My Soul, the King of Heaven\""},{"Link":"https://www.methodist.org.uk/our-faith/worship/singing-the-faith-plus/hymns/praise-my-soul-the-king-of-heaven-stf-83/","external_links_name":"\"Praise, my soul, the King of heaven (StF 83)\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JXbqaP87cLMC&pg=PA20","external_links_name":"Christian Hymnody in Twentieth-century Britain and America: An Annotated Bibliography"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3354873","external_links_name":"\"Back Matter\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0958-8434","external_links_name":"0958-8434"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3354873","external_links_name":"3354873"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/37548665","external_links_name":"Abide with me : the world of Victorian hymns"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/37548665","external_links_name":"37548665"},{"Link":"https://hymnary.org/hymn/CAH2000/page/936","external_links_name":"Complete Anglican Hymns Old and Newpage"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=17T1nBIqFao","external_links_name":"\"Praise my soul the King of heaven\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mersey_Tunnel_Act_1925 | Queensway Tunnel | ["1 History","2 Description","2.1 Tolls","2.2 Ventilation","3 Today","4 Use in film","5 In popular culture","6 See also","7 References","8 Further reading","9 External links"] | Coordinates: 53°24′03″N 3°00′11″W / 53.4009°N 3.0031°W / 53.4009; -3.0031Road tunnel running under the River Mersey connecting Liverpool and Wirral
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Queensway TunnelThe Liverpool entrance to the Queensway TunnelOverviewLocationMerseyside, EnglandStatusActiveRouteQueens WayStartLiverpool, MerseysideEndBirkenhead, MerseysideOperationConstructed1925–1934Opened18 July 1934OwnerMerseytravelTrafficAutomotiveToll£2.10 for a car (£1.40 for LCR fast-tag) TechnicalNo. of lanes4 (2 northbound, 2 southbound)
The Queensway Tunnel is a road tunnel under the River Mersey, in the north west of England, between Liverpool and Birkenhead. Locally, it is often referred to as the "Birkenhead Tunnel" or "old tunnel", to distinguish it from the newer Kingsway Tunnel (1971), which serves Wallasey and the M53 motorway traffic. At 3.24 kilometres (2.01 mi) in length, it is the longest road tunnel in the UK.
History
George's Dock ventilation and control station, Pier Head
The first tunnel under the River Mersey was for the Mersey Railway in 1886. The first tunnel crossing was proposed in 1825, and again in 1827. A report in 1830 rejected the road tunnel due to concerns about building damage.
During the 1920s there were concerns about the long queues of cars and lorries at the Mersey Ferry terminal, so once royal assent to a parliamentary bill was received, construction of the first Mersey road tunnel started in 1925, to a design by consulting engineer Sir Basil Mott. Mott supervised the construction in association with John Brodie, who, as City Engineer of Liverpool, had co-ordinated the feasibility studies made by consultant Engineers Mott, Hay and Anderson. The main contractor was Edmund Nuttall.
In 1928 the two pilot tunnels met to within less than 25 millimetres (1.0 in). Construction work continued, and in 1930 Brian Colquhoun was appointed Resident Engineer. The tunnel opened in 1934. From 1933 to 1936 Colquhoun was redesignated Resident Engineer-in-Charge.
The tunnel entrances, toll booths and ventilation building exteriors were designed by architect Herbert James Rowse, who is frequently but incorrectly credited with the whole civil engineering project. Their decoration is by Edmund Thompson. These are Grade II listed buildings. More than 1.2 million tons of rock, gravel, and clay were excavated; some of it was used to build Otterspool Promenade. Of the 1,700 men who worked on the tunnel during the nine years of its construction, 17 were killed.
At the time of its opening it was the longest road tunnel in the world, a title it held for 14 years until the opening of the Vielha Tunnel in Catalonia, Spain, in 1948, though it remained the longest underwater tunnel as of 1955. The tunnel, which cost a total of £8 million, was opened on 18 July 1934 by King George V; the opening ceremony was watched by 200,000 people. At the time it was known as the eighth wonder of the world.
By the 1960s, traffic volume had increased, and, in 1971, the Kingsway Tunnel opened to relieve congestion.
Description
Toll booths at the Birkenhead entrance to the Queensway Tunnel
One of the original Art Deco lamp pillars from Birkenhead, now the Monument to the Mersey Tunnel
The tunnel is 3.24 kilometres (2.01 mi) long. It contains a single carriageway of four lanes, two in each direction. A lower deck, originally intended as a tramway, is used for ventilation and emergency refuges.
Different height restrictions apply to the nearside and offside lanes in each direction, because of the curvature of the tunnel. These are 3.9 metres (13 ft) and 4.75 metres (15.6 ft) respectively, and there is a 3.5 t weight limit for goods vehicles. All buses are required to use the offside lane, regardless of their height. Lane signals (consisting of an illuminated green arrow or red cross) are displayed at regular intervals, although in normal circumstances none of the lanes are currently used bidirectionally. This is in contrast to the Kingsway Tunnel, where lanes in toll concourse are alternated to prioritise higher traffic in one direction during peak hours.
The tunnel has two branches leading off the main tunnel to the dock areas on both sides of the river. The Birkenhead branch tunnel (known as the Rendel Street branch, or Dock Exit) was closed in 1965. When travelling in the Birkenhead direction, the branch can still be seen inside the tunnel on the right just before the left hand bend towards the Birkenhead exit. The exit of this branch can also be seen on the outside from Rendel Street near the junction with Marcus Street, just north of Cleveland Street in Birkenhead. This branch also carried two-way traffic, single lane each way. It was also controlled by traffic lights inside the tunnel. This branch mainly served Birkenhead docks and for people travelling to the Wirral resort of New Brighton. These are now best served by the Kingsway Tunnel. The Liverpool branch tunnel remains in use, in the exit direction only. It emerges opposite the Liver Building, next to the Atlantic Tower Hotel and Church of Our Lady and Saint Nicholas. Originally, it carried two-way traffic and the junction inside the tunnel was controlled by traffic lights, but this arrangement was discontinued to reduce the delays brought on by increasing traffic levels. Had it been built, the tunnel would have connected with the Liverpool urban motorway, the planned inner ring road.
The lighting inside the tunnel was updated in 1981 to replace the amber fluorescent tubes on the walls of the tunnel. The reason given for the change was that the old lighting was ineffective and inefficient. It also caused a flicker effect on vehicle windscreens, which could induce epileptic reactions in susceptible people.
The tunnel was closed for the day on 17 July 1994 and was used for pedestrians only to celebrate its 60th anniversary. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3flGlLsSD1w
Tolls
An original tollbooth, now preserved in Liverpool
Tolls have been a feature of tunnel use since the Queensway Tunnel opened in 1934. Although residents were originally told tolls would be removed when debts were repaid, this position was dropped long ago. Debts and tolls were increased when the Kingsway Tunnel was built in 1971 to relieve congestion in the first tunnel. The County of Merseyside Act 1980 (c. x) enshrined in law the right to continue collecting tolls once the debts were repaid. The later Mersey Tunnels Act 2004 (c. ii) created a legal position where tolls charged must rise in line with the Retail Price Index (RPI) as published in November.
Ventilation
As a roadway the tunnel requires ventilation to clear vehicle exhaust fumes. As originally designed the tunnel would have used forced air for ventilation; fumes and noxious gases were simply to be expelled through the tunnel exits. However, in an incident in the Liberty Tunnel in Pittsburgh in May 1924, inadequate ventilation led to a number of drivers being overcome by carbon monoxide poisoning, though there were no fatalities; this led the Queensway engineers to re-examine the issue and to conduct experiments in a completed section under Hamilton Square. Extractors were installed in the planned ventilation stations, adding to their size and complexity, and also adding considerably to the budget.
The tunnel currently has six ventilation shafts, three on each side of the river.
On the Wirral side the main shaft is at Woodside, with another (before the main exit) in Sidney Street, while the Dock Exit branch is served by the tower in Taylor Street.
On the Liverpool side the main shaft is at the Pier head, in the George's Dock Building, with another (before the main exit) in North John Street, and the Strand Exit branch is served by the tower in Fazakerley Street. The Georges Dock Building also houses offices of the Tunnels Authority and of the Tunnels Police Force.
All the ventilation buildings were designed by Herbert Rowse, chief architect for the Queensway tunnel exteriors, and all are Grade II listed.
Taylor Street ventilator, Wirral
Sidney Street ventilator, Wirral
Woodside main ventilator, Wirral
Georges Dock main ventilator, Liverpool
North John Street ventilator, Liverpool
Fazakerley Street ventilator, Liverpool
Today
In April 2004 construction began on seven emergency refuges below the road deck, each capable of holding 180 people, as part of a £9 million project to bring the tunnel into line with the highest European safety standards. Each refuge is 21 metres (69 ft) long and 3 metres (9.8 ft) wide, accessible from the main tunnel walls. The refuges have fire resistant doors, ramps for wheelchair access, a supply of bottled water, a toilet, and a video link to the Mersey Tunnels Police control room. All seven refuges are linked by a walkway below the road surface, with exits at the Liverpool and Birkenhead ends.
In 2012 the tunnel was refurbished, with 5,999 added panels – ceramic steel cladding replacing the old plastic corrugated wall cladding to improve lighting and to give the tunnel a 21st century look.
As of May 2024 the toll is £2.10 per journey for a single passenger car of typical size, with progressively higher tolls for larger vehicles; solo motorcycles are free. Average daily traffic through the tunnel currently stands at 35,000 vehicles, which equates to just under 12.8 million per year.
Use in film
The tunnel was used in the 1993 film In the Name of the Father where Emma Thompson's character Gareth Peirce drives through the tunnel in one of the opening scenes.
In September 2009, a scene from Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 set in the Dartford Crossing was filmed in Queensway Tunnel, where Harry skips on a bus while on Hagrid's enchanted motorbike was filmed in the tunnel.
In 2012 the tunnel was used for the filming of a chase scene for Fast & Furious 6.
In March 2018, the tunnel was used for the filming of Yesterday, directed by Danny Boyle. The two main characters are frolicking in an empty tunnel when the bright yellow words "Hello Goodbye" are rolling through the tunnel.
Also in 2018 the tunnel was a location for the BBC TV series The City and the City, where it served as the gateway between the two cities.
In popular culture
The Dubliners popularised the song "I Wish I Was Back in Liverpool", which includes a verse about the building of the Queensway Tunnel.
See also
Mersey Tunnels Police
Architecture of Liverpool
Listed buildings in Birkenhead
References
^ a b c {"Tolls, Fees and Charges". Mersey Tunnels. Retrieved 1 May 2024.
^ Elson, Peter (9 August 2007). "Sir Nicholas Nuttall". Liverpool Daily Post. Archived from the original on 23 November 2008.
^ a b "The Papers of Brian Colquhoun". University of Cambridge. Retrieved 8 November 2023.
^ "Port Sunlight 2". Antiques Roadshow. Series 35. Episode 3. 21 October 2012. BBC. Retrieved 21 October 2012.
^ Guinness World Records 2015 (British ed.). The Jim Pattison Group. September 2014. p. 184. ISBN 978-1-908843-62-3.
^ a b Coslett, Paul (4 December 2006). "Queensway Tunnel: The Queensway Tunnel celebrates 75 years of operation this year with a special walk through". BBC. Retrieved 24 April 2016.
^ BBC News (19 July 2014). "Queensway tunnel's 80th anniversary celebrated". BBC News.
^ Kimpton Energy Solutions (12 March 2020). "Work begins on the £3m Kingsway Tunnel Refurbishment". Retrieved 20 December 2022.
^ David Bartlett (10 January 2013) "Mersey Tunnels still owe £58m but tolls income is being used elsewhere" Liverpool Echo: Retrieved 6 December 2019
^ Ian Jackson, Simon Pepper, Peter Richmond Herbert Rowse, p46 (2019) Historic England ISBN 978-1-84802-549-3
^ Weston, Alan (28 January 2012). "Artwork incorporated in Mersey Tunnel refurbishment". Liverpool Echo. Retrieved 19 July 2014.
^ a b Weston, Alan (4 December 2010). "Harry Potter film tour for Liverpool Queensway tunnel after Deathly Hallows filming". Liverpool Echo. Retrieved 22 November 2015.
^ "In the Name of the Father Locations".
^ Miles, Tina (8 May 2013). "Liverpool gets Fast and Furious film location boost". liverpoolecho. Retrieved 22 December 2017.
^ Hughes, Lorna (24 June 2019). "You can't make a film about The Beatles without going to Liverpool". liverpoolecho. Retrieved 13 July 2019.
Further reading
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Queensway Tunnel.
Moore, Jim (1998) Underground Liverpool, Liverpool : Bluecoat Press, ISBN 1-872568-43-2
Ian Jackson, Simon Pepper, Peter Richmond: Herbert Rowse (2019) Historic England ISBN 978-1-84802-549-3
External links
Official website of the Mersey Tunnels
53°24′03″N 3°00′11″W / 53.4009°N 3.0031°W / 53.4009; -3.0031
Next tunnel upstream
River Mersey
Next tunnel downstream
Mersey Railway Tunnel
Queensway Tunnel
Kingsway Tunnel
Records
Preceded byCol de Tende Road Tunnel3.18 km (1.97 mi)
World's longest road tunnel 1934-1948
Succeeded byVielha Tunnel5.23 km (3.25 mi)
vteBuildings and structures in Liverpool, EnglandSkyscrapers and highrises(over 60m)
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Transportation
James Street station
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Category
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Commons | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"River Mersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Mersey"},{"link_name":"north west","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_West_England"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool"},{"link_name":"Birkenhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birkenhead"},{"link_name":"Kingsway Tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingsway_Tunnel"},{"link_name":"Wallasey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallasey"},{"link_name":"M53 motorway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M53_motorway"}],"text":"Road tunnel running under the River Mersey connecting Liverpool and WirralThe Queensway Tunnel is a road tunnel under the River Mersey, in the north west of England, between Liverpool and Birkenhead. Locally, it is often referred to as the \"Birkenhead Tunnel\" or \"old tunnel\", to distinguish it from the newer Kingsway Tunnel (1971), which serves Wallasey and the M53 motorway traffic. 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The first tunnel crossing was proposed in 1825, and again in 1827. A report in 1830 rejected the road tunnel due to concerns about building damage.During the 1920s there were concerns about the long queues of cars and lorries at the Mersey Ferry terminal, so once royal assent to a parliamentary bill was received, construction of the first Mersey road tunnel started in 1925, to a design by consulting engineer Sir Basil Mott. Mott supervised the construction in association with John Brodie, who, as City Engineer of Liverpool, had co-ordinated the feasibility studies made by consultant Engineers Mott, Hay and Anderson. The main contractor was Edmund Nuttall.[2]\nIn 1928 the two pilot tunnels met to within less than 25 millimetres (1.0 in). Construction work continued, and in 1930 Brian Colquhoun was appointed Resident Engineer.[3] The tunnel opened in 1934. From 1933 to 1936 Colquhoun was redesignated Resident Engineer-in-Charge.[3]The tunnel entrances, toll booths and ventilation building exteriors were designed by architect Herbert James Rowse, who is frequently but incorrectly credited with the whole civil engineering project. Their decoration is by Edmund Thompson.[4] These are Grade II listed buildings. More than 1.2 million tons of rock, gravel, and clay were excavated; some of it was used to build Otterspool Promenade. Of the 1,700 men who worked on the tunnel during the nine years of its construction, 17 were killed.At the time of its opening it was the longest road tunnel in the world, a title it held for 14 years until the opening of the Vielha Tunnel in Catalonia, Spain, in 1948, though it remained the longest underwater tunnel as of 1955.[5] The tunnel, which cost a total of £8 million, was opened on 18 July 1934 by King George V; the opening ceremony was watched by 200,000 people. At the time it was known as the eighth wonder of the world.[6]By the 1960s, traffic volume had increased, and, in 1971, the Kingsway Tunnel opened to relieve congestion.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mersey_Tunnel_Toolbooths,_Birkenhead_-_geograph.org.uk_-_342189.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Queensway_tunnel_pylon_in_Birkenhead.JPG"},{"link_name":"Monument to the Mersey Tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monument_to_the_Mersey_Tunnel"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-coslett-6"},{"link_name":"Kingsway Tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingsway_Tunnel"},{"link_name":"Birkenhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birkenhead"},{"link_name":"Liver Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Liver_Building"},{"link_name":"Church of Our Lady and Saint Nicholas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Our_Lady_and_Saint_Nicholas,_Liverpool"},{"link_name":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3flGlLsSD1w","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.youtube.com/watch?v=3flGlLsSD1w"}],"text":"Toll booths at the Birkenhead entrance to the Queensway TunnelOne of the original Art Deco lamp pillars from Birkenhead, now the Monument to the Mersey TunnelThe tunnel is 3.24 kilometres (2.01 mi) long. It contains a single carriageway of four lanes, two in each direction. A lower deck, originally intended as a tramway, is used for ventilation[7][8] and emergency refuges.[6]Different height restrictions apply to the nearside and offside lanes in each direction, because of the curvature of the tunnel. These are 3.9 metres (13 ft) and 4.75 metres (15.6 ft) respectively, and there is a 3.5 t weight limit for goods vehicles. All buses are required to use the offside lane, regardless of their height. Lane signals (consisting of an illuminated green arrow or red cross) are displayed at regular intervals, although in normal circumstances none of the lanes are currently used bidirectionally. This is in contrast to the Kingsway Tunnel, where lanes in toll concourse are alternated to prioritise higher traffic in one direction during peak hours.The tunnel has two branches leading off the main tunnel to the dock areas on both sides of the river. The Birkenhead branch tunnel (known as the Rendel Street branch, or Dock Exit) was closed in 1965. When travelling in the Birkenhead direction, the branch can still be seen inside the tunnel on the right just before the left hand bend towards the Birkenhead exit. The exit of this branch can also be seen on the outside from Rendel Street near the junction with Marcus Street, just north of Cleveland Street in Birkenhead. This branch also carried two-way traffic, single lane each way. It was also controlled by traffic lights inside the tunnel. This branch mainly served Birkenhead docks and for people travelling to the Wirral resort of New Brighton. These are now best served by the Kingsway Tunnel. The Liverpool branch tunnel remains in use, in the exit direction only. It emerges opposite the Liver Building, next to the Atlantic Tower Hotel and Church of Our Lady and Saint Nicholas. Originally, it carried two-way traffic and the junction inside the tunnel was controlled by traffic lights, but this arrangement was discontinued to reduce the delays brought on by increasing traffic levels. Had it been built, the tunnel would have connected with the Liverpool urban motorway, the planned inner ring road.The lighting inside the tunnel was updated in 1981 to replace the amber fluorescent tubes on the walls of the tunnel. The reason given for the change was that the old lighting was ineffective and inefficient. It also caused a flicker effect on vehicle windscreens, which could induce epileptic reactions in susceptible people.The tunnel was closed for the day on 17 July 1994 and was used for pedestrians only to celebrate its 60th anniversary. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3flGlLsSD1w","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tunnel_Tollbooth_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1454533.jpg"},{"link_name":"County of Merseyside Act 1980","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Merseyside_Act_1980"},{"link_name":"Mersey Tunnels Act 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mersey_Tunnels_Act_2004"},{"link_name":"Retail Price Index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retail_Price_Index"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Tolls","text":"An original tollbooth, now preserved in LiverpoolTolls have been a feature of tunnel use since the Queensway Tunnel opened in 1934. Although residents were originally told tolls would be removed when debts were repaid, this position was dropped long ago. Debts and tolls were increased when the Kingsway Tunnel was built in 1971 to relieve congestion in the first tunnel. The County of Merseyside Act 1980 (c. x) enshrined in law the right to continue collecting tolls once the debts were repaid. The later Mersey Tunnels Act 2004 (c. ii) created a legal position where tolls charged must rise in line with the Retail Price Index (RPI) as published in November.[9]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Liberty Tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_Tunnel"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh"},{"link_name":"carbon monoxide poisoning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_monoxide_poisoning"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"George's Dock Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%27s_Dock_Building"},{"link_name":"Grade II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grade_II"},{"link_name":"listed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_building"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Queensway_Tunnel_ventilator,_Taylor_Street_4.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Queensway_Tunnel_ventilator,_Sidney_Street_1.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Birkenhead_Tower_seen_from_Liverpool_-_panoramio.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:George%27s_Dock_Ventilation_and_Control_Station_2018-1.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ventilation_Station,_North_John_Street.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Queensway_Tunnel_ventilator,_Fazakerley_Street.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Ventilation","text":"As a roadway the tunnel requires ventilation to clear vehicle exhaust fumes. As originally designed the tunnel would have used forced air for ventilation; fumes and noxious gases were simply to be expelled through the tunnel exits. However, in an incident in the Liberty Tunnel in Pittsburgh in May 1924, inadequate ventilation led to a number of drivers being overcome by carbon monoxide poisoning, though there were no fatalities; this led the Queensway engineers to re-examine the issue and to conduct experiments in a completed section under Hamilton Square. Extractors were installed in the planned ventilation stations, adding to their size and complexity, and also adding considerably to the budget.[10]The tunnel currently has six ventilation shafts, three on each side of the river.\nOn the Wirral side the main shaft is at Woodside, with another (before the main exit) in Sidney Street, while the Dock Exit branch is served by the tower in Taylor Street.\nOn the Liverpool side the main shaft is at the Pier head, in the George's Dock Building, with another (before the main exit) in North John Street, and the Strand Exit branch is served by the tower in Fazakerley Street. The Georges Dock Building also houses offices of the Tunnels Authority and of the Tunnels Police Force.\nAll the ventilation buildings were designed by Herbert Rowse, chief architect for the Queensway tunnel exteriors, and all are Grade II listed.Taylor Street ventilator, Wirral\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSidney Street ventilator, Wirral\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWoodside main ventilator, Wirral\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGeorges Dock main ventilator, Liverpool\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNorth John Street ventilator, Liverpool\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFazakerley Street ventilator, Liverpool","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mersey Tunnels Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mersey_Tunnels_Police"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-toll-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-toll-1"},{"link_name":"Average daily traffic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annual_average_daily_traffic"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EchoHP-12"}],"text":"In April 2004 construction began on seven emergency refuges below the road deck, each capable of holding 180 people, as part of a £9 million project to bring the tunnel into line with the highest European safety standards. Each refuge is 21 metres (69 ft) long and 3 metres (9.8 ft) wide, accessible from the main tunnel walls. The refuges have fire resistant doors, ramps for wheelchair access, a supply of bottled water, a toilet, and a video link to the Mersey Tunnels Police control room. All seven refuges are linked by a walkway below the road surface, with exits at the Liverpool and Birkenhead ends.[citation needed]In 2012 the tunnel was refurbished, with 5,999 added panels – ceramic steel cladding replacing the old plastic corrugated wall cladding to improve lighting and to give the tunnel a 21st century look.[11]As of May 2024 the toll is £2.10 per journey[1] for a single passenger car of typical size, with progressively higher tolls for larger vehicles; solo motorcycles are free.[1] Average daily traffic through the tunnel currently stands at 35,000 vehicles, which equates to just under 12.8 million per year.[12]","title":"Today"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"In the Name of the Father","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Name_of_the_Father_(film)"},{"link_name":"Emma Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Thompson"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Deathly_Hallows_%E2%80%93_Part_1"},{"link_name":"Dartford Crossing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartford_Crossing"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EchoHP-12"},{"link_name":"Fast & Furious 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_%26_Furious_6"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Yesterday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yesterday_(2019_film)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"The City and the City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_City_and_the_City_(TV_series)"}],"text":"The tunnel was used in the 1993 film In the Name of the Father where Emma Thompson's character Gareth Peirce drives through the tunnel in one of the opening scenes.[13]In September 2009, a scene from Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 set in the Dartford Crossing was filmed in Queensway Tunnel, where Harry skips on a bus while on Hagrid's enchanted motorbike was filmed in the tunnel.[12]In 2012 the tunnel was used for the filming of a chase scene for Fast & Furious 6.[14]In March 2018, the tunnel was used for the filming of Yesterday, directed by Danny Boyle.[15] The two main characters are frolicking in an empty tunnel when the bright yellow words \"Hello Goodbye\" are rolling through the tunnel.Also in 2018 the tunnel was a location for the BBC TV series The City and the City, where it served as the gateway between the two cities.","title":"Use in film"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Dubliners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dubliners"}],"text":"The Dubliners popularised the song \"I Wish I Was Back in Liverpool\", which includes a verse about the building of the Queensway Tunnel.","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Queensway Tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Queensway_Tunnel"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-872568-43-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-872568-43-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-84802-549-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84802-549-3"}],"text":"Wikimedia Commons has media related to Queensway Tunnel.Moore, Jim (1998) Underground Liverpool, Liverpool : Bluecoat Press, ISBN 1-872568-43-2\nIan Jackson, Simon Pepper, Peter Richmond: Herbert Rowse (2019) Historic England ISBN 978-1-84802-549-3","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"George's Dock ventilation and control station, Pier Head","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Liverpool_Queensway_Tunnel_ventilation_tower_and_offices_Pierhead.jpg/220px-Liverpool_Queensway_Tunnel_ventilation_tower_and_offices_Pierhead.jpg"},{"image_text":"Toll booths at the Birkenhead entrance to the Queensway Tunnel","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Mersey_Tunnel_Toolbooths%2C_Birkenhead_-_geograph.org.uk_-_342189.jpg/220px-Mersey_Tunnel_Toolbooths%2C_Birkenhead_-_geograph.org.uk_-_342189.jpg"},{"image_text":"One of the original Art Deco lamp pillars from Birkenhead, now the Monument to the Mersey Tunnel","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Queensway_tunnel_pylon_in_Birkenhead.JPG/170px-Queensway_tunnel_pylon_in_Birkenhead.JPG"},{"image_text":"An original tollbooth, now preserved in Liverpool","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Tunnel_Tollbooth_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1454533.jpg/220px-Tunnel_Tollbooth_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1454533.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Mersey Tunnels Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mersey_Tunnels_Police"},{"title":"Architecture of Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_Liverpool"},{"title":"Listed buildings in Birkenhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_buildings_in_Birkenhead"}] | [{"reference":"\"Tolls, Fees and Charges\". Mersey Tunnels. Retrieved 1 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.merseytravel.gov.uk/tunnels/tolls-fees-and-charges/","url_text":"\"Tolls, Fees and Charges\""}]},{"reference":"Elson, Peter (9 August 2007). \"Sir Nicholas Nuttall\". Liverpool Daily Post. Archived from the original on 23 November 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.liverpooldailypost.co.uk/views/obituaries/2007/08/09/sir-nicholas-nuttall-64375-19597612/","url_text":"\"Sir Nicholas Nuttall\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081123014743/http://www.liverpooldailypost.co.uk/views/obituaries/2007/08/09/sir-nicholas-nuttall-64375-19597612/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Papers of Brian Colquhoun\". University of Cambridge. Retrieved 8 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://archivesearch.lib.cam.ac.uk/repositories/9/resources/1497","url_text":"\"The Papers of Brian Colquhoun\""}]},{"reference":"\"Port Sunlight 2\". Antiques Roadshow. Series 35. Episode 3. 21 October 2012. BBC. Retrieved 21 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01nmdxm","url_text":"\"Port Sunlight 2\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiques_Roadshow","url_text":"Antiques Roadshow"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC","url_text":"BBC"}]},{"reference":"Guinness World Records 2015 (British ed.). The Jim Pattison Group. September 2014. p. 184. ISBN 978-1-908843-62-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-908843-62-3","url_text":"978-1-908843-62-3"}]},{"reference":"Coslett, Paul (4 December 2006). \"Queensway Tunnel: The Queensway Tunnel celebrates 75 years of operation this year with a special walk through\". BBC. Retrieved 24 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/liverpool/content/articles/2006/12/04/local_history_queensway_tunnel_feature.shtml","url_text":"\"Queensway Tunnel: The Queensway Tunnel celebrates 75 years of operation this year with a special walk through\""}]},{"reference":"BBC News (19 July 2014). \"Queensway tunnel's 80th anniversary celebrated\". BBC News.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-merseyside-28372224","url_text":"\"Queensway tunnel's 80th anniversary celebrated\""}]},{"reference":"Kimpton Energy Solutions (12 March 2020). \"Work begins on the £3m Kingsway Tunnel Refurbishment\". Retrieved 20 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kimpton.co.uk/work-begins-queensway-tunnel/","url_text":"\"Work begins on the £3m Kingsway Tunnel Refurbishment\""}]},{"reference":"Weston, Alan (28 January 2012). \"Artwork incorporated in Mersey Tunnel refurbishment\". Liverpool Echo. Retrieved 19 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/artwork-incorporated-mersey-tunnel-refurbishment-3356267","url_text":"\"Artwork incorporated in Mersey Tunnel refurbishment\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_Echo","url_text":"Liverpool Echo"}]},{"reference":"Weston, Alan (4 December 2010). \"Harry Potter film tour for Liverpool Queensway tunnel after Deathly Hallows filming\". Liverpool Echo. Retrieved 22 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/liverpool-news/local-news/2010/12/04/harry-potter-film-tour-for-queensway-tunnel-after-deathly-hallows-filming-100252-27765611/","url_text":"\"Harry Potter film tour for Liverpool Queensway tunnel after Deathly Hallows filming\""}]},{"reference":"\"In the Name of the Father Locations\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latlong.net/location/in-the-name-of-the-father-locations-930#:~:text=In%20the%20Name%20of%20the%20Father%20was%20shot%20in%20Dublin,Kilmainham%20Gaol%2C%20Dublin%2C%20Ireland.","url_text":"\"In the Name of the Father Locations\""}]},{"reference":"Miles, Tina (8 May 2013). \"Liverpool gets Fast and Furious film location boost\". liverpoolecho. Retrieved 22 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/whats-on/film-tv/fast-furious-6-gives-liverpool-3477384","url_text":"\"Liverpool gets Fast and Furious film location boost\""}]},{"reference":"Hughes, Lorna (24 June 2019). \"You can't make a film about The Beatles without going to Liverpool\". liverpoolecho. Retrieved 13 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/whats-on/film-news/if-you-make-film-beatles-16463828","url_text":"\"You can't make a film about The Beatles without going to Liverpool\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Queensway_Tunnel¶ms=53.4009_N_3.0031_W_region:GB_type:landmark_scale:5000_source:Google","external_links_name":"53°24′03″N 3°00′11″W / 53.4009°N 3.0031°W / 53.4009; -3.0031"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Queensway+Tunnel%22","external_links_name":"\"Queensway Tunnel\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Queensway+Tunnel%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Queensway+Tunnel%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Queensway+Tunnel%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Queensway+Tunnel%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Queensway+Tunnel%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3flGlLsSD1w","external_links_name":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3flGlLsSD1w"},{"Link":"https://www.merseytravel.gov.uk/tunnels/tolls-fees-and-charges/","external_links_name":"\"Tolls, Fees and Charges\""},{"Link":"http://www.liverpooldailypost.co.uk/views/obituaries/2007/08/09/sir-nicholas-nuttall-64375-19597612/","external_links_name":"\"Sir Nicholas Nuttall\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081123014743/http://www.liverpooldailypost.co.uk/views/obituaries/2007/08/09/sir-nicholas-nuttall-64375-19597612/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archivesearch.lib.cam.ac.uk/repositories/9/resources/1497","external_links_name":"\"The Papers of Brian Colquhoun\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01nmdxm","external_links_name":"\"Port Sunlight 2\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/liverpool/content/articles/2006/12/04/local_history_queensway_tunnel_feature.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Queensway Tunnel: The Queensway Tunnel celebrates 75 years of operation this year with a special walk through\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-merseyside-28372224","external_links_name":"\"Queensway tunnel's 80th anniversary celebrated\""},{"Link":"https://www.kimpton.co.uk/work-begins-queensway-tunnel/","external_links_name":"\"Work begins on the £3m Kingsway Tunnel Refurbishment\""},{"Link":"http://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/mersey-tunnels-still-owe-58m-3324486","external_links_name":"\"Mersey Tunnels still owe £58m but tolls income is being used elsewhere\""},{"Link":"http://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/artwork-incorporated-mersey-tunnel-refurbishment-3356267","external_links_name":"\"Artwork incorporated in Mersey Tunnel refurbishment\""},{"Link":"http://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/liverpool-news/local-news/2010/12/04/harry-potter-film-tour-for-queensway-tunnel-after-deathly-hallows-filming-100252-27765611/","external_links_name":"\"Harry Potter film tour for Liverpool Queensway tunnel after Deathly Hallows filming\""},{"Link":"https://www.latlong.net/location/in-the-name-of-the-father-locations-930#:~:text=In%20the%20Name%20of%20the%20Father%20was%20shot%20in%20Dublin,Kilmainham%20Gaol%2C%20Dublin%2C%20Ireland.","external_links_name":"\"In the Name of the Father Locations\""},{"Link":"http://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/whats-on/film-tv/fast-furious-6-gives-liverpool-3477384","external_links_name":"\"Liverpool gets Fast and Furious film location boost\""},{"Link":"https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/whats-on/film-news/if-you-make-film-beatles-16463828","external_links_name":"\"You can't make a film about The Beatles without going to Liverpool\""},{"Link":"http://www.merseytunnels.co.uk/","external_links_name":"Official website of the Mersey Tunnels"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Queensway_Tunnel¶ms=53.4009_N_3.0031_W_region:GB_type:landmark_scale:5000_source:Google","external_links_name":"53°24′03″N 3°00′11″W / 53.4009°N 3.0031°W / 53.4009; -3.0031"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_Br%C4%83tianu_National_College_(Pite%C8%99ti) | Ion Brătianu National College (Pitești) | ["1 History","2 Curriculum","3 Grading and ranking","4 Notable alumni","5 References","6 External links"] | Coordinates: 44°51′27″N 24°52′06″E / 44.8575°N 24.8682°E / 44.8575; 24.8682For other uses, see I. C. Brătianu.
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High school in Pitești, Argeș County, RomaniaIon Brătianu National CollegeColegiul Național Ion C. BrătianuLocationPitești, Argeș CountyRomaniaInformationTypeHigh SchoolEstablished1866HeadmasterAlina ManeaWebsitewww.colegiulbratianu.ro
The "Ion C. Brătianu" National College (Romanian: Colegiul Național Ion C. Brătianu) is a comprehensive four-year public high school with 1,200 students enrolled in grades 9 through 12. It is named after the Romanian politician Ion C. Brătianu.
History
The school opened in the fall of 1866 as the first teaching institution in the town of Pitești and evolved throughout the years, from the original primary school to a secondary 8 grades school, then to a 12 grades one, and finally became a high-school (9-12 grades) in 1965. Today, "Brătianu" is recognized as one of the best high-schools in Romania. Because of its remarkable selectivity, the high admission percentage of its graduates, the very high overall GPA of its students and their excellent results in National Olympiads and other contests, in 1997 the "Ion C. Brătianu" High School was awarded the title of "National College" (Colegiu Național).
Main entrance to the Ion Brătianu National College.
Curriculum
The academic program is organized on a 2 shift schedule – the morning shift and the evening shift. In accordance to the Romanian curriculum imposed by the Ministry, the students have a fixed weekly schedule that is repeated throughout the two semesters of the academic year. They are organized in groups of approximately 30 students and each of these groups has a certain classroom assigned to it. Students attend six – 50 minutes classes daily.
AP courses or Honors classes are mainly unknown to the Romanian system but their alternative is found in all highschools: special class profiles. Therefore, although the core curricula is imposed by the legislation of the Ministry, the highschool offers partially different kinds of classes depending on the profile chosen by each of the 30 students groups. The offered profiles refer to the class/classes that group should focus upon as it follows:
Mathematics-Informatics (4 Informatics, 4 Mathematics and 3 Physics classes/week)
Mathematics-Informatics, Intensive Studies (6-7 Informatics, 4 Mathematics and 3-4 Physics classes/week)
Mathematics-Informatics – Bilingual (English/French/German)(7 English and 2 U.K. History & Geography classes/week, or the same for French or German)
Natural Sciences (3 Physics, 3 Biology and 3 Chemistry classes/week)
Social Sciences (4 Philosophy, 5 Romanian and 6 Foreign language classes/week)
Philology (2 Philosophy, 4 Romanian, 3 Latin and 4 Foreign language classes/week)
Philology – Bilingual (English)(2 Philosophy, 4 Romanian, 3 Latin and 6 English classes/week)
Grading and ranking
The grading system used is the Romanian numerical grading system, with grades ranging from 1 to 10, 10 being the maximum; 5 is the graduating mark. At the end of each semester and at the end of the year, the final grade is obtained through the arithmetic mean of the grades received throughout the year. Where term papers apply (Romanian, Mathematics, Physics, Informatics), this arithmetic mean is multiplied by 3 added with the term paper’s result and divided by 4 to obtain the final grade.
An American style ranking system is not offered but each group of students calculates its own rank and awards diplomas for the highest 3 final grades, and at the end of the 12th grade the school awards the distinction of Chief of graduates to the student with the highest final grade over the four years.
The examination all Romanian students take when they graduate the high school studies is the Baccalaureate exam which consists of the following subjects: Romanian – speaking and writing, a foreign language – speaking, Mathematics, a science (the special profile assigned science – if on a special profile class) and a social science. The graduating mark for the Baccalaureate is 6.
The statistical data for the 2009 class are:
The final grade of the Chief of graduates : 10
The average final grade : 9.29
The percentage of Baccalaureate graduates : 99.71%
The highest Baccalaureate grade : 9.95
The average Baccalaureate grade : 9.42
Notable alumni
This article's list of alumni may not follow Wikipedia's verifiability policy. Please improve this article by removing names that do not have independent reliable sources showing they merit inclusion in this article AND are alumni, or by incorporating the relevant publications into the body of the article through appropriate citations. (November 2021)
Mathematician Ciprian Manolescu, the only three-time winner of the International Mathematics Olympiad, attended Brătianu High School, as have other 7 international olympiad gold medallists in mathematics, biology, and physics. Other notable alumni in the sciences were neurologists Gheorghe Marinescu and Constantin Bălăceanu-Stolnici.
Romanian former President Emil Constantinescu as well as Prime Minister Armand Călinescu, Foreign Minister Istrate Micescu, and Marshal Ion Antonescu also attended the high school.
In arts the high school had many talented students, such as the poets Ion Barbu and Ion Minulescu, the painters Sorin Ilfoveanu, Costin Petrescu, and Rudolf Schweitzer-Cumpăna, the writers Dan Simonescu, Vladimir Streinu, Tudor Teodorescu-Braniște, and George Vâlsan, and the journalist Robert Turcescu.
References
^ "Colegiul National "Ion C. Bratianu" - Pitesti". Archived from the original on 2010-01-18. Retrieved 2010-05-30.
External links
Official site
44°51′27″N 24°52′06″E / 44.8575°N 24.8682°E / 44.8575; 24.8682 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"I. C. Brătianu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._C._Br%C4%83tianu_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Romanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_language"},{"link_name":"Ion C. Brătianu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_C._Br%C4%83tianu"}],"text":"For other uses, see I. C. Brătianu.High school in Pitești, Argeș County, RomaniaThe \"Ion C. Brătianu\" National College (Romanian: Colegiul Național Ion C. Brătianu) is a comprehensive four-year public high school with 1,200 students enrolled in grades 9 through 12. It is named after the Romanian politician Ion C. 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The offered profiles refer to the class/classes that group should focus upon as it follows:Mathematics-Informatics (4 Informatics, 4 Mathematics and 3 Physics classes/week)\nMathematics-Informatics, Intensive Studies (6-7 Informatics, 4 Mathematics and 3-4 Physics classes/week)\nMathematics-Informatics – Bilingual (English/French/German)(7 English and 2 U.K. History & Geography classes/week, or the same for French or German)\nNatural Sciences (3 Physics, 3 Biology and 3 Chemistry classes/week)\nSocial Sciences (4 Philosophy, 5 Romanian and 6 Foreign language classes/week)\nPhilology (2 Philosophy, 4 Romanian, 3 Latin and 4 Foreign language classes/week)\nPhilology – Bilingual (English)(2 Philosophy, 4 Romanian, 3 Latin and 6 English classes/week)","title":"Curriculum"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The grading system used is the Romanian numerical grading system, with grades ranging from 1 to 10, 10 being the maximum; 5 is the graduating mark. At the end of each semester and at the end of the year, the final grade is obtained through the arithmetic mean of the grades received throughout the year. Where term papers apply (Romanian, Mathematics, Physics, Informatics), this arithmetic mean is multiplied by 3 added with the term paper’s result and divided by 4 to obtain the final grade.An American style ranking system is not offered but each group of students calculates its own rank and awards diplomas for the highest 3 final grades, and at the end of the 12th grade the school awards the distinction of Chief of graduates to the student with the highest final grade over the four years.The examination all Romanian students take when they graduate the high school studies is the Baccalaureate exam which consists of the following subjects: Romanian – speaking and writing, a foreign language – speaking, Mathematics, a science (the special profile assigned science – if on a special profile class) and a social science. The graduating mark for the Baccalaureate is 6.The statistical data for the 2009 class are:The final grade of the Chief of graduates : 10\nThe average final grade : 9.29\nThe percentage of Baccalaureate graduates : 99.71%\nThe highest Baccalaureate grade : 9.95\nThe average Baccalaureate grade : 9.42","title":"Grading and ranking"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ciprian Manolescu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciprian_Manolescu"},{"link_name":"International Mathematics Olympiad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Mathematics_Olympiad"},{"link_name":"Gheorghe Marinescu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gheorghe_Marinescu"},{"link_name":"Constantin Bălăceanu-Stolnici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantin_B%C4%83l%C4%83ceanu-Stolnici"},{"link_name":"Romanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Emil Constantinescu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Constantinescu"},{"link_name":"Armand Călinescu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armand_C%C4%83linescu"},{"link_name":"Istrate Micescu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istrate_Micescu"},{"link_name":"Marshal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare%C8%99al_(Romania)"},{"link_name":"Ion Antonescu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_Antonescu"},{"link_name":"Ion Barbu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_Barbu"},{"link_name":"Ion Minulescu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_Minulescu"},{"link_name":"Sorin Ilfoveanu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorin_Ilfoveanu"},{"link_name":"Costin Petrescu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costin_Petrescu_(painter)"},{"link_name":"Rudolf Schweitzer-Cumpăna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Schweitzer-Cump%C4%83na"},{"link_name":"Dan Simonescu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Simonescu"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Streinu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Streinu"},{"link_name":"Tudor Teodorescu-Braniște","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tudor_Teodorescu-Brani%C8%99te"},{"link_name":"George Vâlsan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_V%C3%A2lsan"},{"link_name":"Robert Turcescu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Turcescu"}],"text":"Mathematician Ciprian Manolescu, the only three-time winner of the International Mathematics Olympiad, attended Brătianu High School, as have other 7 international olympiad gold medallists in mathematics, biology, and physics. Other notable alumni in the sciences were neurologists Gheorghe Marinescu and Constantin Bălăceanu-Stolnici.Romanian former President Emil Constantinescu as well as Prime Minister Armand Călinescu, Foreign Minister Istrate Micescu, and Marshal Ion Antonescu also attended the high school.In arts the high school had many talented students, such as the poets Ion Barbu and Ion Minulescu, the painters Sorin Ilfoveanu, Costin Petrescu, and Rudolf Schweitzer-Cumpăna, the writers Dan Simonescu, Vladimir Streinu, Tudor Teodorescu-Braniște, and George Vâlsan, and the journalist Robert Turcescu.","title":"Notable alumni"}] | [{"image_text":"Main entrance to the Ion Brătianu National College.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/RO_AG_-_Liceul_%22I.C._Br%C4%83tianu%22.jpg/220px-RO_AG_-_Liceul_%22I.C._Br%C4%83tianu%22.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Colegiul National \"Ion C. Bratianu\" - Pitesti\". Archived from the original on 2010-01-18. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domkustos | Domkustos | ["1 References"] | The Domkustos of a cathedral in German-speaking countries is responsible for its physical maintenance, furniture, decoration and security, including the safekeeping of the cathedral treasure, as well as arranging for cleaning, preparation for the services and ringing the bells. His or her subordinate is the Subkustos. The word "kustos" is derived from the Latin word custodia which has the sense of custody, guard, protection, preservation, oversight, care, welfare.
Because of the duty to guard the cathedral treasure, in several cathedral churches, such as Magdeburg, the term Thesaurar ("treasurer") was used instead of Domkustos. Elsewhere the title Thesaurar usually referred to the person responsible to the dean for handling income.
The office of Domkustos may either be a senior, independent post within the cathedral chapter as, for example, until 1806 in Salzburg, one of the offices under the dean or provost (Domdekan), as in Mainz, or carried out in combination with other duties by one person.
Frequently the Domkustos is the head of the cathedral construction department and its workshop (Dombauhütte). Formerly its responsibility usually extended to other buildings in the Domimmunität.
References
^ Übersetzungen für custodia im Deutsch-Latein-Wörterbuch. on: de.pons.com.
^ Gottfried Wentz, Berent Schwineköper: Das Erzbistum Magdeburg. Vols. 1–2, p. 142.
^ Erzdiözese Salzburg. Geschichte. Archived August 29, 2014, at the Wayback Machine on: kirchen.net.
^ Ämter und Einrichtungen. Domkustos. on: bistummainz.de.
Authority control databases: National
Germany | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cathedral churches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_church"},{"link_name":"Thesaurar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thesaurar&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"dean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_dean"},{"link_name":"cathedral chapter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_chapter"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"provost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provost_(church)"},{"link_name":"Mainz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainz"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Domimmunität","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domimmunit%C3%A4t"}],"text":"Because of the duty to guard the cathedral treasure, in several cathedral churches, such as Magdeburg, the term Thesaurar (\"treasurer\") was used instead of Domkustos.[2] Elsewhere the title Thesaurar usually referred to the person responsible to the dean for handling income.The office of Domkustos may either be a senior, independent post within the cathedral chapter as, for example, until 1806 in Salzburg,[3] one of the offices under the dean or provost (Domdekan), as in Mainz,[4] or carried out in combination with other duties by one person.Frequently the Domkustos is the head of the cathedral construction department and its workshop (Dombauhütte). Formerly its responsibility usually extended to other buildings in the Domimmunität.","title":"Domkustos"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"http://de.pons.com/%C3%BCbersetzung?q=custodia&in=&kbd=la&l=dela","external_links_name":"Übersetzungen für custodia im Deutsch-Latein-Wörterbuch."},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0Ucqwyy1bOEC&dq=Domkustos&pg=PA142","external_links_name":"Das Erzbistum Magdeburg."},{"Link":"http://www.kirchen.net/portal/page.asp?id=10616","external_links_name":"Erzdiözese Salzburg. Geschichte."},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140829153616/http://www.kirchen.net/portal/page.asp?id=10616","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.bistummainz.de/bistum/bistum/domkapitel/aemter.html#kustos","external_links_name":"Ämter und Einrichtungen. Domkustos."},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4517210-9","external_links_name":"Germany"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acharya_Jagadish_Chandra_Bose_College | Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose College | ["1 History","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"] | Coordinates: 22°32′30.74″N 88°20′58.77″E / 22.5418722°N 88.3496583°E / 22.5418722; 88.3496583College in South Kolkata, India
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Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose CollegeOther nameAJC Bose CollegeFormer namesBirla College Of Science and EducationMotto in EnglishEducation for AllTypePublicEstablished1968; 56 years ago (1968)Academic affiliationsUniversity of Calcutta, NAAC, UGCPresidentSharmila MitraPrincipalPurna Chandra MaityAcademic staff55Administrative staff50Students3,000LocationKolkata, West Bengal, India22°32′30.74″N 88°20′58.77″E / 22.5418722°N 88.3496583°E / 22.5418722; 88.3496583CampusUrbanColours Red and blueMascotFlower ArtWebsitehttp://www.ajcbosecollege.org/Location in KolkataShow map of KolkataAcharya Jagadish Chandra Bose College (India)Show map of India
Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose College is a public undergraduate degree college in Kolkata, West Bengal. This college previously known as Birla College Of Science and Birla College of Education were established in 1968 as two separate Institutions. In 1969 the two Institutions were amalgamated into one College under the name of Birla College Of Science and Education. With effect from the 1st July 1987,it is renamed as Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose College, by the name of great scientist, Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose.
History
Main building of Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose College
It is named after Jagadish Chandra Bose and is affiliated to the University of Calcutta. Until 1 July 1987, the college was known as Birla College of Science and Education. Located near the central part of the city, the college has science, arts, commerce and education (B.Ed.) streams.
See also
Jagadish Chandra Bose
Bose Institute
List of colleges affiliated to the University of Calcutta
Education in India
Education in West Bengal
References
^ a b "History". Acharya Jagdish Chandra Bose College. Retrieved 12 April 2017.
External links
Listen to this article (6 minutes)
This audio file was created from a revision of this article dated 4 July 2009 (2009-07-04), and does not reflect subsequent edits.(Audio help · More spoken articles)
Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose College Website Official Site
Website Accessibility & Standards
vteUniversity of CalcuttaPeople
Vice-chancellors (List)
Notable people
Associated researchand training institutes
Bose Institute
Calcutta Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology
CSSSC
Indian Centre for Space Physics
Indian Institute of Astrophysics
Indian Institute of Chemical Biology
Institute of Development Studies, Kolkata
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Institute of Asian Studies
Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences
SINP
S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences
Affiliated colleges
List of colleges affiliated to the University of Calcutta
List of centres affiliated to the University of Calcutta
Student life
Calcutta Review
Sports
University Athletic Club
University Rowing Club
Campuses
Asutosh Siksha Prangan (College Street Campus)
Rasbehari Siksha Prangan (Rajabazar Science College)
Taraknath Palit Siksha Prangan (Ballygunge Science College)
Shahid Kshudiram Sikhsha Prangan (Alipore Campus)
Technology Campus (Salt Lake)
Related
Art museum
History
Honoris Causa
Tagore Lectures
Category | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Acharya_Jagadish_Chandra_Bose_College.ogg"},{"link_name":"Kolkata, West Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata,_West_Bengal"}],"text":"College in South Kolkata, IndiaAcharya Jagadish Chandra Bose College is a public undergraduate degree college in Kolkata, West Bengal. This college previously known as Birla College Of Science and Birla College of Education were established in 1968 as two separate Institutions. In 1969 the two Institutions were amalgamated into one College under the name of Birla College Of Science and Education. With effect from the 1st July 1987,it is renamed as Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose College, by the name of great scientist, Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose.","title":"Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose College"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AJC-Bose-College-Main-Building.JPG"},{"link_name":"Jagadish Chandra Bose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose"},{"link_name":"University of Calcutta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Calcutta"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"Main building of Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose CollegeIt is named after Jagadish Chandra Bose and is affiliated to the University of Calcutta.[1] Until 1 July 1987, the college was known as Birla College of Science and Education.[1] Located near the central part of the city, the college has science, arts, commerce and education (B.Ed.) streams.","title":"History"}] | [{"image_text":"Main building of Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose College","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/AJC-Bose-College-Main-Building.JPG/220px-AJC-Bose-College-Main-Building.JPG"},{}] | [{"title":"Jagadish Chandra Bose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose"},{"title":"Bose Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bose_Institute"},{"title":"List of colleges affiliated to the University of Calcutta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colleges_affiliated_to_the_University_of_Calcutta"},{"title":"Education in India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_India"},{"title":"Education in West Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_West_Bengal"}] | [{"reference":"\"History\". Acharya Jagdish Chandra Bose College. Retrieved 12 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ajcbosecollege.org/history.php","url_text":"\"History\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Acharya_Jagadish_Chandra_Bose_College¶ms=22_32_30.74_N_88_20_58.77_E_type:edu_region:IN","external_links_name":"22°32′30.74″N 88°20′58.77″E / 22.5418722°N 88.3496583°E / 22.5418722; 88.3496583"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Acharya+Jagadish+Chandra+Bose+College%22","external_links_name":"\"Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose College\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Acharya+Jagadish+Chandra+Bose+College%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Acharya+Jagadish+Chandra+Bose+College%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Acharya+Jagadish+Chandra+Bose+College%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Acharya+Jagadish+Chandra+Bose+College%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Acharya+Jagadish+Chandra+Bose+College%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Acharya_Jagadish_Chandra_Bose_College¶ms=22_32_30.74_N_88_20_58.77_E_type:edu_region:IN","external_links_name":"22°32′30.74″N 88°20′58.77″E / 22.5418722°N 88.3496583°E / 22.5418722; 88.3496583"},{"Link":"http://www.ajcbosecollege.org/","external_links_name":"http://www.ajcbosecollege.org/"},{"Link":"http://www.ajcbosecollege.org/history.php","external_links_name":"\"History\""},{"Link":"http://www.ajcbosecollege.org/","external_links_name":"Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose College Website"},{"Link":"https://anblik.com/portfolio/acharya-jagadish-chandra-bose-college/","external_links_name":"Website Accessibility & Standards"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Sea_Force | Red Sea and Canal Area | ["1 History","2 Commodore Commanding, Red Sea Division","3 Rear-Admiral, Egypt and Red Sea","3.1 Senior Naval Officer, Red Sea Patrol","4 Senior Naval Officer, Red Sea Force","4.1 Senior Naval Officer, Red Sea","5 Flag Officer, Red Sea","5.1 Senior Naval Officer in Charge, Suez","6 Flag Officer Commanding, Red Sea and Canal Area","7 Notes","8 References"] | Red Sea StationActive1846-1944-45CountryUnited KingdomAllegianceBritish EmpireBranchRoyal NavyTypeNaval stationPart of
East Indies Station(1846-1883)
Mediterranean Fleet(1883-1913)
East Indies Station(1914-1941)
Mediterranean Fleet(1941-1943)
Commander-in-Chief, Levant(1943-1944)
East Indies Station(1944-1945)
Garrison/HQAden then Port TawfiqCommandersNotablecommandersRear-Admiral Ronald H. C. HallifaxMilitary unit
The Red Sea Station was a military formation of the Royal Navy. At various times it has also been referred to as Egypt Division and Red Sea and later the Red Sea and Canal Area. The Royal Navy had distinct formations for the Red Sea at intervals from 1846 until circa 1944-45.
History
The Royal Navy established a Red Sea formation as early as 1846, administered by the Royal Indian Navy. It was subordinate to the Commander-in-Chief, East Indies until 1883, when it became part of the Mediterranean Fleet. In 1914 the station came under command of the Commander-in-Chief Mediterranean Fleet until the end of the war. Following the war the Red Sea was reabsorbed back under the Commander-in-Chief, East Indies.
During the East African Campaign, the Red Sea Force fought the Italians. British code-breakers of the Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS) at Bletchley Park in the UK, deciphered Italian orders of 19 May 1940, coded using C38m machines, secretly to mobilise the army and air force in East Africa. Merchant traffic was stopped by the British on 24 May, pending the introduction of a convoy system. The Senior Naval Officer Red Sea, Rear-Admiral Murray, operational at Aden since April with the light cruisers HMS Liverpool and HMAS Hobart (Liverpool was replaced by HMS Leander), was reinforced by the anti-aircraft cruiser HMS Carlisle, which sailed south with Convoy BS 4, the 28th Destroyer Flotilla comprising HMS Khartoum, Kimberley, Kingston and Kandahar and three sloops from the Mediterranean. The force was to conduct a blockade Italian East Africa (Operation Begum), attack the Red Sea Flotilla and protect the sea lanes from Aden to Suez.
On 21 October 1941 the Mediterranean Fleet's responsibilities were extended to include the Red Sea and Aden, including the Gulf of Aden. The Mediterranean Fleet thus took over the Red Sea Division of the Red Sea Station, which was located between the Gulf of Aden and the Suez Canal, excluding Suez Port. Rear-Admiral Ronald Hallifax took command as Flag Officer, Red Sea (FORS). Three weeks later the responsibilities were adjusted once more. On 14 November 1941 the Senior Naval Officer-in-Charge, Suez, who was based at Port Tawfik (Suez Port) was placed under the command of Rear Admiral Hallifax.
Over a hundred kilometres to the north, halfway up the Suez Canal, the Senior British Naval Officer, Suez Canal Area, based at Ismailia, remained responsible for all British naval policy questions in regards to the Suez Canal Company.
In January 1944 the station was transferred back from the Mediterranean Fleet to C-in-C East Indies.
Commodore Commanding, Red Sea Division
Incomplete list of post holders included:
Rank
Flag
Name
Term
Notes/Ref
Commodore Commanding, Red Sea Division
1
Commodore
Robert H. More-Molyneux
1884 - 1885
later Admiral
Rear-Admiral, Egypt and Red Sea
Post holders included:
Note:Command is also known as Egypt Division and Red Sea.
Rank
Flag
Name
Term
Notes/Ref
Rear-Admiral, Egypt and Red Sea
1
Rear Admiral
Thomas Jackson
6 July 1917 – 28 December 1918
2
Rear Admiral
Henry B. Pelly
24 December 1918 – March, 1920
Senior Naval Officer, Red Sea Patrol
Incomplete list of post holders included:
Rank
Flag
Name
Term
Notes/Ref
Senior Naval Officer, Red Sea Patrol
1
Captain
William H. D. Boyle
March 1916 – December 1918
Senior Naval Officer, Red Sea Force
Rank
Flag
Name
Term
Notes/Ref
Senior Naval Officer, Red Sea Force
1
Rear-Admiral
A. J. L. Murray
24 May 1939 - 1 April 1941
2
Rear-Admiral
Ronald H. C. Hallifax
1 April 1941 – 21 October 1941
Senior Naval Officer, Red Sea
Incomplete list of post holders included:
Rank
Insig
Name
Term
Notes/Ref
Senior Naval Officer, Red Sea
1
Captain
John Campbell Annesley
2 June 1939 to 19 January 1940
2
Captain
H. E. Horan
19 January 1940 to 29 June 1940
Flag Officer, Red Sea
Rank
Flag
Name
Term
Flag Officer Commanding, Red Sea
1
Rear-Admiral
Ronald H. C. Hallifax
21 October 1941 to 17 May 1942
Senior Naval Officer in Charge, Suez
Included:
Rank
Flag
Name
Term
Notes/Ref
Senior Naval Officer in Charge, Suez
1
Commodore
Charles A. A. Larcom
14 November 1941 – 13 May 1942
Flag Officer Commanding, Red Sea and Canal Area
Rank
Flag
Name
Term
Flag Officer Commanding, Red Sea and Canal Area
1
Rear-Admiral
Ronald H. C. Hallifax
18 May 1942 – 6 November 1943 (died in office)
2
Rear-Admiral
John Waller
6 November – 28 December 1943
3
Commodore
Douglas Young-Jamieson
28 December 1943 – 31 October 1944
Commodore Young-Jamieson's broad pennant was seemingly borne in HMS Stag (shore establishment), which was the name used for the base for British naval personnel in Egypt. First established at Port Said, it was commissioned on 8 January 1940. There were outposts at Adabya, Kabrit, Ismailia, Generiffa, Port Tewfik. HMS Stag was paid off in May 1949.
HMS Euphrates at Basra seemingly reported to Flag Officer, Red Sea and Canal Area, from its establishment in 1942.
Notes
^ Allen's Indian Mail and Register of Intelligence, for British and Foreign and India and China and all parts of the East. London, England: W. H. Allen and Company. 1846. p. 602.
^ Low, Charles Rathbone (1877). History of the Indian Navy: (1613-1863). London, England: R. Bentley and Son. p. 192. commodore and senior naval officer, Red Sea and Aden.
^ O'Hara 2009, pp. 99–100.
^ a b c Brown, David (2013). The Royal Navy and the Mediterranean: Vol.II: November 1940-December 1941. Cambridge, England: Routledge. p. 27. ISBN 9781136341274.
^ Raugh 2008, p. 77.
^ Watson, Graham E. (5 February 2001). "RN Flag Officers, 1914-1918 based on various Navy Lists". www.gwpda.org. Retrieved 28 September 2018.
^ Harley, Simon; Lovell, Tony (27 August 2018). "Egypt - The Dreadnought Project". www.dreadnoughtproject.org. Harley and Lovell. Retrieved 28 September 2018.
^ Archives, The National. "To Senior Naval Officer, Red Sea Patrol. Requesting on behalf of Sherif Faisal passage". discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk. London, England: The National Archives, JOYCE/1/112. Retrieved 28 September 2018.
^ Stewart, William (2009). Admirals of the world: a biographical dictionary, 1500 to the present. Jefferson, North Carolina, USA: Macfarland. p. 38. ISBN 9780786482887.
^ Kindell, Don (14 March 2012). "Admiralty War Diaries: Loss of HMS Khartoum, June 1940". www.naval-history.net. Gordon Smith. Retrieved 28 September 2018.
^ Kindell, Don (14 March 2012). "Admiralty War Diaries: Loss of HMS Khartoum, June 1940". www.naval-history.net. Gordon Smith. Retrieved 28 September 2018.
^ Houterman, J.N. "Royal Navy (RN) Officers 1939-1945 - A". www.unithistories.com. Houterman and Koppes. Retrieved 28 September 2018.
^ Kindell, Don (14 March 2012). "Admiralty War Diaries: Loss of HMS Khartoum, June 1940". www.naval-history.net. Gordon Smith. Retrieved 28 September 2018.
^ a b c The Navy List. London, England: H. M. Stationery Office. December 1942. p. 1340.
^ The Navy List. London, England: H. M. Stationery Office. November 1944. p. 2264.
References
Allen's Indian Mail and Register of Intelligence, for British and Foreign and India and China and all parts of the East. London, England: W. H. Allen and Company. 1846.
Brown, David (2013). The Royal Navy and the Mediterranean: Vol.II: November 1940-December 1941. Cambridge, England: Routledge. ISBN 9781136341274.
Harley, Simon; Lovell, Tony (2018). "Egypt - The Dreadnought Project". www.dreadnoughtproject.org. Harley and Lovell.
Houterman, Jerome N..; Koppes, Jeroen (2004–2006). "Royal Navy, Mediterranean Fleet 1939-1945". www.unithistories.com. Houterman and Koppes, Netherlands.
Kindell, Don (2012). "Admiralty War Diaries: Loss of HMS Khartoum, June 1940". www.naval-history.net. Gordon Smith.
Low, Charles Rathbone (1877). History of the Indian Navy: (1613-1863). London, England: R. Bentley and Son.
O'Hara, Vincent P. (2009). "Ch 6: The Red Sea, 1940–41". Struggle for the Middle Sea: The Great Navies at War in the Mediterranean Theater, 1940–1945. London: Conway. pp. 99–107. ISBN 978-1-84486-102-6.
Raugh, Harold E. Jr. (2008). British Military Operations in Egypt and the Sudan: A Selected Bibliography. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9781461657002.
Watson, Dr Graham. (2015) "Royal Navy Organisation in World War 2, 1939-1945". naval-history.net. Gordon Smith.
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Dover
Commander-in-Chief Fleet
Grand Fleet
British Naval Forces Germany
Humber
Home Fleet
Irish Squadron
Leith
Nore
North Sea Squadron
Orkneys and Shetlands
Plymouth
Portsmouth
Rosyth
Reserve Fleet
Western Approaches
Western
Naval Home Command
Eastern
English Channel
Downs
Channel Squadron (Navy Royal)
Narrow Seas
North
North and West
Western Squadron
North Sea Fleet
South
West and Irish Sea
West
Yarmouth
Atlantic Ocean
Atlantic Fleet
Barbadoes and Leeward Islands
Good Hope
Jamaica Division (1838-1905)
Jamaica Station (to 1830)
Leeward Islands
Lisbon
Newfoundland
North America
North America and West Indies
North Atlantic
Portugal
South America Station
South Atlantic and South America
South Atlantic
South East Coast of America
West Africa Squadron
Flag Officer, West Africa
Senior Naval Officer, West Indies
Baltic, Black, Caspian, and Mediterranean Seas
Adriatic
Aegean
Baltic Fleet
Black Sea and Caspian
Caspian
Coast of Spain
Eastern Mediterranean
Egypt and Red Sea
British Naval Forces Germany
Gibraltar
Levant
Levant and East Mediterranean
Malta
Mediterranean Fleet
Portugal
Arabian Sea, Indian Ocean, Pacific Ocean
Commodore, Arabian Seas and Persian Gulf
Commander-in-Chief, Australia
Commander-in-Chief, China
East Indies
East Indies and China
East Indies Fleet
Eastern Fleet
Far East Fleet
Egypt and Red Sea
Senior British Naval Officer, Suez Canal Area
Middle East
New Zealand
New Zealand Naval Forces
Pacific Fleet
Pacific Station
Red Sea and Canal Area/Red Sea
South America Station
Persian Gulf | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"military formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_formation"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"}],"text":"Military unitThe Red Sea Station was a military formation of the Royal Navy. At various times it has also been referred to as Egypt Division and Red Sea and later the Red Sea and Canal Area. The Royal Navy had distinct formations for the Red Sea at intervals from 1846 until circa 1944-45.","title":"Red Sea and Canal Area"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_(military)"},{"link_name":"Royal Indian Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Indian_Navy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Commander-in-Chief, East Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander-in-Chief,_East_Indies"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Fleet"},{"link_name":"Commander-in-Chief Mediterranean Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander-in-Chief_Mediterranean_Fleet"},{"link_name":"Commander-in-Chief, East Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander-in-Chief,_East_Indies"},{"link_name":"East African Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_African_Campaign_(World_War_II)"},{"link_name":"Government Code and Cypher School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_Code_and_Cypher_School"},{"link_name":"C38m","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-209"},{"link_name":"HMS Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Liverpool_(C11)"},{"link_name":"HMAS Hobart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMAS_Hobart_(D63)"},{"link_name":"HMS Leander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Leander"},{"link_name":"HMS Carlisle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Carlisle_(D67)"},{"link_name":"28th Destroyer Flotilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=28th_Destroyer_Flotilla&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"HMS Khartoum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Khartoum_(F45)"},{"link_name":"Kingston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Kingston_(F64)"},{"link_name":"Kandahar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Kandahar"},{"link_name":"Operation Begum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operation_Begum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Hara200999%E2%80%93100-3"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Fleet"},{"link_name":"Gulf of Aden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Aden"},{"link_name":"Suez Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Canal"},{"link_name":"Suez Port","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Port"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brown2013-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brown2013-4"},{"link_name":"Senior British Naval Officer, Suez Canal Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senior_British_Naval_Officer,_Suez_Canal_Area"},{"link_name":"Ismailia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismailia"},{"link_name":"Suez Canal Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Canal_Company"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brown2013-4"}],"text":"The Royal Navy established a Red Sea formation as early as 1846, administered by the Royal Indian Navy.[1][2] It was subordinate to the Commander-in-Chief, East Indies until 1883, when it became part of the Mediterranean Fleet. In 1914 the station came under command of the Commander-in-Chief Mediterranean Fleet until the end of the war. Following the war the Red Sea was reabsorbed back under the Commander-in-Chief, East Indies.During the East African Campaign, the Red Sea Force fought the Italians. British code-breakers of the Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS) at Bletchley Park in the UK, deciphered Italian orders of 19 May 1940, coded using C38m machines, secretly to mobilise the army and air force in East Africa. Merchant traffic was stopped by the British on 24 May, pending the introduction of a convoy system. The Senior Naval Officer Red Sea, Rear-Admiral Murray, operational at Aden since April with the light cruisers HMS Liverpool and HMAS Hobart (Liverpool was replaced by HMS Leander), was reinforced by the anti-aircraft cruiser HMS Carlisle, which sailed south with Convoy BS 4, the 28th Destroyer Flotilla comprising HMS Khartoum, Kimberley, Kingston and Kandahar and three sloops from the Mediterranean. The force was to conduct a blockade Italian East Africa (Operation Begum), attack the Red Sea Flotilla and protect the sea lanes from Aden to Suez.[3]On 21 October 1941 the Mediterranean Fleet's responsibilities were extended to include the Red Sea and Aden, including the Gulf of Aden. The Mediterranean Fleet thus took over the Red Sea Division of the Red Sea Station, which was located between the Gulf of Aden and the Suez Canal, excluding Suez Port.[4] Rear-Admiral Ronald Hallifax took command as Flag Officer, Red Sea (FORS).[4] Three weeks later the responsibilities were adjusted once more. On 14 November 1941 the Senior Naval Officer-in-Charge, Suez, who was based at Port Tawfik (Suez Port) was placed under the command of Rear Admiral Hallifax.Over a hundred kilometres to the north, halfway up the Suez Canal, the Senior British Naval Officer, Suez Canal Area, based at Ismailia, remained responsible for all British naval policy questions in regards to the Suez Canal Company.[4]In January 1944 the station was transferred back from the Mediterranean Fleet to C-in-C East Indies.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Incomplete list of post holders included:","title":"Commodore Commanding, Red Sea Division"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Post holders included:Note:Command is also known as Egypt Division and Red Sea.","title":"Rear-Admiral, Egypt and Red Sea"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Senior Naval Officer, Red Sea Patrol","text":"Incomplete list of post holders included:","title":"Rear-Admiral, Egypt and Red Sea"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Senior Naval Officer, Red Sea Force"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Senior Naval Officer, Red Sea","text":"Incomplete list of post holders included:","title":"Senior Naval Officer, Red Sea Force"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Flag Officer, Red Sea"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Senior Naval Officer in Charge, Suez","text":"Included:","title":"Flag Officer, Red Sea"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"HMS Stag (shore establishment)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HMS_Stag_(shore_establishment)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"Port Said","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Said"},{"link_name":"HMS Euphrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Euphrates_(shore_establishment)"},{"link_name":"Basra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basra"}],"text":"Commodore Young-Jamieson's broad pennant was seemingly borne in HMS Stag (shore establishment), which was the name used for the base for British naval personnel in Egypt. First established at Port Said, it was commissioned on 8 January 1940. There were outposts at Adabya, Kabrit, Ismailia, Generiffa, Port Tewfik. HMS Stag was paid off in May 1949.HMS Euphrates at Basra seemingly reported to Flag Officer, Red Sea and Canal Area, from its establishment in 1942.","title":"Flag Officer Commanding, Red Sea and Canal Area"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Allen's Indian Mail and Register of Intelligence, for British and Foreign and India and China and all parts of the East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=87UOAAAAQAAJ&q=commodore+and+senior+naval+officer,+Red+Sea+and+Aden&pg=PA602"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"History of the Indian Navy: (1613-1863)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/historyofindiann02lowc"},{"link_name":"192","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/historyofindiann02lowc/page/192"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Hara200999%E2%80%93100_3-0"},{"link_name":"O'Hara 2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFO'Hara2009"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Brown2013_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Brown2013_4-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Brown2013_4-2"},{"link_name":"The Royal Navy and the Mediterranean: Vol.II: November 1940-December 1941","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=DK8kW8CLQ8QC&q=Senior+Naval+Officer+on+the+Red+Sea+Station,+Royal+Navy&pg=PT327"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781136341274","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136341274"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaugh200877_5-0"},{"link_name":"Raugh 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRaugh2008"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"RN Flag Officers, 1914-1918 based on various Navy Lists\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.gwpda.org/naval/rnfo1418.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"Egypt - The Dreadnought Project\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.dreadnoughtproject.org/tfs/index.php/Egypt"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"\"To Senior Naval Officer, Red Sea Patrol. Requesting on behalf of Sherif Faisal passage\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/a092c623-fc2d-4126-90c9-e18bcf3376c6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"Admirals of the world: a biographical dictionary, 1500 to the present","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=S1VimlFIjQoC&q=Captain+William+Boyle,+Senior+Naval+Officer,+Red+Sea+Patrol&pg=PA38"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780786482887","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786482887"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"\"Admiralty War Diaries: Loss of HMS Khartoum, June 1940\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.naval-history.net/xDKWDa-KhartoumLoss.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"\"Admiralty War Diaries: Loss of HMS Khartoum, June 1940\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.naval-history.net/xDKWDa-KhartoumLoss.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"\"Royal Navy (RN) Officers 1939-1945 - A\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.unithistories.com/officers/RN_officersA5.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"\"Admiralty War Diaries: Loss of HMS Khartoum, June 1940\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.naval-history.net/xDKWDa-KhartoumLoss.htm"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-The_Navy_List_14-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-The_Navy_List_14-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-The_Navy_List_14-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"}],"text":"^ Allen's Indian Mail and Register of Intelligence, for British and Foreign and India and China and all parts of the East. London, England: W. H. Allen and Company. 1846. p. 602.\n\n^ Low, Charles Rathbone (1877). History of the Indian Navy: (1613-1863). London, England: R. Bentley and Son. p. 192. commodore and senior naval officer, Red Sea and Aden.\n\n^ O'Hara 2009, pp. 99–100.\n\n^ a b c Brown, David (2013). The Royal Navy and the Mediterranean: Vol.II: November 1940-December 1941. Cambridge, England: Routledge. p. 27. ISBN 9781136341274.\n\n^ Raugh 2008, p. 77.\n\n^ Watson, Graham E. (5 February 2001). \"RN Flag Officers, 1914-1918 based on various Navy Lists\". www.gwpda.org. Retrieved 28 September 2018.\n\n^ Harley, Simon; Lovell, Tony (27 August 2018). \"Egypt - The Dreadnought Project\". www.dreadnoughtproject.org. Harley and Lovell. Retrieved 28 September 2018.\n\n^ Archives, The National. \"To Senior Naval Officer, Red Sea Patrol. Requesting on behalf of Sherif Faisal passage\". discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk. London, England: The National Archives, JOYCE/1/112. Retrieved 28 September 2018.\n\n^ Stewart, William (2009). Admirals of the world: a biographical dictionary, 1500 to the present. Jefferson, North Carolina, USA: Macfarland. p. 38. ISBN 9780786482887.\n\n^ Kindell, Don (14 March 2012). \"Admiralty War Diaries: Loss of HMS Khartoum, June 1940\". www.naval-history.net. Gordon Smith. Retrieved 28 September 2018.\n\n^ Kindell, Don (14 March 2012). \"Admiralty War Diaries: Loss of HMS Khartoum, June 1940\". www.naval-history.net. Gordon Smith. Retrieved 28 September 2018.\n\n^ Houterman, J.N. \"Royal Navy (RN) Officers 1939-1945 - A\". www.unithistories.com. Houterman and Koppes. Retrieved 28 September 2018.\n\n^ Kindell, Don (14 March 2012). \"Admiralty War Diaries: Loss of HMS Khartoum, June 1940\". www.naval-history.net. Gordon Smith. Retrieved 28 September 2018.\n\n^ a b c The Navy List. London, England: H. M. Stationery Office. December 1942. p. 1340.\n\n^ The Navy List. London, England: H. M. Stationery Office. November 1944. p. 2264.","title":"Notes"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Allen's Indian Mail and Register of Intelligence, for British and Foreign and India and China and all parts of the East. London, England: W. H. Allen and Company. 1846. p. 602.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=87UOAAAAQAAJ&q=commodore+and+senior+naval+officer,+Red+Sea+and+Aden&pg=PA602","url_text":"Allen's Indian Mail and Register of Intelligence, for British and Foreign and India and China and all parts of the East"}]},{"reference":"Low, Charles Rathbone (1877). History of the Indian Navy: (1613-1863). London, England: R. Bentley and Son. p. 192. commodore and senior naval officer, Red Sea and Aden.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historyofindiann02lowc","url_text":"History of the Indian Navy: (1613-1863)"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historyofindiann02lowc/page/192","url_text":"192"}]},{"reference":"Brown, David (2013). The Royal Navy and the Mediterranean: Vol.II: November 1940-December 1941. Cambridge, England: Routledge. p. 27. ISBN 9781136341274.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DK8kW8CLQ8QC&q=Senior+Naval+Officer+on+the+Red+Sea+Station,+Royal+Navy&pg=PT327","url_text":"The Royal Navy and the Mediterranean: Vol.II: November 1940-December 1941"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136341274","url_text":"9781136341274"}]},{"reference":"Watson, Graham E. (5 February 2001). \"RN Flag Officers, 1914-1918 based on various Navy Lists\". www.gwpda.org. Retrieved 28 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gwpda.org/naval/rnfo1418.htm","url_text":"\"RN Flag Officers, 1914-1918 based on various Navy Lists\""}]},{"reference":"Harley, Simon; Lovell, Tony (27 August 2018). \"Egypt - The Dreadnought Project\". www.dreadnoughtproject.org. Harley and Lovell. Retrieved 28 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dreadnoughtproject.org/tfs/index.php/Egypt","url_text":"\"Egypt - The Dreadnought Project\""}]},{"reference":"Archives, The National. \"To Senior Naval Officer, Red Sea Patrol. Requesting on behalf of Sherif Faisal passage\". discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk. London, England: The National Archives, JOYCE/1/112. Retrieved 28 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/a092c623-fc2d-4126-90c9-e18bcf3376c6","url_text":"\"To Senior Naval Officer, Red Sea Patrol. Requesting on behalf of Sherif Faisal passage\""}]},{"reference":"Stewart, William (2009). Admirals of the world: a biographical dictionary, 1500 to the present. Jefferson, North Carolina, USA: Macfarland. p. 38. ISBN 9780786482887.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=S1VimlFIjQoC&q=Captain+William+Boyle,+Senior+Naval+Officer,+Red+Sea+Patrol&pg=PA38","url_text":"Admirals of the world: a biographical dictionary, 1500 to the present"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786482887","url_text":"9780786482887"}]},{"reference":"Kindell, Don (14 March 2012). \"Admiralty War Diaries: Loss of HMS Khartoum, June 1940\". www.naval-history.net. Gordon Smith. Retrieved 28 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.naval-history.net/xDKWDa-KhartoumLoss.htm","url_text":"\"Admiralty War Diaries: Loss of HMS Khartoum, June 1940\""}]},{"reference":"Kindell, Don (14 March 2012). \"Admiralty War Diaries: Loss of HMS Khartoum, June 1940\". www.naval-history.net. Gordon Smith. Retrieved 28 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.naval-history.net/xDKWDa-KhartoumLoss.htm","url_text":"\"Admiralty War Diaries: Loss of HMS Khartoum, June 1940\""}]},{"reference":"Houterman, J.N. \"Royal Navy (RN) Officers 1939-1945 - A\". www.unithistories.com. Houterman and Koppes. Retrieved 28 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.unithistories.com/officers/RN_officersA5.html","url_text":"\"Royal Navy (RN) Officers 1939-1945 - A\""}]},{"reference":"Kindell, Don (14 March 2012). \"Admiralty War Diaries: Loss of HMS Khartoum, June 1940\". www.naval-history.net. Gordon Smith. Retrieved 28 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.naval-history.net/xDKWDa-KhartoumLoss.htm","url_text":"\"Admiralty War Diaries: Loss of HMS Khartoum, June 1940\""}]},{"reference":"The Navy List. London, England: H. M. Stationery Office. December 1942. p. 1340.","urls":[]},{"reference":"The Navy List. London, England: H. M. Stationery Office. November 1944. p. 2264.","urls":[]},{"reference":"O'Hara, Vincent P. (2009). \"Ch 6: The Red Sea, 1940–41\". Struggle for the Middle Sea: The Great Navies at War in the Mediterranean Theater, 1940–1945. London: Conway. pp. 99–107. ISBN 978-1-84486-102-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84486-102-6","url_text":"978-1-84486-102-6"}]},{"reference":"Raugh, Harold E. Jr. (2008). British Military Operations in Egypt and the Sudan: A Selected Bibliography. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9781461657002.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YcK4AQAAQBAJ&pg=PAPA77","url_text":"British Military Operations in Egypt and the Sudan: A Selected Bibliography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781461657002","url_text":"9781461657002"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=87UOAAAAQAAJ&q=commodore+and+senior+naval+officer,+Red+Sea+and+Aden&pg=PA602","external_links_name":"Allen's Indian Mail and Register of Intelligence, for British and Foreign and India and China and all parts of the East"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/historyofindiann02lowc","external_links_name":"History of the Indian Navy: (1613-1863)"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/historyofindiann02lowc/page/192","external_links_name":"192"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DK8kW8CLQ8QC&q=Senior+Naval+Officer+on+the+Red+Sea+Station,+Royal+Navy&pg=PT327","external_links_name":"The Royal Navy and the Mediterranean: Vol.II: November 1940-December 1941"},{"Link":"http://www.gwpda.org/naval/rnfo1418.htm","external_links_name":"\"RN Flag Officers, 1914-1918 based on various Navy Lists\""},{"Link":"http://www.dreadnoughtproject.org/tfs/index.php/Egypt","external_links_name":"\"Egypt - The Dreadnought Project\""},{"Link":"http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/a092c623-fc2d-4126-90c9-e18bcf3376c6","external_links_name":"\"To Senior Naval Officer, Red Sea Patrol. Requesting on behalf of Sherif Faisal passage\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=S1VimlFIjQoC&q=Captain+William+Boyle,+Senior+Naval+Officer,+Red+Sea+Patrol&pg=PA38","external_links_name":"Admirals of the world: a biographical dictionary, 1500 to the present"},{"Link":"https://www.naval-history.net/xDKWDa-KhartoumLoss.htm","external_links_name":"\"Admiralty War Diaries: Loss of HMS Khartoum, June 1940\""},{"Link":"https://www.naval-history.net/xDKWDa-KhartoumLoss.htm","external_links_name":"\"Admiralty War Diaries: Loss of HMS Khartoum, June 1940\""},{"Link":"http://www.unithistories.com/officers/RN_officersA5.html","external_links_name":"\"Royal Navy (RN) Officers 1939-1945 - A\""},{"Link":"https://www.naval-history.net/xDKWDa-KhartoumLoss.htm","external_links_name":"\"Admiralty War Diaries: Loss of HMS Khartoum, June 1940\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YcK4AQAAQBAJ&pg=PAPA77","external_links_name":"British Military Operations in Egypt and the Sudan: A Selected Bibliography"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled_Experiment | Controlled Experiment | ["1 Introduction","2 Opening narration","3 Plot","4 Closing narration","5 Production","6 Cast","7 References","8 External links"] | This article is about the Outer Limits episode. For a scientific experiment, see Scientific control.
16th episode of the 1st season of The Outer Limits
"Controlled Experiment"The Outer Limits episodeEpisode no.Season 1Episode 16Directed byLeslie Stevens (uncredited)Written byLeslie Stevens (uncredited)Cinematography byJohn M. NickolausProduction code6Original air dateJanuary 13, 1964 (1964-01-13)Guest appearances
Barry Morse
Carroll O’Connor
Grace Lee Whitney
Episode chronology
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List of episodes
"Controlled Experiment" is an episode of the original The Outer Limits television show. It first aired on 13 January 1964, during the first season. It is the only comedy episode of the series.
Introduction
A love triangle appears to end in murder, but a strange pair of men appear to have the ability to replay time itself.
Opening narration
Who hasn't seen the dark corners of great cities, where small and shabby creatures wander without purpose in the secret corners of the night? Without purpose? There are those whose purpose reaches far beyond our wildest dreams.
Plot
Deimos and Phobos One are two Martians – whose names also happen to be those of Mars' moons– the latter being a researcher who wants to understand the concept of murder, as it is apparently exclusive to Earthlings (they are portrayed by actors Carroll O'Connor and Barry Morse, respectively, who play their characters as a sort of Holmes-and-Watson team). Upon his arrival on Earth, Phobos One contacts Deimos, whose 'cover' is working as a pawnbroker in a large American city. The duo, inconspicuously, investigates a shooting that is about to take place in a downtown hotel lobby that resulted from a love triangle, predicted and then reported by Martian Central Control. Using a machine that can manipulate the flow of time in a manner much the same as one might do with recorded video, they review this same event over and over again. They rewind time in order to watch the incident unfold at various speeds, forward and backward. Finally, they slow the passage of time down to such an extent that the participants seem to be standing still, the bullet suspended in flight, so that they can examine all of the nuances that, at "normal" speed, pass by too quickly for adequate, scientific observation. Phobos One is unable to simply remain a passive observer, and finally gives in to the temptation to tamper with the scenario and alter the outcome; he arranges the scenario so that the bullet is deflected at the last moment, preventing the murder from ever taking place. Phobos decides to remain on Earth indefinitely, finding that he enjoys life as a human being.
Closing narration
Who knows? Perhaps the alteration of one small event may someday bring about the end of the world. But that someday is a long way off, and until then there is a good life to be lived in the here and now.
Production
The credits for writer, director and producer of this episode are omitted from the finished print. They would normally be seen during Act I, after the episode title and the credits for the featured actors are shown. This means that writer/director Leslie Stevens is uncredited as such, although he does receive a prominent credit as executive producer at the end of the show. Similarly, Joseph Stefano receives no personal producer credit, although the episode is identified as a "Villa di Stefano" production at the episode's conclusion.
Actor Barry Morse, who stars in this episode, states in his autobiography that this was a possible pilot for a forthcoming science-fiction comedy series, which after being rejected was broadcast as an Outer Limits episode. A contemporary press review of the episode bears at least part of this story out, identifying "Controlled Experiment" as a pilot for a half-hour comedy series.
The flying saucer in the opening scene was built by special effects technician Paul Blaisdell for the 1957 film Invasion of the Saucer Men.
Cast
Barry Morse – as Phobos One
Carroll O'Connor – as Deimos
Grace Lee Whitney – as Carla Duveen
Robert Fortier – as Bert Hamil
Robert Kelljan – as Frank Brant
Linda Hutchins – as Arlene Schnabel
Leslie Stevens – as voice of Martian Computer Control (uncredited)
References
^ p. 196 of "Pulling Faces, Making Noises: A Life on Stage, Screen & Radio"
^ "The Pittsburgh Press - Google News Archive Search".
^ Internet Movie Database Trivia
External links
Schow, David J. (1998). The Outer Limits Companion. GNP/Crescendo Records. ISBN 978-0-9665169-0-6.
Morse, Barry (2007). Remember with Advantages. McFarland and Company, Inc. ISBN 978-0-7864-2771-0.
vteThe Outer Limits episodes1963 series(episodes)Season 1
"The Galaxy Being"
"The Hundred Days of the Dragon"
"The Architects of Fear"
"The Man with the Power"
"The Sixth Finger"
"The Man Who Was Never Born"
"O.B.I.T."
"The Human Factor"
"Corpus Earthling"
"Nightmare"
"It Crawled Out of the Woodwork"
"The Borderland"
"Tourist Attraction"
"The Zanti Misfits"
"The Mice"
"Controlled Experiment"
"Don't Open Till Doomsday"
"ZZZZZ"
"The Invisibles"
"The Bellero Shield"
"The Children of Spider County"
"Specimen: Unknown"
"Second Chance"
"Moonstone"
"The Mutant"
"The Guests"
"Fun and Games"
"The Special One"
"A Feasibility Study"
"Production and Decay of Strange Particles"
"The Chameleon"
"The Forms of Things Unknown"
Season 2
"Soldier"
"Cold Hands, Warm Heart"
"Behold, Eck!"
"Expanding Human"
"Demon with a Glass Hand"
"Cry of Silence"
"The Invisible Enemy"
"Wolf 359"
"I, Robot"
"The Inheritors"
"Keeper of the Purple Twilight"
"The Duplicate Man"
"Counterweight"
"The Brain of Colonel Barham"
"The Premonition"
"The Probe"
1995 series(episodes)
"The Sandkings"
"A Stitch in Time"
"Simon Says" | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scientific control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_control"},{"link_name":"The Outer Limits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Outer_Limits_(1963_TV_series)"}],"text":"This article is about the Outer Limits episode. For a scientific experiment, see Scientific control.16th episode of the 1st season of The Outer Limits\"Controlled Experiment\" is an episode of the original The Outer Limits television show. It first aired on 13 January 1964, during the first season. It is the only comedy episode of the series.","title":"Controlled Experiment"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"A love triangle appears to end in murder, but a strange pair of men appear to have the ability to replay time itself.","title":"Introduction"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Who hasn't seen the dark corners of great cities, where small and shabby creatures wander without purpose in the secret corners of the night? Without purpose? There are those whose purpose reaches far beyond our wildest dreams.","title":"Opening narration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carroll O'Connor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_O%27Connor"},{"link_name":"Barry Morse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Morse"},{"link_name":"Holmes-and-Watson team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes"}],"text":"Deimos and Phobos One are two Martians – whose names also happen to be those of Mars' moons– the latter being a researcher who wants to understand the concept of murder, as it is apparently exclusive to Earthlings (they are portrayed by actors Carroll O'Connor and Barry Morse, respectively, who play their characters as a sort of Holmes-and-Watson team). Upon his arrival on Earth, Phobos One contacts Deimos, whose 'cover' is working as a pawnbroker in a large American city. The duo, inconspicuously, investigates a shooting that is about to take place in a downtown hotel lobby that resulted from a love triangle, predicted and then reported by Martian Central Control. Using a machine that can manipulate the flow of time in a manner much the same as one might do with recorded video, they review this same event over and over again. They rewind time in order to watch the incident unfold at various speeds, forward and backward. Finally, they slow the passage of time down to such an extent that the participants seem to be standing still, the bullet suspended in flight, so that they can examine all of the nuances that, at \"normal\" speed, pass by too quickly for adequate, scientific observation. Phobos One is unable to simply remain a passive observer, and finally gives in to the temptation to tamper with the scenario and alter the outcome; he arranges the scenario so that the bullet is deflected at the last moment, preventing the murder from ever taking place. Phobos decides to remain on Earth indefinitely, finding that he enjoys life as a human being.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Who knows? Perhaps the alteration of one small event may someday bring about the end of the world. But that someday is a long way off, and until then there is a good life to be lived in the here and now.","title":"Closing narration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Barry Morse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Morse"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Paul Blaisdell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Blaisdell"},{"link_name":"Invasion of the Saucer Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Saucer_Men"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The credits for writer, director and producer of this episode are omitted from the finished print. They would normally be seen during Act I, after the episode title and the credits for the featured actors are shown. This means that writer/director Leslie Stevens is uncredited as such, although he does receive a prominent credit as executive producer at the end of the show. Similarly, Joseph Stefano receives no personal producer credit, although the episode is identified as a \"Villa di Stefano\" production at the episode's conclusion.Actor Barry Morse, who stars in this episode, states in his autobiography[1] that this was a possible pilot for a forthcoming science-fiction comedy series, which after being rejected was broadcast as an Outer Limits episode. A contemporary press review of the episode bears at least part of this story out, identifying \"Controlled Experiment\" as a pilot for a half-hour comedy series.[2]The flying saucer in the opening scene was built by special effects technician Paul Blaisdell for the 1957 film Invasion of the Saucer Men.[3]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Barry Morse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Morse"},{"link_name":"Carroll O'Connor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_O%27Connor"},{"link_name":"Grace Lee Whitney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Lee_Whitney"},{"link_name":"Robert Fortier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Fortier"},{"link_name":"Leslie Stevens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Stevens"}],"text":"Barry Morse – as Phobos One\nCarroll O'Connor – as Deimos\nGrace Lee Whitney – as Carla Duveen\nRobert Fortier – as Bert Hamil\nRobert Kelljan – as Frank Brant\nLinda Hutchins – as Arlene Schnabel\nLeslie Stevens – as voice of Martian Computer Control (uncredited)","title":"Cast"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"The Pittsburgh Press - Google News Archive Search\".","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=r0IqAAAAIBAJ&sjid=_E4EAAAAIBAJ&pg=6964,3800962&dq=outer-limits&hl=en","url_text":"\"The Pittsburgh Press - Google News Archive Search\""}]},{"reference":"Schow, David J. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan%E2%80%93OBSEC_relations | Azerbaijan–OBSEC relations | ["1 Background","2 History of relations","3 Overview of relations","4 Chairmanship of Azerbaijan","5 Projects","5.1 Ongoing projects","5.2 Completed projects","6 See also","7 References"] | The relationship between Azerbaijan and Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation dates back to 1992 when Azerbaijan signed Istanbul Summit Declaration and the Bosphorus Statement.
Background
Black Sea Economic Cooperation was formed according to the Istanbul Summit Declaration and the Bosphorus Statement signed on 25 June 1992 by the Heads of State and Government of the countries in the region. BSEC gained international legal identity when it was transformed into a full-fledged organization - the Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation on May 1, 1999 after its Charter entered into force.
The Organization has 12 member states (Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Georgia, Greece, Moldova, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Turkey, and Ukraine) cooperating on various areas like agriculture, finance, education, culture, tourism, trade, transport, energy, and healthcare. Council of Ministers of Foreign Affairs is the main decision-making organ. The Heads of the member countries meet generally every 5 years in the Summit Meetings.
History of relations
Azerbaijan is one of the founding members of the OBSEC and since 25 June 1992. Azerbaijan collaborates on trade, customs, transport, energy, environment, information and communications, science and technology issues based on mutual interests with the member states.
Due to the ongoing conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh region, Azerbaijan started to actively participate in the work of OBSEC after ceasefire was declared. The President of Azerbaijan attended in the Summit of OBSEC on 25 October 1996 for the first time and signed Moscow Declaration. President Heydar Aliyev addressed the business conference on “New opportunities to Black Sea Region” on April 28, 1997 in Istanbul. He also attended the Meeting of Head of the States held in Yalta (1998), and in Istanbul (1999 and 2002). During these events, he met with the presidents of member states and discussed mutual relations on different issues.
During the period of 1992-2003, relations between OBSEC and Azerbaijan were more advisory, but since 2003 the relations have been characterized by the development of cooperation in specific areas. The relations with OBSEC are developing at a low pace because conflicts between member states (Azerbaijan-Armenia, Russia-Georgia, Greece-Turkey) and economic crisis have weakened inter-institutional integration processes.
President Ilham Aliyev accepted General Secretary of OBSEC Valeri Chechelashvili in November 2003, ministers of education of member states in April 2004, Secretary General Tedo Japaridze in February 2006, Leonidas Chrysanthopoulos in June 2006. On June 25, 2007, President Ilham Aliyev participated in the Summit of the Heads of States of the BSEC Member States dedicated to the 15th anniversary of the organization.
Delegation of Milli Majlis visited Georgia to attend 42nd Meeting of PABSEC in December 2013. During this visit, extending cooperation among member states, improving agriculture in the region, causes of global climate change, considering possible options to eliminate harmful effects of this process were discussed.
In September 2013, the 41st meeting of PABSEC Committee on Economy, trade, technology and ecology was held in Ganja with the participation of representatives of Bulgaria, Georgia, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Turkey, Ukraine, and Greece. MP Musa Guliyev was appointed as the head of PABSEC Committee on Economy, trade, technology and ecology.
Overview of relations
Azerbaijan is represented in the related bodies of the OBSEC, as in the Board of Directors and Board of Governors of the Black Sea Trade and Development Bank.
The Secretary General of PABSEC is Asaf Hajiyev, representative of Azerbaijan since 2015 January 1.
Azerbaijan performed Country-Coordinator of the Working Group on Energy (2005-2007), Customs Matters, Science and Technology (2014-2016).
Azerbaijan participates in the Black Sea Ring Highway project aimed at developing Black Sea region and strengthening cooperation between member states.
High Level Forum on attracting the private sector to Agro-food chain development was held in Baku in February 2014 organized by OBSEC Business Council, National Confederation of Entrepreneurs Organizations of Azerbaijan, and FAO, supported by Ministry of Economy and Ministry of Agriculture.
Chairmanship of Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan hold Chairmanship in the Organization in May 2003, in the end of the term, Azerbaijan’s chairmanship was extended for the next period (2003 October – 2004 April). Azerbaijan hold Chairmanship on May 1 – November 2009 according to the decision adopted at the 20th Meeting of the Council of Ministers of Foreign Affairs on 15–16 April 2009. During the period of chairmanship to OBSEC, Azerbaijan organized meetings of ministers of energy (18-19 September 2003), transport (1-3 October 2003), and tourism (25-26 September 2003). Besides, Azerbaijan hosted 9th and 11th meetings of the Council of Foreign Ministers of OBSEC. Serbia (formerly Serbia and Montenegro) ratified the Charter of the OBSEC and became the 12th member of the organization during the chairmanship of Azerbaijan in 2004.
During the presidency, the Azerbaijani state also attached special importance to simplifying trade in the Black Sea region and the development of small and medium-sized businesses. The two agreements on simplifying visa issues for businessmen and professional drivers in the region and the elimination of non-tariff barriers were discussed in various BSEC working groups to facilitate trade turnover. Azerbaijan also initiated to organize meetings of the Working Group on SMEs and seminars in order to develop small and medium-sized businesses in the region and to discuss the role of the states in this issue. Additionally, the project on improving the beekeeping in the Caucasus was established.
Manual of Operations for Project Development Fund was adopted by the 10th Council held in Baku on April 30, 2004. The first PDF Application was presented at the Meeting of the Working Group on Transport organized in Baku on October 1–2, 2003 and it was confirmed by the Council of Ministers of Foreign Affairs in Baku during their meeting held on April 30, 2004.
During the chairmanship of Azerbaijan, PDF Steering Committee held its first and two extraordinary meetings. During the period of coordinating Working Group on Energy, Azerbaijan conducted meetings of ministers of energy and transport. Baku Declarations were adopted in both of the meetings. On the other hand, in order to develop the cooperation in tourism a conference on tourism potential in Black Sea region was held in Baku on 25 September 2003, as well as organized seminars on tourism in different cities of member states. In April 2004, Meeting of Education Ministers was held in Baku with the support of the International Center for Black Sea Studies. In the end of the meeting Baku Declaration was adopted mentioning about future development of cooperation on educational and scientific spheres.
Projects
Ongoing projects
BLACK SEA HORIZON (BSH) Project 2015-2018 - Science Development Foundation under the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan.
Completed projects
S&T International Cooperation Network for Central Asian and South Caucasus Countries (IncoNet CA/SC) - National Academy of Sciences of Republic of Azerbaijan (2010-2013);
Networking on Science and Technology in the Black Sea Region project – Presidium of Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences (January 2009 – December 2012).
See also
Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation
Foreign relations of Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan and GUAM relations
References
^ "Information". www.bsec-organization.org. Archived from the original on 2018-03-11. Retrieved 2018-02-19.
^ "MEMBER STATES". www.bsec-organization.org. Archived from the original on 2018-02-19. Retrieved 2018-02-19.
^ "ORGANIZATION OF THE BLACK SEA ECONOMIC COOPERATION" (PDF). bsec-organization.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-12-23. Retrieved 2018-02-19.
^ a b "Azərbaycan və Qara Dəniz İqtisadi Əməkdaşlıq Təşkilatı". www.mfa.gov.az (in Azerbaijani). Retrieved 2018-02-19.
^ a b c "Azerbaijan - Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation". lib.aliyevheritage.org. Retrieved 2018-02-19.
^ a b c d e f g h "Azerbaijan-OBSEC cooperation". anl.az (in Azerbaijani). Retrieved 2018-02-19.
^ "Board of Directors - Black Sea Trade and Development Bank". www.bstdb.org. Archived from the original on 2018-02-19. Retrieved 2018-02-19.
^ "Board of Governors - Black Sea Trade and Development Bank". www.bstdb.org. Archived from the original on 2018-02-19. Retrieved 2018-02-19.
^ "PABSEC". www.pabsec.org. Retrieved 2018-02-19.
^ a b c d "Azerbaijan - OBSEC relations". economy.gov.az. 2012-10-01. Retrieved 2018-02-19.
^ "PROJECT DEVELOPMENT FUND". www.bsec-organization.org. Archived from the original on 2018-02-19. Retrieved 2018-02-19.
^ "H2020 | Black Sea Horizon Project (BSH)". www.ceriss.eu. Archived from the original on 2018-02-20. Retrieved 2018-02-19.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^ "ICBSS - IncoNet CA/SC". icbss.org (in Greek). Archived from the original on 2018-02-19. Retrieved 2018-02-19.
^ "IncoNet CA/SC - List of project partners" (PDF). icbss.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-02-19. Retrieved 2018-02-19.
^ "European Commission : CORDIS : Projects and Results : NETWORKING ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE BLACK SEA REGION". cordis.europa.eu. Retrieved 2018-02-19.
vteForeign relations of AzerbaijanBilateral relationsAfrica
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Diplomatic missions of Azerbaijan / in Azerbaijan
Azerbaijani Ministry of Foreign Affairs | [{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Azerbaijan–OBSEC relations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"the Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization_of_the_Black_Sea_Economic_Cooperation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Moldova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Black Sea Economic Cooperation was formed according to the Istanbul Summit Declaration and the Bosphorus Statement signed on 25 June 1992 by the Heads of State and Government of the countries in the region. BSEC gained international legal identity when it was transformed into a full-fledged organization - the Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation on May 1, 1999 after its Charter entered into force.[1]The Organization has 12 member states (Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Georgia, Greece, Moldova, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Turkey, and Ukraine)[2] cooperating on various areas like agriculture, finance, education, culture, tourism, trade, transport, energy, and healthcare. Council of Ministers of Foreign Affairs is the main decision-making organ. The Heads of the member countries meet generally every 5 years in the Summit Meetings.[3]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"OBSEC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization_of_the_Black_Sea_Economic_Cooperation"},{"link_name":"President of Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"OBSEC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization_of_the_Black_Sea_Economic_Cooperation"},{"link_name":"Heydar Aliyev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heydar_Aliyev"},{"link_name":"Istanbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul"},{"link_name":"Yalta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yalta"},{"link_name":"Istanbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"OBSEC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization_of_the_Black_Sea_Economic_Cooperation"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"OBSEC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization_of_the_Black_Sea_Economic_Cooperation"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"Ilham Aliyev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilham_Aliyev"},{"link_name":"Valeri Chechelashvili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valeriy_Chechelashvili"},{"link_name":"Tedo Japaridze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tedo_Japaridze"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"Milli Majlis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_(Azerbaijan)"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-6"},{"link_name":"Ganja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganja,_Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-6"}],"text":"Azerbaijan is one of the founding members of the OBSEC and since 25 June 1992. Azerbaijan collaborates on trade, customs, transport, energy, environment, information and communications, science and technology issues based on mutual interests with the member states.[4]Due to the ongoing conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh region, Azerbaijan started to actively participate in the work of OBSEC after ceasefire was declared. The President of Azerbaijan attended in the Summit of OBSEC on 25 October 1996 for the first time and signed Moscow Declaration. President Heydar Aliyev addressed the business conference on “New opportunities to Black Sea Region” on April 28, 1997 in Istanbul. He also attended the Meeting of Head of the States held in Yalta (1998), and in Istanbul (1999 and 2002). During these events, he met with the presidents of member states and discussed mutual relations on different issues.[5]During the period of 1992-2003, relations between OBSEC and Azerbaijan were more advisory, but since 2003 the relations have been characterized by the development of cooperation in specific areas. The relations with OBSEC are developing at a low pace because conflicts between member states (Azerbaijan-Armenia, Russia-Georgia, Greece-Turkey) and economic crisis have weakened inter-institutional integration processes.[5]President Ilham Aliyev accepted General Secretary of OBSEC Valeri Chechelashvili in November 2003, ministers of education of member states in April 2004, Secretary General Tedo Japaridze in February 2006, Leonidas Chrysanthopoulos in June 2006. On June 25, 2007, President Ilham Aliyev participated in the Summit of the Heads of States of the BSEC Member States dedicated to the 15th anniversary of the organization.[5]Delegation of Milli Majlis visited Georgia to attend 42nd Meeting of PABSEC in December 2013. During this visit, extending cooperation among member states, improving agriculture in the region, causes of global climate change, considering possible options to eliminate harmful effects of this process were discussed.[6]In September 2013, the 41st meeting of PABSEC Committee on Economy, trade, technology and ecology was held in Ganja with the participation of representatives of Bulgaria, Georgia, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Turkey, Ukraine, and Greece. MP Musa Guliyev was appointed as the head of PABSEC Committee on Economy, trade, technology and ecology.[6]","title":"History of relations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"OBSEC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization_of_the_Black_Sea_Economic_Cooperation"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Black Sea Trade and Development Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea_Trade_and_Development_Bank"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-10"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-6"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-10"},{"link_name":"Baku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baku"},{"link_name":"FAO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Economic_Development_(Azerbaijan)"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Agriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture_(Azerbaijan)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-10"}],"text":"Azerbaijan is represented in the related bodies of the OBSEC, as in the Board of Directors[7] and Board of Governors[8] of the Black Sea Trade and Development Bank.The Secretary General of PABSEC is Asaf Hajiyev,[9] representative of Azerbaijan since 2015 January 1.[4]Azerbaijan performed Country-Coordinator of the Working Group on Energy (2005-2007),[10] Customs Matters, Science and Technology (2014-2016).[6]Azerbaijan participates in the Black Sea Ring Highway project aimed at developing Black Sea region and strengthening cooperation between member states.[10]High Level Forum on attracting the private sector to Agro-food chain development was held in Baku in February 2014 organized by OBSEC Business Council, National Confederation of Entrepreneurs Organizations of Azerbaijan, and FAO, supported by Ministry of Economy and Ministry of Agriculture.[10]","title":"Overview of relations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-6"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-10"},{"link_name":"OBSEC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization_of_the_Black_Sea_Economic_Cooperation"},{"link_name":"OBSEC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization_of_the_Black_Sea_Economic_Cooperation"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Serbia and Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro"},{"link_name":"OBSEC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization_of_the_Black_Sea_Economic_Cooperation"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-6"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-6"}],"text":"Azerbaijan hold Chairmanship in the Organization in May 2003, in the end of the term, Azerbaijan’s chairmanship was extended for the next period (2003 October – 2004 April).[6] Azerbaijan hold Chairmanship on May 1 – November 2009 according to the decision adopted at the 20th Meeting of the Council of Ministers of Foreign Affairs on 15–16 April 2009.[10] During the period of chairmanship to OBSEC, Azerbaijan organized meetings of ministers of energy (18-19 September 2003), transport (1-3 October 2003), and tourism (25-26 September 2003). Besides, Azerbaijan hosted 9th and 11th meetings of the Council of Foreign Ministers of OBSEC. Serbia (formerly Serbia and Montenegro) ratified the Charter of the OBSEC and became the 12th member of the organization during the chairmanship of Azerbaijan in 2004.[6]During the presidency, the Azerbaijani state also attached special importance to simplifying trade in the Black Sea region and the development of small and medium-sized businesses. The two agreements on simplifying visa issues for businessmen and professional drivers in the region and the elimination of non-tariff barriers were discussed in various BSEC working groups to facilitate trade turnover. Azerbaijan also initiated to organize meetings of the Working Group on SMEs and seminars in order to develop small and medium-sized businesses in the region and to discuss the role of the states in this issue. Additionally, the project on improving the beekeeping in the Caucasus was established.[6]Manual of Operations for Project Development Fund was adopted by the 10th Council held in Baku on April 30, 2004. The first PDF Application was presented at the Meeting of the Working Group on Transport organized in Baku on October 1–2, 2003 and it was confirmed by the Council of Ministers of Foreign Affairs in Baku during their meeting held on April 30, 2004.[11]During the chairmanship of Azerbaijan, PDF Steering Committee held its first and two extraordinary meetings.[6] During the period of coordinating Working Group on Energy, Azerbaijan conducted meetings of ministers of energy and transport. Baku Declarations were adopted in both of the meetings. On the other hand, in order to develop the cooperation in tourism a conference on tourism potential in Black Sea region was held in Baku on 25 September 2003, as well as organized seminars on tourism in different cities of member states. In April 2004, Meeting of Education Ministers was held in Baku with the support of the International Center for Black Sea Studies. In the end of the meeting Baku Declaration was adopted mentioning about future development of cooperation on educational and scientific spheres.[6]","title":"Chairmanship of Azerbaijan"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Projects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Ongoing projects","text":"BLACK SEA HORIZON (BSH) Project 2015-2018 - Science Development Foundation under the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan.[12]","title":"Projects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Academy of Sciences of Republic of Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan_National_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Completed projects","text":"S&T International Cooperation Network for Central Asian and South Caucasus Countries (IncoNet CA/SC) - National Academy of Sciences of Republic of Azerbaijan (2010-2013);[13][14]\nNetworking on Science and Technology in the Black Sea Region project – Presidium of Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences (January 2009 – December 2012).[15]","title":"Projects"}] | [] | [{"title":"Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization_of_the_Black_Sea_Economic_Cooperation"},{"title":"Foreign relations of Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Azerbaijan"},{"title":"Azerbaijan and GUAM relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan_and_GUAM_relations"}] | [{"reference":"\"Information\". www.bsec-organization.org. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burchard_du_Puiset | Burchard du Puiset | ["1 Background and early career","2 Treasurer of York","3 Later life","4 Notes","5 Citations","6 References"] | 12th-century Treasurer of York Minster and cleric
Burchard du PuisetTreasurerSeeDiocese of YorkAppointed15 September 1189Term endedafter October 1194PredecessorGeoffreySuccessorEustaceOther post(s)Archdeacon of the East RidingArchdeacon of DurhamPersonal detailsDied6 January 1196
Burchard du Puiset (died 1196) was a medieval Anglo-Norman clergyman and treasurer of the diocese of York. Either the nephew or son of Hugh du Puiset, the Bishop of Durham, Burchard held a number of offices in the dioceses of York and Durham before being appointed treasurer by King Richard I of England in 1189. His appointment was opposed by the newly appointed Archbishop Geoffrey, which led to a long dispute between Geoffrey and Burchard that was not resolved until the mid 1190s. After the death of Hugh du Puiset, Burchard was a candidate for the Hugh's old bishopric, but lost out in the end to another candidate. Burchard died in 1196.
Background and early career
Burchard was a relative of Hugh du Puiset, the Bishop of Durham. Some sources name him as Hugh's nephew, but other sources call him Hugh's son, including the modern biographer of Hugh. G. W. S. Barrow, the author of the entry for Hugh in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, merely states that Burchard could possibly be the son of Hugh. Burchard was among the most common witnesses to Hugh's charters, and Hugh's biographer calls Burchard the "intimate counsellor" of the bishop.
Burchard held a prebend in the cathedral chapter of York, although the exact prebend that he held is unknown. He then held the office of archdeacon for the East Riding, which he held along with the archdeaconry of Durham; all known mentions of his archdeaconry of the East Riding also call him archdeacon of Durham. He acquired the Durham archdeaconry before 24 May 1172, when he first appears holding the office, and held it until his death. Burchard also held a number of churches, including those at Heighington Alne, and Aycliffe. Hugh is thought to have wanted the archbishopric of York for Burchard, most notably in 1189.
In 1172 Burchard witnessed a charter of Henry the Liberal, Count of Champagne, written at Troyes. A further charter of Henry's in 1175 mentions a "Burchard archdeacon" who is named as a relative of Henry's. This may also be Burchard du Puiset.
Treasurer of York
Burchard was appointed as treasurer of York by King Richard I of England on 15 September 1189, but his appointment was at first opposed by the newly chosen Archbishop of York, Geoffrey. Along with Burchard, Richard also appointed Henry Marshal the dean; and Roger of London the abbot of Selby Abbey. Because of Geoffrey's objections, his estates were confiscated by the king until he submitted. Burchard and Marshal retaliated by accusing the archbishop-elect of being a murderer as well as the son of a prostitute. When Geoffrey visited York in October 1189, both Burchard and Marshal requested their installation in their offices, but Geoffrey refused to do so until he himself was confirmed in his archbishopric by the papacy. Geoffrey's refusal to install the royal nominees meant the archbishop-elect was out of favour with Richard, and the king refused to allow Geoffrey's officials to travel to Rome to request confirmation of the archbishopric.
Geoffrey accepted Burchard's appointment in December 1189, but then excommunicated Burchard in January 1190. The excommunication, which was shared with Henry Marshal, was retaliation for a dispute with the archbishop-elect that happened during a church service. The actual dispute occurred on 5 January 1190 when Burchard and Marshal were conducting vespers, either early or on time, depending on whose side was telling the story. Geoffrey appeared in the middle of their service and attempted to perform the same service, either late or on time, again depending on who was relating the story. When Burchard and Marshal finished their service, they put out all the lights in the church, leaving the archbishop in the dark. Despite that, he finished the service but then complained to the cathedral chapter of York about the incident. Attempts to mediate a dispute led nowhere, and the citizens of York soon became involved. Geoffrey attempted to keep the townspeople from abusing his two opponents, but Burchard was eventually forced to take refuge in the tomb of William of York, an earlier Archbishop of York. Hugh du Puiset then intervened with the king, and Geoffrey once more lost the royal favour. The king sent Burchard to Rome, along with Reginald fitzJocelin the Bishop of Bath, to attempt to secure the deposition of Geoffrey from York. Although Burchard's efforts in Rome in mid-1190 contributed to a papal prohibition on Geoffrey's consecration by Pope Clement III, Geoffrey was not deposed. Burchard did secure his own absolution of the excommunication placed by Geoffrey in January.
Burchard, along with Marshal and other members of the chapter, were often opposed to the actions of their archbishop. They objected to the archbishop having given a large part of York's treasury towards Richard's ransom, and to some of the archiepiscopal appointments in the church of York. Burchard and the others charged Geoffrey with simony, extortion, and neglect of his duties and the archbishop in return excommunicated the ringleaders more than once, and locked the canons out of church. The disputes flared up in 1192, with Burchard facing an effort by Geoffrey to replace him in the treasurership with Hamo, but the dispute was resolved by the gift of a church to Hamo by Burchard and Hamo's relinquishing of any claim to the treasurership. At another dispute, Geoffrey had confiscated the revenues of Burchard's offices, along with the revenues of Marshal, Peter de Ros the Archdeacon of Carlisle, and the canons Hugh Murdac and Adam of Thornover. Geoffrey refused to restore the incomes unless the offenders came barefoot into York Minster and begged for the archbishop's forgiveness. This all but Marshal did and they had their official revenues restored.
Later life
Burchard continued to hold the treasurership until at least October 1194, when he last is mentioned in the office. In 1195, after the death of Hugh du Puiset, Burchard was a candidate for the see of Durham, perhaps as part of a plan by his relative to pass the office on to his family. In June 1195 both Burchard and his rival, Philip of Poitou, were at the royal court in Le Mans, presumably both attempting to secure the bishopric. Philip was appointed to the see in November 1195.
Burchard died 6 January 1196.
Notes
^ Sometimes Bourchard du Puiset, or Bourchard of Le Puiset
^ The chronicler Roger of Howden states that Hugh du Puiset had three sons, and names only two of them. Roger specifically states that Burchard was Hugh's nephew, but there is no documentary evidence that Hugh's brother Evrard du Puiset had a son named Burchard.
^ Hugh du Puiset had at least two securely attested sons – Henry, who became a knight, and Hugh, who became the chancellor to King Philip II of France. Besides the possible case of Burchard, Hugh may have had another son, William, who was Archdeacon of Northumberland. Hugh had a brother named Burchard also, besides his eldest brother Evrard.
^ The historians Ralph Turner and Richard Heiser speculate that Richard's strategy in making these appointments was to keep Geoffrey distracted by problems within his diocese, and thus unable to challenge for the English throne. The two historians also suggest that Richard may have been making an example of Geoffrey, in a demonstration that he could be harsh even with his own relatives.
^ That this sort of accusation was not uncommon in ecclesiastical affairs is borne out by G. V. Scammell's description of the charges as an "almost customary defamation".
^ Richard was held captive in Germany while returning from crusade and was only released after the payment of a ransom, which was 150,000 marks. To raise this sum, all of Richard's subjects were taxed at the rate of 25% for both their incomes and their possessions. These payments were required from both laymen and the clergy.
^ The church was the one at Alne previously held by Burchard.
Citations
^ a b c d e f g Greenway "Treasurers of York" Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066–1300: Volume 6: York
^ Turner and Heiser Reign of Richard Lionheart p. 95
^ Appleby England Without Richard p. 239
^ a b Greenway "Archdeacons of Durham Diocese: Durham" Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066–1300: Volume 2: Monastic Cathedrals (Northern and Southern Provinces)
^ a b c d Lovatt "Geoffrey" Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
^ Young Hubert Walter p. 26
^ a b Appleby England Without Richard p. 9
^ a b Scammell Hugh du Puiset p. 41
^ Scammell Hugh du Puiset pp. 312–313
^ a b Barrow "Puiset, Hugh du" Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
^ LaMonte "Lords of LePuiset" Speculum chart between pages 100 and 101
^ Scammell Hugh du Puiset p. 222
^ Greenway "Prebends of York" Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066–1300: Volume 6: York
^ Greenway "Archdeacons: East Riding" Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066–1300: Volume 6: York
^ Scammell Hugh du Puiset pp. 234–235
^ a b c Scammell Hugh du Puiset pp. 179–181
^ Barlow Durham Jurisdictional p. 33 footnote 2
^ Scamnmell Hugh du Puiset p. 23
^ Scammell Hugh du Puiset p. 23 footnote 4
^ Turner and Heiser Reign of Richard Lionheart pp. 89–90
^ a b c d Scammell Hugh du Puiset pp. 177–178
^ Appleby England Without Richard p. 23
^ a b Appleby England Without Richard p. 40
^ Clanchy England and its Rulers pp. 118–119
^ Appleby England Without Richard pp. 104–105
^ Scammell Hugh du Puiset pp. 182 and footnote 1
^ Fryde, et al. Handbook of British Chronology p. 241
References
Appleby, John T. (1965). England Without Richard: 1189–1199. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. OCLC 399130.
Barlow, Frank (1950). Durham Jurisdictional Peculiars. London: Oxford University Press. OCLC 3333732.
Barrow, G. W. S. (2004). "Puiset, Hugh du, earl of Northumberland (c.1125–1195)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/22871. Retrieved 29 July 2014. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
Clanchy, M. T. (2006). England and its Rulers: 1066–1307. Blackwell Classic Histories of England (Third ed.). Oxford, UK: Blackwell. ISBN 1-4051-0650-6.
Fryde, E. B.; Greenway, D. E.; Porter, S.; Roy, I. (1996). Handbook of British Chronology (Third revised ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56350-X.
Greenway, Diana E. (1971). "Archdeacons of Durham Diocese: Durham". Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066–1300. Vol. 2: Monastic Cathedrals (Northern and Southern Provinces). Institute of Historical Research. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
Greenway, Diana E. (1999). "Archdeacons: East Riding". Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066–1300. Vol. 6: York. Institute of Historical Research. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
Greenway, Diana E. (1999). "Prebends Unidentified". Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066–1300. Vol. 6: York. Institute of Historical Research. Archived from the original on 9 August 2011. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
Greenway, Diana E. (1999). "Treasurers of York". Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066–1300. Vol. 6: York. Institute of Historical Research. Archived from the original on 7 June 2007. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
LaMonte, John (January 1942). "The Lords of LePuiset on the Crusades". Speculum. 17 (1): 100–118. doi:10.2307/2856610. JSTOR 2856610.
Lovatt, Marie (2004). "Geoffrey (1151?–1212)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (October 2007 revised ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/10535. Retrieved 26 March 2013. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
Scammell, G. V. (1956). Hugh du Puiset: Bishop of Durham. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. OCLC 675458.
Turner, Ralph V.; Heiser, Richard R. (2000). The Reign of Richard Lionheart: Ruler of the Angevin Empire 1189–1199. The Medieval World. Harlow, UK: Longman. ISBN 0-582-25660-7.
Young, Charles R. (1968). Hubert Walter: Lord of Canterbury and Lord of England. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. OCLC 443445. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"diocese of York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_York"},{"link_name":"Hugh du Puiset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_du_Puiset"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Durham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Durham"},{"link_name":"Richard I of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"Archbishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_York"},{"link_name":"Geoffrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_(archbishop_of_York)"}],"text":"12th-century Treasurer of York Minster and clericBurchard du Puiset[a] (died 1196) was a medieval Anglo-Norman clergyman and treasurer of the diocese of York. Either the nephew or son of Hugh du Puiset, the Bishop of Durham, Burchard held a number of offices in the dioceses of York and Durham before being appointed treasurer by King Richard I of England in 1189. His appointment was opposed by the newly appointed Archbishop Geoffrey, which led to a long dispute between Geoffrey and Burchard that was not resolved until the mid 1190s. After the death of Hugh du Puiset, Burchard was a candidate for the Hugh's old bishopric, but lost out in the end to another candidate. Burchard died in 1196.","title":"Burchard du Puiset"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hugh du Puiset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_du_Puiset"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Durham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Durham"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ArchDDBHOMon-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GeoffDNB-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Young26-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Appleby9-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scammell41-9"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNBHugh-12"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scammell222-15"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scammell41-9"},{"link_name":"prebend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prebend"},{"link_name":"cathedral chapter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_chapter"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PrebendBHOYork-16"},{"link_name":"archdeacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archdeacon"},{"link_name":"East Riding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archdeaconry_of_the_East_Riding"},{"link_name":"archdeaconry of Durham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archdeacon_of_Durham"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ArchDERBHOYork-17"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ArchDDBHOMon-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TreasBHOYork-1"},{"link_name":"Heighington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heighington,_County_Durham"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scammell234-18"},{"link_name":"Alne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alne,_North_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scammell179-19"},{"link_name":"Aycliffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aycliffe_Village"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barlow33-20"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Appleby9-8"},{"link_name":"Henry the Liberal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_the_Liberal"},{"link_name":"Count of Champagne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_of_Champagne"},{"link_name":"Troyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troyes"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scammell23-21"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scammell23n4-22"}],"text":"Burchard was a relative of Hugh du Puiset, the Bishop of Durham. Some sources name him as Hugh's nephew,[4][5][6] but other sources call him Hugh's son,[7] including the modern biographer of Hugh.[8][b] G. W. S. Barrow, the author of the entry for Hugh in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, merely states that Burchard could possibly be the son of Hugh.[10][c] Burchard was among the most common witnesses to Hugh's charters,[12] and Hugh's biographer calls Burchard the \"intimate counsellor\" of the bishop.[8]Burchard held a prebend in the cathedral chapter of York, although the exact prebend that he held is unknown.[13] He then held the office of archdeacon for the East Riding, which he held along with the archdeaconry of Durham; all known mentions of his archdeaconry of the East Riding also call him archdeacon of Durham.[14] He acquired the Durham archdeaconry before 24 May 1172, when he first appears holding the office,[4] and held it until his death.[1] Burchard also held a number of churches, including those at Heighington[15] Alne,[16] and Aycliffe.[17] Hugh is thought to have wanted the archbishopric of York for Burchard, most notably in 1189.[7]In 1172 Burchard witnessed a charter of Henry the Liberal, Count of Champagne, written at Troyes.[18] A further charter of Henry's in 1175 mentions a \"Burchard archdeacon\" who is named as a relative of Henry's. This may also be Burchard du Puiset.[19]","title":"Background and early career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Richard I of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_York"},{"link_name":"Geoffrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_(archbishop_of_York)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TreasBHOYork-1"},{"link_name":"Henry Marshal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Marshal_(bishop_of_Exeter)"},{"link_name":"Roger of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_of_London"},{"link_name":"Selby Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selby_Abbey"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GeoffDNB-6"},{"link_name":"[d]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scammell177-25"},{"link_name":"[e]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Appleby23-27"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TreasBHOYork-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GeoffDNB-6"},{"link_name":"vespers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vespers"},{"link_name":"William of York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_of_York"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_York"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scammell177-25"},{"link_name":"Reginald fitzJocelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Fitz_Jocelin"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Bath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Bath"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Appleby40-28"},{"link_name":"Clement III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Clement_III"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scammell177-25"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Appleby40-28"},{"link_name":"[f]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"simony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simony"},{"link_name":"canons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_(priest)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GeoffDNB-6"},{"link_name":"Hamo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamo_(Dean_of_York)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scammell179-19"},{"link_name":"[g]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Peter de Ros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_de_Ros"},{"link_name":"Archdeacon of Carlisle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archdeacon_of_Carlisle"},{"link_name":"Hugh Murdac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Murdac"},{"link_name":"Adam of Thornover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adam_of_Thornover&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"York Minster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York_Minster"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Appleby104-32"}],"text":"Burchard was appointed as treasurer of York by King Richard I of England on 15 September 1189, but his appointment was at first opposed by the newly chosen Archbishop of York, Geoffrey.[1] Along with Burchard, Richard also appointed Henry Marshal the dean; and Roger of London the abbot of Selby Abbey. Because of Geoffrey's objections, his estates were confiscated by the king until he submitted.[5][d] Burchard and Marshal retaliated by accusing the archbishop-elect of being a murderer as well as the son of a prostitute.[21][e] When Geoffrey visited York in October 1189, both Burchard and Marshal requested their installation in their offices, but Geoffrey refused to do so until he himself was confirmed in his archbishopric by the papacy. Geoffrey's refusal to install the royal nominees meant the archbishop-elect was out of favour with Richard, and the king refused to allow Geoffrey's officials to travel to Rome to request confirmation of the archbishopric.[22]Geoffrey accepted Burchard's appointment in December 1189, but then excommunicated Burchard in January 1190.[1] The excommunication, which was shared with Henry Marshal, was retaliation for a dispute with the archbishop-elect that happened during a church service.[5] The actual dispute occurred on 5 January 1190 when Burchard and Marshal were conducting vespers, either early or on time, depending on whose side was telling the story. Geoffrey appeared in the middle of their service and attempted to perform the same service, either late or on time, again depending on who was relating the story. When Burchard and Marshal finished their service, they put out all the lights in the church, leaving the archbishop in the dark. Despite that, he finished the service but then complained to the cathedral chapter of York about the incident. Attempts to mediate a dispute led nowhere, and the citizens of York soon became involved. Geoffrey attempted to keep the townspeople from abusing his two opponents, but Burchard was eventually forced to take refuge in the tomb of William of York, an earlier Archbishop of York. Hugh du Puiset then intervened with the king, and Geoffrey once more lost the royal favour.[21] The king sent Burchard to Rome, along with Reginald fitzJocelin the Bishop of Bath, to attempt to secure the deposition of Geoffrey from York.[23] Although Burchard's efforts in Rome in mid-1190 contributed to a papal prohibition on Geoffrey's consecration by Pope Clement III,[21] Geoffrey was not deposed. Burchard did secure his own absolution of the excommunication placed by Geoffrey in January.[23]Burchard, along with Marshal and other members of the chapter, were often opposed to the actions of their archbishop. They objected to the archbishop having given a large part of York's treasury towards Richard's ransom,[f] and to some of the archiepiscopal appointments in the church of York. Burchard and the others charged Geoffrey with simony, extortion, and neglect of his duties and the archbishop in return excommunicated the ringleaders more than once, and locked the canons out of church.[5] The disputes flared up in 1192, with Burchard facing an effort by Geoffrey to replace him in the treasurership with Hamo, but the dispute was resolved by the gift of a church to Hamo by Burchard and Hamo's relinquishing of any claim to the treasurership.[16][g] At another dispute, Geoffrey had confiscated the revenues of Burchard's offices, along with the revenues of Marshal, Peter de Ros the Archdeacon of Carlisle, and the canons Hugh Murdac and Adam of Thornover. Geoffrey refused to restore the incomes unless the offenders came barefoot into York Minster and begged for the archbishop's forgiveness. This all but Marshal did and they had their official revenues restored.[25]","title":"Treasurer of York"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TreasBHOYork-1"},{"link_name":"Philip of Poitou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_of_Poitou"},{"link_name":"Le Mans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Mans"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scammell182-33"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Handbook241-34"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TreasBHOYork-1"}],"text":"Burchard continued to hold the treasurership until at least October 1194, when he last is mentioned in the office.[1] In 1195, after the death of Hugh du Puiset, Burchard was a candidate for the see of Durham, perhaps as part of a plan by his relative to pass the office on to his family. In June 1195 both Burchard and his rival, Philip of Poitou, were at the royal court in Le Mans, presumably both attempting to secure the bishopric.[26] Philip was appointed to the see in November 1195.[27]Burchard died 6 January 1196.[1]","title":"Later life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reign95-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Appleby239-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"Roger of Howden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_of_Howden"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scammell312-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"Philip II of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_II_of_France"},{"link_name":"William","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_du_Puiset&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Archdeacon of Northumberland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archdeacon_of_Northumberland"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNBHugh-12"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Montechart-13"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reign89-23"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scammell177-25"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-30"},{"link_name":"marks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_(money)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clanchy118-29"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-31"},{"link_name":"Alne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alne,_North_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scammell179-19"}],"text":"^ Sometimes Bourchard du Puiset,[2] or Bourchard of Le Puiset[3]\n\n^ The chronicler Roger of Howden states that Hugh du Puiset had three sons, and names only two of them. Roger specifically states that Burchard was Hugh's nephew, but there is no documentary evidence that Hugh's brother Evrard du Puiset had a son named Burchard.[9]\n\n^ Hugh du Puiset had at least two securely attested sons – Henry, who became a knight, and Hugh, who became the chancellor to King Philip II of France. Besides the possible case of Burchard, Hugh may have had another son, William, who was Archdeacon of Northumberland.[10] Hugh had a brother named Burchard also, besides his eldest brother Evrard.[11]\n\n^ The historians Ralph Turner and Richard Heiser speculate that Richard's strategy in making these appointments was to keep Geoffrey distracted by problems within his diocese, and thus unable to challenge for the English throne. The two historians also suggest that Richard may have been making an example of Geoffrey, in a demonstration that he could be harsh even with his own relatives.[20]\n\n^ That this sort of accusation was not uncommon in ecclesiastical affairs is borne out by G. V. Scammell's description of the charges as an \"almost customary defamation\".[21]\n\n^ Richard was held captive in Germany while returning from crusade and was only released after the payment of a ransom, which was 150,000 marks. To raise this sum, all of Richard's subjects were taxed at the rate of 25% for both their incomes and their possessions. These payments were required from both laymen and the clergy.[24]\n\n^ The church was the one at Alne previously held by Burchard.[16]","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-TreasBHOYork_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-TreasBHOYork_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-TreasBHOYork_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-TreasBHOYork_1-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-TreasBHOYork_1-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-TreasBHOYork_1-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-TreasBHOYork_1-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Reign95_2-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Appleby239_3-0"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ArchDDBHOMon_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ArchDDBHOMon_5-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-GeoffDNB_6-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-GeoffDNB_6-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-GeoffDNB_6-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-GeoffDNB_6-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Young26_7-0"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Appleby9_8-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Appleby9_8-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Scammell41_9-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Scammell41_9-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Scammell312_10-0"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ODNBHugh_12-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ODNBHugh_12-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Montechart_13-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Scammell222_15-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-PrebendBHOYork_16-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ArchDERBHOYork_17-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Scammell234_18-0"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Scammell179_19-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Scammell179_19-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Scammell179_19-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Barlow33_20-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Scammell23_21-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Scammell23n4_22-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Reign89_23-0"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Scammell177_25-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Scammell177_25-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Scammell177_25-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Scammell177_25-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Appleby23_27-0"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Appleby40_28-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Appleby40_28-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Clanchy118_29-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Appleby104_32-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Scammell182_33-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Handbook241_34-0"}],"text":"^ a b c d e f g Greenway \"Treasurers of York\" Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066–1300: Volume 6: York\n\n^ Turner and Heiser Reign of Richard Lionheart p. 95\n\n^ Appleby England Without Richard p. 239\n\n^ a b Greenway \"Archdeacons of Durham Diocese: Durham\" Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066–1300: Volume 2: Monastic Cathedrals (Northern and Southern Provinces)\n\n^ a b c d Lovatt \"Geoffrey\" Oxford Dictionary of National Biography\n\n^ Young Hubert Walter p. 26\n\n^ a b Appleby England Without Richard p. 9\n\n^ a b Scammell Hugh du Puiset p. 41\n\n^ Scammell Hugh du Puiset pp. 312–313\n\n^ a b Barrow \"Puiset, Hugh du\" Oxford Dictionary of National Biography\n\n^ LaMonte \"Lords of LePuiset\" Speculum chart between pages 100 and 101\n\n^ Scammell Hugh du Puiset p. 222\n\n^ Greenway \"Prebends of York\" Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066–1300: Volume 6: York\n\n^ Greenway \"Archdeacons: East Riding\" Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066–1300: Volume 6: York\n\n^ Scammell Hugh du Puiset pp. 234–235\n\n^ a b c Scammell Hugh du Puiset pp. 179–181\n\n^ Barlow Durham Jurisdictional p. 33 footnote 2\n\n^ Scamnmell Hugh du Puiset p. 23\n\n^ Scammell Hugh du Puiset p. 23 footnote 4\n\n^ Turner and Heiser Reign of Richard Lionheart pp. 89–90\n\n^ a b c d Scammell Hugh du Puiset pp. 177–178\n\n^ Appleby England Without Richard p. 23\n\n^ a b Appleby England Without Richard p. 40\n\n^ Clanchy England and its Rulers pp. 118–119\n\n^ Appleby England Without Richard pp. 104–105\n\n^ Scammell Hugh du Puiset pp. 182 and footnote 1\n\n^ Fryde, et al. Handbook of British Chronology p. 241","title":"Citations"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Appleby, John T. (1965). England Without Richard: 1189–1199. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. OCLC 399130.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/399130","url_text":"399130"}]},{"reference":"Barlow, Frank (1950). Durham Jurisdictional Peculiars. London: Oxford University Press. OCLC 3333732.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Barlow_(historian)","url_text":"Barlow, Frank"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/3333732","url_text":"3333732"}]},{"reference":"Barrow, G. W. S. (2004). \"Puiset, Hugh du, earl of Northumberland (c.1125–1195)\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/22871. Retrieved 29 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/22871","url_text":"\"Puiset, Hugh du, earl of Northumberland (c.1125–1195)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F22871","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/22871"}]},{"reference":"Clanchy, M. T. (2006). England and its Rulers: 1066–1307. Blackwell Classic Histories of England (Third ed.). Oxford, UK: Blackwell. ISBN 1-4051-0650-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4051-0650-6","url_text":"1-4051-0650-6"}]},{"reference":"Fryde, E. B.; Greenway, D. E.; Porter, S.; Roy, I. (1996). Handbook of British Chronology (Third revised ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56350-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-56350-X","url_text":"0-521-56350-X"}]},{"reference":"Greenway, Diana E. (1971). \"Archdeacons of Durham Diocese: Durham\". Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066–1300. Vol. 2: Monastic Cathedrals (Northern and Southern Provinces). Institute of Historical Research. Retrieved 26 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=33861","url_text":"\"Archdeacons of Durham Diocese: Durham\""}]},{"reference":"Greenway, Diana E. (1999). \"Archdeacons: East Riding\". Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066–1300. Vol. 6: York. Institute of Historical Research. Retrieved 26 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=5434","url_text":"\"Archdeacons: East Riding\""}]},{"reference":"Greenway, Diana E. (1999). \"Prebends Unidentified\". Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066–1300. Vol. 6: York. Institute of Historical Research. Archived from the original on 9 August 2011. Retrieved 26 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110809060840/http://british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=2951","url_text":"\"Prebends Unidentified\""},{"url":"http://british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=2951","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Greenway, Diana E. (1999). \"Treasurers of York\". Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066–1300. Vol. 6: York. Institute of Historical Research. Archived from the original on 7 June 2007. Retrieved 26 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070607040357/http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.asp?compid=7541","url_text":"\"Treasurers of York\""},{"url":"http://british-history.ac.uk/report.asp?compid=7541","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"LaMonte, John (January 1942). \"The Lords of LePuiset on the Crusades\". Speculum. 17 (1): 100–118. doi:10.2307/2856610. JSTOR 2856610.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speculum_(journal)","url_text":"Speculum"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2856610","url_text":"10.2307/2856610"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2856610","url_text":"2856610"}]},{"reference":"Lovatt, Marie (2004). \"Geoffrey (1151?–1212)\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (October 2007 revised ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/10535. Retrieved 26 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/10535","url_text":"\"Geoffrey (1151?–1212)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F10535","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/10535"}]},{"reference":"Scammell, G. V. (1956). Hugh du Puiset: Bishop of Durham. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. OCLC 675458.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/675458","url_text":"675458"}]},{"reference":"Turner, Ralph V.; Heiser, Richard R. (2000). The Reign of Richard Lionheart: Ruler of the Angevin Empire 1189–1199. The Medieval World. Harlow, UK: Longman. ISBN 0-582-25660-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-25660-7","url_text":"0-582-25660-7"}]},{"reference":"Young, Charles R. (1968). Hubert Walter: Lord of Canterbury and Lord of England. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. OCLC 443445.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/443445","url_text":"443445"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/399130","external_links_name":"399130"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/3333732","external_links_name":"3333732"},{"Link":"http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/22871","external_links_name":"\"Puiset, Hugh du, earl of Northumberland (c.1125–1195)\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F22871","external_links_name":"10.1093/ref:odnb/22871"},{"Link":"https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public","external_links_name":"UK public library membership"},{"Link":"http://british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=33861","external_links_name":"\"Archdeacons of Durham Diocese: Durham\""},{"Link":"http://british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=5434","external_links_name":"\"Archdeacons: East Riding\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110809060840/http://british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=2951","external_links_name":"\"Prebends Unidentified\""},{"Link":"http://british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=2951","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070607040357/http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.asp?compid=7541","external_links_name":"\"Treasurers of York\""},{"Link":"http://british-history.ac.uk/report.asp?compid=7541","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2856610","external_links_name":"10.2307/2856610"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2856610","external_links_name":"2856610"},{"Link":"http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/10535","external_links_name":"\"Geoffrey (1151?–1212)\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F10535","external_links_name":"10.1093/ref:odnb/10535"},{"Link":"https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public","external_links_name":"UK public library membership"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/675458","external_links_name":"675458"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/443445","external_links_name":"443445"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singles_2:_Triple_Trouble | Singles 2: Triple Trouble | ["1 Gameplay","2 Reception","3 References"] | 2005 video gameSingles 2: Triple TroubleDeveloper(s)RotobeePublisher(s)Deep SilverPlatform(s)Microsoft WindowsReleaseJune 2005Genre(s)Social simulationMode(s)Single-player
Singles 2: Triple Trouble is a social simulation video game developed by German studio Rotobee and published by Deep Silver in 2005. It is the sequel to the 2004 game Singles: Flirt Up Your Life. The player is responsible for taking care of the characters daily needs such as eating, sleeping, and going to work. The player is also responsible for developing the characters romantic relationships and can progress from being casual acquaintances to having a sexual relationship. There are several characters of either sex with the possibility for a gay/lesbian relationship as well.
Gameplay
In the beginning of a relationship, simple kisses are all the player can do. As the relationship increases, newer options are unlocked.
Reception
ReceptionReview scoresPublicationScore4Players69%GameStar66%Jeuxvideo.com12/20PC Games (DE)8/10
References
^ Naser, Bodo (June 5, 2005). "Test: Singles 2 - Wilde Zeiten (Simulation)". 4Players. Retrieved January 22, 2020.
^ "Singles 2: Wilde Zeiten". GameStar. June 20, 2005. Retrieved January 22, 2020.
^ Jihem (May 26, 2005). "Test : Singles 2 : Trio D'Enfer !". Jeuxvideo.com. Retrieved January 22, 2020.
^ "Singles 2: Wilde Zeiten". PC Games. June 26, 2005. Retrieved January 22, 2020.
This life simulation game-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"social simulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_simulation_game"},{"link_name":"video game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game"},{"link_name":"Rotobee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rotobee&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Deep Silver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Silver"},{"link_name":"Singles: Flirt Up Your Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singles:_Flirt_Up_Your_Life"},{"link_name":"gay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay"},{"link_name":"lesbian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesbian"}],"text":"Singles 2: Triple Trouble is a social simulation video game developed by German studio Rotobee and published by Deep Silver in 2005. It is the sequel to the 2004 game Singles: Flirt Up Your Life. The player is responsible for taking care of the characters daily needs such as eating, sleeping, and going to work. The player is also responsible for developing the characters romantic relationships and can progress from being casual acquaintances to having a sexual relationship. There are several characters of either sex with the possibility for a gay/lesbian relationship as well.","title":"Singles 2: Triple Trouble"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"In the beginning of a relationship, simple kisses are all the player can do. As the relationship increases, newer options are unlocked.","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"4Players","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4Players"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"GameStar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameStar"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Jeuxvideo.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeuxvideo.com"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"PC Games (DE)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Games"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"ReceptionReview scoresPublicationScore4Players69%[1]GameStar66%[2]Jeuxvideo.com12/20[3]PC Games (DE)8/10[4]","title":"Reception"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Naser, Bodo (June 5, 2005). \"Test: Singles 2 - Wilde Zeiten (Simulation)\". 4Players. Retrieved January 22, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.4players.de/4players.php/dispbericht/PC-CDROM/Test/4814/3673/0/Singles_2_-_Wilde_Zeiten.html","url_text":"\"Test: Singles 2 - Wilde Zeiten (Simulation)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4Players","url_text":"4Players"}]},{"reference":"\"Singles 2: Wilde Zeiten\". GameStar. June 20, 2005. Retrieved January 22, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamestar.de/artikel/singles-2-wilde-zeiten,1453978.html","url_text":"\"Singles 2: Wilde Zeiten\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameStar","url_text":"GameStar"}]},{"reference":"Jihem (May 26, 2005). \"Test : Singles 2 : Trio D'Enfer !\". Jeuxvideo.com. Retrieved January 22, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jeuxvideo.com/articles/0000/00005394_test.htm","url_text":"\"Test : Singles 2 : Trio D'Enfer !\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeuxvideo.com","url_text":"Jeuxvideo.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Singles 2: Wilde Zeiten\". PC Games. June 26, 2005. Retrieved January 22, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pcgames.de/Singles-2-Wilde-Zeiten-Spiel-33230/Tests/Singles-2-Wilde-Zeiten-382020/","url_text":"\"Singles 2: Wilde Zeiten\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Games","url_text":"PC Games"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.4players.de/4players.php/dispbericht/PC-CDROM/Test/4814/3673/0/Singles_2_-_Wilde_Zeiten.html","external_links_name":"\"Test: Singles 2 - Wilde Zeiten (Simulation)\""},{"Link":"https://www.gamestar.de/artikel/singles-2-wilde-zeiten,1453978.html","external_links_name":"\"Singles 2: Wilde Zeiten\""},{"Link":"http://www.jeuxvideo.com/articles/0000/00005394_test.htm","external_links_name":"\"Test : Singles 2 : Trio D'Enfer !\""},{"Link":"https://www.pcgames.de/Singles-2-Wilde-Zeiten-Spiel-33230/Tests/Singles-2-Wilde-Zeiten-382020/","external_links_name":"\"Singles 2: Wilde Zeiten\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Singles_2:_Triple_Trouble&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontchartrain_Expressway | Pontchartrain Expressway | ["1 History","2 Hurricane Katrina","3 Interstates 49 and 910","4 Exit list","5 References"] | Not to be confused with the Lake Pontchartrain Causeway which connects the north and south shores of Lake Pontchartrain.
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Pontchartrain Expressway" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Pontchartrain ExpresswayRoute informationLength7.0 mi (11.3 km)Existed1946 (planned);1955 (construction begun);1957 (first section opened);1962 (last section opened)–presentComponenthighways US 90 Bus. / Future I-49 / I-10Major junctionsSouth end US 90 Bus. / Future I-49 (Westbank Expressway) at the Crescent City ConnectionMajor intersections
US 90 Bus. / Future I-49 in New Orleans
US 90 in New Orleans
I-10 in New Orleans
North end I-610 / I-10 near the New Orleans–Metarie line
LocationCountryUnited StatesStateLouisiana
Highway system
Louisiana State Highway System
Interstate
US
State
Scenic
Interstate Highway System
Main
Auxiliary
Suffixed
Business
Future
United States Numbered Highway System
List
Special
Divided
The Pontchartrain Expressway is a parallel six-lane section of Interstate 10 (I-10) and U.S. Route 90 Business (US 90 Bus.) in New Orleans, Louisiana, USA, with a brief stand-alone section in between junctions with these highways. The designation begins on I-10 near the Orleans–Jefferson parish line at the I-610 Split. The expressway follows I-10 into the Central Business District (CBD) of New Orleans (by the Superdome) and then follows US 90 Bus. to the Crescent City Connection. The expressway takes its name from Pontchartrain Boulevard, which the expressway replaced in some areas. The Pontchartrain name is derived from Lake Pontchartrain, which New Orleans' northern border traverses.
History
Construction of the Pontchartrain Expressway began in the 1950s. It would later be incorporated into Interstate 10. I-10 enters Orleans Parish after crossing the 17th Street Canal; this is where the expressway designation begins. At the vicinity of West End Boulevard/Florida Avenue exit, the expressway turns to the southeast along the right-of-way for the former New Basin Canal which had been filled in between 1937 and 1947. The expressway continues along this right-of-way as I-10 until a stack interchange with U.S. 90 (Claiborne Avenue) in the CBD.
At this interchange, I-10 breaks off to the northeast and Business U.S. 90 begins. The expressway continues southeast along the upriver side of the CBD as an elevated highway that leads to the Crescent City Connection. This section was completed by the 1958 opening of the Crescent City Connection.
The Business U.S. 90 portion of the expressway was expanded in the mid 1980s to accommodate the second span of the Crescent City Connection which opened in 1988. This stretch of the expressway and the stack interchange of I-10 and U.S. 90 received further reconstruction in the early 1990s, including two reversible HOV lanes that stretch from the intersection of Earhart Boulevard and Magnolia Street (underneath the Pontchartrain Expressway) across the Crescent City Connection to the Westbank Expressway. Reconstruction of the northern end of the expressway in the I-610 Split vicinity was undertaken in the late 1990s. Also in the late 1990s, further work was done on the expressway as two ramps were constructed, connecting West I-10 to West Business U.S. 90 and westbound Claiborne Avenue (West US 90), replacing an earlier, more dangerous ramp. The direct ramp from 90B East to I-10 East was completed by 1989.
The Norfolk Southern Railway has an overpass crossing near the Metairie Cemetery between the City Park Avenue and West End Boulevard/Florida Avenue exits. The expressway dips down to 12 feet (3.7 m) below sea level to allow for the rail line to pass overhead. This area once experienced flooding on a regular basis in heavy thunderstorms and tropical systems. The problem was so common, a depth meter was painted on the overpass support columns to warn drivers of the water's depth. A new pumping station was completed adjacent to the expressway in 2004 to keep this area dry and allow the interstate to remain open in the event of an evacuation.
Hurricane Katrina
Main article: Effects of Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans
The I-610/West End Blvd exit near the western end of the Pontchartrain Expressway was extensively flooded in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina.
In the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, this pumping station was overwhelmed and the railroad underpass and the entire I-610/West End Boulevard interchange was extensively flooded. In fact, the 17th Street Canal breach is about one mile (1.6 km) north of this area. This flooding cut Orleans Parish off from most areas to the west, making the Crescent City Connection one of the few clear routes into the east bank of Orleans Parish. Areas under the elevated portions of the expressway in the CBD area saw flooding in the vicinity of the Superdome but for the most part remained dry and undamaged. Some evacuees trapped in the city for days after Katrina attempted to use the expressway and the Crescent City Connection to walk to dry ground on the west bank.
Interstates 49 and 910
The Business U.S. 90 portion of the Pontchartrain Expressway is also designated as Interstate 910, however it is not signed as such. This is a temporary designation that overlaps all freeway portions of Business U.S. 90 (the Pontchartrain Expressway, Crescent City Connection, and Westbank Expressway). When Interstate 49 is completed from Lafayette to New Orleans, Business U.S. 90/Interstate 910 will be re-signed as Interstate 49.
Exit list
ParishLocationmikmExitDestinationsNotes
OrleansNew Orleans0.0000.000 US 90 Bus. westContinuation westbound as the Westbank Expressway
0.000–2.1050.000–3.388Crescent City Connection over Mississippi RiverSouthern terminus
1.440–2.1952.317–3.53311Tchoupitoulas Street / South Peters StreetExit numbers continue from Westbank Expwy. numbering; signed as exit 11A northbound and to Tchoupitoulas St. only
1.756–1.8452.826–2.96912ACamp StreetNorthbound exit only
Calliope StreetSouthbound entrance only
2.214–2.5873.563–4.16312DCarondelet Street / St. Charles AvenueSouthbound exit and northbound entrance
2.2673.64812BO'Keefe AvenueNorthbound exit only
Calliope StreetSouthbound entrance only
2.626–3.6224.226–5.829— To US 90 west (Claiborne Avenue) / Earhart BoulevardNo northbound entrance
2.851–3.1314.588–5.03912CLoyola AvenueSouthbound entrance and northbound exit
3.070–3.6224.941–5.82913B US 90 Bus. east to US 90 east (Claiborne Avenue)North end of US 90 Bus. concurrency; southbound exit is part of exit 13A
13A US 90 west (Claiborne Avenue) – SuperdomeSouthbound exit and northbound entrance
13C I-10 east – SlidellSouth end of I-10 concurrency; I-10 WB exit 234C, EB exit 234A
4.0–5.46.4–8.7232 US 61 north (Airline Highway) US 61 south (Tulane Avenue)Carrollton AvenueExit numbers follow I-10
5.3–6.08.5–9.7231AMetairie Road (LA 611-9 west) / City Park AvenueEastern terminus of unsigned LA 611-9
6.2–6.610.0–10.6231BFlorida Boulevard / West End BoulevardWest End Blvd. is a one-way street; northbound exit only
Pontchartrain BoulevardOne-way street; southbound entrance only
Orleans–Jeffersonparish lineNew Orleans–Metairie line6.2–7.0010.0–11.27230 I-610Northern terminus; western terminus of I-610; exit 1B on I-610; southbound entrance only
I-10 west – N.O. Int'l Airport, Baton RougeContinuation west beyond northern terminus
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Concurrency terminus Incomplete access Route transition
References
^ Philbin, Walt (March 8, 1989). "I-10's Deadly Ramps a Worry from the Start". The Times-Picayune. New Orleans. p. A1. ISSN 1055-3053.
^ "Overview of Pontchartrain Expressway". Google Maps. Google, Inc. Retrieved October 1, 2019.
vteNew Orleans streetsStreets
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River Road
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Interstate 10
US Route 90
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Voodoo Music + Arts Experience | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lake Pontchartrain Causeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Pontchartrain_Causeway"},{"link_name":"Lake Pontchartrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Pontchartrain"},{"link_name":"Interstate 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_10_in_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 90 Business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_90_Business_(New_Orleans,_Louisiana)"},{"link_name":"New Orleans, Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"Jefferson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_Parish,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"I-610","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_610_(Louisiana)"},{"link_name":"Central Business District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans_Central_Business_District"},{"link_name":"Superdome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_Superdome"},{"link_name":"Crescent City Connection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crescent_City_Connection"},{"link_name":"Lake Pontchartrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Pontchartrain"}],"text":"Not to be confused with the Lake Pontchartrain Causeway which connects the north and south shores of Lake Pontchartrain.The Pontchartrain Expressway is a parallel six-lane section of Interstate 10 (I-10) and U.S. Route 90 Business (US 90 Bus.) in New Orleans, Louisiana, USA, with a brief stand-alone section in between junctions with these highways. The designation begins on I-10 near the Orleans–Jefferson parish line at the I-610 Split. The expressway follows I-10 into the Central Business District (CBD) of New Orleans (by the Superdome) and then follows US 90 Bus. to the Crescent City Connection. The expressway takes its name from Pontchartrain Boulevard, which the expressway replaced in some areas. The Pontchartrain name is derived from Lake Pontchartrain, which New Orleans' northern border traverses.","title":"Pontchartrain Expressway"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"17th Street Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17th_Street_Canal"},{"link_name":"New Basin Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Basin_Canal"},{"link_name":"stack interchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stack_interchange"},{"link_name":"Crescent City Connection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crescent_City_Connection"},{"link_name":"HOV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-occupancy_vehicle_lane"},{"link_name":"Westbank Expressway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_90_Business_(New_Orleans,_Louisiana)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-T-P_3-8-89-1"},{"link_name":"Norfolk Southern Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk_Southern_Railway"},{"link_name":"Metairie Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metairie_Cemetery"}],"text":"Construction of the Pontchartrain Expressway began in the 1950s. It would later be incorporated into Interstate 10. I-10 enters Orleans Parish after crossing the 17th Street Canal; this is where the expressway designation begins. At the vicinity of West End Boulevard/Florida Avenue exit, the expressway turns to the southeast along the right-of-way for the former New Basin Canal which had been filled in between 1937 and 1947. The expressway continues along this right-of-way as I-10 until a stack interchange with U.S. 90 (Claiborne Avenue) in the CBD.At this interchange, I-10 breaks off to the northeast and Business U.S. 90 begins. The expressway continues southeast along the upriver side of the CBD as an elevated highway that leads to the Crescent City Connection. This section was completed by the 1958 opening of the Crescent City Connection.The Business U.S. 90 portion of the expressway was expanded in the mid 1980s to accommodate the second span of the Crescent City Connection which opened in 1988. This stretch of the expressway and the stack interchange of I-10 and U.S. 90 received further reconstruction in the early 1990s, including two reversible HOV lanes that stretch from the intersection of Earhart Boulevard and Magnolia Street (underneath the Pontchartrain Expressway) across the Crescent City Connection to the Westbank Expressway. Reconstruction of the northern end of the expressway in the I-610 Split vicinity was undertaken in the late 1990s. Also in the late 1990s, further work was done on the expressway as two ramps were constructed, connecting West I-10 to West Business U.S. 90 and westbound Claiborne Avenue (West US 90), replacing an earlier, more dangerous ramp. The direct ramp from 90B East to I-10 East was completed by 1989. [1]The Norfolk Southern Railway has an overpass crossing near the Metairie Cemetery between the City Park Avenue and West End Boulevard/Florida Avenue exits. The expressway dips down to 12 feet (3.7 m) below sea level to allow for the rail line to pass overhead. This area once experienced flooding on a regular basis in heavy thunderstorms and tropical systems. The problem was so common, a depth meter was painted on the overpass support columns to warn drivers of the water's depth. A new pumping station was completed adjacent to the expressway in 2004 to keep this area dry and allow the interstate to remain open in the event of an evacuation.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KatrinaNewOrleansFlooded_edit2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hurricane Katrina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina"},{"link_name":"17th Street Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17th_Street_Canal"},{"link_name":"Orleans Parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"Crescent City Connection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crescent_City_Connection"}],"text":"The I-610/West End Blvd exit near the western end of the Pontchartrain Expressway was extensively flooded in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina.In the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, this pumping station was overwhelmed and the railroad underpass and the entire I-610/West End Boulevard interchange was extensively flooded. In fact, the 17th Street Canal breach is about one mile (1.6 km) north of this area. This flooding cut Orleans Parish off from most areas to the west, making the Crescent City Connection one of the few clear routes into the east bank of Orleans Parish. Areas under the elevated portions of the expressway in the CBD area saw flooding in the vicinity of the Superdome but for the most part remained dry and undamaged. Some evacuees trapped in the city for days after Katrina attempted to use the expressway and the Crescent City Connection to walk to dry ground on the west bank.","title":"Hurricane Katrina"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Interstate 910","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_90_Business_(New_Orleans,_Louisiana)"},{"link_name":"Interstate 49","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_49"},{"link_name":"Lafayette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lafayette,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The Business U.S. 90 portion of the Pontchartrain Expressway is also designated as Interstate 910, however it is not signed as such. This is a temporary designation that overlaps all freeway portions of Business U.S. 90 (the Pontchartrain Expressway, Crescent City Connection, and Westbank Expressway). When Interstate 49 is completed from Lafayette to New Orleans, Business U.S. 90/Interstate 910 will be re-signed as Interstate 49.[citation needed]","title":"Interstates 49 and 910"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Exit list"}] | [{"image_text":"The I-610/West End Blvd exit near the western end of the Pontchartrain Expressway was extensively flooded in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/KatrinaNewOrleansFlooded_edit2.jpg/250px-KatrinaNewOrleansFlooded_edit2.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Philbin, Walt (March 8, 1989). \"I-10's Deadly Ramps a Worry from the Start\". The Times-Picayune. New Orleans. p. A1. ISSN 1055-3053.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1055-3053","url_text":"1055-3053"}]},{"reference":"\"Overview of Pontchartrain Expressway\". Google Maps. Google, Inc. Retrieved October 1, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/29.9383679,-90.0425311/29.9506482,-90.0851821/29.9582545,-90.0947637/29.9962387,-90.1235383/@29.9674801,-90.118053,13z/am=t/data=!3m1!4b1!4m2!4m1!3e0","url_text":"\"Overview of Pontchartrain Expressway\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Pontchartrain+Expressway%22","external_links_name":"\"Pontchartrain Expressway\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Pontchartrain+Expressway%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Pontchartrain+Expressway%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Pontchartrain+Expressway%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Pontchartrain+Expressway%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Pontchartrain+Expressway%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1055-3053","external_links_name":"1055-3053"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/29.9383679,-90.0425311/29.9506482,-90.0851821/29.9582545,-90.0947637/29.9962387,-90.1235383/@29.9674801,-90.118053,13z/am=t/data=!3m1!4b1!4m2!4m1!3e0","external_links_name":"\"Overview of Pontchartrain Expressway\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tantalus_monkey | Tantalus monkey | ["1 Subspecies","2 Description","3 Distribution and habitat","4 Ecology","5 References","6 External links"] | Species of Old World monkey
Tantalus monkey
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Mammalia
Order:
Primates
Suborder:
Haplorhini
Infraorder:
Simiiformes
Family:
Cercopithecidae
Genus:
Chlorocebus
Species:
C. tantalus
Binomial name
Chlorocebus tantalus(Ogilby, 1841)
Geographic range map
The tantalus monkey (Chlorocebus tantalus) is an Old World monkey from Africa that ranges from Ghana to Sudan. It was originally described as a subspecies of the grivet (Chlorocebus aethiops). All species in Chlorocebus were formerly in the genus Cercopithecus. It is a common species with a wide range, and the International Union for Conservation of Nature has rated its conservation status as being of "least concern".
Subspecies
This species has three recognized subspecies:
C. t. tantalus
C. t. budgetti
C. t. marrensis
Description
Male C. t. budgetti eating jackfruit
A medium-sized species, the tantalus monkey has a black face and a long tail. There is a distinctive undulating white or yellowish browband above the eyes. The cheeks and temples are white, the long hairs being swept backwards and often covering the ears in older individuals. The crown and dorsal surface of the body is grizzled and greenish or golden. The underparts are white and the tail and outer surfaces of the limbs grey. The tail may have a whitish tip. The male is larger than the female and has a bright blue scrotum surrounded by orange hairs.
Distribution and habitat
This monkey is found in tropical central Africa. Its native range includes Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ghana, Kenya, Niger, Nigeria, South Sudan, Sudan, Togo and Uganda. It is an adaptable species able to inhabit open woodland, savannah, forest-grassland mosaic and riverside forest. It is at home in secondary forest and rural and urban locations.
Ecology
Tantalus monkeys live in troops averaging about thirty individuals, with up to ten adult males and eighteen adult females, and varying numbers of juveniles and young. Some adult males move about singly. There is a social hierarchy within the group. These monkeys are demi-terrestrial and spend much of their time on the ground. The troop maintains a territory, defending it with vocalizations and threats, but some groups are less aggressive than others and share part of their territory with a neighbouring troop. Breeding takes place at different times of year in different parts of the range. A single offspring is the norm, with females giving birth for the first time when about five years old.
References
^ a b c d e Groves, C. P. (2005). "Order Primates". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 159–160. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
^ a b c d Wallis, J. (2020). "Chlorocebus tantalus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T136208A17958272. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T136208A17958272.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
^ a b Jonathan Kingdon; David Happold; Thomas Butynski; Michael Hoffmann; Meredith Happold; Jan Kalina (2013). Mammals of Africa. A&C Black. pp. 271–273. ISBN 978-1-4081-8996-2.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chlorocebus tantalus.
vteExtant species of family Cercopithecidae (Old World monkeys) (subfamily Cercopithecinae)
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Suborder: Haplorhini
CercopitheciniAllenopithecus
Allen's swamp monkey (A. nigroviridis)
Miopithecus(Talapoins)
Angolan talapoin (M. talapoin)
Gabon talapoin (M. ogouensis)
Erythrocebus
Southern patas monkey (E. baumstarki)
Common patas monkey (E. patas)
Blue Nile patas monkey (E. poliophaeus)
Chlorocebus(Vervet monkeys)
Dryas monkey (C. dryas)
Green monkey (C. sabaeus)
Grivet (C. aethiops)
Bale Mountains vervet (C. djamdjamensis)
Tantalus monkey (C. tantalus)
Vervet monkey (C. pygerythrus)
Malbrouck (C. cynosuros)
Allochrocebus(Terrestrial guenons)
L'Hoest's monkey (A. lhoesti)
Preuss's monkey (A. preussi)
Sun-tailed monkey (A. solatus)
Cercopithecus(Arboreal guenons)
Diana monkey (C. diana)
Roloway monkey (C. roloway)
Greater spot-nosed monkey (C. nictitans)
Blue monkey (C. mitis)
Mona monkey (C. mona)
Campbell's mona monkey (C. campbelli)
Lowe's mona monkey (C. lowei)
Crested mona monkey (C. pogonias)
Wolf's mona monkey (C. wolfi)
Dent's mona monkey (C. denti)
Lesser spot-nosed monkey (C. petaurista)
White-throated guenon (C. erythrogaster)
Sclater's guenon (C. sclateri)
Red-eared guenon (C. erythrotis)
Moustached guenon (C. cephus)
Red-tailed monkey (C. ascanius)
Hamlyn's monkey (C. hamlyni)
De Brazza's monkey (C. neglectus)
Lesula (C. lomamiensis)
PapioniniMacaca(Macaques)
Barbary macaque (M. sylvanus)
Lion-tailed macaque (M. silenus)
Southern pig-tailed macaque (M. nemestrina)
Northern pig-tailed macaque (M. leonina)
Pagai Island macaque (M. pagensis)
Siberut macaque (M. siberu)
Moor macaque (M. maura)
Booted macaque (M. ochreata)
Tonkean macaque (M. tonkeana)
Heck's macaque (M. hecki)
Gorontalo macaque (M. nigrescens)
Celebes crested macaque (M. nigra)
Crab-eating macaque (M. fascicularis)
Stump-tailed macaque (M. arctoides)
Rhesus macaque (M. mulatta)
Formosan rock macaque (M. cyclopis)
Japanese macaque (M. fuscata)
Toque macaque (M. sinica)
Bonnet macaque (M. radiata)
Assam macaque (M. assamensis)
Tibetan macaque (M. thibetana)
Arunachal macaque (M. munzala)
White-cheeked macaque (M. leucogenys)
Lophocebus(Crested mangabeys)
Grey-cheeked mangabey (L. albigena)
Black crested mangabey (L. aterrimus)
Rungwecebus
Kipunji (R. kipunji)
Papio(Baboons)
Olive baboon (P. anubis)
Yellow baboon (P. cynocephalus)
Hamadryas baboon (P. hamadryas)
Guinea baboon (P. papio)
Chacma baboon (P. ursinus)
Kinda baboon (P. kindae)
Theropithecus
Gelada (T. gelada)
Cercocebus(White-eyelidmangabeys)
Sooty mangabey (C. atys)
Collared mangabey (C. torquatus)
Agile mangabey (C. agilis)
Golden-bellied mangabey (C. chrysogaster)
Tana River mangabey (C. galeritus)
Sanje mangabey (C. sanjei)
White-naped mangabey (C. lunulatus)
Mandrillus
Mandrill (M. sphinx)
Drill (M. leucophaeus)
Category
Taxon identifiersChlorocebus tantalus
Wikidata: Q1154701
Wikispecies: Chlorocebus tantalus
ARKive: chlorocebus-tantalus
BOLD: 103912
CoL: 5Y7X6
EoL: 7218149
GBIF: 7262032
iNaturalist: 74191
ITIS: 944214
IUCN: 136208
MDD: 1000588
MSW: 12100515
NCBI: 60712
Observation.org: 200469
Open Tree of Life: 571312
Paleobiology Database: 385895
Species+: 8446
Cercopithecus tantalus
Wikidata: Q41081657
GBIF: 5786371 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Old World monkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_World_monkey"},{"link_name":"Ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana"},{"link_name":"Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-msw3-1"},{"link_name":"grivet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grivet"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-msw3-1"},{"link_name":"Chlorocebus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorocebus"},{"link_name":"Cercopithecus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cercopithecus"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-msw3-1"},{"link_name":"International Union for Conservation of Nature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature"},{"link_name":"least concern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Least-concern_species"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn_status_19_November_2021-2"}],"text":"The tantalus monkey (Chlorocebus tantalus) is an Old World monkey from Africa that ranges from Ghana to Sudan.[1] It was originally described as a subspecies of the grivet (Chlorocebus aethiops).[1] All species in Chlorocebus were formerly in the genus Cercopithecus.[1] It is a common species with a wide range, and the International Union for Conservation of Nature has rated its conservation status as being of \"least concern\".[2]","title":"Tantalus monkey"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-msw3-1"}],"text":"This species has three recognized subspecies:[1]C. t. tantalus\nC. t. budgetti\nC. t. marrensis","title":"Subspecies"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Budgett%27s_Tantalus_Monkey_(Chlorocebus_tantalus_budgetti)_male_eating_jackfruit_(17542356113).jpg"},{"link_name":"jackfruit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackfruit"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kingdon-3"}],"text":"Male C. t. budgetti eating jackfruitA medium-sized species, the tantalus monkey has a black face and a long tail. There is a distinctive undulating white or yellowish browband above the eyes. The cheeks and temples are white, the long hairs being swept backwards and often covering the ears in older individuals. The crown and dorsal surface of the body is grizzled and greenish or golden. The underparts are white and the tail and outer surfaces of the limbs grey. The tail may have a whitish tip. The male is larger than the female and has a bright blue scrotum surrounded by orange hairs.[3]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"savannah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savanna"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn_status_19_November_2021-2"}],"text":"This monkey is found in tropical central Africa. Its native range includes Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ghana, Kenya, Niger, Nigeria, South Sudan, Sudan, Togo and Uganda. It is an adaptable species able to inhabit open woodland, savannah, forest-grassland mosaic and riverside forest. It is at home in secondary forest and rural and urban locations.[2]","title":"Distribution and habitat"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_(animal)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kingdon-3"}],"text":"Tantalus monkeys live in troops averaging about thirty individuals, with up to ten adult males and eighteen adult females, and varying numbers of juveniles and young. Some adult males move about singly. There is a social hierarchy within the group. These monkeys are demi-terrestrial and spend much of their time on the ground. The troop maintains a territory, defending it with vocalizations and threats, but some groups are less aggressive than others and share part of their territory with a neighbouring troop. Breeding takes place at different times of year in different parts of the range. A single offspring is the norm, with females giving birth for the first time when about five years old.[3]","title":"Ecology"}] | [{"image_text":"Male C. t. budgetti eating jackfruit","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Budgett%27s_Tantalus_Monkey_%28Chlorocebus_tantalus_budgetti%29_male_eating_jackfruit_%2817542356113%29.jpg/220px-Budgett%27s_Tantalus_Monkey_%28Chlorocebus_tantalus_budgetti%29_male_eating_jackfruit_%2817542356113%29.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Groves, C. P. (2005). \"Order Primates\". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 159–160. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Groves","url_text":"Groves, C. 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Retrieved 19 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/136208/17958272","url_text":"\"Chlorocebus tantalus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T136208A17958272.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T136208A17958272.en"}]},{"reference":"Jonathan Kingdon; David Happold; Thomas Butynski; Michael Hoffmann; Meredith Happold; Jan Kalina (2013). Mammals of Africa. A&C Black. pp. 271–273. ISBN 978-1-4081-8996-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=B_07noCPc4kC&pg=RA1-PA271","url_text":"Mammals of Africa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4081-8996-2","url_text":"978-1-4081-8996-2"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?id=12100515","external_links_name":"\"Order Primates\""},{"Link":"http://www.google.com/books?id=JgAMbNSt8ikC&pg=PA159%E2%80%93160","external_links_name":"Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/62265494","external_links_name":"62265494"},{"Link":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/136208/17958272","external_links_name":"\"Chlorocebus tantalus\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T136208A17958272.en","external_links_name":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T136208A17958272.en"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=B_07noCPc4kC&pg=RA1-PA271","external_links_name":"Mammals of Africa"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.arkive.org/wd/chlorocebus-tantalus/","external_links_name":"chlorocebus-tantalus"},{"Link":"http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=103912","external_links_name":"103912"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/5Y7X6","external_links_name":"5Y7X6"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/7218149","external_links_name":"7218149"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/7262032","external_links_name":"7262032"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/74191","external_links_name":"74191"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=944214","external_links_name":"944214"},{"Link":"https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/136208","external_links_name":"136208"},{"Link":"https://www.mammaldiversity.org/taxon/1000588","external_links_name":"1000588"},{"Link":"https://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?s=y&id=12100515","external_links_name":"12100515"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=60712","external_links_name":"60712"},{"Link":"https://observation.org/species/200469/","external_links_name":"200469"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=571312","external_links_name":"571312"},{"Link":"https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=385895","external_links_name":"385895"},{"Link":"https://speciesplus.net/#/taxon_concepts/8446","external_links_name":"8446"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/5786371","external_links_name":"5786371"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxist_reformism | Revisionism (Marxism) | ["1 History","2 See also","3 References"] | Set of ideas, principles, and theories based on Marxism
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Revisionism, otherwise known as Marxist reformism, represents various ideas, principles, and theories that are based on a reform or revision of Marxism. According to their critics, this involves a significant revision of fundamental Marxist theories and premises, and usually involves making an alliance with the bourgeois class. Some academic economists have used revisionism to describe post-Stalinist, Eastern European writers who criticized one-party rule and argued in favour of freedom of the press and of the arts, intra- and sometimes inter-party democracy, independent labor unions, the abolition of bureaucratic privileges, and the subordination of police forces to the judiciary power.
In Marxist discourse, revisionism often carries pejorative connotations and the term has been used by many different factions. It is typically applied to others and rarely as a self-description. By extension, Marxists who view themselves as fighting against revisionism have often self-identified as Marxist–Leninist anti-revisionists. Revisionism is most often used as an ephitet by those Marxists who believe that such revisions are unwarranted and represent a watering down or abandonment of Marxism—one such common example is the negation of class struggle.
History
Eduard Bernstein, an early revisionist
Revisionism has been used in a number of contexts to refer to different or claimed revisions of Marxist theory. Those who opposed Karl Marx's revolution through his lens of a violent uprising and sought out more peaceful, electoral means for a socialist revolution are known as revisionists. Eduard Bernstein, a close acquaintance of Marx and Friedrich Engels, was one of the first major revisionists, and was prominent in the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD).
In the late 19th century, the term revisionism was used to describe democratic socialist writers, such as Bernstein, who sought to revise Marx's ideas about the transition to socialism and claimed that a revolution through force was not necessary to achieve a socialist society. The views of Bernstein gave rise to reformist theory, which asserts that socialism can be achieved through gradual peaceful reforms from within a capitalist system.
See also
Brezhnev Doctrine
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References
^ Oxford English Dictionary Revisionism 1. "A policy first put forward in the 1890s by Edward Bernstein (1850–1932) advocating the introduction of socialism through evolution rather than revolution, in opposition to the orthodox view of Marxists; hence a term of abuse used within the communist world for an interpretation of Marxism which is felt to threaten the canonical policy." Cites the first use in English "1903 Social-Democrat VII. 84 (heading) Revisionism in Germany."
^ Paltemaa, Lauri (2007). "The Democracy Wall Movement, Marxist Revisionism, and the Variations on Socialist Democracy". Journal of Contemporary China. 16 (53): 602. doi:10.1080/10670560701562325. ISSN 1067-0564. S2CID 143933209.
^ Tse-Tung, Mao (July 1964). On Khrushchov's Phoney Communism and Its Historical Lessons for the World – via Marxists Internet Archive. ... the revisionist Khrushchov clique base themselves mainly on the argument that ... class struggle no longer exists.
^ Steger, Manfred (1997). The Quest for Evolutionary Socialism: Eduard Bernstein And Social Democracy. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
^ Eichhorn, Wolfgang, ed. (2002). "Über Eduard Bernstein. Gegensatz und Berührungspunkte zu Rosa Luxemburg und W. I. Lenin" . Jahrbuch für Forschungen zur Geschichte der Arbeiterbewegung (in German).
^ Wiener, Philip P., ed. (1973–74). Dictionary of the History of Ideas. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. referenced in Kindersley, R. K. "Marxist revisionism: From Bernstein to modern forms". University of Virginia Library. Retrieved 28 April 2008.
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Japan | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"reform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformism"},{"link_name":"Marxism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism"},{"link_name":"fundamental Marxist theories and premises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodox_Marxism"},{"link_name":"bourgeois class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourgeois_class"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"post-Stalinist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union#Post-Stalin_years_(1953%E2%80%9385)"},{"link_name":"one-party rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-party_state"},{"link_name":"freedom of the press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press"},{"link_name":"the arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artistic_freedom"},{"link_name":"labor unions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_union_movement"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"pejorative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pejorative"},{"link_name":"Marxist–Leninist anti-revisionists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-revisionism_(Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism)"},{"link_name":"class struggle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_struggle"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Revisionism, otherwise known as Marxist reformism, represents various ideas, principles, and theories that are based on a reform or revision of Marxism. 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Those who opposed Karl Marx's revolution through his lens of a violent uprising and sought out more peaceful, electoral means for a socialist revolution are known as revisionists. Eduard Bernstein, a close acquaintance of Marx and Friedrich Engels, was one of the first major revisionists, and was prominent in the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD).[4]In the late 19th century, the term revisionism was used to describe democratic socialist writers, such as Bernstein, who sought to revise Marx's ideas about the transition to socialism and claimed that a revolution through force was not necessary to achieve a socialist society.[5] The views of Bernstein gave rise to reformist theory, which asserts that socialism can be achieved through gradual peaceful reforms from within a capitalist system.[6]","title":"History"}] | [{"image_text":"Eduard Bernstein, an early revisionist","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Bernstein_Eduard_1895.jpg/200px-Bernstein_Eduard_1895.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Brezhnev Doctrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brezhnev_Doctrine"},{"title":"Đổi Mới","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%95i_M%E1%BB%9Bi"},{"title":"Eurocommunism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurocommunism"},{"title":"Juche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juche"},{"title":"Goulash Communism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goulash_Communism"},{"title":"Khrushchevism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khrushchevism"},{"title":"Legal Marxism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_Marxism"},{"title":"Market socialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_socialism"},{"title":"Marxist humanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxist_humanism"},{"title":"Budapest School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest_School"},{"title":"Praxis School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praxis_School"},{"title":"National communism in Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_communism_in_Romania"},{"title":"Neoauthoritarianism (China)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoauthoritarianism_(China)"},{"title":"Opportunism in Marxist theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opportunism_in_Marxist_theory"},{"title":"Titoism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titoism"},{"title":"Socialism with Chinese characteristics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics"},{"title":"Western Marxism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Marxism"}] | [{"reference":"Paltemaa, Lauri (2007). \"The Democracy Wall Movement, Marxist Revisionism, and the Variations on Socialist Democracy\". Journal of Contemporary China. 16 (53): 602. doi:10.1080/10670560701562325. ISSN 1067-0564. S2CID 143933209.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10670560701562325","url_text":"\"The Democracy Wall Movement, Marxist Revisionism, and the Variations on Socialist Democracy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Contemporary_China","url_text":"Journal of Contemporary China"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10670560701562325","url_text":"10.1080/10670560701562325"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1067-0564","url_text":"1067-0564"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143933209","url_text":"143933209"}]},{"reference":"Tse-Tung, Mao (July 1964). On Khrushchov's Phoney Communism and Its Historical Lessons for the World – via Marxists Internet Archive. ... the revisionist Khrushchov clique base themselves mainly on the argument that ... class struggle no longer exists.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong","url_text":"Tse-Tung, Mao"},{"url":"https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/works/1964/phnycom.htm","url_text":"On Khrushchov's Phoney Communism and Its Historical Lessons for the World"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxists_Internet_Archive","url_text":"Marxists Internet Archive"}]},{"reference":"Steger, Manfred (1997). The Quest for Evolutionary Socialism: Eduard Bernstein And Social Democracy. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press","url_text":"Cambridge University Press"}]},{"reference":"Eichhorn, Wolfgang, ed. (2002). \"Über Eduard Bernstein. Gegensatz und Berührungspunkte zu Rosa Luxemburg und W. I. Lenin\" [About Edward Bernstein. Contrast and points of contact with Rosa Luxemburg and V. I. Lenin]. Jahrbuch für Forschungen zur Geschichte der Arbeiterbewegung [Yearbook for research into the history of the labor movement] (in German).","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Eichhorn&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Eichhorn, Wolfgang"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jahrbuch_f%C3%BCr_Forschungen_zur_Geschichte_der_Arbeiterbewegung","url_text":"Jahrbuch für Forschungen zur Geschichte der Arbeiterbewegung"}]},{"reference":"Wiener, Philip P., ed. (1973–74). Dictionary of the History of Ideas. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.","urls":[{"url":"http://etext.virginia.edu/DicHist/dict.html","url_text":"Dictionary of the History of Ideas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Scribner%27s_Sons","url_text":"Charles Scribner's Sons"}]},{"reference":"Kindersley, R. K. \"Marxist revisionism: From Bernstein to modern forms\". University of Virginia Library. Retrieved 28 April 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://etext.virginia.edu/DicHist/dict.html","url_text":"\"Marxist revisionism: From Bernstein to modern forms\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Virginia","url_text":"University of Virginia"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10670560701562325","external_links_name":"\"The Democracy Wall Movement, Marxist Revisionism, and the Variations on Socialist Democracy\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10670560701562325","external_links_name":"10.1080/10670560701562325"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1067-0564","external_links_name":"1067-0564"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143933209","external_links_name":"143933209"},{"Link":"https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/works/1964/phnycom.htm","external_links_name":"On Khrushchov's Phoney Communism and Its Historical Lessons for the World"},{"Link":"http://etext.virginia.edu/DicHist/dict.html","external_links_name":"Dictionary of the History of Ideas"},{"Link":"http://etext.virginia.edu/DicHist/dict.html","external_links_name":"\"Marxist revisionism: From Bernstein to modern forms\""},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00572446","external_links_name":"Japan"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Dera_Ismail_Khan_bombing | 2023 Dera Ismail Khan bombing | ["1 The bombing","2 Casualties","3 Aftermath","4 Investigation","5 See also","6 References"] | IED attack in Pakistan
2023 Dera Ismail Khan bombingPart of Insurgency in Khyber PakhtunkhwaLocationDera Ismail Khan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, PakistanDate3 November 2023TargetKhyber Pakhtunkhwa PoliceAttack typeBombingWeaponsImprovised explosive deviceDeaths5InjuredOver 20
vteTerrorist attacksin Pakistan (since 2001) Italics indicates attacks resulting in more than 40 deaths ‡ indicates attacks resulting in more than 100 deaths Underline indicates the deadliest terrorist attack/s to date2001
1st Bahawalpur
2002
1st Karachi
2003
1st Quetta
2004
2nd Quetta
1st Multan
2005
1st Mandi Bahauddin (Ahmadiyya)
2006
4th Karachi
Dargai
2007
1st Dera Ismail Khan
1st Charsadda
July bombings ‡
2nd Rawalpindi
5th Karachi ‡
2nd Charsadda
3rd Rawalpindi (Bhutto assassination)
2008
3rd Charsadda
2nd Parachinar
1st Swat
1st Islamabad
2nd Islamabad
2nd Dera Ismail Khan
1st Wah
1st Peshawar
3rd Islamabad
1st Orakzai ‡
2nd Peshawar
2009
4th/5th Dera Ismail Khan (January violence)
6th Dera Ismail Khan
2nd Lahore (Sri Lankan cricket)
1st Khyber
3rd Lahore
Chakwal
7th/8th Dera Ismail Khan (May attacks)
4th Lahore
3rd Peshawar
5th Lahore
Usterzai
4th Peshawar
4th Rawalpindi
Alpuri
6th Lahore
5th Islamabad
5th Peshawar ‡
5th Rawalpindi
6th Peshawar
6th Rawalpindi
7th Lahore
1st Dera Ghazi Khan
1st Lower Dir
6th Karachi
2010
1st Lakki Marwat ‡
1st Bajaur
2nd Lower Dir
7th Karachi
2nd Khyber
3rd Khyber
8th, 9th & 10th Lahore
U.S consulate/Timergarah attack
2nd/3rd Kohat
8th Peshawar
11th Lahore (Ahmadiyya)
9th Dera Ismail Khan
12th Lahore (Sufi)
1st Mohmand ‡
13th Lahore (Shia)
3rd Quetta
2nd Darra Adam Khel
8th Karachi (CID)
2nd Mohmand
2nd Bajaur
2011
Faisalabad
9th Peshawar
2nd Dera Ghazi Khan
4th Quetta
4th Charsadda
9th Karachi (PNS Mehran)
10th Peshawar
10th Dera Ismail Khan (police station)
4th Khyber
5th Quetta
Karachi targeted killings ‡
1st Mastung
2012
5th Khyber
1st Rahim Yar Khan
1st Kohistan
Mansehra
13th Peshawar (airport)
11th Dera Ismail Khan
2013
8th Quetta/3rd Swat ‡
9th Quetta
10th Karachi
Election day
Quaid-e-Azam residency
10th Quetta
Mardan
Nanga Parbat
11th Quetta/17th Peshawar
14th Lahore
5th Parachinar
12th Dera Ismail Khan (prison attack)
11th Karachi
12th Quetta
13th Quetta
18th Peshawar ‡
19th Peshawar
2014
12th Karachi (Chaudhry Aslam assassination)
1st Bannu
2nd Mastung
20th Peshawar
13th Karachi (Jinnah International Airport)
14th Quetta
Wagah border
21st Peshawar (school massacre) ‡
2015
Shikarpur
22nd Peshawar
15th Lahore
14th Karachi
3rd Mastung
Attock
Camp Badaber
Taunsa Sharif
15th Quetta
Jacobabad
6th Parachinar
2016
16th Quetta
5th Charsadda (Bacha Khan University)
23rd Peshawar
16th Lahore
17th Quetta
3rd Mohmand
18th Quetta
2nd Khuzdar
2017
13th Dera Ismail Khan
7th Parachinar
17th Lahore
24th Peshawar
Sehwan
6th Charsadda
8th Parachinar
18th Lahore
25th Peshawar
4th Mastung
19th Quetta/9th Parachinar
Chaman
19th Lahore
20th Lahore
4th Bajaur
20th Quetta
1st Harnai
14th Dera Ismail Khan (Ataullah Shah)
Jhal Magsi
27th Peshawar
21st Quetta
2018
28th Peshawar
5th Mastung/2nd Bannu ‡
15th Dera Ismail Khan
2018 election violence
22nd Quetta
2nd Orakzai
15th Karachi (Chinese consulate)
2019
1st Loralai
2nd Loralai/Panjgur
23rd Quetta
20th Lahore
1st Gwadar
2020
24th Quetta
25th Quetta
16th Karachi (Stock Exchange)
2021
2021 Machh attack
3rd Chaman
26th Quetta (Serena Hotel)
21st Lahore
17th Karachi
27th Quetta
28th Quetta
2022
22nd Lahore
1st Kech
Panjgur and Naushki
29th Quetta
Sibi
29th Peshawar
Sangan
18th Karachi
19th Karachi
1st Miranshah
4th Swat
2nd Lakki Marwat
30th Quetta
2nd Miranshah
3rd Bannu
7th Islamabad
2023
31st Peshawar
20th Karachi
Barkhan
Bolan
Havelian
3rd Lakki Marwat
8th Khyber
31st Quetta
Muslim Bagh
32nd Peshawar
Zhob
1st N Waziristan
Bara
Khar
2nd N Waziristan
6th Mastung
Hangu
16th Dera Ismail Khan
2nd Gwadar
Mianwali
Chilas
Daraban]
2024
2024 Balochistan
BLA Gwadar attack
Shangla
Lakki Marwat
On 3 November 2023, a bombing occurred in Dera Ismail Khan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, in which five people were killed and more than 20 injured.
The bombing
The bombing targeted a police patrol car. The explosives were planted in a motorcycle and detonated near the police car. Heavy gunfire followed the explosion. The incident took place near a bus stop in the Tank Adda area of the city.
Casualties
Five people were killed by the explosion. More than 20 others were injured, some of whom were said to be in critical condition.
Aftermath
After the blast, rescue teams reached the spot for relief activities. Law enforcement agencies also reached the spot. Emergency measures were implemented in the hospitals of Dera Ismail Khan.
Investigation
This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (November 2023)
Initially, the nature of the explosion was not known
See also
Dera ismail khan bombing
Mian wali air base attack
References
^ "At least 5 killed in blast targeting police in Dera Ismail Khan". 3 November 2023.
^ a b "Five killed, over 20 injured in DI Khan motorbike blast".
^ "A planted bomb targeting police kills 5 and wounds 20 at a bus stop in northwest Pakistan". Associated Press. 4 November 2023.
^ a b "Blast targeting police van kills 6, injures 22 in DI Khan". 3 November 2023.
^ "Several injured as blast hits Dera Ismail Khan: Police". 3 November 2023.
^ a b Desk, Web (November 3, 2023). "Several injured as blast hits Dera Ismail Khan: police". ARY NEWS. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Terrorist_attacks_in_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Terrorist_attacks_in_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Terrorist_attacks_in_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Terrorist attacksin Pakistan (since 2001)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_terrorist_incidents_in_Pakistan_since_2001"},{"link_name":"2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorist_incidents_in_Pakistan_in_2001"},{"link_name":"1st Bahawalpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahawalpur_church_shooting"},{"link_name":"2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorist_incidents_in_Pakistan_in_2002"},{"link_name":"1st Karachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Karachi_bus_bombing"},{"link_name":"2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorist_incidents_in_Pakistan_in_2003"},{"link_name":"1st 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Parachinar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Parachinar_bombing"},{"link_name":"1st Swat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Mingora_funeral_bombing"},{"link_name":"1st Islamabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Danish_embassy_bombing_in_Islamabad"},{"link_name":"2nd Islamabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Lal_Masjid_bombing"},{"link_name":"2nd Dera Ismail Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Dera_Ismail_Khan_suicide_bombing"},{"link_name":"1st Wah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Wah_bombing"},{"link_name":"1st Peshawar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_2008_Peshawar_bombing"},{"link_name":"3rd Islamabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamabad_Marriott_Hotel_bombing"},{"link_name":"1st Orakzai ‡","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Orakzai_bombing"},{"link_name":"2nd 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Lower Dir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_2010_Lower_Dir_bombing"},{"link_name":"7th Karachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_2010_Karachi_bombings"},{"link_name":"2nd Khyber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_2010_Khyber_bombing"},{"link_name":"3rd Khyber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_2010_Khyber_Mosque_bombing"},{"link_name":"8th, 9th & 10th Lahore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_2010_Lahore_bombings"},{"link_name":"U.S consulate/Timergarah attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5_April_2010_North-West_Frontier_Province_attacks"},{"link_name":"2nd/3rd Kohat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_2010_Kohat_bombings"},{"link_name":"8th Peshawar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19_April_2010_Peshawar_bombing"},{"link_name":"11th Lahore (Ahmadiyya)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_2010_attacks_on_Ahmadi_mosques_in_Lahore"},{"link_name":"9th Dera Ismail Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Dera_Ismail_Khan_bombing"},{"link_name":"12th Lahore (Sufi)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_2010_Lahore_bombings"},{"link_name":"1st Mohmand ‡","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohmand_Agency_attack"},{"link_name":"13th Lahore (Shia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_2010_Lahore_bombings"},{"link_name":"3rd Quetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_2010_Quetta_bombing"},{"link_name":"2nd Darra Adam Khel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Darra_Adam_Khel_mosque_bombing"},{"link_name":"8th Karachi (CID)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_CID_building_attack"},{"link_name":"2nd Mohmand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_2010_Mohmand_Agency_bombings"},{"link_name":"2nd Bajaur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_2010_Bajaur_bombing"},{"link_name":"2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorist_incidents_in_Pakistan_in_2011"},{"link_name":"Faisalabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Faisalabad_bombing"},{"link_name":"9th Peshawar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_2011_Peshawar_bombing"},{"link_name":"2nd Dera Ghazi Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Dera_Ghazi_Khan_bombings"},{"link_name":"4th Quetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Hazara_Town_shooting"},{"link_name":"4th Charsadda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Charsadda_bombing"},{"link_name":"9th Karachi (PNS Mehran)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PNS_Mehran_attack"},{"link_name":"10th Peshawar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_2011_Peshawar_bombings"},{"link_name":"10th Dera Ismail Khan (police station)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Kulachi_police_station_attack"},{"link_name":"4th Khyber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Khyber_Agency_bombing"},{"link_name":"5th Quetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_2011_Quetta_bombing"},{"link_name":"Karachi targeted killings ‡","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_and_August_2011_Karachi_targeted_killings"},{"link_name":"1st Mastung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Mastung_bus_shooting"},{"link_name":"2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorist_incidents_in_Pakistan_in_2012"},{"link_name":"5th Khyber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Khyber_Agency_bombing"},{"link_name":"1st Rahim Yar Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Rahim_Yar_Khan_bombing"},{"link_name":"1st Kohistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_2012_Kohistan_Shia_Massacre"},{"link_name":"Mansehra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_2012_Mansehra_Shia_Massacre"},{"link_name":"13th Peshawar (airport)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Bacha_Khan_International_Airport_attack"},{"link_name":"11th Dera Ismail Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Dera_Ismail_Khan_bombing"},{"link_name":"2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorist_incidents_in_Pakistan_in_2013"},{"link_name":"8th Quetta/3rd Swat ‡","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_2013_Pakistan_bombings"},{"link_name":"9th Quetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_2013_Quetta_bombing"},{"link_name":"10th Karachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_2013_Karachi_bombing"},{"link_name":"Election day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Pakistan_election_day_bombings"},{"link_name":"Quaid-e-Azam residency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Quaid-e-Azam_Residency_attack"},{"link_name":"10th Quetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_2013_Quetta_attacks"},{"link_name":"Mardan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Mardan_funeral_bombing"},{"link_name":"Nanga Parbat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Nanga_Parbat_massacre"},{"link_name":"11th Quetta/17th Peshawar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_2013_Pakistan_bombings"},{"link_name":"14th Lahore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Lahore_bombing"},{"link_name":"5th Parachinar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Parachinar_attack"},{"link_name":"12th Dera Ismail Khan (prison attack)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Dera_Ismail_Khan_prison_attack"},{"link_name":"11th Karachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_2013_Karachi_bombing"},{"link_name":"12th Quetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_2013_Quetta_bombing"},{"link_name":"13th Quetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_2013_Quetta_shooting"},{"link_name":"18th Peshawar ‡","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshawar_church_bombing"},{"link_name":"19th Peshawar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qissa_Khawani_Bazaar_bombing"},{"link_name":"2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorist_incidents_in_Pakistan_in_2014"},{"link_name":"12th Karachi (Chaudhry Aslam assassination)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaudhry_Aslam_Khan"},{"link_name":"1st Bannu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Bannu_bombing"},{"link_name":"2nd Mastung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Mastung_bus_bombing"},{"link_name":"20th Peshawar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Peshawar_cinema_bombings"},{"link_name":"13th Karachi (Jinnah International Airport)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Jinnah_International_Airport_attack"},{"link_name":"14th Quetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Quetta_Airbase_attack"},{"link_name":"Wagah border","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Wagah_border_suicide_attack"},{"link_name":"21st Peshawar (school massacre) ‡","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Peshawar_school_massacre"},{"link_name":"2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorist_incidents_in_Pakistan_in_2015"},{"link_name":"Shikarpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Shikarpur_bombing"},{"link_name":"22nd Peshawar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Peshawar_mosque_attack"},{"link_name":"15th Lahore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore_church_bombings"},{"link_name":"14th Karachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Karachi_bus_shooting"},{"link_name":"3rd Mastung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Mastung_bus_attack"},{"link_name":"Attock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Attock_bombing"},{"link_name":"Camp Badaber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Camp_Badaber_attack"},{"link_name":"Taunsa Sharif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taunsa_Sharif_bombing"},{"link_name":"15th Quetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Quetta_bus_bombing"},{"link_name":"Jacobabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Jacobabad_bombing"},{"link_name":"6th Parachinar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Parachinar_bombing"},{"link_name":"2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorist_incidents_in_Pakistan_in_2016"},{"link_name":"16th Quetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_2016_Quetta_suicide_bombing"},{"link_name":"5th Charsadda (Bacha Khan University)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacha_Khan_University_attack"},{"link_name":"23rd Peshawar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Peshawar_bus_bombing"},{"link_name":"16th Lahore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Lahore_suicide_bombing"},{"link_name":"17th Quetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_2016_Quetta_attacks"},{"link_name":"3rd Mohmand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Mohmand_mosque_bombing"},{"link_name":"18th Quetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Quetta_police_training_college_attack"},{"link_name":"2nd Khuzdar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Khuzdar_bombing"},{"link_name":"2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorist_incidents_in_Pakistan_in_2017"},{"link_name":"13th Dera Ismail Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Dera_Ismail_Khan_bombing"},{"link_name":"7th Parachinar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Parachinar_bombing"},{"link_name":"17th Lahore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_2017_Lahore_suicide_bombing"},{"link_name":"24th Peshawar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Hayatabad_suicide_bombing"},{"link_name":"Sehwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Sehwan_suicide_bombing"},{"link_name":"6th Charsadda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Charsadda_suicide_bombing"},{"link_name":"8th Parachinar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_2017_Parachinar_suicide_bombing"},{"link_name":"18th Lahore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_2017_Lahore_suicide_bombing"},{"link_name":"25th Peshawar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_2017_Peshawar_bombings"},{"link_name":"4th Mastung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Mastung_suicide_bombing"},{"link_name":"19th Quetta/9th Parachinar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_2017_Pakistan_attacks"},{"link_name":"Chaman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Chaman_suicide_bombing"},{"link_name":"19th Lahore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_2017_Lahore_suicide_bombing"},{"link_name":"20th Lahore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_2017_Lahore_explosion"},{"link_name":"4th Bajaur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Bajaur_bombing"},{"link_name":"20th Quetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_2017_Quetta_suicide_bombing"},{"link_name":"1st Harnai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Harnai_bombing"},{"link_name":"14th Dera Ismail Khan (Ataullah Shah)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Ataullah_Shah"},{"link_name":"Jhal Magsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Jhal_Magsi_suicide_bombing"},{"link_name":"27th Peshawar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Peshawar_Agriculture_Directorate_attack"},{"link_name":"21st Quetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Quetta_church_attack"},{"link_name":"2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorist_incidents_in_Pakistan_in_2018"},{"link_name":"28th Peshawar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Peshawar_suicide_bombing"},{"link_name":"5th Mastung/2nd Bannu ‡","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Mastung_and_Bannu_bombings"},{"link_name":"15th Dera Ismail Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Kulachi_suicide_bombing"},{"link_name":"2018 election violence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Pakistani_general_election_violence"},{"link_name":"22nd Quetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Quetta_suicide_bombing"},{"link_name":"2nd Orakzai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Orakzai_bombing"},{"link_name":"15th Karachi (Chinese consulate)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi_Chinese_consulate_attack"},{"link_name":"2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorist_incidents_in_Pakistan_in_2019"},{"link_name":"1st Loralai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Loralai_attack"},{"link_name":"2nd Loralai/Panjgur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_2019_Balochistan_attacks"},{"link_name":"23rd Quetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Quetta_bombing"},{"link_name":"20th Lahore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Lahore_bombing"},{"link_name":"1st Gwadar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Pearl_Continental_Hotel_attack"},{"link_name":"2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorist_incidents_in_Pakistan_in_2020"},{"link_name":"24th Quetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_2020_Quetta_bombing"},{"link_name":"25th Quetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_2020_Quetta_bombing"},{"link_name":"16th Karachi (Stock Exchange)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Pakistan_Stock_Exchange_attack"},{"link_name":"2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorist_incidents_in_Pakistan_in_2021"},{"link_name":"2021 Machh attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Machh_attack"},{"link_name":"3rd Chaman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Chaman_bombings"},{"link_name":"26th Quetta (Serena Hotel)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quetta_Serena_Hotel_bombing"},{"link_name":"21st Lahore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Lahore_bombing"},{"link_name":"17th Karachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Karachi_grenade_attack"},{"link_name":"27th Quetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_2021_Quetta_bombing"},{"link_name":"28th Quetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_2021_Quetta_bombing"},{"link_name":"2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorist_incidents_in_Pakistan_in_2022"},{"link_name":"22nd Lahore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Lahore_bombing"},{"link_name":"1st Kech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Kech_District_attack"},{"link_name":"Panjgur and Naushki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Panjgur_and_Naushki_raids"},{"link_name":"29th Quetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_2022_Quetta_bombing"},{"link_name":"Sibi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Sibi_suicide_bombing"},{"link_name":"29th Peshawar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Peshawar_mosque_attack"},{"link_name":"Sangan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Sibi_IED_explosion"},{"link_name":"18th Karachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Karachi_bombing"},{"link_name":"19th Karachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Karachi_Saddar_bombing"},{"link_name":"1st Miranshah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_2022_Miranshah_suicide_bombing"},{"link_name":"4th Swat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Swat_bombing"},{"link_name":"2nd Lakki Marwat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Lakki_Marwat_attack"},{"link_name":"30th Quetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_2022_Quetta_bombing"},{"link_name":"2nd Miranshah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_2022_Miranshah_suicide_bombing"},{"link_name":"3rd Bannu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Bannu_counterterrorism_centre_attack_and_siege"},{"link_name":"7th Islamabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Islamabad_suicide_attack"},{"link_name":"2023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorist_incidents_in_Pakistan_in_2023"},{"link_name":"31st Peshawar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Peshawar_mosque_bombing"},{"link_name":"20th Karachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Karachi_police_station_attack"},{"link_name":"Barkhan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Barkhan_bombing"},{"link_name":"Bolan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolan_suicide_bombing"},{"link_name":"Havelian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haripur_rocket_attack"},{"link_name":"3rd Lakki Marwat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Lakki_Marwat_terrorist_attack"},{"link_name":"8th Khyber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Khyber_bombing"},{"link_name":"31st Quetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Kandahari_Bazar_bombing"},{"link_name":"Muslim Bagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Muslim_Bagh_attack"},{"link_name":"32nd Peshawar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_2023_Peshawar_bombing"},{"link_name":"Zhob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Zhob_suicide_attack"},{"link_name":"1st N Waziristan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_North_Waziristan_suicide_bombing"},{"link_name":"Bara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Bara_bombing"},{"link_name":"Khar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Khar_bombing"},{"link_name":"2nd N Waziristan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_North_Waziristan_landmine_attack"},{"link_name":"6th Mastung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Mastung_bombing"},{"link_name":"Hangu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangu_mosque_bombing"},{"link_name":"16th Dera Ismail Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"2nd Gwadar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Gwadar_ambush"},{"link_name":"Mianwali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mianwali_air_base_attack"},{"link_name":"Chilas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilas_bus_shooting"},{"link_name":"Daraban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daraban_police_station_attack"},{"link_name":"2024","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorist_incidents_in_Pakistan_in_2024"},{"link_name":"2024 Balochistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Balochistan_bombings"},{"link_name":"BLA Gwadar attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Gwadar_attack"},{"link_name":"Shangla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Shangla_bombing"},{"link_name":"Lakki Marwat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Lakki_Marwat_bombing"},{"link_name":"bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomb"},{"link_name":"Dera Ismail Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dera_Ismail_Khan"},{"link_name":"Khyber Pakhtunkhwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa"}],"text":"vteTerrorist attacksin Pakistan (since 2001) Italics indicates attacks resulting in more than 40 deaths ‡ indicates attacks resulting in more than 100 deaths Underline indicates the deadliest terrorist attack/s to date2001\n1st Bahawalpur\n2002\n1st Karachi\n2003\n1st Quetta\n2004\n2nd Quetta\n1st Multan\n2005\n1st Mandi Bahauddin (Ahmadiyya)\n2006\n4th Karachi\nDargai\n2007\n1st Dera Ismail Khan\n1st Charsadda\nJuly bombings ‡\n2nd Rawalpindi\n5th Karachi ‡\n2nd Charsadda\n3rd Rawalpindi (Bhutto assassination)\n2008\n3rd Charsadda\n2nd Parachinar\n1st Swat\n1st Islamabad\n2nd Islamabad\n2nd Dera Ismail Khan\n1st Wah\n1st Peshawar\n3rd Islamabad\n1st Orakzai ‡\n2nd Peshawar\n2009\n4th/5th Dera Ismail Khan (January violence)\n6th Dera Ismail Khan\n2nd Lahore (Sri Lankan cricket)\n1st Khyber\n3rd Lahore\nChakwal\n7th/8th Dera Ismail Khan (May attacks)\n4th Lahore\n3rd Peshawar\n5th Lahore\nUsterzai\n4th Peshawar\n4th Rawalpindi\nAlpuri\n6th Lahore\n5th Islamabad\n5th Peshawar ‡\n5th Rawalpindi\n6th Peshawar\n6th Rawalpindi\n7th Lahore\n1st Dera Ghazi Khan\n1st Lower Dir\n6th Karachi\n2010\n1st Lakki Marwat ‡\n1st Bajaur\n2nd Lower Dir\n7th Karachi\n2nd Khyber\n3rd Khyber\n8th, 9th & 10th Lahore\nU.S consulate/Timergarah attack\n2nd/3rd Kohat\n8th Peshawar\n11th Lahore (Ahmadiyya)\n9th Dera Ismail Khan\n12th Lahore (Sufi)\n1st Mohmand ‡\n13th Lahore (Shia)\n3rd Quetta\n2nd Darra Adam Khel\n8th Karachi (CID)\n2nd Mohmand\n2nd Bajaur\n2011\nFaisalabad\n9th Peshawar\n2nd Dera Ghazi Khan\n4th Quetta\n4th Charsadda\n9th Karachi (PNS Mehran)\n10th Peshawar\n10th Dera Ismail Khan (police station)\n4th Khyber\n5th Quetta\nKarachi targeted killings ‡\n1st Mastung\n2012\n5th Khyber\n1st Rahim Yar Khan\n1st Kohistan\nMansehra\n13th Peshawar (airport)\n11th Dera Ismail Khan\n2013\n8th Quetta/3rd Swat ‡\n9th Quetta\n10th Karachi\nElection day\nQuaid-e-Azam residency\n10th Quetta\nMardan\nNanga Parbat\n11th Quetta/17th Peshawar\n14th Lahore\n5th Parachinar\n12th Dera Ismail Khan (prison attack)\n11th Karachi\n12th Quetta\n13th Quetta\n18th Peshawar ‡\n19th Peshawar\n2014\n12th Karachi (Chaudhry Aslam assassination)\n1st Bannu\n2nd Mastung\n20th Peshawar\n13th Karachi (Jinnah International Airport)\n14th Quetta\nWagah border\n21st Peshawar (school massacre) ‡\n2015\nShikarpur\n22nd Peshawar\n15th Lahore\n14th Karachi\n3rd Mastung\nAttock\nCamp Badaber\nTaunsa Sharif\n15th Quetta\nJacobabad\n6th Parachinar\n2016\n16th Quetta\n5th Charsadda (Bacha Khan University)\n23rd Peshawar\n16th Lahore\n17th Quetta\n3rd Mohmand\n18th Quetta\n2nd Khuzdar\n2017\n13th Dera Ismail Khan\n7th Parachinar\n17th Lahore\n24th Peshawar\nSehwan\n6th Charsadda\n8th Parachinar\n18th Lahore\n25th Peshawar\n4th Mastung\n19th Quetta/9th Parachinar\nChaman\n19th Lahore\n20th Lahore\n4th Bajaur\n20th Quetta\n1st Harnai\n14th Dera Ismail Khan (Ataullah Shah)\nJhal Magsi\n27th Peshawar\n21st Quetta\n2018\n28th Peshawar\n5th Mastung/2nd Bannu ‡\n15th Dera Ismail Khan\n2018 election violence\n22nd Quetta\n2nd Orakzai\n15th Karachi (Chinese consulate)\n2019\n1st Loralai\n2nd Loralai/Panjgur\n23rd Quetta\n20th Lahore\n1st Gwadar\n2020\n24th Quetta\n25th Quetta\n16th Karachi (Stock Exchange)\n2021\n2021 Machh attack\n3rd Chaman\n26th Quetta (Serena Hotel)\n21st Lahore\n17th Karachi\n27th Quetta\n28th Quetta\n2022\n22nd Lahore\n1st Kech\nPanjgur and Naushki\n29th Quetta\nSibi\n29th Peshawar\nSangan\n18th Karachi\n19th Karachi\n1st Miranshah\n4th Swat\n2nd Lakki Marwat\n30th Quetta\n2nd Miranshah\n3rd Bannu\n7th Islamabad\n2023\n31st Peshawar\n20th Karachi\nBarkhan\nBolan\nHavelian\n3rd Lakki Marwat\n8th Khyber\n31st Quetta\nMuslim Bagh\n32nd Peshawar\nZhob\n1st N Waziristan\nBara\nKhar\n2nd N Waziristan\n6th Mastung\nHangu\n16th Dera Ismail Khan\n2nd Gwadar\nMianwali\nChilas\nDaraban]\n2024\n2024 Balochistan\nBLA Gwadar attack\nShangla\nLakki MarwatOn 3 November 2023, a bombing occurred in Dera Ismail Khan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, in which five people were killed and more than 20 injured.","title":"2023 Dera Ismail Khan bombing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa_Police"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The bombing targeted a police patrol car.[1] The explosives were planted in a motorcycle and detonated near the police car.[2] Heavy gunfire followed the explosion. The incident took place near a bus stop[3] in the Tank Adda area of the city.[4][5]","title":"The bombing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"critical condition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_condition"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-4"}],"text":"Five people were killed by the explosion. More than 20 others were injured, some of whom were said to be in critical condition.[4]","title":"Casualties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Law enforcement agencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto2-6"},{"link_name":"Dera Ismail Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dera_Ismail_Khan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-2"}],"text":"After the blast, rescue teams reached the spot for relief activities. Law enforcement agencies also reached the spot.[6] Emergency measures were implemented in the hospitals of Dera Ismail Khan.[2]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto2-6"}],"text":"Initially, the nature of the explosion was not known[6]","title":"Investigation"}] | [] | [{"title":"Dera ismail khan bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dera_Ismail_Khan_bombing_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"Mian wali air base attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mianwali_air_base_attack"}] | [{"reference":"\"At least 5 killed in blast targeting police in Dera Ismail Khan\". 3 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://tribune.com.pk/story/2444460/bomb-blast-targeting-police-kills-5-in-dera-ismail-khan-officials","url_text":"\"At least 5 killed in blast targeting police in Dera Ismail Khan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Five killed, over 20 injured in DI Khan motorbike blast\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.samaa.tv/208733779-five-killed-over-20-injured-in-di-khan-motorbike-blast","url_text":"\"Five killed, over 20 injured in DI Khan motorbike blast\""}]},{"reference":"\"A planted bomb targeting police kills 5 and wounds 20 at a bus stop in northwest Pakistan\". Associated Press. 4 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://apnews.com/article/pakistan-bomb-police-bus-taliban-5d7f0ec03d9620ab4845c10704de1b8a","url_text":"\"A planted bomb targeting police kills 5 and wounds 20 at a bus stop in northwest Pakistan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Blast targeting police van kills 6, injures 22 in DI Khan\". 3 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://arynews.tv/dera-ismail-khan-khyber-pakhtunkhwa-blast-firing-police/","url_text":"\"Blast targeting police van kills 6, injures 22 in DI Khan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Several injured as blast hits Dera Ismail Khan: Police\". 3 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://arynews.tv/dera-ismail-khan-khyber-pakhtunkhwa-blast-firing-police/","url_text":"\"Several injured as blast hits Dera Ismail Khan: Police\""}]},{"reference":"Desk, Web (November 3, 2023). \"Several injured as blast hits Dera Ismail Khan: police\". ARY NEWS.","urls":[{"url":"https://arynews.tv/dera-ismail-khan-khyber-pakhtunkhwa-blast-firing-police/","url_text":"\"Several injured as blast hits Dera Ismail Khan: police\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://tribune.com.pk/story/2444460/bomb-blast-targeting-police-kills-5-in-dera-ismail-khan-officials","external_links_name":"\"At least 5 killed in blast targeting police in Dera Ismail Khan\""},{"Link":"https://www.samaa.tv/208733779-five-killed-over-20-injured-in-di-khan-motorbike-blast","external_links_name":"\"Five killed, over 20 injured in DI Khan motorbike blast\""},{"Link":"https://apnews.com/article/pakistan-bomb-police-bus-taliban-5d7f0ec03d9620ab4845c10704de1b8a","external_links_name":"\"A planted bomb targeting police kills 5 and wounds 20 at a bus stop in northwest Pakistan\""},{"Link":"https://arynews.tv/dera-ismail-khan-khyber-pakhtunkhwa-blast-firing-police/","external_links_name":"\"Blast targeting police van kills 6, injures 22 in DI Khan\""},{"Link":"https://arynews.tv/dera-ismail-khan-khyber-pakhtunkhwa-blast-firing-police/","external_links_name":"\"Several injured as blast hits Dera Ismail Khan: Police\""},{"Link":"https://arynews.tv/dera-ismail-khan-khyber-pakhtunkhwa-blast-firing-police/","external_links_name":"\"Several injured as blast hits Dera Ismail Khan: police\""}] |
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